,*APT] #d 
,OBJECTIONS ,ANSW]$ 

#aiabaiab 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TEXT 3 

,FREE ,POLITICAL ,9/ITUTIONS 

,!IR ,NATURE1 ,ESS5CE1 & ,MA9T5ANCE 

,AN ,ABRIDGM5T & ,RE>RANGEM5T ( ,LYS&] ,SPOON]'S 0,TRIAL BY JURY0 

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,C4 ,W4 ,D,A,N,I,E,L1 ,L,T,D4 

#c1 ,AM5 ,CORN]1 ,E4,C4 

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,*,A,P,T,] #d3 ,O,B,J,E,C,T,I,O,N,S ,A,N,S,W,],$ 

,! FOLL[+ OBJECTIONS WILL BE MADE TO ! DOCTR9ES & ! EVID5CE PRES5T$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S4 

#a4 ,?AT IT IS A MAXIM ( ! LAW ?AT ! JUDGES RESPOND TO ! QUE/ION ( LAW & JURIES ONLY TO ! QUE/ION ( FACT4 

,! ANSW] TO ?IS OBJECTION IS ?AT S9CE ,MAGNA ,*>TA JUDGES HAVE HAD MORE ?AN SIX C5TURIES 9 :I* TO 9V5T & PROMULGATE PRET5D$ MAXIMS TO SUIT !MSELVES1 & ?IS IS ONE ( !M4 ,9/EAD ( EXPRESS+ ! LAW1 IT EXPRESSES NO?+ BUT ! AMBITI\S & LAWLESS WILL ( ! JUDGES !MSELVES & ( ?OSE :OSE 9/RUM5TS !Y >E4 

#b4 ,IT WILL BE ASK$3 0,( :AT USE >E ! JU/ICES1 IF ! JURORS JUDGE BO? ( LAW & FACT80 

,! ANSW] IS ?AT !Y >E ( USE1 #a4 ,TO ASSI/ & 5LI<T5 ! JURORS1 IF !Y CAN1 BY !IR ADVICE & 9=MATION2 SU* ADVICE & 9=MATIBN TO BE RECEIV$ ONLY = :AT !Y MAY *ANCE TO BE WOR? 9 ! E/IMATION ( ! JURORS4 #b4 ,TO DO ANY?+ ?AT MAY BE NECESS>Y 9 REG>D TO GRANT+ APPEALS & NEW TRIALS4 

#c4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT IT W\LD BE ABSURD ?AT TWELVE IGNORANT M5 %\LD HAVE P[] TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 :ILE JU/ICES LE>N$ 9 ! LAW %\LD BE COMPELL$ TO SIT BY & SEE ! LAW DECID$ ]RONE\SLY4 

,ONE ANSW] TO ?IS OBJECTION IS ?AT ! P[]S ( JURIES >E NOT GRANT$ TO !M ON ! SUPPOSITION ?AT !Y KN[ ! LAW BETT] ?AN ! JU/ICES1 BUT ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! JU/ICES >E UNTRU/WOR?Y1 ?AT !Y >E EXPOS$ TO BRIBES1 >E FOND ( AU?ORITY1 & >E ALSO ! DEP5D5T & SUBS]VI5T CREATURES ( ! LEGISLATURE2 & ?AT TO ALL[ !M TO DICTATE ! LAW W\LD NOT ONLY EXPOSE ! RI<TS ( P>TIES TO BE SOLD = MONEY1 BUT W\LD BE EQUIVAL5T TO SURR5D]+ ALL ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE UNRES]V$LY 9TO ! H&S ( ! LEGISLATURE TO BE DISPOS$ ( AT ITS PLEASURE4 

,LEGISLATORS & JUDGES >E NECESS>ILY EXPOS$ TO ALL ! TEMPTATIONS ( MONEY1 FAME1 & P[] TO 9DUCE !M TO DISREG>D JU/ICE 9 DISPUTES & SELL ! RI<TS1 & VIOLATE ! LIB]TIES1 ( ! PEOPLE4 ,JURORS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E EXPOS$ TO NONE ( !SE TEMPTATIONS4 ,!Y >E NOT LIABLE TO BRIB]Y1 = !Y >E NOT KN[N TO ! P>TIES UNTIL !Y COME 9TO ! JURY BOX4 ,!Y CAN R>ELY GA9 EI!R FAME1 P[]1 OR MONEY BY GIV+ ]RONE\S DECISIONS4 ,!IR (FICES >E TEMPOR>Y1 & !Y KN[ ?AT1 :5 !Y %ALL HAVE EXECUT$ !M1 !Y MU/ RETURN TO ! PEOPLE1 TO HOLD ALL !IR [N RI<TS 9 LIFE SUBJECT TO ! LIABILITY ( SU* JUDGM5TS BY !IR SUCCESSORS4 ,! LAWS ( HUMAN NATURE DO NOT P]MIT ! SUPPOSITION ?AT TWELVE M51 TAK5 BY LOT FROM ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 & ACT+ UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 WILL ALL PROVE DI%ONE/4 ,IT IS A SUPPOSABLE CASE ?AT !Y MAY NOT BE SUFFICI5TLY 5LI<T5$ TO KN[ & DO !IR :OLE DUTY 9 ALL CASES :ATSOEV]2 BUT ?AT !Y %\LD ALL PROVE DI%ONE/ IS NOT )9 ! RANGE ( PROBABILITY4 ,A JURY !RE=E 9SURES TO US 7:AT NO O!R C\RT DOES7 ! FIR/ & 9DISP5SABLE REQUISITE 9 A JUDICIAL TRIBUNAL-9TEGRITY4 

#d4 ,IT IS ALLEG$ ?AT1 IF JURIES >E ALL[$ TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 !Y DECIDE ! LAW ABSOLUTELY2 ?AT !IR DECISION MU/ NECESS>ILY /&1 BE IT RI<T OR WRONG2 & ?AT ?IS P[] ( ABSOLUTE DECISION W\LD BE DANG]\S 9 !IR H&S BY REASON ( !IR IGNORANCE ( ! LAW4 

,ONE ANSW] IS ?AT ?IS P[] :I* JURIES HAVE ( JUDG+ ( ! LAW IS NOT A P[] ( ABSOLUTE DECISION 91 ALL CASES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT IS A P[] TO DECL>E IMP]ATIVELY ?AT A MAN'S PROP]TY1 LIB]TY1 OR LIFE %ALL NOT BE TAK5 FROM HIM2 BUT IT IS NOT A ,P[] TO DECL>E IMP]ATIVELY ?AT !Y %ALL BE TAK5 FROM HIM4 

,MAGNA ,*>TA DOES NOT PROVIDE ?AT ! JUDGM5TS ( ! PE]S %ALL BE EXECUT$1 BUT ONLY ?AT NO O!R ?AN !IR JUDGM5TS %ALL EV] BE EXECUT$1 SO F> AS TO TAKE A MAN'S GOODS1 RI<TS1 OR P]SON !REON4 

,A JUDGM5T ( ! PE]S MAY BE REVIEW$ & 9VALIDAT$1 & A NEW TRIAL GRANT$4 ,SO ?AT PRACTICALLY A JURY HAS NO ABSOLUTE P[] TO TAKE A MAN'S GOODS1 RI<TS1 OR P]SON4 ,!Y HAVE ONLY AN ABSOLUTE VETO UPON !IR BE+ TAK5 BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! GOV]NM5T IS NOT B\ND TO DO EV]Y?+ ?AT A JURY MAY ADJUDGE4 ,IT IS ONLY PROHIBIT$ FROM DO+ ANY?+ UNLESS A JURY HAVE FIR/ ADJUDG$ IT TO BE DONE4 

,BUT IT WILL P]HAPS BE SAID ?AT1 IF AN ]RONE\S JUDGM5T ( ONE JURY %\LD BE REAFFIRM$ BY ANO!R ON A NEW TRIAL1 IT MU/ !N BE EXECUT$4 ,BUT ,MAGNA ,*>TA DOES NOT COMM& EV5 ?IS 7AL?\< IT MI<T P]HAPS HAVE BE5 REASONABLY SAFE = IT TO HAVE DONE SO1 = IF TWO JURIES UNANIM\SLY AFFIRM ! SAME ?+1 AFT] ALL ! LI<T & AID ?AT JUDGES & LAWY]S CAN AF=D !M1 ?AT FACT PROBABLY FURNI%ES AS /RONG A PRESUMPTION 9 FAVOR ( ! CORRECTNESS ( !IR OP9ION AS CAN ORD9>ILY BE OBTA9$ 9 FAVOR ( A JUDGM5T BY ANY MEASURES ( A PRACTICAL *>ACT] = ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE74 ,/ILL1 !RE IS NO?+ 9 ,MAGNA ,*>TA ?AT COMPELS ! EXECUTION ( EV5 A SECOND JUDGM5T ( A JURY4 ,! ONLY 9JUNCTION ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA UPON ! GOV]NM5T AS TO :AT IT %ALL DO ON ?IS PO9T IS ?AT IT %ALL 0DO JU/ICE & RI<T40 ,BUT ?IS LEAVES ! GOV]NM5T ALL P[] ( DET]M9+ :AT IS JU/ICE & RI<T1 EXCEPT ?AT IT %ALL NOT CONSID] ANY?+ AS JU/ICE & RI<T UNLESS IT BE SOME?+ :I* A JURY HAVE SANCTION$4 

,IF ! GOV]NM5T HAD NO ALT]NATIVE BUT TO EXECUTE ALL JUDGM5TS ( A JURY 9DISCRIM9ATELY1 ! P[] ( JURIES W\LD UNQUE/IONABLY BE DANG]\S2 = !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT !Y MAY SOMETIMES GIVE HA/Y & ]RONE\S JUDGM5TS4 ,BUT :5 IT IS CONSID]$ ?AT !IR JUDGM5TS CAN BE REVIEW$ & NEW TRIALS GRANT$1 ?IS DANG] IS1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 OBVIAT$4 

,IF IT BE SAID ?AT JURIES MAY SUCCESSIVELY GIVE ]RONE\S JUDGM5TS1 & ?AT NEW TRIALS CANNOT BE GRANT$ 9DEF9ITELY1 ! ANSW] IS ?AT SO F> AS ,MAGNA ,*>TA IS CONC]N$ !RE IS NO?+ TO PREV5T ! GRANT+ ( NEW TRIALS 9DEF9ITELY1 IF ! JUDGM5TS ( JURIES >E CONTR>Y TO 0JU/ICE & RI<T40 ,IT DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY JUDGM5T :ATEV] TO BE EXECUT$ UNLESS IT BE CONCURR$ 9 BY BO? C\RT & JURY4 

,NEV]!LESS1 WE MAY1 = ! SAKE ( ! >GUM5T SUPPOSE ! EXI/5CE ( A PRACTICAL1 IF NOT LEGAL1 NECESSITY = EXECUT+ SOME JUDGM5T OR O!R 9 CASES :]E JURIES P]SI/ 9 DISAGREE+ ) ! C\RTS4 ,9 SU* CASES1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA UNQUE/IONABLY IS ?AT ! UNI=M JUDGM5TS ( SUCCESSIVE JURIES %ALL PREVAIL OV] ! OP9ION ( ! C\RT4 ,& ! REASON ( ?IS PR9CIPLE IS OBVI\S2 IT IS ! WILL ( ! C\NTRY1 & NOT ! WILL ( ! C\RT OR ! GOV]NM5T ?AT MU/ DET]M9E :AT LAWS %ALL BE E/ABLI%$ & 5=C$2 & ! CONCURR5T JUDGM5TS ( SUCCESSIVE JURIES GIV5 9 OPPOSITION TO ALL ! REASON+ :I* JUDGES & LAWY]S CAN (F] TO ! CONTR>Y1 MU/ NECESS>ILY BE PRESUM$ TO BE A TRU] EXPOSITION ( ! WILL ( ! C\NTRY ?AN >E ! OP9IONS ( JUDGES4 

,BUT IT MAY BE SAID ?AT1 -UNLESS JURORS SUBMIT TO ! CONTROL ( ! C\RT 9 MATT]S ( LAW1 !Y MAY DISAGREE AMONG !MSELVES & NEV] COME TO ANY JUDGM5T2 & ?US JU/ICE FAIL TO BE DONE4 

,SU* A CASE IS P]HAPS POSSIBLE2 BUT1 IF POSSIBLE1 IT CAN OCCUR BUT R>ELY1 BECAUSE1 AL?\< ONE JURY MAY DISAGREE1 A SUCCESSION ( JURIES >E NOT LIKELY TO DISAGREE4 ,IF SU* A ?+ %\LD OCCUR1 IT W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY BE [+ TO ! ATTEMPT ( ! C\RT TO MISLEAD !M4 ,IT IS H>DLY POSSIBLE ?AT ANY O!R CAUSE %\LD BE ADEQUATE TO PRODUCE SU* AN EFFECT1 BECAUSE JU/ICE COMES V]Y NE> TO BE+ A SELF-EVID5T PR9CIPLE4 ,! M9D P]CEIVES IT ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY4 ,IF1 9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 ! C\RT BE UNI=MLY ON ! SIDE ( JU/ICE1 IT IS NOT A REASONABLE SUPPOSITION ?AT A SUCCESSION ( JURIES %\LD DISAGREE AB\T IT4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 A SUCCESSION ( JURIES DO DISAGREE ON ! LAW ( ANY CASE1 ! PRESUMPTION IS1 NOT ?AT JU/ICE FAILS ( BE+ DONE1 BUT ?AT 9JU/ICE IS PREV5T$-?AT 9JU/ICE :I* W\LD BE DONE IF ! OP9ION ( ! C\RT W]E SUFF]$ TO CONTROL ! JURY4 

,= ! SAKE ( ! >GUM5T1 H[EV]1 IT MAY BE ADMITT$ TO BE POSSIBLE ?AT JU/ICE %\LD SOMETIMES FAIL ( BE+ DONE ?R\< DISAGREEM5TS ( JURORS NOT)/&+ ALL ! LI<T :I* JUDGES & LAWY]S CAN ?R[ UPON ! QUE/ION 9 ISSUE4 ,IF IT BE ASK$ :AT PROVISION ! TRIAL BY JURY MAKES = SU* CASES1 ! ANSW] IS ?AT IT MAKES NONE4 ,& JU/ICE MU/ FAIL ( BE+ DONE FROM ! WANT ( ITS BE+ MADE SUFFICI5TLY 9TELLIGIBLE4 

,UND] ! TRIAL BY JURY1 JU/ICE CAN NEV] BE DONE UNTIL ?AT JU/ICE CAN BE MADE 9TELLIGIBLE OR P]CEPTIBLE TO ! M9DS ( ALL ! JURORS2 OR1 AT LEA/1 UNTIL IT OBTA9 ! VOLUNT>Y ASS5T ( ALL-AN ASS5T :I* \<T NOT TO BE GIV5 UNTIL ! JU/ICE ITSELF %ALL HAVE BECOME P]CEPTIBLE TO ALL4 

,! PR9CIPLES ( ! TRIAL BY JURY1 !N1 >E !SE3 

#a4 ,?AT1 9 CRIM9AL 'CASES1 ! ACCUS$ IS PRESUM$ 9NOC5T4 

#b4 ,?AT1 9 CIVIL CASES1 POSSESSION IS PRESUMPTIVE PRO-( ( PROP]TY4 

#c4 ,?AT !SE PRESUMPTIONS %ALL BE OV]COME 9 A C\RT ( JU/ICE ONLY BY EVID5CE ! SUFFICI5CY ( :I*1 & BY LAW ! JU/ICE ( :I*1 >E SATISFACTORY TO ! UND]/&+ & CONSCI5CES ( ALL ! JURORS4 

,!SE >E ! BASES ON :I* ! TRIAL BY JURY PLACES ! RI<TS & LIB]TIES ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL4 

,BUT SOME ONE WILL SAY3 0,IF !SE >E ! PR9CIPLES ( ! TRIAL BY JURY1 IT IS PLA9 ?AT JU/ICE MU/ (T5 FAIL TO BE DONE40 ,ADMITT+1 = ! SAKE ( ! >GUM5T1 ?AT ?IS MAY BE TRUE1 ! COMP5SATION = IT IS ?AT POSITIVE 9JU/ICE WILL ALSO (T5 FAIL TO BE DONE2 :]EAS O!RWISE IT W\LD BE ONE FREQU5TLY4 ,! V]Y PRECAUTIONS US$ TO PREV5T 9JU/ICE BE+ DONE MAY (T5 HAVE ! EFFECT TO PREV5T JU/ICE BE+ DONE4 ,BUT >E WE1 !RE=E1 TO TAKE NO PRECAUTIONS AGA9/ 9JU/ICE8 ,BY NO MEANS1 ALL WILL AGREE4 ,! QUE/ION !N >ISES3 ,DOES ! TRIAL BY JURY1 AS H]E EXPLA9$1 9VOLVE SU* EXTREME & UNNECESS>Y PRECAUTIONS AS TO 9T]POSE UNNECESS>Y OB/ACLES TO ! DO+ ( JU/ICE8 ,M5 ( DIFF]5T M9DS MAY V]Y LIKELY ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION DIFF]5TLY1 ACCORD+ AS !Y HAVE MORE OR LESS CONFID5CE 9 ! WISDOM & JU/ICE ( LEGISLATORS1 ! 9TEGRITY & 9DEP5D5CE ( JUDGES1 & ! 9TELLIG5CE ( JURORS4 ,?IS MU*1 H[EV]1 MAY BE SAID 9 FAVOR ( !SE PRECAUTIONS-?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! PA/1 AS WELL AS \R PRES5T EXP]I5CE1 PROVE H[ MU* 9JU/ICE MAY1 & C]TA9LY WILL1 BE DONE CONT9UALLY & SY/EMATICALLY = ! WANT ( !SE PRECAUTIONS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE HAVE NO SU* EVID5CE ( H[ MU* JU/ICE MAY FAIL TO BE DONE BY REASON ( !SE PRECAUTIONS4 ,WE CAN DET]M9E ! =M] PO9T BECAUSE ! SY/EM IS 9 FULL OP]ATION2 BUT WE -CANNOT DET]M9E H[ MU* JU/ICE W\LD FAIL TO BE DONE UND] ! LATT] SY/EM1 BECAUSE WE HAVE1 9 MOD]N TIMES1 HAD NO EXP]I5CE ( ! USE ( ! PRECAUTIONS !MSELVES4 ,9 ANCI5T TIMES1 :5 !Y W]E NOM9ALLY 9 =CE1 SU* WAS ! TYRANNY ( K+S1 & SU* ! POV]TY1 IGNORANCE1 & ! 9ABILITY ( CONC]T & RESI/ANCE1 ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE1 ?AT ! SY/EM HAD NO FULL OR FAIR OP]ATION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 UND] ALL !SE DISADVANTAGES1 IT IMPRESS$ ITSELF UPON ! UND]/&+S & EMB$D$ ITSELF 9 ! HE>TS ( ! PEOPLE SO AS NO O!R SY/EM ( CIVIL LIB]TY HAS EV] DONE4 

,BUT ?IS VIEW ( ! TWO SY/EMS COMP>ES ONLY ! 9JU/ICE DONE1 & ! JU/ICE OMITT$ TO BE DONE1 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL CASES ADJUDG$1 )\T LOOK+ BEYOND !M1 ,& SOME P]SONS MI<T1 ON FIR/ ?\<T1 >GUE ?AT1 IF JU/ICE FAIL$ ( BE+ DONE UND] ! ONE SY/EM (T5] ?AN POSITIVE 9JU/ICE W]E DONE UND] ! O!R1 ! BALANCE WAS 9 FAVOR ( ! LATT] SY/EM4 ,BUT SU* A WEI<+ ( ! TWO SY/EMS AGA9/ EA* O!R GIVES NO TRUE IDEA ( !IR COMP>ATIVE M]ITS OR DEM]ITS2 = POSSIBLY1 9 ?IS VIEW ALONE1 ! BALANCE W\LD NOT BE V]Y GREAT 9 FAVOR ( EI!R4 ,TO COMP>E1 OR RA!R TO CONTRA/1 ! TWO WE MU/ CONSID] ?AT UND] ! JURY SY/EM ! FAILURES TO DO JU/ICE W\LD BE ONLY R>E & EXCEPTIONAL CASES1 & W\LD BE [+ EI!R TO ! 9TR9SIC DIFFICULTY ( ! QUE/IONS OR TO ! FACT ?AT ! P>TIES HAD TRANSACT$ !IR BUS9ESS 9 A MANN] UN9TELLIGIBLE TO ! JURY1 & ! EFFECT W\LD BE CONF9$ TO ! P>TIES 9T]E/$ 9 ! P>TICUL> SUITS4 ,NO P]MAN5T LAW W\LD BE E/ABLI%$ !REBY DE/RUCTIVE ( ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE 9 O!R LIKE CASES4 ,BUT UND] !1 O!R SY/EM1 :5EV] AN UNJU/ LAW IS 5ACT$ BY ! LEGISLATURE1 & ! JUDGE IMPOSES IT UPON ! JURY AS AU?ORITATIVE1 & !Y GIVE A JUDGM5T 9 ACCORDANCE !RE)1 ! AU?ORITY ( ! LAW IS !REBY E/ABLI%$1 & ! :OLE PEOPLE >E ?US BR\<T UND] ! YOKE ( ?AT LAW2 BECAUSE !Y !N UND]/& ?AT ! LAW WILL BE 5=C$ AGA9/ !M 9 FUTURE1 IF !Y PRESUME TO EX]CISE !IR RI<TS OR REFUSE TO COMPLY ) ! EXACTIONS ( ! LAW4 

,! DIFF]5CE1 !N1 BETWE5 ! TWO SY/EMS IS ?IS3 ,UND] ! ONE SY/EM1 A JURY1 AT DI/ANT 9T]VALS1 W\LD FAIL ( 5=C+ JU/ICE 9 A D>K & DIFFICULT CASE1 OR 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! P>TIES NOT HAV+ TRANSACT$ !IR BUS9ESS 9 AN 9TELLIGIBLE MANN]2 & ! PLA9TIFF W\LD ?US FAIL ( OBTA9+ :AT WAS RI<TFULLY DUE HIM_/,& !RE ! MATT] W\LD 5D-= EVIL1 ?\< NOT = GOOD2 = !NCE=? P>TIES1 W>N$ ( ! DANG] ( LOS+ !IR RI<TS1 W\LD BE C>EFUL TO TRANSACT !IR BUS9ESS 9 A MORE CLE> MANN]4 ,UND] ! O!R SY/EM- ! SY/EM ( LEGISLATIVE & JUDICIAL AU?ORITY-POSITIVE 9JU/ICE IS NOT ONLY DONE 9 EV]Y SUIT >IS+ UND] UNJU/ LAWS1 BUT ! RI<TS ( ! :OLE PEOPLE >E /RUCK D[N BY ! AU?ORITY ( ! LAWS ?US 5=C$1 & A WIDE-SWEEP+ 91-JU/ICE AT ONCE PUT 9 OP]ATION4 

,BUT !RE IS ANO!R AMPLE & CONCLUSIVE ANSW] TO ! >GUM5T ?AT JU/ICE W\LD (T5 FAIL TO BE DONE1 IF JURORS W]E ALL[$ TO BE GOV]N$ BY !IR [N CONSCI5CES 9/EAD ( ! DIRECTION ( ! JU/ICES 9 MATT]S ( LAW4 ,?AT ANSW] IS ?IS3 

,LEGITIMATE GOV]NM5T CAN BE =M$ ONLY BY ! VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION ( ALL :O CONTRIBUTE TO ITS SUPPORT4 ,AS A VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 IT CAN HAVE = ITS OBJECT ONLY ?OSE ?+S 9 :I* ! MEMB]S ( ! ASSOCIATION >E ALL AGRE$4 ,IF !RE=E !RE BE ANY JU/ICE 9 REG>D TO :I* ALL ! P>TIES TO ! GOV]NM5T >E NOT AGRE$1 ! OBJECTS ( ! ASSOCIATION DO NOT EXT5D TO IT4 

,IF ANY ( ! MEMB]S WI% MORE ?AN ?IS1 IF !Y CLAIM TO HAVE ACQUIR$ A MORE EXT5D$ KN[L$GE ( JU/ICE ?AN IS COMMON TO ALL1 & WI% TO HAVE !IR DISCOV]IES C>RI$ 9TO EFFECT1 9 REF]5CE TO !MSELVES1 !Y MU/ EI!R =M A SEP>ATE ASSOCIATION = ?AT PURPOSE OR BE CONT5T TO WAIT UNTIL !Y MAKE !IR VIEWS MORE 9TELLIGIBLE TO ! PEOPLE AT L>GE4 ,!Y CANNOT CLAIM OR EXPECT ?AT ! :OLE PEOPLE %ALL PRACTICE ! FOLLY ( TAK+ ON TRU/ !IR PRET5D$ SUP]IOR KN[L$GE & ( COMMITT+ BL9DLY 9TO !IR H&S ALL !IR [N 9T]E/S1 LIB]TIES1 & RI<TS1 TO BE DISPOS$ ( ON PR9CIPLES ! JU/NESS ( :I* ! PEOPLE !MSELVES CANNOT COMPREH5D4 

,A GOV]NM5T ( ! :OLE1 !RE=E1 MU/ NECESS>ILY CONF9E ITSELF TO ! ADM9I/RATION ( SU* PR9CIPLES ( LAW AS ALL ! PEOPLE :O CONTRIBUTE ,I TO ! SUPPORT ( ! GOV]NM5T CAN COMPREH5D RECOGNIZE4 ,& IT CAN BE CONF9$ )9 ?OSE LIMITS ONLY BY ALL[+ ! JURORS1 :O REPRES5T ALL ! P>TIES TO ! COMPACT1 TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 & ( ! JU/ICE ( ! LAW1 9 ALL CASES :ATSOEV]4 ,& IF ANY JU/ICE BE LEFT UNDONE UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT IS A JU/ICE = :I* ! NATURE ( ! ASSOCIATION DOES NOT PROVIDE & :I* ! ASSOCIATION DOES NOT UND]TAKE TO DO4 

,! PEOPLE AT L>GE1 ! UNLE>N$ & COMMON PEOPLE1 HAVE C]TA9LY AN 9DISPUTABLE RI<T TO ASSOCIATE = ! E/ABLI%M5T & MA9T5ANCE ( SU* A GOV]NM5T AS !Y !MSELVES WI% = ! PROMOTION ( !IR [N 9T]E/S & ! SAFETY ( !IR [N RI<TS )\T AT ! SAME TIME SURR5D]+ ALL !IR LIB]TY 9TO ! H&S ( M5 :O1 UND] ! PRET5SE ( A SUP]IOR & 9COMPREH5SIBLE KN[L$GE ( JU/ICE1 MAY DISPOSE ( SU* LIB]TY 9 A MANN] TO SUIT !IR [N DI%ONE/ PURPOSE4 

,IF A GOV]NM5T W]E TO BE E/ABLI%$ & SUPPORT$ SOLELY BY ?AT PORTION ( ! PEOPLE :O LAY CLAIM TO SUP]IOR KN[L$GE1 !RE W\LD BE SOME CONSI/5CY 9 ! SAY+ ?AT ! COMMON PEOPLE %\LD NOT BE RECEIV$ AS JURORS1 ) P[] TO JUDGE ( ! JU/ICE ( ! LAWS4 ,BUT SO LONG AS ! :OLE PEOPLE >E PRESUM$ TO BE VOLUNT>Y P>TIES TO ! GOV]NM5T & VOLUNT>Y CONTRIBUTORS TO ITS SUPPORT1 !RE IS NO CONSI/5CY 9 REFUS+ TO ANY ONE ( !M MORE ?AN TO ANO!R ! RI<T TO SIT AS JUROR1 ) FULL P[] TO DECIDE = HIMSELF :E!R ANY LAW ?AT IS PROPOS$ TO BE 5=C$ 9 ANY P>TICUL> CAN BE )9 ! OBJECTS ( ! ASSOCIATION4 

,! CONCLUSION1 !RE=E1 IS ?AT 9 A GOV]NM5T =M$ BY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 OR ON ! !ORY ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION & VOLUNT>Y SUPPORT1 NO LAW CAN RI<TFULLY BE 5=C$ BY ! ASSOCIATION 9 ITS CORPORATE CAPACITY AGA9/ ! GOODS1 RI<TS1 OR P]SON ( 9DIVIDUALS1 EXCEPT IT BE SU* AS ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! ASSOCIATION AGREE ?AT IT MAY 5=CE4 ,TO 5=CE ANY O!R LAW1 TO ! EXT5T ( TAK+ A MAN'S GOODS1 RI<TS1 OR P]SON1 W\LD BE MAK+ SOME ( ! P>TIES TO ! ASSOCIATION ACCOMPLICES 9 :AT !Y REG>D AS ACTS ( 9JU/ICE4 ,IT W\LD ALSO BE MAK+ !M CONS5T TO :AT !Y REG>D AS ! DE/RUCTION ( !IR [N RI<TS4 ,!SE >E ?+S :I* NO LEGITIMATE SY/EM OR !ORY ( GOV]NM5T CAN REQUIRE ( ANY ( ! P>TIES TO IT4 ,!Y >E 9CONSI/5T ) ! V]Y ESS5CE ( SELF-GOV]NM5T1 

,! MODE ADOPT$ BY ! TRIAL BY JURY = ASC]TA9+ :E!R ALL ! P>TIES TO ! GOV]NM5T DO APPROVE ( A P>TICUL> LAW IS TO TAKE TWELVE M5 AT R&OM FROM ! :OLE PEOPLE & ACCEPT !IR UNANIM\S DECISION AS REPRES5T+ ! OP9IONS ( ! :OLE4 ,EV5 ?IS MODE IS NOT !ORETICALLY ACCURATE1 = !ORETICAL ACCURACY W\LD REQUIRE ?AT EV]Y MAN :O WAS A P>TY TO ! GOV]NM5T %\LD 9DIVIDUALLY GIVE HIS CONS5T TO ! 5=CEM5T ( ! LAW 9 EV]Y SEP>ATE CASE4 ,BUT SU* A ?+ W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE 9 PRACTICE4 ,! CONS5T ( TWELVE M5 IS !RE=E TAK5 9/EAD1 ) ! PRIVILEGE ( APPEAL &1 9 CASE ( ]ROR F\ND BY ! APPEAL C\RT1 A NEW TRIAL TO GU>D AGA9/ POSSIBLE MI/AKES4 ,?IS SY/EM1 IT IS ASSUM$1 WILL ASC]TA9 ! S5SE ( ! :OLE PEOPLE ) SUFFICI5T ACCURACY = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES & ) AS MU* ACCURACY AS IS PRACTICABLE )\T TOO GREAT 9CONV5I5CE & EXP5SE4 

#e4 ,ANO!R OBJECTION ?AT WILL P]HAPS BE MADE TO ALL[+ JURORS TO JUDGE ( ! LAW & ! JU/ICE ( ! LAW IS ?AT ! LAW W\LD BE UNC]TA94 

,IF IT IS MEANT ?AT ! LAW W\LD BE UNC]TA9 TO ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE AT L>GE1 SO ?AT !Y W\LD NOT KN[ :AT ! JURIES W\LD SANCTION & :AT CONDEMN1 & W\LD NOT !RE=E KN[ PRACTICALLY :AT !IR [N RI<TS & LIB]TIES W]E UND] ! LAW1 ! OBJECTION IS ?OR\<LY BASELESS & FALSE4 ,NO SY/EM ( LAW ?AT WAS EV] DEVIS$ C\LD BE SO 5TIRELY 9TELLIGIBLE & C]TA9 TO ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE AT L>GE AS ?IS4 

,COMP>$ ) IT1 ! COMPLICAT$ SY/EMS ( LAW ?AT >E COMP\ND$ ( ! LAW ( NATURE1 ( CON/ITUTIONAL GRANTS1 ( 9NUM]ABLE & 9CESSANTLY *ANG+ LEGISLATIVE 5ACTM5TS1 & ( C\NTLESS & CONTRADICTORY JUDICIAL DECISIONS1 ) NO UNI=M PR9CIPLE ( REASON OR JU/ICE RUNN+ ?R\< !M1 >E AMONG ! BL9DE/ ( ALL ! MAZES 9 :I* UNSOPHI/ICAT$ M9DS W]E EV] BEWILD]$ & LO/4 ,! UNC]TA9TY ( ! LAW UND] !SE SY/EMS HAS BECOME A PROV]B4 ,SO GREAT IS ?IS UNC]TA9TY ?AT NE>LY ALL M51 LE>N$ AS WELL AS UNLE>N$1 %UN ! LAW AS !IR 5EMY1 9/EAD ( RESORT+ TO IT = PROTECTION4 ,!Y USUALLY GO 9TO C\RTS ( JU/ICE1 SO CALL$1 ONLY AS M5 GO 9TO BATTLE-:5 !RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE LEFT = !M4 ,& EV5 !N !Y GO 9TO !M AS M5 GO 9TO D>K LABYR9?S & CAV]NS-) NO KN[L$GE ( !IR [N1 BUT TRU/+ :OLLY TO !IR GUIDES4 -,YET1 LESS =TUNATE ?AN O!R ADV5TUR]S1 !Y CAN HAVE LITTLE CONFID5CE EV5 9 !IR GUIDES1 = ! REASON ?AT ! GUIDES !MSELVES KN[ LITTLE ( ! MAZES !Y >E TREAD+4 ,!Y KN[ ! MODE & PLACE ( 5TRANCE2 BUT :AT !Y WILL MEET ) ON !IR WAY1 & :AT WILL BE ! TIME1 PLACE1 MODE1 OR CONDITION ( !IR EXIT2 :E!R !Y WILL EM]GE 9TO A PRISON1 OR NOT2 :E!R :OLLY NAK$ & DE/ITUTE1 OR NOT 2 :E!R ) !IR REPUTATIONS LEFT TO !M1 OR NOT2 & :E!R 9 TIME OR ET]NITY-EXP]I5C$ GUIDES R>ELY V5TURE TO PR$ICT4 ,WAS !RE EV] SU* FATUITY AS ?AT ( A NATION ( M5 MADLY B5T ON BUILD+ UP SU* LABYR9?S AS !SE = NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN ?AT ( EXPOS+ ALL !IR REPUTATION1 PROP]TY1 LIB]TY1 & LIFE TO ! HAZ>DS ( BE+ LO/ 9 !M1 9/EAD ( BE+ CONT5T TO LIVE 9 ! LI<T ( ! OP5 DAY ( !IR [N UND]/&+S8 

,IF ! JURORS W]E TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 & ! JU/ICE ( LAW1 !RE W\LD BE SOME?+ LIKE C]TA9TY 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE & 9 ! POPUL> KN[L$GE ( ! LAW1 & M5 W\LD GOV]N !MSELVES ACCORD+LY4 ,!RE W\LD BE SOME?+ LIKE C]TA9TY1 BECAUSE EV]Y MAN HAS HIMSELF SOME?+ LIKE DEF9ITE & CLE> OP9IONS1 & ALSO KN[S SOME?+ ( ! OP9IONS ( HIS NEI<BORS1 ON MATT]S ( JU/ICE4 ,& HE W\LD KN[ ?AT NO /ATUTE1 UNLESS IT W]E SO CLE>LY JU/ AS TO COMM& ! UNANIM\S ASS5T ( TWELVE M51 :O %\LD BE TAK5 AT R&OM FROM ! :OLE COMMUNITY1 C\LD BE 5=C$ AGA9/ HIM4 ,:AT GREAT] C]TA9TY CAN M5 REQUIRE OR NE$ AS TO ! LAWS UND] :I* !Y >E TO LIVE8 ,IF A /ATUTE W]E 5ACT$ BY ! LEGISLATURE1 A MAN1 9 ORD] TO KN[ :AT WAS ITS TRUE 9T]PRETATION1 & :E!R IT W\LD BE 5=C$1 W\LD NOT BE UND] ! NECESSITY ( WAIT+ = YE>S UNTIL SOME SUIT HAD >IS5 & BE5 C>RI$ ?R\< ALL ! /AGES ( JUDICIAL PROCE$+ TO A F9AL DECISION4 ,HE W\LD NE$ ONLY TO USE HIS [N REASON AS TO ITS MEAN+ & ITS JU/ICE1 & !N TALK ) HIS NEI<BORS ON ! SAME PO9TS4 ,UNLESS HE F\ND !M NE>LY UNANIM\S 9 !IR 9T]PRETATION & APPROBATION ( IT1 HE W\LD CONCLUDE ?AT JURIES W\LD NOT UNITE 9 5=C+ IT1 & ?AT IT W\LD CONSEQU5TLY BE A DEAD LETT]4 ,& HE W\LD BE SAFE 9 COM+ TO ?IS CONCLUSION4 

,!RE W\LD BE SOME?+ LIKE C]TA9TY 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE & 9 ! POPUL> KN[L$GE ( ! LAW = ! FUR!R REASON ?AT !RE W\LD BE LITTLE LEGISLATION1 & M5'S RI<TS W\LD BE LEFT TO /& ALMO/ SOLELY UPON ! LAW ( NATURE1 OR :AT WAS ONCE CALL$ 9 ,5GL& 0! COMMON LAW0 7BE=E SO MU* LEGISLATION & USURPATION HAD BECOME 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! COMMON LAW79 O!R WORDS1 UPON ! PR9CIPLES ( NATURAL JU/ICE4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaa 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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