,FRE$OM & ,PROP]TY1 ,P>T #d 

#ahia 

,PEOPLE 3 

,$ITOR 3 ,*>LOTTE ,WILSON 

,TAGS 3 5]GY1 ACTIVITIES1 MAN1 PRODUC]1 HUMAN1 ACTION1 IDEA1 PRODUCE1 PROCESS1 AG5CIES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,A4,P4,PHOTOGRAPHY1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,! PRODUC] HAS AN ACKN[L$G$ CLAIM ON ! PRODUCE1 WE HAVE SAID3 ,A CLAIM R5D]$ CONFUS$ & VAGUE BY ! WAGE SY/EM & BY ! PROP]TY LAW ( TO-DAY1 BUT /ILL G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ AMONG CIVILIZ$ M5 AS HAV+ !ORETICALLY SOME JU/ICE 9 IT4 ,:Y8 ,TO DISCOV] WE MU/ MAKE A C>EFUL ANALYSIS ( ! RELATION BETWE5 PRODUC] & PRODUCE4 ,IT IS A RELATION%IP NOT QUITE SO SIMPLE AS MAY APPE> AT ! FIR/ GLANCE TO ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO TAKE IT = GRANT$ )\T ?9K+ MU* AB\T IT4 ,AS !RE IS NO QUE/ION :I* LEADS US MORE DIRECTLY TO ! ROOT ( ! ,AN>*I/ POSITION1 WE PROPOSE TO DWELL UPON IT AT SOME L5G?4  

,:5 A MAN CLAIMS A ?+ ON ! GR\ND ?AT HE IS ITS PRODUC]1 BE C]TA9LY DOES NOT MEAN ?AT BE HAS MADE IT \T ( NO?+1 AS ,GOD WAS SUPPOS$1 9 ! ANCI5T ,JEWI% LEG5D1 TO HAVE MADE ! WORLD4 ,NO MAN HAS YET SUCCE$$ 9 ADD+ A S+LE ELEM5T TO ?OSE :I*1 AS F> AS CAN BE DISCOV]$1 S+LY OR 9 COMB9ATION >E ! COMPON5T P>TS ( EV]Y EXI/+ OBJECT4 ,& EA* ELEM5T POSSESSES ITS [N 9H]5T PROP]TIES1 ITS [N 9H]5T =CE :I* MAN CAN NEI!R DIM9I% NOR 9CREASE4 ,ALL ?AT ANY MAN CAN DO IS TO SET !SE ELEM5TS 9 MOTION1 CAUS+ !M BY =CE ( !IR [N NATURES TO P>T COMPANY1 TO ASSOCIATE1 TO COALESCE 9 V>I\S =MS1 TO UNITE 9 DIFF]5T PROPORTIONS4 ,AS ,J4 ,S4 ,MILL SAYS3 0,PUTT+ ?+S 9TO FIT PLACES = BE+ ACT$ UPON BY !IR [N 9TEGRAL =CES1 & BY ?OSE RESID+ 9 O!R NATURAL OBJECTS1 IS ALL ?AT MAN DOES1 OR CAN DO1 ) MATT]40 ,! RELATION !N ( ! PRODUC] TO ! PRODUCE1 UPON :I* HIS CLAIM TO [N]%IP 9 IT IS F\ND$1 DEP5DS SOLELY UPON ?IS 0SETT+ 9 MOTION10 ?IS 0PUTT+02 9 FACT1 UPON ! TRANSMISSION ! 5]GY 9 ! MAN TO ! SUB/ANCE :]E) HE IS DEAL+4 ,!RE=E1 :5 ! PRODUC] ( A MAT]IAL PRODUCT DIRECTLY 7OR 9DIRECTLY ?R\< SOME M$IUM7 SETS 9 MOTION ! MATT] ( :I* IT IS TO BE =M$1 HE IS ACTUALLY PUTT+ SOME?+ :I* WAS 9 HIM 9TO IT4 ,! ?OR\<NESS & CLOS5ESS ( ! RELATION BE ?US 5T]S 9TO ) ! PRODUCT DEP5DS ON ! COMPLET5ESS ) :I* HE EXP5DS ! 5]GY ( HIS :OLE BE+ 9 ! PROCESS1 ADD$ TO ! AM\NT ( 5]GY HE EXP5DS4 ,:5 A MAN PUTS 9TO ! PRODUCTION ( ANY?+ ! 5]GY ( HIS MUSCLES1 HIS WILL & HIS M9D1 ) ! UTMO/ 9T5SITY ( :I* HE IS CAPABLE1 DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! MO/ 5]GETIC P]IOD ( HIS LIFE2 HIS RELATION TO ?AT ?+ AS ITS PRODUC] IS ! COMPLETE/--& MO/ ?OR\< POSSIBLE4 ,?US ! /R5G? ( ! RELATION BETWE5 PRODUC] & PRODUCE V>IES ACCORD+ TO ITS COMPLET5ESS1 TO ITS 9T5SITY :ILE IT 5DURES1 & TO ! L5G? ( ITS DURATION4 ,&1 WE HOLD1 ) ! /R5G? ( ! RELATION BETWE5 !M V>IES ! /R5G? ( ! PRODUC]'S CLAIM 79 ! *>ACT] ( PRODUC] M]ELY7 TO ! PRODUCT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! MORE ! ?+ FA%ION$ EMBODIES ( ! P]SONALITY ( ! FA%ION]1 ! /RONG] HIS CLAIM TO DECIDE H[ IT %ALL BE US$4  

 ,SO MU* = A G5]AL SUMM>Y ( \R POSITION4 ,LET US N[ WORK IT \T MORE 9 DETAIL2 & TO BEG9 )1 LET US TAKE A V]Y SIMPLE & TRIVIAL EXAMPLE & LOOK CLOSELY 9TO ! V>I\S ESS5TIAL FACTORS CONC]N$ 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4  

 ,H>RY1 A V]Y ORD9>Y1 ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY Y\NG ,5GLI%MAN1 IS WALK+ ALONG A C\NTRY LANE & SEES A /ICK ?AT TAKES HIS FANCY GR[+ 9 ! H$GE4 ,HE CLIMBS ! BANK1 CUTS (F ! BRAN*1 TRIMS & PEELS IT1 C>RIES IT HOME1 /EAMS IT & TIES ! TOP TO A CURVE BE LIKES = A H&LE !N HE LAYS ! /ICK TO DRY & H>D5 & F9ALLY POLI%ES IT & PUTS ON A /EEL F]ULE4 ,OBVI\SLY ?IS SM>T WALK+ /ICK DIFF]S CONSID]ABLY FROM ! BRAN* GR[+ 9 ! H$GE4 ,IT IS /ILL WOOD1 BUT WOOD :OSE =M1 SURFACE & TISSUE HAVE BE5 MODIFI$ BY ! ACTION ( MANY AG5CIES1 :I* WE MAY CLASSIFY1 ACCORD+ TO !IR NATURE1 9 ?REE DIVISIONS4  

 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !SE *ANGES HAVE BE5 EFFECT$ BY ! ACTION & C\NT]-ACTION ( ?AT COMB9ATION ( MATT] WE CALL WOOD1 ) ALL ITS 9H]5T PROP]TIES & =CES1 & A SUCCESSION ( O!R COMB9ATIONS ( MATT]1 ) !IR 9H]5T PROP]TIES & =CES--/EEL1 /EAM1 /R+1 AIR1 POLI%+ MAT]IALS1 ETC4 ,IF ANY ( !SE HAD BE5 WANT+1 OR HAD BE5 9 !MSELVES O!R ?AN !Y W]E1 ! RESULT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 PRODUC$4 ,SO H]E WE HAVE CLASS ONE ( ESS5TIAL AG5CIES--! NON-HUMAN4  

 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ?AT !SE SUB/ANCES %\LD HAVE BE5 SO COMB9$ & >RANG$ AS TO ACT UPON ONE ANO!R = ! PRODUCTION ( ! WALK+ /ICK IMPLIES ! /R5U\S ACTIVITIES ( C\NTLESS HUMAN BE+S = C\NTLESS AGES4 ,FIR/LY1 ALL ! ACTIVITIES :I* HAVE GONE TO PREP>E ! NATURAL AG5TS :I* WE HAVE SE5 ACT+ UPON ! /ICK4 ,SECONDLY1 ALL ! ACTIVITIES :I* HAVE GONE TO PREP>E ! IDEA ( A WALK+ /ICK1 AS IT EXI/S = ! COMMUNITY :]E( ,H>RY IS A MEMB]4 ,?IRDLY1 ALL ! ACTIVITIES :I* HAVE GONE TO PREP>E ,H>RY 9 M9D & BODY TO USE ?AT IDEA & ?OSE NATURAL AG5TS EFFECTIVELY4 ,IT IS BEWILD]+ TO ATTEMPT TO REALIZE ! VA/ AM\NT ( HUMAN 5]GY :I* IS ?US1 9DIRECTLY BUT ESS5TIALLY1 A FACTOR 9 SU* A SIMPLE PRODUCTIVE PROCESS AS WE >E CONSID]+4 ,IF ,H>RY HAD BE5 LIV+ 9 ,5GL& MANY ?\S& YE>S AGO & WANT$ TO CUT HIMSELF A T\< /AFF1 HE W\LD HAVE HAD TO HUNT AB\T = A %>P /ONE OR PIECE ( ! BONE ( SOME DEAD BEA/4 ,LAT] HE W\LD HAVE HAD A READY-SPLIT FL9T FLAKE = ! PURPOSE & LAT] ON AGA9 MI<T HAVE POSSESS$ A FL9T KNIFE41 TI$ 9TO A R\< WOOD5 H&LE4 ,LONG AGES AFT] ?AT A BRONZE DAGG] W\LD HAVE BE5 AN AVAILABLE IMPLEM5T4 ,! O!R DAY1 SO TO SPEAK1 IF ,H>RY HAD BE5 ONE ( ! E>LIE/ ,5GLI%M5 TO EMIGRATE FROM ! MA9L& TO ?IS ISL&1 HE MI<T HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CUT HIS /ICK ) AN IRON BLADE4 ,A /EEL-BLAD$1 FOLD+ POCKET KNIFE IS A V]Y MOD]N LUXURY4 ,AS ) ! KNIFE1 SO ) ALL O!R AG5TS EMPLOY$ 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! BRAN* 9TO ! WALK+ /ICK4 ,! /R+1 ! /EAM+ APP>ATUS1 ! POLI%1 ALL 9VOLVE ! MUSCUL> & M5TAL ACTIVITIES ( NUMB]LESS M52 FROM ! FIR/ WILD SAVAGES :O HAPP5$ TO BE?9K !M ( TRY+ TO DIVIDE SOME?+ BY RUBB+ IT ) A %>P /ONE OR BONE1 OR FA/5+ ?+S TOGE!R ) GRASSES & WI!S ( CREEP]1 OR HEAT+ WAT]1 ETC41 ETC41 ON TO ! EXPORT /EEL F\ND]S1 CUTL]S1 /R+ MAK]S1 ETC41 ETC41 ( TO-DAY1 ,SO AGA9 AS REG>DS ?AT G5]AL IDEA ( A WALK+ /ICK :I* IS ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ! SOCIETY :]E ,H>RY WAS BORN1 SO ?AT HE & ALL >\ND HIM RECEIV$ IT AS !Y RECEIV$ IMPRESSIONS ( HORSES OR TREES1 )\T 9T5D+ TO DO SO OR TAK+ ANY TR\BLE AB\T IT4 ,NEV]!LESS ! P]CEPTION ( A WALK+ /ICK DIFF]S FROM ! P]CEPTION ( A GR[+ BRAN* JU/ BY REASON ( ! ACTIVITIES ( HUMAN BE+S 9VOLV$ !RE91 FROM ! +5I\S EXP$I5T (' ?OSE PRIMITIVE APE-LIKE ANIMALS :O ?\<T ( PICK+ UP A BROK5 B\< TO SUPPORT !IR %AKY /EPS :5 !Y WALK$ ON !IR H9D LEGS1 TO !IR F> MORE 9TELLIG5T DESC5DANTS :O CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ( PURPOSELY BREAK+ (F BRAN*ES TO LEAN UPON4 ,& SO ON ?R\< ?OSE 5DLESS G5]ATIONS ( M5 :O HAVE EX]CIS$ !IR BRA9S & H&S UPON ! MANIFOLD DIV]SITY ( /AVES & CRUT*ES :I* HAVE BE5 =]UNN]S ( ! MOD]N WALK+-/ICK4 ,FUR!R1 !RE IS ,H>RY'S [N FITNESS 9 M9D & BODY TO USE :AT HAS BE5 PREP>$ = HIM1 A FITNESS 9 :I* ! ACTIVITIES ( ! HUMAN BE+S SURR\ND+ HIM HAVE PLAY$ A CONSID]ABLE P>T4 ,WE >E NOT SPEAK+ ( HIS FACULTIES & P]CEPTIONS 9 G5]AL4 ,HIS FACULTIES HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$1 HIS P]CEPTIONS SUGGE/$ BY HIS $UCATION & SOCIAL SURR\ND+S & 9 BE>+ !IR P>T 9 ! :OLE ( HIS M5TAL & PHYSICAL LIFE1 HAVE ALL BE5 /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ACTIVITIES ( O!R HUMAN BE+S4 ,SU* G5]AL CONSID]ATIONS W\LD LEAD US H]E TOO F> AFIELD2 BUT IF WE GLANCE ONLY AT ! KN[L$GE & SKILL DIRECTLY REQUIR$ TO 5ABLE HIM TO MAKE USE ( ! NON-HUMAN & HUMAN AG5CIES REQUIR$ = MAK+ HIS /ICK1 WE SEE AT ONCE ?AT HE IS IMM5SELY 9DEBT$ TO ! ACTIVITIES ( O!RS4 ,HE HAS LE>N$ FROM O!RS ! USES ( KNIVES1 /R+1 /EAM1 ETC41 ! PRACTICAL CAPACITIES ( !SE ?+S1 & :]E TO GET & H[ TO APPLY !M = ! SPECIAL OBJECT HE HAS 9 VIEW4 ,9 FACT BO? ! MA9 IDEA & ! PROCESSES = ITS REALIZATION HAVE BE5 GIV5 TO HIM BY MEANS ( O!R PEOPLE'S ACTIVITIES4 ,H]E !N WE HAVE ! SECOND CLASS ( AG5CIES ESS5TIAL TO ! PRODUCTION ( ! WALK+-/ICK1 I4E41 ! 9DIRECT HUMAN ACTIVITIES 9VOLV$4  

 ,H[EV] !RE IS EVID5TLY ANO!R ESS5TIAL FACTOR 9 ! CASE1 A ?IRD AG5CY1 )\T :I* ! O!R TWO C\LD NOT BE BR\<T 9TO ACTION1 & ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS--,H>RY4 ,:ATEV] IT MAY HAVE RECEIV$ FROM O!R ?+S & O!R PEOPLE ! PIECE ( WOOD HAS RECEIV$ SOME?+ SPECIAL & DEF9ITE FROM HIM4 0,WELL10 Y\ MAY SAY IMPATI5TLY1 0IT IS QUITE OBVI\S :AT HE HAS DONE4 ,HE HAS APPLI$ SOME 5]GY1 :I* BE=E WAS LY+ /OR$ UP 9 HIMSELF1 OR :I* BE WAS EXP5D+ O!RWISE1 9 SETT+ ! WOOD & ! O!R AG5CIES CONC]N$ 9 MOTION40 ,TRUE2 BUT SO G5]AL A /ATEM5T IS SOME?+ LIKE ! FIR/ R\< *>COAL SKET* = A PICTURE4 ,IT 5ABLES US TO REALIZE V]Y FA9TLY :AT IS ACTUALLY IMPLI$ BY IT4 ,LET US TAKE ! FIR/ /AGE ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS & EXAM9E IT MORE P>TICUL>LY4  

 ,BY AN EXP5DITURE ( HIS N]V\S & MUSCUL> 5]GY ,H>RY SEV]S ! B\< FROM ! P>5T PLANT4 ,BUT HE W\LD HAVE DONE EXACTLY ! SAME-- EXP5D$ JU/ AS MU* N]V\S & MUSCUL> 5]GY IF HE BAD BE5 SCRAMBL+ ?R\< ! H$GE & BROK5 ! BRAN* (F ACCID5TALLY4 ,& ! 5]GY TRANSMITT$ BY A /ONE1 IF IT EFFECT$ ! GAME RESULT 9 ROLL+ D[N FROM ! CLIFF ABOVE1 W\LD BE MU* ! SAME 9 AM\NT4 ,YET UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ,H>RY W\LD BE AB\T AS LIKELY AS ! /ONE TO PUT =W>D A CLAIM TO ! BROK5 B\< 9 ! *>ACT] ( ITS PRODUC]1 IF HE %\LD *ANCE AFT]W>DS TO DISCOV] HE HAD BROK5 IT4 ,OBVI\SLY1 9 SEV]+ IT = A WALK+-/ICK LIE HAS EXP5D$ MORE ?AN ! N]V\S & MUSCUL> 5]GY REQUIR$ BY ! ME*ANICAL ACTION ( SEV]+4 ,HE HAS SEV]$ ! PIECE ( WOOD ( SET PURPOSE4 ,HE HAS PUT 9TO ! ACTION 5]GY ( WILL4  

 ,IT IS A COMMON-PLACE ( OBS]VATION H[ FA/ & H[ ?OR\<LY A MAN MAY EXHAU/ HIS 5]GY BY ! EX]CISE ( HIS WILL4 ,WE ALL KN[ ?AT :5 A MAN 0WORKS ) A WILL10 0PUTS HIS HE>T .<IT %\LD BE 0HIS WILL0.> 9TO :AT HE IS AB\T10 HE IS SOON] KNOCK$ UP & OBLIG$ TO RE/ BE=E HE CAN GO ON AGA9 ?AN IF HE IS M]ELY EX]T+ HIMSELF ME*ANICALLY OR LI/LESSLY PLODD+ ALONG4 ,& ?IS HAPP5S JU/ ! SAME IF ! WORK HE IS AB\T IS WORK ( BRA9 OR ( H&4 ,FUR!R1 WE KN[ ?AT A MAN MAY BE UTT]LY EXHAU/$ )\T /IRR+ A F+]1 SIMPLY BY HAV+ TO MAKE A GREAT EF=T ( WILL4 ,:ATEV] ! HUMAN WILL MAY BE--& NO ONE SEEMS YET TO HAVE LIT UPON A SATISFACTORY DEF9ITION OR EXPLANATION ( IT--!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ITS EX]CISE 9VOLVES EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY4 ,!RE=E :5 HE CUTS ! BRAN*1 ,H>RY IS EXP5D+ HIS 5]GY 9 A TW(OLD MANN]2 ?R\< HIS MUSCLES & ! N]VES :I* DIRECT !IR ME*ANICAL ACTION & ?R\< HIS EX]CISE ( WILL4 ,BUT ?IS TWO-FOLD EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY ON HIS P>T W\LD HAVE TAK5 PLACE JU/ ! SAME IF HE BAD 9T5TIONALLY CUT (F ! /ICK M]ELY BECAUSE IT WAS 9 HIS WAY :5 HE WANT$ TO GET ?R\< ! H$GE4 ,& IF HE HAD PICK$ ! SEV]$ /ICK UP &1 BE+ 9 A BAD TEMP]1 HAD C>RI$ IT AWAY ) HIM & HIT ALL ! /ONES & BU%ES HE PASS$ UNTIL HE HAD SMA%$ ! /ICK TO PIECES1 HE W\LD MO/ PROBABLY HAVE EXP5D$ AS MU* 5]GY BO? ( MUSCLE & WILL AS IF HE HAD TAK5 ALL NE$FUL MEASURES TO TRANS=M ! R\< B\< 9TO A WALK+-/ICK4 ,EVID5TLY !N ,H>RY'S 5]GY :5 BE SETS AB\T PRODUC+ A WALK+-/ICK1 IS EXP5D$ 9 SOME ?IRD WAY1 :I* WE HAVE YET TO ANALYZE4 

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