,FUTURE ,PRIMITIVE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN 

,TEXT 3 

,DIVISION ( LABOR1 :I* HAS HAD SO MU* TO DO ) BR++ US TO ! PRES5T GLOBAL CRISIS1 WORKS DAILY TO PREV5T \R UND]/&+ ! ORIG9S ( ?IS HORR5D\S PRES5T4 ,M>Y ,LECRON ,FO/] 7#a#i#i7 SURELY ]RS ON ! SIDE ( UND]/ATEM5T 9 ALL[+ ?AT AN?ROPOLOGY IS TODAY 09 DANG] ( S]I\S & DAMAG+ FRAGM5TATION40 ,%ANKS & ,TILLEY 7#a#i#h#gB7 VOICE A R>E1 RELAT$ *ALL5GE3 0,! PO9T ( >*AEOLOGY IS NOT M]ELY TO 9T]PRET ! PA/ BUT TO *ANGE ! MANN] 9 :I* ! PA/ IS 9T]PRET$ 9 ! S]VICE ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION 9 ! PRES5T40 ,( C\RSE1 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES !MSELVES WORK AGA9/ ! BREAD? & DEP? ( VISION NECESS>Y TO SU* A RECON/RUCTION4 ,9 T]MS ( HUMAN ORIG9S & DEVELOPM5T1 ! >RAY ( SPL9T]$ FIELDS & SUB-FIELDS -- AN?ROPOLOGY1 >*AEOLOGY1 PALEONTOLOGY1 E?NOLOGY1 PALEOBOTANY1 E?NOAN?ROPOLOGY1 ETC41 ETC4 -- MIRRORS ! N>R[+1 CRIPPL+ EFFECT ?AT CIVILIZATION HAS EMBODI$ FROM ITS V]Y BEG9N+4 

,NONE!LESS1 ! LIT]ATURE CAN PROVIDE HI<LY USEFUL ASSI/ANCE1 IF APPROA*$ ) AN APPROPRIATE ME?OD & AW>5ESS & ! DESIRE TO PROCE$ PA/ ITS LIMITATIONS4 ,9 FACT1 ! WEAKNESS ( MORE OR LESS OR?ODOX MODES ( ?9K+ CAN & DOES YIELD TO ! DEM&S ( AN 9CREAS+LY DISSATISFI$ SOCIETY4 ,UNHAPP9ESS ) CONTEMPOR>Y LIFE BECOMES DI/RU/ ) ! (FICIAL LIES ?AT >E TOLD TO LEGITIMATE ?AT LIFE1 & A TRU] PICTURE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T EM]GES4 ,R5UNCIATION & SUBJUGATION 9 MOD]N LIFE HAVE LONG BE5 EXPLA9$ AS NECESS>Y CONCOMITANTS ( 0HUMAN NATURE40 ,AFT] ALL1 \R PRE-CIVILIZ$ EXI/5CE ( DEPRIVATION1 BRUTALITY1 & IGNORANCE MADE AU?ORITY A B5EVOL5T GIFT ?AT RESCU$ US FROM SAVAG]Y4 0,CAVE MAN0 & ',NE&]?AL' >E /ILL 9VOK$ TO REM9D US :]E WE W\LD BE )\T RELIGION1 GOV]NM5T1 & TOIL4 

,?IS IDEOLOGICAL VIEW ( \R PA/ HAS BE5 RADICALLY OV]TURN$ 9 REC5T DECADES1 ?R\< ! WORK ( ACADEMICS LIKE ,RI*>D ,LEE & ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S4 ,A NE>LY COMPLETE REV]SAL 9 AN?ROPOLOGICAL OR?ODOXY HAS COME AB\T1 ) IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS4 ,N[ WE CAN SEE ?AT LIFE BE=E DOME/ICATION_/AGRICULTURE WAS 9 FACT L>GELY ONE ( LEISURE1 9TIMACY ) NATURE1 S5SUAL WISDOM1 SEXUAL EQUALITY1 & HEAL?4 ,?IS WAS \R HUMAN NATURE1 = A C\PLE ( MILLION YE>S1 PRIOR TO 5SLAVEM5T BY PRIE/S1 K+S1 & BOSSES4 

,& LATELY ANO!R /UNN+ REVELATION HAS APPE>$1 A RELAT$ ONE ?AT DEEP5S ! FIR/ & MAY BE TELL+ US SOME?+ EQUALLY IMPORTANT AB\T :O WE W]E & :AT WE MI<T AGA9 BECOME4 ,! MA9 L9E ( ATTACK AGA9/ NEW DESCRIPTIONS ( GA!R]-HUNT] LIFE HAS BE51 ?\< (T5 9DIRECT OR NOT EXPLICITLY /AT$1 TO *>ACT]IZE ?AT LIFE1 CONDESC5D+LY1 AS ! MO/ AN EVOLV+ SPECIES C\LD A*IEVE AT AN E>LY /AGE4 ,?US1 ! >GUM5T ALL[S ?AT !RE WAS A LONG P]IOD ( APP>5T GRACE & PACIFIC EXI/5CE1 BUT SAYS ?AT HUMANS SIMPLY DIDN'T HAVE ! M5TAL CAPACITY TO LEAVE SIMPLE WAYS BEH9D 9 FAVOR ( COMPLEX SOCIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5T4 

,9 ANO!R FUNDAM5TAL BL[ TO CIVILIZATION1 WE N[ LE>N ?AT NOT ONLY WAS HUMAN LIFE ONCE1 & = SO LONG1 A /ATE ?AT DID NOT KN[ ALI5ATION OR DOM9ATION1 BUT AS ! 9VE/IGATIONS S9CE ! '#hS BY >*AEOLOGI/S ,JOHN ,F[LETT1 ,?OMAS ,WYNN1 & O!RS HAVE %[N1 ?OSE HUMANS POSSESS$ AN 9TELLIG5CE AT LEA/ EQUAL TO \R [N4 ,AT A /ROKE1 AS IT W]E1 ! 'IGNORANCE' !SIS IS DISPOS$ (1 & WE CONTEMPLATE :]E WE CAME FROM 9 A NEW LI<T4 

,TO PUT ! ISSUE ( M5TAL CAPACITY 9 CONTEXT1 IT IS USEFUL TO REVIEW ! V>I\S 7& AGA91 IDEOLOGICALLY LOAD$7 9T]PRETATIONS ( HUMAN ORIG9S & DEVELOPM5T4 ,ROB]T ,>DREY 7#a#i#f#a1 #a#i#g#f7 S]V$ UP A BLOOD?IR/Y1 MA*O V]SION ( PREHI/ORY1 AS HAVE TO SLI<TLY LESS] DEGREES1 ,DESMOND ,MORRIS & ,LIONEL ,TIG]4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,FREUD & ,KONRAD ,LOR5Z WROTE ( ! 9NATE DEPRAVITY ( ! SPECIES1 !REBY PROVID+ !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO HI]>*Y & P[] 9 ! PRES5T4 

,=TUNATELY1 A F> MORE PLAUSIBLE \TLOOK HAS EM]G$1 ONE ?AT CORRESPONDS TO ! OV]ALL V]SION ( ,PALEOLI?IC LIFE 9 G5]AL4 ,FOOD %>+ HAS = SOME TIME BE5 CONSID]$ AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( E>LIE/ HUMAN SOCIETY 7E4G4 ,WA%BURN & ,DE,VORE1 #a#i#f#a74 ,JANE ,GOODALL 7#a#i#g#a7 & ,RI*>D ,LEAKEY 7#a#i#g#h71 AMONG O!RS1 HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT IT WAS ! KEY ELEM5T 9 E/ABLI%+ \R UNIQUELY ,HOMO DEVELOPM5T AT LEA/ AS E>LY AS #b MILLION YE>S AGO4 ,?IS EMPHASIS1 C>RI$ =W>D S9CE ! E>LY '#gS BY ,L9TON1 ,ZIHLMAN1 ,TANN]1 & ,ISAAC1 HAS BECOME ASC5DANT4 ,ONE ( ! TELL+ >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( ! COOP]ATION !SIS1 AS AGA9/ ?AT ( G5]ALIZ$ VIOL5CE & MALE DOM9ATION1 9VOLVES A DIM9I%+1 DUR+ E>LY EVOLUTION1 ( ! DIFF]5CE 9 SIZE & /R5G? BETWE5 MALES & FEMALES4 ,SEXUAL DIMORPHISM1 AS IT IS CALL$1 WAS ORIG9ALLY V]Y PRON\NC$1 9CLUD+ SU* FEATURES AS PROM95T CAN9ES OR 0FI<T+ TEE?0 9 MALES & MU* SMALL] CAN9ES = ! FEMALE4 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( L>GE MALE CAN9ES /RONGLY SUGGE/S ?AT ! FEMALE ( ! SPECIES EX]CIS$ A SELECTION = SOCIABLE1 %>+ MALES4 ,MO/ APES TODAY HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY LONG] & L>G] CAN9ES1 MALE TO FEMALE1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ?IS FEMALE *OICE CAPACITY 7,ZIHLMAN #a#i#h#a1 ,TANN] #a#i#h#a74 

,DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 ! SEXES IS ANO!R KEY >EA 9 HUMAN BEG9N+S1 A CONDITION ONCE SIMPLY TAK5 = GRANT$ & EXPRESS$ BY ! T]M HUNT]-GA!R]4 ,N[ IT IS WIDELY ACCEPT$ ?AT GA!R+ ( PLANT FOODS1 ONCE ?\<T TO BE ! EXCLUSIVE DOMA9 ( WOM5 & ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE TO HUNT+ BY MALES1 CON/ITUT$ ! MA9 FOOD S\RCE 7,JOHANS5 & ,%REEVE #a#i#h#i74 ,S9CE FEMALES W]E NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DEP5D5T ON MALES = FOOD 7,HAMILTON #a#i#h#d71 IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT RA!R ?AN DIVISION ( LABOR1 FLEXIBILITY & JO9T ACTIVITY W\LD HAVE BE5 C5TRAL 7,B5D] #a#i#h#i74 ,AS ,ZIHLMAN 7#a#i#h#a7 PO9TS \T1 AN OV]ALL BEHAVIORAL FLEXIBILITY MAY HAVE BE5 ! PRIM>Y +R$I5T 9 E>LY HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,JOAN ,G]O 7#a#i#i#a7 HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT /ONE TOOLS W]E AS LIKELY TO HAVE BE5 MADE BY WOM5 AS BY M51 & 9DE$ ,POIRI] 7#a#i#h#g7 REM9DS US ?AT !RE IS 0NO >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE SUPPORT+ ! CONT5TION ?AT E>LY HUMANS EXHIBIT$ A SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR40 ,IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT FOOD COLLECT+ 9VOLV$ MU*1 IF ANY DIVISION ( LABOR 7,SLOCUM #a#i#g#e7 & PROBABLY ?AT SEXUAL SPECIALIZATION CAME QUITE LATE 9 HUMAN EVOLUTION 7,ZIHLMAN #a#i#h#a1 ,CRAD] & ,ISAAC #a#i#h#a74 

,SO IF ! ADAPTATION ?AT BEGAN \R SPECIES C5T]$ ON GA!R+1 :5 DID HUNT+ COME 98 ,B9=D 7#a#i#h#d7 HAS >GU$ ?AT !RE IS NO 9DICATION ( USE ( ANIMAL PRODUCTS 7I4E4 EVID5CE ( BUT*]Y PRACTICES7 UNTIL ! APPE>ANCE1 RELATIVELY QUITE REC5T1 ( ANATOMICALLY MOD]N HUMANS4 ,ELECTRON MICROSCOPE /UDIES ( FOSSIL TEE? F\ND 9 ,EA/ ,AFRICA 7,WALK] #a#i#h#d7 SUGGE/ A DIET COMPOS$ PRIM>ILY ( FRUIT1 :ILE A SIMIL> EXAM9ATION ( /ONE TOOLS FROM A #a4#e MILLION-YE>-OLD SITE AT ,KOOBI ,=A 9 ,K5YA 7,KEELEY & ,TO? #a#i#h#a7 %[S ?AT !Y W]E US$ ON PLANT MAT]IALS4 ,! SMALL AM\NT ( MEAT 9 ! E>LY ,PALEOLI?IC DIET WAS PROBABLY SCAV5G$1 RA!R ?AN HUNT$ 7,EHR5B]G #a#i#h#iB74 

,! 'NATURAL' CONDITION ( ! SPECIES WAS EVID5TLY A DIET MADE UP L>GELY ( VEGETABLES RI* 9 FIB]1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! MOD]N HI< FAT & ANIMAL PROTE9 DIET ) ITS ATT5DANT *RONIC DISORD]S 7,M5DEL(F #a#i#g#g74 ,?\< \R E>LY =BE>S EMPLOY$ !IR 0DETAIL$ KN[L$GE ( ! 5VIRONM5T & COGNITIVE MAPP+0 7,ZIHLMAN #a#i#h#a7 9 ! S]VICE ( A PLANT-GA!R+ SUBSI/5CE1 ! >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE = HUNT+ APPE>S TO SL[LY 9CREASE ) TIME 7,HODD] #a#i#i#a74 

,MU* EVID5CE1 H[EV]1 HAS OV]TURN$ ASSUMPTIONS AS TO WIDESPREAD PREHI/ORIC HUNT+4 ,COLLECTIONS ( BONES SE5 E>LI] AS EVID5CE ( L>GE KILLS ( MAMMALS1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE TURN$ \T TO BE1 UPON CLOS] EXAM9ATION1 ! RESULTS ( MOVEM5T BY FL[+ WAT] OR CA*ES BY ANIMALS4 ,LEWIS ,B9=D'S 0,W]E ,!RE ,ELEPHANT ,HUNT]S AT ,TOORALBA80 7#a#i#h#i7 IS A GOOD 9/ANCE ( SU* A CLOS] LOOK1 9 :I* HE D\BTS !RE WAS SIGNIFICANT HUNT+ UNTIL #b1 YE>S AGO OR SOON]4 ,ADRI5NE ,ZIHLMAN 7#a#i#h#a7 HAS CONCLUD$ ?AT 0HUNT+ >OSE RELATIVELY LATE 9 EVOLUTION10 & 0MAY NOT EXT5D BEYOND ! LA/ ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& YE>S40 ,& !RE >E MANY 7E4G4 ,/RAUS #a#i#h#f1 ,TR9KHAUS #a#i#h#f7 :O DO NOT SEE EVID5CE = S]I\S HUNT+ ( L>GE MAMMALS UNTIL EV5 LAT]1 VIZ4 ! LAT] ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC1 JU/ BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( AGRICULTURE4 

,! OLDE/ KN[N SURVIV+ >TIFACTS >E /ONE TOOLS FROM ,HAD> 9 EA/]N ,AFRICA4 ,) MORE REF9$ DAT+ ME?ODS1 !Y MAY PROVE TO BE #c4#a MILLION YE>S OLD 7,KLE9 #a#i#h#i74 ,P]HAPS ! MA9 REASON !SE MAY BE CLASSIFI$ AS REPRES5T+ HUMAN EF=T IS ?AT !Y 9VOLVE ! CRAFT+ ( ONE TOOL BY US+ ANO!R1 A UNIQUELY HUMAN ATTRIBUTE SO F> AS WE KN[4 ,HOMO HABILIS1 OR 0H&Y MAN10 DESIGNATES :AT HAS BE5 ?\<T ( AS ! FIR/ KN[N HUMAN SPECIES1 ITS NAME REFLECT+ ASSOCIATION ) ! E>LIE/ /ONE TOOLS 7,COPP5S #a#i#h#i74 ,BASIC WOOD5 & BONE IMPLEM5TS1 ?\< MORE P]I%ABLE & ?US SCANTILY REPRES5T$ 9 ! >*AEOLOGICAL RECORD1 W]E ALSO US$ BY ,HOMO HABILIS AS P>T ( A 0REM>KABLY SIMPLE & EFFECTIVE0 ADAPTATION 9 ,AFRICA & ,ASIA 7,FAGAN #a#i#i74 ,\R ANCE/ORS AT ?IS /AGE HAD SMALL] BRA9S & BODIES ?AN WE DO1 BUT ,POIRI] 7#a#i#h#g7 NOTES ?AT 0!IR PO/CRANIAL ANATOMY WAS RA!R LIKE MOD]N HUMANS10 & ,HOLL[AY 7#a#i#g#b1 #a#i#g#d7 ALL[S ?AT HIS /UDIES ( CRANIAL 5DOCA/S FROM ?IS P]IOD 9DICATE A BASCALLY MOD]N BRA9 ORGANIZATION4 ,SIMIL>LY1 TOOLS OLD] ?AN #b MILLION YE>S HAVE BE5 F\ND TO EXHIBIT A CONSI/5T RI<T-H&$ ORI5TATION 9 ! WAYS /ONE HAS BE5 FLAK$ (F 9 !IR =MATION4 ,RI<T-H&$NESS AS A T5D5CY IS CORRELAT$ 9 MOD]NS ) SU* DI/9CTLY HUMAN FEATURES AS PRON\NC$ LAT]ALIZATION ( ! BRA9 & M>K$ FUNCTIONAL SEP>ATION ( ! C]EBRAL HEMISPH]ES 7,HOLL[AY #a#i#h#aA74 ,KLE9 7#a#i#h#i7 CONCLUDES ?AT 0BASIC HUMAN COGNITIVE & COMMUNICATIONAL ABILITIES >E ALMO/ C]TA9LY IMPLI$40 

,HOMO ]ECTUS IS ! O!R MA9 PR$ECESSOR TO ,HOMO SAPI5S1 ACCORD+ TO LONG/&+ USAGE1 APPE>+ AB\T #a4#g#e MILLION YE>S AGO AS HUMANS MOV$ \T ( =E/S 9TO DRI]1 MORE OP5 ,AFRICAN GRASSL&S4 ,AL?\< BRA9 SIZE ALONE DOES NOT NECESS>ILY CORRELATE ) M5TAL CAPACITY1 ! CRANIAL CAPACITY ( ,HOMO ]ECTUS OV]LAPS ) ?AT ( MOD]NS SU* ?AT ?IS SPECIES 0MU/ HAVE BE5 CAPABLE ( MANY ( ! SAME BEHAVIORS0 7,CIO*ON1 ,OLS5 & ,TAMES #a#i#i74 ,AS ,JOHANSON & ,$EY 7#a#i#h#a7 PUT IT1 0,IF ! L>GE/-BRA9$ ]ECTUS W]E TO BE RAT$ AGA9/ ! SMALLE/-BRA9$ SAPI5S -- ALL !IR O!R *>ACT]I/ICS IGNOR$ -- !IR SPECIES NAMES W\LD HAVE TO BE REV]S$40 ,HOMO ,NE&]?ALUS1 :I* IMM$IATELY PREC$$ US1 POSSESS$ BRA9S SOME:AT L>G] ?AN \R [N 7,DELSON #a#i#h#e1 ,HOLL[AY #a#i#h#e1 ,DONALD #a#i#i#a74 ,?\< ( C\RSE ! MU*-MALIGN$ ,NE&]?AL HAS BE5 PICTUR$ AS A PRIMITIVE1 BRUTI% CREATURE -- 9 KEEP+ ) ! PREVAIL+ ,HOBBESIAN IDEOLOGY -- DESPITE MANIFE/ 9TELLIG5CE AS WELL AS 5ORM\S PHYSICAL /R5G? 7,%REEVE #a#i#i#a74 

,REC5TLY1 H[EV]1 ! :OLE SPECIES FRAMEWORK HAS BECOME A D\BTFUL PROPOSITION 7,DAY #a#i#h#g1 ,RI<TMIRE #a#i#i74 ,ATT5TION HAS BE5 DRAWN TO ! FACT ?AT FOSSIL SPECIM5S FROM V>I\S ,HOMO SPECIES 0ALL %[ 9T]M$IATE MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS10 LEAD+ TO SUSPICION ( AN >BITR>Y DIVISION ( HUMANITY 9TO SEP>ATE TAXA 7,G+]I* #a#i#g#i1 ,TOBIAS #a#i#h#b74 ,FAGAN 7#a#i#h#i71 = EXAMPLE1 TELLS US ?AT 0IT IS V]Y H>D TO DRAW A CLE> TAXONOMIC B\ND>Y BETWE5 ,HOMO ]ECTUS & >*AIC ,HOMO SAPI5S ON ! ONE H&1 & BETWE5 >*AIC & ANATOMICALLY MOD]N ,HOMO SAPI5S ON ! O!R40 ,LIKEWISE1 ,FOLEY 7#a#i#h#i73 0! ANATOMICAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ,HOMO ]ECTUS & ,HOMO SAPI5S >E NOT GREAT40 ,JEL9EK 7#a#i#g#h7 FLATLY DECL>ES ?AT 0!RE IS NO GOOD REASON1 ANATOMICAL OR CULTURAL0 = SEP>AT+ ]ECTUS & SAPI5S 9TO TWO SPECIES1 & HAS CONCLUD$ 7#a#i#hA7 ?AT PEOPLE FROM AT LEA/ ! ,MIDDLE ,PALEOLI?IC ONW>D 0MAY BE VIEW$ AS ,HOMO SAPI5S0 7AS DOES ,HUBL9 #a#i#h#f74 ,! TREM5D\S UPW>D REVISION ( E>LY 9TELLIG5CE1 DISCUSS$ BEL[1 MU/ BE SE5 AS CONNECT$ TO ! PRES5T CONFUSION OV] SPECIES1 AS ! ONCE-PREVAIL+ OV]ALL EVOLUTION>Y MODEL GIVES WAY4 

,BUT ! CONTROV]SY OV] SPECIES CATEGORIZATION IS ONLY 9T]E/+ 9 ! CONTEXT ( H[ \R E>LIE/ =BE>S LIV$4 ,DESPITE ! M9IMAL NATURE ( :AT C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO SURVIVE SO MANY MILL5NIA1 WE CAN GLIMPSE SOME ( ! TEXTURE ( ?AT LIFE1 ) ITS (T5 ELEGANT1 PRE-DIVISION ( LABOR APPROA*ES4 ,! 0TOOL KIT0 FROM ! ,OLDUVAI ,GORGE >EA MADE FAM\S BY ! ,LEAKEYS CONTA9S 0AT LEA/ SIX CLE>LY RECOGNIZABLE TOOL TYPES0 DAT+ FROM AB\T #a4#g MILLION YE>S AGO 7,M4 ,LEAKEY1 #a#i#g#h74 ,!RE SOON APPE>$ ! ,A*EULIAN H&AXE1 ) ITS SYMMETRICAL BEAUTY1 9 USE = AB\T A MILLION YE>S4 ,TE>DROP-%AP$1 & POSSESS$ ( A REM>KABLE BALANCE1 IT EXUDES GRACE & UTILITY FROM AN ]A MU* PRIOR TO SYMBOLIZATION4 ,ISAAC 7#a#i#h#f7 NOT$ ?AT 0! BASIC NE$S = %>P $GES ?AT HUMANS HAVE CAN BE MET FROM ! V>I$ RANGE ( =MS G5]AT$ FROM ',OLD[AN' PATT]NS ( /ONE FLAK+10 WOND]+ H[ IT CAME TO BE ?\<T ?AT 0MORE COMPLEX EQUALS BETT] ADAPT$40 ,9 ?IS DI/ANT E>LY TIME1 ACCORD+ TO CUT-M>KS F\ND ON SURVIV+ BONES1 HUMANS W]E US+ SCAV5G$ ANIMAL S9EWS & SK9S = SU* ?+S AS CORD1 BAGS1 & RUGS 7,G[LETT #a#i#h#d74 ,FUR!R EVID5CE SUGGE/S FURS = CAVE WALL COV]+S & SEATS1 & SEAWE$ B$S = SLEEP+ 7,BUTZ] #a#i#g74 

,! USE ( FIRE GOES BACK ALMO/ #b MILLION YE>S 7,KEMPE #a#i#h#h7 & MI<T HAVE APPE>$ EV5 E>LI] BUT = ! TROPICAL CONDITIONS ( HUMANITY'S ORIG9AL ,AFRICAN HOMEL&1 AS ,POIRI] 7#a#i#h#g7 IMPLIES4 ,P]FECT$ FIRE-MAK+ 9CLUD$ ! FIR+ ( CAVES TO ELIM9ATE 9SECTS & HEAT$ PEBBLE FLOORS 7,P]LES #a#i#g#e1 ,LUMLEY #a#i#g#f71 AM5ITIES ?AT %[ UP V]Y E>LY 9 ! ,PALEOLI?IC4 

,AS ,JOHN ,G[LETT 7#a#i#h#f7 NOTES1 !RE >E /ILL SOME >*AEOLOGI/S :O CONSID] ANY?+ E>LI] ?AN ,HOMO SAPI5S1 A M]E #c1 YE>S AGO1 AS GREATLY MORE PRIMITIVE ?AN WE 0FULLY HUMAN0 TYPES4 ,BUT ALONG ) ! DOCUM5TATION1 REF]R$ TO ABOVE1 ( FUNDAM5TALLY 'MOD]N' BRA9 ANATOMY EV5 9 E>LY HUMANS1 ?IS M9ORITY MU/ N[ CONT5D ) REC5T WORK DEPICT+ COMPLETE HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE AS PRES5T VIRTUALLY ) ! BIR? ( ! ,HOMO SPECIES4 ,?OMAS ,WYNN 7#a#i#h#e7 JUDG$ MANUFACTURE ( ! ,A*EULIAN H&AXE TO HAVE REQUIR$ 0A /AGE ( 9TELLIG5CE ?AT IS TYPICAL ( FULLY MOD]N ADULTS40 ,G[LETT1 LIKE ,WYNN1 EXAM9ES ! REQUIR$ 0OP]ATIONAL ?9K+0 9VOLV$ 9 ! RI<T HAMM]1 ! RI<T =CE & ! RI<T /RIK+ ANGLE1 9 AN ORD]$ SEQU5CE & ) FLEXIBILITY NE$$ = MODIFY+ ! PROC$URE4 ,HE CONT5DS ?AT MANIPULATION1 CONC5TRATION1 VISUALIZATION ( =M 9 ?REE DIM5SIONS1 & PLANN+ W]E NE$$1 & ?AT !SE REQUIREM5TS 0W]E ! COMMON PROP]TY ( E>LY HUMAN BE+S AS MU* AS TWO MILLION YE>S AGO1 & ?IS10 HE ADDS1 0IS H>D KN[L$GE1 NOT SPECULATION40 

,DUR+ ! VA/ TIME-SPAN ( ! ,PALEOLI?IC1 !RE W]E REM>KABLY FEW *ANGES 9 TE*NOLOGY 7,ROLL& #a#i#i74 ,9NOVATION1 0OV] #b #a_/#b MILLION YE>S MEASUR$ 9 /ONE TOOL DEVELOPM5T WAS PRACTICALLY NIL10 ACCORD+ TO ,G]H>D ,KRAUS 7#a#i#i74 ,SE5 9 ! LI<T ( :AT WE N[ KN[ ( PREHI/ORIC 9TELLIG5CE1 SU* '/AGNATION' IS ESPECIALLY VEX+ TO MANY SOCIAL SCI5TI/S4 0,IT IS DIFFICULT TO COMPREH5D SU* SL[ DEVELOPM5T10 9 ! JUDGM5T ( ,WYM] 7#a#i#h#i74 ,IT /RIKES ME AS V]Y PLAUSIBLE ?AT 9TELLIG5CE1 9=M$ BY ! SUCCESS & SATISFACTION ( A GA!R]-HUNT] EXI/5CE1 IS ! V]Y REASON = ! PRON\NC$ ABS5CE ( 'PROGRESS'4 ,DIVISION ( LABOR1 DOME/ICATION1 SYMBOLIC CULTURE--!SE W]E EVID5TLY REFUS$ UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY4 

,CONTEMPOR>Y ?\<T1 9 ITS PO/MOD]N 9C>NATION1 W\LD LIKE TO RULE \T ! REALITY ( A DIVIDE BETWE5 NATURE & CULTURE2 GIV5 ! ABILITIES PRES5T AMONG PEOPLE BE=E CIVILIZATION1 H[EV]1 IT MAY BE MORE ACCURATE TO SAY ?AT BASICALLY1 !Y LONG *OSE NATURE OV] CULTURE4 ,IT IS ALSO POPUL> TO SEE ALMO/ EV]Y HUMAN ACT OR OBJECT AS SYMBOLIC 7E4G4 ,BOTS*>[ #a#i#h#i71 A POSITION :I* IS1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 P>T ( ! D5IAL ( A NATURE V]SUS CULTURE DI/9CTION4 ,BUT IT IS CULTURE AS ! MANIPULATION ( BASIC SYMBOLIC =MS ?AT IS 9VOLV$ H]E4 ,IT ALSO SEEMS CLE> ?AT REIFI$ TIME1 LANGUAGE 7WRITT51 C]TA9LY1 & PROBABLY SPOK5 LANGUAGE = ALL OR MO/ ( ?IS P]IOD71 NUMB]1 & >T HAD NO PLACE1 DESPITE AN 9TELLIG5CE FULLY CAPABLE ( !M4 

,I W\LD LIKE TO 9T]JECT1 9 PASS+1 MY AGREEM5T ) ,GOLDS*MIDT 7#a#i#i7 ?AT 0! HIDD5 DIM5SION 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! SYMBOLIC WORLD IS TIME40 ,& AS ,NORMAN ,O4 ,BR[N PUT IT1 0LIFE NOT REPRESS$ IS NOT 9 HI/ORICAL TIME10 :I* ,I TAKE AS A REM9D] ?AT TIME AS A MAT]IALITY IS NOT 9H]5T 9 REALITY1 BUT A CULTURAL IMPOSITION1 P]HAPS ! FIR/ CULTURAL IMPOSITION1 ON IT4 ,AS ?IS ELEM5TAL DIM5SION ( SYMBOLIC CULTURE PROGRESSES1 SO DOES1 BY EQUAL /EPS1 ALI5ATION FROM ! NATURAL4 

,COH5 7#a#i#g#d7 HAS DISCUSS$ SYMBOLS AS 0ESS5TIAL = ! DEVELOPM5T & MA9T5ANCE ( SOCIAL ORD]40 ,:I* IMPLIES--AS DOES1 MORE =CEFULLY1 A GREAT DEAL ( POSITIVE EVID5CE--?AT BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( SYMBOLS !RE WAS NO CONDITION ( DISORD] REQUIR+ !M4 ,9 A SIMIL> VE91 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#e#c7 PO9T$ \T ?AT 0MY?ICAL ?\<T ALWAYS PROGRESSES FROM ! AW>5ESS ( OPPOSITIONS T[>D !IR RESOLUTION40 ,SO :5CE ! ABS5CE ( ORD]1 ! CONFLICTS OR 0OPPOSITIONS80 ,! LIT]ATURE ON ! ,PALEOLI?IC CONTA9S ALMO/ NO?+ ?AT DEALS ) ?IS ESS5TIAL QUE/ION1 AMONG ?\S&S ( MONOGRAPHS ON SPECIFIC FEATURES4 ,A REASONABLE HYPO!SIS1 9 MY OP9ION1 IS ?AT DIVISION ( LABOR1 UNNOTIC$ BECAUSE ( ITS GLACIALLY SL[ PACE1 & NOT SUFFICI5TLY UND]/OOD BECAUSE ( ITS NEWNESS1 BEGAN TO CAUSE SMALL FISSURES 9 ! HUMAN COMMUNITY & UNHEAL?Y PRACTICES VIS-A-VIS NATURE4 ,9 ! LAT] ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC1 0#a#e1 YE>S AGO1 WE BEG9 TO OBS]VE SPECIALIZ$ COLLECTION ( PLANTS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 & SPECIALIZ$ HUNT+10 OBS]V$ ,G[LETT 7#a#i#h#d74 ,! SUDD5 APPE>ANCE ( SYMBOLIC ACTIVITIES 7E4G4 RITUAL & >T7 9 ! ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC HAS DEF9ITELY SEEM$ TO >*AEOLOGI/S ONE ( PREHI/ORY'S 0BIG SURPRISES0 7,B9=D #a#i#g#bB71 GIV5 ! ABS5CE ( SU* BEHAVIORS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,PALEOLI?IC 7,FO/] #a#i#i1 ,KOZL[SKI #a#i#i74 ,BUT SIGNS ( DIVISION ( LABOR & SPECIALIZATION W]E MAK+ !IR PRES5CE FELT AS A BREAKD[N ( :OL5ESS & NATURAL ORD]1 A LACK ?AT NE$$ R$RESS+4 ,:AT IS SURPRIS+ IS ?AT ?IS TRANSITION TO CIVILIZATION CAN /ILL BE SE5 AS B5IGN4 ,FO/] 7#a#i#i7 SEEMS TO CELEBRATE IT BY CONCLUD+ ?AT ! 0SYMBOLIC MODE444HAS PROV$ EXTRAORD9>ILY ADAPTIVE1 ELSE :Y HAS ,HOMO SAPI5S BECOME MAT]IAL MA/] ( ! WORLD80 ,HE IS C]TA9LY CORRECT1 AS HE IS TO RECOGNIZE 0! MANIPULATION ( SYMBOLS .<TO BE.> ! V]Y /UFF ( CULTURE10 BUT HE APPE>S OBLIVI\S TO ! FACT ?AT ?IS SUCCESSFUL ADAPTATION HAS BR\<T ALI5ATION & DE/RUCTION ( NATURE ALONG TO !IR PRES5T HORRIFY+ PROM95CE4 

,IT IS REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT ! SYMBOLIC WORLD ORIG9AT$ 9 ! =MULATION ( LANGUAGE1 :I* SOMEH[ APPE>$ FROM A 0MATRIX ( EXT5SIVE NONV]BAL COMMUNICATION0 7,TANN] & ,ZIHLMAN #a#i#g#f7 & FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT4 ,!RE IS NO AGREEM5T AS TO :5 LANGUAGE BEGAN1 BUT NO EVID5CE EXI/S ( SPEE* BE=E ! CULTURAL 'EXPLOSION' ( ! LAT] ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC 7,DIBBLE #a#i#h#d1 #a#i#h#i74 ,IT SEEMS TO HAVE ACT$ AS AN 09HIBIT+ AG5T10 A WAY ( BR++ LIFE UND] 0GREAT] CONTROL0 7,MUM=D #a#i#g#b71 /EMM+ ! FLOOD ( IMAGES & S5SATIONS TO :I* ! PRE-MOD]N 9DIVIDUAL WAS OP54 ,9 ?IS S5SE IT W\LD HAVE LIKELY M>K$ AN E>LY TURN+ AWAY FROM A LIFE ( OP5NESS & COMMUNION ) NATURE1 T[>D ONE MORE ORI5T$ TO ! OV]LORD%IP & DOME/ICATION ?AT FOLL[$ SYMBOLIC CULTURE'S 9AUGURATION4 ,IT IS PROBABLY A MI/AKE1 BY ! WAY1 TO ASSUME ?AT ?\<T IS ADVANC$ 7IF !RE W]E SU* A ?+ AS 'NEUTRAL' ?\<T1 :OSE ADVANCE C\LD BE UNIV]SALLY APPRECIAT$7 BECAUSE WE ACTUALLY ?9K 9 LANGUAGE2 !RE IS NO CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ?AT WE MU/ DO SO 7,ALLPORT #a#i#h#c74 ,!RE >E MANY CASES 7,LEC\RS & ,JOANETTE #a#i#h1 ,LEV9E ET AL4 #a#i#h#b71 9VOLV+ /ROKE & LIKE IMPAIRM5TS1 ( PATI5TS :O HAVE LO/ SPEE*1 9CLUD+ ! ABILITY TO TALK SIL5TLY TO !MSELVES1 :O W]E FULLY CAPABLE ( COH]5T ?\<T ( ALL K9DS4 ,!SE DATA /RONGLY SUGGE/ ?AT 0HUMAN 9TELLECTUAL SKILL IS UNIQUELY P[]FUL1 EV5 9 ! ABS5CE ( LANGUAGE0 7,DONALD #a#i#i#a74 

,9 T]MS ( SYMBOLIZATION 9 ACTION1 ,GOLDS*MIDT 7#a#i#i7 SEEMS CORRECT 9 JUDG+ ?AT 0! ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC 9V5TION ( RITUAL MAY WELL HAVE BE5 ! KEY/ONE 9 ! /RUCTURE ( CULTURE ?AT GAVE IT ITS GREAT IMPETUS = EXPANSION40 ,RITUAL HAS PLAY$ A NUMB] ( PIVOTAL ROLES 9 :AT ,HODD] 7#a#i#i7 T]M$ 0! REL5TLESS UNFOLD+ ( SYMBOLIC & SOCIAL /RUCTURES0 ACCOMPANY+ ! >RIVAL ( CULTURAL M$IATION4 ,IT WAS AS A MEANS ( A*IEV+ & CONSOLIDAT+ SOCIAL COHESION ?AT RITUAL WAS ESS5TIAL 7,JOHNSON #a#i#h#b1 ,CONKEY #a#i#h#e72 TOTEMIC RITUALS1 = EXAMPLE1 RE9=CE CLAN UNITY4 

,! />T ( AN APPRECIATION ( DOME/ICATION1 OR TAM+ ( NATURE1 IS SE5 9 A CULTURAL ORD]+ ( ! WILD1 ?R\< RITUAL4 ,EVID5TLY1 ! FEMALE AS A CULTURAL CATEGORY1 VIZ4 SE5 AS WILD OR DANG]\S1 DATES FROM ?IS P]IOD4 ,! RITUAL 0,V5US0 FIGUR9ES APPE> AS ( #b#e1 YE>S AGO1 & SEEM TO BE AN EXAMPLE ( E>LIE/ SYMBOLIC LIK5ESS ( WOM5 = ! PURPOSE ( REPRES5TATION & CONTROL 7,HODD] #a#i#i74 ,EV5 MORE CONCRETELY1 SUBJUGATION ( ! WILD OCCURS AT ?IS TIME 9 ! FIR/ SY/EMATIC HUNT+ ( L>GE MAMMALS2 RITUAL WAS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ?IS ACTIVITY 7,HAMMOND #a#i#g#d1 ,FRISON #a#i#h#f74 

,RITUAL1 AS %AMANIC PRACTICE1 MAY ALSO BE CONSID]$ AS A REGRESSION FROM ?AT /ATE 9 :I* ALL %>$ A CONSCI\SNESS WE W\LD N[ CLASSIFY AS EXTRAS5SORY 7,LEON>D #a#i#g#b74 ,:5 SPECIALI/S ALONE CLAIM ACCESS TO SU* P]CEPTUAL HEI<TS AS MAY HAVE ONCE BE5 COMMUNAL1 FUR!R BACKW>D MOVES 9 DIVISION ( LABOR >E FACILITAT$ OR 5HANC$4 ,! WAY BACK TO BLISS ?R\< RITUAL IS A VIRTUALLY UNIV]SAL MY?IC !ME1 PROMIS+ ! DISSOLUTION ( MEASURABLE TIME1 AMONG O!R JOYS4 ,?IS !ME ( RITUAL PO9TS TO AN ABS5CE ?AT IT FALSELY CLAIMS TO FILL1 AS DOES SYMBOLIC CULTURE 9 G5]AL4 

,RITUAL AS A MEANS ( ORGANIZ+ EMOTIONS1 A ME?OD ( CULTURAL DIRECTION & RE/RA9T1 9TRODUCES >T1 A FACET ( RITUAL EXPRESSIV5ESS 7,B5D] #a#i#h#i74 0,!RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT10 TO ,GANS 7#a#i#h#e71 0?AT ! V>I\S =MS ( SECUL> >T D]IVE ORIG9ALLY FROM RITUAL40 ,WE CAN DETECT ! BEG9N+ ( AN UNEASE1 A FEEL+ ?AT AN E>LI]1 DIRECT AU!NTICITY IS DEP>T+4 ,LA ,B>RE 7#a#i#g#b71 ,I BELIEVE1 IS CORRECT 9 JUDG+ ?AT 0>T & RELIGION ALIKE >ISE FROM UNSATISFI$ DESIRE40 ,AT FIR/1 MORE AB/RACTLY AS LANGUAGE1 !N MORE PURPOSIVELY AS RITUAL & >T1 CULTURE /EPS 9 TO DEAL >TIFICIALLY ) SPIRITUAL & SOCIAL ANXIETY4 

,RITUAL & MAGIC MU/ HAVE DOM9AT$ E>LY 7,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC7 >T & W]E PROBABLY ESS5TIAL1 ALONG ) AN 9CREAS+ DIVISION ( LABOR1 = ! COORD9ATION & DIRECTION ( COMMUNITY 7,WYM] #a#i#h#a74 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,PFEIFF] 7#a#i#h#b7 HAS DEPICT$ ! FAM\S ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC ,EUROPEAN CAVE PA9T+S AS ! ORIG9AL =M ( 9ITIAT+ Y\? 9TO N[ COMPLEX SOCIAL SY/EMS2 AS NECESS>Y = ORD] & DISCIPL9E 7SEE ALSO ,GAMBLE #a#i#h#b1 ,JO*IM #a#i#h#c74 ,& >T MAY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CONTROL ( NATURE1 AS P>T ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! E>LIE/ T]RITORIALISM1 = EXAMPLE 7,/RAUS #a#i#i74 

,! EM]G5CE ( SYMBOLIC CULTURE1 ) ITS 9H]5T WILL TO MANIPULATE & CONTROL1 SOON OP5$ ! DOOR TO DOME/ICATION ( NATURE4 ,AFT] TWO MILLION YE>S ( HUMAN LIFE )9 ! B\NDS ( NATURE1 9 BALANCE ) O!R WILD SPECIES1 AGRICULTURE *ANG$ \R LIFE/YLE1 \R WAY ( ADAPT+1 9 AN UNPREC$5T$ WAY4 ,NEV] BE=E HAS SU* A RADICAL *ANGE OCCURR$ 9 A SPECIES SO UTT]LY & SO SWIFTLY 7,PFEIFF] #a#i#g#g74 ,SELF-DOME/ICATION ?R\< LANGUAGE1 RITUAL1 & >T 9SPIR$ ! TAM+ ( PLANTS & ANIMALS ?AT FOLL[$4 ,APPE>+ ONLY #a1 YE>S AGO1 F>M+ QUICKLY TRIUMPH$2 = CONTROL1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 9VITES 9T5SIFICATION4 ,ONCE ! WILL TO PRODUCTION BROKE ?R\<1 IT BECAME MORE PRODUCTIVE ! MORE EFFICI5TLY IT WAS EX]CIS$1 & H5CE MORE ASC5DANT & ADAPTIVE4 

,AGRICULTURE 5ABLES GREATLY 9CREAS$ DIVISION ( LABOR1 E/ABLI%ES ! MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 & 9ITIATES 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION4 ,PRIE/S1 K+S1 DRUDG]Y1 SEXUAL 9EQUALITY1 W>F>E >E A FEW ( ITS FAIRLY IMM$IATE SPECIFIC CONSEQU5CES 7,EHR5B]G #a#i#h#fB1 ,WYM] #a#i#h#a1 ,FE/+] #a#i#h#c74 ,:]EAS ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLES 5JOY$ A HI<LY V>I$ DIET1 US+ SEV]AL ?\S& SPECIES ( PLANTS = FOOD1 ) F>M+ !SE S\RCES W]E VA/LY R$UC$ 7,:ITE #a#i#e#i1 ,G\LDIE #a#i#h#f74 

,GIV5 ! 9TELLIG5CE & ! V]Y GREAT PRACTICAL KN[L$GE ( ,/ONE ,AGE HUMANITY1 ! QUE/ION HAS (T5 BE5 ASK$1 0,:Y DIDN'T AGRICULTURE BEG91 AT SAY1 #a11 ,B4,C4 RA!R ?AN AB\T #h1 ,B4,C480 ,I HAVE PROVID$ A BRIEF ANSW] 9 T]MS ( SL[LY ACCEL]AT+ ALI5ATION 9 ! =M ( DIVISION ( LABOR & SYMBOLIZATION1 BUT GIV5 H[ NEGATIVE ! RESULTS W]E1 IT IS /ILL A BEWILD]+ PH5OM5ON4 ,?US1 AS ,B9=D 7#a#i#f#h7 PUT IT1 0,! QUE/ION TO BE ASK$ IS NOT :Y AGRICULTURE444WAS NOT DEVELOP$ EV]Y:]E1 BUT :Y IT WAS DEVELOP$ AT ALL40 ,! 5D ( GA!R]-HUNT] LIFE BR\<T A DECL9E 9 SIZE1 /ATURE1 & SKELETAL ROBU/ICITY 7,COH5 & ,>MELAGOS #a#i#h#a1 ,H>RIS & ,ROSS #a#i#h#a71 & 9TRODUC$ TOO? DECAY1 NUTRITIONAL DEFICI5CIES1 & MO/ 9FECTI\S DISEASES 7,L>S5 #a#i#h#b1 ,BUIK/RA #a#i#g#fA1 ,COH5 #a#i#h#a74 0,TAK5 AS A :OLE444AN OV]ALL DECL9E 9 ! QUALITY--& PROBABLY ! L5G?--( HUMAN LIFE10 CONCLUD$ ,COH5 & ,>MELAGOS 7#a#i#h#a74 

,ANO!R \TCOME WAS ! 9V5TION ( NUMB]1 UNNECESS>Y BE=E ! [N]%IP ( CROPS1 ANIMALS1 & L& ?AT IS ONE ( AGRICULTURE'S HALLM>KS4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( NUMB] FUR!R IMPELL$ ! URGE TO TREAT NATURE AS SOME?+ TO BE DOM9AT$4 ,WRIT+ WAS ALSO REQUIR$ BY DOME/ICATION1 = ! E>LIE/ BUS9ESS TRANSACTIONS & POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION 7,L>S5 #a#i#h#h74 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS HAS >GU$ P]SUASIVELY ?AT ! PRIM>Y FUNCTION ( WRITT5 COMMUNICATION WAS TO FACILITATE EXPLOITATION & SUBJUGATION 7#a#i#e#e72 CITIES & EMPIRES1 = EXAMPLE1 W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T IT4 ,H]E WE SEE CLE>LY ! JO9+ ( ! LOGIC ( SYMBOLIZATION & ! GR[? ( CAPITAL4 

,CON=MITY1 REPETITION1 & REGUL>ITY W]E ! KEYS TO CIVILIZATION UPON ITS TRIUMPH1 REPLAC+ ! SPONTANEITY1 5*ANTM5T1 & DISCOV]Y ( ! PRE-AGRICULTURAL HUMAN /ATE ?AT SURVIV$ SO V]Y LONG4 ,CL>K 7#a#i#g#i7 CITES A GA!R]-HUNT] 0AMPLITUDE ( LEISURE10 DECID+ 0IT WAS ?IS & ! PLEASURABLE WAY ( LIFE ?AT W5T ) IT1 RA!R ?AN P5URY & A DAY-LONG GR9D1 ?AT EXPLA9S :Y SOCIAL LIFE REMA9$ SO /ATIC40 ,ONE ( ! MO/ 5DUR+ & WIDESPREAD MY?S IS ?AT !RE WAS ONCE A ,GOLD5 ,AGE1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY PEACE & 9NOC5CE1 & ?AT SOME?+ HAPP5$ TO DE/ROY ?IS IDYLL & CONSIGN US TO MIS]Y & SUFF]+4 ,$51 OR :ATEV] NAME IT GOES BY1 WAS ! HOME ( \R PRIMEVAL =AG] ANCE/ORS1 & EXPRESSES ! YE>N+ ( DISILLUSION$ TILL]S ( ! SOIL = A LO/ LIFE ( FRE$OM & RELATIVE EASE4 

,! ONCE RI* 5VIRONS PEOPLE 9HABIT$ PRIOR TO DOME/ICATION & AGRICULTURE >E N[ VIRTUALLY NONEXI/5T4 ,= ! FEW REMA9+ =AG]S !RE EXI/ ONLY ! MO/ M>G9AL L&S1 ?OSE ISOLAT$ PLACES AS YET UNWANT$ BY AGRICULTURE4 ,& SURVIV+ GA!R]-HUNT]S1 :O HAVE SOMEH[ MANAG$ TO EVADE CIVILIZATION'S TREM5D\S PRESSURES TO TURN !M 9TO SLAVES 7I4E4 F>M]S1 POLITICAL SUBJECTS1 WAGE LABOR]S71 HAVE ALL BE5 9FLU5C$ BY CONTACT ) \TSIDE PEOPLES 7,LEE #a#i#g#f1 ,MI!N #a#i#i74 

,DUFFY 7#a#i#h#d7 PO9TS \T ?AT ! PRES5T DAY GA!R]-HUNT]S HE /UDI$1 ! ,MBUTI ,PYGMIES ( C5TRAL ,AFRICA1 HAVE BE5 ACCULTURAT$ BY SURR\ND+ VILLAG]-AGRICULTURALI/S = HUNDR$S ( YE>S1 & TO SOME EXT5T1 BY G5]ATIONS ( CONTACT ) GOV]NM5T AU?ORITIES & MISSION>IES4 ,& YET IT SEEMS ?AT AN IMPULSE T[>D AU!NTIC LIFE CAN SURVIVE D[N ?R\< ! AGES3 0,TRY TO IMAG9E10 HE C\NSELS1 0A WAY ( LIFE :]E L&1 %ELT]1 & FOOD >E FREE1 & :]E !RE >E NO LEAD]S1 BOSSES1 POLITICS1 ORGANIZ$ CRIME1 TAXES1 OR LAWS4 ,ADD TO ?IS ! B5EFITS ( BE+ P>T ( A SOCIETY :]E EV]Y?+ IS %>$1 :]E !RE >E NO RI* PEOPLE & NO POOR PEOPLE1 & :]E HAPP9ESS DOES NOT MEAN ! ACCUMULATION ( MAT]IAL POSSESSIONS40 ,! ,MBUTI HAVE NEV] DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS OR PLANT$ CROPS4 

,AMONG ! MEMB]S ( NON-AGRICULTURALI/ B&S RESIDES A HI<LY SANE COMB9ATION ( LITTLE WORK & MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE4 ,BODLEY 7#a#i#g#f7 DISCOV]$ ?AT ! ,SAN 7AKA ,BU%M57 ( ! H>% ,KALAH>I ,DES]T ( S\!RN ,AFRICA WORK FEW] H\RS1 & FEW] ( !IR NUMB] WORK1 ?AN DO ! NEI<BOR+ CULTIVATORS4 ,9 TIMES ( DR\<T1 MOREOV]1 IT HAS BE5 ! ,SAN TO :OM ! F>M]S HAVE TURN$ = !IR SURVIVAL 7,LEE #a#i#f#h74 ,!Y SP5D 0/RIK+LY LITTLE TIME LABOR+ & MU* TIME AT RE/ & LEISURE10 ACCORD+ TO ,TANAKA 7#a#i#h71 :ILE O!RS 7E4G4 ,M>%ALL #a#i#g#f1 ,GU5!R #a#i#g#f7 HAVE COMM5T$ ON ,SAN VITALITY & FRE$OM COMP>$ ) S$5T>Y F>M]S1 !IR RELATIVELY SECURE & EASYGO+ LIFE4 

,FLOOD 7#a#i#h#c7 NOT$ ?AT TO ,AU/RALIAN ABORIG9ES 0! LABOR 9VOLV$ 9 TILL+ & PLANT+ \TWEI<$ ! POSSIBLE ADVANTAGES40 ,SPEAK+ MORE G5]ALLY1 ,TANAKA 7#a#i#g#f7 HAS PO9T$ TO ! ABUNDANT & /ABLE PLANT FOODS 9 ! SOCIETY ( E>LY HUMANITY1 JU/ AS 0!Y EXI/ 9 EV]Y MOD]N GA!R] SOCIETY40 ,LIKEWISE1 ,FE/+] 7#a#i#h#c7 REF]R$ TO ,PALEOLI?IC ACCESS TO 0CONSID]ABLE FOOD )\T A GREAT DEAL ( EF=T10 ADD+ ?AT 0CONTEMPOR>Y GR\PS ?AT /ILL LIVE ON HUNT+ & GA!R+ DO V]Y WELL1 EV5 ?\< !Y HAVE BE5 PU%$ 9TO V]Y M>G9AL HABITATS40 

,AS ,HOLE & ,FLANN]Y 7#a#i#f#c7 SUMM>IZ$3 0,NO GR\P ON E>? HAS MORE LEISURE TIME ?AN HUNT]S & GA!R]S1 :O SP5D IT PRIM>ILY ON GAMES1 CONV]SATION & RELAX+40 ,!Y HAVE MU* MORE FREE TIME1 ADDS ,B9=D 7#a#i#f#h71 0?AN DO MOD]N 9DU/RIAL OR F>M WORK]S1 OR EV5 PR(ESSORS ( >*AEOLOGY40 

,! NON-DOME/ICAT$ KN[ ?AT1 AS ,VANEIGEM 7#a#i#g#e7 PUT IT1 ONLY ! PRES5T CAN BE TOTAL4 ,?IS BY ITSELF MEANS ?AT !Y LIVE LIFE ) 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] IMM$IACY1 D5SITY & PASSION ?AN WE DO4 ,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT SOME REVOLUTION>Y DAYS >E WOR? C5TURIES2 UNTIL !N 0,WE LOOK BE=E & AFT]10 AS ,%ELLEY WROTE1 0,& SI< = :AT IS NOT44440 

,! ,MBUTI BELIEVE 7,TURNBULL #a#i#g#f7 ?AT 0BY A CORRECT FULFILLM5T ( ! PRES5T1 ! PA/ & ! FUTURE WILL TAKE C>E ( !MSELVES40 ,PRIMITIVE PEOPLES DO NOT LIVE ?R\< MEMORIES1 & G5]ALLY HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 BIR?DAYS OR MEASUR+ !IR AGES 7,CIPRIANI #a#i#f#f74 ,AS = ! FUTURE1 !Y HAVE LITTLE DESIRE TO CONTROL :AT DOES NOT YET EXI/1 JU/ AS !Y HAVE LITTLE DESIRE TO CONTROL NATURE4 ,!IR MOM5T-BY-MOM5T JO9+ ) ! FLUX & FL[ ( ! NATURAL WORLD DOES NOT PRECLUDE AN AW>5ESS ( ! SEASONS1 BUT ?IS DOES NOT CON/ITUTE AN ALI5AT$ TIME CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ROBS !M ( ! PRES5T4 

,?\< CONTEMPOR>Y GA!R]-HUNT]S EAT MORE MEAT ?AN !IR PREHI/ORIC =BE>S1 VEGETABLE FOODS /ILL CON/ITUTE ! MA9/AY ( !IR DIET 9 TROPICAL & SUBTROPICAL REGIONS 7,LEE #a#i#f#hA1 ,YELL5 & ,LEE #a#i#g#f74 ,BO? ! ,KALAH>I ,SAN & ! ,HAZDA ( ,EA/ ,AFRICA1 :]E GAME IS MORE ABUNDANT ?AN 9 ! ,KALAH>I1 RELY ON GA!R+ = #h P]C5T ( !IR SU/5ANCE 7,TANAKA #a#i#h74 ,! 6,KUNG BRAN* ( ! ,SAN SE>* = MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ DIFF]5T K9DS ( PLANTS 7,?OMAS #a#i#f#h7 & EXHIBIT NO NUTRITIONAL DEFICI5CY 7,TRUSWELL & ,HANS5 #a#i#g#f74 ,?IS IS SIMIL> TO ! HEAL?FUL1 V>I$ DIET ( ,AU/RALIAN =AG]S 7,FI%] #a#i#h#b1 ,FLOOD #a#i#h#c74 ,! OV]ALL DIET ( GA!R]S IS BETT] ?AN ?AT ( CULTIVATORS1 />VATION IS V]Y R>E1 & !IR HEAL? /ATUS G5]ALLY SUP]IOR1 ) MU* LESS *RONIC DISEASE 7,LEE & ,DEVORE #a#i#f#hA1 ,ACK]MAN #a#i#i74 

,LAUR5 VAN D] ,PO/ 7#a#i#e#h7 EXPRESS$ WOND] AT ! EXUB]ANT ,SAN LAU<1 :I* RISES 0%E] FROM ! /OMA*1 A LAU< Y\ NEV] HE> AMONG CIVILIZ$ PEOPLE40 ,HE F\ND ?IS EMBLEMATIC ( A GREAT VIGOR & CL>ITY ( S5SES ?AT YET MANAGES TO )/& & ELUDE ! ONSLAU<T ( CIVILIZATION4 ,TRUSWELL & ,HANS5 7#a#i#g#f7 MAY HAVE 5C\NT]$ IT 9 ! P]SON ( A ,SAN :O HAD SURVIV$ AN UN>M$ FI<T ) A LEOP>D2 AL?\< 9JUR$1 HE HAD KILL$ ! ANIMAL ) HIS B>E H&S4 

,! ,&AMAN ,ISL&]S1 WE/ ( ,?AIL&1 HAVE NO LEAD]S1 NO IDEA ( SYMBOLIC REPRES5TATION1 & NO DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS4 ,!RE IS ALSO AN ABS5CE ( AGGRESSION1 VIOL5CE1 & DISEASE2 W\NDS HEAL SURPRIS+LY QUICKLY1 & !IR SI<T & HE>+ >E P>TICUL>LY ACUTE4 ,!Y >E SAID TO HAVE DECL9$ S9CE ,EUROPEAN 9TRUSION 9 ! MID-#a#i? C5TURY1 BUT EXHIBIT O!R SU* REM>KABLE PHYSICAL TRAITS AS A NATURAL IMMUNITY TO MAL>IA1 SK9 ) SUFFICI5T ELA/ICITY TO RULE \T PO/-*ILDBIR? /RET* M>KS & ! WR9KL+ WE ASSOCIATE ) AG+1 & AN 'UNBELIEVABLE' /R5G? ( TEE?3 ,CIPRIANI 7#a#i#f#f7 REPORT$ SEE+ *ILDR5 ( #a TO #ae YE>S CRU% NAILS ) !M4 ,HE ALSO TE/IFI$ TO ! ,&AMESE PRACTICE ( COLLECT+ HONEY ) NO PROTECTIVE CLO?+ AT ALL2 0YET !Y >E NEV] /UNG1 & WAT*+ !M ONE FELT 9 ! PRES5CE ( SOME AGE-OLD MY/]Y1 LO/ BY ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD40 

,DE,VRIES 7#a#i#e#b7 HAS CIT$ A WIDE RANGE ( CONTRA/S BY :I* ! SUP]IOR HEAL? ( GA!R]-HUNT]S CAN BE E/ABLI%$1 9CLUD+ AN ABS5CE ( DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES & M5TAL DISABILITIES1 & *ILDBIR? )\T DIFFICULTY OR PA94 ,HE ALSO PO9TS \T ?AT ?IS BEG9S TO ]ODE FROM ! MOM5T ( CONTACT ) CIVILIZATION4 

,RELAT$LY1 !RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( EVID5CE NOT ONLY = PHYSICAL & EMOTIONAL VIGOR AMONG PRIMITIVES BUT ALSO CONC]N+ !IR HEI<T5$ S5SORY ABILITIES4 ,D>W9 DESCRIB$ PEOPLE AT ! S\!RNMO/ TIP ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA :O W5T AB\T ALMO/ NAK$ 9 FRIGID CONDITIONS1 :ILE ,PEASLEY 7#a#i#h#c7 OBS]V$ ,ABORIG9ES :O W]E R5[N$ = !IR ABILITY TO LIVE ?R\< BITT]LY COLD DES]T NI<TS 0)\T ANY =M ( CLO?+40 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#g#i7 WAS A/\ND$ TO LE>N ( A P>TICUL> .<,S\? ,AM]ICAN.> TRIBE :I* WAS ABLE TO 0SEE ! PLANET ,V5US 9 FULL DAYLI<T10 A FEAT COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( ! ,NOR? ,AFRICAN ,DOGON :O CONSID] ,SIRIUS ,B ! MO/ IMPORTANT />2 SOMEH[ AW>E1 )\T 9/RUM5TS1 ( A /> ?AT CAN ONLY BE F\ND ) ! MO/ P[]FUL ( TELESCOPES 7,TEMPLE #a#i#g#f74 ,9 ?IS VE91 ,BOYD5 7#a#i#g7 REC\NT$ ! ,BU%MAN ABILITY TO SEE F\R ( ! MOONS ( ,JUPIT] ) ! NAK$ EYE4 

,9 ,! ,H>MLESS ,PEOPLE 7#a#i#e#i71 ,M>%ALL TOLD H[ ONE ,BU%MAN WALK$ UN]R+LY TO A SPOT 9 A VA/ PLA91 0) NO BU% OR TREE TO M>K PLACE10 & PO9T$ \T A BLADE ( GRASS ) AN ALMO/ 9VISIBLE FILAM5T ( V9E >\ND IT4 ,HE HAD 5C\NT]$ IT MON?S BE=E 9 ! RA9Y SEASON :5 IT WAS GRE54 ,N[1 9 P>*$ WEA!R1 HE DUG !RE TO EXPOSE A SUCCUL5T ROOT & QU5*$ HIS ?IR/4 ,ALSO 9 ! ,KALAH>I ,DES]T1 VAN D] ,PO/ 7#a#i#e#h7 M$ITAT$ UPON ,SAN_/,BU%MAN COMMUNION ) NATURE1 A LEVEL ( EXP]I5CE ?AT 0C\LD ALMO/ BE CALL$ MY/ICAL4 ,= 9/ANCE1 !Y SEEM$ TO KN[ :AT IT ACTUALLY FELT LIKE TO BE AN ELEPHANT1 A LION1 AN ANTELOPE1 A /E5BUCK1 A LIZ>D1 A /RIP$ M\SE1 MANTIS1 BAOBAB TREE1 YELL[-CRE/$ COBRA OR />RY-EY$ AM>YLLIS1 TO M5TION ONLY A FEW ( ! BRILLIANT MULTITUDES ?R\< :I* !Y MOV$40 ,IT SEEMS ALMO/ P$E/RIAN TO ADD ?AT GA!R]-HUNT]S HAVE (T5 BE5 REM>K$ TO POSSESS TRACK+ SKILLS ?AT VIRTUALLY DEFY RATIONAL EXPLANATION 7E4G4 ,LEE #a#i#g#i74 

,ROHRLI*-,LEAVITT 7#a#i#g#f7 NOT$1 0,! DATA %[ ?AT GA!R]-HUNT]S >E G5]ALLY NON-T]RITORIAL & BILOCAL2 REJECT GR\P AGGRESSION & COMPETITION2 %>E !IR RES\RCES FREELY2 VALUE EGALIT>IANISM & P]SONAL AUTONOMY 9 ! CONTEXT ( GR\P COOP]ATION2 & >E 9DULG5T & LOV+ ) *ILDR540 ,DOZ5S ( /UDIES /RESS COMMUNAL %>+ & EGALIT>IANISM AS P]HAPS ! DEF9+ TRAITS ( SU* GR\PS 7E4G4 ,M>%ALL #aifa & #a#i#g#f1 ,SAHL9S #a#i#f#h1 ,PILBEAM #a#i#g#b1 ,DAMAS #a#i#g#b1 ,DIAMOND #a#i#g#d1 ,LAFITAU #a#i#g#d1 ,TANAKA #aigf & #a#i#h1 ,WIESSN] #a#i#g#g1 ,MORRIS #a#i#h#b1 ,RI*ES #a#i#h#b1 ,SMI? #a#i#h#h1 ,MI!N #a#i#i74 ,LEE 7#a#i#h#b7 REF]R$ TO ! 0UNIV]SALITY AMONG =AG]S0 ( %>+1 :ILE ,M>%ALL'S CLASSIC #aifa WORK SPOKE ( ! 0E?IC ( G5]OSITY & HUMILITY0 9=M+ A 0/RONGLY EGALIT>IAN0 GA!R]-HUNT] ORI5TATION4 ,TANAKA PROVIDES A TYPICAL EXAMPLE3 0,! MO/ ADMIR$ *>ACT] TRAIT IS G5]OSITY1 & ! MO/ DESPIS$ & DISLIK$ >E /+9ESS & SELFI%NESS40 

,BA] 7#a#i#h#f7 LI/$ 0EGALIT>IANISM1 DEMOCRACY1 P]SONALISM1 9DIVIDUATION1 NURTURANCE0 AS KEY VIRTUES ( ! NON-CIVILIZ$1 & ,LEE 7#a#i#h#h7 CIT$ 0AN ABSOLUTE AV]SION TO RANK DI/9CTIONS0 AMONG 0SIMPLE =AG+ PEOPLES >\ND ! WORLD40 ,LEACOCK & ,LEE 7#a#i#h#b7 SPECIFI$ ?AT 0ANY ASSUMPTION ( AU?ORITY0 )9 ! GR\P 0LEADS TO RIDICULE OR ANG] AMONG ! 6,KUNG1 AS HAS BE5 RECORD$ = ! ,MBUTI 7,TURNBULL #a#i#f#b71 ! ,HAZDA 7,WOODBURN #a#i#h7 & ! ,MONTAGNAIS-,NASKAPI 7,?WAITES #a#i#f71 AMONG O!RS40 

0,NOT EV5 ! FA!R ( AN EXT5D$ FAMILY CAN TELL HIS SONS & DAU<T]S :AT TO DO4 ,MO/ PEOPLE APPE> TO OP]ATE ON !IR [N 9T]NAL S*$ULES10 REPORT$ ,LEE 7#a#i#g#b7 ( ! 6,KUNG ( ,BOTSWANA4 ,+OLD 7#a#i#h#g7 JUDG$ ?AT 09 MO/ HUNT+ & GA!R+ SOCIETIES1 A SUPREME VALUE IS PLAC$ UPON ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY10 SIMIL> TO ,WILSON'S F9D+ 7#a#i#h#h7 ( 0AN E?IC ( 9DEP5D5CE0 ?AT IS 0COMMON TO ! FOCUS$ OP5 SOCIETIES40 ,! E/EEM$ FIELD AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,RAD9 7#a#i#e#c7 W5T SO F> AS TO SAY3 0,FREE SCOPE IS ALL[$ = EV]Y CONCEIVABLE K9D ( P]SONALITY \TLET OR EXPRESSION 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY4 ,NO MORAL JUDGM5T IS PASS$ ON ANY ASPECT ( HUMAN P]SONALITY AS SU*40 

,TURNBULL 7#a#i#g#f7 LOOK$ ON ! /RUCTURE ( ,MBUTI SOCIAL LIFE AS 0AN APP>5T VACUUM1 A LACK ( 9T]NAL SY/EM ?AT IS ALMO/ AN>*ICAL40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DUFFY 7#a#i#h#d71 0! ,MBUTI >E NATURALLY ACEPHAL\S -- !Y DO NOT HAVE LEAD]S OR RUL]S1 & DECISIONS CONC]N+ ! B& >E MADE BY CONS5SUS40 ,!RE IS AN 5ORM\S QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 =AG]S & F>M]S 9 ?IS REG>D1 AS 9 SO MANY O!RS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 AGRICULTURAL ,BANTU TRIBES 7E4G4 ! ,SAGA7 SURR\ND ! ,SAN1 & >E ORGANIZ$ BY K+%IP1 HI]>*Y & WORK2 ! ,SAN EXHIBIT EGALIT>IANISM1 AUTONOMY1 & %>+4 ,DOME/ICATION IS ! PR9CIPLE :I* ACC\NTS = ?IS DRA/IC DI/9CTION4 

,DOM9ATION )9 A SOCIETY IS NOT UNRELAT$ TO DOM9ATION ( NATURE4 ,9 GA!R]-HUNT] SOCIETIES1 ON ! O!R H&1 NO /RICT HI]>*Y EXI/S BETWE5 ! HUMAN & ! NON-HUMAN SPECIES 7,NOSKE #a#i#h#i71 & RELATIONS AMONG =AG]S >E LIKEWISE NONHI]>*ICAL4 ,! NON-DOME/ICAT$ TYPICALLY VIEW ! ANIMALS !Y HUNT AS EQUALS2 ?IS ESS5TIALLY EGALIT>IAN RELATION%IP IS 5D$ BY ! ADV5T ( DOME/ICATION4 

,:5 PROGRESSIVE E/RANGEM5T FROM NATURE BECAME \TRI<T SOCIAL CONTROL 7AGRICULTURE71 MORE ?AN JU/ SOCIAL ATTITUDES *ANG$4 ,DESCRIPTIONS BY SAILORS & EXPLOR]S :O >RIV$ 9 0NEWLY DISCOV]$0 REGIONS TELL H[ WILD MAMMALS & BIRDS ORIG9ALLY %[$ NO FE> AT ALL ( ! HUMAN 9VAD]S 7,BROCK #a#i#h#a74 ,A FEW CONTEMPOR>Y GA!R]S PRACTIC$ NO HUNT+ BE=E \TSIDE CONTACT1 BUT :ILE ! MAJORITY C]TA9LY DO HUNT1 0IT IS NOT NORMALLY AN AGGRESSIVE ACT0 7,ROHRLI*-,LEAVITT #a#i#g#f74 ,TURNBULL 7#a#i#f#e7 OBS]V$ ,MBUTI HUNT+ AS QUITE )\T ANY AGGRESSIVE SPIRIT1 EV5 C>RI$ \T ) A SORT ( REGRET4 ,HEWITT 7#a#i#h#f7 REPORT$ A SYMPA?Y BOND BETWE5 HUNT] & HUNT$ AMONG ! ,XAN ,BU%M5 HE 5C\NT]$ 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 

,AS REG>DS VIOL5CE AMONG GA!R]-HUNT]S1 ,LEE 7#a#i#h#h7 F\ND ?AT 0! 6,KUNG HATE FI<T+1 & ?9K ANYBODY :O F\<T W\LD BE /UPID40 ,! ,MBUTI1 BY ,DUFFY'S ACC\NT 7#a#i#h#d71 0LOOK ON ANY =M ( VIOL5CE BETWE5 ONE P]SON & ANO!R ) GREAT ABHORR5CE & DI/A/E1 & NEV] REPRES5T IT 9 !IR DANC+ OR PLAYACT+40 ,HOMICIDE & SUICIDE1 CONCLUD$ ,BODLEY 7#a#i#g#f71 >E BO? 0DECID$LY UNCOMMON0 AMONG UNDI/URB$ GA!R]-HUNT]S4 ,! 'W>LIKE' NATURE ( ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN PEOPLES WAS (T5 FABRICAT$ TO ADD LEGITIMACY TO ,EUROPEAN AIMS ( CONQUE/ 7,KROEB] #a#i#f#a72 ! =AG+ ,COMAN*E MA9TA9$ !IR NONVIOL5T WAYS = C5TURIES BE=E ! ,EUROPEAN 9VASION1 BECOM+ VIOL5T ONLY UPON CONTACT ) M>AUD+ CIVILIZATION 7,FRI$ #a#i#g#c74 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( SYMBOLIC CULTURE1 :I* RAPIDLY L$ TO AGRICULTURE1 IS L9K$ ?R\< RITUAL TO ALI5AT$ SOCIAL LIFE AMONG EXTANT =AG+ GR\PS4 ,BLO* 7#a#i#g#g7 F\ND A CORRELATION BETWE5 LEVELS ( RITUAL & HI]>*Y4 ,PUT NEGATIVELY1 ,WOODBURN 7#a#i#f#h7 C\LD SEE ! CONNECTION BETWE5 AN ABS5CE ( RITUAL & ! ABS5CE ( SPECIALIZ$ ROLES & HI]>*Y AMONG ! ,HAZDA ( ,TANZANIA4 ,TURN]'S /UDY ( ! WE/ ,AFRICAN ,NDEMBU 7#a#i#e#g7 REVEAL$ A PR(USION ( RITUAL /RUCTURES & C]EMONIES 9T5D$ TO R$RESS ! CONFLICTS >IS+ FROM ! BREAKD[N ( AN E>LI]1 MORE SEAMLESS SOCIETY4 ,!SE C]EMONIES & /RUCTURES FUNCTION 9 A POLITICALLY 9TEGRATIVE WAY4 ,RITUAL IS A REPETITIVE ACTIVITY = :I* \TCOMES & RESPONSES >E ESS5TIALLY ASSUR$ BY SOCIAL CONTRACT2 IT CONVEYS ! MESSAGE ?AT SYMBOLIC PRACTICE1 VIA GR\P MEMB]%IP & SOCIAL RULES1 PROVIDES CONTROL 7,COH5 #a#i#h#e74 ,RITUAL FO/]S ! CONCEPT ( CONTROL OR DOM9ATION1 & HAS BE5 SE5 TO T5D T[>D LEAD]%IP ROLES 7,HIT*COCK #a#i#h#b7 & C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL /RUCTURES 7,L\R&OS #a#i#h#e74 ,A MONOPOLY ( C]EMONIAL 9/ITUTIONS CLE>LY EXT5DS ! CONCEPT ( AU?ORITY 7,B5D] #a#i#g#h71 & MAY ITSELF BE ! ORIG9AL =MAL AU?ORITY4 

,AMONG AGRICULTURAL TRIBES ( ,NEW ,GU9EA1 LEAD]%IP & ! 9EQUALITY IT IMPLIES >E BAS$ UPON P>TICIPATION 9 HI]>*IES ( RITUAL 9ITIATION OR UPON %AMANI/IC SPIRIT-M$IUM%IP 7,KELLY #a#i#g#g1 ,MODJESKA #a#i#h#b74 ,9 ! ROLE ( %AMANS WE SEE A CONCRETE PRACTICE ( RITUAL AS IT CONTRIBUTES TO DOM9ATION 9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 

,RAD9 7#a#i#c#g7 DISCUSS$ 0! SAME M>K$ T5D5CY0 AMONG ,ASIAN & ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN TRIBAL PEOPLES = %AMANS OR M$IC9E M5 0TO ORGANIZE & DEVELOP ! !ORY ?AT !Y ALONE >E 9 COMMUNICATION ) ! SUP]NATURAL40 ,?IS EXCLUSIVE ACCESS SEEMS TO EMP[] !M AT ! EXP5SE ( ! RE/2 ,LOMMEL 7#a#i#f#g7 SAW 0AN 9CREASE 9 ! %AMAN'S PSY*IC POT5CY444C\NT]BALANC$ BY A WEAK5+ ( POT5CY 9 O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P40 ,?IS PRACTICE HAS FAIRLY OBVI\S IMPLICATIONS = P[] RELATION%IPS 9 O!R >EAS ( LIFE1 & CONTRA/S ) E>LI] P]IODS DEVOID ( RELIGI\S LEAD]%IP4 

,! ,BATUQUE ( ,BRAZIL >E HO/ TO %AMANS :O EA* CLAIM CONTROL OV] C]TA9 SPIRITS & ATTEMPT TO SELL SUP]NATURAL S]VICES TO CLI5TS1 RA!R LIKE PRIE/S ( COMPET+ SECTS 7,S4 ,LEACOCK #a#i#h#h74 ,SPECIALI/S ( ?IS TYPE 9 0MAGICALLY CONTROLL+ NATURE444W\LD NATURALLY COME TO CONTROL M51 TOO10 9 ! OP9ION ( ,MULL] 7#a#i#f#a74 ,9 FACT1 ! %AMAN IS (T5 ! MO/ P[]FUL 9DIVIDUAL 9 PRE-AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES 7E4G4 ,%EEHAN #a#i#h#e72 HE IS 9 A POSITION TO 9/ITUTE *ANGE4 ,JOHANNESS5 7#a#i#h#g7 (F]S ! !SIS ?AT RESI/ANCE TO ! 9NOVATION ( PLANT+ WAS OV]COME BY ! 9FLU5CE ( %AMANS1 AMONG ! ,9DIANS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\?WE/1 = 9/ANCE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,M>QU>DT 7#a#i#h#e7 HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT RITUAL AU?ORITY /RUCTURES HAVE PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! 9ITIATION & ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,ANO!R /UD5T ( ,AM]ICAN GR\PS 7,+OLD #a#i#h#g7 SAW AN IMPORTANT CONNECTION BETWE5 %AMANS' ROLE 9 MA/]+ WILDNESS 9 NATURE & AN EM]G+ SUBORD9ATION ( WOM54 

,B]NDT 7#a#i#g#dA7 HAS DISCUSS$ ! IMPORTANCE AMONG ,ABORIG9ES ( RITUAL SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEGATIVE SEX ROLES1 :ILE ,R&OLPH 7#a#i#h#h7 COMES /RAI<T TO ! PO9T3 0,RITUAL ACTIVITY IS NE$$ TO CREATE 'PROP]' M5 & WOM540 ,!RE IS 0NO REASON 9 NATURE0 = G5D] DIVISIONS1 >GUES ,B5D] 7#a#i#h#i74 0,!Y HAVE TO BE CREAT$ BY PROSCRIPTION & TABOO1 !Y HAVE TO BE 'NATURALIZ$' ?R\< IDEOLOGY & RITUAL40 

,BUT GA!R]-HUNT] SOCIETIES1 BY !IR V]Y NATURE1 D5Y RITUAL ITS POT5TIAL TO DOME/ICATE WOM54 ,! /RUCTURE 7NON-/RUCTURE87 ( EGALIT>IAN B&S1 EV5 ?OSE MO/ ORI5T$ T[>D HUNT+1 9CLUDES A GU>ANTEE ( AUTONOMY TO BO? SEXES4 ,?IS GU>ANTEE IS ! FACT ?AT ! MAT]IALS ( SUBSI/5CE >E EQUALLY AVAILABLE TO WOM5 & M5 & ?AT1 FUR!R1 ! SUCCESS ( ! B& IS DEP5D5T ON COOP]ATION BAS$ ON ?AT AUTONOMY 7,LEACOCK #a#i#g#h1 ,FRI$L #a#i#g#e74 ,! SPH]ES ( ! SEXES >E (T5 SOME:AT SEP>ATE1 BUT 9ASMU* AS ! CONTRIBUTION ( WOM5 IS G5]ALLY AT LEA/ EQUAL TO ?AT ( M51 SOCIAL EQUALITY ( ! SEXES IS 0A KEY FEATURE ( =AG] SOCIETIES0 7,EHR5B]G #a#i#h#iB74 ,MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 9 FACT1 HAVE F\ND ! /ATUS ( WOM5 9 =AG] GR\PS TO BE HI<] ?AN 9 ANY O!R TYPE ( SOCIETY 7E4G4 ,FLU]-,LOBBAN #a#i#g#i1 ,ROHRLI*-,LEAVITT1 ,SYKES & ,WEA!R=D #a#i#g#e1 ,LEACOCK #a#i#g#h74 

,9 ALL MAJOR DECISIONS1 OBS]V$ ,TURNBULL 7#a#i#g7 ( ! ,MBUTI1 0M5 & WOM5 HAVE EQUAL SAY1 HUNT+ & GA!R+ BE+ EQUALLY IMPORTANT40 ,HE MADE IT CLE> 7#a#i#h#a7 ?AT !RE IS SEXUAL DIFF]5TIATION -- PROBABLY A GOOD DEAL MORE ?AN WAS ! CASE ) !IR DI/ANT =BE>S -- 0BUT )\T ANY S5SE ( SUP]ORD9ATION OR SUBORD9ATION40 ,M5 ACTUALLY WORK MORE H\RS ?AN WOM5 AMONG ! 6,KUNG1 ACCORD+ TO ,PO/ & ,TAYLOR 7#a#i#h#d74 

,IT %\LD BE ADD$1 9 T]MS ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR COMMON AMONG CONTEMPOR>Y GA!R]-HUNT]S1 ?AT ?IS DIFF]5TIATION ( ROLES IS BY NO MEANS UNIV]SAL4 ,NOR WAS IT :5 ! ,ROMAN HI/ORIAN ,TACITUS WROTE1 ( ! ,F5NI ( ! ,BALTIC REGION1 ?AT 0! WOM5 SUPPORT !MSELVES BY HUNT+1 EXACTLY LIKE ! M5444& C\NT !IR LOT HAPPI] ?AN ?AT ( O!RS :O GROAN OV] FIELD LABOR40 ,OR :5 ,PROCOPIUS F\ND1 9 ! #f? C5TURY ,A4,D41 ?AT ! ,S]I?IF9NI ( :AT IS N[ ,F9L& 0NEI!R TILL ! L& !MSELVES1 NOR DO !IR WOM5 WORK IT = !M1 BUT ! WOM5 REGUL>LY JO9 ! M5 9 HUNT+40 

,! ,TIWI WOM5 ( ,MELVILLE ,ISL& REGUL>LY HUNT 7,M>T9 & ,VOORHIES #a#i#g#e7 AS DO ! ,AGTA WOM5 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES 7,E/IOKO-,GRIFF5 & ,GRIFF5 #a#i#h#a74 ,9 ,MBUTI SOCIETY1 0!RE IS LITTLE SPECIALIZATION ACCORD+ TO SEX4 ,EV5 ! HUNT IS A JO9T EF=T10 REPORTS ,TURNBULL 7#a#i#f#b71 & ,COTL[ 7#a#i#g#a7 TE/IFIES ?AT 0AMONG ! TRADITIONAL ,ESKIMOS IT IS 7OR WAS7 A COOP]ATIVE 5T]PRISE = ! :OLE FAMILY GR\P40 

,D>W9 7#a#h#g#a7 F\ND ANO!R ASPECT ( SEXUAL EQUALITY3 04449 UTT]LY B>B>\S TRIBES ! WOM5 HAVE MORE P[] 9 *OOS+1 REJECT+1 & TEMPT+ !IR LOV]S1 OR ( AFT]W>DS *ANG+ !IR HUSB&S1 ?AN MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$40 ,! 6,KUNG ,BU%M5 & ,MBUTI EXEMPLIFY ?IS FEMALE AUTONOMY1 AS REPORT$ BY ,M>%ALL 7#a#i#e#i7 & ,?OMAS 7#a#i#f#e72 0,WOM5 APP>5TLY LEAVE A MAN :5EV] !Y >E UNHAPPY ) !IR M>RIAGE10 CONCLUD$ ,BEGL] 7#a#i#g#h74 ,M>%ALL 7#a#i#g7 ALSO F\ND ?AT RAPE WAS EXTREMELY R>E OR ABS5T AMONG ! 6,KUNG4 

,AN 9TRIGU+ PH5OM5ON CONC]N+ GA!R]-HUNT] WOM5 IS !IR ABILITY TO PREV5T PREGNANCY 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY CONTRACEPTION 7,SILB]BAU] #a#i#h#a74 ,MANY HYPO!SES HAVE BE5 PUT =? & DEBUNK$1 E4G4 CONCEPTION SOMEH[ RELAT$ TO LEVELS ( BODY FAT 7,FRIS* #a#i#g#d1 ,LEIB[ITZ #a#i#h#f74 ,:AT SEEMS A V]Y PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION IS BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT UNDOME/ICAT$ PEOPLE >E V]Y MU* MORE 9 TUNE ) !IR PHYSICAL SELVES4 ,=AG+ WOM5'S S5SES & PROCESSES >E NOT ALI5AT$ FROM !MSELVES OR DULL$2 CONTROL OV] *ILDBE>+ IS PROBABLY LESS ?AN MY/]I\S TO ?OSE :OSE BODIES >E NOT =EIGN OBJECTS TO BE ACT$ UPON4 

,! ,PYGMIES ( ,ZAIRE CELEBRATE ! FIR/ M5/RUAL P]IOD ( EV]Y GIRL ) A GREAT FE/IVAL ( GRATITUDE & REJOIC+ 7,TURNBULL #a#i#f#b74 ,! Y\NG WOMAN FEELS PRIDE & PLEASURE1 & ! 5TIRE B& EXPRESSES ITS HAPP9ESS4 ,AMONG AGRICULTURAL VILLAG]S1 H[EV]1 A M5/RUAT+ WOMAN IS REG>D$ AS UNCLEAN & DANG]\S1 TO BE QU>ANT9$ BY TABOO 7,DUFFY #a#i#h#d74 ,! RELAX$1 EGALIT>IAN RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,SAN M5 & WOM51 ) ITS FLEXIBILITY ( ROLES & MUTUAL RESPECT IMPRESS$ ,DRAP] 7#a#i#g#a1 #a#i#g#b1 #a#i#g#e72 A RELATION%IP1 %E MADE CLE>1 ?AT 5DURES AS LONG AS !Y REMA9 GA!R]-HUNT]S & NO LONG]4 

,DUFFY 7#a#i#h#d7 F\ND ?AT EA* *ILD 9 AN ,MBUTI CAMP CALLS EV]Y MAN FA!R & EV]Y WOMAN MO!R4 ,=AG] *ILDR5 RECEIVE F> MORE C>E1 TIME1 & ATT5TION ?AN DO ?OSE 9 CIVILIZATION'S ISOLAT$ NUCLE> FAMILIES4 ,PO/ & ,TAYLOR 7#a#i#h#d7 DESCRIB$ ! 0ALMO/ P]MAN5T CONTACT0 ) !IR MO!RS & O!R ADULTS ?AT ,BU%MAN *ILDR5 5JOY4 6,KUNG 9FANTS /UDI$ BY ,A9SWOR? 7#a#i#f#g7 %[$ M>K$ PRECOCITY ( E>LY COGNITIVE & MOTOR SKILLS DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS WAS ATTRIBUT$ BO? TO ! EX]CISE & /IMULATION PRODUC$ BY UNRE/RICT$ FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T1 & TO ! HI< DEGREE ( PHYSICAL W>M? & CLOS5ESS BETWE5 6,KUNG P>5TS & *ILDR5 7SEE ALSO ,KONN] #a#i#g#f74 

,DRAP] 7#a#i#g#f7 C\LD SEE ?AT 0COMPETITIV5ESS 9 GAMES IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY LACK+ AMONG ! 6,KUNG10 AS ,%O/ACK 7#a#i#g#f7 OBS]V$ 06,KUNG BOYS & GIRLS PLAY+ TOGE!R & %>+ MO/ GAMES40 ,%E ALSO F\ND ?AT *ILDR5 >E NOT PREV5T$ FROM EXP]IM5TAL SEX PLAY1 CONSONANT ) ! FRE$OM ( OLD] ,MBUTI Y\? TO 09DULGE 9 PREM>ITAL SEX ) 5?USIASM & DELI<T0 7,TURNBULL #a#i#h#a74 ,! ,ZUNI 0HAVE NO S5SE ( S910 ,RU? ,B5$ICT 7#a#i#d#f7 WROTE 9 A RELAT$ VE94 0,*A/ITY AS A WAY ( LIFE IS REG>D$ ) GREAT DISFAVOR444,PLEASANT RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SEXES >E M]ELY ONE ASPECT ( PLEASANT RELATIONS ) HUMAN BE+S444,SEX IS AN 9CID5T 9 A HAPPY LIFE40 

,COONTZ & ,H5D]SON 7#a#i#h#f7 PO9T TO A GR[+ BODY ( EVID5CE 9 SUPPORT ( ! PROPOSITION ?AT RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SEXES >E MO/ EGALIT>IAN 9 ! SIMPLE/ =AG+ SOCIETIES4 ,WOM5 PLAY AN ESS5TIAL ROLE 9 TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE1 BUT RECEIVE NO CORRESPOND+ /ATUS = !IR CONTRIBUTION1 UNLIKE ! CASE ( GA!R]-HUNT] SOCIETY 7,*EVILL>D & ,LECONTE #a#i#h#f1 ,:YTE #a#i#g#h74 ,AS ) PLANTS & ANIMALS1 SO >E WOM5 SUBJECT TO DOME/ICATION ) ! COM+ ( AGRICULTURE4 ,CULTURE1 SECUR+ ITS F\NDATIONS ) ! NEW ORD]1 REQUIRES ! FIRM SUBJUGATION ( 9/9CT1 FRE$OM1 & SEXUALITY4 ,ALL DISORD] MU/ BE BANI%$1 ! ELEM5TAL & SPONTANE\S TAK5 FIRMLY 9 H&4 ,WOM5'S CREATIVITY & !IR V]Y BE+ AS SEXUAL P]SONS >E PRESSUR$ TO GIVE WAY TO ! ROLE1 EXPRESS$ 9 ALL PEASANT RELIGIONS1 ( ,GREAT ,MO!R1 ?AT IS1 FECUND BRE$] ( M5 & FOOD4 

,! M5 ( ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN ,MUNDURUC1 A F>M+ TRIBE1 REF] TO PLANTS & SEX 9 ! SAME PHRASE AB\T SUBDU+ WOM53 0,WE TAME !M ) ! BANANA0 7,MURPHY & ,MURPHY #a#i#h#e74 ,SIMONE DE ,BEAUVOIR 7#a#i#d#i7 RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! EQUATION ( ! PL[ & ! PHALLUS A SYMBOL ( MALE AU?ORITY OV] WOM54 ,AMONG ! ,AMAZONIAN ,JIV>O1 ANO!R AGRICULTURAL GR\P1 WOM5 >E BEA/S ( BURD5 & ! P]SONAL PROP]TY ( M5 7,H>N] #a#i#g#b72 ! 0ABDUCTION ( ADULT WOM5 IS A PROM95T P>T ( MU* W>F>E0 BY !SE L[L& ,S\? ,AM]ICAN TRIBES 7,F]GUSON #a#i#h#h74 ,BRUTALIZATION & ISOLATION ( WOM5 SEEM TO BE FUNCTIONS ( AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES 7,GREGOR #a#i#h#h71 & ! FEMALE CONT9UES TO P]=M MO/ OR EV5 ALL ( ! WORK 9 SU* GR\PS 7,MORGAN #a#i#h#e74 

,HEAD-HUNT+ IS PRACTIC$ BY ! ABOVE-M5TION$ GR\PS1 AS P>T ( 5DEMIC W>F>E OV] COVET$ AGRICULTURAL L& 7,LA?RAP #a#i#g72 HEAD-HUNT+ & NE>-CON/ANT W>R+ IS ALSO WITNESS$ AMONG ! F>M+ TRIBES ( ,HI<L&S ,NEW ,GU9EA 7,WATSON #a#i#g74 ,L5SKI & ,L5SKI'S #aigd RESE>*ES CONCLUD$ ?AT W>F>E IS R>E AMONG =AG]S BUT BECOMES EXTREMELY COMMON ) AGR>IAN SOCIETIES4 ,AS ,WILSON 7#a#i#h#h7 PUT IT SUCC9CTLY1 0,REV5GE1 FEUDS1 RIOT+1 W>F>E & BATTLE SEEM TO EM]GE AMONG1 & TO BE TYPICAL (1 DOME/ICAT$ PEOPLES40 

,TRIBAL CONFLICTS1 ,GODELI] 7#a#i#g#g7 >GUES1 >E 0EXPLA9ABLE PRIM>ILY BY REF]5CE TO COLONIAL DOM9ATION0 & %\LD NOT BE SE5 AS HAV+ AN ORIG9 09 ! FUNCTION+ ( PRE-COLONIAL /RUCTURES40 ,C]TA9LY CONTACT ) CIVILIZATION CAN HAVE AN UNSETTL+1 DEG5]ATIVE EFFECT1 BUT ,GODELI]'S M>XISM 7VIZ4 UNWILL+NESS TO QUE/ION DOME/ICATION_/PRODUCTION71 IS1 ONE SUSPECTS1 RELEVANT TO SU* A JUDGM5T4 ,?US IT C\LD BE SAID ?AT ! ,COPP] ,ESKIMOS1 :O HAVE A SIGNIFICANT 9CID5CE ( HOMICIDE )9 !IR GR\P 7,DAMAS #a#i#g#b71 [E ?IS VIOL5CE TO ! IMPACT ( \TSIDE 9FLU5CES1 BUT !IR RELIANCE ON DOME/ICAT$ DOGS %\LD ALSO BE NOT$4 

,>5S 7#a#i#g#i7 HAS ASS]T$1 P>ALLEL+ ,GODELI] TO SOME EXT5T1 ?AT CANNIBALISM AS A CULTURAL PH5OM5ON IS A FICTION1 9V5T$ & PROMOT$ BY AG5CIES ( \TSIDE CONQUE/4 ,BUT !RE IS DOCUM5TATION ( ?IS PRACTICE 7E4G4 ,POOLE #a#i#h#c1 ,TUZ9 #a#i#g#f7 AMONG1 ONCE AGA91 PEOPLES 9VOLV$ 9 DOME/ICATION4 ,! /UDIES BY ,HOGG 7#a#i#f#f71 = EXAMPLE1 REVEAL ITS PRES5CE AMONG C]TA9 ,AFRICAN TRIBES1 /EEP$ 9 RITUAL & GR\ND$ 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,CANNIBALISM IS G5]ALLY A =M ( CULTURAL CONTROL ( *AOS1 9 :I* ! VICTIM REPRES5TS ANIMALITY1 OR ALL ?AT %\LD BE TAM$ 7,S&AY #a#i#h#f74 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ONE ( ! IMPORTANT MY?S ( ,FIJI ,ISL&]S1 0,H[ ! ,FIJIANS FIR/ BECAME CANNIBALS10 IS LIT]ALLY A TALE ( PLANT+ 7,SAHL9S #a#i#h#c74 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! HI<LY DOME/ICAT$ & TIME-CONSCI\S ,AZTECS PRACTIC$ HUMAN SACRIFICE AS A GE/URE TO TAME UNRULY =CES & UPHOLD ! SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM ( A V]Y ALI5AT$ SOCIETY4 ,AS ,NORBECK 7#a#i#f#a7 PO9T$ \T1 NON-DOME/ICAT$1 0CULTURALLY IMPOV]I%$0 SOCIETIES >E DEVOID ( CANNIBALISM & HUMAN SACRIFICE4 

,AS = ONE ( ! BASIC UND]P9N+S ( VIOL5CE 9 MORE COMPLEX SOCIETIES1 ,B>NES 7#a#i#g7 F\ND ?AT 0REPORTS 9 ! E?NOGRAPHIC LIT]ATURE ( T]RITORIAL /RUGGLES0 BETWE5 GA!R]-HUNT]S >E 0EXTREMELY R>E40 6,KUNG B\ND>IES >E VAGUE & UNDEF5D$ 7,LEE #a#i#g#i72 ,P&>AM T]RITORIES OV]LAP1 & 9DIVIDUALS GO :]E !Y PLEASE 7,MORRIS #a#i#h#b72 ,HAZDA MOVE FREELY FROM REGION TO REGION 7,WOODBURN #a#i#f#h72 B\ND>IES & TRESPASS HAVE LITTLE OR NO MEAN+ TO ! ,MBUTI 7,TURNBULL #a#i#f#f72 & ,AU/RALIAN ,ABORIG9ES REJECT T]RITORIAL OR SOCIAL DEM>CATIONS 7,GUMP]T #a#i#h#a1 ,HAMILTON #a#i#h#b74 ,AN E?IC ( G5]OSITY & HOSPITALITY TAKES ! PLACE ( EXCLUSIVITY 7,/EW>D #a#i#f#h1 ,HIATT #a#i#f#h74 

,GA!R]-HUNT] PEOPLES HAVE DEVELOP$ 0NO CONCEPTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY10 9 ! E/IMATION ( ,KITWOOD 7#a#i#h#d74 ,AS NOT$ ABOVE 9 REF]5CE TO %>+1 & ) ,SANSOM'S 7#a#i#h7 *>ACT]IZATION ( ,ABORIG9ES AS 0PEOPLE )\T PROP]TY10 =AG]S DO NOT %>E CIVILIZATION'S OBSESSION ) EXT]NALS4 

0,M9E & ?9E1 ! SE$S ( ALL MIS*IEF1 HAVE NO PLACE ) !M10 WROTE ,PIETRO 7#a#e#a#a7 ( ! NATIVE ,NOR? ,AM]ICANS 5C\NT]$ ON ! SECOND VOYAGE ( ,COLUMBUS4 ,! ,BU%M5 HAVE 0NO S5SE ( POSSESSION10 ACCORD+ TO ,PO/ 7#a#i#e#h71 & ,LEE 7#a#i#g#b7 SAW !M MAK+ 0NO %>P DI*OTOMY BETWE5 ! RES\RCES ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T & ! SOCIAL WEAL?40 ,!RE IS A L9E BETWE5 NATURE & CULTURE1 AGA91 & ! NON-CIVILIZ$ *OOSE ! =M]4 

,!RE >E MANY GA!R]-HUNT]S :O C\LD C>RY ALL ?AT !Y MAKE USE ( 9 ONE H&1 :O DIE ) PRETTY MU* :AT !Y HAD AS !Y CAME 9TO ! WORLD4 ,ONCE HUMANS %>$ EV]Y?+2 ) AGRICULTURE1 [N]%IP BECOMES P>AM\NT & A SPECIES PRESUMES TO [N ! WORLD4 ,A DE=MATION ! IMAG9ATION C\LD SC>CELY EQUAL4 

,SAHL9S 7#a#i#g#b7 SPOKE ( ?IS ELOQU5TLY3 0,! WORLD'S MO/ PRIMITIVE PEOPLE HAVE FEW POSSESSIONS1 BUT !Y >E NOT POOR4 ,POV]TY IS NOT A C]TA9 SMALL AM\NT ( GOODS1 NOR IS IT JU/ A RELATION BETWE5 MEANS & 5DS2 ABOVE ALL1 IT IS A RELATION BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,POV]TY IS A SOCIAL /ATUS4 ,AS SU* IT IS ! 9V5TION ( CIVILIZATION40 

,! 0COMMON T5D5CY0 ( GA!R]-HUNT]S 0TO REJECT F>M+ UNTIL IT WAS ABSOLUTELY ?RU/ UPON !M0 7,BODLEY #a#i#g#f7 BESPEAKS A NATURE_/CULTURE DIVIDE ALSO PRES5T 9 ! ,MBUTI RECOGNITION ?AT IF ONE ( !M BECOMES A VILLAG] HE IS NO LONG] AN ,MBUTI 7,TURNBULL #a#i#g#f74 ,!Y KN[ ?AT =AG] B& & AGRICULTURALI/ VILLAGE >E OPPOS$ SOCIETIES ) OPPOS$ VALUES4 

,AT TIMES1 H[EV]1 ! CRUCIAL FACTOR ( DOME/ICATION CAN BE LO/ SI<T (4 0,! HI/ORIC =AG+ POPULATIONS ( ! ,WE/]N ,COA/ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA HAVE LONG BE5 CONSID]$ ANOMAL\S AMONG =AG]S10 DECL>$ ,COH5 7#a#i#h#a72 AS ,KELLY 7#a#i#i#a7 ALSO PUT IT1 0TRIBES ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ BREAK ALL ! /]EOTYPES ( HUNT]-GA!R]S40 ,!SE =AG]S1 :OSE MA9 SU/5ANCE IS FI%+1 HAVE EXHIBIT$ SU* ALI5AT$ FEATURES AS *IEFS1 HI]>*Y1 W>F>E & SLAV]Y4 ,BUT ALMO/ ALWAYS OV]LOOK$ >E !IR DOME/ICAT$ TOBACCO & DOME/ICAT$ DOGS4 ,EV5 ?IS CELEBRAT$ 'ANOMALY' CONTA9S FEATURES ( DOME/ICATION4 ,ITS PRACTICE1 FROM RITUAL TO PRODUCTION1 ) V>I\S ACCOMPANY+ =MS ( DOM9ATION1 SEEMS TO AN*OR & PROMOTE ! FACETS ( DECL9E FROM AN E>LI] /ATE ( GRACE4 

,?OMAS 7#a#i#h#a7 PROVIDES ANO!R ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN EXAMPLE1 ?AT ( ! ,GREAT ,BAS9 ,%O%ONES & ?REE ( !IR COMPON5T SOCIETIES1 ! ,KAWI* ,M\NTA9 ,%O%ONES1 ,REESE ,RIV] ,%O%ONES1 & ,[5S ,VALLEY ,PAIUTES4 ,! ?REE GR\PS %[$ DI/9CTLY DIFF]5T LEVELS ( AGRICULTURE1 ) 9CREAS+ T]RITORIALITY OR [N]%IP & HI]>*Y CLOSELY CORRESPOND+ TO HI<] DEGREES ( DOME/ICATION4 

,TO 'DEF9E' A DISALI5AT$ WORLD W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE & EV5 UNDESIRABLE1 BUT ,I ?9K WE CAN & %\LD TRY TO REVEAL ! UNWORLD ( TODAY & H[ IT GOT ?IS WAY4 ,WE HAVE TAK5 A MON/R\SLY WRONG TURN ) SYMBOLIC CULTURE & DIVISION ( LABOR1 FROM A PLACE ( 5*ANTM5T1 UND]/&+ & :OL5ESS TO ! ABS5CE WE F9D AT ! HE>T ( ! DOCTR9E ( PROGRESS4 ,EMPTY & EMPTY+1 ! LOGIC ( DOME/ICATION ) ITS DEM& TO CONTROL EV]Y?+ N[ %[S US ! RU9 ( ! CIVILIZATION ?AT RU9S ! RE/4 ,ASSUM+ ! 9F]IORITY ( NATURE 5ABLES ! DOM9ATION ( CULTURAL SY/EMS ?AT SOON WILL MAKE ! V]Y E>? UN9HABITABLE4 

,PO/MOD]NISM SAYS TO US ?AT A SOCIETY )\T P[] RELATIONS CAN ONLY BE AN AB/RACTION 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#h#b74 ,?IS IS A LIE UNLESS WE ACCEPT ! DEA? ( NATURE & R5\NCE :AT ONCE WAS & :AT WE CAN F9D AGA94 ,TURNBULL SPOKE ( ! 9TIMACY BETWE5 ,MBUTI PEOPLE & ! =E/1 DANC+ ALMO/ AS IF MAK+ LOVE TO ! =E/4 ,9 ! BOSOM ( A LIFE ( EQUALS ?AT IS NO AB/RACTION1 ?AT /RUGGLES TO 5DURE1 !Y W]E 0DANC+ ) ! =E/1 DANC+ ) ! MOON40 

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