,FRE$OM & ,NECESSITY 9 ,NATURE3 ,A ,PROBLEM 9 ,ECOLOGICAL ,E?ICS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,MELANIE ,M1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE  
,ONE ( ! MO/ 5TR5*$ IDEAS 9 WE/]N ?\<T IS ! NOTION ?AT NATURE IS A H>% REALM ( NECESSITY1 A DOMA9 ( UNREL5T+ LAWFULNESS & COMPULSION4 ,FROM ?IS UND]LY+ VIEW1 TWO EXTREME EI!R_/OR ATTITUDES HAVE EM]G$4 ,EI!R HUMANITY MU/ YIELD ) A RELIGI\S1 A MORE REC5TLY1 0ECOLOGICAL0 HUMILITY TO ! DICTA ( 0NATURAL LAW0 & TAKE ITS ABJECT PLACE SIDE BY SIDE ) ! L[LY ANTS ON :I* IT 0>ROGANTLY0 TREADS OR IT MU/ 0CONQU]0 NATURE ) ITS TE*NOLOGICAL & RATIONAL A/UT5ESS -- AN 5T]PRISE1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT MAY V]Y WELL 5TAIL ! SUBJUGATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN 9 A %>$ PROJECT TO ULTIMATELY 0LIB]ATE0 ALL ( HUMANITY FROM ! COMPULSION ( 0NATURAL NECESSITY40 

,?IS QUASI-RELIGI\S QUIETISM1 TYPIFI$ BY C]TA9 S*OOLS ( 0ANTIHUMANISM0 & SOCIOBIOLOGY1 & ! MORE CONV5TIONAL ACTIVISM1 TYPIFI$ BY ! LIB]AL & ,M>XIAN IMAGE ( AN OMNISCI5T HUMANITY CA/ DEFIANTLY 9 A ,PROME!AN PO/URE1 (T5 9T]P5ETRATE EA* O!R ) QUIXOTIC RESULTS4 ,MOD]N SCI5CE UNWITT+LY TAKES ON AN E?ICAL MANTLE ( ITS [N -- DESPITE ALL ITS CLAIMS ( VALUE-FREE 0OBJECTIVITY0 -- :5 IT COMMITS ITSELF TO A CONCEPT ( NATURE AS COMPREH5SIBLE1 AS 0ORD]LY0 9 ! S5SE ?AT NATURE'S 0LAWS0 >E CAUSALLY UNYIELD+ & H5CE NECESSIT>IAN4 .<#a.> 

,! ,GREEKS VIEW$ ?IS ORD]LY /RUCTURE ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS EVID5CE ( AN 9H]5TLY RATIONAL NATURE1 ( ! EXI/5CE ( N\S OR LOGOS1 ?AT PRODUC$ A SUBJECTIVE1 IF NOT SPIRITUAL1 PRES5CE 9 NATURAL PH5OM5A AS A :OLE4 ,YET ) ONLY A M9IMAL %IFT 9 EMPHASIS1 ?IS V]Y SAME NOTION ( AN 0ORD]LY0 NATURE CAN ALSO YIELD ! DISMAL CONCLUSION ?AT 0FRE$OM IS ! RECOGNITION ( NECESSITY0 7TO USE ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS' REPHRAS+ 9 ,ANTI-,DUHR+ ( ,HEGEL'S DEF9ITION74 ,9 ?IS LATT] CASE1 FRE$OM IS SUBTLY TURN$ 9TO ITS OPPOSITE3 ! M]E CONSCI\SNESS ( :AT WE CAN OR CANNOT DO4 

,SU* AN 9T]NALIZ$ VIEW ( FRE$OM1 SUBJECT TO ! HI<] DICTA ( 0,SPIRIT0 7,HEGEL7 OR 0,HI/ORY0 7,M>X71 NOT ONLY S]V$ ,LU!R 9 HIS BREAK ) ! ,*UR*'S HI]>*Y2 IT PROVID$ AN IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION = ,/AL9'S WOR/ EXCESSES 9 ! NAME ( 0DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM0 & HIS BRUTAL 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA UND] ! EGIS ( SOCIETY'S 0NATURAL LAWS ( DEVELOPM5T40 ,IT MAY ALSO YIELD A =?RI<T ,SK9N]IAN NOTION ( AN OV]LY DET]M9$ WORLD 9 :I* HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS R$UCIBLE TO M]E RESPONSES TO EXT]NAL OR 9T]NAL /IMULI4 

,LEAV+ !SE EXTREMES ASIDE1 WE/]N CONV5TIONAL WISDOM /ILL SEES NATURE AS A 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 -- MORALLY1 AS WELL AS MAT]IALLY -- :I* CON/ITUTES A *ALL5GE TO HUMANITY'S SURVIVAL & WELL-BE+4 ,DESPITE ! CONSID]ABLE 9TELLECTUAL H]ITAGE :I* EMBRACES BO? DY/OPIAN ?9K]S LIKE ,HOBBES & UTOPIAN ONES LIKE ,M>X1 ! V]Y SELF-DEF9ITION ( MAJOR DISCIPL9ES EMBODIES ?IS T5SION1 9DE$1 ?IS CONFLICT4 

,ECONOMICS HAS BE5 =G$ 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( A 0NECESSIT>IAN10 EV5 A 0/+Y0 NATURE ?AT OPPOSES ITS 0SC>CE RES\RCES0 TO HUMANITY'S 0UNLIMIT$ NE$S40 ,SOCIOLOGY HAS BE5 GUID$ BY ! NE$ TO EXPLA9 ! EM]G5CE ( 0RATIONAL MAN0 FROM 0BRUTE ANIMALITY10 A PROJECT ?AT /ILL AWAITS ITS FULFILLM5T 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY ?AT PRESUMABLY WILL SUCCE$ A M9DLESS NATURAL WORLD FROM :I* CONTEMPOR>Y 0IRRATIONALITIES0 >E SAID TO EM]GE4' ,PSY*OLOGY1 C]TA9LY 9 ITS PSY*OANANLYTIC =MS1 & P$AGOGY /RESS ! IMPORTANCE ( CONTROLL+ HUMAN 09T]NAL NATURE0 ) ! BONUS ?AT ! SUBLIM9ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL 5]GY WILL F9D ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! SUBJUGATION ( EXT]NAL NATURE4 

,!ORIES ( WORK1 SOCIETY1 BEHAVIOR1 EV5 SEXUALITY1 TURN >\ND AN IMAGE ( A NECESSIT>IAN NATURE ?AT MU/ 9 SOME S5SE BE MANIPULAT$ TO S]VE HUMAN 5DS -- PRESUMABLY ON ! OLD !ORY ?AT :AT IS HUMAN IS 0RATIONAL0 P] SE & :AT IS NATURAL IS 0IRRATIONAL0 9 ?AT IT LACKS ANY ELEM5TS ( *OICE & FRE$OM4 ,NOR HAS NATURE PHILOSOPHY BE5 LESS TA9T$ BY ?IS NECESSIT>IAN IMAGE4 ,9DE$1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 IT HAS S]V$ AS AN IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION = A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 MODEL$ ON A HI]>*ICALLY /RUCTUR$ 0NATURAL ORD]40 

,?IS IMAGE & ITS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS1 G5]ALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ,>I/OTLE1 /ILL LIVES 9 \R MID/ AS A COSMIC JU/IFICATION = DOM9ATION 9 G5]AL -- 9 ITS MORE NOXI\S CASES1 = RACIAL & SEXUAL DISCRIM9ATION1 & 9 ITS MO/ NI<TM>I% =M1 = ! \TRI<T EXT]M9ATION ( 5TIRE PEOPLES4 ,RAIS$ TO ! LEVEL ( A MORAL CALL+ 0MAN0 EM]GES FROM ?IS MASSIVE IDEOLOGICAL APP>ATUS AS A BE+ BEYOND NATURE1 A CREATURE 9 :OM 0,SPIRIT0 OR 0,GOD0 HAS IMP>T$ A SUPRANATURAL QUALITY ( A TRANSC5D5TAL K9D & MISSION TO GOV]N AN ORD]$ UNIV]SE ?AT HAS ITS 9CEPTION 9 A SUP]NATURAL WORLD4 

,OV]COM+ ,DUALISM 

,TO OV]COME ! PROBLEM ( ! CONFLICT BETWE5 NECESSITY & FRE$OM-BASICALLY1 BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY-WE MU/ GO BEYOND ! BUILD+ ( BRIDGES BETWE5 ! TWO1 SU* AS WE F9D 9 VALUE SY/EMS ?AT >E BAS$ ON PURELY UTILIT>IAN ATTITUDES T[>D ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,! >GUM5T ?AT \R ABUSE ( NATURE SUBV]TS ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = \R [N SURVIVAL1 AL?\< SURELY TRUE1 IS CRASSLY 9/RUM5TAL4 ,IT ASSUMES ?AT \R CONC]N = NATURE RE/S ON \R SELF-9T]E/1 RA!R ?AN ON A FEEL+ = ! COMMUNITY ( LIFE ( :I* WE >E P>T1 ALBEIT 9 A V]Y UNIQUE & DI/9CTIVE WAY4 

,GIV5 SU* AN >GUM5T1 \R RELATION%IP ) NATURE IS NEI!R BETT] NOR WORSE ?AN ! SUCCESS ) :I* WE PLUND] ! NATURAL WORLD )\T H>M+ \RSELVES4 ,?IS IS A W>RANT = UND]M9+ ! NATURAL WORLD PROVID$ WE CAN F9D WORKABLE OR ADEQUATE SUB/ITUTES = EXI/+ LIFE-=MS & ECOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS1 H[EV] SYN!TIC1 SIMPLE1 OR ME*ANICAL !Y MAY BE4 ,TIME HAS %[N ?AT IT IS PRECISELY ?IS VIEW ?AT HAS PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS A CRISIS ?AT RESULTS NOT ONLY FROM PHYSICAL DISRUPTION BUT ALSO FROM A S]I\S D]ANGEM5T ( \R E?ICAL & BIOTIC S5SIBILITIES4 

,9 ANY CASE1 BRIDGE-BUILD+ PRES]VES A DUALISM ?AT WORKS ) ! NATURE_/SOCIETY SPLIT BUT PRESUMABLY 0RECONCILES0 IT /RUCTURALLY BY M]ELY 0BRIDG+0 A GULF ?AT ACC\NTS = ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! NATURAL & SOCIAL WORLDS4 ,?IS K9D ( ME*ANICAL ?9K+ ALSO GIVES RISE TO SPLITS BETWE5 BODY & M9D1 REALITY & ?\<T1 OBJECT & SUBJECT1 C\NTRY & T[N1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT IS NOT F>-FET*$ TO SAY ?AT ! PRIM>Y S*ISM BETWE5 NATURE & HUMANITY1 A S*ISM ?AT MAY WELL HAVE ITS ORIG9AL S\RCE 9 ! HI]>*ICAL SUBORD9ATION ( WOM5 TO M51 HAS N\RI%$ SPLITS ( 5ORM\S SCOPE 9 EV]YDAY LIFE AS WELL AS 9 \R !ORETICAL S5SIBILITIES4 

,TO OV]COME !SE DUALISMS SIMPLY BY R$UC+ ONE ELEM5T ( ! DUALITY TO ! O!R IS NO LESS A S]I\S FALLACY4 ,! UNIV]SAL 0NI<T 9 :I* ALL C[S >E BLACK10 TO USE ,HEGEL'S PHRASE 9 ! ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ,SPIRIT1 PUR*ASES UNITY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! V]Y REAL V>IETY & QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CES ?AT SURR\ND US & N\RI% CREATIVE ?9K+4 ,SU* R$UCTIONISM YIELDS A CRUDE ME*ANI/IC SPIRITUALISM ?AT IS M]ELY ! C\NT]P>T ( ! PREVAIL+ ME*ANI/IC MAT]IALISM4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! NE$ = A NUANC$ 9T]PRETATION ( COMPLEX PH5OM5A ?AT TAKES DELICATE DI/9CTIONS & GRADATIONS 9TO ACC\NT 9 ANY EXPLANATION ( DEVELOPM5T IS SACRIFIC$ TO A SIMPLI/IC DUALISM ?AT DISMISSES ! NE$ TO EMPHASIZE ! PHASES ?AT 5T] 9TO ANY PROCESS4  ,ALT]NATIVELY1 IT EMBRACES AN EQUALLY SIMPLI/IC 0ON5ESS0 ?AT OV]RIDES ! IMM5SE WEAL? ( DIFF]5TIA TO :I* ! PRES5T BIOSPH]E IS HEIR -- ! RI*1 FECUND & 9T]CONNECT$ CON/ITU5TS ?AT MAKE UP \R EVOLUTION & ?AT >E /ILL PRES]V$ 9 NE>LY ALL EXI/+ PH5OM5A4 

,IT IS SURPRIS+ ?AT ECOLOGY1 ONE ( ! MO/ ORGANIC ( \R CONTEMPOR>Y DISCIPL9ES1 IS ITSELF SO LACK+ 9 ORGANIC WAYS ( ?9K+4 ,I REF] TO ! NE$ TO 9W>DLY D]IVE DIFF]5TIA FROM EA* O!R1 ! FULL FROM ! G]M9AL1 ! MORE COMPLEX FROM ! SIMPL] -- 9 %ORT1 TO ?9K BIOLOGICALLY1 NOT M]ELY TO 0D$UCE0 CONCLUSIONS FROM HYPO!SES 9 TYPICAL MA!MATICAL FA%ION1 OR SIMPLY TO TABULATE & CLASSIFY 0FACTS40 ,:E!R AS ECOLOGI/S OR ACC\NTANTS1 WE T5D TO %>E ! SAME MODE ( REASON+ SO PREVAL5T TODAY1 ONE ?AT IS L>GELY ANALYTICAL & CLASSIFICATORY RA!R ?AN PROCESSUAL & DEVELOPM5TAL4 ,APPROPRIATE AS ANALYTICAL1 CLASSIFICATORY & D$UCTIVE MODES ( REASON+ MAY BE = DISASSEMBL+ OR REASSEMBL+ AUTOMOBILE 5G9ES OR CON/RUCT+ BUILD+S1 !Y >E WOEFULLY 9ADEQUATE 9 ASC]TA9+ ! PHASES ?AT MAKE UP A PROCESS1 EA* CONCEIV$ 9 ITS [N 9TEGRITY1 YET P>T ( AN EV]-DEVELOP+ CONT9UUM4 

,IT IS BECOM+ A CLI*E TO FAULT 0SEP>ATION0 AS ! S\RCE ( AP>TNESS 9 \R HI<LY FRAGM5T$ WORLD4 ,WE MU/ SEE ?AT EV]Y PROCESS IS ALSO A =M ( 0ALI5ATION0 9 ! V]Y NON-,M>XI/ S5SE ( DIFF]5TIATION 9 :I* ! :OLE IS SE5 AS ! RI*LY V>I$ FULFILLM5T ( ITS LAT5T POT5TIALITIES4 .<#b.> 

,UND]LY+ ?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 ALI5ATION CONCEIV$ AS OPPOSITION ON ! ONE H& & SELF-EXPRESSION OR SELF->TICULATION ON ! O!R IS AN ALL-P]VASIVE EPI/EMOLOGY ( RULE ?AT SORTS DIFF]5CE AS SU* 79DE$1 ! 0O!R0 9 ALL ITS =MS7 9TO AN 5SEMBLE OR PYRAMID ( ANTAGONI/IC RELATION%IPS /RUCTUR$ >\ND OB$I5CE & COMM&4 ,! MOD]N E?ICAL PROC$URE = ASSEMBL+ ALL PH5OM5A 9TO AN 0ORD] ( ONE TO T50 & 0B5EFITS V]SUS RISKS10 EA* 0SUMM$ UP0 BY ASC]TA9+ A 0BOTTOM L9E0 7! BUS9ESSES H]E1 IS AS DELICI\S AS ! IMAGE ( M>RIAGE1 *ILD- RE>+1 & $UCATION AS 09VE/M5T07 TE/IFIES TO A CONCEPTION ( V>IETY NOT AS UNITY1 BUT AS A PROBLEM ( CONFLICT4 ,?AT ! 0O!R0 CAN BE SE5 AS P>T ( A :OLE1 H[EV] DIFF]5TIAT$ 9 ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 ELUDES ! MOD]N M9D 9 A FLUX ( EXP]I5CE ?AT KN[S ONLY DIVISION AS CONFLICT OR DISSOLUTION4 

,! REAL WORLD IS 9DE$ DIVID$ ANTAGONI/ICALLY & H]E9 LIES ITS TA9T$ *>ACT] :I* MU/ BE REM$I$ BY /RUGGLE AS WELL AS RECONCILIATION4 ,BUT IF ! ?RU/ ( EVOLUTION HAS ANY MEAN+1 IT IS ?AT A CONT9UUM IS PRECISELY PROCESSUAL 9 ?AT IT IS GRAD$ AS WELL AS UNIT$1 A FL[ ( D]IV$ PHASES AS WELL AS A %>$ DEVELOPM5T FROM ! SIMPL] TO ! MORE COMPLEX4 ,! REALITY ( CONFLICT MU/ NEV] OV]RIDE ! REALITY ( DIFF]5TIATION AS ! LONG-RANGE *>ACT] ( DEVELOPM5T 9 NATURE & SOCIETY4 

,P>TICIPATORY ,EVOLUTION 

,:AT !N1 DOES IT MEAN TO SPEAK ( COMPLEXITY1 V>IETY1 & UNITY-9-DIV]SITY 9 ! OV]ALL ?RU/ ( DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESSES8  ,ECOLOGI/S HAVE G5]ALLY TREAT$ DIV]SITY AS A S\RCE ( ECOLOGICAL /ABILITY1 AN APPROA*1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT WAS /ILL RA!R NEW SOME TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO4 ,EXP]I5CES 9 AGRICULTURE %[$ ?AT ! TREATM5T ( S+LE CROPS BY PE/ICIDES C\LD EASILY REA* AL>M+ PROPORTIONS & SEEM$ TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! MORE DIV]SIFI$ A CROP1 ! MORE PLANT & ANIMAL SPECIES 9T]ACT$ TO PRODUCE NATURAL *ECKS ON PE/ POPULATIONS4 ,TODAY1 ?IS NOTION1 LIKE ! VALUE ( ORGANIC ME?ODS ( AGRICULTURE1 HAS BECOME COMMONPLACE 9 PRES5T-DAY ECOLOGICAL & 5VIRONM5TAL ?9K+ -- A VIEW :I* ?IS WRIT] PIONE]$ TOGE!R ) A FEW R>E COLLEAGUES LIKE ,*>LES ,S4 ,ELTON4 

,BUT ! NOTION ?AT BIOTIC -- &1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 SOCIAL EVOLUTION HAS BE5 M>K$ UNTIL REC5TLY BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( EV] MORE COMPLEX SPECIES & ECOCOMMUNITIES 7OR 0ECOSY/EMS10 TO USE A V]Y UNSATISFACTORY T]M7 RAISES AN EV5 MORE *ALL5G+ ISSUE4  ,DIV]SITY MAYBE REG>D$ AS A S\RCE NOT ONLY ( GREAT] ECOCOMMUNITY /ABILITY1 IT MAY ALSO BE REG>D$ 9 A V]Y FUNDAM5TAL S5SE AS AN EV]-EXP&+1 ALBEIT NASC5T1 S\RCE ( FRE$OM )9 NATURE1 A M$IUM = OBJECTIVELY AN*OR+ V>Y+ DEGREES ( *OICE1 SELF-DIRECTIV5ESS1 & P>TICIPATION BY LIFE=MS 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION4 ,I WI% TO PROPOSE ?AT ! EVOLUTION ( LIV+ BE+S IS NO PASSIVE PROCESS1 ! PRODUCT ( *ANCE CONJUNCTIONS BETWE5 R&OM G5ETIC *ANGES & 0SELECTIVE0 5VIRONM5TAL 0=CES10 ?AT ! 0ORIG9 ( SPECIES0 IS NO M]E RESULT ( EXT]NAL 9FLU5CES ?AT DET]M9E ! 0FITNESS0 ( A LIFE-=M TO 0SURVIVE0 AS A RESULT ( R&OM FACTORS 9 :I* LIFE IS M]ELY AN 0OBJECT0 ( AN 9DET]M9ABLE 0SELECTIVE0 PROCESS4 

,I WI% TO GO BEYOND ! 9CREAS+LY POPUL> NOTION ?AT SYMBIOSIS IS QUITE AS IMPORTANT AS 0/RUGGLE0 TO CONT5D ?AT ! 9CREASE 9 DIV]SITY 9 ! BIOSPH]E OP5S 9CREAS+LY NEW EVOLUTION>Y PA?WAYS1 9DE$1 ALT]NATIVE EVOLUTION>Y DIRECTIONS 9 :I* SPECIES PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 !IR [N SURVIVAL & *ANGE4  ,H[EV] RUDIM5T>Y & NASC5T IT MAY BE1 *OICE IS NOT TOTALLY ABS5T 9 BIOTIC EVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 IT 9CREASES AS 9DIVIDUAL ANIMALS BECOME /RUCTURALLY1 PHYSIOLOGICALLY1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 NEUROLOGICALLY MORE COMPLEX4 ,M9D HAS ITS [N EVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY 9 ! NATURAL WORLD &1 AS ! NEUROLOGICAL CAPABILITY ( LIFE-=MS TO FUNCTION MORE ACTIVELY & FLEXIBLY 9CREASES1 SO TOO DOES LIFE ITSELF HELP CREATE NEW EVOLUTION>Y DIRECTIONS ?AT LEAD TO 5HANC$ SELF-AW>5ESS & SELF-ACTIVITY4 

,F9ALLY1 *OICE BECOMES 9CREAS+LY EVID5T AS ! ECOLOGICAL CONTEXTS )9 :I* SPECIES EVOLVE -- ! COMMUNITIES & 9T]ACTIONS !Y =M -- !MSELVES BECOME MORE COMPLEX SO ?AT !Y OP5 NEW AV5UES = EVOLUTION1 A GREAT] ABILITY TO ACT SELF-SELECTIVELY1 =M+ ! BASES = SOME K9D ( *OICE1 FO/]+ PRECISELY ?OSE SPECIES ?AT CAN P>TICIPATE 9 EV]-GREAT] DEGREES 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION1 BASICALLY 9 ! DIRECTION ( MORE COMPLEX LIFE-=MS4 ,9DE$1 SPECIES & ! ECOCOMMUNITIES 9 :I* !Y 9T]ACT TO CREATE MORE COMPLEX =MS ( EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T >E1 9 9CREAS+ DEGREE1 ! V]Y 0=CES0 ?AT >E (T5 TREAT$ AS ! EXT]NAL AG5TS ?AT ACC\NT = EVOLUTION AS A :OLE4 

,I WI% TO PROPOSE ?AT ?IS VIEW1 :I* ,I CALL A 0P>TICIPATORY EVOLUTION10 IS V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) ! PREVAL5T ,D>W9IAN OR NEO-,D>W9IAN SYN!SES 9 :I* A NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS >E SE5 PRIM>ILY AS 0OBJECTS0 ( SELECTIVE =CES EXOG5\S TO !M4 ,IT IS ALSO AT ODDS ) ,H5RI ,B]GSON'S 0CREATIVE EVOLUTION0 ) ITS SEMI-MY/ICAL ELAN VITAL4 ,ECOLOGI/S1 NO LESS ?AN BIOLOGI/S1 HAVE YET TO COME TO T]MS ) ! NOTION ?AT SYMBIOSIS 7NOT ONLY 0/RUGGLE07 & P>TICIPATION 7NOT ONLY 0COMPETITION07 FACTOR 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SPECIES4 ,! PREVAL5T VIEW ( NATURE /ILL /RESSES ! 0CRUELTY0 & 0NECESSIT>IAN0 *>ACT] ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 A VIEW ?AT IS AS MORAL AS IT IS PHYSICAL 9 ITS OV]TONES4 ,AN IMM5SE LIT]ATURE1 NO LESS >TI/IC ?AN SCI5TIFIC1 /RESSES ! 0UNSEE+ MUT5ESS0 ( A NATURE ?AT BE>S NO WITNESS TO ! SUFF]+ ( LIFE & HAS NO E>S TO ! CRY ( PA9 9 ! 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE40  0,CRUEL0 NATURE 9 ?IS IMAG]Y (F]S NO SOLACE = EXT9CTION -- M]ELY AN ALL-EMBRAC+ D>KNESS ( MEAN+LESS MOTION TO :I* HUMANITY CAN ONLY OPPOSE ! LI<T ( ITS CULTURE & M9D1 9 %ORT1 A /OIC WORLDVIEW ?AT E?ICALLY EXPIRES 9 A SI< ( RESIGNATION & LONEL9ESS4 

,WE MAY REASONABLY ASK :E!R HUMAN WILL & FRE$OM1 AT LEA/ AS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & SELF-REFLECTION1 HAVE !IR [N NATURAL HI/ORY 9 DEVELOPM5TS )9 NATURE ITSELF-OR :E!R !Y >E SIMPLY SUI G5]IS1 A SELF-AGGR&IZ+ RUPTURE ) ! :OLE PR9CIPLE ( DEVELOPM5T1 SU* ?AT WILL & FRE$OM >E SO UNPREC$5T$ & SO SELF-CONTA9$ 9 !IR UNIQU5ESS ?AT !Y CONTRADICT \R CONCEPTION ?AT ALL PH5OM5A >E EM]G5T3 ?AT PH5OM5A >E GRAD$ FROM ANTEC$5T POT5TIALITIES ?AT LIE BEH9D & )9 EV]Y 0PRODUCT0 ( A PROCESSUAL K9D4 ,SU* A CLAIM TO UNIQU5ESS IS AS SELF-S]V+ AS IT IS SELF-AGGR&IZ+4 ,IT UND]WRITES \R CLAIM TO BE JU/IFI$ 9 DEAL+ ) ! NATURAL WORLD AS WE *OOSE-9DE$1 9 ,M>X'S WORDS 9 ! ,GRUNDISSE TO REG>D IT M]ELY AS 0AN OBJECT = MANK9D1 PURELY A MATT] ( UTILITY4440 

,! DIM *OICES ?AT ANIMALS EX]CISE 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION >E NOT ! WILL ?AT HUMAN BE+S EXHIBIT 9 !IR SOCIAL LIVES4 ,NOR IS ! NASC5T FRE$OM CONF]R$ BY NATURAL COMPLEXITY ! SAME AS ! RATIONAL DECISIONS ?AT HUMAN BE+S BR+ TO ! S]VICE ( !IR [N DEVELOPM5T4 ,\R PREJUDICE AGA9/ ! CONCEPT ( COMPLICITY BETWE5 EVOLV+ LIFE-=MS & ! 5VIRONM5TAL =CES ?AT 0SELECT0 !M HAS ITS P$IGREE 9 ! ,NEWTONIAN ME*ANISM ?AT /ILL CL+S TO EVOLUTION>Y !ORY 9TO \R [N TIME4 ,! 09]T0 MATT] & ME*ANICAL OP]ATIONS1 HYPO/ASIZ$ BY ,NEWTON & ! ,5LI<T5M5T ?9K]S HAVE !IR C\NT]P>T 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y IMAGE ( ALL NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS AS BASICALLY 9]T4 ,ALL ANTI-,C>TESIAN PROTE/ATIONS TO ! CONTR>Y1 NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS >E /ILL VIEW$ AS LITTLE MORE ?AN MA*9ES4 ,/RUCTURALLY1 WE MAY FILL !M \T ) PROTOPLASM1 BUT OP]ATIONALLY !Y >E IMP>T$ ) AS LITTLE MEAN+ AS WE IMPUTE TO ME*ANICAL DEVICES1 A JUDGM5T ?AT IS NOT )\T ITS ECONOMIC UTILITY4 ,DESPITE ! MONUM5TAL NATURE ( HIS WORK1 ,D>W9 DID NOT ORG>LICIZE EVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,HE CONF]R$ A S5SE ( EVOLUTION ON ! 0ORIG9 ( SPECIES10 BUT SPECIES 9 ! M9DS ( HIS ACOLYTES /ILL /OOD SOME:]E BETWE5 9ORGANIC MA*9ES & ME*ANICALLY FUNCTION+ ORGANISMS4 

,NO LESS SIGNIFICANT >E ! EMPIRICAL ORIG9S ( ,D>W9'S [N WORK1 A WORK ?AT IS DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! ,LOCKEAN ATOMISM ?AT N\RI%$ N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,BRITI% SCI5CE AS A :OLE4 ,ALL[+ = A REASONABLE AM\NT ( %AD+ & NUANCE ?AT EXI/S 9 ALL GREAT BOOKS1 ,! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES IS AN ACC\NT ( ORIG9S 9 A FAIRLY ISOLAT$ S5SE1 NOTABLY1 ! WAY 9 :I* A SPECIES ORIG9ATES1 EVOLVES1 ADAPTS1 SURVIVES1 *ANGES1 OR PAYS ! P5ALTY ( EXT9CTION4 

,ANY ONE SPECIES CAN /& = ! WORLD ( LIFE AS A :OLE 9 ISOLATION FROM ! LIFE-=MS ?AT NORMALLY 9T]ACT ) IT4  ,AL?\< PR$ATORS DEP5D UPON !IR PREY1 TO BE SURE1 ! /R& FROM ANCE/OR TO DESC5DANT /&S 9 L(TY ISOLATION SU* ?AT E>LY EOHIPPUS RISES1 /EP-BY-/EP1 FROM A PLEBEIAN DOG-LIKE E/ATE TO ! >I/OCRATIC GR&EUR ( A SLEEK RACE HORSE4 ,?IS PALEONTOLOGICAL DIAGRAM+ ( BONES FROM :AT W]E =M]LY 0MISS+ L9KS0 TO ! CULM9AT+ BEAUTY ( ,EQUOS CABALLUS MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLES ! ADAPTATION ( ,ROB9SON ,CRUSOE FROM AN ,5GLI% SEAF>] TO A SELF-SUFFICI5T ISL& DWELL] ?AN ! REALITY ( A TRULY EM]G+ BE+4 

,?IS REALITY IS CONTEXTUAL 9 AN ECOLOGICAL S5SE4 ,! MOD]N HORSE DID NOT EVOLVE ALONE4 ,IT LIV$ NOT ONLY AMONG ITS PR$ATORS & PREY BUT 9 CREATIVELY 9T]ACTIVE RELATION%IPS ) A GREAT V>IETY ( PLANTS & ANIMALS4 ,IT EVOLV$ 9 EV]-*ANG+ ECOCOMMUNITIES SU* ?AT ! 0RISE0 ( ,EQUOS CABALLUS OCCURR$ CONJO9TLY ) O!R H]BIVORES ?AT %>$1 MA9TA9$1 & EV5 PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 CREAT+ !IR GRASSL&S4 ,! /R+ ( BONES ?AT TRACES EOHIPPUS TO ,EQUUS IS REALLY EVID5CE ( ! SUCCESSION ( ! ECOCOMMUNITIES 9 :I* ! ANIMAL & ITS ANCE/OR 9T]ACT$ ) EA* O!R4 

,ONE C\LD MORE PROP]LY MODIFY ,! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES TO READ AS ! EVOLUTION ( ECOCOMMUNITIES AS WELL AS ! EVOLUTION ( SPECIES4 .<#c.> ,9DE$1 TO PLACE ! COMMUNITY 9 ! =EGR\ND ( EVOLUTION IS NOT TO D5Y ! 9TEGRITY ( SPECIES1 !IR CAPACITY = V>IATION1 & !IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 SPECIES BECOME VITAL P>TICIPANTS 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION ACTIVE BE+S1 NOT M]ELY PASSIVE COMPON5TS :I* ?US TAKES FULL ACC\NT ( !IR SELF-DIRECTIVE & NASC5T FRE$OM 9 ! NATURAL PROCESS4 

,WILL & REASON >E NOT SUI G5]IS4 ,!Y HAVE !IR ORIG9S 9 ! GR[+ *OICES CONF]R$ BY COMPLEXITY1 ! ALT]NATIVE PA?WAYS OP5$ BY ! GR[? ( COMPLEX ECOCOMMUNITIES1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX NEUROLOGICAL SY/EMS -- 9 %ORT1 PROCESSES ?AT >E BO? 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL TO LIFE-=MS4 ,!Y APPE> G]M9ALLY 9 ! COMMUNITIES :I* LIFE-=MS E/ABLI% AS ACTIVE AG5TS 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION1 A VIEW ?AT CUTS ACROSS ! GRA9 ( CONV5TIONAL EVOLUTION>Y !ORY 9 :I* NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS >E SE5 AS LITTLE MORE ?AN PASSIVE OBJECTS ( NATURAL SELECTION AP>T FROM !IR ABILITY TO PRODUCE R&OM V>IATIONS4 ,EV5 G5ETIC *ANGES SEEM TO OCCUR 9 PATT]NS ?AT COH]E 9TO ORGANS & ORGAN SY/EMS :OSE CAPACITY TO S]VE BIOTIC NE$S >E H>D TO UND]/& AS PRODUCTS ( M]E *ANCE EV5TS4 

,DOES ?IS W>RANT ! NE$ TO 9TRODUCE AN ELAN VITAL OR A HIDD5 H& ?AT HAS 5T]$ 9TO WE/]N ?\<T AS 0,SPIRIT10 0,GOD10 OR 0,M9D10 A PR$ET]M9+ AG5T ?AT PRESIDES OV] ! DEVELOPM5T ( LIFE-=MS8 ,I ?9K NOT EV5 IF ONLY BECAUSE ! CONCEPT ( SU* A HIDD5 H& RE/ORES ! V]Y DUALITIES ?AT UND]P9 HI]>*Y & ! CONCEPTION ( ALL DIFF]5TIATION AS CONFLICT4 ,WE MAY WELL ASK \RSELVES IF WE HAVE EV] UND]/OOD LIFE ITSELF AS A CREATIVE & CO ATIVE PH5OM5ON :5 WE SEE IT AS LITTLE MORE ?AN A FACTOR 9 PRODUCTION1 A 0NATURAL RES\RCE10 PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( WEAL? RA!R ?AN A REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 PROMIS$ 9 ! V]Y WAY LIFE IS CON/ITUT$4 

,AGA91 WE 5C\NT] A WE/]N S5SIBILITY ?AT IS ALI5 TO PROCESSUAL ?\<T1 DEVELOPM5T1 & ITS PHASES1 AN 9ABILITY TO SEE NATURE AS A PH5OM5ON :OSE BASIC ORGANIZATION *ALL5GES \R ME*ANI/IC & ANALYTIC MODES ( ?\<T4 ,DUALISM 9H]ES 9 \R M5TAL OP]ATIONS SO PR(\NDLY ?AT ! CONATIVE /RIV+ ( LIFE-=MS T[>D FRE$OM & SELF-AW>5ESS T5DS TO SLIP 9TO SUP]NATURE RA!R ?AN NATURE1 R$UCTIONISM RA!R ?AN DIFF]5TIATION1 SUCCESSION RA!R ?AN CULM9ATION4 

,?IS MU* IS CLE>3 ,! WAY WE POSITION \RSELVES 9 \R VIEW ( ! NATURAL WORLD IS DEEPLY 5TANGL$ ) ! WAY WE VIEW ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,9 L>GE P>T1 ! =M] D]IVES FROM ! LATT] & S]VES1 9 TURN1 TO RE9=CE SOCIAL IDEOLOGY4 ,EV]Y SOCIETY EXT5DS ITS [N P]CEPTION ( ITSELF 9TO NATURE1 :E!R AS A TRIBAL COSMOS ?AT IS ROOT$ 9 K9%IP COMMUNITIES1 A FEUDAL COSMOS ?AT ORIG9ATES 9 &2 UND]P9S A /RICT HI]>*Y ( RI<TS & DUTIES1 A B\RGEOIS COSMOS /RUCTUR$ >\ND A M>KET SOCIETY ?AT FO/]S HUMAN RIVALRY & COMPETITION1 OR A CORPORATE COSMOS1 DIAGRAM$ AS FL[ *>TS1 FE$BACK SY/EMS1 & HI]>*IES ?AT MIRROR ! OP]ATIONAL SY/EMS ( MOD]N CORPORATE SOCIETY4 

,?AT SOME ( !SE IMAGES REVEAL AN ASPECT ( NATURE1 :E!R AS A COMMUNITY OR A CYB]NETIC FL[ ( 5]GY1 DOES NOT JU/IFY ! UNIV]SAL1 ALMO/ IMP]IALI/IC1 CLAIMS ?AT !Y /AKE \T OV] ! WORLD AS A :OLE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ONLY A SOCIETY ?AT HAS COME 9TO ITS 0TRU?10 TO USE ,!ODOR ,ADORNO'S T]M -- AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY-CAN FREE US FROM ! LIMITS ?AT OPPRESSIVE & HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES IMPOSE ON \R UND]/&+ ( NATURE4 

,ECOLOGICAL ,E?ICS3 ,AN ,OBJECTIVE ,GR\ND 

,GRANT+ ! LIMITATIONS :I* EV]Y SOCIETY 9 ITS [N ONE-SID$NESS IMPOSES ON \R ?9K+1 H]E9 LIES AN OBJECTIVE GR\ND = AN E?ICS1 9DE$1 = =MULAT+ A VISION ( ! 0TRUE SOCIETY0 ?AT IS NEI!R HI]>*ICAL AT ONE EXTREME NOR RELATIVI/IC AT ! O!R4 ,I SPEAK ( AN E?ICS ?AT NEI!R JU/IFIES ATAVI/IC APPEALS TO 0BLOOD & SOIL0 & MOD]NI/IC APPEALS TO 0LAW0 70DIALECTICAL0 OR 0SCI5TIFIC07 ON ! ONE H&1 NOR ! WAYW>D CONS5SUS ?AT JU/IFIES CAPITAL PUNI%M5T DUR+ ONE YE> & CONF9EM5T DUR+ ANO!R4 ,FRE$OM BECOMES AN 5D 9 ITSELF -- AS SELF-REFLEXIVITY1 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 &1 MO/ EXCIT+LY1 AS A CREATIVE & ACTIVE PROCESS ?AT1 ) ITS EV]-EXP&+ HORIZON & GR[+ WEAL? ( DIV]SITY1 RESI/S ! MORAL IMP]ATIVES ( A RIGID DEF9ITION & ! J>GON ( TEMPORALLY CONDITION$ BIASES4 .<#d.> 

0,REV]5CE0 = NATURE1 ! MY?OLOGIZ+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 & ! SO-CALL$ 0BIOC5TRIC0 HYPO/ASIZ+ ( ! NATURAL OV] ! HUMAN ALL DEGRADE NATURE BY D5Y+ ! NATURAL WORLD ITS UNIV]SALITY AS ?AT :I* EXI/S EV]Y:]E1 FREE ( ALL DUALITIES LIKE 0,SPIRIT0 & 0,GOD10 9DE$1 A NATURE ?AT 5COMPASSES ! V]Y CONGREGATION ( WOR%IP]S1 IDOLATORS & 0ANTIHUMANI/S0 :O SUBTLY D5Y !IR [N SPECIFICITY AS P>T ( NATURE4 

,A 0REV]$0 NATURE IS A SEP>AT$ NATURE 9 ! BAD S5SE ( ! T]M4  ,LIKE ! IDOLS :I* HUMAN BE+S CREATE FROM ! DEP?S ( !IR IMAG9ATION & WOR%IP FROM AF> ) ! M$IATION ( PRIE/S & GURUS1 & 9 TEMPLES ) 9CANTATIONS & RITUALS1 ?IS SEP>AT$ NATURE BECOMES REIFI$1 A CONTRIV$ PH5OM5ON ?AT HELPS SET ! NATURAL WORLD AP>T FROM ! HUMAN DUR+ ! V]Y ACT ( G5UFLECT+ & VOIC+ 9CANTATIONS BE=E A MY/IFI$ 0IT40 ,MU* HAS BE5 SAID AB\T ! ALI5ATION PRODUC$ BY WORK1 ANOMIE1 FE>1 & 9SECURITY3 BUT A NATURE RECON/RUCT$ 9TO =MS AP>T FROM ITSELF1 H[EV] 0REV]5TIALLY10 IS NO LESS AN ALI5AT$ NATURE ?AN ! ,M>XIAN IMAGE ( NATURE AS A 0M]E OBJECT ( UTILITY40 

,H]E9 LIES ! P>ADOX ( 0BIOC5TRICITY0 & 0ANTIHUMANISM10 9DE$1 ANY 0C5TRICITY0 T[>D NATURE3 !  ALI5ATION & REIFICATION ( NATURE TO A PO9T :]E ! 0REV]5CE0 = ! NATURAL WORLD NEGATES ANY EXI/5TIAL RESPECT = ! DIV]SITY ( LIFE4  ,PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES >E NO LESS LOCK$ 9TO ?IS P>ADOX ?AN !IR SO-CALL$ CIVILIZ$ C\S9S4 ,HAPPILY1 !Y >E SIMPLY 9CAPABLE1 :E!R BY 9CL9ATION1 R TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T OR TRADITION1 ( 9FLICT+ TOO MU* H>M ON ! NATURAL WORLD1 AL?\< !Y >E NOT IMMUNE TO ?IS *>GE AS ! EXT]M9ATION ( SO MANY GREAT MAMMALS ( ! LATE ,PLEI/OC5E SEEMS TO 9DICATE4 

,:AT IS P]HAPS MORE IRKSOME ?AN ?IS OV]BL[N 0BIOC5TRICITY0 ?AT D5IES HUMANITY'S REAL PLACE 9 NATURE IS ! VISION ( A NATURAL WORLD -- OV]BURD5$ BY 0REV]5CE0 & DISSOLV$ 9TO A MY/ICAL 0ON5ESS0 -- ?AT PRES]VES & EV5 FO/]S ! TRADITIONAL SPLIT BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY1 ! BASIC S\RCE 9 MY VIEW ( PHILOSOPHY'S !ORETICALLY ELABORATE SEP>ATION ( ! CONCEPT FROM ! REAL WORLD4 ,ONE ?9KS1 H]E1 ( ! TRADITIONS CREAT$ BY ,PLATO 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD & ,KANT 9 ! MOD]N4 

,A NATURE ?AT IS REV]5TIALLY HYPO/ASIZ$ IS A NATURE ?AT IS SET AP>T FROM ITS [N PLACE 9 HUMANITY 9 ! V]Y REAL S5SE ?AT HUMAN REASON1 TOO1 IS AN EXPRESSION ( NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S1 A NATURE ?AT F9DS ITS VOICE 9 ONE ( ITS [N CREATIONS4  ,IT IS NOT ONLY WE :O MU/ HAVE \R [N PLACE 9 NATURE BUT NATURE :I* MU/ HAVE ITS PLACE 9 US 9 AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY & 9 AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS BAS$ ON HUMANITY'S CATALYTIC ROLE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION4 

,NOR %\LD WE IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ! 0REV]5CE = NATURE10 SO POETICALLY CULTIVAT$ BY ! ,ROMANTIC TRADITION1 HAS BE5 W>P$ BY 0BIOC5TRICALLY0 ORI5T$ 0ANTIHUMANI/S0 & ACOLYTES ( 0NATURAL LAW0 9TO ! 9SIDI\S IMAGE ( A HUMANITY ?AT IS 0DOM9AT$ BY NATURE0 -- ! CONV]SE ( ! OLD LIB]AL & ,M>XIAN IMAGE ( A NATURE 0DOM9AT$0 BY MAN4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! !ME ( DOM9ATION IS RE-9/AT$ 9 ECOLOGICAL DISC\RSE4 ,IF LIB]AL & ,M>XI/ !ORI/S PREP>$ ! IDEOLOGICAL BASES = 0CONTROLL+0 & PLUND]+ ! NATURAL WORLD1 0ANTIHUMANI/S0 & 0NATURAL LAW0 DEVOTEES MAY BE PREP>+ ! IDEOLOGICAL BASES = CONTROLL+ & PLUND]+ ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 ,9DE$ SOME 0NATURAL LAW0 ACOLYTES HAVE ALREADY JU/IFI$ ! USE ( AU?ORIT>IAN MEASURES TO CONTROL POPULATION GR[? & TO LEGITIMATE ! =CIBLE EXPULSION ( URBAN DWELL]S FROM L>GE1 CONGE/$ CITIES AS ?\< A SOCIETY ?AT H>NESSES HUMAN BE+S CAN BE EXPECT$ TO LEAVE ! NATURAL WORLD 9TACT4 

,A HUMANITY ?AT HAS BE5 R5D]$ OBLIVI\S TO ITS [N RESPONSIBILITY TO EVOLUTION -- A RESPONSIBILITY ?AT BR+S REASON & ! HUMAN SPIRIT TO EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T1 DIV]SITY1 & ECOLOGICAL GUIDANCE SU* ?AT ! ACCID5TAL1 ! HURTFUL & ! =TUIT\S 9 ! NATURAL WORLD >E DIM9I%$ -- IS A HUMANITY ?AT BETRAYS ITS [N EVOLUTION>Y H]ITAGE40 ,IT SURR5D]S ITS SPECIES-DI/9CTIV5ESS & ITS UNIQU5ESS4 ,IT IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+ TO 9VOKE 0BIOC5TRICITY1 0NATURAL LAW10 & 0ANTIHUMANISM0 = 5DS ?AT D5Y :AT IS MO/ DI/9CTIVE 9 ALL HUMAN NATURAL ATTRIBUTES4 

,I SPEAK ( HUMANITY'S ABILITY TO REASON1 TO =ESEE1 TO WILL & TO ACT 9SI<TFULLY ON BEHALF ( DIRECTIV5ESS )9 NATURE & 5HANCE NATURE'S [N DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS ALSO AN 9SULT TO NATURE TO SEP>ATE !SE SUBJECTIVE ATTRIBUTES FROM NATURE1 TO DEAL ) !M AS ?\< !Y DID NOT EM]GE \T ( EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T & >E NOT IMPLICITLY P>T ( NATURE 9 A DEEP] S5SE ?AN ! 0LAW ( FANG & CLAW0 ?AT WE SO FLIPPANTLY IMPUTE TO NATURAL EVOLUTION AS A METAPHOR = ! 0CRUELTY0 & 0H>%NESS0 ( ?AT EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,NATURE1 9 %ORT1 IS DEFAM$ 9 ! V]Y PROCESS ( BE+ HYPO/ASIZ$ OV] HUMANITY AT ONE EXTREME OR SUBORD9AT$ TO HUMANITY AT ! O!R4 ,H]E1 ! FAULTY REASON+ BAS$ ON 0D$UCTION10 SO COMMONPLACE TODAY 9 CONV5TIONAL LOGIC1 CLAIMS ITS TOLL AT ! EXP5SE ( AN ORGANISMIC =M ( REASON+ BAS$ ON D]IVATION1 AS ROOT$ 9 A DIALECTICAL \TLOOK4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 BY DEF9ITION1 TAKES ON ! RESPONSIBILITY ( EVOK+1 ELABORAT+1 & GIV+ AN E?ICAL CONT5T TO ! NATURAL CORE ( SOCIETY & HUMANITY4 .<#e.> ,! /EADY D5ATUR+ ( HUMANITY BY 0BIOC5TRICITY0 9 ALL ITS =MS OR BY ! R$UCTION ( HUMAN BE+S TO COMMODITIES IS NOT A METAPHOR2 IT IS COMPELL+LY REAL & 9 BO? CASES 9VOLVES ! D5ATUR+ ( HUMANITY 9TO A M]E OBJECT4 

,! COMMODIFICATION ( HUMANITY TAKES ITS MO/ P]NICI\S =M 9 ! MANIPULATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS A MEANS ( PRODUCTION & AS A MEANS ( CONSUMPTION4 

,H]E1 HUMAN NATURE IS EI!R EMPLOY$ 79 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! T]M7 AS A TE*NIQUE 9 PRODUCTION OR A TE*NIQUE 9 CONSUMPTION1 A M]E DEVICE :OSE CREATIVE P[]S & AU!NTIC NE$S >E EQUALLY P]V]T$ 9TO OBJECTIFI$ PH5OM5A4 ,AS A RESULT1 WE HAVE TODAY NOT ONLY ! 0FETI%IZATION ( COMMODITIES0 7TO USE ,M>X'S FAM\S =MULATION7 BUT ! FETI%IZATION ( NE$S4 .<#f.> ,HUMAN BE+S ?US BECOME SEP>AT$ FROM ! NATURAL WORLD & FROM !IR [N NATURE 9 A REAL SPLIT ?AT REPLACES ! !ORETICAL ONE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,DESC>TES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! CLAIM ?AT CAPITALISM IS A TOTALLY 0UNNATURAL ORD]0 IS ONLY TOO ACCURATE4 

,TO RECOV] HUMAN NATURE IS TO 0R5ATURE0 IT1 TO RE/ORE ITS CONT9UITY ) ! CREATIVE PROCESS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION1 ITS FRE$OM & P>TICIPATION 9 ?AT EVOLUTION CONCEIV$ AS A REALM ( 9CIPI5T FRE$OM & AS A P>TICIPATORY PROCESS4 ,H]E1 IT IS FRE$OM & P>TICIPATION -- NOT NECESSITY & ! HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ( RELATION%IPS -- ?AT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$1 AN EMPHASIS ?AT 9VOLVES A RADICAL BREAK ) ! CONV5TIONAL WE/]N IMAGE ( NATURE4 

,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9 EFFECT1 /&S AT ODDS ) ! NOTION ?AT CULTURE ALONE IS ! REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,9DE$1 IT TRIES TO ROOT ! CULTURAL 9 ! NATURAL & TO ASC]TA9 ! GRADATIONS ?AT UNITE !M4 ,TO ID5TIFY SOCIETY AS SU* ) ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 TO SEE 9 CAPITALISM AN 0EMANCIPATORY0 MOVEM5T PRECISELY BECAUSE IT FREES US FROM NATURE IS NOT ONLY TO IGNORE ! ROOTS ( NATURE 9 SOCIETY2 IT IS ALSO AN ATTEMPT TO ID5TIFY A P]V]T$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ) 0HUMANISM0 & !REBY TO GIVE CR$5CE TO C]TA9 ATAVI/IC TR5DS 9 ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ ?AT APPE> UND] ! NAME ( 0ANTIHUMANISM40 

,! P[] ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY LIES 9 ! ASSOCIATION IT E/ABLI%ES BETWE5 SOCIETY & ECOLOGY1 ! SOCIAL CONCEIV$ AS A FULFILLM5T ( ! LAT5T DIM5SION ( FRE$OM 9 NATURE1 & ! ECOLOGICAL CONCEIV$ AS ! ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T -- 9 %ORT1 ! GUIDEL9ES = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,! GREAT DIVORCE BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY -- OR BETWE5 ! 0BIOLOGICAL0 & ! 0CULTURAL10 AS ,EUROPEANS LIKE TO PUT IT -- IS OV]COME BY %>$ CONCEPTS ( DEVELOPM5T AS SU*2 9CREAS+ DIV]SITY2 ! WID] & MORE COMPLETE P>TICIPATION ( ALL COMPON5TS 9 A :OLE2 EV] MORE FECUND POT5TIALITIES ?AT EXP& ! HORIZON ( FRE$OM1 SELF-DIRECTIV5ESS1 & SELF-REFLEXIVITY4  ,SOCIETY CEASES TO BE SUI G5]IS4 ,LIKE M9D -- :I* HAS ITS [N NATURAL HI/ORY 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! HUMAN N]VE NETWORK FROM SIMPLE 9V]TEBRATES ?R\< EV]-COMPLEX GANGLIA1 ! SP9AL CORD1 0LAY]$0 BRA9S & CORTICES 7EA* FUNCTIONALLY 9CORPORAT+ ! O!RS SU* ?AT !Y EXI/ AS A UNIT$ APP>ATUS 9 HUMAN BE+S AS WELL AS NEUROLOGICALLY LESS COMPLEX ANIMALS7 -- SOCIAL LIFE TOO1 EM]GES FROM ! LOOSELY B&$ ANIMAL COMMUNITY TO =M ! HI<LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HUMAN COMMUNITY4 .<#g.> 

,ULTIMATELY1 IT IS ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY ?AT DI/+UI%ES SOCIETY FROM ! NON-HUMAN COMMUNITY-:E!R = ! WORSE AS 9 ! CASE ( WEAK1 UNFEEL+ TYRANTS LIKE ,NI*OLAS ,I,I OR ,L\IS ,X,V,I :O W]E RAIS$ TO COMM&+ POSITIONS BY BUREAUCRACIES1 >MIES1 & SOCIAL CLASSES OR1 = ! BETT]1 9 =MS ( SELF-GOV]NANCE & MANAGEM5T ?AT EMP[] ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE4 ,WE SEE NO SU* CONTRIV$ 9/ITUTIONAL 9FRA/RUCTURES 9 NON-HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 AL?\< ! RUDIM5TS ( A SOCIAL BOND DO EXI/ 9 ! MO!R-(FSPR+ RELATION%IP & 9 COMMON =MS ( MUTUAL AID4 

,! SOCIAL BOND ?AT HUMAN P>5TS CREATE ) ! Y\NG AS ! BIOCOMMUNITY PHASES 9TO ! SOCIAL COMMUNITY IS FUNDAM5TAL TO ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIETY & IT IS RETA9$ 9 EV]Y SOCIETY AS AN ACTIVE FACTOR 9 ! ELABORATION ( HI/ORY4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT PROLONG$ HUMAN IMMATURITY DEVELOPS ! LA/+ TIES SO NECESS>Y = HUMAN 9T]DEP5D5CE1 A FACT :I* ,ROB]T ,BRIFFAULT SO =CEFULLY PO9T$ \T 9 ,! ,MO!RS4 ,IT IS ALSO ?AT C>E1 %>+1 P>TICIPATION1 & COMPLEM5T>ITY DEVELOP ?IS BOND BEYOND ! MAT]IAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 :I* HAS RECEIV$ SO MU* EMPHASIS 9 ECONOMIC 9T]PRETATIONS ( SOCIAL ORIG9S4 

,?IS SOCIAL BOND GIVES RISE TO A FASC9AT+ ELABORATION ( ! T5TATIVE P>5T-(FSPR+ RELATION%IP3 LOVE1 FRI5D%IP1 RESPONSIBILITY1 LOYALTY -- NOT ONLY TO PEOPLE BUT TO IDEALS & BELIEFS1 & H5CE MAKES BELIEF1 COMMITM5T & CIVIL COMMUNITIES POSSIBLE4 

,IT ALSO GIVES RISE TO A CON/ELLATION ( FUNCTIONS EA* UNIQUE 9 ITS CREATIVITY1 (T5 HI<LY P]SONALIZ$1 & RI*LY DEVELOP$ 9TO DIFF]5T CULTURES BAS$ ON G5D]1 AGE1 9T]COMMUNITY RELATION%IPS1 MY?S SPECIFIC TO WOM5 & M51 EV5 DIFF]5CES 9 BODY LANGUAGE & BEHAVIORAL TRAITS4 

,I DO NOT WI% TO R$UCE ! CULTURAL EXPRESSION ( !SE FUNCTIONS TO !IR BIOLOGICAL S\RCES4 ,RA!R1 ,I WI% TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ! S\RCES DO NOT DISAPPE> BUT WORK SUBTLY )9 SOCIETY1 CULTURE1 & EV5 ! HUMAN PSY*E AS WELLSPR+S ( EV] NEW ELABORATIONS ( SOCIAL & P]SONAL ASSOCIATION4 ,9 ANY CASE1 TO SPEAK ( 0SOCIETY0 )\T RECOGNIZ+ ?AT M5 & WOM51 TO DEAL ) ONE ( ! MO/ BASIC & EV]-PRES5T DIVISIONS )9 HUMANITY1 HAVE (T5 =M$ SEP>ATE FRAT]NITIES & SORORITIES 9 PRELIT]ATE & WELL 9TO HI/ORICAL SOCIETIES IS TO IGNORE TWO S\RCES ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T :I* /ILL REQUIRE C>EFUL /UDY AS ALT]NATIVES TO ! PRES5T C\RSE ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,! MILIT>IZ$1 9DE$1 W>RIOR SOCIETY 9 :I* WE LIVE WAS MADE BY M52 ITS CULTURE1 TRACEABLE BACK = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 /ILL WORKS UPON \R CIVILIZATION ) A V5GEANCE ?AT ?REAT5S ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF4 ,TO GO BACKW>D 9 TIME & 9 M9D TO ITS BEG9N+ IS NOT ATAVI/IC4  ,! ?OR\< EXPLORATION ( ITS ORIG9S1 DEVELOPM5T1 & =MS MAY BE 9DISP5SABLE = GO+ =W>D 9 ANY RATIONAL & MEAN+FUL S5SE ( ! T]M4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9 %ORT1 *ALL5GES ! IMAGE ( AN UNM$IAT$ NATURAL EVOLUTION3 ! IMAGE ( ! HUMAN M9D1 SOCIETY1 & EV5 CULTURE AS SUI G5]IS1 ( A NON-HUMAN NATURE ?AT IS IRRETRIEVABLY SEP>AT$ FROM HUMAN NATURE1 &1 E?ICALLY1 ( A DEFAM$ NATURE ?AT F9DS NO EXPRESSION 9 SOCIETY1 M9D1 & HUMAN WILL4 ,IT SEEKS TO ?R[ A NEW1 CRITICAL1 & MEAN+FUL LI<T ON ! PHAS$1 GRAD$1 & CUMULATIVE DEVELOPM5T ( NATURE 9TO SOCIETY1 RI*LY M$IAT$ BY ! PROLONG$ DEP5D5CE ( ! HUMAN Y\NG ON P>5TAL1 P>TICUL>LY MAT]NAL1 C>E 7A BIOLOGICAL FACT ?AT IS RI* 9 SOCIAL & E?ICAL IMPLICATIONS71 ON ! BLOOD TIE AS ! E>LIE/ SOCIAL & CULTURAL BOND ?AT EXT5DS BEYOND IMM$IATE P>5TAL C>E 7/ILL ANO!R BIOLOGICAL FACT ( SOCIAL IMPORTANCE ?AT 5T]S 9TO CLAN & TRIBAL COMMUNITIES71 ON ! SO-CALL$ 0SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR0 7NO LESS BIOLOGICAL 9 ITS ORIG9S ?AN SOCIAL 9 ITS ELABORATIONS 9TO G5D]-ORI5T$ CULTURES71 & ON AGE AS ! BASIS ( /ATUS & ! ORIG9S ( HI]>*Y 7BUT NO LESS A BIOLOGICAL FACT 9 ITS E>LY PHASES74 

,! HI/ORIC EF=T1 POLITICAL AS WELL AS IDEOLOGICAL1 TO RID US ( ?IS PREHUMAN 0SLIME0 ( \R NATURAL ORIG9S HAS S]V$ ONLY TO MAKE US ITS UNKN[+ VICTIMS 9 ! S5SE ?AT WE HAVE FOLL[$ ITS MO/ NECESSIT>IAN 9/EAD ( LIB]T>IAN PA?S ( DEVELOPM5T3 T[>D ! NASC5T ELEM5TS ( /RUGGLE ?AT 9H]E 9 ! PREY-PR$ATOR RELATION%IP1 T[>D ! CELEBRATION ( DEA? 9 :AT ,E4,E4 ,?OMPSON HAS CALL$ 0EXT]M9ISM0 RA!R ?AN ITS ACCEPTANCE 9 ! L>G] CYCLE ( LIFE1 T[>D A PROCESS ( DE/RUCTUR+ ! ELABORATE FOOD-WEBS ?AT >E A METAPHOR = NATURAL COMPLEXITY RA!R ?AN !IR ELABORATION4 ,\R CIVILIZATION HAS TURN$ 9TO ONE VA/ HURRICANE ( DE/RUCTION & ?REAT5S TO TURN BACK ! EVOLUTION>Y CLOCK TO A SIMPL] WORLD :]E ! SURVIVAL ( A VIABLE HUMAN SPECIES WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE4 

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h.> ,! RELATION%IP CAN ALSO BE SE5 AS A CUMULATIVE ONE :ILE /ILL REMA9+ HI<LY ORIG9AL & CREATIVE 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,P]HAPS MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! SOCIETAL & ! CULTURAL CAN BE SE5 AS A CL]IVATIVE -- & CUMULATIVE -- 9 T]MS ( A NATURE ?AT IS DEF9ABLE AS A REALM ( FRE$OM & SUBJECTIVITY1 YET )\T CEAS+ TO BE ! MO/ SELF-CONSCI\S & SELF-REFLEXIVE EXPRESSION ( ?AT NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,H]E9 LIES ! GR\ND = AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS ( FRE$OM ?AT PROVIDES AN OBJECTIVE DIRECTIV5ESS TO ! HUMAN 5T]PRISE4 ,WE HAVE NO NE$ TO DEGRADE NATURE OR SOCIETY 9TO A CRUDE BIOLOGISM AT ONE EXTREME OR A CRUDE DUALISM AT ! O!R4 ,A DIV]SITY ?AT NURTURES FRE$OM1 AN 9T]ACTIVITY ?AT 5HANCES P>TICIPATION1 A :OL5ESS ?AT FO/]S CREATIVITY1 A COMMUNITY ?AT /R5G!NS 9DIVIDUALITY1 A GR[+ SUBJECTIVITY ?AT YIELDS REASON -- ALL >E DESID]ATA ?AT PROVIDE ! GR\ND = AN OBJECTIVE E?ICS ,!Y >E ALSO ! REAL PR9CIPLES ( ANY GRAD$ EVOLUTION1 ONE ?AT NOT ONLY R5D]S ?AT PA/ EXPLICABLE BUT ALSO R5D]S ! FUTURE MEAN+FUL4 

,AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS ( FRE$OM CANNOT BE DIVORC$ FROM A TE*NICS ?AT H>MONIZES \R RELATION%IP ) A NATURE -- A CREATIVE1 NOT DE/RUCTIVE1 0METABOLISM0 ) NATURE4 ,AN ECOTE*NOLOGY IS A MORAL TE*NOLOGY4 ,!RE IS A PR(\NDLY E?ICAL DIM5SION TO ! ATTEMPT TO BR+ SOIL1 FLORA1 & FAUNA 7OR :AT WE NEATLY CALL ! FOOD *A97 9TO \R LIVES1 NOT ONLY AS 0:OLESOME0 S\RCES ( FOOD BUT AS P>T ( A BROAD MOVEM5T 9 :I* CONSUMPTION IS NO LESS A CREATIVE PROCESS ?AN PRODUCTION -- ORIG9AT+ 9 ! SOIL & RETURN+ TO IT 9 A RI*] =M ALL ! COMPON5TS ?AT MAKE UP ! FOOD CYCLE4  ,H]E1 CONSUMPTION GOES BEYOND ! PURE ECONOMIC DOMA9 ( ! BUY]-SELL] RELATION%IP1 9DE$1 BEYOND ! DOMA9 ( M]E MAT]IAL SU/5ANCE1 & 5T]S 9TO ! ECOLOGICAL DOMA9 AS A MODE ( 5HANC+ ! FECUNDITY ( AN ECOCOMMUNITY4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL TE*NOLOGY -- = CONSUMPTION NO LESS ?AN PRODUCTION -- S]VES TO 9CREASE NATURAL COMPLEXITY1 NOT SIMPLIFY IT1 AS IS ! CASE ) MOD]N TE*NICS4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS CANNOT BE DIVORC$ FROM A POLITICS ( P>TICIPATION1 A POLITICS ?AT FO/]S SELF-EMP[]M5T RA!R ?AN /ATE EMP[]M5T4 ,SU* A POLITICS MU/ BECOME A TRULY PEOPL$ POLITICS1 ORGANIC 9 ! S5SE ?AT POLITICAL P>TICIPATION IS LIT]ALLY PROTOPLASMIC & PEOPL$ BY ASSEMBLIES1 FACE-TO-FACE DISCUSSION ?AT IS RE9=C$ BY ! V]ACITY ( BODY LANGUAGE AS WELL AS ! REASON+ PROCESS ( DISC\RSE4 ,! POLITICAL E?ICS ?AT FOLL[S FROM ?IS GR\ND IS MEANT TO CREATE A MORAL COMMUNITY1 NOT SIMPLY AN 0EFFICI5T0 ONE2 AN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY1 NOT SIMPLY A CONTRACTUAL ONE2 A SOCIAL PRAXIS ?AT 5HANCES DIV]SITY1 NOT ONLY A POLITICAL CULTURE ?AT 9VITES ! WIDE/ PUBLIC P>TICIPATION4 

,)9 ?IS NEXUS ( IDEAS1 COMMITM5TS1 & S5SIBILITIES1 HUMAN FRE$OM CAN BE BR\<T TO ! S]VICE ( NATURAL FECUNDITY1 A P>TICIPATORY SOCIETY TO ! S]VICE ( COMPLEX & 9T]ACTIVE ECOCOMMUNITIES1 CREATIVE PEOPLE TO ! S]VICE ( A MORE ORGANIC COMMUNITY1 & M9D TO ! S]VICE ( A MORE SUBJECTIVIZ$ NATURE4  ,TO SAY ?AT NATURE BELONGS 9 HUMANITY JU/ AS HUMANITY BELONGS 9 NATURE IS TO EXPRESS ! NE$ = A HI<LY RECIPROCAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO 9/EAD ( ONE /RUCTUR$ >\ND SUBORD9ATION & DOM9ATION4 ,NEI!R SOCIETY NOR NATURE DISSOLVE 9TO EA* O!R4  ,RA!R1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY TRIES TO RECOV] ! DI/9CTIVE ATTRIBUTES ( BO? 9 A CONT9UUM ?AT GIVES RISE TO A SUB/ANTIVE E?ICS1 W$D+ ! SOCIAL TO ! ECOLOGICAL )\T D5Y+ ! 9TEGRITY ( EA*4 

,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 

,LIFE MU/ AGA9 BE RETURN$ TO ,LIFE -- VIVIDLY1 EXPRESSIVELY1 ACTIVELY -- NOT BY RETREAT+ 9TO ! PASSIVE ANIMISM ( E>LY HUMANITY1 MU* LESS ! 9]T MATT] ( ,NEWTONIAN ME*ANISM4 ,SOCIETY MU/ RECOV] ! PLA/ICITY ( ! ORGANIC 9 ! S5SE ?AT EV]Y DIM5SION ( EXP]I5CE MU/ BE 9FUS$ ) ! VITALITY ( LIFE & AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY4 ,IT MAKES ALL ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! WORLD IF WE CULTIVATE FOOD1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! SOIL AS WELL AS \R PHYSICAL WELL-BE+4 ,9ASMU* AS AGRICULTURE IS ALWAYS A CULTURE1 ! DIFF]5CE 9 \R ME?ODS & 9T5TIONS IS NO LESS CULTURAL ?AN ! COMPOSITION ( A BOOK ON 5G9E]+4 ,YET 9 ! FIR/ CASE1 \R 9T5TIONS >E 9=M$ BY AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY2 9 ! SECOND1 BY ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS AT BE/ & GRE$ AT WOR/4 ,SO1 TOC,X1 9 ! PRODUCTION ( OBJECTS4 ,IT MAKES ALL ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! WORLD IF CRAFTP]SONS WORK ALONG ! GRA9 ( ! MAT]IALS ON :I* !Y EX]CISE !IR CREATIVE P[]S OR W>P ! MAT]IALS 9 ORD] TO S]VE ! 5DS ( MASS PRODUCTION4 ,9 !SE EXAMPLES1 \R *OICE IS EI!R AN ECOLOGICAL OR AN ECONOMIC ONE & 9 BO? CASES IS PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ BY SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,H5CE ! 9SEP>ABILITY ( ! SOCIAL FROM ! ECOLOGICAL4 ,9 ! 5D1 \R *OICE -- ?AT PRIMAL EX]CISE ( FRE$OM -- WILL BE BETWE5 AN ECOCOMMUNITY OR A M>KET COMMUNITY1 A SOCIETY 9FUS$ BY LIFE OR A SOCIETY 9FUS$ BY GA94 

,IT IS 5\< TO RECOGNIZE ?AT NATURE1 CONCEIV$ AS A REALM ( POT5TIAL FRE$OM1 IS BASICALLY P>T ( ?AT *OICE TO DEMON/RATE ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY IS ALWAYS A SOCIAL ONE & A SOCIAL VIEW PO9T IS ALWAYS1 AT LEA/ IMPLICITLY1 AN ECOLOGICAL ONE4  ,:ATEV] \R *OICE MAY BE1 EV5 ! REJECTION ( AN ECOLOGICAL VIEWPO9T AFFIRMS ITS EXI/5CE1 & 9 ! V]Y ACT ( REJECTION WILL BE EXPRESS$ BY ! 0REV5GE0 NATURE WILL CLAIM = BE+ FACTOR$ \T ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,F9ALLY1 ! RECOGNITION ?AT NATURE IS A REALM ( POT5TIAL FRE$OM ?AT PHASES 9TO SOCIETY AS A REALM ( AU!NTIC FRE$OM RAISES AN IMPORTANT ISSUE = !ORIES AB\T ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIETY1 P>TICUL>LY FROM A FEM9I/ P]SPECTIVE4 

,WOMAN'S DOME/IC WORLD HAS BE5 DI%ONOR$ & DEALT ) %ABBILY BY MAN'S CIVIL WORLD4 ,FROM ,>I/OTLE'S DAY TO FAIRLY REC5T TIMES ! DOME/IC WORLD HAS BE5 SE5 AS LITTLE MORE ?AN A PRIVATIZ$ DOMA9 ( BIOLOGICAL 0NECESSITY0 ?AT EXI/S EXCLUSIVELY TO SATISFY ! MALE'S 0ANIMAL0 NE$S = FOOD1 %ELT]1 REPRODUCTION1 & PHYSICAL R5EWAL4 ,! MALE'S CIVIL WORLD1 9 TURN1 HAS BE5 TRADITIONALLY C\NT]POS$ TO ! FEMALE'S DOME/IC WORLD AS ! REALM ( CULTURE1 RATIONAL CONSOCIATION1 & FRE$OM4 

,?IS DUALITY HAS MADE IT DIFFICULT TO SEE WOMAN'S DOME/IC SPH]E1 ONCE ! AU!NTIC C5T] ( TRIBAL SOCIETY1 AS ! CRADLE ( SOCIETY ITSELF1 ! ALL-IMPORTANT PHASE :]E ! BIOLOGICAL IS TRANSMUT$ EV]YDAY 9TO ! SOCIAL & ! NATURAL 9TO ! CULTURAL -- MORE BY A PROCESS ( 9TEGRATION ?AN BY SUB/ITUTION4 ,H]E ! DUALITY BETWE5 BIOLOGY & SOCIETY OR NATURE & CULTURE IS NOT ONLY OV]COME3 ! SOCIAL & CULTURAL WORLDS >E LIT]ALLY =M$ \T ( ! BIOLOGICAL NE$S = C>E & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ CONSOCIATION4 

,! GRAD$ CONT9UUM BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY IS ?US 0FILL$ \T0 PROCESSUALLY BY ! M$IAT+ DOMA9 ( WOM5'S DOME/IC WORLD & ! MY/]Y ?AT PRODUC$ SOCIETY AS ! 0LEAP0 DISPELL$4  ,AN?ROPOLOGICALLY1 WOMAN'S DOME/IC WORLD WAS ! >5A NOT ONLY = ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! Y\NG 9TO A P]MAN5T & ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITY 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL ACQUIR$ HIS OR H] ID5TITY & SATISFI$ HIS OR H] EMOTIONAL NE$S 7NE$S ?AT W]E =M$ & 5L>G$ BY ! DOME/IC SPH]E72 IT WAS ALSO HOME 9 ! ECOLOGICAL S5SE ?AT M5 & WOM51 Y\NG & OLD1 =M$ AS ! 5VIRONM5T = !IR S5SE ( PLACE 9 ! WORLD & ! ECOCOMMUNITY 9 :I* !Y LIV$4 

,I SAY 0HOME0 9 ! S5SE ( A TREASUR$ PLACE 5HANC$ BY TRADITION1 ! IMPR9T ( ! PA/1 LONG-GONE G5]ATIONS TO :I* WE /ILL BELONG1 A P]SONAL REMEMBRANCE ( \R ORIG9S & \R 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! PALPABLE /UFF FROM :I* WE HAVE =M$ \R BIOGRAPHY1 A LOYALTY TO ! L& & COMMUNITY ?AT SURR\NDS IT1 A D$ICATION TO ! PRES]VATION ( ITS UNIQU5ESS & MEAN+ = US4  ,ALL ( !SE S5TIM5TS HAVE YET TO BE FULLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! SPL5DID WORK ( ! BIOREGIONALI/S1 :O CALL = A S5SE ( REGIONALITY 9 T]MS ( WAT]%$S & ! FLORA & FAUNA ) :I* WE %>E A GIV5 >EA4 

,TODAY1 :AT WE MISNAME 0HOME0 IS NOT A PLACE1 BUT A RESID5CE ?AT (T5 IS AS TRANSI5T AS ! *EAP COMMODITIES ?AT CIRCULATE ?R\< \R LIVES & LIKE ! JOBS WE T5TATIVELY OCCUPY AS RUNGS 9 ! CLIMB UP ! CORPORATE LADD]4 ,! TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL HOME TO :I* ,I HAVE ALLUD$ WAS L>GELY CREAT$ BY WOMAN-?\< NOT )\T ! OPPRESSIONS & 9SULTS ?AT MAN 9FLICT$ ON H]4 ,!RE %E PLAY$ ! 9DISP5SABLE ROLE ( GIV+ IT LIFE1 CONT9UITY1 & C>E4 ,IF WE >E HOMELESS1 TODAY1 IT IS LESS BECAUSE WE HAVE LO/ \R 0OP5NESS0 TO 0,BE+0 AS ,HEIDEGG] MI<T SAY1 ?AN BECAUSE WE HAVE DEGRAD$ WOMAN & HOME1 R$UC+ H] TO A 0HOMEMAK]0 & R$UC+ HOME TO A PLA/IC RAN*-H\SE 9 A SANITIZ$ SUBURB4 

,! DOME/IC WORLD /ILL REMA9S ! IMM$IATE S\RCE ( HUMANITY'S EM]G5CE FROM NATURE 9TO SOCIETY1 9DE$1 ! DOMA9 ?AT 9CLUDES BO? & PHASES !M 9TO AN ORGANIC CONT9UUM )\T LOS+ ! 9TEGRITY ( EI!R ONE4 ,! ATTEMPT ( MAN'S CIVIL SOCIETY TOTALLY TO SUBORD9ATE ! DOME/IC WORLD -- TO R$UCE IT TO WOMAN'S 0PLACE 9 ! KIT*50 -- VIOLATES NOT ONLY ! BIOSOCIAL M$IUM = ! 9DIVIDUAL'S [N PHAS+ 9TO SOCIETY2 IT PRES]VES ! ,C>TESIAN DUALISM ?AT HAS BE5 US$ NOT ONLY TO SEEK ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE BUT ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN -- P>TICUL>LY ( WOMAN BY MAN4 

,9 \R [N TIME1 WE >E BE>+ WITNESS TO ! TOTAL COMMODIFICATION ( ! REMNANT DOME/IC & CIVIL WORLDS1 TO !IR R$UCTION TO A COMMON WORLD ( ?+S 9 :I* A M>KET ECONOMY ?REAT5S TO BECOME A M>KET SOCIETY4 ,NO RE/ORATION ( A DOME/IC OR CIVIL SOCIETY IS POSSIBLE OR EV5 DESIRABLE4 ,RA!R1 ! FUTURE 9 ANY RATIONAL S5SE DEP5DS UPON ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT WILL 9TEGRATE ! VIRTUES ( DOME/IC & CIVIL LIFE 9 A NEW1 BALANC$1 & MORAL SOCIAL DISP5SATION A SOCIAL DISP5SATION ?AT TRANSC5DS BO? PA/ & PRES5T4 

,CONCLUSION 

,TO KN[ 0! WORLD WE HAVE LO/10 TO USE ,PET] ,LASLETT'S WORDS1 IS TO LAY ! GR\ND = HOPE & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 9DE$1 TO E/ABLI% CRIT]IA DRAWN FROM ! PA/ ?AT WILL PROVIDE US ) ! COORD9ATES = A H>MONI\S FUTURE4 ,! FECUNDITY & POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM ?AT V>IETY & COMPLEXITY BR+ TO NATURAL EVOLUTION1 9DE$1 ?AT EM]GE FROM NATURAL EVOLUTION1 CAN ALSO BE SAID TO APPLY TO SOCIAL EVOLUTION & PSY*IC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! MORE DIV]SIFI$ A SOCIETY & ITS PSY*IC LIFE1 ! MORE CREATIVE1 & ! GREAT] ! OPPORTUNITY = FRE$OM IT IS LIKELY TO (F] -- NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( NEW *OICES ?AT OP5 UP TO HUMAN BE+S BUT ALSO 9 T]MS ( ! RI*] SOCIAL BACKGR\ND ?AT DIV]SITY & COMPLEXITY CREATE4 ,AS 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION1 SO TOO 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION WE MU/ GO BEYOND ! IMAGE ?AT DIV]SITY & COMPLEXITY YIELD GREAT] /ABILITY -- ! USUAL CLAIM ?AT ECOLOGI/S MAKE = ! TWO-& EMPHASIZE ?AT !Y YIELD GREAT] CREATIVITY & FRE$OM4 

,! T]RIBLE TRAG$Y ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ]A IS NOT ONLY ?AT IT IS POLLUT+ ! 5VIRONM5T BUT ALSO ?AT IT IS SIMPLIFY+ NATURAL ECOCOMMUNITIES1 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 & EV5 ! HUMAN PSY*E4  ,! PULV]IZATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD IS BE+ FOLL[$ BY ! PULV]IZATION ( ! SOCIAL WORLD & ! PSY*OLOGICAL4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! CONV]SION ( SOIL 9TO S& 9 AGRICULTURE CAN BE SAID1 9 A METAPHORIC S5SE1 TO APPLY TO SOCIETY & TO ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 ,! GREATE/ DANG] WE FACE AP>T FROM NUCLE> IMMOLATION IS ! HOMOG5IZATION ( ! WORLD BY A M>KET SOCIETY & ITS OBJECTIFICATION ( ALL HUMAN RELATION%IPS & EXP]I5CES4 

,IF HI/ORY IS A BLOODY 0SLAU<T] B5*10 TO USE ,HEGEL'S PHRASE1 IT IS COV]$ NOT ONLY BY ! BLOOD ( 0CIVILIZATION'S0 9NOC5T VICTIMS BUT ALSO BY ?AT ( ! ANGRY M5 & WOM5 :O HAVE LEFT US A LEGACY ( FRE$OM4 ,! LEGACY ( FRE$OM & ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION HAVE BE5 M+L$ UP TO N[ 9 A DIALECTIC ?AT MUTUALLY DEF9$ !M & AFFECT$ ! HORIZON ( BO? A %>$ HORIZON 9 :I* FRE$OM & DOM9ATION W]E MUTUALLY 9T]M+L$4 ,IF WE >E TO RESCUE \RSELVES FROM ! HOMOG5IZ+ EFFECTS ( A M>KET SOCIETY1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT HI/ORY1 HUMANITY'S WAN+ MEMORY1 BE RESCU$ FROM ?IS SOCIETY'S POLLUTION & SIMPLIFICATION ( ! PA/1 A PROCESS ?AT HAS ALREADY GONE V]Y F> 9 ,M>XISM1 LIB]ALISM & POP CULTURE4 

,MORE ?AN AT ANY TIME 9 ! PA/1 ! TWO LEGACIES MU/ BE DIS5GAG$ FROM EA* O!R & SET 9 OPPOSITION TO EA* O!R4 ,! LOSS ( ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM & ! LESSONS IT IMP>TS TO FUTURE /RUGGLES = FRE$OM WILL PRODUCE IRREP>ABLE RESULTS -- = WE WILL HAVE LO/ NOT ONLY \R S5SE ( NATURAL DEVELOPM5T & ! GRAD$ EVOLUTION :I* GAVE RISE TO SOCIETY4 ,WE WILL HAVE BECOME COMPLETELY IMM]S$ 9 A CONCEPT ( ! SOCIAL ?AT HAS NO PA/ BEYOND ! PRES5T & NO FUTURE BEYOND ! EXTRAPOLATION ( ! PRES5T 9TO ! YE>S AHEAD4 ,! IDEA ?AT !RE CAN BE FUNDAM5TAL & QUALITATIVE *ANGE 9 ! PRES5T ]A WILL HAVE BE5 LO/ 9 A 0KN[NESS0 ?AT IS ET]NAL 9 EV]Y RESPECT BUT ITS QUANTITATIVE EXPANSION & CONTRACTION4 

  

.<#a.> ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ONE ?9KS ( ! PA!TIC >GUM5T ADVANC$ 9 PSY*OANALYSIS ( AN 9H]5T 7READ3 0NATURAL07 DIM5SION ( ! HUMAN PSY*E ?AT IS GUID$ SOLELY BY SELF-9T]E/ & ! IMPULSE = IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION :I* $UCATION & 0CIVILIZATION0 R$IRECTS T[>D CREATIVE 5DS4 

.<#b.> ,DESPITE SOME REC5T NONS5SE TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! 0,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL0 RECONNOIT]$ A NONHI]>*ICAL & ECOLOGICAL VIEW ( SOCIETY'S FUTURE1 9 NO S5SE W]E ITS MO/ ABLE ?9K]S1 NOTABLY ,MAX ,HORKHEIM] & ,!ODOR ,W4 ,ADORNO1 RESOLUTELY CRITICAL ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,RA!R1 !IR VIEWS W]E CLE>LY PESSIMI/IC3 REASON & CIVILIZATION1 = BETT] OR WORSE1 5TAIL ! NE$ BY 0UNCOMPROMIS+ 9DIVIDUALS .<:O.> MAY HAVE BE5 9 FAVOR ( UNITY & COOP]ATION444 TO BUILD A /RONG HI]>*Y444 ,! HI/ORY ( ! OLD RELIGIONS & S*OOLS LIKE ?AT ( ! MOD]N P>TIES & REVOLUTIONS TEA*ES US ?AT ! PRICE = SURVIVAL IS PRACTICAL 9VOLVEM5T1 ! TRANS=MATION ( IDEAS 9TO DOM9ATION40 ,MAX ,HORKHEIM] & ,!ODOR ,W4 ,ADORNO1 ,DIALECTIC ( ,5LI<T5M5T 7,NEW ,YORK1 ,H]D] @& ,H]D]1 #a#i#g#b4 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#d#d74 PP #b#a#c1 #b#a#e4 ,! P[] ( !SE ?9K]S LIES 9 ! PROBLEMATICAL NATURE ( !IR WORK1 NOT 9 ! SOLUTIONS !Y HAD TO (F]4 ,ATTEMPTS TO MAKE !M 9TO 0SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S10 MU* LESS PRECURSORS ( 0BIOREGIONALISM0 & ! LIKE 9VOLVE A GROSS MISREAD+ ( !IR IDEAS1 OR WORSE1 AN ATTEMPT TO IMPUTE IDEAS TO !M )\T A S]I\S /UDY ( !IR WORKS4 

.<#c.> ,D>W9 DID NOT D5Y ! ROLE ( ANIMAL 9T]ACTIVITY 9 EVOLUTION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! FAM\S ,*APT] ,I,I,I ( ,! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 :]E HE SUGGE/S ?AT 0EV]-9CREAS+ CIRCLES ( COMPLEXITY0 *ECK POPULATIONS ?AT1 LEFT UNCONTROLL$1 W\LD REA* PE/ PROPORTIONS4 ,BUT HE SEES ?IS AS A 0,BATTLE )9 BATTLES .<:I*.> MU/ BE CONT9UALLY RECURR+ ) V>Y+ SUCCESS40 7P4#e#h7 
  

,MOREOV]1 0,! DEP5D5CY ( ONE ORGANIC BE+ ON ANO!R0 -- IS SECOND>Y TO ! /RUGGLE 0BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SAME SPECIES40  7P4#f7 ,LIKE MO/ ,VICTORIANS1 ,D>W9 HAD A /RONGLY PROVID5TIAL & MORAL SIDE TO HIS *>ACT]3 AWE MAY CONSOLE \RSELVES10 HE TELLS REASSUR+LY1 0?AT ! W> ( NATURE IS G5]ALLY PROMPT1 & ?AT ! VIGOR\S1 ! HEAL?Y1 & ! HAPPY SURVIVE & MULTIPLY10 7P4#f#b7 ,9DE$3 0,H[ FLEET+ >E ! WI%ES & EF=TS ( MAN6 H[ %ORT HIS TIME6 & CONSEQU5TLY H[ POOR WILL BE HIS RESULTS1 COMP>$ ) ?OSE ACCUMULAT$ BY ,NATURE'S PRODUCTIONS DUR+ :OLE GEOLOGICAL P]IODS6 ,CAN WE WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ,NATURE'S PRODUCTIONS %\LD BE F> 'TRU]' ?AN MAN'S PRODUCTIONS3 ?AT !Y %\LD BE 9F9ITELY BETT] ADAPT$ TO ! MO/ COMPLEX CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 & %\LD PLA9LY BE> ! /AMP ( A F> HI<] WORKMAN%IP80 7P4#f#f#c CITATIONS FROM ,MOD]N ,LIBR>Y ,$ITION1 ,NEW ,YORK7 ,!SE REM>KS DO NOT MAKE ,D>W9 AN ECOLOGI/1 BUT >E ! M>VEL\S ASIDES TO A !SIS ?AT EMPHASIZES V>IATION1 SELECTION1 FITNESS1 & ABOVE ALL1 /RUGGLE4 ,YET ONE CANNOT HELP BUT BE 5TRANC$ BY A MORAL S5SIBILITY ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 MAGNIFIC5TLY RESPONSIVE TO ! MESSAGE ( MOD]N ECOLOGY & DES]VES NONE ( ! ON]\S RUBBI% ?AT HAS BE5 IMPUT$ TO ! MAN BECAUSE ( SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM4 

.<#d.> ,H5CE FRE$OM IS NO LONG] RESOLVABLE 9TO A /RID5T ,HEGELIAN NEGATIVITY OR A TRITE 9/RUM5TAL POSITIVITY4 ,RA!R1 9 ITS OP55D$NESS1 IT CONTA9S BO? & TRANSC5DS !M AS A CONT9U+ PROCESS4 ,FRE$OM ?US RESI/S PRECISE DEF9ITION JU/ AS IT RESI/S T]M9AL F9ALITY4 ,IT IS ALWAYS BECOM+1 HOPEFULLY SURPASS+ :AT IT WAS 9 ! PA/ & DEVELOP+ 9TO :AT IT CAN BE 9 ! FUTURE4  ,NEI!R A ,HEGELIAN 0,ABSOLUTE0 NOR ID5TITY PHILOSOPHY HAS ANY MEAN+ 9 ! REALM ( FRE$OM1 A REALM ?AT IS NOT CON/RA9$ BY ANY FIX$ B\ND>IES AP>T FROM ITS RESPECT = 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS4 

.<#e.> ,?IS PROJECT IS NOT AN AB/RACTION4 ,IT IS ELABORAT$ 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL 9 MY BOOK1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7,MONTREAL1 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i7 & %\LD BE C>EFULLY EXAM9$ BY ! 9T]E/$ READ]4 

.<#f.> ,IBID41 PP #f#h#d#i4 

.<#g.> ,! EXT5T TO :I* AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA* SP>ES US SOME ( ! WOR/ ABSURDITIES ( SOCIOBIOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL R$UCTIONISM IS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! HI<LY POPUL>IZ$ NOTION ?AT \R DEEP-SEAT$ 0REPTILIAN0 BRA9 IS RESPONSIBLE = \R AGGRESSIVE1 0BRUTI%10 & CRUEL BEHAVIORAL TRAITS4 ,?IS >GUM5T MAY MAKE = GOOD TELEVISION DRAMAS LIKE 0,COSMOS0 BUT IT IS RIDICUL\S SCI5CE4 ,LIKE ALL ! GREAT ANIMAL GR\PS1 MO/ ,MESOZOIC REPTILES W]E ALMO/ C]TA9LY G5TLE H]BIVORES1 NOT C>NIVORES -- & EV5 MANY ( ! C>NIVORES W]E PROBABLY NEI!R MORE NOR LESS AGGRESSIVE1 0BRUTI%10 OR 0CRUEL0 ?AN MAMMALS4 ,! IMAGES WE HAVE ( ,TYRANOSAURUS REX 7! G5]IC NAME IS A DELICI\S EXAMPLE ( SOCIOLOGICAL NONS5SE CREAT$ BY TAXONOMI/S7 MAY SEEM 9ORD9ATELY FRI<T5+1 BUT !Y GROSSLY DI/ORT REPTILIAN LIFE=MS ON :I* ! C>NIVORE PREY$4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! MAJORITY ( ,MESOZOIC REPTILES W]E PROBABLY V]Y PACIFIC & EASILY FRI<T5$1 ALL ! MORE BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT P>TICUL>LY 9TELLIG5T V]TEBRATES4 ,:AT REMA9S UNACKN[L$G$ 9 ?IS IMAG]Y ( FI]CE1 FIRE-BREA?+1 & 0UNFEEL+LY CRUEL0 REPTILES IS ! IMPLICIT ASSUMPTION ( DIFF]5T PSY*IC S5SIBILITIES 9 REPTILES & MAMMALS1 ! LATT] PRESUMABLY BE+ MORE 0S5SITIVE0 & 0UND]/&+0 ?AN ! =M]4 ,?US WE >E TALK+ AB\T A PSY*IC EVOLUTION 9 NON-HUMAN BE+S ?AT GOES TOGE!R ) ! EVOLUTION ( 9TELLIG5CE4 ,YET CONFRONT$ ) ! UN/AT$ PREMISES ( SU* EVOLUTION>Y TR5DS1 FEW SCI5TI/S W\LD F9D !M COM=TABLE4 

.<#h.> ,! 9SIDI\S NATURE ( EXPRESSIONS LIKE 0WOMAN'S PLACE 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR0 IS SE5 9 ! D5IAL IMPLICIT 9 !SE T]MS ( WOMAN'S CONTRIBUTION TO ! MAK+ ( HUMAN CULTURE4 ,:5 CULTURE & WOMAN'S DEVELOPM5T ( IT ALONG SORORAL L9ES IS R$UC$ TO LABOR -- OR EV51 MORE 0G5]\SLY10 TO ! ECONOMY -- ! :OLE PROBLEMATIC ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T BECOMES SAFE & SANITIZ$1 NOT TO SPEAK ( LIB]ALIZ$ & ,M>XIFI$4 ,WE NO LONG] HAVE TO CONC]N \RSELVES ) ! E>LY ROLE SORORAL CULTURES PLAY$ 9 HI/ORY1 ! ALT]NATIVES !Y OP5$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( A MALE-ORI5T$ W>RIOR 0CIVILIZATION1' ! T]RIBLE ROLE ?IS CIVILIZATION PLAY$ 9 HI/ORY 7NATURAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL71 & ! S5SIBILITIES IT 9TRODUC$4 0,WOMAN'S PLACE 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR0 BECOMES M]ELY AN ECONOMIC PROBLEMATIC NOT A CULTURAL & MORAL ONE4 ,H5CE IT CAN BE COM=TABLY RESOLV$ BY RAIS+ WOM5'S 9COMES1 MANAG]IAL & PR(ESSIONAL /ATUS1 QUOTAS 9 9DU/RY -- BY DO+ EV]Y?+ ?AT AVOIDS RECOGNIZ+ WOMAN AS A REPRODUC] ( LIFE RA!R ?AN A PRODUC] ( COMMODITIES4 

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,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,FRE$OM & ,NECESSITY 9 ,NATURE3 ,A ,PROBLEM 9 ,ECOLOGICAL ,E?ICS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,FRE$OM & ,NECESSITY 9 ,NATURE3 ,A ,PROBLEM 9 ,ECOLOGICAL ,E?ICS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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