,FROM ,DEF5SE ,CADRES TO ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON 

,TEXT 3 

,! DEF5SE CADRES W]E =M$ %ORTLY AFT] ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 & W]E A CONT9UATION ( ! >M$ DEF5SE GR\PS ( ! YE>S ( PI/OL]ISMO4 

,FROM ,%APIRO'S REPORT TO ! ,PRES5TATION ( ,OCTOB] #aicd 

,A CONFID5TIAL REPORT DI/RIBUT$ TO A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( PEOPLE1 WRITT5 BY ,ALEX&] ,%APIRO1 ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,A,I,T1 DUR+ HIS /AY 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#b-#a#i#c#c1 \TL9$ ! NATURE & FUNCTION ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES1 ORGANIZ$ EXCLUSIVELY = 9/ANCES ( 9SURRECTION>Y COMBAT1 SU* AS ! CLA%ES ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#c1 :I* ,%APIRO HAD WITNESS$ FIR/-H&4 ,?IS REPORT BY ,%APIRO CONC]N+ ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES WAS WRITT5 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT A FULL-SCALE POLEMIC WAS UND]WAY BETWE5 ,F,A,I/AS & ,TRE9TI/AS REG>D+ ! QUE/ION ( :E!R OR NOT !RE WAS ANY *ANCE TO IMPLEM5T ! TACTIC ( IMM$IATE1 P]MAN5T 9SURRECTION AT ! LEVEL ( ! LOCALITIES4 ,%APIRO'S REPORT1 :I* B5EFIT$ FROM ! 9VALUABLE SUPPORT ( ,EUSEBIO ,C>BO1 DESCRIB$ ! DEF5SE CADRES ?AT EXI/$ 9 #aicc AS FOLL[S3 0,!SE ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES1 :I* HAVE ALREADY EXI/$ = SOME TIME1 W]E EXCLUSIVELY CONC]N$ ) PREP>+ ! WEAPONS ?AT W\LD BE NECESS>Y 9 CASE ( 9SURRECTION1 ORGANIZ+ ! COMBAT GR\PS 9 V>I\S POPUL> NEI<BORHOODS1 ORGANIZ+ ! RESI/ANCE ( ! SOLDI]S 9 ! B>RACKS1 ETC40 

,ALREADY DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! ,A/URIAN 9SURRECTION1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES 7,C,N,C,D7 CONFIRM$1 9 A CONF]5CE PRES5TATION1 ! FAILURE ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y TACTIC1 POPUL>LY KN[N AS 0REVOLUTION>Y GYMNA/ICS01 TO :I* IT ATTRIBUT$ ! ,C,N,T'S LACK ( PREP>$NESS TO 9T]V5E1 AT ! NATIONAL LEVEL1 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d4 ,! TIME HAD >RIV$ TO DISC>D ?IS TACTIC BECAUSE IT HAD PROV5 H[ ABSURD & DANG]\S LOCAL 9SURRECTIONS W]E :5 !Y TOOK PLACE AT AN 9OPPORTUNE MOM5T & )\T S]I\S PREVI\S PREP>ATION1 S9CE IT LEFT ! LIB]T>IANS SUBJECT TO /ATE REPRESSION )\T A*IEV+ EI!R A POPUL> EXT5SION ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY OR ! SUPPORT ( O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* W\LD BE NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO SUCCESSFULLY CONFRONT ! MILIT>Y & REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS ( ! /ATE4 ,! WOR/ ?+ AB\T IT1 H[EV]1 WAS ! FACT ?AT ! REPRESSION HAD DISMANTL$ ! CL&E/9E MILIT>Y APP>ATUS ( ! ,C,N,T1 AFT] ! 9SURRECTIONS ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,JANU>Y & ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#c4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 :5 ! CONDITIONS W]E RIPE = A REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTION ON A NATIONAL SCALE1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S W]E TOTALLY EXHAU/$1 DISORGANIZ$ & DIS>M$1 ) ?\S&S ( !IR MILITANTS 9 PRISON4 

,! DET]M9ATION TO WORK TO RE9=CE ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES1 OV]COME !IR DEFECTS & CORRECT !IR %ORTCOM+S1 & ESPECIALLY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! /ATE REPRESSION AS A SPUR TO 9T5SIFY ! /RUGGLE1 9SPIR$ ! PRES5TATION ( ! ,C,N,C,D 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d4 ,! OLD TACTIC WAS AB&ON$ 9 FAVOR ( S]I\S & ME?ODICAL REVOLUTION>Y PREP>ATION3 0,!RE IS NO REVOLUTION )\T PREP>ATION2 & ! MORE 9T5SIVE & 9TELLIG5T ?IS PREP>ATION IS1 ! MORE EFFECTIVE IT WILL BE :5 IT IS PUT 9TO OP]ATION4 ,WE MU/ PUT AN 5D TO ! PREJUDICE 9 FAVOR ( IMPROVIZATION & 5?USIA/IC 9SPIRATION AS ! ONLY PRACTICABLE =MS 9 TIMES ( DIFFICULTIES4 ,?IS ]ROR1 :I* CONSI/S ( TRU/+ ! CREATIVE 9/9CT ( ! MASSES1 HAS CO/ US DE>LY4 ,! 9DISP5SABLE MEANS ( W> = FI<T+ AGA9/ A /ATE ) EXP]I5CE1 A L>GE MILIT>Y BUDGET & SUP]IOR (F5SIVE & DEF5SIVE CAPABILITIES1 WILL NOT BE OBTA9$ AS IF BY SPONTANE\S G5]ATION40 

,! ,C,N,C,D CONSID]$ 0?AT WE HAVE TO RECOGNIZE ! GREAT IMPORTANCE ?AT ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES HAVE = ! ,C,N,T & ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION1 & DEVOTE \RSELVES TO ! UN9T]RUPT$ /UDY ( !IR /RUCTURES 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE !M & PROVIDE !M ) ! ECONOMIC & MORAL & TE*NICAL MEANS ?AT WILL CONF] UPON !M ! GREATE/ EFFICACY ) REG>D TO OBTA9+ ! DESIR$ GOAL AS QUICKLY & AS EFFICI5TLY AS POSSIBLE04 

,! CL&E/9E MILIT>Y APP>ATUS ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES MU/ ALWAYS BE SUBJECT TO ! ORD]S & ! NECESSITIES ( ! ,C,N,T3 0! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES WILL BE AN ORGANIC MODALITY ATTA*$ TO ! ,C,N,T40 ,! PRES5TATION /RUCTUR$ ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES ON ! BASIS ( 0VOLUNTE] MILITANTS01 JU/ AS P>TICIPATION 9 ! SPECIFIC ORGANIZATIONS1 ?AT IS1 ! ,F,A,I & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 WAS CONSID]$ TO BE VOLUNT>Y4 ,BUT IT WAS NEV] =GOTT5 ?AT ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES W]E ! CL&E/9E MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,C,N,T1 F9ANC$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 :I* 0%ALL E/ABLI% A DUES QUOTA ?AT WILL BE DELIV]$ TO !M .<! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES.> ON A MON?LY BASIS VIA ! CONF$]AL ,COMMITTEES ( EA* LOCALITY OR C\NTY DI/RICT04 

,! PRES5TATION ( ! ,C,N,C,D1 DELIV]$ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 >GU$ ?AT ! GR\P OR CADRE ( BASIC DEF5SE MU/ BE RELATIVELY SMALL 9 ORD] TO FACILITATE ITS SECRECY & FLEXIBILITY1 AS WELL AS TO 5SURE A PR(\ND KN[L$GE ( ! *>ACT]1 UND]/&+ & SKILLS ( EA* MILITANT4 ,IT MU/ BE COMPOS$ ( A SECRET>Y1 :OSE BASIC TASK WAS TO MA9TA9 L9KS ) O!R GR\PS FROM ! SAME NEI<BORHOOD1 & TO =M NEW GR\PS4 ,A SECOND MILITANT MU/ BE RESPONSIBLE = ID5TIFY+ & RECORD+ ! NAME1 RESID5CE1 IDEOLOGY1 DI/+UI%+ FEATURES1 & HABITS (1 & ! NATURE ( ! ?REAT POS$ BY1 5EMIES LIV+ 9 ! >EA ASSIGN$ TO ! GR\P4 

,! 'NATURE ( ! ?REAT POS$' REF]S TO ! BELIEFS OR IDEOLOGIES ( ?OSE P]SONS ID5TIFI$ AS 5EMIES3 0MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 POLICE1 PRIE/S1 GOV]NM5T (FICIALS1 B\RGEOIS & ,M>XI/ POLITICIANS1 PI/OL]OS1 FASCI/S1 ETC40 ,A ?IRD MILITANT MU/ /UDY ! BUILD+S & COMP\NDS ?AT >E HO/ILE TO ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 !IR VULN]ABILITY & !IR IMPORTANCE4 ,?IS 9VOLVES ! DRAFT+ ( FLOOR PLANS & ! ELABORATION ( /ATI/ICS CONC]N+ ! M51 EQUIPM5T & >MAM5TS LOCAT$ 9 0B>RACKS1 POLICE /ATIONS1 PRISONS1 *UR*ES & MONA/]IES1 POLITICAL & EMPLOY]S' C5T]S1 =TIFI$ BUILD+S1 ETC404 ,A F\R? MILITANT ( ! GR\P MU/ 9VE/IGATE /RATEGIC PO9TS & TACTICS1 ?AT IS1 0BRIDGES1 UND]GR\ND TUNNELS1 SEW]S1 CELL>S1 H\SES ) RO(TOP T]RACES1 OR BACK DOORS OR DOORS ?AT PROVIDE ACCESS TO SIDE /REETS OR C\RTY>DS ?AT C\LD PROVIDE AV5UES ( ESCAPE OR REFUGE04 ,IT WAS DECID$ ?AT A FIF? MILITANT ( ! GR\P %\LD BE D$ICAT$ TO /UDY+ ! PUBLIC S]VICES3 0LI<T+1 WAT]1 G>AGES1 TROLLEY C>S1 SUBWAY1 HI<WAYS & !IR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SABOTAGE OR CONFISCATION04 ,A SIX? MILITANT W\LD BE RESPONSIBLE = LOCAT+ & /UDY+ H[ TO ASSAULT PLACES :]E >MS1 MONEY & SUPPLIES = ! REVOLUTION C\LD BE OBTA9$3 0>MORIES1 BUILD+S ) !IR [N SECURITY GU>DS1 BANKS1 SAV+S & LOAN 9/ITUTIONS1 W>EH\SES CONTA9+ CLO?+1 FOOD1 ETC40 

,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT ?IS FIGURE ( SIX MILITANTS WAS ! IDEAL NUMB] TO =M A DEF5SE GR\P OR CADRE1 )\T FAIL+ TO TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! POSSIBILITY ?AT1 9 C]TA9 CASES1 ANO!R MEMB] C\LD BE ADD$ 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T 0SPECIAL SUPPLEM5T>Y0 TASKS4 ,! ,PRES5TATION RECOMM5D$ ?AT ! QUANTITY ( CADRES %\LD BE SUBORD9AT$ TO !IR QUALITY1 & ?AT ! MILITANTS MU/ BE M5 :O CAN BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS 0DISCREET & ACTIVE04 

,! DEF5SE GR\PS1 !N1 AFT] ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! R$UC$ SIZE ( !IR BASIC UNIT1 SIX MILITANTS1 EA* ( :OM WAS RESPONSIBLE = QUITE SPECIFIC TASKS4 ,! SECRET>Y ( ! GR\P MA9TA9$ L9KS ) ! O!R GR\PS 9 ! SAME NEI<BORHOOD4 ,!Y W]E GR\PS = 9=MATION GA!R+ & COMBAT ?AT MU/ P]=M 0! ROLE ( A JU/ REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D0 ?AT 0WILL DIRECTLY 9SPIRE ! PEOPLE01 ?AT IS1 AT ! MOM5T ( ! 9SURRECTION !Y MU/ BE CAPABLE ( MOBILIZ+ MORE NUM]\S SECOND>Y GR\PS1 & !SE1 9 TURN1 MU/ TRY TO MOBILIZE ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 

,! DEF5SE GR\P WAS ! BASIC CELL ( ! CL&E/9E MILIT>Y /RUCTURE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,9 EA* NEI<BORHOOD A NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE COMMITTEE WAS TO BE =M$1 :I* W\LD COORD9ATE ALL !SE DEF5SE CADRES1 & W\LD RECEIVE A MON?LY REPORT FROM EA* ( ! SECRET>IES ( ! GR\PS4 ,! SECRET>Y-DELEGATE ( ! NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE COMMITTEE W\LD !N DRAFT A SUMM>Y REPORT ?AT HE WAS TO DELIV] TO ! ,DI/RICT ,COMMITTEE1 & ! LATT] W\LD 9 TURN TRANSMIT IT TO ! ,LOCAL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE 0& ! LATT] W\LD =W>D IT TO ! ,REGIONAL & !N ! ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES1 RESPECTIVELY04 

,?IS ORGANIZATIONAL S*EMA1 SUITABLE = MAJOR CITIES1 WAS SIMPLIFI$ 9 ! T[NS & VILLAGES1 :]E ! DIFF]5T GR\PS W]E COORD9AT$ DIRECTLY 9 ! LOCAL COMMITTEES4 ,! ,PRES5TATION EV5 PROVID$ A DETAIL$ ACC\NT ( H[ & :]E 0DEF5SE GR\PS OR DEF5SE CADRES >E =M$1 SEEK+ ! HUMAN ELEM5TS 9 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & DI/RIBUT+ !M ?R\<\T ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES1 ASSIGN+ TO EA* GR\P AN OP]ATIONAL T]RITORY DESIGNAT$ ON ! MAP ( ! CITY1 AN >EA ?AT IT MAY NOT LEAVE )\T EXPRESS AU?ORIZATION04 

,! DEGREE ( DETAIL & PRECISION ?AT W5T 9TO ! =MATION ( !SE ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES IS NOTORI\S4 ,! ,PRES5TATION RECOMM5D$ ?AT ! GR\PS %\LD BE =M$ ( M5 FROM ! SAME TRADE UNION1 OR PR(ESSIONAL CATEGORY1 0NOT = ! PURPOSE ( MA9TA9+ RELATIONS ) OR REMA9+ DEP5D5T ON !IR ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 S9CE !Y >E AT ! EXCLUSIVE DISPOSAL ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES = ! PURPOSE ( C>RY+ \T ! MISSIONS ?AT ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES RESOLVE TO UND]TAKE01 BUT BECAUSE ?IS 0ME?OD HAS ! VIRTUE ( TRANS=M+ !SE MILITANTS1 GR\P$ )9 ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES1 9TO GU>DIANS ( PR9CIPLE )9 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & 9 ORD] TO KEEP AN EYE ON ! 9T]NAL & PUBLIC ACTIONS ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS04 

,! ,PRES5TATION ( ! ,C,N,C,D ALSO SET =? A DETAIL$ DESCRIPTION ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES ON A REGIONAL & NATIONAL SCALE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE SECTORS ( WORK]S1 SU* AS RAILROAD WORK]S1 TROLLEY CONDUCTORS1 TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH WORK]S1 PO/AL WORK]S1 &1 9 %ORT1 ALL ?OSE :O DUE TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( !IR PR(ESSION OR ORGANIZATION >E ACTIVE ON A NATIONAL SCALE1 EMPHASIZ+ ! IMPORTANCE ( COMMUNICATIONS 9 A REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION4 ,A SPECIAL DEP>TM5T WAS D$ICAT$ TO ! LABOR ( 9FILTRATION1 PROPAG&A & W9N+ SYMPA?IZ]S 9 ! B>RACKS4 ,AFT] CONSID]+ ! NE$ TO CON/ANTLY DISCUSS & P]FECT ! 9SURRECTION>Y PLANS & TACTICS ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES AT A LOCAL1 REGIONAL & NATIONAL LEVEL1 & =MALIZ+ ! CONNECTION ) ! ,F,A,I1 ! ,PRES5TATION CONCLUD$ ) AN APPEAL TO ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T TO CONSID] ! IMPORTANCE ( CONSOLIDAT+1 EXT5D+ & P]FECT+ A CL&E/9E MILIT>Y APP>ATUS ( ! ,C,N,T1 0TO CONFRONT ! MILIT>Y & POLICE LEVIA?AN ( ! /ATE & ! FASCI/ OR ,M>XI/ MILITIAS04 

,! DEF5SE CADRES W]E MO/LY TRADE UNION MEMB]S4 ,AFT] ,JULY #a#i-#b SOME ( !SE TRADE UNION CADRES =M$ C5TURIES ( ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS1 :I* IMM$IATELY DEP>T$ TO FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM ON ! ,>AGON FRONT4 ,?IS IS :Y1 )9 ! V>I\S CONF$]AL COLUMNS1 ONE SPOKE ( ! C5TURY ( ! METAL WORK]S1 OR ! C5TURY ( ! WOODWORK]S1 OR ( ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 =M$ ( MILITANTS FROM ! SAME TRADE UNION4 

,! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES HAD TWO ESS5TIAL FUNCTIONS3 

,ACQUISITION1 MA9T5ANCE1 /ORAGE & TRA9+ 9 ! USE ( WEAPONS4 ,! AU?ORITY ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES WAS BAS$ ON !IR *>ACT] AS >M$ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!IR P[] WAS ! P[] ( ! WORK]S 9 >MS4 

,LOGI/ICAL RESPONSIBILITIES 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE ( ! T]M1 FROM ! PROVISION ( SUPPLIES & MANAG+ POPUL> KIT*5S TO ! CREATION & OP]ATION ( HOSPITALS1 S*OOLS1 SOCIAL C5T]S 444 OR EV51 DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS AFT] ! POPUL> VICTORY1 RECRUIT+ MILITIAM5 & SUPPLY+ ! COLUMNS ?AT W]E DEP>T+ = ! FRONT4 

,! OLD DEF5SE CADRES W]E =M$ %ORTLY AFT] ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 & C\LD BE CONSID]$ AS ! CONT9UATION1 REORGANIZATION & EXT5SION ( ! >M$ DEF5SE GR\PS ( ! P]IOD ( PI/OL]ISMO 7#a#i#a#i-#a#i#b#c74 

,DUR+ ! ?IRTIES ! UNEMPLOY$ W]E 5ROLL$ 9 ! DEF5SE CADRES = ROTAT+ T]MS 9 ORD] TO EX]CISE SOLID>ITY BY PROVID+ !M ) AN 9COME1 TO PREV5T !M FROM BECOM+ /RIKEBREAK]S & TO SPREAD ! KN[L$GE ( ! USE ( >MS TO ! MAXIMUM NUMB] ( MILITANTS4 ,= !SE SAME REASONS1 & TO PREV5T !IR 0PR(ESSIONALIZATION01 !RE W]E NO FULL-TIME1 P]MAN5T PAID POSITIONS 9 ! DEF5SE CADRES4 ,?R\<\T ! 5TIRE REPUBLICAN PHASE !RE W]E >M$ PICKETS & TRADE UNION DEF5SE GR\PS ?AT DEF5D$ DEMON/RATIONS & /RIKES OR PROMOT$ LOCAL 9SURRECTIONS4 

,! ,PRES5TATION ( ! ,C,N,C,D ( ,OCTOB] #aicd CALL$ = A NEW ORGANIZATION & ORI5TATION = ! DEF5SE CADRES1 :I* TACITLY ACCEPT$ ,ALEX&] ,%APIRO'S CRITICISMS DIRECT$ AT 9SURRECTIONAL 0GYMNA/ICS0 & ! CRITICISMS ( ! 9T]NAL ,C,N,T OPPOSITION1 AS REFLECT$ 9 ! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,?IRTY4 

,! ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEE = ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PREP>$NESS 

,9 ,CATALONIA1 ! PRACTICAL IMPLEM5TATION ( ?IS NEW /RUCTURE ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES WAS ! !ME ( A PRES5TATION ORGANIZ$ BY ! AN>*I/ GR\PS ,! ,9DOMITABLES1 ,N]VIO1 ,NOSOTROS1 ,TI]RA ,LIBRE & ,G]M51 AT ! ,PL5UM ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS ( ,B>CELONA1 :I* MET 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#e4 ,?IS PRES5TATION 9AUGURAT$ ! F\ND+1 9 ,B>CELONA1 ( ! ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEE = ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PREP>$NESS4 

,! PREAMBLE TO ! PRES5TATION *>ACT]IZ$ ! HI/ORICAL MOM5T AS 0A P]IOD ( IMM5SE REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVES DUE ABOVE ALL TO ! MANIFE/ 9CAPACITY ( CAPITALISM & ! /ATE TO PROVIDE ANY EQUITABLE SOLUTIONS TO ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & MORAL PROBLEMS ?AT >E N[ OV]:ELM+LY POS$04 ,! 9T]NATIONAL POLITICAL BREAKD[N AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,GREAT ,W> WAS HI<LI<T$3 0,MORE ?AN FIFTE5 YE>S ( CON/ANT EF=TS ON ! P>T ( ! LEAD]S ( ECONOMIC LIFE & JU/ AS MANY ATTEMPTS ( A MANIFOLD V>IETY ON ! P>T ( ! /ATE1 NOT TO =GET ! SO-CALL$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 HAVE NOT PRODUC$ A M9IMUM ( TOL]ABLE EQUILIBRIUM = ! BROAD MASSES1 BUT HAVE ONLY AGGRAVAT$ ! G5]AL UNRE/ & HAVE L$ US TO ! V]GE ( PHYSIOLOGICAL RU9 & ! ?RE%OLD ( ANO!R MILIT>Y HECATOMB40 ,AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( A TRULY HORRIFY+ HI/ORICAL PANORAMA--! RISE ( FASCISM 9 ,ITALY1 ,NAZISM 9 ,G]MANY1 ,/AL9ISM 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ECONOMIC DEPRESSION ) MASSIVE P]MAN5T UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE--! PRES5TATION (F]$ ! HOPE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT3 0,9 ! UNIV]SAL COLLAPSE ( IDEAS1 P>TIES1 & SY/EMS1 ALL ?AT REMA9S /&+ IS ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ) ITS PROGRAM ( REORGANIZATION ( ! F\NDATIONS ( LABOR1 ( ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL REALITY & SOLID>ITY40 ,! OPTIMISM ( ! AU?ORS ( ! PRES5TATION SAW ! WORK]S MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 AS /RONG 5\< & CAPABLE 0( UNLEA%+ ! F9AL BATTLE AGA9/ ! OLD $IFICE ( CAPITALI/ MORALITY1 ECONOMY & POLITICS04 

,ONE MAY DETECT 9 ! PRES5T]S' DEF9ITION ( ! REVOLUTION A PR(\ND CRITIQUE ( ! PU]ILE TACTICS1 AB&ON$ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 ( REVOLUTION>Y GYMNA/ICS & IMPROVIZATION3 0,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION CANNOT BE UND]/OOD AS AN AUDACI\S C\P1 ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ,JACOB9 C\PS D'ETAT1 BUT WILL RA!R BE ! CONSEQU5CE & ! RESULT ( ! UNFOLD+ ( AN 9EVITABLE CIVIL W> :OSE DURATION CANNOT BE PR$ICT$04 ,NOT ONLY DID ! PRES5TATION PROVIDE A SURPRIS+LY CLE> ANTICIPATION ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 :I* WAS EI<TE5 MON?S AWAY1 & ITS IMM5SE CRUELTY1 BUT IT ALSO 9SI/$ ON ! NE$ TO PREP>E = IT N[1 BY ORGANIZ+ ! NEW /RUCTURE ( ! DEF5SE CADRES3 0,IF ! MOD]N DAY C\P D'ETAT REQUIRES TE*NICAL & 9SURRECTION>Y PREP>ATION1 M5 & SPECIALI/S :O >E P]FECTLY TRA9$ = ! TASK AT H&1 A CIVIL W> WILL BE ALL ! MORE DEP5D5T ON A COMBAT APP>ATUS ?AT CANNOT BE IMPROVIS$ ON ! BASIS ( M]E 5?USIASM1 BUT MU/ BE /RUCTUR$ & >TICULAT$ ) AS MU* =ESI<T & AS MANY M5 AS POSSIBLE40 

,! PRES5TATION NOT$ ! ABUNDANCE ( AVAILABLE MANP[]1 BUT ALSO ITS LACK ( ORGANIZATION 0= A SU/A9$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ 5EMY =CES04 ,IT WAS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO ACCEL]ATE !IR TRA9+4 0,?IS IS ! PURPOSE S]V$ BY ! PRES5T /RUCTURE ( ! ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEE = REVOLUTION>Y PREP>$NESS ?AT WE >E CURR5TLY PROPOS+40 ,?IS COMMITTEE W\LD BE COMPOS$ ( F\R MEMB]S3 TWO W\LD BE APPO9T$ BY ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ! ,C,N,T1 & ! O!R TWO BY ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS4 ,!SE F\R P]SONS W\LD 9 ADDITION ORGANIZE AN AUXILI>Y COMMISSION4 ,! PR9CIPAL MISSION ( ?IS ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEE = ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PREP>$NESS WAS 0TO /UDY ! WAYS & MEANS ( /RUGGLE1 ! TACTICS ?AT %\LD BE EMPLOY$ & ! DEPLOYM5T ( ! ORGANIC 9SURRECTION>Y =CES04 ,!RE WAS A CLE> DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! OLD COMBAT CADRES1 FROM PRIOR TO ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 & ! NEW DEF5SE CADRES3 0,JU/ AS ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES UP UNTIL N[ HAVE BE5 ABOVE ALL /REET FI<T+ GR\PS1 !Y MU/ FROM N[ ON BE 9/ITUTIONS CAPABLE ( /UDY+ ! REALITIES ( MOD]N W>F>E40 

,REVOLUTION>Y PREP>ATION = A LONG ,CIVIL ,W> DEM&$ ?AT NEW *ALL5GES BE CONFRONT$1 :I* W]E UN?9KABLE 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! OLD TACTICS ( ! /REET FI<T+ GR\PS3 0,S9CE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO OBTA9 9 ADVANCE ! /OCKPILES ( >MS REQUIR$ = PROLONG$ W>F>E1 ! ,PREP>$NESS ,COMMITTEE MU/ /UDY A WAY TO TRANS=M 9DU/RIES 9 C]TA9 /RATEGIC ZONES .<444.> 9TO 9DU/RIES PRODUC+ W> MAT]IEL = ! REVOLUTION40 

,! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T MU/ BE ! COORD9AT+ BODIES = !SE ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEES = ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PREP>$NESS4 ,! LATT] %\LD MEET AT SPECIAL ,PL5UMS = ! EX*ANGE ( 9=MATION1 9ITIATIVES & EXP]I5CES4 ,! REGIONAL DELEGATES W]E !N SUPPOS$ TO HOLD MEET+S ON A NATIONAL LEVEL4 

,?IS ,PREP>$NESS ,COMMITTEE MU/ NEV] ITSELF SEIZE ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE1 0:I* MU/ ALWAYS LIE ) ! CONF$]AL & SPECIFIC ORGANIZATIONS1 S9CE IT IS ! LATT] :I* MU/ FIX ! OPPORTUNE MOM5T & ASSUME ! DIRECTION ( ! MOVEM5T04 ,ITS F9ANC+ MU/ BE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,C,N,T & ! AN>*I/ GR\PS1 )\T 0E/ABLI%+ 9 ADVANCE ANY FIX$ COMPULSORY CONTRIBUTION04 ,AS = ! 0=MATION ( COMBAT CADRES1 9 ! CITIES ! 9SURRECTION>Y GR\PS W]E TO BE =M$ ON ! BASIS ( NEI<BORHOODS1 9 AN UNLIMIT$ NUMB] ( NUCLEI1 BUT ! AFF9ITY GR\PS ?AT WANT TO MA9TA9 !IR CURR5T MEMB]%IP WILL ALSO BE ACCEPT$ AS COMPON5TS ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y GR\PS1 BUT !Y WILL BE SUBJECT TO ! CONTROL ( ! PREP>$NESS COMMITTEE04 

,BO? ! PRES5TATION ( ! ,C,N,C,D 9 ,OCTOB] #aicd AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! AN>*I/ GR\PS ( ,B>CELONA1 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#e1 9SI/$ ON A NEW /RUCTURE = ! DEF5SE CADRES1 DISC>D+ !IR =M] /ATUS AS M]E /REET FI<T+ GR\PS 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M !M 9TO DEF5SE CADRES = A RIGOR\S REVOLUTION>Y PREP>ATION1 ADDRESS+ PROBLEMS ( 9=MATION1 >MAM5TS1 TACTICS & 9VE/IGATION PRIOR TO ! \TBREAK ( A LONG CIVIL W>4 ,FROM ! /REET FI<T+ GR\PS ( ! P]IOD PRIOR TO #a#i#c#d1 ! /EP HAD BE5 TAK5 TO ! CADRES ( 9=MATION & COMBAT4 

,JULY #a#i#c#f3 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES & ! MILITIAS 

,ON ,JULY #a#i-#b1 #a#i#c#f1 9 ! MID/ ( ! FI<T+ 9 ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA1 :5 ! REBEL MILIT>Y UNITS HAD BE5 DEFEAT$1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES BEGAN TO CALL !MSELVES & W]E KN[N AS 0! MILITIAM504 ,)\T ANY =MAL TRANSITION1 ! DEF5SE CADRES HAD BECOME ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS4 ,! BASIC /RUCTURE ( ! DEF5SE CADRES HAD BE5 DESIGN$ 9 ORD] TO RESPOND TO ! NE$ TO EXT5D & EXP& !M BY MEANS ( ! 9CORPORATION ( SECOND>Y CADRES4 ,ALL ?AT WAS NECESS>Y WAS TO MAKE ROOM 9 !M = ! T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK+ CLASS VOLUNTE]S :O JO9$ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM1 & EXT5D !IR T]RITORIES TO ,>AGON4 ,! CONF$]AL MILITIAS BECAME ! VANGU>D ( ALL ! >M$ UNITS ?AT W]E LOOK+ = FASCI/ 5EMIES TO ATTACK4 ,!Y W]E ! >M$ ORGANIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y W]E IMITAT$ BY ! O!R WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 & EV5 BY ?OSE ( B\RGEOIS ORIG94 ,BECAUSE ( ! ABS5CE ( A UNIT>Y PROLET>IAN >MY1 AS MANY MILITIAS >OSE AS !RE W]E P>TIES & O!R ORGANIZATIONS4 

,!SE DEF5SE CADRES UND]W5T A DUAL TRANS=MATION4 ,AS ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS1 :I* E/ABLI%$ ! FRONT L9ES DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW DAYS ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 !Y 9TRODUC$ ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& TO ! LIB]AT$ ,>AGONESE VILLAGES2 & AS ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES1 !Y IMPOS$ A 0NEW REVOLUTION>Y ORD]0 9 EV]Y NEI<BORHOOD ( ,B>CELONA & EV]Y T[N 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,BECAUSE ( ! COMMON ORIG9 ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! DEF5SE CADRES ! CONF$]AL MILITIAS & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES W\LD ALWAYS BE UNIT$ & 9T]RELAT$4 

,AFT] ! VICTORY OV] ! FASCI/ & MILIT>Y UPRIS+ 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES ( EA* NEI<BORHOOD 7OR T[N7 =M$ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,NEI<BORHOOD 7OR MUNICIPAL7 ,COMMITTEES1 ASSUM+ A WIDE >RAY ( NAMES4 ,!SE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,NEI<BORHOOD ,COMMITTEES1 9 ! CITY ( ,B>CELONA1 W]E ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY COMPOS$ ( ,C,N,T MEMB]S4 ,! MUNICIPAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES 9 O!R LOCATIONS1 H[EV]1 W]E (T5 =M$ BY ! 9CORPORATION ( ALL ! WORK+ CLASS & ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 IMITAT+ ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,MILITIAS 7,C,C,M,A74 

,!SE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES EX]CIS$1 9 EV]Y NEI<BORHOOD OR MUNICIPALITY1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! N9E WEEKS AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 ! FOLL[+ FUNCTIONS3 

,!Y CONFISCAT$ BUILD+S 9 ORD] TO 9/ALL ,COMMITTEE HEADQU>T]S1 W>EH\SES = PROVISIONS1 SOCIAL C5T]S OR RATIONALI/ S*OOLS4 ,!Y CONFISCAT$ & OP]AT$ HOSPITALS & NEWSPAP]S4 

,>M$ SE>*ES ( C]TA9 H\SES 9 ORD] TO REQUISITION FOOD1 MONEY & OBJECTS ( VALUE4 

,>M$ SE>*ES ( C]TA9 H\SES TO >RE/ SNIP]S1 PRIE/S1 RI<TI/S & FIF? COLUMNI/S4 7,WE %\LD RECALL ?AT ! 0PAQUEO0 ( ! SNIP]S 9 ! CITY ( ,B>CELONA LA/$ AN 5TIRE WEEK74 

,!Y SET UP RECRUIT+ C5T]S 9 EV]Y NEI<BORHOOD = ! ,MILITIAS1 :I* !Y >M$1 F9ANC$1 SUPPLI$ & PAID 7UP UNTIL ! 5D ( ,AUGU/7 ) !IR [N MEANS1 & EA* NEI<BORHOOD MA9TA9$ EV5 AFT] ,MAY #aicg A V]Y CLOSE & CON/ANT RELATION%IP ) !IR MILITIAM5 AT ! FRONT1 WELCOM+ !M :5 !Y CAME HOME ON LEAVE4 

,9 ADDITION TO ! /ORAGE ( WEAPONS AT ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE1 !RE WAS ALWAYS A /ORE OR A W>EH\SE :]E ! NEI<BORHOOD SUPPLY COMMITTEE WAS 9/ALL$1 :I* WAS /OCK$ ) ! PROCE$S ( REQUISITIONS ( FOOD C>RI$ \T 9 ! RURAL >EAS BY WAY ( >M$ CO]CION1 EX*ANGE OR PUR*ASE ) V\*]S4 

,IMPOSITION & COLLECTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TAX 9 EV]Y NEI<BORHOOD OR MUNICIPALITY4 

,! SUPPLY COMMITTEE E/ABLI%$ A POPUL> KIT*51 :I* AT FIR/ WAS FREE1 BUT AFT] A FEW MON?S1 FAC$ ) SC>CITIES & ! HI< CO/ ( FOOD PRODUCTS1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO 9TRODUCE A SY/EM ( C\PONS SUBSIDIZ$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE ( ! NEI<BORHOOD OR ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,AT ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE !RE WAS ALWAYS A ROOM DEVOT$ TO ! /ORAGE ( >MS & SOMETIMES A SMALL LOCK-UP 9 :I* DETA9EES C\LD BE TEMPOR>ILY HELD4 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES EX]CIS$ IMPORTANT & QUITE V>I$ ADM9I/RATIVE TASKS1 EXT5D+ FROM ! ISSUANCE ( V\*]S1 FOOD C\PONS1 TRAVEL P]MITS1 & SAFE-CONDUCT PASSES1 ! =MATION ( COOP]ATIVES1 ! CELEBRATION ( W$D+S1 & ! SUPPLY & MA9T5ANCE ( HOSPITALS1 TO ! CONFISCATION ( FOOD1 FURNITURE & BUILD+S1 ! F9ANC+ ( RATIONALI/ S*OOLS & SOCIAL C5T]S MANAG$ BY ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 PAYM5TS TO ! MILITIAM5 & !IR FAMILIES1 ETC4 

,! COORD9ATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,NEI<BORHOOD ,COMMITTEES WAS C>RI$ \T AT ! MEET+S ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 ATT5D$ BY ! SECRET>IES ( EA* ,NEI<BORHOOD ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A P]MAN5T ,CONF$]AL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ) ITS HEADQU>T]S AT ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 

,) RESPECT TO ALL MATT]S RELAT+ TO ! CONFISCATION ( L>GE QUANTITIES ( MONEY & VALUABLE OBJECTS1 & 9 RELATION TO ALL ?OSE TASKS 9VOLV+ >RE/S1 9=MATION & 9VE/IGATION ?AT SURPASS$ ! MEANS ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,NEI<BORHOOD ,COMMITTEES1 !Y W]E REF]R$ TO ! ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICE ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 DIRECT$ BY ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA FROM ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 

,?US1 9 ! CITY ( ,B>CELONA1 ! ,NEI<BORHOOD ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! FOLL[+ SUP]IOR ,COMMITTEES3 

,) RESPECT TO ! RECRUITM5T ( MILITIAM5 79 ,JULY & ,AUGU/7 & ! SUPPLY ( ! POPUL> MILITIAS 7UP UNTIL MID-,SEPTEMB]7 !Y ANSW]$ TO ! ,C,C,M,A4 

,) RESPECT TO ! SUPPLY ( FOOD & O!R BASIC NE$S !Y W]E RESPONSIBLE TO ! ,C5TRAL ,SUPPLY ,COMMITTEE4 

,) RESPECT TO ORGANIZATION & RESOLUTION ( PROBLEMS1 !Y W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 :I* ISSU$ ORD]S & DIRECTIVES = !M TO FOLL[4 ,?IS REFLECTS ! FAM\S DEP5D5CE ON ! TRADE UNIONS & ! NEGATION ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! DEF5SE CADRES1 RESOLV$ AT ! ,PRES5TATION ( #a#i#c#d4 

,!Y W]E COORD9AT$ & %>$ EXP]I5CES 9 A ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ( ,B>CELONA1 :I* WAS NO?+ BUT ! ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL ABOVE ! DI/RICT COMMITTEES4 ,?IS 9/ITUTION WAS H>DLY OP]ATIONAL4 

,) REG>D TO QUE/IONS ( 9=MATION1 9VE/IGATION1 P]SECUTION ( FIF? COLUMNI/S & O!R >M$ 0POLICE0 WORK1 !Y W]E RESPONSIBLE TO ! ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICE ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 

,! DEF5SE CADRES1 ORGANIZ$ T]RITORIALLY 9 ZONES ?AT W]E V]Y C>EFULLY DEL9EAT$ ) RESPECT TO ! ZONES ( O!R GR\PS1 COMPOS$ ( SIX MEMB]S EA*1 ) V]Y PRECISE TASKS ( 9TELLIG5CE1 ESPIONAGE & 9VE/IGATION1 W]E ! PRIM>Y CL&E/9E >M$ ORGANIZATION ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,!SE PRIM>Y CADRES W]E TO BE JO9$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! 9SURRECTION BY SECOND>Y GR\PS ( TRADE UNION MILITANTS1 ! AFF9ITY GR\PS ( ! ,F,A,I1 ! MEMB]S ( ! SOCIAL C5T]S1 ETC4 ,AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 ! TASKS RELAT+ TO 9TELLIG5CE1 ESPIONAGE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! 5EMY1 & 9VE/IGATION ( ! =CES & LEAD]%IP ( ! CLASS 5EMY1 W]E COORD9AT$ BY ! ,9VE/IGATION & ,9TELLIG5CE ,S]VICES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :ILE ! O!R TASKS W]E COORD9AT$ 9 MEET+S ( ! SECRET>Y-DELEGATES ( EA* NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEE HELD ) ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE AT ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 

,AGA9/ MILIT>IZATION 

,! REAL A*IEVEM5T ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 9 ITS N9E WEEKS ( EXI/5CE1 WAS TO FACILITATE ! TRANSITION FROM A NETWORK ( ,LOCAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES1 :I* EX]CIS$ ALL P[] 9 ! /REETS & ! FACTORIES1 TO ITS DISSOLUTION = ! EXCLUSIVE B5EFIT ( ! FULL REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! P[] ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,DECREES SIGN$ ON ,OCTOB] #bd ORD]+ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,MILITIAS AS ( ,NOVEMB] #a1 & ! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ,DECREE1 R\ND$ \T ! DISA/R\S BALANCE %EET ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 ?AT IS1 ! TRANSITION FROM A NETWORK ( WORK+ CLASS ,MILITIAS COMPOS$ ( REVOLUTION>Y VOLUNTE]S TO A B\RGEOIS >MY ( ! CLASSICAL TYPE1 SUBJECT TO ! MON>*ICAL CODE ( MILIT>Y JU/ICE1 DIRECT$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT2 & ! TRANSITION FROM ! WORK]S EXPROPRIATIONS & WORK]S CONTROL 9 ! FACTORIES TO A C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMY1 CONTROLL$ & DIRECT$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,! ,DECREE ORD]+ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS >\S$ A GREAT DEAL ( DISCONT5T AMONG ! AN>*I/ MILITIAM5 ( ! ,DURUTTI ,COLUMN1 /ATION$ AT ! ,>AGON ,FRONT4 ,AFT] LONG & BITT] DEBATES1 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 SEV]AL HUNDR$ VOLUNTE] MILITIAM51 PO/$ 9 ! ,GELSA SECTOR1 RESOLV$ TO AB&ON ! FRONT & RETURN TO ! RE>GU>D4 ,IT WAS AGRE$ ?AT ! REPLACEM5T ( ! MILITIAM5 OPPOS$ TO MILIT>IZATION W\LD BE C>RI$ \T OV] A P]IOD ( FIFTE5 DAYS4 ,!Y AB&ON$ ! FRONT1 TAK+ !IR WEAPONS ) !M4 ,:5 !Y >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 TOGE!R ) O!R AN>*I/S 7DEF5D]S ( ! CONT9UITY & 9T5SIFICATION ( ! ,JULY REVOLUTION1 & OPPON5TS ( CONF$]AL COLLABORATIONISM ) ! GOV]NM5T71 ! MILITIAM5 ( ,GELSA 7,Z>AGOZA7 DECID$ TO CON/ITUTE AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 DI/9CT FROM ! ,F,A,I1 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 :OSE MISSION W\LD BE TO GUIDE ! ACRATIC MOVEM5T BY ! REVOLUTION>Y PA?4 ,! NEW ,GR\P WAS =MALLY CON/ITUT$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 AFT] A LONG P]IOD ( 9CUBATION ?AT LA/$ = SEV]AL MON?S BEG9N+ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f4 ,! DIRECTIVE ,JUNTA *OSE TO CALL ! ORGANIZATION 0,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P01 A NAME ?AT WAS *OS5 P>TLY ) REF]5CE TO ! COMMON ORIG9 ( ! =M] MILITIAM5 ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 & :I*1 AS ,BALIUS PO9T$ \T1 WAS NOT ADOPT$ ) REF]5CE TO ! IDEAS ( ,DURRUTI1 BUT RA!R 9 ! LI<T ! POPUL> MY?OLOGY ?AT HAD GR[N UP >\ND HIS NAME4 

,?IS REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION TO ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS WAS ALSO MANIFE/$1 TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE1 9 ALL ! CONF$]AL COLUMNS4 ,ESPECIALLY \T/&+1 DUE TO ITS IMPORTANCE \TSIDE ( ,CATALONIA1 WAS ! CASE ( ,M>OTO1 CONDEMN$ TO DEA? = HIS REFUSAL TO MILIT>IZE ! COLUMN ?AT HE COMM&$1 A P5ALTY ?AT W\LD NOT BE C>RI$ \T BUT :I* NONE!LESS KEPT HIM 9 JAIL4 ,ANO!R IMPORTANT CASE WAS ?AT ( ! ,IRON ,COLUMN1 :I* ON V>I\S OCCASIONS HAD VOT$ TO 0DESC5D UPON ,VAL5CIA0 9 ORD] TO DRIVE ! REVOLUTION =W>D & CONFRONT ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 ! RE>GU>D4 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicg AN ASSEMBLY ( CONF$]AL COLUMNS WAS HELD :I* ADDRESS$ ! QUE/ION ( MILIT>IZATION4 ,! ?REATS TO )HOLD >MS1 FOOD & RE9=CEM5TS FROM ! COLUMNS ?AT DID NOT ACCEPT MILIT>IZATION1 TOGE!R ) ! ASSURANCE ?AT ! MILITIAM5 W\LD BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO O!R UNITS ?AT W]E ALREADY MILIT>IZ$1 HAD A P[]FUL EFFECT4 ,TO MANY IT SEEM$ BETT] TO ACCEPT MILIT>IZATION & TO FLEXIBLY ADAPT !IR COLUMNS TO ! NEW SITUATION4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! IDEOLOGY ( ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY & ! COLLABORATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 GOV]NM5T OP]ATIONS1 9 DEF5SE ( ! REPUBLICAN /ATE1 TRIUMPH$ OV] ! RESI/ANCE TO MILIT>IZATION1 :I* WAS F9ALLY ACCEPT$ EV5 BY ! RECALCITRANT ,IRON ,COLUMN4 

,! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES 9 ,MAY #aicg 

,ON ,MONDAY1 ,MAY #c1 #a#i#c#g1 AT >\ND #b3#d#e 9 ! AFT]NOON1 ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 A ,U,G,T MILITANT & DEV\T ,/AL9I/1 ! *IEF ( ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 ATTEMPT$ TO SEIZE ! ,TELEPHONE BUILD+ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! ,C,N,T MILITANTS ORGANIZ$ FI]CE RESI/ANCE ?ANKS TO A /RATEGICALLY PLAC$ MA*9E GUN4 ,! NEWS SPREAD RAPIDLY4 ,B>RICADES W]E IMM$IATELY ]ECT$ ?R\<\T ! CITY4 ,ONE MU/ NOT SPEAK ( A SPONTANE\S REACTION ON ! P>T ( ! ,B>CELONA WORK+ CLASS1 BECAUSE ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ) ! POLICE =CES & ! B>RICADES W]E ! \TCOME ( ! 9ITIATIVE TAK5 BY ! ,9VE/IGATION ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES1 :I* WAS RAPIDLY SUPPORT$ ?ANKS TO ! EXI/5CE ( 5ORM\S G5]ALIZ$ DISCONT5T1 ! 9CREAS+ ECONOMIC H>D%IPS OCCASION$ BY ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+1 LONG QUEUES & RATION+1 AS WELL ! T5SION ?AT EXI/$ AMONG ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS ?AT PITT$ COLLABORATIONI/S AGA9/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! /REET BATTLES W]E 9ITIAT$ BY & DIRECT$ FROM ! ,NEI<BORHOOD ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES 7& ONLY P>TIALLY & SECOND>ILY BY C]TA9 ELEM5TS 9 ! CONTROL PATROLS74 ,! FACT ?AT !RE WAS NO ORD] FROM ! SUP]IOR ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E BUSY ACT+ AS ,M9I/]S 9 ,VAL5CIA1 OR FROM ANY O!R ORGANIZATION1 TO BUILD B>RICADES ?R\<\T ! CITY1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! MOVEM5T WAS PURELY SPONTANE\S1 BUT ?AT IT WAS A RESULT ( DIRECTIVES ISSU$ BY ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES4 

,9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 ,P$RO ,H]R]A1 ! 0CONSELL]0 7,M9I/]7 ( ,HEAL? 9 ! SECOND GOV]NM5T ( ,T>RADELLAS1 & ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 W]E ! ,C,N,T (FICIALS :O W]E C>RY+ \T NEGOTIATIONS ) ,LLUIS ,COMPANYS 7PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT7 TO RESOLVE ! GOV]NM5T CRISIS ?AT HAD REA*$ A HI< PO9T AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,M>* #aicg DUE TO ! RESIGNATION ( ! 0CONSELL]0 ( ,DEF5SE1 ! ,C,N,T'S ,FRANCISCO ,ISGLEAS4 ,COMPANYS DECID$ TO AB&ON ! TACTIC ( ,T>RRADELLAS1 :O C\LD NOT IMAG9E A GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT WAS NOT A GOV]NM5T ( ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY1 ONE 9 :I* ! ,C,N,T DID NOT P>TICIPATE1 9 ORD] TO ADOPT ! TACTIC ADVOCAT$ BY ,JOAN ,COMOR]A1 ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 :I* CONSI/$ 9 IMPOS+ BY =CE A 0/RONG0 GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD NO LONG] TOL]ATE A ,C,N,T ?AT WAS 9CAPABLE ( KEEP+ ITS [N MILITANTS 9 L9E1 :OM HE REF]R$ TO AS 0UNCONTROLLABLES04 ,COMPANYS WAS DET]M9$ TO BREAK ) HIS POLICY ( AGREEM5TS ) ! ,C,N,T1 :I* HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY MORE PROBLEMATIC1 & HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! TIME HAD COME1 ?ANKS TO ! SUPPORT ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,SOVIETS1 TO IMPOSE BY =CE ! AU?ORITY & DECISIONS ( A GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT1 AS ! REAL SITUATION HAD DEMON/RAT$1 WAS NOT YET /RONG 5\< TO CEASE TO NEGOTIATE ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,! FAILURE ( ! DISCUSSIONS HELD BY ,COMPANYS ) ,ESCORZA & ,H]R]A1 :I* HAD NOT BR\<T AB\T ANY K9D ( POLITICAL SOLUTION DUR+ TWO MON?S ( CONV]SATIONS & DESPITE ! %ORT-LIV$ NEW GOV]NM5T ( ,APRIL #a#f1 L$ DIRECTLY TO ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ( ,MAY #aicg 9 ,B>CELONA1 :5 ,COMPANYS1 )\T NOTIFY+ ,T>RADELLAS 7OR1 ( C\RSE1 ,ESCORZA & ,H]R]A7 ISSU$ ! ORD] TO ,>TEMI ,AGUADE1 0CONSELL]0 ( ! ,9T]IOR1 TO OCCUPY ! ,TELEPHONE BUILD+1 & ! MISSION WAS C>RI$ \T BY ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALS4 

,! SEIZURE ( ! ,TELEPHONE BUILD+ WAS ! BRUTAL RESPONSE TO ! ,C,N,T DEM&S & A GE/URE ( CONTEMPT = ! NEGOTIATIONS C>RI$ \T DUR+ ! MON? ( ,APRIL BY ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA & ,P$RO ,H]R]A1 AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T1 DIRECTLY ) ,COMPANYS1 :O HAD EXPRESSLY EXCLUD$ ,T>RADELLAS FROM !SE MEET+S4 ,ESCORZA HAD ! MOTIVE & ! ABILITY TO RESPOND IMM$IATELY TO ! PROVOCATION ( ,COMPANYS FROM HIS POSITION 9 ! ,9VE/IGATION ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 AN AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION ?AT COORD9AT$ ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES & ! ,C,N,T MEMB]S :O HELD (FICIAL POSITIONS 9 ! DEP>TM5TS ( PUBLIC ORD]4 ,?IS WAS ! REAL TRIGG] ( ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 

,! MEMB]S ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P W]E ! MO/ ACTIVE COMBATANTS ON ! B>RICADES1 & COMPLETELY DOM9AT$ ! ,PLAZA ,MACIA 7N[ ! ,PLAZA ,REAL71 ) ALL ! SIDE /REETS BLOCK$ BY B>RICADES1 & ,HOSPITAL ,/REET ALONG ITS 5TIRE L5G?4 ,AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS & ,HOSPITAL ,/REET1 UND] AN 5ORM\S PORTRAIT ( ,DURRUTI DRAP$ OV] ! FACADE ( A BUILD+ 9 :I* ! ,GR\P HAD ITS HEADQU>T]S1 A B>RICADE WAS ]ECT$ :]E ! ,GR\P'S C5T] ( OP]ATIONS WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,! ,GR\P'S ABSOLUTE CONTROL OV] ,HOSPITAL ,/REET PROVID$ ACCESS TO ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,CONF$]AL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE 7! C5TRAL B>RACKS ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES71 AT ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS ON ! ,RONDA ,SAN ,PABLO1 & FROM !RE TO ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 :I* HAD BE5 SECUR$ BY AB\T =TY MILITIAM5 FROM ! ,ROJ9EGRA .<,R$ & ,BLACK.> ,COLUMN1 :O1 UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,DURRUTI/A ,MAXIMO ,FRANCO HAD 0DROPP$ 9 ON ,B>CELONA0 = PURPOSES ( 0OBS]VATION & 9TELLIG5CE01 AFT] BO? ! ,ROJ9EGRA ,COLUMN AS WELL AS ! ,L59 ,COLUMN 7( ! ,P,\,M71 COMM&$ BY ,ROVIRA1 HAD YIELD$ TO PRESSURE TO RETURN TO ! FRONT1 PRESSURE ?AT CAME FROM ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,MOL9A1 ?AT IS1 FROM ! ,C,N,T (FICIALS :O W]E GIV+ ORD]S FROM ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,DEF5SE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 9 ! ABS5CE ( ,ISGLEAS4 

,! CONF$]AL MASSES1 DISORI5T$ BY ! APPEALS ISSU$ BY !IR LEAD]S TO LEAVE ! B>RICADES--! SAME LEAD]S !Y HAD ON ,JULY #a#i6--F9ALLY *OSE TO AB&ON ! /RUGGLE1 AL?\< AT FIR/ !Y HAD SC(F$ AT ! APPEALS FROM ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S = CONCORD 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY4 

,! F9AL DISSOLUTION ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,NEI<BORHOOD ,COMMITTEES ( ,B>CELONA1 :I* HAD >IS5 DUR+ ! DAYS ( ,JULY #a#i-#b1 #a#i#c#f1 LA/$ UNTIL AT LEA/ ,JUNE #g1 #a#i#c#g1 :5 ! RE/OR$ =CES ( PUBLIC ORD] ( ! ,G5]ALITAT DISSOLV$ !M & OCCUPI$ ! V>I\S HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 AS WELL AS SOME HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES1 SU* AS ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ( ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,LES ,CORTS4 ,DESPITE ! ,DECREE M&AT+ ! DISB&+ ( ALL ! >M$ GR\PS1 MO/ ( !M RESI/$ UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#g1 :5 ! BUILD+S !Y OCCUPI$ W]E SY/EMATICALLY ASSAULT$ & DISSOLV$1 ONE BY ONE4 ,! LA/ TO BE OCCUPI$1 & ! MO/ IMPORTANT & /RONGE/1 WAS ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ( ,C5TRAL ,B>CELONA1 LOCAT$ 9 ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS DE ,SAN ,ANTONIO1 :I* WAS TAK5 BY ASSAULT ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#a1 #aicg BY ,/AL9I/S & ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]1 :I* US$1 9 ADDITION TO >MOR$ VEHICLES1 AN 5TIRE >S5AL ( MA*9E GUNS & H& GR5ADES4 ,! RESI/ANCE ( ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS1 H[EV]1 DID NOT YIELD TO ! =CE ( >MS1 BUT TO ! EVACUATION ORD]S ISSU$ BY ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE4 

,FROM !N ON ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES DISGUIS$ !MSELVES UND] ! NAME ( ,SECTIONS ( ,COORD9ATION & ,9=MATION ( ! ,C,N,T1 & W]E EXCLUSIVELY DEVOT$ TO CL&E/9E TASKS ( 9TELLIG5CE & 9=MATION1 AS !Y W]E PRIOR TO ,JULY #a#i2 BUT N[ 7#a#i#c#h7 9 A DECID$LY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,M>COS ,ALCON1 0,RECORD&O EL #ai DE ,JULIO DE #a#i#c#f4 ,9TUICION DE LA MILITANCIA ANONIMA01 ,ESPOIR1 ,JULY #b1 #a#i#g#e4 

,A,I,T1 0,RAPPORT SUR L'ACTIVITE DE LA ,C,N,T D',ESPAGNE 7#a#f DECEMBRE #a#i#c#b-#b#f FEVRI] #a#i#c#c704 ,A REPORT WRITT5 BY ,A4 ,%APIRO1 ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ,E4 ,C>BO4 ,9TRODUCTION & NOTES BY ,FRANK ,M9TZ4 ,FONDATION ,PI]RE ,BESN>D 7#b#e74 

,S>A ,B]5GU]1 ,CORRESPOND5CE ) ,A4 ,GUILLAMON 7#b#i74 

,S>A ,B]5GU]1 ,5TRE EL SOL Y LA TORM5TA1 ,SEUBA $ICIONES1 ,CALELLA1 #a#i#h#h4 

,COMITE ,NACIONAL DE LOS ,COMITES DE DEF5SA1 ,PON5CIA SOBRE LA CON/ITUCION DE LOS ,COMITES DE ,DEF5SA1 ,OCTOB] #a#a1 #a#i#c#d4 

,*RIS ,EALHAM1 ,LA LU*A POR ,B>CELONA4 ,CLASE1 CULTURA Y CONFLICTO #a#h#i#h-#a#i#c#g1 ,ALIANZA ,$ITORIAL1 ,MADRID1 #b#e4 

,FRANCOIS ,GODI*EAU1 ,LA ,GU]RE D',ESPAGNE4 ,REPUBLIQUE ET REVOLUTION 5 ,CATALOGNE 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i71 ,ODILE ,JACOB1 ,P>IS1 #b#d4 

,GRUPOS AN>QUI/AS ,9DOMABLES1 ,N]VIO1 ,NOSOTROS1 ,TI]RA ,LIBRE Y ,G]M54 ,COMITE ,LOCAL DE ,PREP>ACION ,REVOLUCION>IA1 ,PON5CIA1 PRES5TADA A LA ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE ,GRUPOS ,AN>QUI/A DE ,B>CELONA1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#e4 

,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 ,B>RICADAS 5 ,B>CELONA1 ,$ICIONES ,ESP>TACO ,9T]NACIONAL1 ,B>CELONA1 #b#g4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,FROM ,DEF5SE ,CADRES TO ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,FROM ,DEF5SE ,CADRES TO ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/