,FRE$OM & ,REVOLUTION 
,! ,BOL%EVIK EXP]I5CE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AILE5 ,O',C>ROLL 

,TEXT 3 

,9 #aibb ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN COMPLA9$ ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 HAD BECOME ! MOD]N SOCIALI/ ,L\RDES1 TO :I* ! BL9D & ! LAME1 ! DEAF & ! DUMB W]E FLOCK+ = MIRACUL\S CURES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS ! FIR/ OCCASION :]E DECADES ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS C\LD BE APPLI$ TO REAL LIFE4 ,:AT WAS !ORY WAS N[ PRACTICE4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TWO CONCEPTS ( REVOLUTION -- ! /ATI/-C5TRALI/ & ! LIB]T>IAN F$]ALI/ -- MOV$ FROM ! REALM ( ! AB/RACT TO ! CONCRETE4 

,! QUE/ION ?R[N UP BY ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION IS FUNDAM5TAL4 ,ONCE CAPITALISM HAS BE5 DEFEAT$1 H[ IS COMMUNISM TO BE A*IEV$8 ,:ILE !RE >E C]TA9LY FAULTS TO BE F\ND ) ASPECTS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 AT LEA/ IT CANNOT BE CRITICIZ$ = GETT+ ! BASICS WRONG4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE CONSI/5TLY >GU$ ?AT FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY >E NOT OPTIONAL EXTRAS4 ,RA!R !Y =M P>T ( ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ! GR[? ( COMMUNISM4 

,:AT IS SOCIALISM8 

,H[ DOES ONE CREATE A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY8 ,! ANSW] LIES 9 \R CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM4 ,:AT IS MEANT BY 'SOCIALISM'8 ,! CLASSIC DEF9ITION IS ?AT ( SOCIETY RUN ACCORD+ TO ! DICTUM 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS_/H] ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS_/H] NE$S40 ,TO AN>*I/S1 MAT]IAL EQUALITY IS ONE DIM5SION TO SOCIALISM1 BUT !RE IS ANO!R ( EQUAL IMPORTANCE1 ?AT ( FRE$OM4 

,! WORLD HAS 5\< WEAL? TO PROVIDE = ALL \R MAT]IAL COM=TS4 ,SOCIALISM SEEKS TO LIB]ATE PEOPLE FROM ! CON/ANT WORRIES AB\T MORTGAGES OR L&LORDS1 ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+ & ! NUM]\S O!R ISSUES1 TRIVIAL YET VITAL ?AT GR9D US D[N 9 \R DAILY LIFE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 SOCIALISM MU/ ALSO GIVE US ! P[] TO CONTROL \R [N LIVES1 P[] TO TAKE CONTROL ( \R [N DE/9IES4 

,= \R 5TIRE LIVES1 FROM S*OOL TO ! WORKPLACE1 WE >E =C$ TO OBEY SOMEBODY ELSE'S ORD]1 TREAT$ LIKE *ILDR5 OR BITS ( MA*9]Y4 ,HUMAN BE+S HAVE GREAT POT5TIAL BUT = MO/ ( US1 ONLY 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 WILL ?IS POT5TIAL BE REALIZ$4 

,SO ?\< SOCIALISM IS AB\T MAT]IAL EQUALITY IT IS ALSO AB\T FRE$OM4 ,FUR!RMORE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 ONE )\T ! O!R4 ,AS LONG AS P[] IS DI/RIBUT$ UNEQUALLY1 A SECTION ( SOCIETY WILL CONT9UE TO HAVE PRIVILEGES LEAD+ TO MAT]IAL ADVANTAGE4 ,ULTIMATELY SOCIETY WILL AGA9 BE DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES1 9TO ?OSE :O HAVE & ?OSE :O HAVE NOT4 ,FUR!RMORE ! EXP]I5CE ( ?OSE ATTEMPTS TO MANAGE ! ECONOMY ?R\< AN UNDEMOCRATIC C5TRALIZ$ /ATE HAS ALSO %[N ?AT IT IS UNFEASIBLE TO MANAGE & CONTROL A COMPLEX SY/EM )\T DEMOCRACY & ACC\NTABILITY4 

,! REVOLUTION MU/ A*IEVE A NUMB] ( ?+S4 ,IT MU/ DEFEAT ! RUL+ CLASS1 REMOV+ FROM !M !IR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DOM9ANCE4 ,9 PLACE ( ! BOSSES1 ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ 9 EV]Y SPH]E ( ACTIVITY MAKE ! DECISIONS ?AT ULTIMATELY AFFECT !M2 9 FACTORIES1 COMMUNITIES1 S*OOLS1 UNIV]SITIES1 NEWSPAP]S1 TELEVISION & FILM /UDIOS4 

,?IS IS ! SORT ( SOCIETY ?AT IS WOR? FI<T+ =4 ,H[EV] IT NOT ! SORT ( SOCIETY ?AT CAN BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! DICTATOR%IP ( A M9ORITY OV] ! MAJORITY4 ,EV5 SOME ,M>XI/S SU* AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMB\RG RECOGNIZ$ ?IS4 ,%E SAID1 

0,SOCIALI/ PRACTICE DEM&S A TOTAL SPIRITUAL TRANS=MATION 9 ! MASSES DEGRAD$ BY C5TURIES ( B\RGEOIS CLASS RULE4 ,SOCIAL 9/9CTS 9 PLACE ( EGOI/IC ONES1 MASS 9ITIATIVE 9 PLACE ( 9]TIA1 IDEALISM :I* OV]COMES ALL SUFF]+1 ETC4 ETC4444 ,! ONLY WAY TO A REBIR? IS ! S*OOL ( PUBLIC LIFE ITSELF1 ! BROADE/ & ! MO/ UNLIMIT$ DEMOCRACY1 & PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,IT IS RULE BY T]ROR :I* DEMORALIZES40 .<#a.> 

,! QUE/IONS ?AT FACE US >E3 :AT DOES REVOLUTION MEAN8 ,ONCE CAPITALISM HAS BE5 OV]?R[N H[ IS SOCIETY TO BE RUN8 ,:O WILL CONTROL ! FACTORIES1 H[ WILL PRODUCTION BE MANAG$8 ,H[ WILL ! POPULATION BE F$1 H[ WILL ! ECONOMY BE ORGANIZ$8 ,& F9ALLY1 H[ WILL ! REVOLUTION BE DEF5D$ AGA9/ OPPOSITION & ITS SURVIVAL 5SUR$8 ,IF COMMUNISM IS TO BECOME A REALITY1 ANSW]S MU/ BE F\ND4 

#a4,:O'S 9 *>GE8444RUNN+ ! REVOLUTION4 

,ON MIDNI<T #b#e_/#b#f? ( ,OCTOB]1 ! ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE 7,M,R,C71 FOLL[+ ! DIRECTIONS ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET 7WORK]S C\NCIL71 />T$ ! CONFUS$ PROCESS ( SEIZ+ ! ,W9T] ,PALACE :]E ,K]5SKY'S CAB9ET WAS 9 SESSION4 ,! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! DRAMATIC PORTRAYAL ( ! /ORM+ ( ! W9T] PLACE BY ! ,SOVIET FILM MAK] ,EIS5/I51 !RE WAS PRACTICALLY NO OPPOSITION TO ! TAKE-OV] & H>DLY ANY BLOOD%$4 ,S]GEI ,M/ISLAVSKII1 A LEAD] ( ! ,LEFT ,S,R'S 7PEASANT-BAS$ P>TY :I* BRIEFLY 5T]$ A COALITION ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS7 DESCRIBES BE+ WOK5 UP ON ! MORN+ ( ! #b#e? BY ! 

0*E]FUL TAPP+ ( RIFLES4444 ',GIRD UP Y\R LO9S BOSS4 ,!RE'S A SMELL ( GUNP[D] 9 ! CITY44' ,ACTUALLY1 ! CITY DID NOT SMELL ( GUNP[D]2 P[] LAY 9 ! GUTT]1 ANYONE C\LD PICK IT UP4 ,ONE DID NOT HAVE TO GIRD ONE'S LO9S1 ONE NE$$ ONLY TO /OOP D[N & PICK IT UP0 .<#b.> 

,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? IS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 UND] ! LOGICAL & SCI5TIFIC LEAD]%IP ( ,L591 GUID$ ! REVOLUTION OV] HURDLE AFT] HURDLE4 ,!Y >GUE ?AT OBJECTIVE CIRCUM/ANCES =C$ !M TO MAKE DIFFICULT BUT ULTIMATELY CORRECT DECISIONS4 ,DESCRIPTIONS ( ! REVOLUTION LIKE ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE >E FREQU5TLY F\ND3 

0! BOL%EVIKS449 ! H\R ( CRISIS PUT ASIDE ALL !IR 9DIGNATION AT ! GOV]NM5TAL P]SECUTIONS & CONC5TRAT$ ON ! TASK ( SAV+ ! REVOLUTION4 ,! VICTORY BE=E ! GATES ( ,PETROGRAD SET FREE ! 5]GIES ( ! MASSES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,PEASANTS REVOLT$ AGA9/ !IR L&LORDS1 & 9 F>-AWAY 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ,SOVIETS TOOK P[]4 ,! DECISIVE H\R WAS APPROA*+4 ,W\LD !RE BE A =CE CAPABLE ( DIRECT+ ! *AOTIC MASS MOVEM5TS 9TO ONE *ANNEL T[>DS ! CORRECT AIM80 .<#c.> 

,H]E IT IS IMPLI$ ?AT )\T ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP ! REVOLUTION W\LD NOT HAVE HAPP5$4 ,! MASSES >E PORTRAY$ AS 9CAPABLE ( RUNN+ A NEW SOCIETY4 ,! CREATIVE ABILITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO BUILD A NEW SOCIETY IS NOT PRES5T 9 ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( A WORK+ CLASS CAPABLE ( ONLY 'TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS'4 ,! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION WAS 0NOT REALLY SO MU* A BOLD /ROKE BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS UND] ,L59 AS IS IT WAS A CULM9ATION ( MON?S ( PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 ,! UBIQUIT\S GR[? ( PEASANTS & WORK]S' COMMITTEES & SOVIETS SAPP$ ! P[] FROM ! H&S ( ,K]5SKY & ! B\RGEOIS PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T1 :I* SURR5D]$ )\T A FI<T AS IT'S CAPACITY TO GOV]N HAD COMPLETELY DISSOLV$0 .<#d.>4 

,B\RGEOIS ,DEMOCRACY4 

,AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS ELECT$ AN 9T]IM GOV]NM5T 7! ,SOVN>KOM71 P5D+ ! HOLD+ ( ELECTIONS TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,?IS PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T ON ! #cRD ( ,M>* UND]TOOK 9 A SOLEMN DECL>ATION TO SUMMON A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,FOLL[+ ELECTIONS ! ,S,R'S HAD AN OV]ALL MAJORITY1 ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS W9N+ ONLY #age \T ( ! #gg SEATS4 

,IT IS ) ! DECISION TO CALL = ELECTIONS TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY ?AT ! AN>*I/S FIR/ DIV]G$ FROM ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,:AT LEAD !M TO TAKE ?IS DECISION & :Y DID AN>*I/S OPPOSE IT8 

,! WE/]N MODEL ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY C\LD MORE ACCURATELY BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS A '#d-YE> DICTATOR%IP'4 ,! CRUCIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 'REPRES5TATIVE' DEMOCRACY & 'DIRECT' DEMOCRACY IS ?AT UND] ! =M]1 VOT]S HAVE NO P>T 9 DECID+ POLICY & >E UNABLE TO RECALL !IR REPRES5TATIVES4 ,9/EAD !Y HAVE NO?+ MORE ?AN ! ILLUSION ?AT BY VOT+ !Y >E 9 SOME WAY ABLE TO CONTROL ! POLITICAL PROCESS4 

,ONCE P[] LAY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,SOVIETS1 ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY BECAME A R$UNDANT 9/ITUTION4 ,H]E WAS A C\NTRY :]E CONTROL HAD BE5 F9ALLY WR5*$ FROM ! RUL+ CLASS & WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS DECISION TO CALL = NEW ELECTIONS WAS A /EP BACKW>DS4 ,9 T]MS ( FI<T+ = SOCIALISM1 IT MADE NO S5SE TO BE SUPPORT+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY OV] ?AT ( ! MASSES4 ,AS AN>*I/S SAID %ORTLY AFT]W>DS3 

0,TO CONT9UE ! ,REVOLUTION & TRANS=M IT 9TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! ,AN>*I/S SAW NO UTILITY 9 CALL+ SU* AN ASSEMBLY1 AN 9/ITUTION ESS5TIALLY POLITICAL & B\RGEOISIE1 CUMB]SOME & /]ILE1 AN 9/ITUTION :I*1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 PLAC$ ITSELF 'ABOVE ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES' & CONC]N$ ITSELF ONLY1 BY MEANS ( DANG]\S COMPROMISES1 ) /OPP+ ! REVOLUTION1 & EV5 SUPPRESS+ IT IF POSSIBLE44444SO ! ,AN>*I/S TRI$ TO MAKE KN[N TO ! MASSES ! USELESSNESS ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 & ! NECESSITY ( GO+ BEYOND IT & REPLAC+ IT AT ONCE ) ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 IF !Y REALLY WANT$ TO BEG9 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 

444444444,WE BELIEVE1 9 FACT1 ?AT 9 A TIME ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :AT IS IMPORTANT = ! WORK]S IS = !M TO ORGANIZE !IR NEW LIFE !MSELVES1 FROM ! BOTTOM1 & ) ! HELP ( !IR IMM$IATE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS1 & NOT FROM ABOVE1 BY MEANS ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL C5T]0 .<#e.> 

,! P>TY 

,ONE ( ! MA9 DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ & ! ,L59I/ T5D5CY IS 9 !IR DIFF]+ ATTITUDES TO P[] & CONTROL4 ,:ILE BO? AGREE ?AT ! REVOLUTION %\LD BE MADE BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 !Y DISAGREE ON :O HOLD ! REIGNS ( P[] AFT]W>DS4 ,L59I/S BELIEVE IT IS ! JOB ( ! P>TY TO EX]CISE CONTROL ( SOCIETY ON BEHALF ( ! RUL+ CLASS & LIKE A P>5T1 ! P>TY 9T]PRETS :AT ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS >E4 ,9 CONTRA/1 AN>*I/S BELIEVE ?AT IT IS ! WORK+ CLASS :O %\LD RUN SOCIETY1 MAK+ & IMPLEM5T+ DECISIONS FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ?R\< A SY/EM ( ORGANIZATIONS SIMIL> TO ! FACTORY COMMITTEES & ! SOVIETS4 

,(T5 ,L59I/S WILL C\NT] ?IS >GUM5T BY SAY+1 ! P>TY IS MADE UP ( ! BE/ ELEM5TS1 ! VANGU>D1 ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AL?\< AT ! TIME ( ,OCTOB] ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ! L>GE/ WORK+ CLASS P>TY ?IS WAS BECAUSE ( :AT !Y CLAIM$ TO /& = 7,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS ETC474 ,!RE W]E /ILL MANY ADVANC$ WORK]S \TSIDE ! P>TY1 SO EV5 !N ! 'VANGU>D' & ! P>TY W]E NOT ID5TICAL4 ,9 ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ AS ! P>TY CAME TO BE 9CREAS+LY COMPOS$ ( BUREAUCRATS1 ! ADVANC$ WORK]S W]E (T5 AS NOT 9 OPPOSITION4 ,! MI/AKE ! ,L59I/S MAKE IS TO ASSUME ,OCTOB] FROZE ! 'VANGU>D' 9 ONE ORGANIZATION = ALL TIME4 

,L59I/S & AN>*I/S AGREE ?AT1 UNLIKE MO/ O!RS 9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 !Y HAVE BO? AN ANALYSIS ( H[ SOCIETY WORKS & PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE DRAWN FROM 9VOLVEM5T 9 /RUGGLES4 ,!SE >E ! TOOLS NE$$ TO EFFECT A COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 ,H[EV] AN>*ISM & ,L59ISM DIV]GE ON ! ABILITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO RUN SOCIETY4 ,!Y HAVE DIFF]+ E/IMATIONS ( H[ AW>E ! WORK+ CLASS >E ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 ,AN>*I/S BELIEVE ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONV9CE ! MASS ( ! WORK+ CLASS ( \R IDEAS4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ,L59 SAID ?AT MO/ WORK]S >E CAPABLE ONLY ( TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS4 ,NATURALLY !RE=E1 ,L59I/S BELIEVE ?AT S9CE ! WORK+ CLASS IS S5SIBLE ONLY TO ITS %ORT T]M 9T]E/S1 IT IS VITAL ?AT ! ,L59I/S >E 9 P[]1 9 ORD] = ! REVOLUTION TO SUCE$4 

,IT WAS ?IS L9E ( ?9K+ ?AT L$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO 9ITIALLY CALL = ELECTIONS TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY & !N1 ONCE IT HAD BE5 HELD1 TO CALL = ITS DISSOLUTION1 AS ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN COMM5T$ 9 #a#i#b#a2 

0,!Y 7! ,BOL%EVIKS7 HAD ADVOCAT$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 & ONLY :5 !Y W]E CONV9C$ !Y C\LD NOT HAVE A MAJORITY !RE1 & !RE=E NOT BE ABLE TO TAKE /ATE P[] 9TO !IR [N H&S1 !Y SUDD5LY DECID$ ON ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ASSEMBLY0 

,L591 9 A SIGN$ ,PRAVDA >TICLE PUBLI%$ ON #bb ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#h1 QUOT$ APPROV+LY FROM ,PLEKHANOV'S SPEE* AT ! ,SECOND ,R,S,D,R,P.<#f.> ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#c2 

0,IF 9 A BUR/ ( 5?USIASM ! PEOPLE ELECT$ A V]Y GOOD P>LIAM5T444!N WE \<T TO MAKE IT A V]Y LONG P>LIAM5T & IF ! ELECTIONS HAVE NOT PROV$ A SUCCESS1 !N WE %\LD SEEK TO DISP]SE P>LIAM5T NOT AFT] TWO YE>S BUT1 IF POSSIBLE1 AFT] TWO WEEKS40 .<#g.> 

,!IR OPPOSITION WASN'T BAS$1 UNLIKE ! AN>*I/S1 ON ! ESS5TIALLY ANTI-DEMOCRATIC NATURE ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 9/EAD IT WAS ON :E!R OR NOT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ! CONTROLL+ =CE4 

,9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ! AN>*I/S >E ALONE 9 >GU+ ?AT SOCIETY %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ?R\< A FREELY F$]AT$ SY/EM ( WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,DECISIONS %\LD BE TAK5 AT ! L[E/ POSSIBLE LEVEL4 ,DELEGATES >E ELECT$ SOLELY TO REPRES5T ! VIEW ( ?OSE :O ELECT$ !M1 RECEIVE NO MORE PAY ?AN ! AV]AGE WORK]1 MAY ACT AS A DELEGATE = ONLY A FIX$ AM\NT ( TIME & >E RECALLABLE4 ,IF ! WORK+ CLASS HAS ! P[] TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM1 IT C]TA9LY IS CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY AFT]W>DS4 

#b4 ,FI<T+ ! ,C\NT] ,REVOLUTION 

,ONCE ! CAPITALI/ P[] /RUCTURE HAS BE5 DISMANTL$1 ! NEXT IMM$IATE ISSUE ON ! REVOLUTION>IES' AG5DA IS TO 5SURE ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION :ILE ALSO FO/]+ ITS GR[?4 ,IT IS A MI/AKE TO *>ACT]IZE REVOLUTIONS AS 9H]5TLY BLOODY4 ,9 ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION ITSELF !RE W]E ONLY #e CASUALTIES4 ,MANY W]E SURPRIS$ BY ! SPE$ & EASE ) :I* ! EA/]N ,EUROPEAN REGIMES FELL 9 ! #a#i#h'S4 ,SIMIL>LY ! DICTATOR%IP WAS BLOODLESSLY TOPPL$ 9 ,PORTUGAL 9 #a#i#g#d4 ,BLOODBA?S1 SU* AS ?OSE :I* OCCURR$ FOLL[+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ,*ILI 9 #aigc OR ,9DONESIA 9 #a#i#f#e.<#h.>1 >E PRODUCTS ( FAIL$ REVOLUTIONS OR MORE ACCURATELY1 SUCCESSFUL C\NT] REVOLUTIONS4 

,!RE IS LIKELY TO BE VIOL5T OPPOSITION TO ANY ATTEMPT BY ! WORK+ CLASSES TO TAKE P[] FROM ! BOSSES4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! MASSES HAVE EV]Y?+ TO GA9 :ILE ! M9ORITY RUL+ CLASS HAVE EV]Y?+ TO LOSE4 ,! DANG] ?IS POSES DEP5DS ON ! RELATIVE /R5G? ( ! BOSSES' REACTION4 ,H[EV]1 :E!R ! ?REAT IS L>GE OR SMALL1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO PHYSICALLY DEF5D ! REVOLUTION FROM OPPOSITION1 BO? 9T]NALLY & EXT]NALLY4 

,?IS RAISES A NUMB] ( ISSUES4 ,! CORN] /ONE ( ANY JU/ICAL SY/EM IS ACCESS TO OP5 & FAIR TRIALS1 A FULL APPEAL PROCESS & S5T5CE PROPORTIONAL TO ! GRAVITY ( ! CRIME4 ,:ILE !SE >E EASILY ATTA9ABLE 9 PEACE1 9 W>1 P>TICUL>LY CIVIL W>1 CURTAILM5T ( RI<TS & CIVIL LIB]TIES >E MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR4 ,?IS %\LD NOT BE GLORIFI$ 7AS ,L59 T5D$ TO DO71 %ORT T]M EXP$I5CY IS LIKELY TO LEAD TO LONG T]M DAMAGE4 ,! QUE/IONS REVOLUTION>IES MU/ ASK IS1 >E \R ACTIONS NECESS>Y & 'OBJECTIVELY UNAVOIDABLE' OR CAN !Y BE AVOID$8 ,FUR!RMORE1 :AT EFFECT WILL !Y HAVE ON ! PROCESS ( 9TRODUC+ SOCIALISM8 ,AGA91 ! ANSW] GIV5 WILL DEP5D ON :AT SOCIALISM IS CONSID]$ TO BE4 

,! ,SECRET ,POLICE 

,ONLY TWO MON?S AFT] ! REVOLUTION 7WELL BE=E ! />T ( ! CIVIL W>7 A SECRET POLICE =CE KN[N AS ! ,*EKA WAS F\ND$1 9ITIALLY TO 9H]IT ! SECURITY FUNCTIONS ( ! ,M,R,C.<#i.>4 ,!RE W]E NO EXT]NAL CONTROLS ON ITS OP]ATION4 ,NO JUDICIAL PROCESS WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ASSESS+ ! GUILT OR 9NOC5CE ( ANY ( ITS PRISON]S4 ,PUNI%M5TS1 9CLUD+ ! DEA? P5ALTY1 W]E >BITR>ILY APPLI$4,! ,*EKA WAS MEANT TO BE A TEMPOR>Y ORGANIZATION1 AT FIR/ IT WAS AN ADM9I/RATIVE BODY DESIGN$ TO C>RY \T 9VE/IGATIVE FUNCTIONS4 ,IT WAS NOT 9ITIALLY JUDICIAL & HAD NO P[]S ( >RE/1 H[EV] IT GREW UP QUICKLY4 ,N9E DAYS AFT] ITS BIR?1 IT WAS GRANT$ ! P[] ( >RE/4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #aiah IT WAS BE+ ASSIGN$ >M$ UNITS1 9 ,FEBRU>Y IT WAS GRANT$ ! P[] ( SUMM>Y TRIALS & EXECUTION ( S5T5CES 7:I* 9CLUD$ ! DEA? S5T5CE74 ,AT ! 5D ( #aiag IT HAD #bc P]SONNEL1 BY MID #aiah IT HAD OV] #a14 

,! ,*EKA WAS A POLICE =CE4 ,! ROLE ( A POLICE =CE IS TO DEF5D ! 9T]E/S ( A RUL+ M9ORITY4 ,!SE DAYS ! GOV]NM5T WILL ALWAYS DEF5D ! ACTIONS ( ! POLICE1 SE5 = EXAMPLE 9 ! :ITEWA%+ ( POLICE 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,BIRM+HAM ,SIX CASE 9 ,5GL&4 ,! SAME WAS TRUE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY'S RELATION%IP TO ! ,*EKA4 ,?IS IS ,L59 SPEAK+ TO A RALLY ( ,*EKI/S ON #g? ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h4 

0,IT IS NOT AT ALL SURPRIS+ TO HE> ! ,*EKI/'S ACTIVITIES FREQU5TLY ATTACK$ BY FRI5DS AS WELL AS 5EMIES4 ,WE HAVE TAK5 A H>D JOB4 ,:5 WE TOOK OV] ! GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NTRY1 WE NATURALLY MADE MANY MI/AKES1 & IT IS ONLY NATURAL ?AT ! MI/AKES ( ! ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,COMMISSIONS .<! ,*EKA.> /RIKE ! EYE MO/4 ,! N>R[-M9D$ 9TELLECTUAL FA/5S ON !SE MI/AKES )\T TRY+ TO GET TO ! ROOT ( ! MATT]4 ,:AT DOES SURPRISE ME 9 ALL !SE \TCRIES AB\T ! ,*EKA'S MI/AKES IS ! MANIFE/ 9ABILITY TO PUT ! QUE/ION ON A BROAD FOOT+4 ,PEOPLE H>P ON 9DIVIDUAL MI/AKES ! ,*EKAS MADE1 & RAISE A HUE & CRY AB\T !M4 ,WE1 H[EV]1 SAY ?AT WE LE>N FROM \R MI/AKES444,:5 ,I CONSID] ITS ACTIVITIES & SEE H[ !Y >E ATTACK$1 ,I SAY ?IS IS ALL N>R[ M9D$ & FUTILE TALK4444,:AT IS IMPORTANT = US IS ?AT ! ,*EKAS >E IMPLEM5T+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & 9 ?IS RESPECT !IR ROLE IS 9VALUABLE4 ,!RE IS NO O!R WAY TO LIB]ATE ! MASSES EXCEPT BY CRU%+ ! EXPLOIT]S BY VIOL5CE40 

,! QUOTE BEGS QUITE A FEW QUE/IONS2 :AT >E ! MI/AKES BE+ TALK$ AB\T8 ,:AT HAS BE5 LE>N$ FROM !SE MI/AKES8 ,& WAS ! ,*EKA ACTIVITY AIM$ SOLELY AT ! OLD RUL+ CLASS8 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,T]ROR 

,! ,BOL%EVIK POLICY ( ,R$ ,T]ROR BEGAN %ORTLY AFT] ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h1 & WAS MIRROR$ BY ! ,:ITE ,T]ROR4 ,! POLICY PROMOT$ ! USE ( MASS EXECUTION & FE> AS A TACTIC TO BE IMPLEM5T$ RU?LESSLY4 ,ACTS ( VIOL5CE1 RA!R ?AN BE+ VIEW$ AS REGRETTABLE & DE/RUCTIVE W]E GLORIFI$4 ,LATSIS1 ! HEAD ( ! ,*EKA ON ! ,EA/]N FRONT1 WROTE 0,9 CIVIL W> !RE >E NO C\RTS ( LAW = ! 5EMY4 ,IT IS A LIFE OR DEA? /RUGGLE4 ,IF Y\ DO NOT KILL1 Y\ WILL BE KILL$4 ,!RE=E KILL1 ?AT Y\ MAY NOT BE KILL$04 .<#a.> 4 ,! PAP] ( ! ,R$ ,>MY WROTE AFT] AN ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT AGA9/ ,L592 0,)\T M]CY1 )\T SP>+1 WE WILL KILL \R 5EMIES 9 SCORES ( HUNDR$S4 ,LET !M BE ?\S&S1 LET !M DR[N !MSELVES 9 !IR [N BLOOD4 ,= ! BLOOD ( ,L59 & ,URITSKII444LET !RE BE FLOODS ( BLOOD ( ! B\RGEOIS -- MORE BLOOD1 AS MU* AS POSSIBLE40 .<#a#a.> ,IT'S H>D TO SEE :AT ?IS FR5ZI$ CALL = DE/RUCTION & RETRIBUTION C\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ! TASK ( BUILD+ A NEW & FRE] SOCIETY4 

,COLLECTIVE PUNI%M5TS1 CATEGORICAL PUNI%M5TS1 TORTURE1 HO/AGE TAK+ & R&OM PUNI%M5TS -- AIM$ AT PROVID+ LESSONS -- W]E ALL APPLI$ 9 ! NAME ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,CATEGORICAL PUNI%M5TS W]E PUNI%M5TS BAS$ NOT ON :AT SOMEONE ACTUALLY DID1 BUT ON :AT CLASS OR POLITICAL BACKGR\ND !Y BELONG$ TO4 ,ON ! #cRD ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ,IVE/IA ANN\NC$ ?AT OV] #e HO/AGES HAD BE5 %OT BY ! ,PETROGRAD ,*EKA1 !SE W]E PEOPLE CONVICT$ NOT BECAUSE !Y HAD COMMITT$ A CRIME BUT BECAUSE !Y W]E UN=TUNATE 5\< TO COME FROM ! WRONG BACKGR\ND4 

,!RE >E TWO 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT MAY BE APPLI$ TO ! USE ( REVOLUTION>Y T]ROR2 ON ! ONE H&1 IT MAY BE AIM$ AGA9/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 ON ! O!R IT MAY BE US$ TO COMP5SATE = ! REGIMES DECL9+ POPUL>ITY4 ,AS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN WROTE 9 #a#i#b#b1 044AN 9SIGNIFICANT M9ORITY B5T ON CREAT+ AN ABSOLUTE ,/ATE IS NECESS>ILY DRIV5 TO OPPRESSION & T]RORISM0 .<#a#b.>4 ,! POLICY ( REVOLUTION>Y T]ROR IS 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO OBTA9+ MASS P>TICIPATION 9 ! RUNN+ ( ! SOCIETY4 ,:ILE !SE TACTICS C]TA9LY CONSOLIDAT$ ! ,BOL%EVIK'S P[] BASE1 !Y UND]M9$ ! SOCIALISM ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 AB\T 9 ! FIR/ PALACE4 

,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! ,BOL%EVIKS BECAME ! 'OCCUPY+ >MY' 9/EAD ( ! 'LIB]AT+ >MY'1 ALI5AT+ ! V]Y POPULATION !Y %\LD HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO CONV9CE4 ,T]ROR IS A D\BL$ $G$ SWORD1 IT MAY BE EXP$I5T BUT ITS USE ALSO DISCR$ITS ANY REGIMES CLAIM TO FAIRNESS4 

,FUR!RMORE AS ,MALATE/A ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ WROTE 9 #aiai 

0,EV5 ,BONAP>TE HELP$ DEF5D ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! ,EUROPEAN REACTION1 BUT 9 DEF5D+ IT HE /RANGL$ IT4 ,L591 ,TROTSKY & COMRADES >E C]TA9LY S9C]E REVOLUTION>IES1 & !Y WILL NOT BETRAY :AT !Y TAKE AS REVOLUTION1 BUT !Y >E PREP>+ ! GOV]NM5TAL APP>ATUS :I* WILL HELP ?OSE :O FOLL[ !M TO PR(IT BY ! REVOLUTION & DE/ROY IT4 ,!Y WILL BE ! FIR/ VICTIMS ( !IR ME?ODS1 & ) !M1 ,I FE>1 ! REVOLUTION WILL COLLAPSE4 ,HI/ORY REPEATS ITSELF1 MUTATIS MUT&IS3 & ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,ROBESPI]RE BR\<T ,ROBESPI]RE TO ! GUILLOT9E & PREP>$ ! WAY = ,NAPOLEON40 .<#a#c.> 

,P]HAPS ,TROTSKY %\LD HAVE HE$$ ,MALATE/A'S WORDS4 

,! ,DEA? ,P5ALTY 

,ONE ( ! FIR/ ACTS ( ! #bND ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS 9 ,OCTOB] WAS ! REPEAL ( ! DEA? P5ALTY ?AT HAD BE5 9TRODUC$ BY ,K]5SKY4 ,?IS WAS RE/OR$ ON ! #a#f? ,JUNE #a#i#a#h4 ,ON #a#g? ,JANU>Y #a#i#b1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T ABOLI%$ ! DEA? P5ALTY EXCEPT 9 DI/RICTS :]E !RE W]E MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS TAK+ PLACE4 ,TO CIRCUMV5T ?IS ORD]1 ! ,*EKA R\T9ELY TRANSF]R$ PRISON]S TO ! MILIT>Y >EAS = EXECUTION4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 DESCRIBES H[ ! ,*EKAS REACT$ TO ! ABOLITION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY 

0:ILE ! NEWSPAP]S W]E PR9T+ ! DECREE1 ! ,PETROGRAD ,*EKAS W]E LIQUIDAT+ !IR /OCK6 ,C>TLOAD AFT] C>TLOAD ( SUSPECTS HAD BE5 DRIV5 \TSIDE ! CITY DUR+ ! NI<T1 & !N %OT1 HEAP UPON HEAP4 ,H[ MANY8 ,9 ,PETROGRAD BETWE5 #ae & #b2 9 ,MOSC[ IT WAS SAID BETWE5 #b & #c40 .<#a#d.> 

,NEI!R ( !SE ACTIONS CAN BE JU/IFI$ BY ! NECESSITIES ( CIVIL W> AS !Y OCCURR$ WELL BEH9D FRI5DLY L9ES4 ,NOR W]E !SE ACTIONS ! PRODUCT ( R&OM EV5TS1 !Y W]5'T MI/AKES1 RA!R1 AS EXPLA9$ ABOVE1 !Y W]E P>T ( ! POLICY ( REVOLUTION>Y T]ROR 

,! ,AN>*I/S 

,ON ! #a#a? ,DECEMB] ,*EKA & ,LETTI% TROOPS SURR\ND$ #bf AN>*I/ /RON<OLDS 9 ,MOSC[4 ,! AN>*I/S SUFF]$ #d CASUALTIES & #e W]E TAK5 PRISON]4 ,ON ! #b#f? ,APRIL SIMIL> RAIDS W]E C>RI$ \T 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,AT ?IS /AGE ,DZ]%9SKY 7HEAD ( ! ,*EKA7 JU/IFI$ HIS ACTION ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ! AN>*I/S HAD BE5 PREP>+ AN 9SURRECTION & ?AT 9 ANY EV5T1 MO/ ( ?OSE >RE/$ PROV$ TO BE CRIM9AL RIFF RAFF4 ,HE /RESS$ ?AT ! ,*EKA HAD NEI!R ! M&ATE NOR ! DESIRE TO WAGE W> ON IDEOLOGICAL AN>*I/S4 ,YET DOCUM5TS.<#a#e.> DAT+ FROM ! #a#c? ,JUNE \TL9$ ?AT ! DEP>TM5T = C\NT] REVOLUTION 9VE/IGATIVE SECTION & 9TELLIG5CE UNIT HAD SECTIONS ALLOCAT$ TO DEAL+ ) AN>*I/S4 ,! FACT ?AT 'IDEOLOGICAL' ,AN>*I/S W]E UND] ,*EKA SURVEILLANCE GIVES LIE TO ! ,BOL%EVIK CLAIM ?AT !Y W]E ONLY OPPOS$ TO A 'CRIM9AL' ELEM5T )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T RA!R ?AN AN>*ISM ITSELF4 

,:ILE ,LEON ,TROTSKY WAS SAY+ 9 ,JULY #aiba 0,WE DO NOT IMPRISON REAL AN>*I/S4 ,?OSE :OM WE HOLD 9 PRISON >E NOT AN>*I/S1 BUT CRIM9ALS & B&ITS :O COV] !MSELVES UP BY CLAIM+ TO BE AN>*I/S0 .<#a#f.>1 #ac AN>*I/S W]E ON HUNG]/RIKE 9 ,MOSC[4 ,=TUNATELY A ,FR5* ,SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNION DELEGATION 9 ! CITY HE>D ( !IR PLI<T & ! PRISON]S W]E RELEAS$ 7ALL BUT ?REE W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,U,S,S,R74 ,NOT SO LUCKY WAS ,FANYAN ,B>ON1 A Y\NG AN>*I/ WOMAN1 %OT )\T TRIAL1 ALONG ) SEV]AL O!RS1 ON TRUMP$ UP *>GES ( C\NT]FEIT+ ,SOVIET BANK NOTES 7IT WAS LAT] PROV5 ?AT ! C\NT]FEIT+ WAS DONE BY ! ,*EKA ITSELF74 ,UNLUCKY ALSO W]E ! #c OR #d AN>*I/S LIV+ NE> ,ZHMIR9K :O ACCORD+ TO ! SOVIET PRESS 9 #aiba HAD BE5 0DISCOV]$ & LIQUIDAT$04 ,! LA/ GREAT MOBILIZATION ( AN>*I/S OCCURR$ AT ! FUN]AL ( ,KROPTK9 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiba :5 #b1 M>*$ ) PLAC>DS & BANN]S DEM&+1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! RELEASE ( AN>*I/S FROM PRISON4 ,FROM !N ON ! SUPPRESSION ( AN>*I/S BECAME ?OR\< & COMPLETE4 

,:ILE !RE WAS OPPOSITION TO ! ,*EKA ABUSES FROM )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 !RE WAS NO 9/ITUTIONAL ATTEMPT TO *ANGE ITS MODE ( OP]ATION4 ,9 ANY ORGANIZATION1 !RE IS BO? A HUMAN & A /RUCTURAL ELEM5T4 ,P]HAPS IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ! ABUSES ( ,*EKA W]E DUE TO 9DIVIDUAL MI/AKES4 ,IF 9DIVIDUALS >E GIV5 UNLIMIT$ P[]1 9CLUD+ P[] OV] LIFE & DEA?1 ) NO ACC\NTABILITY1 IT'S 9EVITABLE ?AT A MEASURE ( EXCESS & CORRUPTION WILL OCCUR4 ,:]E ?IS OCCURS IT IS UP TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION TO MAKE *ANGES TO PREV5T ! SAME MI/AKES FROM BE+ REPEAT$4 ,?IS IS NOT :AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY DID4 ,!Y CONT9U$ TO 5TRU/ 9DIVIDUALS ) UN*ECK$ P[]4 ,!Y DID NOT MAKE ANY /RUCTURAL *ANGES TO ! ,*EKA4 ,9/EAD !Y OCCASIONALLY ROOT$ \T ! ROTT5 HUMAN ELEM5T1 CLOS+ D[N C]TA9 BRAN*ES1 :ILE LEAV+ ! $IFICE ?AT 5G5D]$ !SE ABUSES UNT\*$4 

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN SAID1 ON ESCAP+ FROM ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#b#a1 

0,I HAVE NEV] D5I$ ?AT VIOL5CE IS 9EVITABLE1 NOR DO ,I GA9SAY IT N[4 ,YET IT IS ONE ?+ TO EMPLOY VIOL5CE 9 COMBAT AS A MEANS ( DEF5SE4 ,IT IS QUITE ANO!R TO MAKE A PR9CIPLE ( T]RORISM1 TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE IT1 TO ASSIGN IT ! MO/ VITAL PLACE 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,SU* T]RORISM BEGETS C\NT]-REVOLUTION & 9 TURN BECOMES C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y40 .<#a#g.> 

#c4 ,DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION 

,! O!R SIDE TO DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION IS ?AT ( DEF5D+ IT FROM \TSIDE MILIT>Y ATTACK4 ,H]E !RE >E TWO =MS ( ORGANIZATION OP5 TO ! REVOLUTION>Y2 EMPLOY+ EI!R A CONV5TIONAL MILIT>Y >MY OR EMPLOY+ A MILITIA4 ,AGA9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION PROVIDES A CONCRETE EXAMPLE1 ?\< 9ITIALLY A MILITIA /RUCTURE WAS ADOPT$1 BY #aiah ! CONV5TIONAL >MY /RUCTURES HAD RETURN$4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO IS NOT1 AS IS SO (T5 /AT$1 ONE ( EFFICI5CY OR ORGANIZATION 7) ! >MY BE+ *>ACT]IZ$ AS ORGANIZ$1 :ILE ! MILITIA IS *>ACT]IZ$ AS *AOTIC74 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO IS ONE ( DEMOCRACY4 

,FOLL[+ ! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK TREATY1 ,TROTSKY AS ,COMMISS> ( ,MILIT>Y ,AFFAIRS SET AB\T REORGANIZ+ ! >MY4 ,! DEA? P5ALTY = DISOB$I5CE UND] FIRE WAS RE9TRODUC$1 AS WAS SALUT+ (FIC]S1 SPECIAL =MS ( ADDRESS1 SEP>ATE LIV+ QU>T]S & PRIVILEGES = (FIC]S4 ,(FIC]S W]E NO LONG] ELECT$4 ,TROTSKY WROTE 0,! ELECTIVE BASIS IS POLITICALLY PO9TLESS & TE*NICALLY 9EXP$I5T & HAS ALREADY BE5 SET ASIDE BY DECREE0 .<#a#h.>4 ,:Y DID ,BOL%EVIKS FEEL !RE WAS A NE$ TO RE9TRODUCE MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E8 ,:Y !N WAS !RE A NE$ = MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E 9 ,RUSSIA #aiag BUT NOT 9 ! AN>*I/ FRONT L9ES 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f8 

,! CONV5TIONAL >MY /RUCTURE EVOLV$ :5 FEUDAL K+S OR CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5TS REQUIR$ ! WORK+ CLASS TO FI<T ITS W>S = !M4 ,!SE HAD TO BE AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS1 BECAUSE AL?\< PROPAG&A & J+OISM CAN PLAY A P>T 9ITIALLY 9 5C\RAG+ 5LI/M5T1 ! HORRORS ( W> SOON EXPOSE ! FUTILITY ( NATIONALISM4 ,A L>GE P>T ( MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION IS AIM$ AT 5SUR+ ?AT SOLDI]S REMA9 FI<T+ = CAUSES !Y DO NOT NECESS>ILY BELIEVE 94 ,MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E ATTEMPTS TO CREATE AN UN?9K+1 UNQUE/ION+ BODY ( SOLDI]S1 AS FE>FUL ( !IR [N SIDE AS ( ! O!R4 

,BUT1 !RE IS ANO!R WAY ( ORGANIZ+ >MIES1 ?AT ( ! ,MILITIA4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO IS ?AT 9 ,MILITIAS1 (FIC]S & G5]ALS >E ELECT$1 & SOLDI]S FI<T+ >E FI<T+ \T ( *OICE RA!R ?AN FE>4 ,?IS /RUCTURE REMOVES ! NECESSITY = ! CREATION ( A DIVISION BETWE5 (FIC]S & SOLDI]S ?AT IS RE9=C$ >TIFICIALLY BY MEASURES SU* AS SALUT+ & DIFF]5TIAL PRIVILEGES4 ,!SE MEASURES >E NO LONG] NECESS>Y BECAUSE !RE IS NO NE$ TO FRI<T5 OR ORD] SOLDI]S TO FI<T :5 !Y BELIEVE 9 ! CAUSE !Y >E AB\T TO RISK !IR LIVES =4 ,!RE >E MANY EXAMPLES ( MILITIAS SUCCESSFULLY OP]AT+2 ! ,BO]S F\<T ) A VOLUNTE] >MY AGA9/ ! ,BRITI%4 ,DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 MILITIAS 9 ,AN>*I/ CONTROLL$ >EAS F\<T ,FRANCO4 ,9 #aicf ! ,C,N,T DECL>$3 

0,WE CANNOT DEF5D ! EXI/5CE ( NOR SEE ! NE$ =1 A REGUL> >MY1 UNI=M$ & CONSCRIPT$4 ,?IS >MY MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY ! POPUL> MILITIAS1 BY ! ,PEOPLE 9 ,>MS1 ! ONLY GU>ANTEE ?AT FRE$OM WILL BE DEF5D$ ) 5?USIASM & ?AT NO NEW CONSPIRACIES WILL BE HAT*$ FROM ! %AD[S0 .<#a#i.>4 

,OV] ! F\R YE>S #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a ! AN>*I/ ,MAKHNO COMM&$ MILITIAS :O F\<T AGA9/ ! =CES ( ! ,HETMAN1 ,:ITE ,G5]ALS ,D5IK9 & ,WRANGEL1 NATIONALI/S LIKE ,PETLIURA & ,GRIGOR'EV &1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,AT ITS HEI<T IT HAD #c1 VOLUNTE] COMBATANTS UND] >MS4 ,MAKHNO & HIS COMM&]S WON AGA9/ ODDS ( #c3#a & MORE1 ON OCCASION4 ,! 9SURG5T >MY WAS A DEMOCRATIC MILIT>Y =MATION4 ,ITS RECRUITS W]E VOLUNTE]S DRAWN FROM PEASANTS & WORK]S4 ,ITS (FIC]S W]E ELECT$ & CODES ( DISCIPL9E W]E WORK$ \T DEMOCRATICALLY4 ,(FIC]S C\LD BE1 & W]E1 RECALL$ BY !IR TROOPS IF !Y ACT$ UNDEMOCRATICALLY4 

,?OSE SUPPORT+ CONV5TIONAL >MY /RUCTURES >GUE ?AT !Y >E NECESS>Y BECAUSE )\T !M1 9 ! HEAT ( BATTLE1 SOLDI]S WILL TURN & R\T4 ,HI/ORY HAS %[N ?AT PEOPLE WILL GIVE !IR LIVES 9 DEF5SE ( A CAUSE IF IT IS GREAT 5\< & IF !Y BELIEVE 9 IT4 

,( C\RSE !RE >E MANY MORE EXAMPLES ( OP]ATION ( CONV5TIONAL MILIT>Y >MIES 7,W4,W4,I1 ,W4,W4,I,I41 ,VIETNAM ETC4 ETC474 ,!SE W]E CONFLICTS :]E IT WAS NOT NECESS>Y TO OBTA9 ! CONS5T ( SOLDI]S4 ,! ROLE ( MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E IS TO PREV5T CONSCRIPTS FROM MUT9E]+ :5 FAC$ ) ! HORROR ( W>S 9 :I* !Y HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 FI<T+4 ,!SE W]E CONFLICTS :]E HUMAN LIFE WAS LO/ 9 GREAT NUMB]S4 ,! G5]ALS DIRECT+ ! W> EF=T W]E ABLE TO MAKE MI/AKE AFT] MI/AKE1 WA/+ LIVES1 ) NO ACC\NTABILITY 7SEE ANY MILIT>Y HI/ORY ( ! ,BATTLE ( ! ,SOMME1 ,GALIPOLI1 ETC474 ,!SE MANY EXAMPLES GIVE LIE TO ! EXCUSE ?AT IT IS MORE EFFICI5T & ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y1 TO ORGANIZE ALONG AU?ORIT>IAN L9ES4 ,! FUNCTION ( HI]>*IES ( RANK & DECISION MAK+ IS TO 5SURE ?AT ! P[] ( AN >MY IS DIRECT$ & CONTROLL$ BY A M9ORITY4 

#d4 ,FACTORIES 9 ,REVOLUTION 

,AFT] ! REVOLUTION !RE W]E TWO *OICES AVAILABLE TO ?OSE RUNN+ ! ECONOMY1 EI!R TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE OR 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! =M] ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO MOVE AGA9/ ! LATT]4 ,! FACTORY COMMITTEES W]E GR\PS ( WORK]S ELECT$ AT MO/ FACTORIES BE=E1 DUR+ & AFT] ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION4 ,! DELEGATES TO !SE COMMITTEES W]E M&ATABLE & RECALLABLE4 ,!Y W]E ELECT$ 9ITIALLY TO PREV5T ! 9DIVIDUAL BOSSES FROM SABOTAG+ EQUIPM5T4 ,!Y QUICKLY EXP&$ !IR SCOPE TO COV] ! COMPLETE ADM9I/RATION ( ! WORKPLACE & DISPLAC$ ! 9DIVIDUAL MANAG]S4 ,AS EA* WORKPLACE RELI$ ON MANY O!RS1 TO SUPPLY RAW MAT]IALS1 = 5]GY & TO TRANSPORT !IR PRODUCTS1 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES TRI$ TO F$]ATE 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#g4 

,!Y W]E PREV5T$ FROM DO+ SO BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS ?R\< ! TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACY4 ,! PLANN$ ',ALL ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES' NEV] TOOK PLACE4 ,9/EAD ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY DECID$ TO SET UP ! ',ALL ,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S ,CONTROL' ) ONLY #b#e.0 ( ! DELEGATES COM+ FROM ! FACTORY COMMITTEES4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! CREATIVE 5]GY ( ,RUSSIAN WORK]S1 CO-ORD9AT$ \TSIDE ,BOL%EVIK CONTROL1 WAS BLOCK$ 9 FAVOR ( AN ORGANIZATION ! P>TY C\LD CONTROL4 ,?IS BODY WAS 9 ITSELF /ILLBORN1 IT ONLY MET ONCE4 ,IT WAS SOON ABSORB$ BY ! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL SET UP 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiag :I* WAS ATTA*$ TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLES ,COMMISS>S1 ITSELF MADE UP ( ,BOL%EVIK P>TY MEMB]S4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #aiag ,GOLAS ,TRUADA 7! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! ,UNION = ,AN>*I/ ,PROPAG&A7 W>N$3 

0,ONCE !IR P[] IS CONSOLIDAT$ & 'LEGALIZ$'1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS :O >E ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ?AT IS1 M5 ( C5TRALI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN ACTION WILL BEG9 TO RE>RANGE ! LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & ( ! PEOPLE BY GOV]NM5TAL & DICTATORIAL ME?ODS1 IMPOS$ BY ! C5T]4 ,!IR SEAT 9 ,PETROGRAD WILL DICTATE ! WILL ( ! P>TY TO ALL ,RUSSIA1 & COMM& ! :OLE NATION4 ,Y\R ,SOVIETS & Y\R O!R LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS WILL BECOME LITTLE BY LITTLE1 SIMPLY EXECUTIVE ORGANS ( ! WILL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ! PLACE ( HEAL?1 CON/RUCTIVE WORK BY ! LABOR+ MASSES1 9 PLACE ( FREE UNIFICATION FROM ! BOTTOM1 WE WILL SEE ! 9/ALLATION ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ APP>ATUS :I* W\LD ACT FROM ABOVE & SET AB\T WIP+ \T EV]Y?+ ?AT /OOD 9 ITS WAY ) AN IRON H&40 

,?IS IS 9DE$ :AT HAPP5$4 ,! FACTORY COMMITTEES W]E M]G$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIK CONTROLL$ ,TRADE ,UNION MOVEM5T4 ,9 A DECREE 9 ,M>* #aiah WORK]S' CONTROL WAS SUPPOS$ TO RETURN TO ! CONCEPTION ( MONITOR+ & 9SPECTION RA!R ?AN MANAGEM5T1 09 NATIONALIZ$ 5T]PRISES1 WORK]'S CONTROL IS EX]CIS$ BY SUBMITT+ ALL DECL>ATIONS OR DECISIONS ( ! ,FACTORY OR %OP COMMITTEE44 TO ! ,ECONOMIC ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,C\NCIL = APPROVAL4444,NOT MORE ?AN HALF ! MEMB]S ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCIL %\LD BE WORK]S OR EMPLOYES40 ,ALSO 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#h1 ,L59 BEGAN TO CAMPAIGN 9 FAVOR ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY4 ,9 #a#i#a#i1 #a4#h.0 ( 5T]PRISES W]E UND] ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T1 BY ,DECEMB] #a#i#b1 #b1#a#h#c \T ( #b1#d#h#c FACTORIES W]E NO LONG] UND] COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T4 

,CONTROL ( ! ,ECONOMY 

,SO )9 A FEW %ORT MON?S ( ,OCTOB]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TAK5 CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY \T ( ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS & 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,?IS WAS BE=E ! CIVIL W>1 AT A TIME :5 ! WORK]S HAD %[5 !MSELVES CAPABLE ( MAK+ A REVOLUTION BUT ACCORD+ TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 9CAPABLE ( RUNN+ ! ECONOMY4 ,! BASIS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ATTACK ON ! FACTORY COMMITTEES WAS SIMPLE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS WANT$ ! FACTORIES TO BE [N$ & MANAG$ BY ! /ATE1 :]EAS ! FACTORY COMMITTEES WANT$ ! FACTORIES TO BE [N$ & MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,ONE ,BOL%EVIK DESCRIB$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEE'S ATTITUDE3 0,WE F\ND A PROCESS :I* RECALL$ ! AN>*I/ DREAMS ( AUTONOM\S PRODUCTIVE COMMUNES40 

,P>TLY !Y DID ?IS TO REMOVE ! ?REAT ( ANY OPPOSITION TO ,BOL%EVIK RULE1 BUT P>TLY1 !SE DECISIONS W]E A RESULT ( ! ,BOL%EVIK POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,!SE POLICY DECISIONS W]E NOT IMPOS$ ON !M BY EXT]NAL OBJECTIVE FACTORS SU* AS ! CIVIL W>4 ,) OR )\T ! CIVIL W> !IR /RATEGIC DECISIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! SAME1 BECAUSE !Y >ISE \T ( ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( :AT SOCIALISM IS & :AT WORK]S CONTROL MEANS4 ,!IR UND]/&+ ( :AT SOCIALISM MEANS IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! AN>*I/ DEF9ITION4 ,AT ! ROOT ( ?IS DIFF]5CE IS ! IMPORTANCE GIV5 TO ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 O!R WORDS ! IMPORTANCE ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?OSE :O PRODUCE ! WEAL? & ?OSE :O MANAGE ITS PRODUCTION4 ,9 ALL CLASS SOCIETIES1 ! PRODUC] IS SUBORD9ATE & SEP>ATE FROM ?OSE :O MANAGE PRODUCTION4 ,! WORKPLACE IS DIVID$ 9TO ! BOSS & ! WORK]S4 ,! ABOLITION ( ! DIVISION 9 SOCIETY BETWE5 'ORD]-GIV]S' & 'ORD]-TAK]S' IS 9TEGRAL TO ! ,AN>*I/ IDEA ( SOCIALISM1 BUT IS UNIMPORTANT TO ! ,L59I/4 

,! PHRASE 'WORK]S CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ' IS (T5 US$4 ,UN=TUNATELY IT REPRES5TS DIFF]5T ?+S TO DIFF]5T T5D5CIES4 ,TO ! AN>*I/ IT MEANS ?AT WORK]S MU/ HAVE COMPLETE CONTROL OV] EV]Y ASPECT ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE MU/ BE WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y MU/ HAVE ! P[] TO MAKE DECISIONS AFFECT+ !M & !IR FACTORY1 9CLUD+ H\RS WORK$1 AM\NT ( GOODS MANUFACTUR$1 :O TO EX*ANGE )4 ,AS ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 AU?OR ( ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S ,CONTROL EXPLA9S3 

0,WORK]S MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION -- IMPLY+ AS IT DOES ! TOTAL DOM9ATION ( ! PRODUC] OV] ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS -- IS NOT = US A M>G9AL MATT]4 ,IT IS ! CORE ( \R POLITICS4 ,IT IS ! ONLY MEANS :]EBY AU?ORIT>IAN 7ORD]-GIV+1 ORD]-TAK+7 RELATIONS 9 PRODUCTION CAN BE TRANSC5D$1 & A FREE1 COMMUNI/ OR AN>*I/1 SOCIETY 9TRODUC$4 ,WE ALSO HOLD ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION MAY *ANGE H&S 7PASS+ = 9/ANCE FROM PRIVATE H&S 9TO ?OSE ( A BUREAUCRACY1 COLLECTIVELY [N+ !M7 )\T ?IS REVOLUTIONIZ+ ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES -- & :ATEV] ! =MAL /ATUS ( PROP]TY -- ! SOCIETY IS /ILL A CLASS SOCIETY1 = PRODUCTION IS /ILL MANAG$ BY AN AG5CY O!R ?AN ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES0 .<#b.> 

,9 CONTRA/1 ! ,L59I/ IDEA ( SOCIALISM HAS MORE TO DO ) ! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY OR ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM ?AN ! CREATION ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* WORK]S HAVE CONTROL OV] !IR [N LABOR P[]4 

,9 ,CAN ! ,BOL%EVIKS RETA9 ,/ATE ,P[]8 ,L59 \TL9$ HIS CONCEPTION ( 'WORK]S CONTROL'3 

0,:5 WE SAY WORK]S CONTROL1 ALWAYS ASSOCIAT+ ?AT SLOGAN TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ALWAYS PUTT+ IT AFT] ! LATT]1 WE !REBY MAKE PLA9 :AT /ATE WE HAVE 9 M9D44 IF IT IS A PROLET>IAN /ATE WE >E REF]R+ TO 7I4E4 DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT7 !N WORK]S CONTROL CAN BECOME A NATIONAL1 ALL-EMBRAC+1 OMNIPRES5T1 EXTREMELY PRECISE & EXTREMELY SCRUPUL\S ACC\NT+ 7EMPHASIS 9 ! ORIG9AL7 ( ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS40 

,BY 'ACC\NT+' ,L59 MEANT ! P[] TO OV]SEE ! BOOKS1 TO *ECK ! IMPLEM5TATION ( DECISIONS MADE BY O!RS1 RA!R ?AN FUNDAM5TAL DECISION MAK+4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS SAW ONLY ! NECESSITY = CREAT+ ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS = SOCIALISM4 ,?AT IS1 )\T A C]TA9 LEVEL ( WEAL? 9 SOCIETY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO 9TRODUCE ALL ?OSE ?+S ?AT SOCIALISM REQUIRES2 FREE HEAL?C>E1 H\S+1 $UCATION & ! RI<T TO WORK4 ,L59 SAID 

0,SOCIALISM IS M]ELY ! NEXT /EP =W>D FROM /ATE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY4 ,OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 SOCIALISM IS M]ELY /ATE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY :I* IS MADE TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE PEOPLE & HAS TO ?AT EXT5T CEAS$ TO BE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY .<#b#a.> OR ALSO ,/ATE CAPITALISM IS A COMPLETE MAT]IAL PREP>ATION = SOCIALISM1 ! ?RE%OLD ( SOCIALISM1 A RUNG ON ! LADD] ( HI/ORY BETWE5 :I* & ! RUNG CALL$ SOCIALISM !RE >E NO GAPS0 .<#b#b.>4 

,! 9TRODUCTION ( ,TAYLORISM & ONE MAN MANAGEM5T 9 ! FACTORIES 9 #aiah & #aiai DISPLAYS A FIXATION ) EFFICI5CY & PRODUCTIVITY AT ! EXP5SE ( WORK]S' RI<TS4 ,!Y DIDN'T SEE ?AT )\T CONTROL OV] Y\R [N WORK+ LIFE1 Y\ REMA9 A COG 9 SOMEONE ELSE'S :EEL4 ,WORK]S' DEMOCRACY AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION IS AS IMPORTANT AS MAT]IAL WELLBE+ IS TO ! CREATION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,H[EV]1 !RE IS YET ANO!R PROBLEM ) ! ,BOL%EVIK VISION ( A PLANN$ ECONOMY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS ?\<T C5TRALIZ+ ! ECONOMY UND] /ATE CONTROL W\LD BR+ TO AN 5D ! *AOS ( CAPITALI/IC ECONOMIES4 ,UN=TUNATELY !Y DIDN'T CONSID] ?AT C5TRALIZATION )\T FREE EX*ANGE ( 9=MATION LEADS TO ITS [N DISA/]S4 ,! BUREAUCRATIC MI/AKES ( ,/AL9 & ,MAO >E LEG5D>Y4 ,UND] ,MAO1 ! SP>R[S ( ,*9A W]E BR\<T TO ! BR9K ( EXT9CTION TO PREV5T !M FROM EAT+ ! CROPS4 ,UN=TUNATELY ?IS L$ TO AN EXPLOSION 9 ! 9SECT POPULATION 7PREVI\SLY ! SP>R[S ATE ! 9SECTS SO KEEP+ ! NUMB]S D[N7 & RESULTANT DE/RUCTION ( ! H>VE/4 ,9 ,RUSSIA HUGE UNUSABLE NUTS & BOLTS W]E MANUFACTUR$ SO QUOTAS C\LD BE MET4 ,9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY DID NOT EXI/4 ,PLANS W]E IMPOS$ ON ! POPULATION4 ,IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO QUE/ION OR CRITICIZE4 ,ANY OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE WAS C\NT] REVOLUTION>Y1 NO MATT] H[ /UPID OR BL9D ! /ATE DECISIONS W]E4 ,ONLY ) WORK]S DEMOCRACY CAN !RE BE FREE EX*ANGE ( IDEAS & 9=MATION4 ,PLANN+ AN ECONOMY 9 IGNORANCE IS LIKE PLAY+ FOOTBALL BL9D1 DIFFICULT IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE TO DO SUCCESSFULLY4 ,9 %ORT1 IT WAS BAD POLITICS1 P]HAPS MOTIVAT$ BY WI%FUL ?9K+1 ?AT L$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO BELIEVE ?AT HOLD+ ! RE9S ( /ATE P[] C\LD POSSIBLY BE A %ORT CUT TO SOCIALISM4 

#e4 ,LE>N+ ! LESSONS ( HI/ORY 

,:AT UNITES ALL ,L59I/ TRADITIONS 7,/AL9ISM1 ,MAOISM1 ,TROTSKYISM7 AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S IS !IR DEF5SE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ! P]IOD #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 ,IT IS ?IS ,BOL%EVIK BLUEPR9T :I* !Y SEEK TO RECREATE4 ,! REASONS V>I\SLY GIV5 = ! COLLAPSE ( ! REVOLUTION >E ! BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA 7EI!R 9DU/RIALLY OR SOCIALLY71 ! ,CIVIL ,W> & ! ISOLATION ( ,RUSSIA4 ,:AT ,L59I/S >GUE IS ?AT ! FAULT DIDN'T LIE ) ! POLITICS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS OR ) ! POLICIES !Y IMPLEM5T$ BUT RA!R ) CONDITIONS ?AT W]E BEYOND !IR CONTROL4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O W]E CRITICAL ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS SUPPRESSION ( DEMOCRACY1 SU* AS ,VICTOR ,S]GE & ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION GR\P1 ULTIMATELY DEF5D$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS' POSITION4 ,!IR >GUM5T IS ?AT )\T ! MEASURES ! ,BOL%EVIKS TOOK1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE FALL5 TO A ,:ITE REACTION & A RETURN TO ! MON>*Y4 

,\R >GUM5T IS ?AT NO MATT] :AT ! OBJECTIVE FACTORS W]E OR WILL BE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK R\TE ALWAYS & 9EVITABLY LEADS TO ! DEA? ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,MORE ?AN ?IS1 DEFEAT BY REVOLUTION>IES IS MU* WORSE ?AN DEFEAT BY ! ,:ITES1 = IT BR+S ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT 9TO DISREPUTE4 ,= SEV5TY YE>S SOCIALISM C\LD EASILY BE EQUAT$ ) PRISON CAMPS & DICTATOR%IP4 ,! ,SOVIET ,UNION BECAME ! ?REAT ( A BAD EXAMPLE4 ,SOCIALI/S F\ND !MSELVES DEF5D+ ! 9DEF5SIBLE4 ,C\NTLESS REVOLUTIONS W]E SQU&]$ & LO/ TO ,L59ISM & ITS HEIR1 ,/AL9ISM4 

,FRE$OM & UTOPIA 

,9 ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE ,5GELS \TL9ES H[ REVOLUTION WILL LEAD TO MANK9D'S FRE$OM2 

0,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION -- .<IS !.> SOLUTION ( ! CONTRADICTIONS .<( CAPITALISM.>4 ,! PROLET>IAT SEIZES ! PUBLIC P[]1 & BY MEANS ( ?IS TRANS=MS ! SOCIALIZ$ MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 SLIPP+ FROM ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 9TO PUBLIC PROP]TY4 ,BY ?IS ACT ! PROLET>IAT FREES ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION FROM ! *>ACT] ( CAPITAL !Y HAVE ?US F> BORNE & GIVES !IR SOCIALI/ *>ACT] COMPLETE FRE$OM TO WORK ITSELF \T4 ,SOCIALIZ$ PRODUCTION UPON A PR$ET]M9$ PLAN BECOMES H5CE=? POSSIBLE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION MAKES ! EXI/5CE ( DIFF]5T CLASSES 9 SOCIETY H5CE=? AN ANA*RONISM4 ,9 PROPORTION AN>*Y .<*AOS.> 9 SOCIAL PRODUCTION VANI%ES1 ! POLITICAL AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE DIES \T4 ,MAN1 AT LA/ ! MA/] ( HIS [N =M ( ORGANIZATION1 BECOMES AT ! SAME TIME LORD OV] NATURE1 HIS [N MA/] -- FREE40 .<#b#c.> 

,9 P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS FOLL[$ ?IS PROGRAM4 ,!Y C5TRALIZ$ PRODUCTION1 REMOV+ FROM IT '! *>ACT] ( CAPITAL'1 YET ! EXI/5CE ( DIFF]5T CLASSES DID NOT DIE \T4 ,BOL%EVIK P>TY (FICIALS GOT BETT] RATIONS1 ACCOMMODATION & PRIVILEGES4 ,9 TIME !Y W]E ABLE TO TRANSF] !IR PRIVILEGES TO !IR (FSPR+1 ACT+ JU/ AS ! RUL+ CLASS 9 ! ,WE/4 ,*AOS 9 SOCIAL PRODUCTION DIDN'T VANI%1 *AOS 9 ,/AL9'S TIME L$ TO FAM9E4 ,! POLITICAL AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE DID NOT DIE \T & ! SOVIET PEOPLE W]E NOT FREE4 

,! '*>ACT] ( CAPITAL' IS NOT ! ONLY =CE UND]P9N+ ! /RUCTURE 9 SOCIETY4 ,P[] RELATIONS ALSO HAVE A P>T TO PLAY1 & CONTR>Y TO ,5GEL'S ASSUMPTIONS1 P[] DOES NOT ONLY COME FROM [N]%IP ( CAPITAL4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE MAY NOT HAVE [N$ ! DE$S TO ! FACTORIES P] SE BUT !Y W]E 9 *>GE4 

,FRE$OM ISN'T JU/ A GOAL1 A NOBLE 5D TO BE A*IEV$ BUT RA!R A NECESS>Y P>T ( ! PROCESS ( CREAT+ SOCIALISM4 ,AN>*I/S >E (T5 ACCUS$ ( BE+ 'UTOPIAN'4 ,BELIEFS >E UTOPIAN IF SUBJECTIVE IDEAS >E NOT GR\ND$ 9 OBJECTIVE REALITY4 ,AN>*I/S HOLD ?AT P>T ( ! SUBJECTIVE CONDITIONS REQUIR$ BE=E SOCIALISM CAN EXI/ IS ! EXI/5CE ( FREE EX*ANGE ( IDEAS & DEMOCRACY4 ,TO BELIEVE ?AT REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE )\T FRE$OM1 TO BELIEVE ?OSE 9 P[] CAN1 ?R\< !IR BE/ & G5U9E 9T5TIONS1 IMPOSE SOCIALISM FROM ABOVE1 AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID1 IS 9DE$ UTOPIAN4 ,AS ,SAM ,FAB] PUTS IT 9 ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM3 

0DET]M9ISM'S *>ACT]I/IC & SY/EMIC FAILURE IS TO UND]/& ?AT :AT ! MASSES ( PEOPLE DO & ?9K POLITICALLY IS AS MU* P>T ( ! PROCESS DET]M9+ ! \TCOME ( HI/ORY AS >E ! OBJECTIVE OB/ACLES ?AT MO/ DEF9ITELY LIMIT PEOPLES' *OICES0 .<#b#d.> 

,! RECEIV$ WISDOM IS ?AT !RE WAS NO ALT]NATIVE OP5 TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD HAVE FOLL[$ A MORE DEMOCRATIC R\TE1 BUT !Y *OSE NOT TO4 ,!Y W]E 9 ! M9ORITY & !IR GOAL WAS TO HAVE ABSOLUTE P[]4 ,!IR FAILURE TO UND]/& ?AT SOCIALISM & DEMOCRACY >E P>T ( ! SAME PROCESS DE/ROY$ ! PROSPECT = SOCIALISM 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,NEXT TIME !RE >E REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS 9 SOCIETY1 IT IS TO BE HOP$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! WORK+ CLASS WILL NOT BE SO SQU&]$4 

,LEAV+ ! LA/ WORD TO ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN2 

0,NO REVOLUTION HAS YET TRI$ ! TRUE WAY ( LIB]TY4 ,NONE HAS HAD SUFFICI5T FAI? 9 IT4 ,=CE & SUPPRESSION1 P]SECUTIONN1 REV5GE1 & T]ROR HAVE *>ACT]IZ$ ALL REVOLUTIONS 9 ! PA/ & HAVE !REBY DEFEAT$ !IR ORIG9AL AIMS4 ,! TIME HAS COME TO TRY NEW ME?ODS1 NEW WAYS4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS TO A*IEVE ! EMANCIPATION ( MAN ?R\< LIB]TY1 BUT IF WE HAVE NO FAI? 9 ! LATT]1 REVOLUTION BECOMES A D5IAL & BETRAYAL ( ITSELF40 .<#b#e.> 

.<#a.> ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 7#a#i#a#h7 

.<#b.> ,S]GEI ,M/ISLAVSKII1 ,FIVE ,DAYS :I* ,TRANS=M$ ,RUSSIA1 7#a#i#b#c7 

.<#c.> ,PAUL ,FROLI* 9 HIS BOOK ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 1 7#a#i#c#c7 

.<#d.> ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S ,CONTROL1 7#a#i#g7 

.<#e.> ,VOL9E1 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION1 7#a#i#e#c7 

.<#f.> ,! ,R,S,D,L,P WAS ! NAME ( ! P>TY ?AT WAS TO SPLIT 9TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,M5%EVIKS4 

.<#g.> ,GEORGE ,LEGGETT1 ,! ,*EKA1 ,L59S ,POLITICAL ,POLICE 1 7#a#i#h#a7 

.<#h.> ,:]E ! ,U,S ,GOV]NM5T AID$ 9 ! MASSACRE ( OV] HALF A MILLION ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY SUPPORT]S4 

.<#i.> ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE4 ,?IS GR\P WAS 9ITIALLY SET UP BY ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET ON ! #a#b? ,OCT #aiag TO ORGANIZE = ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTION ! NEWLY =M$ ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS ELECT$ TWO 9T]IM BODIES2 ! ,SOVN>KOM 7! GOV]NM5T7 COMPOS$ ONLY ( ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,V,TS,L,K 7A LEGISLATIVE BODY74 ,! ,SOVN>KOM TRANSF]R$ ! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,M,R,C TO ! ,*EKA4 

.<#a.> ,GEORGE ,LEGGETT1 ,! ,*EKA1 ,L59S ,POLITICAL ,POLICE 1 7#a#i#h#a7 

.<#a#a.> ,GEORGE ,LEGGETT1 ,! ,*EKA1 ,L59S ,POLITICAL ,POLICE 1 7#a#i#h#a7 

.<#a#b.> ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T ) ,RUSSIA1 7#a#i#b#b7 

.<#a#c.> ,= ,AN>*ISM1 $IT$ BY ,DAVID ,GOODWAY1 PP#g#c 7#a#i#h#i7 

.<#a#d.> ,SAMUEL ,F>B]1 ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM1 ! RISE & FALL ( ,SOVIET DEMOCRACY1 7#a#i#i7 

.<#a#e.> ,GEORGE ,LEGGETT1 ,! ,*EKA1 ,L59S ,POLITICAL ,POLICE1 P#d 7#a#i#h#a7 

.<#a#f.> QUOT$ BY ,VOL9E1 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION1 7#a#i#e#c7 

.<#a#g.> ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T ) ,RUSSIA1 7#a#i#b#b7 

.<#a#h.> ,LEON ,TROTSKY1 ,WORK1 ,DISCIPL9E1 ,ORD]1 PP#a#g#a-#a#g#b 

.<#a#i.> ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SOANI% ,REVOLUTION1 7#a#i#h#c7 

.<#b.> ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S ,CONTROL1 7#a#i#g7 

.<#b#a.> ,L591 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 ,VOL4 #be PAGE #ceh 

.<#b#b.> ,L591 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 ,VOL4 #bd PAGE #bei 

.<#b#c.> ,5GLES1 ,SOCIALISM -- ,UTOPIAN & ,SCI5TIFIC1 7#a#h#h7 

.<#b#d.> ,SAM ,FAB]1 ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM1 PP#a#i#h 

.<#b#e.> ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,A,B,C ( ,AN>*ISM1 7#a#i#b#i7 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,FRE$OM & ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,FRE$OM & ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/