,/UDY #b 
,IS !RE ,SUFFICI5T ,REASON = ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY8 

#aheaahea 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY 7#a#h#e#a7 

BY ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

@<@< ,FIR/ ,/UDY4 ,REACTION ,CAUSES ,REVOLUTION4 
  ,CONT5TS 
  ,?IRD ,/UDY4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,ASSOCIATION4 @>@> 

,SECOND ,/UDY4 ,IS !RE ,SUFFICI5T ,REASON = ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY8 

#a4 ,LAW ( ,T5D5CY 9 ,SOCIETY4 -- ,! ,REVOLUTION ( #a<i HAS DONE ONLY HALF ITS WORK4 

,A REVOLUTION IS AN ACT ( SOV]EIGN JU/ICE1 9 ! ORD] ( MORAL FACTS1 SPR++ \T ( ! NECESSITY ( ?+S1 & 9 CONSEQU5CE C>RY+ ) IT ITS [N JU/IFICATION2 & :I* IT IS A CRIME = ! /ATESMAN TO OPPOSE IT4 ,?AT IS ! PROPOSITION :I* WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ 9 \R FIR/ /UDY4 

,N[ ! QUE/ION IS TO DISCOV] :E!R ! IDEA :I* /&S \T AS ! =MULA ( ! REVOLUTION IS NOT *IM]ICAL2 :E!R ITS OBJECT IS REAL2 :E!R A FANCY OR POPUL> EXAGG]ATION IS NOT MI/AK5 = A S]I\S & JU/ PROTE/4 ,! SECOND PROPOSITION !RE=E :I* WE HAVE TO EXAM9E IS ! FOLL[+3 

,IS !RE TODAY SUFFICI5T REASON 9 SOCIETY = REVOLUTION8 

,= IF ?IS REASON DOES NOT EXI/1 IF WE >E FI<T+ = AN IMAG9>Y CAUSE1 IF ! PEOPLE >E COMPLA9+ BECAUSE1 AS !Y SAY1 !Y >E TOO WELL (F1 ! DUTY ( ! MAGI/RATE W\LD BE SIMPLY TO UNDECEIVE ! MULTITUDE1 :OM WE HAVE (T5 SE5 >\S$ )\T CAUSE1 AS ! E*O RESPONDS TO ONE :O CALLS4 

,9 A WORD1 IS ! OCCASION = REVOLUTION PRES5T$ AT ! MOM5T1 BY ! NATURE ( ?+S1 BY ! CONNECTION ( FACTS1 BY ! WORK+ ( 9/ITUTIONS1 BY ! ADVANCE 9 NE$S1 BY ! ORD] ( ,PROVID5CE8 

,IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE TO DET]M9E ?IS AT A GLANCE4 ,IF A LONG PHILOSOPHICAL DISS]TATION W]E NECESS>Y1 A CAUSE MI<T EXI/1 BUT IT W\LD BE ONLY 9 ! G]M1 ONLY POT5TIALLY4 ,TO WEI< >GUM5TS 9 SU* A CAUSE W\LD BE PROPHECY1 NOT PRACTICAL HI/ORY4 

,TO SOLVE ?IS QUE/ION ,I WILL TAKE A RULE1 AS SIMPLE AS IT IS DECISIVE1 ) :I* ! OCCURR5CES 9 PA/ REVOLUTIONS FURNI% ME4 ,IT IS ?AT ! MOTIVE BEH9D REVOLUTIONS IS NOT SO MU* ! DI/RESS FELT BY ! PEOPLE AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 AS ! PROLONGATION ( ?IS DI/RESS1 :I* T5DS TO NEUTRALIZE & EXT+UI% ! GOOD4 

,?US ! TRIAL :I* IS 9/ITUT$ BY A REVOLUTION1 & ! JUDGM5T :I* LAT] IT PUTS 9TO EXECUTION1 >E RELAT$ TO T5D5CIES RA!R ?AN TO M]E FACTS3 SOCIETY1 AS IT W]E1 PAY+ LITTLE ATT5TION TO PR9CIPLES1 & DIRECT+ ITS C\RSE SOLELY T[>D 5DS444 

,USUALLY GOOD & EVIL1 PLEASURE & PA91 >E 9EXTRICABLY 5TANGL$ 9 HUMAN DEAL+4 ,NEV]!LESS1 DESPITE CONT9UAL OSCILLATIONS1 ! GOOD SEEMS TO PREVAIL OV] ! EVIL1 &1 TAK+ IT ALTOGE!R1 !RE IS M>K$ PROGRESS T[>D ! BETT]1 AS F> AS WE CAN SEE4 

,! REASON+ ( ! MASSES IS BUILT UPON ?IS IDEA4 ,! PEOPLE IS NEI!R OPTIMI/IC NOR PESSIMI/IC2 IT ADMITS ! ABSOLUTE NOT AT ALL4 ,LET IS /AY AS IT BELIEVES4 

,ALWAYS AT EA* RE=M1 EA* ABUSE TO BE DE/ROY$1 EA* VISE TO BE COMBAT$1 IT CONF9ES ITSELF TO SEEK+ = SOME?+ BETT]1 SOME?+ LESS EVIL1 & WORKS = ITS [N SANCTIFICATION BY LABOR1 BY /UDY1 BY GOOD BEHAVIOR4 ,ITS RULE ( CONDUCT IS !RE=E3 ,A T5D5CY T[>D COM=T & VIRTUE2 IT DOES NOT REVOLT UNTIL IT CAN SEE NO?+ = IT BUT ,A T5D5CY T[>D POV]TY & CORRUPTION4 

,?US !RE WAS NO REVOLUTION 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 AL?\< ! RETROGRADE FEEL+ :I* WAS MANIFE/$ 9 #afad WAS ALREADY ! PR9CIPLE ( ROYAL POLICY1 & AL?\< ! POV]TY WAS FRI<TFUL1 ACCORD+ TO ! WITNESS ( ,LA ,BRUY]E1 ,RAC9E1 ,F5ELON1 ,VAUBAN & ,BOISGUILB]T4 ,AMONG O!R REASONS = RESIGNATION WAS ?AT IT HAD NOT BE5 PROV$ ?AT POV]TY WAS ANY?+ MORE ?AN ! ACCID5TAL EFFECT ( SOME TEMPOR>Y CAUSE3 ! PEOPLE REMEMB]$ HAV+ BE5 MU* MORE WRET*$ NOT V]Y LONG AGO4 ,! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y UND] ,L\IS ,X,I,V C\LD NOT HAVE APPE>$ TO !M WORSE ?AN FEUDALISM4 

,NOR WAS !RE ANY REVOLUTION UND] ,L\IS ,X,V1 EXCEPT 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL REALM4 ,! CORRUPTION ( PR9CIPLES1 VISIBLE TO PHILOSOPH]S1 REMA9$ HIDD5 FROM ! MASSES1 :OSE LOGIC NEV] DI/+UI%ES AN IDEA FROM A FACT4 ,POPUL> EXP]I5CE1 UND] ,L\IS ,X,V1 WAS F> FROM BE+ AT ! LEVEL ( PHILOSOPHICAL CRITICISM4 ,! NATION /ILL SUPPOS$ ?AT ) A WELL-BEHAV$ & HONE/ PR9CE1 ITS ILLS MI<T HAVE AN 5D4 ,L\IS ,X,V,I TOO1 WAS WELCOM$ ) F]VOR2 :ILE ,TURGOT1 ! UNB5D+ RE=M]1 WAS RECEIV$ )\T SYMPA?Y4 ,! SUPPORT ( PUBLIC OP9ION WAS LACK+ TO ?IS GREAT MAN4 ,9 #a#g#g#f1 ONE MI<T HAVE SAID ?AT A WOR?Y MAN1 :O WANT$ TO BR+ AB\T RE=MS PEACEFULLY1 HAD BE5 BETRAY$ BY ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS NOT )9 HIS P[] TO ACCOMPLI% ! ,REVOLUTION BY ACTION FROM ABOVE )\T DI/URBANCE1 ,I HAD ALMO/ SAID1 )\T REVOLUTION>IES4 

,FIFTE5 YE>S MORE ( *AOS W]E NE$$1 UND] A MON>* P]SONALLY IRREPROA*ABLE1 TO PROVE TO ! MO/ ?\<TLESS ?AT ! TR\BLE WAS NOT ACCID5TAL BUT CON/ITUTIONAL1 ?AT ! DISORGANIZATION WAS SY/EMATIC1 NOT =TUIT\S1 & ?AT ! SITUATION1 9/EAD ( IMPROV+1 WAS ACCORD+ TO ! USUAL FATE ( 9/ITUTIONS1 DAILY GR[+ WORSE & WORSE4 ,! PUBLICATION ( ! ,R$ ,BOOK 9 #a#g#i1 DEMON/RAT$ ?IS TRU? BY FIGURES4 ,!N IT WAS ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION BECAME POPUL>IZ$ & 9EVITABLE4 

,! QUE/ION :I* WE HAVE TAK5 = ! TEXT ( ?IS /UDY3--,IS !RE SUFFICI5T REASON = A REVOLUTION 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY8--RESOLVES ITSELF 9TO ! FOLL[+3--,:AT IS ! T5D5CY ( SOCIETY 9 \R DAY8 

,H5CE1 BUT A FEW PAGES WILL SUFFICE TO SUPPORT ! ANSW] :I* ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO PO9T \T N[4 ,SOCIETY1 AS F> AS IT HAS BE5 ABLE TO DEVELOP FREELY = HALF A C5TURY1 UND] ! DI/RACTIONS ( '#h#i-'#i#c1 ! PAT]NALISM ( ! ,EMPIRE & ! GU>ANTIES ( #a#h#a#d1 #a#h#c1 & #a#h#d#h1 IS ON A ROAD RADICALLY & 9CREAS+LY WRONG4 

,LET US TAKE \R PO9T ( VIEW AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( PRES5T SOCIETY1 9 #a#g#h#i4 

,9 #agih ! TASK ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS TO DE/ROY & REBUILD AT ! SAME TIME4 ,IT HAD ! OLD RULE TO ABOLI% BUT ONLY BY PRODUC+ A NEW ORGANIZATION1 ( :I* ! PLAN & *>ACT] %\LD BE EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ( ! =M]1 ACCORD+ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y RULE3 ,EV]Y NEGATION IMPLIES A SUBSEQU5T CONTRADICTORY AFFIRMATION4 

,( !SE1 ! ,REVOLUTION1 ) GREAT DIFFICULTY1 ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY ! FIR/2 ! O!R WAS 5TIRELY =GOTT54 ,H5CE ?IS IMPOSSIBILITY ( LIV+1 :I* HAS OPPRESS$ ,FR5* SOCIETY = #f YE>S4 

,! FEUDAL ORD] HAV+ BE5 ABOLI%$ ON ! NI<T ( ! #d? ( ,AUGU/1 & ! PR9CIPLES ( LIB]TY & CIVIL EQUALITY PROCLAIM$1 ! CONSEQU5CE WAS ?AT 9 FUTURE SOCIETY MU/ BE ORGANIZ$1 NOT = POLITICS & W>1 BUT = WORK4 ,:AT 9 FACT WAS ! FEUDAL ORGANIZATION8 ,IT WAS ONE 5TIRELY MILIT>Y4 ,:AT IS WORK8 ,! NEGATION ( FI<T+4 ,TO ABOLI% FEUDALISM1 !N1 MEANT TO COMMIT \RSELVES TO A P]PETUAL PEACE1 NOT ONLY =EIGN BUT DOME/IC4 ,BY ?IS S+LE ACT1 ALL ! OLD POLITICS BETWE5 ,/ATE & ,/ATE1 ALL ! SY/EMS ( ,EUROPEAN EQUILIBRIUM1 W]E ABROGAT$3 ! SAME EQUALITY1 ! SAME 9DEP5D5CE :I* ! ,REVOLUTION PROMIS$ TO BR+ AB\T AMONG 9DIVIDUALS1 MU/ EXI/ BETWE5 NATION & NATION1 PROV9CE & PROV9CE1 CITY & CITY 444 

,:AT WAS TO BE ORGANIZ$ AFT] ! #d? ( ,AUGU/ WAS NOT ! ,GOV]NM5T1 9ASMU* AS 9 RE/OR+ GOV]NM5T NO?+ BUT ! ANCI5T L&M>KS W\LD BE RE/OR$2 IT WAS ! NATIONAL ECONOMY & ! BALANCE ( 9T]E/S4 ,IT WAS EVID5T ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION LAY 9 ]ECT+ EV]Y:]E ! REIGN ( EQUALITY & 9DU/RY1 9 PLACE ( ! FEUDAL ORD] :I* HAD BE5 ABOLI%$2 9ASMU* AS1 BY ! NEW PR9CIPLES1 BIR? NO LONG] C\NT$ 9 DET]M9+ ! CONDITION ( ! CITIZ51 WORK WAS ALL1 EV5 PROP]TY ITSELF WAS SUBORD9ATE3 9ASMU* AS1 9 =EIGN AFFAIRS1 ! RELATIONS ( NATIONS AMONG !MSELVES HAD TO BE RE=M$ UPON ! SAME PR9CIPLES1 S9CE CIVIL LAW1 PUBLIC LAW & ! LAW ( NATIONS >E ONE 9 PR9CIPLE & SUFFICI5T4 ,! PROGRESS 9 AGRICULTURE :I* WAS EXHIBIT$ AFT] ! DIVISION ( ! NATIONAL TREASURE1 ! 9DU/RIAL IMPULSE :I* ! NATION EXP]I5C$ AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,EMPIRE1 ! GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 ALL C\NTRIES S9CE #ahc 9 ECONOMIC QUE/IONS1 ALL !SE GO TO PROVE ?AT IT WAS REALLY 9 ! FIELD ( POLITICAL ECONOMY ?AT ! EF=TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION %\LD BE EX]T$4 

,?IS SO MANIFE/1 SO 9EVITABLE CONCLUSION FROM ! ACT ( ! #d? ( ,AUGU/1 #a#g#h#i1 WAS NOT UND]/OOD BY ?OSE :O MADE !MSELVES ITS 9T]PRET]S1 EV5 UP TO #a#h#a#d4 

,ALL !IR IDEAS W]E ( POLITICS ONLY4 ,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES AID+1 ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY =C$ = ! MOM5T TO PLACE ITSELF ON ! DEF5SIVE & TO ORGANIZE ITSELF = W>1 ! NATION WAS AGA9 DELIV]$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! W>RIORS & LAWY]S4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT NOBILITY1 CL]GY & MON>*Y HAD DISAPPE>$1 ONLY TO MAKE WAY = ANO!R GOV]N+ SET ( ,ANGLOMANIAC CON/ITUTION>IES1 CLASSIC REPUBLICANS1 MILIT>I/IC DEMOCRATS1 ALL 9FATUAT$ ) ! ,ROMANS & ! ,SP>TANS1 & ABOVE ALL1 V]Y MU* SO ) !MSELVES2 ON ! O!R H&1 C>+ BUT V]Y LITTLE = ! REAL NE$S ( ! C\NTRY2 :I*1 UND]/&+ NO?+ ( :AT WAS GO+ ON1 P]MITT$ ITSELF TO BE HALF DE/ROY$ AT !IR LEISURE1 & F9ALLY ATTA*$ ITSELF TO ! =TUNE ( A SOLDI]4 

,TO PUT MY ?\<T 9 ONE WORD1 H[EV] LITTLE $IFY+ IT MAY SEEM1 ! REVOLUTION>IES FAIL$ 9 !IR MISSION AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE1 AS !Y HAVE FALI$ S9CE ! ABDICATION ( ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE1 & = ! SAME REASONS3 ! TOTAL LACK ( ECONOMIC IDEAS1 !IR PREJUDICE 9 FAVOR ( GOV]NM5T1 & ! DI/RU/ ( ! L[] CLASSES :I* !Y H>BOR$4 ,9 '#i#c1 ! NECESSITY ( RESI/ANCE TO 9VASION DEM&+ AN 5ORM\S CONC5TRATION ( =CES1 ! ]ROR WAS CONSUMMAT$4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( C5TRALIZATION1 WIDELY APPLI$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 PASS$ 9TO DOGMA ) ! ,JACOB9S1 :O TRANSMITT$ IT TO ! ,EMPIRE1 & TO ! GOV]NM5TS ?AT FOLL[$ IT4 ,?IS IS ! UN=TUNATE TRADITION :I*1 9 #a#h#d#h1 DET]M9$ ! RETROGRADE MOVEM5T ( ! ,PROVISORY ,GOV]NM5T1 & :I* /ILL CON/ITUTES ! :OLE ( ! SCI5CE :I* N\RI%ES ! POLITICS ( ! REPUBLICAN P>TY4 

,?US ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION CALL$ = AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! COMPLETE ABOLITION ( FEUDALISM1 LEFT )\T GUIDANCE FROM ! FIR/ DAY1 POLITICS TAK+ ! PLACE ( 9DU/RY 9 ! M9DS ( EV]YBODY1 ,QUESNAY & ,ADAM ,SMI? GIV+ WAY TO ,R\SSEAU & ,MONTESQUIEU2 IT NECESS>ILY FOLL[$ ?AT ! NEW SOCIETY1 SC>CELY CONCEIV$1 %\LD REMA9 9 EMBRYO2 ?AT1 9/EAD ( DEVELOP+ ACCORD+ TO ECONOMIC LAWS1 IT %\LD LANGUI% 9 CON/ITUTIONALISM1 ?AT 9 PLACE ( ! ORD]LY CONDITION :I* IS *>ACT]I/IC ( IT1 IT %\LD EXHIBIT EV]Y:]E SY/EMATIC CORRUPTION & LEGAL 9EFFICI5CY2 F9ALLY1 ?AT ! P[] :I* IS ! EXPRESSION ( ?IS SOCIETY1 REPRODUC+ ) ! MO/ SCRUPUL\S FIDELITY ! ANT9OMY ( ITS PR9CIPLES1 %\LD F9D ITSELF CONT9UALLY 9 ! POSITION ( FI<T+ ) ! PEOPLE & ! PEOPLE 9 CONT9UAL NE$ ( ATTACK+ P[]4 

,TO SUM UP3 ! SOCIETY :I* ! ,REVOLUTION ( '#h#i %\LD HAVE CREAT$1 DOES NOT YET EXI/4 ,?AT :I* = SIXTY YE>S WE HAVE HAD1 IS BUT A SUP]FICIAL1 FACTITI\S ORD]1 H>DLY CONCEAL+ ! MO/ FRI<TFUL *AOS & DEMORALIZATION4 

,WE >E NOT 9 ! HABIT ( LOOK+ SO LONG BE=EH& = ! CAUSES ( SOCIAL DI/URBANCES & REVOLUTIONS4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ECONOMIC QUE/IONS >E REPUGNANT TO US4 ,! PEOPLE1 AFT] ! GREAT /RUGGLE ( '#i#c1 HAS BE5 SO DI/RACT$ FROM ITS REAL 9T]E/S1 M5 ( BRA9S SO ?R[N (F BY ! DISCUSSIONS ( ! LEGISLATIVE *AMB]1 ( PUBLIC MEET+S & ( ! PRESS1 ?AT ONE MAY BE ALMO/ SURE1 9 LEAV+ POLITICS = ECONOMICS1 TO BE 9 TURN IMM$IATELY AB&ON$ BY READ]S1 & TO HAVE ONLY ! PAP] = A CONFIDANT4 ,NEV]!LESS WE MU/ UND]/& ?AT \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( P>LIAM5T>ISM1 AS /]ILE AS IT IS ABSORB+1 !RE IS ANO!R FIELD 9COMP>ABLY VA/]1 9 :I* \R DE/9Y IS WORK$ \T2 ?AT BEYOND !SE POLITICAL PHANTOMS :OSE =MS CAPTURE \R IMAG9ATION1 !RE >E ! PH5OM5A ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 :I*1 BY !IR H>MONY OR DISCORD1 PRODUCE ALL ! GOOD & ILL ( SOCIETY4 ,WILL ! READ] DEIGN TO FOLL[ ME = A QU>T] ( AN H\R AMONG ! BROAD CONSID]ATIONS 9TO :I* ,I AM OBLIG$ TO 5T]8 ,?AT DONE1 ,I PROMISE TO COME BACK TO POLITICS4 

#b4 ,*AOS ( ECONOMIC =CES4 ,T5D5CY ( SOCIETY T[>D POV]TY4 

,I CALL C]TA9 PR9CIPLES ( ACTION ECONOMIC =CES1 SU* AS ! ,DIVISION ( ,LABOR1 ,COMPETITION1 ,COLLECTIVE ,=CE1 ,EX*ANGE1 ,CR$IT1 ,PROP]TY1 @&C41 :I* >E TO ,LABOR & TO ,WEAL? :AT ! DI/9CTION ( CLASSES1 ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 MON>*ICAL H]$ITY1 ADM9I/RATIVE C5TRALIZATION1 ! JUDICIAL HI]>*Y1 @&C41 >E TO ! ,/ATE4 

,IF !SE =CES >E HELD 9 EQUILIBRIUM1 SUBJECT TO ! LAWS :I* >E PROP] TO !M1 & :I* DO NOT DEP5D 9 ANY WAY UPON ! >BITR>Y WILL ( MAN1 ,LABOR CAN BE ORGANIZ$1 & COM=T = ALL GU>ANTE$4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 !Y >E LEFT )\T DIRECTION & )\T C\NT]POISE1 ,LABOR IS 9 A CONDITION ( *AOS2 ! USEFUL EFFECTS ( ! ECONOMIC =CES IS M+L$ ) AN EQUAL QUANTITY ( 9JURI\S EFFECTS2 ! DEFICIT BALANCES ! PR(IT2 ,SOCIETY1 9 SO F> AS IT IS ! !AT]1 ! AG5T1 OR ! SUBJECT ( PRODUCTION1 CIRCULATION1 & CONSUMPTION1 IS 9 A CONDITION ( 9CREAS+ SUFF]+4 

,UP TO N[1 IT DOES NOT APPE> ?AT ORD] 9 A SOCIETY CAN BE CONCEIV$ EXCEPT UND] ONE ( !SE TWO =MS1 ! POLITICAL & ! 9DU/RIAL2 BETWE5 :I*1 MOREOV]1 !RE IS FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION4 

,! *AOS ( 9DU/RIAL =CES1 ! /RUGGLE :I* !Y MA9TA9 ) ! GOV]NM5T SY/EM1 :I* IS ! ONLY OB/ACLE TO !IR ORGANIZATION1 & :I* !Y CANNOT RECONCILE !MSELVES ) NOR M]GE !MSELVES 91 IS ! REAL1 PR(\ND CAUSE ( ! UNRE/ :I* DI/URBS ,FR5* SOCIETY1 & :I* WAS AGGRAVAT$ DUR+ ! SECOND HALF ( ! REIGN ( ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE4 

,SEV5 YE>S AGO1 ,I FILL$ TWO OCTAVO VOLUMES ) ! /ORY ( !SE DI/URBANCES1 & ( ! T]RIBLE CONFLICTS :I* SPR+ FROM !M4 ,?IS WORK1 :I* REMA9$ UNANSW]$ BY ! ECONOMI/S1 WAS RECEIV$ NO MORE FAVORABLY BY ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,I P]MIT MYSELF TO MAKE ?IS REM>K1 M]ELY TO %[ BY MY [N EXP]I5CE H[ LITTLE FAVOR RESE>*ES 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY OBTA91 H[ LITTLE REVOLUTION>Y !RE=E IS \R EPO*4 

,I %ALL LIMIT MYSELF TO RECALL+ V]Y BRIEFLY SOME ( ! MO/ G5]AL FACTS1 9 ORD] TO GIVE ! READ] A GLIMPSE ( ?IS ORD] ( =CES & PH5OM5A1 :I* HAS BE5 HIDD5 FROM ALL EYES UNTIL N[1 & :I* ALONE CAN PUT AN 5D TO ! GOV]NM5TAL DRAMA4 

,EV]YBODY HAS HE>D ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 

,IT CONSI/S ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! H& WORK ( A GIV5 9DU/RY 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT EA* P]SON P]=MS ALWAYS ! SAME OP]ATION1 OR A SMALL NUMB] ( OP]ATIONS1 SO ?AT ! PRODUCT1 9/EAD ( BE+ ! 9TEGRAL PRODUCT ( ONE WORKMAN1 IS ! JO9T PRODUCT ( A L>GE NUMB]4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,ADAM ,SMI?1 :O FIR/ DEMON/RAT$ ?IS LAW SCI5TIFICALLY1 & ALL ! O!R ECONOMI/S1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR IS ! MO/ P[]FUL LEV] ( MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,TO IT PR9CIPALLY MU/ BE ATTRIBUT$ ! SUP]IORITY ( CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES TO SAVAGE PEOPLES4 ,)\T DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! USE ( MA*9ES W\LD NOT HAVE GONE BEYOND ! MO/ ANCI5T & MO/ COMMON UT5SILS3 ! MIRACLES ( MA*9]Y & ( /EAM W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 REVEAL$ TO US2 PROGRESS W\LD HAVE BE5 CLOS$ TO SOCIETY2 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ITSELF1 LACK+ AN \TLET1 W\LD HAVE BE5 BUT A /]ILE REVOLT2 IT C\LD HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ NO?+4 ,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 BY DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! PRODUCT ( LABOR M\NTS TO T5FOLD1 A HUNDR$FOLD1 POLITICAL ECONOMY RISES TO ! HEI<T ( A PHILOSOPHY1 ! 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( NATIONS IS CONT9UALLY RAIS$4 ,! FIR/ ?+ ?AT %\LD ATTRACT ! ATT5TION ( ! LEGISLATOR IS ! SEP>ATION ( 9DU/RIAL FUNCTIONS--! DIVISION ( LABOR--9 A SOCIETY F\ND$ UPON HATR$ ( ! FEUDAL & W>LIKE ORD]1 & DE/9$ 9 CONSEQU5CE TO ORGANIZE ITSELF = WORK & PEACE4 

,IT WAS NOT DONE ?US4 ,?IS ECONOMIC =CE WAS LEFT TO ALL ! OV]TURNS CAUS$ BY *ANCE & BY 9T]E/4 ,! DIVISION ( LABOR1 BECOM+ ALWAYS MORE M9UTE1 & REMA9+ )\T C\NT]POISE1 ! WORKMAN HAS BE5 GIV5 .<OV].> TO A MORE & MORE DEGRAD+ SUBJECTION TO MA*9]Y4 ,?AT IS ! EFFECT ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR :5 IT IS APPLI$ AS PRACTIC$ 9 \R DAYS1 NOT ONLY TO MAKE 9DU/RY 9COMP>ABLY MORE PRODUCTIVE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME TO DEPRIVE ! WORK]1 9 M9D & BODY1 ( ALL ! WEAL? :I* IT CREATES = ! CAPITALI/ & ! SPECULATOR4 ,H]E IS H[ AN OBS]V]1 :O IS NOT SUSPECT$ ( SYMPA?Y ) LABOR1 ,M4 DE ,TOCQUEVILLE1 SUMS UP ON ?IS GRAVE SUBJECT3 

,9 PROPORTION TO ! MORE COMPLETE APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( ! DIVISION ( ALBOR1 ! WORKMAN BECOMES WEAK]1 MORE LIMIT$ & MORE DEP5D5T4 

,J4 ,B4 ,SAY HAS ALREADY SAID3 

,A MAN :O ALL HIS LIFE HAS P]=M$ BUT ONE OP]ATION C]TA9LY LE>NS TO EXECUTE IT MORE QUICKLY & MORE SKILLFULLY ?AN ANO!R2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME HE BECOMES LESS CAPABLE ( EV]Y O!R OP]ATION1 :E!R PHYSICAL OR 9TELLECTUAL2 HIS O!R FACULTIES >E EXT+UI%$1 & DEG5]ATION RESULTS 9 HIM1 CONSID]$ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT IS A SAD ACC\NT TO (F] ( HIMSELF ?AT HE HAS NEV] MADE MORE ?AN ! TW5TY-SIX? P>T ( A P9444 ,9 RESULT IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! DIVISION ( LABOR IS A SKILLFUL MODE ( EMPLOY+ ! P[] ( A MAN2 ?AT IT ADDS PRODIGI\SLY TO ! PRODUCTS ( A SOCIETY2 BUT ?AT IT SUBTRACTS SOME?+ FROM ! CAPACITY ( EA* MAN TAK5 9DIVIDUALLY4 

,ALL ! ECONOMI/S >E 9 ACCORD AS TO ?IS FACT1 ONE ( ! MO/ S]I\S :I* ! SCI5CE HAS TO ANN\NCE2 &1 IF !Y DO NOT 9SI/ UPON IT ) ! VEHEM5CE :I* !Y HABITUALLY USE 9 !IR POLEMICS1 IT MU/ BE SAID1 TO ! %AME ( ! HUMAN M9D1 ?AT IT IS BECAUSE !Y CANNOT BELIEVE ?AT ?IS P]V]SION ( ! GREATE/ ( ECONOMIC =CES CAN BE AVOID$4 

,SO ! GREAT] ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! P[] ( MA*9ES1 ! LESS ! 9TELLIG5CE & SKILL ( H& ( ! WORK]4 ,BUT ! MORE ! VALUE ( ! WORK] FALLS & ! DEM& = LABOR DIM9I%ES1 ! L[] >E WAGES & ! GREAT] IS POV]TY4 ,& IT IS NOT A FEW HUNDR$S ( M5 BUT MILLIONS1 :O >E ! VICTIMS ( ?IS ECONOMIC P]TURBATION4 

,9 ,5GL&1 ?R\< ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! P[] ( MA*9]Y1 ! NUMB] ( WORKM5 HAS BE5 OBS]V$ TO DIM9I% BY A ?IRD 1BY A HALF1 BY ?REE-QU>T]S1 BY FIVE-SIX?S2 & ! WAGES DECREAS+ 9 LIKE PROPORTION1 FALL FROM #f C5TS A DAY TO #a C5TS & #f C5TS4 ,?R\<\T 5TIRE PROV9CES ! PROPRIETORS HAVE DRIV5 \T USELESS M\?S4 ,EV]Y:]E FIR/ WOM51 !N *ILDR51 HAVE TAK5 ! PLACE ( M5 9 MANUFACTURE4 ,CONSUMPTION BE+ UNABLE TO KEEP PACE ) PRODUCTION AMONG AN IMPOV]I%$ PEOPLE1 ! LATT] IS OBLIG$ TO WAIT2 & REGUL> \T-(-WORK P]IODS >E ! RESULT2 ( SIX WEEKS1 ?REE MON?S & SIX MON?S \T ( EA* YE>4 ,/ATI/ICS ( !SE P]IODS ( IDL5ESS BY ,P>ISIAN WORKM5 HAVE REC5TLY BE5 PUBLI%$ BY ONE ( !M1 ,PI]RE ,V9C>D2 ! DETAILS >E HE>TR5D+4 ,! SMALLNESS ( ! WAGES BE+ 9 PROPORTION TO ! TIME ( IDL5ESS1 ! CONCLUSION IS REA*$ ?AT C]TA9 WORKWOM5 :O E>N #b C5TS A DAY1 MU/ LIVE ON #a1 BECAUSE !Y >E IDLE = SIX MON?S4 ,?IS IS ! RULE TO :I* A POPULATION ( #c#b1 9 ,P>IS MU/ SUBMIT4 ,& ! SITUATION ( ! CLASS ( WORK+ WOM5 EV]Y:]E ?R\<\T ! ,REPUBLIC MAY BE JUDG$ FROM ?IS SAMPLE4 

,PHILAN?ROPIC CONS]VATIVES1 ADMIR]S ( ANCI5T CU/OMS1 *>GE ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM ) ?IS ANOMALY4 ,!Y WANT TO GO BACK TO ! FEUDAL-F>M+ P]IOD4 ,I SAY ?AT IT IS NOT 9DU/RY ?AT IS AT FAULT1 BUT ECONOMIC *AOS3 ,I MA9TA9 ?AT ! PR9CIPLE HAS BE5 DI/ORT$1 ?AT !RE IS DISORGANIZATION ( =CES1 & ?AT TO ?IS WE MU/ ATTRIBUTE ! FATAL T5D5CY ) :I* SOCIETY IS C>RI$ AWAY4 

,ANO!R EXAMPLE4 

,COMPETITION1 NEXT TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 IS ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL FACTORS ( 9DU/RY2 & AT ! SAME TIME ONE ( ! MO/ VALUABLE GU>ANTIES4 ,P>TLY = ! SAKE ( IT1 ! FIR/ REVOLUTION WAS BR\<T AB\T4 ,! WORKM5'S UNIONS1 E/ABLI%$ AT ,P>IS SOME YE>S S9CE1 HAVE REC5TLY GIV5 IT A NEW SANCTION BY E/ABLI%+ AMONG !MSELVES PIECE WORK1 & AB&ON+1 AFT] !IR EXP]I5CE ( IT1 ! ABSURD IDEA ( ! EQUALITY ( WAGES4 ,COMPETITION IS MOREOV] ! LAW ( ! M>KET1 ! SPICE ( ! TRADE1 ! SALT ( LABOR4 ,TO SUPPRESS COMPETITION IS TO SUPPRESS LIB]TY ITSELF2 IT IS TO BEG9 ! RE/ORATION ( ! OLD ORD] FROM BEL[1 9 REPLAC+ LABOR BY ! RULE ( FAVORITISM & ABUSE1 ( :I* '#h#i RID US4 

,YET COMPETITION1 LACK+ LEGAL =MS & SUP]IOR REGULAT+ 9TELLIG5CE1 HAS BE5 P]V]T$ 9 TURN1 LIKE ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,9 IT1 AS 9 ! LATT]1 !RE IS P]V]SION ( PR9CIPLE1 *AOS & A T5D5CY T[>D EVIL4 ,?IS WILL APPE> BEYOND D\BT IF WE REMEMB] ?AT ( ! ?IRTY-SIX MILLION S\LS :O COMPOSE ! ,FR5* NATION1 AT LEA/ T5 MILLIONS >E WAGE WORK]S1 TO :OM COMPETITION IS =BIDD51 = :OM !RE IS NO?+ BUT TO /RUGGLE AMONG !MSELVES = !IR MEAG] /IP5D4 

,?US ?AT COMPETITION1 :I*1 AS ?\<T 9 '#h#i1 %\LD BE A G5]AL RI<T1 IS TODAY A MATT] ( EXCEPTIONAL PRIVILEGE3 ONLY !Y :OSE CAPITAL P]MITS !M TO BECOME HEADS ( BUS9ESS CONC]NS MAY EX]CISE !IR COMPETITIVE RI<TS4 

,! RESULT IS ?AT COMPETITION1 AS ,ROSSI1 ,BLANQUI1 & A HO/ ( O!RS HAVE RECOGNIZ$1 9/EAD ( DEMOCRATIZ+ 9DU/RY1 AID+ ! WORKMAN1 GU>ANTEE+ ! HONE/Y ( TRADE1 HAS 5D$ 9 BUILD+ UP A M]C5TILE & L& >I/OCRACY1 A ?\S& TIMES MORE RAPACI\S ?AN ! OLD >I/OCRACY ( ! NOBILITY4 ,?R\< COMPETITION ALL ! PR(ITS ( PRODUCTION GO TO CAPITAL2 ! CONSUM]1 )\T SUSPECT+ ! FRAUDS ( COMM]CE1 IS FLEEC$ BY ! SPECULATOR1 & ! CONDITION ( ! WORK]S IS MADE MORE & MORE PREC>I\S4 ,SPEAK+ ( ?IS1 ,EUG5E ,BURET SAYS3 ,I ASS]T ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS TURN$ OV]1 BODY & S\L1 TO ! SWEET WILL ( 9DU/RY4 ,& ELSE:]E HE SAYS3 ,! MO/ TRIFL+ SPECULATION MAY *ANGE ! PRICE ( BREAD ONE C5T A P\ND1 :I* MEANS @s#a#b#d1#a1 = ?IRTY-SIX MILLION PEOPLE4 

,IT WAS REC5TLY SE5 H[ LITTLE FREE COMPETITION C\LD DO = ! PEOPLE1 & H[ ILLUSORY IT IS AS A GU>ANTEE ) US AT PRES5T1 :5 ! ,PREFECT ( ,POLICE1 YIELD+ TO ! G5]AL DEM&1 AU?ORIZ$ ! SALE ( MEAT AT AUCTION4 ,NO?+ LESS ?AN ALL ! 5]GY ! PEOPLE C\LD MU/]1 AID$ BY GOV]NM5TAL P[]1 C\LD OV]COME ! MONOPOLY ( ! BUT*]S4 

,ACCUSE HUMAN NATURE1 SAY ! ECONOMI/S1 DO NOT ACCUSE COMPETITION4 ,V]Y WELL1 ,I WILL NOT ACCUSE COMPETITION3 ,I WILL ONLY REM>K ?AT HUMAN NATURE DOES NOT REM$Y ONE EVIL BY ANO!R1 & ASK H[ IT HAS MI/AK5 ITS PA?4 ,:AT8 ,COMPETITION \<T TO MAKE US MORE & MORE EQUAL & FREE2 & 9/EAD IT SUBORD9ATES US ONE TO ! O!R1 & MAKES ! WORK] MORE & MORE A SLAVE6 ,?IS IS A P]V]SION ( ! PR9CIPLE1 A =GETFULNESS ( ! LAW4 ,!SE >E NOT M]E ACCID5TS2 !Y >E A :OLE SY/EM ( MIS=TUNES4 

,PITY IS EXPRESS$ = ?OSE :O WORK 9 DANG]\S OR UN:OLESOME OCCUPATIONS3 IT IS DESIR$ ?AT CIVILIZATION %\LD DO )\T !IR S]VICES1 \T ( COMPASSION = !IR LOT4 ,!SE SAD OCCURR5CES1 9H]5T 9 C]TA9 OCCUPATIONS1 >E NO?+ 9 COMP>ISON ) ! SC\RGE ( ECONOMIC *AOS4 

,LET US CITE ONE MORE EXAMPLE4 

,( ALL ECONOMIC =CES1 ! MO/ VITAL1 9 A SOCIETY RECON/RUCT$ = 9DU/RY BY REVOLUTION1 IS CR$IT4 ,! PROPRIET>Y1 9DU/RIAL1 TRAD+ BUS9ESS WORLD KN[S ?IS WELL3 ALL ITS EF=TS S9CE '#h#i HAVE T5D$1 AT ! BOTTOM1 T[>D ONLY !SE TWO ?+S1 PEACE & CR$IT1 ALL ?R\< ! ,CON/ITU5T & ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLIES1 ! ,CONV5TION1 ! ,DIRECTORY1 ! ,EMPIRE1 ! ,RE/ORATION1 ! MON>*Y ( ,JULY4 ,:AT DID IT NOT DO TO W9 OV] ! UNMANAGEABLE ,L\IS ,X,V,I8 ,:AT DID IT NOT P>DON 9 ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE8 

,! PEASANT ALSO KN[S IT3 ( ! :OLE ( POLITICS1 HE1 LIKE ! BUS9ESS MAN1 UND]/&S ONLY !SE TWO ?+S1 TAXES & 9T]E/4 ,AS = ! WORK+ CLASS1 SO M>VEL\SLY FITT$ = PROGRESS1 SU* IS ! IGNORANCE 9 :I* IT HAS BE5 KEPT AS TO ! TRUE CAUSE ( ITS SUFF]+S1 ?AT IT IS H>DLY S9CE ,FEBRU>Y ?AT IT HAS BEGUN TO /AMM] ! WORD1 CR$IT2 & TO SEE 9 ?IS PR9CIPLE ! MO/ P[]FUL ( REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 ,9 ! MATT] ( CR$IT1 ! WORK+MAN KN[S BUT TWO ?+S1 HIS ACC\NT ) ! BAK] & ! PAWNBROK]'S %OP4 

,9 A NATION DEVOT$ TO LABOR1 CR$IT IS :AT BLOOD IS TO AN ANIMAL1 ! MEANS ( NUTRITION1 LIFE ITSELF4 ,IT CANNOT BE 9T]RUPT$ )\T DANG] TO ! SOCIAL BODY4 ,IF !RE IS A S+LE 9/ITUTION :I* %\LD HAVE APPEAL$ BE=E ALL O!RS TO \R LEGISLATORS1 AFT] ! ABOLITION ( FEUDAL PRIVILEGES & ! LEVEL+ ( CLASSES1 ASSUR$LY IT IS CR$IT4 ,YET NOT ONE ( \R POMP\S DECL>ATIONS ( RI<T1 NOT ONE ( \R CON/ITUTIONS1 SO LONG DRAWN \T1 NOT ONE ( !SE HAS M5TION$ IT AT ALL4 ,CR$IT1 LIKE ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! USE ( MA*9]Y & COMPETITION1 HAS BE5 LEFT TO ITSELF2 EV5 ! F9ANCIAL P[]1 F> GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ! EXECUTIVE1 LEGISLATIVE & JUDICIAL1 HAS NEV] HAD ! HONOR ( M5TION 9 \R V>I\S *>T]S4 ,H&$ OV] BY A DECREE ( ! ,EMPIRE ( ! #b#cRD ( ,APRIL1 #a#h#c1 TO A COMPANY ( REV5UE F>M]S1 IT HAS REMA9$ UNTIL N[ 9 ! CONDITION ( A HIDD5 P[]3 H>DLY ANY?+ CAN BE F\ND RELAT+ TO IT1 EXCEPT A LAW ( #a#h#g1 FIX+ ! RATE ( 9T]E/ AT FIVE P]C5T4 ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION AS BE=E IT1 CR$IT GOT ALONG AS BE/ IT C\LD2 OR RA!R1 AS IT PLEAS$ ! L>GE/ HOLD]S ( CO94 ,IT IS ONLY FAIR TO SAY ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :ILE SACRIFIC+ ! ,C\NTRY1 DID NOT SP>E ITSELF2 IT TREAT$ ITSELF AS IT TREAT$ O!RS3 WE HAVE NO?+ AGA9/ IT ON ?IS SCORE4 

,:AT HAS BE5 ! RESULT ( ?IS 9CR$IBLE NEGLIG5CE8 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 =E/ALL+ & USURY BE+ PRACTIC$ UPON CO9 BY PREF]5CE1 CO9 BE+ AT ! SAME TIME ! TOOL ( 9DU/RIAL TRANSACTIONS & ! R>E/ ( M]*&ISE1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! SAFE/ & MO/ PR(ITABLE1 DEAL+ 9 MONEY WAS RAPIDLY CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A FEW MONOPOLI/S1 :OSE =TRESS IS ! ,BANK4 

,!REUPON ! ,C\NTRY & ! ,/ATE W]E MADE ! VASSALS ( A COALITION ( CAPITALI/S4 

,?ANKS TO ! TAX IMPOS$ BY ?IS BANKOCRACY UPON ALL 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RY1 PROP]TY HAS ALREADY BE5 MORTGAG$ = TWO BILLION DOLL>S1 & ! ,/ATE = MORE ?AN ONE BILLION4 

,! 9T]E/ PAID BY ! NATION = ?IS D\BLE 9DEBT$NESS1 ) CO/S1 R5EWALS1 COMMISSIONS & DISC\NTS ON LOANS 9CLUD$1 AM\NTS TO AT LEA/ #bd MILLION DOLL>S4 

,?IS 5ORM\S SUM ( #bd MILLIONS DOES NOT YET EXPRESS ALL ?AT ! PRODUC]S HAVE TO PAY TO ! F9ANCIAL EXPLOITATION3 WE %\LD ADD FROM #ad TO #af MILLION = DISC\NTS1 ADVANCES1 DELAYS 9 PAYM5TS1 DIVID5DS1 OBLIGATIONS UND] PRIVATE SEAL1 C\RT EXP5SES1 @&C4 

,PROP]TY1 FLEEC$ BY ! ,BANK1 HAS BE5 OBLIG$ TO FOLL[ ! SAME C\RSE 9 ITS RELATIONS ) 9DU/RY1 TO BECOME A USUR] 9 TURN T[>D LABOR2 ?US F>M R5T & H\SE R5T HAVE REA*$ A PROHIBITIVE RATE1 :I* DRIVES ! CULTIVATOR FROM ! FIELD & ! WORKMAN FROM HIS HOME4 

,SO MU* SO ?AT TODAY !Y :OSE LABOR HAS CREAT$ EV]Y?+ CANNOT BUY !IR [N PRODUCTS1 NOR OBTA9 FURNITURE1 NOR [N A HABITATION1 NOR EV] SAY3 ,?IS H\SE1 ?IS G>D51 ?IS V9E1 ?IS FIELD1 >E M9E4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS AN ECONOMIC NECESSITY1 9 ! PRES5T SY/EM ( CR$IT1 & ) ! GR[+ DISORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RIAL =CES1 ?AT ! POOR MAN1 WORK+ H>D] & H>D]1 %\LD BE ALWAYS POOR]1 & ?AT ! RI* MAN1 )\T WORK+1 ALWAYS RI*]1 AS ONE MAY EASILY CONV9CE HIMSELF BY ! FOLL[+4 

,IF WE MAY BELIEVE ! E/IMATE ( A SKILL$ ECONOMI/1 ,M4 ,*EVE1 \T ( TWO BILLIONS ( VALUE PRODUC$ EV]Y YE>1 ONE & ONE-FIF? BILLIONS >E TAK5 AWAY BY P>ASITES2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 BY F9ANCE1 BY PR$ACE\S PROP]TY1 & BY ! BUDGET & ITS SATELLITES3 ! BALANCE1 P]HAPS F\R-FIF?S ( A BILLION1 REMA9S = ! PRODUC]S4 ,ANO!R ABLE ECONOMI/1 ,M4 ,*EVALI]1 DIVID$ ! E/IMAT$ PRODUCT ( ! C\NTRY BY ITS ?IRTY-SIX MILLION 9HABITANTS1 HAS F\ND ?AT ! 9COME P] HEAD P] DAY WAS AN AV]AGE ( #ac C5TS2 &1 AS FROM ?IS FIGURE MU/ BE D$UCT$ 5\< TO PAY 9T]E/1 R5T1 TAXES1 & ! EXP5SES :I* !Y 9VOLVE1 ,M4 DE ,MOROGUES1 YET ANO!R LE>N$ ECONOMI/1 HAS CONCLUD$ ?AT = A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION DAILY CONSUMPTION WAS LESS ?AN #e C5TS4 ,BUT S9CE R5TS1 ! SAME AS TAXES1 CONT9UALLY 9CREASE1 :ILE ?R\< ECONOMIC DISORGANIZATION WORK & WAGES DIM9I%1 IT FOLL[S ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! A=ESAID ECONOMI/S1 ! MAT]IAL COM=T ( ! WORK+ CLASSES FOLL[S A DECREAS+ PROGRESSION1 :I* MAY BE REPRES5T$ BY ?IS S]IES ( NUMB]S3 #f#e1 #f1 #e#e1 #e1 #d#e1 #d1 #c#e1 #c1 #b#e1 #b1 #a#e1 #a1 #e1 1 -#e1 -#a1 -#a#e1 @&C4 ,?IS LAW ( IMPOV]I%M5T IS ! COROLL>Y ( ! ,MAL?USIAN LAW2 ITS FUNDAM5TAL FACT MAY BE F\ND 9 EV]Y BOOK ( /ATI/ICS4 

,SOME UTOPIANS ATTACK COMPETITION2 O!RS REFUSE TO ACCEPT ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! :OLE 9DU/RIAL ORD]2 ! WORK+M51 9 !IR CRASS IGNORANCE1 BLAME MA*9]Y4 ,NO ONE1 TO ?IS DAY1 HAS ?\<T ( D5Y+ ! UTILITY & LEGITIMACY ( CR$IT2 NEV]!LESS IT IS 9CONTE/ABLE ?AT ! P]V]SION ( CR$IT IS ! MO/ ACTIVE CAUSE ( ! POV]TY ( ! MASSES4 ,W]E IT NOT = ?IS1 ! DEPLORABLE EFFECTS ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 ( ! EMPLOYM5T ( MA*9]Y1 ( COMPETITION1 W\LD SC>CELY BE FELT AT ALL1 W\LD NOT EV5 EXI/4 ,IS IT NOT EVID5T ?AT ! T5D5CY ( SOCIETY IS T[>DS POV]TY1 NOT ?R\< ! DEPRAVITY ( M51 BUT ?R\< ! DISORD] ( ITS [N ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES8 

,IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ?IS IS A MISUSE ( LOGIC1 ?AT CAPITAL1 L&1 H\SES1 CANNOT BE LET = NO?+1 ?AT EV]Y S]VICE %\LD BE PAID =1 @&C4 ,POSSIBLY4 ,I WILL ADMIT ?AT L5D+ WEAL?1 AS MU* AS CREAT+ IT1 IS A S]VICE ?AT M]ITS RECOMP5SE4 ,:5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( ! ADVANTAGE ( O!RS1 ,I W\LD RA!R EXCE$ JU/ICE ?AN /OP %ORT ( IT2 BUT ?AT DOES NOT ALT] ! FACTS4 ,I MA9TA9 ?AT CR$IT IS TOO DE>2 ?AT IT IS ) MONEY AS IT IS ) MEAT1 :I* ! PREFECT ( POLICE SUPPLIES US ) TODAY FROM #c TO #e C5TS *EAP] ?AN ! M>KET /ALL KEEP]S2 AS IT IS ) TRANSPORTATION1 :I* W\LD CO/ #h P]C5T LESS ?AN PRES5T RATES1 IF ! RAILROADS W\LD P]MIT ! C\NTRY TO USE !IR IMM5SE RES\RCES4 ,I SAY ?AT IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE1 YES1 EASY1 TO L[] ! PRICE ( CR$IT FROM #ge TO #i P]C5T1 )\T WRONG+ ! L5D]S1 & ?AT IT DEP5DS UPON ! NATION & ! ,/ATE ?AT ?IS %\LD BE DONE4 ,LET !RE BE NO >GUM5T AS TO A PRET5D$ LEGAL IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,IT IS ) ! SEIGNIORIAL RI<TS ( CAPITALI/S AS IT WAS ) ?OSE ( ! NOBLES & MONA/]IES1 NO?+ EASI] ?AN TO ABOLI% !M2 &1 ,I REPEAT1 ?AT = ! SAFETY ( PROP]TY ITSELF !Y MU/ BE ABOLI%$4 

,CAN IT BE BELIEV$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>IES ( '#h#i1 '#i#b1 '#i#c1 '#i#d1 :O SWUNG ! AX ) SU* >DOR AGA9/ ! FEUDAL TREE1 W\LD NOT HAVE UPROOT$ IT TO ITS LA/ FIB]S1 IF !Y HAD =ESE5 ?AT1 9 ! %AD[ ( !IR HALF-WAY GOV]NM5TALISM1 SU* SPR\TS W\LD GR[8 

,CAN IT BE BELIEV$ ?AT1 9/EAD ( REE/ABLI%+ ! SEIGNORIAL C\RTS & ! P>LIAM5TS UND] O!R NAMES & O!R =MS1 ( RE]ECT+ ABOLUTISM AFT] BAPTIZ+ IT ) ! NAME ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 ( 5SLAV+ ! PROV9CES AS BE=E1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( UNITY & C5TRALIZATION1 ( SACRIFIC+ ALL LIB]TIES1 BY GIV+ !M = AN 9SEP>ABLE COMPANION A PRET5D$ PUBLIC ORD]1 :I* IS BUT CONFUSION1 CORRUPTION & BRUTE =CE--CAN IT BE BELIEV$1 ,I SAY1 ?AT !Y W\LD NOT HAVE WELCOM$ ! NEW ORD]1 & COMPLET$ ! ,REVOLUTION1 IF !IR SI<T HAD P5ETRAT$ ! ORGANISM :I* !IR 9/9CT S\<T1 BUT ! /ATE ( KN[L$GE & ! DI/RACTIONS ( ! MOM5T DID NOT P]MIT !M TO CONCEIVE8 4444 

,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT \R PRES5T SOCIETY1 ?\< HAV+ =SAK5 ITS PR9CIPLES1 T5DS CONT9UALLY TO IMPOV]I% ! PRODUC]1 TO SUBORD9ATE LABOR TO CAPITAL--A CONTRADICTION 9 ITSELF--BUT ?AT IT T5DS ALSO TO MAKE ( WORK+M5 A RACE ( HELOTS1 9F]IOR TO ! CA/E ( FREE M5 AS ( OLD2 & IT T5DS TO ]ECT 9TO A POLITICAL & SOCIAL DOGMA ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! NECESSITY ( ITS POV]TY4 

,A FEW FACTS1 SELECT$ FROM AMONG MILLIONS1 WILL EXEMPLIFY ?IS FATAL T5D5CY4 

,FROM #ahf TO #a#h#a#a1 ACCORD+ TO ,*EVALI]1 ! ANNUAL CONSUMPTION ( W9E 9 ,P>IS WAS #ag QU>TS P] HEAD3 IT IS N[ ONLY #ie QU>TS4 ,ABOLI% ! DUTIES1 :I* ) ! ACCESSORY EXP5SES1 AM\NT TO AT LEA/ #f TO #g C5TS A QU>T ) ! RETAIL]1 & ! CONSUMPTION WILL 9CREASE FROM #ie TO #b2 MOREOV] ! V9E GR[]1 :O DOES NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) HIS PRODUCTS1 WILL BE ABLE TO SELL !M4 

,BUT 9 ORD] TO DO ?IS1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y EI!R TO R$UCE ! AM\NT ( ! BUDGET1 OR TO PLACE ! TAXES UPON ! RI*2 &1 AS NEI!R ! ONE NOR ! O!R SEEMS PRACTICABLE1 & BESIDES AS IT IS NOT WELL ?AT ! WORK+MAN %\LD DR9K TOO MU*1 SEE+ ?AT ! USE ( W9E IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! MODE/Y :I* IS BECOM+ 9 M5 ( ?AT CLASS1 ! DUTIES WILL NOT BE L[]$1 NEI!R WILL !Y BE RAIS$4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,RAUDOT1 A WRIT] :OSE CONS]VATIVE OP9IONS RELIEVE HIM FROM ANY *>GE ( EXAGG]ATION1 ,FRANCE IS R$UC$ TO BUY+ ANNUALLY 9 =EIGN M>KETS N9E MILLION HEAD ( %EEP & CATTLE = ! SLAU<T] H\SE1 DESPITE ! HI< T>IFF4 ,NOT)/&+ ?IS IMPORTATION1 ! QUANTITY ( MEAT (F]$ = SALE DOES NOT EXCE$ AN AV]AGE ( #d LBS4 P] HEAD P] ANNUM1 A TRIFLE LESS ?AN #b \NCES A DAY4 ,BUT IF WE RECALL ?AT #he CITIES1 T[NS & CAPITALS ( PROV9CES1 ) A TOTAL POPULATION ( NOT MORE ?AN #c MILLIONS1 ABSORB A QU>T] ( ?IS1 ! CONCLUSION IS REA*$ ?AT HE MAJORITY ( ,FR5*M5 NEV] EAT MEAT2 :I* IS 9 FACT TRUE4 

,IT IS BY VIRTUE ( ?IS POLICY ?AT W9E & MEAT >E TODAY EXCLUD$ FROM ! LI/ ( >TICLES ( FIR/ NECESSITY1 & ?AT SO MANY PEOPLE1 9 ,FRANCE AS 9 ,IREL&1 EAT ONLY POTATOES1 *E/NUTS1 BUCK:EAT OR OATMEAL4 

,! EFFECTS ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS >E SU* AS MI<T BE EXPECT$ FROM !ORY4 ,EV]Y:]E 9 ,EUROPE ! CON/ITUTION ( ! LABOR] IS WEAK5$4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,REVISION HAS E/ABLI%$ ?AT )9 FIFTY YE>S ! AV]AGE /ATURE HAS DIM9I%$ BY HALF AN 9*1 & ?IS R$UCTION BE>S *IEFLY UPON SUFF]+ HUMANITY1 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BE=E '#h#i1 ! REQUIR$ M9IMUM HEI<T = ! >MY WAS #e FEET #a 9*4 ,AFT]W>DS FOLL[+ ! DIM9UTION ( /ATURE & ! WEAK5+ ( HEAL?1 AS WELL AS ! EXCESSIVE DE/RUCTION ( LIFE1 ?IS WAS R$UC$ TO #d FEET #a 9*ES4 ,AS = EXEMPTIONS FROM S]VICE = DEFICI5T HEI<T & HEAL?1 !Y W]E1 FROM #ahc TO #a#h#c#i1 #de #a_/#b  P]C5T1 & FROM #ahci TO #a#h#d#h1 #e #a_/#b  P]C5T4 

,! AV]AGE L5G? ( LIFE1 IT IS TRUE1 HAS 9CREAS$1 BUT AT ! EXP5SE ( ! SAME LABOR+ CLASS1 AS IS PROV$1 AMONG O!R PRO(S1 BY ! TABLES ( MORTALITY ( ,P>IS1 9 :I* ! DEA? RATE = ! #a#b? PREC9CT IS #a 9 #b#f1 :ILE = ! #a/ PREC9CT IT IS ONLY #a 9 #e#b4 

,CAN IT BE D\BT$ ?AT !RE IS A T5D5CY T[>D ILL 9 EXI/+ SOCIETY1 AT LEA/ AMONG ! WORK+ PEOPLE8 ,DOES IT NOT SEEM ?AT SOCIETY HAS BE5 MADE1 AS ,SA9T ,SIMON SAYS1 NOT = ! AMELIORATION ( ! PEOPLE1 PHYSICALLY1 MORALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY1 BUT = !IR IMPOV]I%M5T DEPRAVITY1 & IGNORANCE8 

,! AV]AGE NUMB] ( /UD5TS RECEIV$ EA* YE> BY ! ,POLYTE*NIC ,S*OOL IS1 ,I BELIEVE1 #a#g#f4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,*EVALI]1 IT W\LD NOT BE EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT TW5TY TIMES AS MANY MI<T BE RECEIV$4 ,BUT :AT W\LD \R CAPITALI/ SOCIETY DO ) ! #ceb GRADUATES :I* ! ,S*OOL W\LD TURN \T AT ! 5D ( EA* S*OOL YE>8 ,I 9SI/ UPON ?IS QUE/ION3 ,:AT W\LD IT DO8 

,:5 ! MANAGEM5T ORD]$ ?AT ONLY #agf S*OL>S %\LD BE RECEIV$ 9 PLACE ( ! #ceb :O C\LD BE RECEIV$1 IT WAS BECAUSE IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE = ! GOV]NM5T1 ) ITS /ILL FEUDAL-9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 TO MAKE PROP] PROVISION = MORE ?AN #agf ( !SE Y\NG PEOPLE4 

,SCI5CE IS NOT CULTIVAT$ = ! SAKE ( SCI5CE3 ONE DOES NOT /UDY *EMI/RY1 9TEGRAL CALCULUS1 ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY1 ME*ANICS1 9 ORD] TO BECOME A ME*ANIC OR A LABOR]4 ,SUP]ABUNDANCE ( ABILITY1 F> FROM BE+ ( S]VICE TO ! C\NTRY & ! ,/ATE1 IS AN 9CONV5I5CE TO !M4 ,9 ORD] TO AVOID DANG]\S UPSETT+ ( CLASSES1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT 9/RUCTION %\LD BE GIV5 9 PROPORTION TO =TUNE2 ?AT IS %\LD BE SLI<T OR NONE AT ALL = ! MO/ NUM]\S & L[E/ CLASS1 MOD]ATE = ! MIDDLE CLASS1 SUP]IOR ONLY = A SMALL NUMB] ( ! WELL-TO-DO1 DE/9$ TO REPRES5T BY !IR TAL5TS ! >I/OCRACY :5CE !Y SPRANG4444 ,?AT IS :AT ! ,CA?OLIC CL]GY1 FAI?FUL TO ITS PR9CIPLES1 FAI?FUL TO ITS FEUDAL TRADITIONS1 HAS ALWAYS UND]/OOD3 ! LAW PLAC+ ! ,UNIV]SITY & ! S*OOLS 9 !IR H&S WAS ONLY AN ACT ( JU/ICE4 

,?US1 9/RUCTION CANNOT BE UNIV]SAL1 &1 MO/ ( ALL1 IT CANNOT BE FREE1 9 A /ILL FEUDAL SOCIETY3 ?AT W\LD BE NONS5SE4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! MASSES1 TO RE/RA9 ! FL[]+-=? ( ABILITY1 TO R$UCE ! TOO NUM]\S & TOO UNMANAGEABLE ATT5DANCE AT COLLEGES1 TO KEEP 9 SY/EMATIC IGNORANCE ! MILLIONS ( WORK]S DOOM$ TO REPUGNANT & PA9FUL LABOR1 TO MAKE USE ( ! 9/RUCTION BY NOT MAK+ USE ( IT1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 BY TURN+ IT T[>D ! BRUTALIZATION & EXPLOITATION ( ! L[] CLASSES4 

,&1 AS IF ! EVIL AS WELL AS ! GOOD MU/ HAVE ITS SANCTION1 PAUP]ISM1 ?US =ESE51 PROVID$ =1 ORGANIZ$1 BY ! ECONOMIC *AOS1 HAS F\ND ITS [N2 IT IS 9CLUD$ 9 ! CRIM9AL /ATI/ICS4 ,H]E IS ! PROGRESSION = #be YE>S PA/1 ( ! NUMB] ( >RE/S & ( CASES PROSECUT$ AT ! REQUE/ ( ! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR3 

,YE>S ,>RE/S ,CASES#a#h#b#g #d#g1#d#d#c  #c#d1#i#h#a#h#d#f #a#a1#d#d#c #h1#h#i#a#a#h#d#g #a#b#d1#a#e#i #i#e1#i#a#d 

,9 ! DI/RICT C\RTS ! PROGRESSION HAS 9CREAS$ 9 ! SAME WAY3 

,YE>S ,>RE/S ,CASES#a#h#b#i #a#e#i1#g#d #a#h1#c#i#a#h#d#e #a#i#g1#i#a#c #a#e#b1#i#b#c#a#h#d#g #b#c#i1#b#i#a #a#h#d1#i#b#b 

,:5 ! WORK+MAN HAS BE5 BRUTALIZ$ BY ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 BY ATT5D+ MA*9ES1 BY TEA*+ ?AT DOES NOT TEA*2 :5 HE HAS BE5 DISC\RAG$ BY SMALL WAGES1 DEMORALIZ$ BY BE+ \T ( WORK1 FAMI%$ BY MONOPOLY2 :5 HE HAS NEI!R BREAD NOR D\<1 NEI!R CA% NOR CR$IT1 NEI!R FIRE NOR HE>?2 !N HE LIES1 HE ?IEVES1 HE ROBS1 HE ASSASS9ATES4 ,AFT] HAV+ PASS$ ?R\< ! H&S ( ! PLUND]]S1 HE PASSES ?R\< ?OSE ( ! DEAL]S 9 JU/ICE4 ,IS ?AT CLE>8 

,N[ ,I RETURN TO POLITICS4 

,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE #a#c4 ,! REF]5CE IS TO ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS4 8 

#c4 ,ANOMALY ( ,GOV]NM5T4 ,T5D5CY T[>D ,TYRANNY & ,CORRUPTION4 

,IT IS BY CONTRA/ ) ]ROR ?AT TRU? IMPRESSES ITSELF UPON ! UND]/&+4 ,9 PLACE ( LIB]TY & 9DU/RIAL EQUALITY1 ! ,REVOLUTION HAS LEFT US A LEGACY ( AU?ORITY & POLITICAL SUBORD9ATION4 ,! ,/ATE1 GR[+ MORE P[]FUL EV]Y DAY1 & 5D[$ ) PR]OGATIVES & PRIVILEGES )\T 5D1 HAS UND]TAK5 TO DO = \R HAPP9ESS :AT WE MI<T HAVE EXPECT$ FROM A V]Y DIFF]5T S\RCE4 ,H[ HAS IT ACQUITT$ ITSELF ( ITS TASK8 ,:AT P>T HAS ! GOV]NM5T PLAY$ DUR+ ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 REG>DLESS ( ! P>TICUL> =M ( ITS ORGANIZATION8 ,:AT HAS BE5 ITS T5D5CY8 ,?AT IS N[ ! QUE/ION4 

,UP TO #a#h#d#h1 /ATESM51 :E!R BELONG+ TO ! M9I/RY OR ! OPPOSITION1 :OSE 9FLU5CE DIRECT$ PUBLIC S5TIM5T & GOV]NM5TAL ACTION1 DID NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 AW>E ( ! MI/AK5 C\RSE ( SOCIETY 9 :AT ESPECIALLY CONC]NS ! LABOR+ CLASSES4 ,MO/ ( !M 9DE$ MADE IT A M]IT & A DUTY TO BUSY !MSELVES 9 ! AMELIORATION ( ! WORK]S' LOT4 ,ONE W\LD CRY \T = TEA*]S2 ANO!R W\LD TALK AGA9/ ! PREMATURE & IMMORAL EMPLOYM5T ( *ILDR5 9 MANUFACTORIES4 ,?IS ONE W\LD DEM& ! L[]+ ( DUTIES UPON SALT1 BEV]AGES & MEAT2 ?AT ONE CALL$ \T = ! COMPLETE ABOLITION ( T[N & CU/OM H\SE T>IFFS4 ,9 ! L(TY REGIONS ( P[] !RE WAS A G5]AL IMPULSE T[>D ECONOMIC & SOCIAL QUE/IONS4 ,NOT A S\L SAW ?AT1 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( \R 9/ITUTIONS1 SU* RE=MS W]E BUT 9NOC5T *IM]AS2 ?AT1 9 ORD] TO BR+ !M AB\T1 NO?+ LESS ?AN A NEW CREATION WAS NECESS>Y2 9 O!R WORDS1 A REVOLUTION4 

,S9CE ! ABDICATION ( ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE1 ON ! #b#d? ( ,FEBRU>Y1 ! GOV]NM5TAL SET1 P>TICIPANTS 9 PRIVILEGE1 HAVE *ANG$ !IR OP9ION4 ,! POLICY ( OPPRESSION & IMPOV]I%M5T :I* !Y =M]LY FOLL[$ )\T KN[+ IT1 ,I HAD ALMO/ SAID 9 SPITE ( !MSELVES1 HAS BE5 ACCEPT$ BY MANY ( !M1 ?IS TIME ) FULL KN[L$GE4 

,! GOV]NM5T IS ! ORGAN ( SOCIETY4 

,?AT :I* GOES ON 9 ! SOCIAL BODY MO/ SECRETLY1 MO/ METAPHYSICALLY1 %[S ITSELF 9 GOV]NM5T ) A QUITE MILIT>Y FRANKNESS1 A FISCAL CRUDITY4 ,A LONG TIME AGO A /ATESMAN SAID ?AT A GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT EXI/ )\T A PUBLIC DEBT & A L>GE BUDGET4 ,?IS APHORISM1 TO :I* ! OPPOSITION WAS WRONG 9 TAK+ EXCEPTION1 IS ! F9ANCIAL EXPRESSION ( ! RETROGRADE & SUBV]SIVE T5D5CY ( ,P[]3 WE MAY N[ MEASURE ! DEP? ( IT4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ,GOV]NM5T1 9/ITUT$ = ! GUIDANCE ( SOCIETY1 IS BUT ! REFLECTION4 

,APRIL #a/ #a#h#a#d1 ! 9T]E/ ON ! PUBLIC DEBT WAS @s#a#b1#f#f#a1#e#b#c4 

,JULY #c#a/ #a#h#c1 ! 9T]E/ ON ! PUBLIC DEBT WAS @s#c#i1#h#h#c1#e#d#a4 

,JAN4 #a/ #a#h#d#g1 ! 9T]E/ ON ! PUBLIC DEBT WAS @s#d#g1#d#b#b1#f#g#a4 

,JAN4 #a/ #a#h#e#a1 ! 9T]E/ ON ! PUBLIC DEBT WAS @s#e#d1#b14 

,! PUBLIC DEBT1 = BO? ! ,/ATE & ! T[NS1 :I* IT IS FAIR TO REG>D H]E AS P>TS ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 IS AB\T HALF ( ! SUM TOTAL ( MORTGAGES & NOTES ( H&1 :I* WEI< D[N ! C\NTRY3 BO? ( !SE1 UND] ! SAME IMPULSE1 HAVE GR[N ALONG ) EA* O!R4 ,! T5D5CY IS UNMI/AKABLE4 ,:I!R IS IT LEAD+ US8 ,TO BANKRUPTCY4 

,! FIR/ REGUL> BUDGET S9CE ! ,DIRECTORY IS ?AT ( #a#h#b4 ,DAT+ FROM ?IS TIME1 ! EXP5SES HAVE CONT9UALLY GR[N1 9 ! SAME PROGRESSION AS ! DEBT ( ! C\NTRY & ( ! ,/ATE4 

#a#h#b@s#a#a#g114#a#h#a#i #a#g#b1#g#g1#f#b#b4#a#h#b#i #b#a1#i#h#b1#h#h#f4#a#h#d #b#e#i1#g#b1#h#h#i4#a#h#d#h #c#c#h1#d#c#f1#b#b#b4 

,9 FIFTY YE>S1 ! BUDGET ( EXP5SES HAS ALMO/ TRIPL$2 ! MEAN ANNUAL 9CREASE IS AB\T FIVE MILLIONS4 ,IT W\LD BE TOO FOOLI% TO ATTRIBUTE ?IS 9CREASE TO ! 9CAPACITY ( M9I/]S1 TO !IR MORE OR LESS 9TELLIG5T & LIB]AL POLICY1 AS HAS BE5 DONE UND] EA* SUCCESSIVE *ANGE3 ! ,RE/ORATION & ! MON>*Y ( ,JULY1 ! DYNA/IC OPPOSITION & ! REPUBLICAN CONSPIRACY4 ,TO EXPLA9 A PH5OM5ON AS CON/ANT & REGUL> AS IS ! GR[? ( ! BUDGET BY ! 9EFFICI5CY ( M51 ESPECIALLY :5 IT HAS ITS CORRELLATIVE 9 ! 9CREASE ( MORTGAGES & ( NOTES ( H&1 IS AS ABSURD AS IT W\LD BE TO EXPLA9 ! ,ORI5TAL PLAGUE & ! YELL[ FEV] BY ! 9CAPACITY ( PHYSICIANS4 ,IT IS ! HYGI5E ?AT MU/ BE ATTACK$2 IT IS Y\R ECONOMIC ORD] ?AT CALLS = RE=M4 

,?US ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* IS CALL$ ! 9/RUM5T ( ORD] & ! GU>ANTEE ( \R LIB]TIES1 KEEPS /EP ) SOCIETY1 FALLS MORE & MORE 9TO DIFFICULTIES1 9CURS 9DEBT$NESS1 & T5DS T[>D BANKRUPTCY4 ,WE >E AB\T TO SEE H[1 AS SOCIETY1 GIV5 OV] TO ! DISORGANIZATION ( ITS ELEM5TS1 T5DS TO REE/ABLI% ! =M] CA/ES2 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ON ITS SIDE1 T5DS TO UNITE ITS EF=TS ) ?IS NEW >I/OCRACY & TO COMPLETE ! OPPRESSION ( ! L[] CLASSES4 

,SOLELY BECAUSE ! P[]S ( SOCIETY W]E LEFT UNORGANIZ$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 !RE RESULTS AN 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS1 ( :I* ! CAUSE IS NOT1 AS =M]LY1 ! NATURAL 9EQUALITY ( ABILITY2 BUT :I* F9DS A NEW PRETEXT 9 ! ACCID5TS ( SOCIETY1 & ADDS1 AMONG ! CLAIMS1 ! 9JU/ICES ( =TUNE TO ! CAPRICES ( NATURE4 ,PRIVILEGE1 ABOLI%$ BY LAW1 IS BORN AGA9 ?R\< LACK ( EQUILIBRIUM3 IT IS NO LONG] A M]E RESULT ( DIV9E PR$E/9ATION3 IT HAS BECOME A NECESSITY ( CIVILIZATION4 

,ONCE JU/IFI$ AS 9 ! ORD] ( NATURE & ( ,PROVID5CE1 :AT DOES PRIVILEGE LACK 9 ORD] TO ASSURE ITS TRIUMPH DEF9ITELY8 ,IT HAS ONLY TO MAKE LAWS1 9/ITUTIONS1 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 9 H>MONY ) ITSELF3 T[>D ?IS 5D IT IS AB\T TO DIRECT ALL ITS =CES4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 AS NO LAW =BIDS1 SO F> AT LEA/ AS IT FL[S FROM ONE ( !SE TWO S\RCES1 NATURE OR ACCID5T1 PRIVILEGE MAY CALL ITSELF P]FECTLY LEGAL3 9 ?IS REG>D IT MAY ALREADY CLAIM ! RESPECT ( CITIZ5S & ! PROTECTION ( ,GOV]NM5T4 

,:AT IS ! PR9CIPLE :I* RULES EXI/+ SOCIETY8 ,EA* BY HIMSELF1 EA* = HIMSELF4 ,GOD & ,L,U,C,K = ALL4 ,PRIVILEGE1 RESULT+ FROM LUCK1 FROM A COMM]CIAL TURN1 FROM ANY ( ! GAMBL+ ME?ODS :I* ! *AOTIC CONDITION ( 9DU/RY FURNI%ES1 IS !N A PROVID5TIAL ?+1 :I* EV]YBODY MU/ RESPECT4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 :AT IS ! FUNCTION ( ,GOV]NM5T8 ,TO PROTECT & DEF5D EA* ONE 9 HIS P]SON1 HIS 9DU/RY1 HIS PROP]TY4 ,BUT IF BY ! NECESSITY ( ?+S1 PROP]TY1 RI*ES1 COM=T1 ALL GO ON ONE SIDE1 POV]TY ON ! O!R1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ,GOV]NM5T IS MADE = ! DEF5SE ( ! RI* AGA9/ ! POOR4 ,= ! P]FECT+ ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT :AT EXI/S %\LD BE DEF9$ & CONSECRAT$ BY LAW3 ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT ,P[] WANTS1 & :AT DEMON/RATES FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D \R ANALYSIS ( ! BUDGET4 

,I AM TALK+ AT R&OM4 

,! ,PROVISORY ,GOV]NM5T HAS MADE KN[N ?AT ! 9CREASES ( SAL>Y ( ,GOV]NM5T FUNCTION>IES FROM #ahc TO #ahdh AM\NT$ TO ! SUM ( #ac MILLION DOLL>S4 ,SUPPOS+ ?AT ONLY HALF ( ?IS W]E US$ = ! SAL>IES ( NEWLY CREAT$ (FICES1 ! AV]AGE SAL>Y BE+ ASSUM$ AT @s#b1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T ADD$ #c#b1#e EMPLOYES DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE4 ,TODAY ! TOTAL NUMB] ( FUNCTION>IES1 ACCORD+ TO ,RAUDOT1 IS #e#f#h1#c#f#e3 9 EV]Y N9E M5 !RE IS ONE :O LIVES ON ! ,GOV]NM5T1 EI!R ( ! ,C\NTRY OR ( ! T[NS4 ,:ATEV] \TCRY !RE MAY BE MADE AGA9/ WA/E1 ,I %ALL NEV] BELIEVE ?AT ! CREATION ( #c#b1#e (FICES WAS ANY?+ BUT PLUND]4 

,:AT 9T]E/ HAD ! K+ OR ! M9I/]S1 OR ANY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O ALREADY HELD (FICE1 9 ADD+ TO !IR NUMB]8 ,IS IT NOT TRUE ?AT1 ! AGITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES BECOM+ MORE ?REAT5+ ) TIME1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! DANG] GREAT] = ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 ,P[]1 ! =CE ?AT REPRESSES & PROTECTS1 HAD TO =TIFY ITSELF 9 PROPORTION1 ON PA9 ( BE+ OV]?R[N AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY8 

,EXAM9ATION ( ! BUDGETS = ! >MY & NAVY CONFIRMS ?IS OP9ION4 

,FROM #ahc TO #a#h#d#h1--,I BORR[ ?IS DETAIL FROM ! P]IODICAL ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA--! UNIT$ BUDGETS ( ! NAVY & ( W> W]E GRADUALLY RAIS$ FROM @s#f#d1#g#i#f1 TO @s#a#g1#a#f#g1#d4 ,! AV]AGE ANNUAL AM\NT WAS @s#h#d112 ! AV]AGE 9CREASE @s#b1#d14 ,! GR& TOTAL = EI<TE5 YE>S1 @s#a1#e#a114 

,9 ! SAME P]IOD ! BUDGET = PUBLIC 9/RUCTION 9CREAS$ FROM @s#d#e#a1#f TO @s#c1#h#e#i1#f4 ,! GR& TOTAL WAS @s#d#f1#e#f1#d4 ,DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ?IS & ! W>MAK+ BUDGET1 @s#a1#d#e#d1#d#c#i14 

,?US :ILE ! ,GOV]NM5T SP5T AN AV]AGE ( #b #a_/#b  MILLIONS = FO/]+ POPUL> IGNORANCE1 UND] ! NAME ( PUBLIC 9/RUCTION1 IT SP5T #hd MILLIONS1 ?IRTY-TWO TIMES AS MU*1 TO RE/RA9 ?IS IGNORANCE BY /EEL & FIRE1 IF ! FR5ZY ( POV]TY %\LD CAUSE IT TO BUR/ =?4 ,?IS IS :AT ! POLITICIANS ( ! DAY HAVE CALL$ AN >M$ PEACE4 ,! SAME T5D5CY IS %[N 9 ! O!R BUDGETS3 ,I MEAN TO SAY ?AT ! BUDGETS HAVE ALWAYS 9CREAS$ 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO !IR S]VICES TO ! CAUSE ( PRIVILEGE1 & 9V]SELY TO ?OSE :I* !Y C\LD R5D] TO ! PRODUC]S4 ,BUT :5 IT IS ADMITT$ ?AT ! L(TY F9ANCIAL & ADM9I/RATIVE CAPACITIES :I* GOV]N$ ,FRANCE DUR+ ?OSE EI<TE5 YE>S HAD NO SU* 9T5TIONS AS >E 9DICAT$ BY !SE COMP>ISONS ( ! BUDGETS1 :I*1 AFT] ALL1 MATT] LITTLE1 IT W\LD REMA9 NOT ?AT NOT ! LESS TRUE ?AT ! SY/EM ( IMPOV]I%M5T & REPRESSION BY ! ,/ATE DEVELOP$ ) A SPONTANEITY & C]TA9TY ?AT MI<T WELL DISP5SE ) ANY COMPLICITY ON ! P>T ( /ATESM54 

,ONCE AGA91 !RE IS H]E NO QUE/ION ( P]SONS4 

,ABOVE ! SPIRIT ( M5 !RE IS ! SPIRIT ( ?+S2 IT IS ) ?IS LATT] ?AT ! PHILOSOPH] CONC]NS HIMSELF1 ALWAYS WELL DISPOS$ T[>DS HIS FELL[S4 

,IF ! COMPOSITION ( ! BUDGET ( EXP5SES IS CURI\S1 ?AT ( ! ACC\NT ( RECEIPTS IS NO LESS 9/RUCTIVE4 ,I WILL NOT 5T] 9TO DETAILS2 ! G5]AL *>ACT] WILL SUFFICE4 ,IT IS 9 G5]ALIZATION ?AT TRU? IS DISCOV]$4 

,S9CE #ahdh IT HAS BE5 PROV$ BY FIGURES ?AT IF ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( DUTIES W]E REPLAC$ BY A S+LE TAX ON CAPITAL ( SAY1 ONE P]C5T1 ! TAX W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ ) AN ALMO/ IDEAL EQUALITY1 UNIT+ ! ADVANTAGES ( PROPORTIONALITY & PROGRESSION1 )\T ANY ( !IR DRAWBACKS4 ,BY ?IS SY/EM LABOR W\LD BE LITTLE IF AT ALL AFFECT$2 CAPITAL1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 W\LD BE SCI5TIFICALLY REA*$4 ,:]E CAPITAL WAS NOT PROTECT$ BY ! LABOR ( ! CAPITALI/1 IT W\LD BE EXPOS$ TO LEVY2 :ILE ! WORK+MAN1 :OSE POSSESSIONS DID NOT EXCE$ A TAXABLE AM\NT1 W\LD PAY NO?+4 ,JU/ICE 9 TAXATION W\LD BE ! NE PLUS ULTRA ( FISCAL SCI5CE4 ,BUT ?AT W\LD BE ! REV]SE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! PROPOSITION1 SC\T$ BY ! PRACTICAL POLITICIANS1 S]V$ ONLY TO DISCR$IT & ALMO/ DISC\RAGE ITS AU?ORS4 

,! SY/EM ( TAXATION ACTUALLY FOLL[$ IS JU/ ! OPPOSITE ( ?AT4 ,IT IS PLANN$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! PRODUC] PAYS ALL1 ! CAPITALI/ NO?+4 ,9 FACT1 :5EV] ! LATT] IS PUT D[N ON ! BOOKS ( ! ASSESSOR = ANY AM\NT :ATEV]1 OR PAYS ! DUTIES E/ABLI%$ BY ! FISCAL AU?ORITY ON OBJECTS ( CONSUMPTION1 IT IS CLE> ?AT1 AS HIS 9COME IS COMPOS$ SOLELY ( ! 9T]E/ UPON HIS CAPITAL1 & NOT BY ! EX*ANGE ( HIS PRODUCTS1 HIS 9COME REMA9S FREE FROM TAXATION2 9ASMU* AS IT IS ONLY ! PRODUC] ?AT PAYS4 

,?AT 9JU/ICE HAD TO BE2 & ,GOV]NM5T WAS 9 ?IS 9 P]FECT ACCORD ) ,SOCIETY4 ,IF ! 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS :I* RESULTS FROM ! ECONOMIC DISORGANIZATION BE TAK5 AS AN 9DICATION ( ! WILL ( ,PROVID5CE1 ! ,GOV]NM5T CANNOT DO BETT] ?AN TO FOLL[ HIS WILL2 = ?AT REASON1 NOT CONT5T ) DEF5D+ PRIVILEGE1 ,GOV]NM5T COMES TO ITS ASSI/ANCE BY ASK+ NO?+ FROM IT4 ,GRANT ! TIME1 & ,GOV]NM5T WILL MAKE PRIVILEGE AN ,9/ITUTION1 UND] ! TITLES ( ,NOBILITY1 ,BUR<]S1 OR O!RWISE4 

,!RE IS !RE=E A COMPACT BETWE5 ,CAPITAL & ,P[] TO MAKE ! WORK] EXCLUSIVELY PAY ! TAXES2 & ! SECRET ( ?IS COMPACT IS SIMPLY1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 TO PLACE ! TAXES ON PRODUCTS1 9/EAD ( ON CAPITAL4 

,?R\< ?IS DISGUISE ! CAPITALI/ SEEMS TO PAY ON HIS L&1 ON HIS H\SE1 ON HIS FURNITURE1 ON HIS SECURITIES1 ON HIS TRAVEL+1 ON HIS FOOD1 LIKE ! RE/ ( ! CITIZ5S4 ,ALSO HE SAYS ?AT HIS 9COME1 :I* )\T TAX W\LD BE #f1 #a1#b1 #b1 OR #d1 DOLL>S1 IS NO MORE1 ?ANKS TO ! TAX1 ?AN #e1 #i1 #a1#f1 OR #c1 DOLL>S4 ,& HE COMPLA9S AGA9/ ! AM\NT ( ! BUDGET ) MORE 9DIGNATION ?AN HIS T5ANTS4 

,A COMPLETE MI/AKE4 ,! CAPITALI/ PAYS NO?+3 ! ,GOV]NM5T DIVIDES UP ) HIM2 ?AT IS ALL4 ,!Y MAKE COMMON CAUSE4 ,:AT ONE ( ! WORK]S W\LD NOT E/EEM HIMELF LUCKY IF HE W]E GRANT$ @s#d 9COME1 UPON ! SOLE CONDITION ?AT HE %\LD GIVE UP A QU>T] ( IT 9 R$EMPTION8 

,!RE IS ONE *APT] 9 ! ACC\NTS ( RECEIPTS ?AT HAS ALWAYS SEEM$ TO ME LIKE A REM9ISC5CE ( ! OLD SY/EM1 ?AT ( ASSESSM5T4 

,IT IS NOT 5\< ?AT ! PRODUC] PAYS = ! LIB]TY TO MANUFACTURE1 CULTIVATE1 SELL1 BUY OR TRANSPORT ?AT ! FISCAL AU?ORITY GRANTS HIM2 ! ASSESSM5TS =BID HIM TO HOLD PROP]TY AS F> AS POSSIBLE4 ,SO MU* = AN 9H]ITANCE FROM A FA!R1 SO MU* FROM AN UNCLE1 SO MU* = A R5TAL1 SO MU* = A PUR*ASE4 ,IT IS AS IF ! LEGISLATOR ( '#h#i HAD HAD ! 9T5TION ( RE5ACT+ ! 9ALI5ABILITY ( REAL E/ATE1 9 EXACT CORRESPOND5CE ) FEUDAL RI<TS6 ,AS IF HE HAD WANT$ TO REM9D ! WRET* :O HAD BE5 FRE$ BY ! NI<T ( ! #d? ( ,AUGU/ ?AT HE WAS /ILL ( S]VILE CONDITION1 ?AT HE HAD NO RI<T TO [N ! SOIL1 ?AT EV]Y CULTIVATOR IS ONLY A T5ANT & DI/RA9ABLE BY LAW1 UNLESS HE HAS P]MISSION FROM ! SOV]EIGN6 ,WE MU/ TAKE C>E3 !RE >E PEOPLE :O HOLD !SE IDEAS RELIGI\SLY3 ?OSE PEOPLE >E \R MA/]S & ! FRI5DS ( ALL ?OSE :O L5D TO US ON MORTGAGE4 

,! P>TISANS ( GOV]NM5TAL RULE REPEL1 ) ALL ! =CE ( CONVICTION1 CRITICISM :I*1 9/EAD ( F9D+ FAULT ) M51 ATTACKS 9/ITUTIONS1 & 5DANG]S & ?REAT5S :AT !Y CONSID] !IR H]$IT>Y RI<TS4 

,IS IT ! FAULT1 !Y CRY1 ( \R REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS8 ,IS IT ! FAULT ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL PR9CIPLE1 OR ?AT ( 9CAPABLE1 CORRUPT1 WA/EFUL M9I/]S1 IF A PORTION ( ?OSE MILLIONS1 TAK5 FROM PROP]TY1 FROM AGRICULTURE & FROM 9DU/RY1 AT ! PRICE ( SO GREAT SACRIFICES1 HAVE S]V$ ONLY TO SUPPORT S9ECURES & TO SALVE CONSCI5CES8 ,IS IT ! FAULT ( ?IS MAGNIFIC5T C5TRALIZATION1 IF ! TAXES1 HAV+ BECOME EXORBITANT1 WEI< MORE HEAVILY UPON ! WORK] ?AN ON ! PROPRIETOR2 IF1 ) A SUBSIDY ( #hd MILLIONS1 \R PORTS >E B>E ( %IPS1 \R %OPS ( MAT]IALS2 IF1 9 #a#h#d#h1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y1 ! >MY WAS )\T PROVISIONS1 ! CAVALRY )\T HORSES1 ! =TIFICATIONS 9 BAD CONDITION2 IF WE C\LD NOT PUT UPON A W> FOOT+ MORE ?AN SIXTY ?\S& M58 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS IT NOT A CASE 9 :I* NOT ! SY/EM BUT ! MODE ( C>RY+ IT \T %\LD BE BLAM$8 ,& !N :AT BECOMES ( Y\R D5UNCIATIONS ( ! T5D5CIES ( SOCIETY & ( GOV]NM5T8 

,9DE$6 ,WE MAY !N ADD CORRUPTION TO ! 9TR9SIC VISES & FEUDAL 9CL9ATIONS ( ! POLITICAL ORD]4 ,F> FROM WEAK5+ MY >GUM5T1 IT /R5G!NS IT4 ,CORRUPTION ALLIES ITSELF WELL ) ! G5]AL T5D5CIES ( ,P[]2 IT =MS A P>T ( ITS ME?ODS2 IT IS ONE ( ITS ELEM5TS4 

,:AT DOES ! SY/EM DEM&8 

,?AT ! CAPITALI/IC FEUDALISM %ALL BE MA9TA9$ 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( ITS RI<TS2 ?AT ! PREPOND]ANCE ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR %ALL BE 9CREAS$2 ?AT ! P>ASITE CLASS %ALL BE RE9=C$1 IF POSSIBLE1 BY PROVID+ = IT EV]Y:]E HANG]S-ON1 ?R\< ! AID ( PUBLIC FUNCTIONS1 & AS RECRUITS IF NECESS>Y1 & ?AT L>GE PROP]TIES %ALL BE GRADUALLY REE/ABLI%$1 & ! PROPRIETORS 5NOBL$2--DID NOT ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE1 T[>D ! 5D ( HIS REIGN1 DEVOTE HIMSELF TO CONF]R+ TITLES ( NOBILITY8--?AT ?US1 BY 9DIRECT WAYS1 C]TA9 S]VICES1 :I* ! (FICIAL LI/ ( (FICES CANNOT SATISFY1 %ALL BE RECOMP5S$2 F9ALLY1 ?AT EV]Y?+ %ALL BE ATTA*$ TO ! SURPEME PATRONAGE ( ! ,/ATE--*>ITIES1 RECOMP5SES1 P5SIONS1 AW>DS1 CONCESSIONS1 EXPLOITATIONS1 AU?ORIZATIONS1 POSITIONS1 TITLES1 PRIVILEGES1 M9I/]IAL (FICES1 /OCK COMPANIES1 MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATIONS1 ETC41 ETC4 

,?IS IS ! REASON = ?AT V5ALITY :]E( ! SC&ALS UND] ! LA/ REIGN SO SURPRIS$ US2 BUT AT :I* ! PUBLIC CONSCI5CE W\LD HAVE BE5 LESS A/ONI%$1 IF ! MY/]Y HAD BE5 EXPLA9$4 ,?IS TOO IS ! ULT]IOR AIM ( ?AT C5TRALIZATION :I*1 UND] PRETEXT ( ! G5]AL 9T]E/1 EX]TS PRESSURE UPON LOCAL 9T]E/S1 BY SELL+ TO ! LA/ & HI<E/ BIDD] ! JU/ICE :I* !Y CLAIM4 

,UND]/& CLE>LY ?AT CORRUPTION IS ! S\L ( C5TRALIZATION4 ,!RE IS NOT A MON>*Y NOR A DEMOCRACY ?AT IS FREE FROM IT4 ,GOV]NM5T IS UN*ANGEABLE 9 ITS SPIRIT & ESS5CE2 IF IT TAKES A H& 9 PUBLIC ECONOMY1 IT IS TO E/ABLI%1 BY FAVOR OR BY =CE1 :AT ACCID5T T5DS TO BR+ AB\T4 ,LET US TAKE ! CU/OM H\SE = AN EXAMPLE4 

,CU/OM H\SE DUTIES1 BO? IMPORT & EXPORT1 BUT NOT 9CLUD+ ?OSE ON SALT1 PRODUCE #cb MILLIONS = ! ,/ATE4 #cb MILLIONS TO PROTECT NATIONAL 9DU/RY6 ,DO Y\ P]CEIVE ! JUGGL]Y8 ,SUPPOSE ?AT ! CU/OMS DID NOT EXI/2 ?AT ,BELGIAN1 ,5GLI%1 ,G]MAN1 ,AM]ICAN COMPETITION SURR\ND$ \R M>KETS ON EV]Y SIDE1 & ?AT !N ! ,/ATE %\LD MAKE ! FOLL[+ PROPOSITION TO ,FR5* 9DU/RY3 ,9 ORD] TO PROTECT Y\R 9T]E/S1 :I* W\LD Y\ PREF] TO DO1 TO PAY ME #cb MILLIONS OR TO RECEIVE !M Y\RSELVES8 ,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT ! 9DU/RIES W\LD ELECT TO PAY !M8 ,?AT IS JU/ :AT ! ,GOV]NM5T REQUIRES !M TO DO4 ,TO ! REGUL> *>GES :I* =EIGN PRODUCTS & ?OSE :I* WE S5D ABROAD CO/ US1 ! ,GOV]NM5T ADDS #cb MILLIONS1 :I* S]VE IT AS DR9K-MONEY2 ?AT IS :AT ! CU/OM H\SE AM\NTS TO4 ,& ! QUE/ION TODAY IS SO 5TANGL$1 ?AT !RE IS NOT ONE P]SON 9 ! :OLE ,REPUBLIC :O W\LD D>E TO PROPOSE TO ABOLI% AT ONE BL[ ?IS ABSURD TRIBUTE4 

,MOREOV] ?IS SUM ( #cb MILLIONS1 SAID TO BE LEVI$ = ! PROTECTION ( NATIONAL 9DU/RY1 IS F> FROM EXPRESS+ ALL ! ADVANTAGE :I* ! ,GOV]NM5T DRAWS FROM ! CU/OM H\SE4 

,! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,V> IS NOT WELL SUPPLI$ ) LIVE/OCK2 IT LACKS MEAT1 & W\LD ASK NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO IMPORT CATTLE FROM ! ,PI$MONT1 A FRONTI] PROV9CE4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T1 ! PROTECTOR ( ! S*OOL-BOY NATION1 WILL NOT P]MIT IT4 ,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN8 ,?AT ! LOBBYI/S ( ! ,CAM>GUE HAVE MORE 9FLU5CE ) ! M9I/RY ?AN ! W\LD-BE PUR*AS]S ( ,V>3 ASK = NO O!R REASON4 

,! /ORY ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,V> IS ?AT ( ! EI<TY-FIVE REMA9+ ,DEP>TM5TS4 ,ALL HAVE !IR SPECIAL 9T]E/S2 >E 9 CONSEQU5CE ANTAGONI/S1 & SEEK AN >BITRATOR4 ,IT IS !SE 9T]E/S1 F> MORE ?AN ! >MY1 :I* =M ! /R5G? ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,ALSO1 OBS]VE1 ! ,GOV]NM5T HAS MADE ITSELF ! GRANTOR ( M9ES1 ( CANALS1 OR RAILROADS1 9 JU/ ! SAME WAY ?AT ! ,C\RT1 BE=E '#h#i1 SOLD ! RANKS ( COLONEL & CAPTA91 AS WELL AS CL]ICAL B5EFICES4 

,I CAN BELIEVE ?AT ALL ! P]SONAGES :O HAVE TAK5 *>GE ( AFFAIRS S9CE #ahc REMA9$ PURE1 EXCEPT ONE2 BUT IT IS NOT EVID5T ?AT IF1 ?R\< ! REM>KABLE 9TEGRITY ( ,FR5* *>ACT]1 PECULATORS >E R>E1 NEV]!LESS PECULATION IS ORGANIZ$3 IT EXI/S4 

,T\LON1 SITUAT$ ON ! SEA1 HAS LO/ ITS RI<T TO FI%2 DO Y\ KN[ H[8 ,! CITY ( ,M>SEILLES DESIR+ ! MONOPOLY ( ! LUCRATIVE 9DU/RY1 ! ,GOV]NM5T PRET5D$ ?AT ! NETS ( ! ,T\LON FI%]M5 HAMP]$ ! MOVEM5TS ( NATIONAL VESSELS6 ,?AT IS :Y ! 9HABITANTS ( ,T\LON IMPORT !IR FI% FROM ,M>SEILLES4 

,= A LONG TIME ! %IPP+ TRADE HAS ASK$ = ! ABOLITION ( TRANSPORTATION DUTIES ON ! CANALS1 :I* YIELD AN 9SIGNIFICANT AM\NT = ! CU/OMS1 BUT >E A DISA/R\S FETT] ON COMM]CE4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T OBJECTS ?AT IT IS NOT FREE1 ?AT IT NE$S A LAW ( R$EMPTION1 ?AT1 MOREOV]1 IT IS 5GAG$ UPON A PROJECT ( F>M+ \T ! DUTIES4 ,! GI/ ( IT IS ?AT !RE EXI/ FRAN*ISES :I* HOPE TO SELL \T AT A HI< PRICE2 MOREOV]1 IF ! DUTIES ON NAVIGATION W]E ABOLI%$1 ! CANALS W\LD COMPETE ) ! RAILROADS1 & ! HOLD]S ( ! RAILROAD FRAN*ISES1 V]Y (T5 MEMB]S ( ! M9I/RY1 HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 R$UC+ ! RAILROAD *>GES4 ,DO Y\ SUSPECT ?AT ,MESSRS4 ,LEON ,FAU*]1 ,F\LD1 ,MAGNE1 EV5 ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 MAKE MONEY \T ( !IR POSITION8 ,I DO NOT4 ,I ONLY SAY ?AT1 IF ! MAN 9 P[] WANTS TO PECULATE1 HE CAN DO SO2 & ?AT1 SOON] OR LAT]1 HE WILL4 ,:AT AM ,I TALK+ AB\T8 ,V5ALITY WILL SOON BE MADE NOE ( ! PR]OGATIVES ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! TIG] DEV\RS BECAUSE HE IS BUILT TO DEV\R1 & Y\ EXPECT ?AT A GOV]NM5T BUILT = CORRUPTION WILL NOT BE CORRUPT8 

,EV5 *>ITABLE 9/ITUTIONS S]VE ! 5DS ( ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY M>VEL\SLY WELL4 

,*>ITY IS ! /RONGE/ *A9 BY :I* PRIVILEGE & ! ,GOV]NM5T1 B\ND TO PROTECT !M1 HOLDS D[N ! L[] CLASSES4 ,) *>ITY1 SWEET] TO ! HE>T ( M51 MORE 9TELLIGIBLE TO ! POOR MAN ?AN ! AB/RUSE LAWS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ONE MAY DISP5SE ) JU/ICE4 ,B5EFACTORS AB\ND 9 ! CATALOG ( SA9TS2 NOT ONE LAW DISP5S] IS F\ND !RE4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T1 LIKE ! ,*UR*1 PLACES FRAT]NITY F> ABOVE JU/ICE4 ,A GOOD FRI5D ( ! POOR AS MU* AS Y\ LIKE1 BUT IT HATES CALCULATORS4 ,9 CONNECTION ) ! DISCUSSION ON PAWNBROK]S1 ! ,J\RNAL DES ,DEBATS RECALL$ ?AT !RE W\LD 9 TIME BE HOSPITALS EV]Y:]E4 ,LOAN (FICES1 IT ADD$1 %[$ ! SAME PROGRESS2 EA* T[N WANT$ ONE = ITSELF1 & W\LD SOON OBTA9 IT4 ,I CANNOT CONCEIVE ! 9DIGNATION ( ! :OLE LI/ ( B\RGEOIS DELEGATES AGA9/ ! TWO HONORABLE SOCIALI/S :O PROPOS$ TO E/ABLI% A LOAN (FICE 9 EA* C\NTY IMM$IATELY4 ,NEV] WAS !RE A PROPOSITION MORE WOR?Y ( ! FAVOR ( ! ,DEBATS4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T = LOANS UPON WAGES1 EV5 IF ! LOAN W]E GRATUIT\S1 IS ! ANTE*AMB] ( ! HOSPITAL4 ,& :AT IS ! HOSPITAL8 ,! TEMPLE ( ,POV]TY4 

,?R\< !SE ?REE M9I/RIES1 ?AT ( AGRICULTURE & COMM]CE1 ?AT ( PUBLIC WORKS1 & ?AT ( ! 9T]IOR1 ?R\< ! TAXES ( CONSUMPTION & ?R\< ! CU/OM H\SE1 ! ,GOV]NM5T KEEPS ITS H& ON ALL ?AT COMES & GOES1 ALL ?AT IS PRODUC$ & CONSUM$1 ON ALL ! BUS9ESS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 T[NS & PROV9CES2 IT MA9TA9S ! T5D5CY ( SOCIETY T[>D ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! MASSES1 ! SUBORD9AT+ ( ! LABOR]S1 & ! ALWAYS GR[+ PREPOND]ANCE ( P>ASITE (FICES4 ,?R\< ! POLICE1 IT WAT*ES ! 5EMIES ( ! SY/EM2 ?R\< ! C\RTS1 IT CONDEMNS & REPRESSES !M2 ?R\< ! >MY IT CRU%ES !M2 ?R\< PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS IT DI/RIBUTES1 9 SU* PROPORTIONS AS SUIT IT1 KN[L$GE & IGNORANCE2 ?R\< ! ,*UR* IT PUTS TO SLEEP ANY PROTE/ 9 ! HE>TS ( M52 ?R\< ! F9ANCES IT DEFRAYS ! CO/ ( ?IS VA/ CONSPIRACY AT ! EXP5SE ( WORK]S4 

,UND] ! MON>*Y ( ,JULY1 ,I REPEAT1 ! M5 9 P[] DID NOT UND]/& ! ?\<T :I* RUL$ !M1 ANY MORE ?AN DID ! MASSES4 ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE1 ,GUIZOT & !IR ASSOCIATES DID ?+S ) A SIMPLICITY ( CORRUPTION :I* WAS NATURAL TO !M1 MAK+ USE ( WAYS & MEANS M>VEL\SLY WELL1 BUT NOT P]CEIV+ ! 5D DIRECTLY4 ,AFT] ! L[] CLASSES HAD MADE !IR =MIDABLE VOICE HE>D 9 ! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y1 ! SY/EM BEGAN TO BE UND]/OOD2 IT WAS PROP\ND$ ) ! EFFRONT]Y ( DOGMATISM1 IT WAS CALL$ BY ITS SURNAME ,MAL?US1 & BY ITS GIV5 NAME1 ,LOYOLA4 ,AT BOTTOM1 NO?+ WAS *ANG$ BY ! EV5T ( ,FEBRU>Y1 ANY MORE ?AN BY ?OSE ( #a#h#c1 #a#h#a#d1 #a#g#i#c1 FROM ! ORD] ( PRET5D$ CON/ITUTIONAL ?+S ?AT HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 #a#g#i#a4 ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE1 :E!R HE KN[S IT OR NOT1 CONT9UES ! RULE ( ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE1 ! ,B\RBONS1 ,NAPOLEON1 & ,ROBESPI]RE4 

,?US1 9 #ahea AS 9 #a#g#h#h1 & FROM ANALOG\S CAUSES1 !RE IS 9 SOCIETY A PRON\NC$ T5D5CY T[>DS POV]TY4 ,N[1 AS !N1 ! WRONG ( :I* ! LABOR+ CLASS COMPLA9S IS NOT ! EFFECT ( A TEMPOR>Y OR ACCID5TAL CAUSE1 IT IS ?AT ( A SY/EMATIC DIV]SION ( ! SOCIAL =CES4 

,?IS DIV]SION DATES FROM F> BACK1 EV5 BE=E '#h#i4 ,IT HAS ITS PR9CIPLE 9 ! PR(UNDITIES ( G5]AL ECONOMY4 ,! FIR/ REVOLUTION1 /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! MO/ MANIFE/ ABUSES1 C\LD ACT ONLY ON ! SURFACE4 ,AFT] HAV+ DE/ROY$ TYRANNY1 IT DID NOT KN[ H[ TO E/ABLI% ORD]2 :]E( ! PR9CIPLES W]E HIDD5 UND] ! FEUDAL RU9S ?AT COV]$ ! C\NTRY4 ,MOREOV]1 ?AT REVOLUTION ( :I* ! HI/ORY SEEMS SO COMPLETE TO US1 WAS ONLY A NEGATION1 & WILL APPE> TO PO/]ITY AS ONLY ! FIR/ ACT1 ! DAWN ( ! GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 :I* MU/ OCCUPY ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,! CRA% ( '#h#i-'#i#a LEFT NO ORGANIC PR9CIPLE1 NO WORK+ /RUCTURE1 AFT] HAV+ ABOLI%$1 TOGE!R ) ! MON>*Y1 ! LA/ REMA9S ( FEUDALISM1 PROCLAIM$ EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW & = TAXATION1 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS & ( WOR%IP1 & 9T]E/$ ! PEOPLE1 AS MU* AS IT C\LD1 BY ! SALE ( NATIONAL PROP]TY4 ,IT HAS NOT R$EEM$ ONE ( ITS PROMISES4 ,:5 ! ,REVOLUTION PROCLAIM$ LIB]TY ( ! PEOPLE1 ! SUBORD9ATION ( P[] TO ! C\NTRY1 IT SET UP TWO 9COMPATIBLE ?+S1 SOCIETY & GOV]NM5T2 & IT IS ?IS 9COMPATIBILITY :I* HAS BE5 ! CAUSE OR ! PRETEXT ( ?IS OV]:ELM+1 LIB]TY-DE/ROY+ CONC5TRATION1 CALL$ ,C5TRALIZATION1 :I* ! P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY ADMIRES & PRAISES1 BECAUSE IT IS ITS NATURE TO T5D T[>D DESPOTISM4 

,M4 ,ROY]-,COLL>D1 9 HIS SPEE* UPON ! LIB]TY ( ! PRESS 7,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 ,DEBATE ( #a#i-#b#d ,JAN4 #a#h#b#b71 EXPRESS$ HIMSELF AS FOLL[S3 

,WE HAVE SE5 ! OLD SOCIETY P]I%1 & ) IT A SW>M ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & ( 9DEP5D5T MAGI/RACIES1 :I* IT BORE )9 ITS BOSOM1 A /RONG COMB9ATION ( PRIVATE RI<TS1 V]ITABLE REPUBLICS )9 ! MON>*Y4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS1 !SE MAGI/RACIES1 DID NOT %>E ! SOV]EIGNTY1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT EV]Y:]E !Y PLAC$ LIMITS TO IT1 :I* HONOR DEF5D$ OB/9ATELY4 ,NOT ONE HAS SURVIV$1 & NONE O!R HAS BE5 ]ECT$ 9 !IR PLACE2 ! ,REVOLUTION HAS LEFT ONLY 9DIVIDUALS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! DICTATOR%IP 9 :I* IT CULM9AT$1 COMPLET$ ITS WORK4 ,FROM ?IS SOCIETY R$UC$ TO DU/1 SPRANG C5TRALIZATION2 ITS ORIG9 NE$ NOT BE S\<T ELSE:]E4 ,C5TRALIZATION DID NOT COME LIKE O!R DOCTR9ES1 HEAD ]ECT & ) ! AU?ORITY ( PR9CIPLE4 ,IT CREPT 9 MODE/LY1 AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE4 ,9 FACT1 :]E !RE >E ONLY 9DIVIDUALS1 ALL BUS9SS :I* IS NOT !IRS IS PUBLIC BUS9ESS1 BUS9ESS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,:]E !RE >E NO 9DEP5D5T MAGI/RATES1 !RE >E ONLY DELEGATES ( ! C5TRAL P[]4 ,?US WE HAVE BECOME A BUREAU-RUL$ PEOPLE1 UND] ! H& ( RESPONSIBLE FUNCTION>IES1 !MSELVES C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! P[] ( :I* !Y >E ! M9I/]S4 ,9 ?IS CONDITION1 SOCIETY WAS BEQUEA!D TO ! ,RE/ORATION4 

,! *>T] !N HAD TO REE/ABLI% ,GOV]NM5T & ,SOCIETY AT ! SAME TIME4 ,SOCIETY WAS NOT =GOTT5 NOR NEGLECT$1 9DE$1 BUT LEFT \T4 ,! ,*>T] REE/ABLI%$ ONLY ! ,GOV]NM5T2 & DID SO BY ! DIVISION ( SOV]EIGNTY & ! MULTIPLICITY ( P[]S4 ,BUT 9 ORD] ?AT A NATION MAY BE FREE1 IT IS NOT 5\< ?AT IT BE GOV]N$ BY SEV]AL P[]S4 ,! DIVISION ( SOV]EIGNTY BR\<T AB\T BY ! ,*>T]1 IS1 NO D\BT1 AN IMPORTANT ACCOMPLI%M5T1 & ONE :I* HAS MI<TY CONSEQU5CES1 RELATIVELY TO ! ROYAL P[] :I* IT MODIFIES2 BUT ! ,GOV]NM5T :I* RESULTS FROM IT1 AL?\< SEP>AT$ 9TO ITS ELEM5TS1 IS ONE 9 PRACTICE2 &1 IF IT MEETS NO \TSIDE OB/ACLE :I* IT MU/ RESPECT1 IT IS ABSOLUTE3 ! NATION & ! NATION'S RI<TS >E ITS PROP]TY4 ,IT WAS ONLY :5 IT E/ABLI%$ LIB]TY ( !P RESS1 ?AT ! ,*>T] RE/OR$ ,SOCIETY TO ITS [N4 

,:AT ,M4 ,ROY]-,COLL>D SAID ( ! ROYALTY ( #a#h#a#d1 IS EV5 MORE TRUE ( ! ,REPUBLIC ( #a#h#d#h4 

,! ,REPUBLIC HAD ,SOCIETY TO E/ABLI%3 IT ?\<T ONLY ( E/ABLI%+ ,GOV]NM5T4 ,C5TRALIZATION CONT9UALLY =TIFY+ ITSELF1 :ILE ,SOCIETY HAD NO 9/ITUTION TO OPPOSE TO IT1 ?R\< ! EXAGG]ATION ( POLITICAL IDEAS & ! TOTAL ABS5CE ( SOCIAL IDEAS1 MATT]S REA*$ A PO9T :]E ,SOCIETY & ,GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT LIVE TOGE!R1 ! CONDITION ( EXI/5CE ( ! LATT] BE+ TO SUBORD9ATE & SUBJUGATE ! =M]4 

,!RE=E1 :ILE ! PROBLEM PROP\ND$ 9 '#h#i SEEM$ TO BE (FICIALLY SOLV$1 AT ! BOTTOM !RE WAS *ANGE ONLY 9 ! GOV]NM5TAL METAPHYSICS--:AT ,NAPOLEON CALL$ IDEOLOGY4 ,LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 PROGRESS1 ) ALL !IR ORATORICAL CONSEQU5CES1 >E WRITT5 9 ! TEXT ( ! CON/ITUTIONS & ! LAWS2 !RE IS NO VE/IGE ( !M 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! ANCI5T HI]>*Y ( CLASSES HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY AN IGNOBLE FEUDALISM1 BAS$ ON M]CANTILE & 9DU/RIAL USURY2 BY A *AOS ( 9T]E/S1 AN ANTAGONISM ( PR9CIPLES1 A DEGRADATION ( LAW3 ! ABUSES HAVE *ANG$ ! FACE :I* !Y BORE BE=E '#h#i1 TO ASSUME A DIFF]5T =M ( ORGANIZATION2 !Y HAVE DIM9I%$ NEI!R 9 NUMB] NOR GRAVITY4 ,ON ACC\NT ( \R BE+ 5GROSS$ ) POLITICS1 WE HAVE LO/ SI<T ( SOCIAL ECONOMY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY ITSELF1 ! HEIR ( ! FIR/ ,REVOLUTION1 CAME TO ATTEMPT+ TO RE=M ,SOCIETY BY E/ABLI%+ ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,/ATE1 TO CREATE 9/ITUTIONS BY ! PROLIFIC VIRTUE ( ,P[]1 9 A WORD1 TO CORRECT AN ABUSE BY AN ABUSE4 

,ALL M9DS BE+ BEWIT*$ ) POLITICS1 ,SOCIETY TURNS 9 A CIRCLE ( MI/AKES1 DRIV+ CAPITAL TO A /ILL MORE CRU%+ AGGLOM]ATION1 ! ,/ATE TO AN EXT5SION ( ITS PR]OGATIVES ?AT IS MORE & MORE TYRANNICAL1 ! LABOR+ CLASS TO AN IRREP>ABLE DECL9E1 PHYSICALLY1 MORALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY4 

,= MANY PEOPLE IT IS TO ADVANCE A SC&AL\S & P>ADOXICAL PROPOSITION1 FILL$ ) DIFFICULTY & DISA/]1 TO SAY ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION ( '#h#i1 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ NO?+1 HAS FRE$ US NOT AT ALL1 BUT ONLY *ANG$ \R SAD LOT2 TO SAY ?AT1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 A NEW REVOLUTION TO ORGANIZE & RECON/RUCT IS NECESS>Y1 TO FILL ! VOID LEFT BY ! =M]4 ,! MORE OR LESS PL$G$ P>TISANS ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y WILL NOT AGREE2 ! DEMOCRATS ATTA*$ TO ! LETT] ( '#i#c1 :O >E FRI<T5$ AT SU* A TASK1 >E OPPOS$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE OR ! O!R1 NO?+ IS LEFT BUT ACCID5TAL GRIEVANCES1 DUE *IEFLY TO ! 9CAPACITY ( ! DEPOSIT>IES ( P[]1 :I* A VIGOR\S DEMOCRACY C\LD CURE4 ,!NCE ! DI/URBANCE1 NOT TO SAY ANTIPA?Y1 ) :I* ! ,REVOLUTION 9SPIRES !M2 & !NCE TOO ?IS REACTION>Y POLICY 9 :I* !Y HAVE 5GAG$ S9CE ,FEBRU>Y4 

,NEV]!LESS1 SU* IS ! EVID5CE ( FACTS1 SO GREATLY HAVE /ATI/ICS & 9VE/IGATIONS ELUCIDAT$ ! MATT]1 ?AT IT IS MORE ?AN FOLLY OR BAD FAI? TO >GUE 9 FAVOR ( A BETT] POLICY1 :5 EV]Y?+ %[S ! CONTRADICTION & ! WEAKNESS ( ,GOV]NM5T4 

,9 PLACE ( ?IS GOV]NM5TAL1 FEUDAL & MILIT>Y RULE1 IMITAT$ FROM ?AT ( ! =M] K+S1 ! NEW $IFICE ( 9DU/RIAL 9/ITUTIONS MU/ BE BUILT2 9 PLACE ( ?IS MAT]IALI/ C5TRALIZATION :I* ABSORBS ALL ! POLITICAL P[]1 WE MU/ CREATE ! 9TELLECTUAL & LIB]AL C5TRALIZATION ( ECONOMIC =CES4 ,LABOR1 COMM]CE1 CR$IT1 $UCATION1 PROP]TY1 PUBLIC MORALS1 PHILOSOPHY1 >T1 EV]Y?+ 9 FACT REQUIRE IT ( US4 

,I CONCLUDE3 

,!RE IS SUFFICI5T CAUSE = A REVOLUTION 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,FROM 3 FAIR-USE4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahe 3 ,/UDY #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bag 3 ,/UDY #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/