,/UDY #c 
,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,ASSOCIATION 

#aheaahea 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,?IRD ,/UDY4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,ASSOCIATION4 

,! ,REVOLUTION ( '#h#i HAD ! 9DU/RIAL ORD] TO BUILD1 AFT] HAV+ MADE A CLEAN SWEEP ( ! FEUDAL ORD]4 ,BY RETURN+ TO POLITICAL !ORIES1 IT PLUNG$ US 9TO ECONOMIC *AOS4 

,9 PLACE ( A NATURAL ORD] CONCEIV$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) SCI5CE & LABOR1 WE HAVE A FACTITI\S ORD]1 9 ! %AD[ ( :I* WE HAVE DEVELOP$ P>ASITIC 9T]E/S1 ABNORMAL MORALS1 MON/R\S AMBITIONS1 PREJUDICES AT V>IANCE ) COMMON S5SE1 :I* TODAY ALL CLAIM TO BE LEGITIMATE1 9VOK+ A TRADITION ( SIXTY YE>S1 &1 BE+ UNWILL+ EI!R TO ABDICATE OR TO MODIFY !IR DEM&S1 PLACE !MSELVES 9 AN ANTAGONI/IC ATTITUDE T[>D ONE ANO!R1 & 9 A REACTION>Y ATTITUDE T[>D PROGRESS4 

,AS ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 ( :I* ! PR9CIPLE1 ! MEANS & ! 5D IS ,W>1 IS UNABLE TO ANSW] ! NE$S ( AN 5TIRELY 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION1 REVOLUTION IS ! NECESS>Y RESULT4 

,BUT1 AS EV]Y?+ 9 ! WORLD IS MAT]IAL = USURY1 :5 ! NE$ = A REVOLUTION MAKES ITSELF PLA9 TO ! MASSES1 AT ! SAME TIME !RE >ISE !ORIES1 S*OOLS1 SECTS1 :I* TAKE POSSESSION ( ! /AGE1 SECURE ! FAVOR ( ! PEOPLE BY MORE OR LESS PLAUSIBLE /ATEM5TS1 &1 UND] COLOR ( AMELIORAT+ !IR LOT1 ( V9DICAT+ !IR RI<TS1 ( REE/ABLI%+ !M 9 ! EX]CISE ( !IR AU?ORITY1 WORK E>NE/LY = !IR [N POCKETS4 

,!RE=E1 BE=E SEEK+ A SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM PRES5T$ TO MOD]N SOCIETY1 IT IS WOR? :ILE TO E/IMATE ! VALUE ( ! !ORIES (F]$ = POPUL> CONSUMPTION1 ! UNAVOIDABLE LUGGAGE ( ALL REVOLUTIONS4 ,9 A WORK ( ?IS NATURE1 UTOPIAS MAY NOT BE PASS$ BY 9 SIL5CE2 ON ! ONE H&1 BECAUSE1 AS AN EXPRESSION ( P>TIES & SECTS1 !Y PLAY A P>T 9 ! DRAMA2 ON ! O!R1 BECAUSE1 ]ROR BE+ MO/ (T5 BUT A DI/ORTION OR C\NT]P>T ( TRU?1 ! CRITICISM ( P>TIAL VIEWS R5D]S ! COMPREH5SION ( ! G5]AL IDEA EASI]4 

,LET US LAY D[N FIR/ A RULE ( CRITICISM ) REG>D TO REVOLUTION>Y !ORIES1 AS WE LAID D[N A CRIT]ION UPON ! HYPO!SIS ( REVOLUTION ITSELF4 

,TO ASK :E!R !RE WAS SUFFICI5T REASON = REVOLUTION 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 WE HAVE SAID WAS EQUIVAL5T TO ASK+ :AT ! T5D5CY ( PRES5T SOCIETY4 

,& WE HAVE ANSW]$3 ,9ASMU* AS IT IS ! CONCLUSION ( ALL /ATI/ICS1 ( ALL 9VE/IGATIONS1 ( ALL REPORTS1 & IS ADMITT$ BY ALL POLITICAL P>TIES1 AL?\< = DIFF]5T REASONS1 ?AT SOCIETY IS UPON A D[NW>D & DANG]\S ROAD1 A REVOLUTION IS 9EVITABLE4 

,SU* HAS BE5 \R REASON+ AS TO ! UTILITY & NECESSITY ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 9SI/+ UPON IT FUR!R1 WE %ALL LE>N FROM IT ! RULE :I* WE NE$4 

,AS IT IS ! T5D5CY ( ,SOCIETY :I* IS BAD1 ! PROBLEM ( ! ,REVOLUTION IS TO *ANGE ?IS T5D5CY1 TO /RAI<T5 SOCIETY UP AGA91 AS A Y\NG TREE IS /RAI<T5$ ) ! AID ( A SUPPORT1 TO MAKE IT TAKE A DIFF]5T DIRECTION2 AS A C>RIAGE IS TURN$ 9 A DIFF]5T DIRECTION AFT] IT HAS BE5 PULL$ \T ( A RUT4 ,! :OLE TASK ( ! ,REVOLUTION %\LD CONSI/ ( ?IS /RAI<T5+ \T3 !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION T\*+ ,SOCIETY ITSELF1 :I* WE MU/ REG>D AS A SUP]IOR BE+1 5D[$ ) 9DEP5D5T LIFE1 & 9 CONSEQU5CE REMOTE FROM ANY IDEA ON \R P>T TO RECON/RUCT IT >BITR>ILY4 

,?IS FIR/ DATUM IS 5TIRELY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 9/9CTS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,! PEOPLE 9DE$ >E NOT AT ALL UTOPIAN1 AS ! REGUL> EV5TS ( REVOLUTIONS %[4 ,5?USIASM & FR5ZY TAKE POSSESSION ( !M ONLY AT R>E & BRIEF 9T]VALS4 ,!Y SEEK NOT ! ,SOV]EIGN ,GOOD1 LIKE ! ANCI5T PHILOSOPH]S1 NOR ,HAPP9ESS1 LIKE MOD]N SOCIALI/S3 !Y HAVE NO FAI? 9 ! ,ABSOLUTE1 & !Y REJECT EV]Y A PRIORI SY/EM1 AS DEADLY 9 ITS NATURE4 ,!IR PR(\ND S5SE TELLS !M ?AT ! ABSOLUTE CANNOT 5T] 9TO HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS1 ANY MORE ?AN ! /ATUS QUO4 ,AS ! PEOPLE ACCEPTS NO F9AL =MULA1 BUT WANTS TO ADVANCE CONT9UALLY1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! MISSION ( ITS TEA*]S IS M]ELY TO WID5 ! HORIZON & TO CLE> ! WAY4 

,?IS FUNDAM5TAL CONDITION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SOLUTION DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 UND]/OOD HI!RTO4 

,SY/EMS AB\ND2 S*EMES FALL LIKE RA94 ,ONE W\LD ORGANIZE WORK%OPS1 ANO!R ! ,GOV]NM5T1 9 :I* HE HAS MORE CONFID5CE4 ,WE KN[ ! SOCIAL HYPO!SES ( ! ,SA9T ,SIMONIANS1 ( ,F\RI]1 ,CABET1 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 @&C4 ,REC5TLY BALM HAS BE5 DROPP$ FROM ! LIPS ( ,MESSRS4 ,CONSID]ANT1 ,RITT+HAUS5 & ,E4 ,GIR>D91 UPON ! =M ( SOV]EIGNTY4 ,BUT NO ONE ?AT ,I KN[ ( HAS SAID ?AT ! QUE/ION = BO? POLITICS & ECONOMY1 WAS ( T5D5CIES1 RA!R ?AN ( CON/ITUTIONS2 ?AT BE=E ALL ELSE1 IT WAS = US TO F9D \T :I!R WE >E GO+1 NOT TO DOGMATIZE2 9 A WORD1 ?AT ! SOLUTION LAY 9 DRAW+ ,SOCIETY BACK \T ( ! DANG]\S PA? 9TO :I* IT IS HA/5+1 & TO SET IT ON ! HI< ROAD ( COMMON S5SE & WELL-BE+1 :I* IS ITS LAW4 

,NOT ONE ( ! SOCIALI/IC OR GOV]NM5TAL !ORIES :I* HAS BE5 PROPOS$ HAS SEIZ$ ?IS CAPITAL PO9T ( ! QUE/ION4 ,F> FROM ?AT1 !Y >E ALL ! =MAL D5IAL ( IT4 ,! SPIRIT ( EXCLUSION1 ( ABSOLUTISM1 ( REACTION1 IS ! COMMON *>ACT]I/IC ( !IR AU?ORS4 ,) !M ,SOCIETY DOES NOT LIVE3 IT IS ON ! DISSECT+ TABLE4 ,NOT M5TION+ ?AT ! IDEAS ( !SE G5TLEM5 REM$Y NO?+1 GU>ANTEE NO?+ AT ALL1 OP5 NO PROSPECT1 LEAVE ! 9TELLIG5CE MORE EMPTY1 ! S\L MORE WE>Y ?AN BE=E4 

,9/EAD1 !RE=E1 ( EXAM9+ SY/EMS1 :I* W\LD BE AN 5DLESS LABOR1 &1 :AT IS WORSE1 A LABOR )\T ! POSSIBILITY ( CONCLUSION1 WE >E AB\T TO EXAM9E !IR FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE1 ) ! AID ( \R CRIT]ION4 ,WE >E TO SEEK1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! PRES5T REVOLUTION1 :AT !SE PR9CIPLES CONTA91 :AT !Y CAN GIVE2 = IT IS EVID5T ?AT IF ! PR9CIPLES CONTA9 NO?+1 & CAN YIELD NO?+1 IT IS USELESS TO CONSID] ! SY/EMS4 ,! WOR? ( !SE WILL HAVE BE5 SETTL$3 ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL WILL HAVE BE5 F\ND ! MO/ ABSURD4 

,I BEG9 ) ! PR9CIPLE ( ,ASSOCIATION4 

,IF ,I WANT$ M]ELY TO FLATT] ! L[] CLASSES1 ! RECIPE W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT4 ,9/EAD ( A CRITICISM ( ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE1 ,I %\LD DELIV] A PANEGYRIC ( WORK+M5'S SOCIETIES1 ,I %\LD EXALT !IR VIRTUES1 !IR CON/ANCY1 !IR SACRIFICES1 !IR SPIRIT ( B5EVOL5CE1 !IR M>VEL\S 9TELLIG5CE2 ,I %\LD H]ALD !IR TRIUMPHS4 ,:AT C\LD ,I NOT SAY ON ?IS SUBJECT1 DE> TO ALL DEMOCRATIC HE>TS8 ,DO NOT ! WORKM5'S UNIONS AT ?IS MOM5T S]VE AS ! CRADLE = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AS ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES S]V$ AS ! CRADLE ( ,CA?OLICITY8 ,>E !Y NOT ALWAYS ! OP5 S*OOL1 BO? !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL1 :]E ! WORKMAN LE>NS ! SCI5CE ( ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 :]E HE /UDIES1 )\T MA/]S & )\T BOOKS1 BY HIS [N EXP]I5CE SOLELY1 ! LAWS ( ?AT 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS ! ULTIMATE AIM ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( '#h#i1 BUT ( :I* \R GREATE/ & MO/ FAM\S REVOLUTIONI/S CAU<T ONLY A GLIMPSE8 ,:AT A TOPIC = ME1 = ! MANIFE/ATION ( A FACILE SYMPA?Y1 :I* IS NOT ! LESS DIS9T]E/$1 9 ?AT IT IS ALWAYS S9C]E6 ,) :AT PRIDE DO ,I RECALL ?AT ,I TOO WANT$ TO F\ND AN ASSOCIATION1 MORE ?AN ?AT1 ! C5TRAL AG5CY & CIRCULAT+ ORGAN ( WORKM5'S ASSOCIATIONS6 ,& H[ ,I CURS$ ?AT ,GOV]NM5T1 :I*1 ) AN EXP5DITURE ( #c MILLIONS1 C\LD NOT F9D A C5T :I* IT C\LD USE = ! B5EFIT ( POOR WORK+M56 444 

,I HAVE BETT] ?AN ?AT TO (F] TO ASSOCIATIONS4 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT AT ?IS MOM5T !Y W\LD GIVE MU* = AN IDEA1 & IT IS IDEAS ?AT ,I AM BR++ !M4 ,I %\LD DECL9E !IR APPROVAL1 IF ,I C\LD OBTA9 IT ONLY BY FLATT]Y4 ,IF ?OSE ( !IR MEMB]S :O MAY READ !SE PAGES WILL BUT DEIGN TO REMEMB] ?AT1 9 TREAT+ ( ASSOCIATION1 IT IS A PR9CIPLE1 EV5 LESS ?AN ?AT1 A HYPO!SIS1 ?AT ,I DISCUSS3 IT IS NOT ?IS OR ?AT 5T]PRISE1 = :I*1 9 SPITE ( ITS NAME1 ASSOCIATION IS 9 N[ISE RESPONSIBLE1 & ( :I* ! SUCCESS 9 PO9T ( FACT1 DOES NOT DEP5D UPON ASSOCIATION4 ,I SPEAK ( ,ASSOCIATION 9 G5]AL1 NOT ( ASSOCIATIONS1 :ATEV] !Y MAY BE4 

,I HAVE ALWAYS REG>D$ ,ASSOCIATION 9 G5]AL--FRAT]NITY--AS A D\BTFUL >RANGEM5T1 :I*1 ! SAME AS PLEASURE1 LOVE1 & MANY O!R ?+S1 CONCEAL$ MORE EVIL ?AN GOOD UND] A MO/ S$UCTIVE ASPECT4 ,IT IS P]HAPS ! EFFECT ( ! TEMP]AM5T :I* NATURE HAS GIV5 ME1 ?AT ,I DI/RU/ FRAT]NITY AS MU* AS ,I DO PASSION4 ,I HAVE SE5 FEW M5 :O W]E PR\D ( EI!R4 ,ESPECIALLY :5 ,ASSOCIATION IS PRES5T$ AS A UNIV]SAL 9/ITUTION1 ! PR9CIPLE1 MEANS & 5D ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 DOES IT APPE> TO ME TO HIDE A SECRET 9T5TION ( ROBB]Y & DESPOTISM4 ,I SEE 9 IT ! 9SPIRATION ( ! GOV]NM5TAL SY/EM1 :I* WAS RE/OR$ 9 '#i#a1 /R5G!N$ 9 '#i#c1 P]FECT$ 9 #a#h#d1 ]ECT$ 9TO A DOGMA & SY/EM FROM #ahad TO #a#h#c1 & REPRODUC$ 9 !SE LATT] DAYS1 UND] ! NAME ( DIRECT GOV]NM5T1 ) AN IMPULSE :I* %[S H[ F> DELUSION ( M9D HAS GONE ) US4 

,LET US APPLY ! CRIT]ION4 

,:AT DOES SOCIETY WANT TODAY8 

,?AT ITS T5D5CY T[>D S9 & POV]TY %\LD BECOME A MOVEM5T T[>D COM=T & VIRTUE4 

,:AT IS NE$$ TO BR+ AB\T ?IS *ANGE8 

,! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! EQUILIBRIUM ( =CES4 

,IS ASSOCIATION ! EQUILIBRIUM ( =CES8 

,NO4 

,IS ASSOCIATION EV5 A =CE8 

,NO4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS ASSOCIATION8 

,A DOGMA4 

,ASSOCIATION IS SO MU* A DOGMA1 9 ! EYES ( ?OSE :O PROPOSE IT AS A REVOLUTION>Y EXP$I5T1 SOME?+ F9I%$1 COMPLETE1 ABSOLUTE1 UN*ANGEABLE1 ?AT ALL !Y :O HAVE TAK5 UP ?IS ,UTOPIA HAVE 5D$1 )\T EXCEPTION1 9 A SY/EM4 ,9 ILLUM9AT+ ) !IR FIX$ IDEA ! DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! SOCIAL BODY1 !Y W]E B\ND TO 5D1 & 9 FACT !Y DID 5D1 BY RECON/RUCT+ SOCIETY UPON AN IMAG9>Y PLAN1 MU* LIKE ! A/RONOM]1 :O1 FROM RESPECT = HIS CALCULATIONS1 MADE OV] ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE4 

,?US ! ,SA9T ,SIMONIAN S*OOL1 GO+ BEYOND ! IDEA ( ITS F\ND]1 PRODUC$ A SY/EM3 ,F\RI] PRODUC$ A SY/EM2 ,[51 A SY/EM2 ,CABET1 A SY/EM2 ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 A SY/EM2 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 A SY/EM2 AS ,BABOEUF1 ,MORELLY1 ,?OMAS ,MORE1 ,CAMPANELLA1 ,PLATO1 & O!RS BE=E !M1 :O1 EA* />T+ FROM A S+LE PR9CIPLE1 PRODUC$ SY/EMS4 ,& ALL !SE SY/EMS1 ANTAGONI/IC AMONG !MSELVES1 >E EQUALLY OPPOS$ TO PROGRESS4 ,LET HUMANITY P]I% SOON] ?AN ! PR9CIPLE6 ?AT IS ! MOTTO ( ! ,UTOPIANS1 AS ( ! FANATICS ( ALL AGES4 

,SOCIALISM1 UND] SU* 9T]PRET]S1 BECAME A RELIGION :I* MI<T HAVE PASS$1 FIVE OR SIX HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 AS AN ADVANCE UPON ,CA?OLICISM1 BUT :I* 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IS AS LITTLE REVOLUTION>Y AS POSSIBLE4 

,NO1 ,ASSOCIATION IS NOT A DIRECT+ PR9CIPLE1 ANY MORE ?AN AN 9DU/RIAL =CE4 ,ASSOCIATION1 BY ITSELF1 HAS NO ORGANIC OR PRODUCTIVE P[]1 NO?+ :I*1 LIKE ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 COMPETITION1 @&C41 MAKES ! WORK] /RONG] & QUICK]1 DIM9I%ES ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION1 DRAWS A GREAT] VALUE FROM MAT]IALS1 OR :I*1 LIKE ! ADM9I/RATIVE HI]>*Y1 %[S A DESIRE = H>MONY & ORD]4 

,TO JU/IFY ?IS PROPOSITION1 ,I MU/ FIR/ CITE A FEW FACTS AS EXAMPLES4 ,!N ,I %ALL PROVE ?AT1 ON ! ONE H&1 ,ASSOCIATION IS NOT AN 9DU/RIAL =CE1 ON ! O!R1 AS A COROLL>Y1 ?AT IT IS NOT A PR9CIPLE ( ORD]4 

,I HAVE PROV$ SOME:]E 9 ! ,CONFESSIONS ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y1 ?AT COMM]CE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! S]VICE R5D]$ BY ! MAT]IAL FACT ( TRANSPORTATION1 IS 9 ITSELF A DIRECT SPUR TO CONSUMPTION1 & !RE=E A CAUSE ( FUR!R PRODUCTION1 A PR9CIPLE ( ! CREATION ( VALUES4 

,AT FIR/ ?IS MAY SEEM P>ADOXICAL1 BUT IT HAS BE5 DEMON/RAT$ BY ECONOMIC ANALYSIS3 ! METAPHYSICAL ACT ( EX*ANGE1 9 ADDITION TO LABOR1 BUT BY A DIFF]5T ME?OD FROM LABOR1 IS A PRODUC] ( REAL VALUE & ( WEAL?4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS ASS]TION WILL A/ONI% NOBODY :O REFLECTS ?AT PRODUCTION OR CREATION SIGNIFIES ONLY *ANGE ( =M1 & ?AT !RE=E CREATIVE =CES1 LABOR ITSELF1 >E IMMAT]IAL4 ,SO ?AT ! M]*ANT :O HAS 5RI*$ HIMSELF BY REAL SPECULATION1 )\T USURI\S PR(IT1 5JOYS ! =TUNE :I* HE HAS ACQUIR$ BY A P]FECTLY JU/ TITLE3 HIS =TUNE IS AS LEGITIMATE AS ?AT :I* LABOR HAS PRODUC$4 ,& PAGAN ANTIQUITY1 AS WELL AS ! ,*UR*1 HAS UNJU/LY ASP]S$ COMM]CE1 UPON ! PRETEXT ?AT ITS REW>DS W]E NOT ! REMUN]ATION ( REAL S]VICES4 ,ONCE AGA91 ,EX*ANGE1 AN 5TIRELY IMMAT]IAL OP]ATION1 :I* IS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! RECIPROCAL CONS5T ( ! P>TIES1 CO/ & DI/ANCE ( TRANSPORTATION BE+ ALL[$ =1 IS NOT M]ELY A TRANSPOSITION OR SUB/ITUTION1 IT IS ALSO A CREATION4 

,COMM]CE1 !N1 BE+ 9 ITSELF A PRODUC] ( WEAL?1 M5 HAVE 5GAG$ 9 IT ) >DOR 9 ALL AGES2 NO NE$ = ! LEGISLATOR TO PREA* ITS ADVANTAGES & TO RECOMM5D ! PRACTICE ( IT4 ,LET US SUPPOSE1 :AT IS NOT AN ABSOLUTELY ABSURD SUPPOSITION1 ?AT COMM]CE DID NOT EXI/1 ?AT ) \R VA/ MEANS ( 9DU/RIAL EXECUTION1 WE HAD NO IDEA ( EX*ANGE3 IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT IF SOME ONE %\LD COME TO TEA* M5 TO EX*ANGE !IR PRODUCTS & TRADE AMONG !MSELVES1 HE W\LD BE R5D]+ !M AN IMM5SE S]VICE4 ,! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY M5TIONS NO REVOLUTION>Y :O C\LD COMP>E ) SU* AN ONE4 ,! REM>KABLE M5 :O 9V5T$ ! PL[1 ! V9E1 :EAT1 DID NOT RANK ABOVE HIM :O FIR/ 9V5T$ COMM]CE4 

,ANO!R EXAMPLE3 

,! UNION ( =CES1 :I* MU/ NOT BE CONF\ND$ ) ASSOCIATION1 AS WE %ALL %ORTLY SEE1 IS EQUALLY ) LABOR & EX*ANGE1 A PRODUC] ( WEAL?4 ,IT IS AN ECONOMIC P[] ( :I* ,I WAS1 ,I BELIEVE1 ! FIR/ TO ACC5TUATE ! IMPORTANCE1 9 MY FIR/ MEMOIR UPON ,PROP]TY4 ,A HUNDR$ M51 UNIT+ OR COMB9+ !IR =CES1 PRODUCE1 9 C]TA9 CASES1 NOT A HUNDR$ TIMES1 BUT TWO HUNDR$1 ?REE HUNDR$1 A ?\S& TIMES AS MU*4 ,?IS IS :AT ,I HAVE CALL$ COLLECTIVE =CE4 ,I EV5 DREW FROM ?IS AN >GUM5T1 :I*1 LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 REMA9S UNANSW]$1 AGA9/ C]TA9 =MS ( APPROPRIATION3 ?AT IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO PAY M]ELY ! WAGES ( A GIV5 NUMB] ( WORKM51 9 ORD] TO ACQUIRE !IR PRODUCT LEGITIMATELY2 ?AT !Y MU/ BE PAID TWICE1 ?RICE OR T5 TIMES !IR WAGES1 OR AN EQUIVAL5T S]VICE R5D]$ TO EA* ONE ( !M4 

,COLLECTIVE =CE1 9 ITS B>E METAPHYSICAL ASPECT1 IS ANO!R PR9CIPLE :I* IS NOT LESS A PRODUC] ( WEAL?4 ,MOREOV] ITS APPLICATION IS F\ND 9 EV]Y CASE 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL EF=T1 NO MATT] H[ (T5 REPEAT$1 W\LD BE 9EFFECTIVE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 NO LAW COMM&S ITS APPLICATION4 ,IT IS REM>KABLE ?AT ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S HAVE NEV] ?\<T ( BOA/+ ( IT4 ,IT IS BECAUSE COLLECTIVE =CE IS AN IMP]SONAL ACT1 :ILE ASSOCIATION IS A VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T3 !RE MAY BE PO9TS :]E9 !Y MEET1 BUT !Y >E NOT ID5TICAL4 

,LET US SUPPOSE AGA91 AS 9 ! PREC$+ CASE1 ?AT A WORK+ SOCIETY IS COMPOS$ ( ONLY ISOLAT$ WORK]S1 :O DO NOT KN[ H[ TO COMB9E & UNITE !IR EF=TS :5 OCCASION REQUIRES3 ! WORK] :O %\LD IMP>T TO .<!M.> ?IS SECRET W\LD HIMSELF ALONE DO MORE = PROGRESS ?AN /EAM & MA*9]Y1 S9CE HE ALONE W\LD MAKE !IR USE POSSIBLE4 ,HE W\LD BE ONE ( ! GREAT B5EFACTORS ( HUMANITY1 A REVOLUTION>Y REALLY \T ( ! ORD9>Y4 

,I PASS OV] O!R FACTS ( ! SAME NATURE :I* ,I MI<T ALSO CITE1 SU* AS COMPETITION1 DIVISION ( LABOR1 PROP]TY1 @&C41 :I* TOGE!R CON/ITUTE :AT ,I CALL ECONOMIC =CES1 REAL PRODUCTIVE PR9CIPLES4 ,! DESCRIPTION ( !SE =CES MAY BE F\ND AT L5G? 9 ! WORKS ( ! ECONOMI/S1 :O1 ) !IR ABSURD SCORN = METAPHYSICS1 HAVE DEMON/RAT$1 )\T SUSPECT+ IT1 ?R\< ! !ORY ( 9DU/RIAL =CES1 ! FUNDAM5TAL DOGMA ( ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY1 CREATION \T ( NO?+4 

,! QUE/ION REMA9S :E!R ,ASSOCIATION IS ONE ( !SE ESS5TIALLY IMMAT]IAL =CES1 :I* BY !IR ACTION BECOME PRODUCTIVE ( UTILITY & A S\RCE ( PROSP]ITY2 = IT IS EVID5T ?AT ONLY ON ?IS CONDITION CAN ! PR9CIPLE ( ASSOCIATION--,I MAKE NO DI/9CTION ( S*OOLS--BE ADVANC$ AS ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( POV]TY4 

,9 A WORD1 IS ,ASSOCIATION AN ECONOMIC P[]8 ,= TW5TY YE>S N[ IT HAS BE5 H]ALD$ & ITS VIRTUES SET =?4 ,H[ IS IT ?AT NO ONE HAS DEMON/RAT$ ITS EFFICACY8 ,CAN IT BE ?AT ! EFFICACY ( ,ASSOCIATION IS MORE DIFFICULT TO DEMON/RATE ?AN ?AT ( COMM]CE1 CR$IT1 OR ! DIVISION ( LABOR8 

,= MY P>T1 ,I ANSW] CATEGORICALLY3 ,NO4 ,ASSOCIATION IS NOT AN ECONOMIC =CE4 ,IT IS 9 ITS NATURE /]ILE1 EV5 9JURI\S1 S9CE IT PLACES FETT]S ON ! LIB]TY ( ! LABOR]4 ,! AU?ORS :O HAVE ADVOCAT$ UTOPIAN FRAT]NITIES1 BY :I* SO MANY >E /ILL ATTRACT$1 HAVE ATTRIBUT$1 )\T REASON OR PRO(1 A VIRTUE & EFFICACY TO ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 :I* BELONGS ONLY TO COLLECTIVE =CE1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 OR TO EX*ANGE4 ,! PUBLIC HAS NOT P]CEIV$ ! CONFUSION2 H5CE ! EXP]IM5TS ( SOCIETIES ) CON/ITUTIONS1 !IR V>Y+ =TUNES1 & ! UNC]TA9TY ( OP9ION4 

,:5 AN 9DU/RIAL OR COMM]CIAL SOCIETY AIMS AT SETT+ TO WORK ONE ( ! GREAT ECONOMIC =CES1 OR AT C>RY+ ON A BUS9ESS1 ( :I* ! NATURE REQUIRES ?AT IT %\LD REMA9 UNDIVID$1 SU* AS A MONOPOLY1 OR AN E/ABLI%$ L9E ( TRADE1 ! SOCIETY =M$ = ?IS OBJECT MAY RESULT SUCCESSFULLY1 BUT IT DOES SO NOT BY VIRTUE ( ITS PR9CIPLE1 BUT BY VIRTUE ( ITS ME?ODS4 ,SO TRUE IS ?IS ?AT :5EV] ! SAME RESULT CAN BE OBTA9$ )\T IT1 ! PREF]5CE IS TO DISP5SE ) ASSOCIATION4 ,ASSOCIATION IS A BOND :I* IS NATURALLY OPPOS$ TO LIB]TY1 & TO :I* NOBODY CONS5TS TO SUBMIT1 UNLESS IT FURNI%ES SUFFICI5T 9DEMNIFICATION2 SO ?AT1 TO ALL UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S1 ONE MAY OPPOSE ?IS PRACTICAL RULE3 ,NEV]1 EXCEPT 9 SPITE ( HIMSELF1 & BECAUSE HE CANNOT DO O!RWISE1 DOES MAN ASSOCIATE4 

,LET US MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! PR9CIPLE ( ASSOCIATION1 & ! 9F9ITELY V>IABLE ME?ODS1 ( :I* A SOCIETY MAKES USE :5 AFFECT$ BY EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES =EIGN TO ITS NATURE2 AMONG :I* ,I PLACE 9 ! FIR/ RANK ! ECONOMIC =CES4 ,! PR9CIPLE IS ONE :I* W\LD DEFEAT ! 5T]PRISE1 UNLESS ANO!R MOTIVE W]E F\ND3 ! ME?ODS >E :AT P]MIT ONE TO M]GE HIMSELF 9 IT1 9 ! HOPE ( OBTA9+ WEAL? BY A SACRIFICE ( 9DEP5D5CE4 

,WE WILL EXPLA9 ?IS PR9CIPLE1 & AFT]W>DS ! ME?ODS4 

,:OEV] TALKS ( ASSOCIATION1 NECESS>ILY IMPLIES OBLIGATION1 COMMON RESPONSIBILITY1 FUSION ( RI<TS & DUTIES 9 RELATION TO \TSID]S4 ,IT IS ?US ?AT ALL ! FRAT]NAL SOCIETIES UND]/& IT1 EV5 ! ,H>MONI/S1 NOT)/&+ !IR DREAM ( EMULATIVE COMPETITION4 

,9 ASSOCIATION1 HE :O DOES :AT HE CAN1 DOES :AT HE \<T3 = ! WEAK OR LAZY ASSOCIATE1 & = HIM ONLY1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! ASSOCIATION IS ( S]VICE4 ,H5CE ! EQUALITY ( WAGES1 ! SUPREME LAW ( ASSOCIATION4 

,9 ASSOCIATION1 ALL >E RESPONSIBLE = ALL3 ! SMALLE/ IS AS MU* AS ! GREATE/3 ! LA/ COM] HAS ! SAME RI<TS AS ! OLDE/ MEMB]4 ,ASSOCIATION WIPES \T ALL FAULTS1 LEVELS ALL 9EQUALITIES1 H5CE ! 9CLUSION 9 ! MEMB]%IP ( LACK ( SKILL AS WELL AS ( 9CAPACITY4 

,! =MULA ( ASSOCIATION !N IS AS FOLL[S2 IT IS ?US 5UNCIAT$ BY ,L\IS ,BLANC3 

,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY4 

,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S4 

,! ,CODE1 9 ITS DIFF]5T DEF9ITIONS ( CIVIL & COMM]CIAL SOCIETY1 IS 9 ACCORD ) ! ORATOR ( ! ,LUXEMB\RG3 ANY D]OGATION FROM ?IS PR9CIPLE IS A RETURN TO 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,?US EXPLA9$ BY ,SOCIALI/S & JURI/S1 CAN ,ASSOCIATION BE G5]ALIZ$ & BECOME ! UNIV]SAL HI<] LAW1 ! PUBLIC CIVIL LAW ( A :OLE NATION8 

,SU* IS ! QUE/ION PROPOS$ BY ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL S*OOLS1 & ALL UNANIM\SLY ANSW] IT 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE :ILE V>Y+ !IR MODES ( APPLICATION4 

,MY ANSW] IS3 ,NO1 ! CONTRACT ( ASSOCIATION1 UND] :ATEV] =M1 CAN NEV] BECOME A UNIV]SAL RULE1 BECAUSE1 BE+ BY ITS NATURE UNPRODUCTIVE & H>ASS+1 APPLICABLE ONLY TO QUITE SPECIAL CONDITIONS1 ITS 9CONV5I5CES GR[+ MU* MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ITS B5EFITS1 IT IS EQUALLY OPPOS$ TO ! ADVANTAGE\S USE ( LABOR1 & TO ! LIB]TY ( ! WORKMAN4 ,:5CE ,I CONCLUDE ?AT A S+LE ASSOCIATION CAN NEV] 9CLUDE ALL ! WORKM5 9 ONE 9DU/RY1 NOR ALL 9DU/RIAL CORPORATIONS1 NOR1 A =TIORI1 A NATION ( #cf MILLIONS ( M52 !RE=E ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( ASSOCIATION DOES NOT (F] ! REQUIR$ SOLUTION4 

,I MAY ADD ?AT ASSOCIATION IS NOT ONLY NOT AN ECONOMIC =CE1 BUT ?AT IT IS APPLICABLE ONLY UND] SPECIAL CONDITIONS1 DEP5D+ ON ! ME?ODS4 ,IT IS EASY TO V]IFY ?IS SECOND PROPOSITION BY ! FACTS1 & !NCE TO DET]M9E ! P>T PLAY$ BY ASSOCIATION 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ASSOCIATION1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 IS B9D+ UNION4 

,:AT REASON !N C\LD LEAD WORK+M5 TO =M A B9D+ UNION AMONG !MSELVES1 TO GIVE UP !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 TO PLACE !MSELVES UND] ! ABSOLUTE LAW ( A CONTRACT1 &1 :AT IS WORSE1 ( AN OV]SE]8 

,!RE MI<T BE MANY REASONS1 DIFF]+ MU*1 BUT ! REASON1 :ATEV] IT IS1 MU/ BE EXT]NAL TO ! SOCIETY4 

,PEOPLE ASSOCIATE !MSELVES SOMETIMES TO HOLD A BUS9ESS ?AT HAS BE5 />T$ BY A S+LE PROMOT]1 :I* !Y W\LD RISK LOS+ IF !Y %\LD SEP>ATE2--SOMETIMES TO C>RY ON TOGE!R AN 9DU/RY1 A PAT5T1 A PRIVILEGE1 @&C41 :I* C\LD NOT BE PR(ITABLY WORK$ O!RWISE1 OR :I* W\LD YIELD LESS TO EA*1 IF IT W]E C>RI$ ON COMPETITIVELY2--SOMETIMES ON ACC\NT ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( OBTA9+ ! NECESS>Y CAPITAL O!RWISE2--SOMETIMES1 F9ALLY1 TO EQUALIZE & DIVIDE ! *ANCES ( LOSS BY %IPWRECK1 CONFLAGRATION1 OR TO EQUALIZE OBNOXI\S OR PA9FUL S]VICES1 @&C4 

,GO TO ! BOTTOM ( IT1 & Y\ WILL F9D ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY :I* PROSP]S1 [ES IT TO AN \TSIDE CAUSE :I* IS =EIGN TO IT1 & HAS NO RELATION TO ITS NATURE2 )\T ?AT1 ,I REPEAT1 ! SOCIETY C\LD NOT EXI/1 H[EV] SKILLFULLY ORGANIZ$ IT MI<T BE4 

,?US 9 ! FIR/ ( ! 9/ANCES WE HAVE BR\<T =W>D1 ! PURPOSE ( ! SOCIETY IS TO DEVELOP A BUS9ESS ( E/ABLI%$ REPUTATION1 :I* ALONE IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ITS ASSETS2 9 ! SECOND1 IT IS F\ND$ UPON A MONOPOLY1 ?AT IS1 UPON SOME?+ MO/ EXCLUSIVE & ANTI-SOCIAL2 9 ! ?IRD1 ! JO9T-/OCK COMPANY1 ! SOCIETY SETS TO WORK SOME ECONOMIC =CE1 :E!R COLLECTIVE P[] OR DIVISION ( LABOR2 9 ! F\R?1 ! SOCIETY IS CONF\ND$ ) 9SURANCE1 :I* IS A GAMBL+ CONTRACT1 9V5T$ PRECISELY = ! PURPOSE ( SUPPLY+ ! PLACE ( ! FRAT]NITY :I* IS ABS5T OR 9ACTIVE4 

,UND] ANY ( !SE CONDITIONS1 ! SOCIETY IS SE5 NOT TO EXI/ BY VIRTUE ( ITS [N PR9CIPLES2 IT DEP5DS UPON ITS P[]S1 UPON AN \TSIDE CAUSE4 ,BUT :AT !Y PROMISE1 :AT WE NE$1 IS A FUNDAM5TAL1 VIVIFY+1 ACTIVE1 PR9CIPLE4 

,PEOPLE ASSOCIATE ALSO = ECONOMY 9 CONSUMPTION1 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! LOSS 9CURR$ BY RETAIL BUY+4 ,?AT IS ! ME?OD ,M4 ,ROSSI ADVISES = SMALL H\SEHOLDS1 :OSE RES\RCES DO NOT P]MIT !M TO BY AT :OLESALE4 ,BUT ?IS SORT ( ASSOCIATION :I* IS ?AT ( PUR*ASES ( MEAT AT AUCTION1 BE>S WITNESS AGA9/ ASSOCIATION AS A PR9CIPLE4 ,GIVE ! PRODUC] ! P[]1 BY ! EX*ANGE ( HIS PRODUCTS1 TO BUY HIS PROVISIONS AT :OLESALE2 OR1 :AT COMES TO ! SAME ?+1 ORGANIZE RETAIL TRADE UND] CONDITIONS ?AT WILL GIVE IT ALMO/ ! SAME ADVANTAGES ( *EAPNESS AS BUY+ AT :OLESALE1 & ASSOCIATION BECOMES USELESS4 ,PEOPLE :O >E 9 EASY CIRCUM/ANCES DO NOT NE$ TO JO9 SU* ASSOCIATIONS3 !Y >E MORE BO!R ?AN !Y >E WOR?4 

,NOTICE TOO ?AT 9 EV]Y SOCIETY ?US F\ND$ = A DEF9ITE PURPOSE1 ! OBLIGATION ( ! CONTRACT NEV] EXT5DS BEYOND :AT IS /RICTLY NECESS>Y4 ,! MEMB]S DO 9DE$ ANSW] = EA* O!R TO \TSID]S1 & TO ! LAW1 BUT BEYOND ?AT !Y REMA9 )\T OBLIGATION4 ,?US SEV]AL WORKM5'S WORK+ ASSOCIATIONS 9 ,P>IS1 :I* AT FIR/ WANT$1 ?R\< AN EXCESS ( DEVOTION1 TO DO BETT] ?AN USUAL1 & ORGANIZ$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY ( WAGES1 W]E AFT]W>DS COMPELL$ TO AB&ON IT4 ,AT PRES5T1 9 ALL SU* ASSOCIATIONS1 ! MEMB]S DO PIECEWORK1 SO ?AT ! ASSOCIAT$ CONTRIBUTION CONSI/S *IEFLY ( LABOR1 EA* ONE BE+ REMUN]AT$ 9 PROPORTION TO HIS PRODUCT1 9 WAGES & 9 PR(ITS4 ,! WORK+ ASSOCIATION IS JU/ ! OPPOSITE ( ! JO9T /OCK COMPANY3 IT IS A JO9T /OCK COMPANY 9 :I* ! SUBSCRIPTION1 9/EAD ( BE+ 9 MONEY IS MADE 9 WORK1 :I* IS QUITE ! OPPOSITE ( FRAT]NITY4 ,9 A WORD1 9 EV]Y ASSOCIATION1 ! MEMB]S1 SEEK+1 BY ! UNION ( !IR LABOR & CAPITAL1 C]TA9 ADVANTAGES :I* !Y C\LD NOT OBTA9 O!RWISE1 >RANGE TO HAVE AS LITTLE OBLIGATION & AS MU* 9DEP5D5CE AS POSSIBLE4 

,IS ?AT CLE>8 & IS IT NOT TIME TO %\T1 LIKE ,/4 ,?OMAS1 ,CONCLUSUM E/ ADV]SUS ,MANI*AEOS6.<#a#d.> 

,ASSOCIATION =M$ )\T ANY \TSIDE ECONOMIC CONSID]ATION1 OR ANY LEAD+ 9T]E/1 ASSOCIATION = ITS [N SAKE1 AS AN ACT ( DEVOTION1 A FAMILY TIE1 AS IT W]E1 IS AN ACT ( PURE RELIGION1 A SUP]NATURAL BOND1 )\T REAL VALUE1 A MY?4 

,?IS BECOMES V]Y /RIK+ :5 WE EXAM9E ! DIFF]5T !ORIES ( ASSOCIATION BR\<T =W>D = ! ACCEPTATION ( DISCIPLES4 

,F\RI]1 = 9/ANCE1 & AFT] HIM1 ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 ASSURE US ?AT IF ! WORK]S GR\P !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO C]TA9 ORGANIC M5TAL AFF9ITIES1 ( :I* ! *>ACT] IS DESCRIB$1 BY ?AT ALONE !Y WILL GR[ 9 5]GY & CAPACITY2 ?AT ! SPIRIT ( ! WORK]1 SO SAD USUALLY1 WILL BECOME GAY & JOY\S2 ?AT ! PRODUCT1 BO? 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE1 WILL BE GREATLY AUGM5T$2 ?AT !RE9 LIES ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( ASSOCIATION1 :I* MAY H]EAFT] RANK AS AN ECONOMIC =CE4 ,ATTRACTIVE LABOR IS ! ACCEPT$ =MULA = DESCRIB+ ?IS M>VEL\S RESULT ( ASSOCIATION4 ,?IS IS QUITE A DIFF]5T MATT]1 IT WILL BE SE51 FROM ! DEVOTION1 AT :I* ! !ORIES ( ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,CABET SO PITIFULLY /OP4 

,I D>E TO SAY ?AT ! TWO EM95T SOCIALI/S1 ,F\RI] & ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 HAVE TAK5 !IR SYMBOLISM = REALITY4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 NO ONE HAS EV] SE5 ANY:]E 9 PRACTICE ?IS SOCIAL =CE1 ANALOG\S TO COLLECTIVE =CE & ! DIVISION ( LABOR2 EV5 ! 9V5TORS ( IT & !IR DISCIPLES HAVE YET TO MAKE !IR FIR/ EXP]IM5T4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ! SLI<TE/ ACQUA9TANCE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY & ( PSY*OLOGY W\LD SUFFICE TO %[ ?AT !RE CAN BE NO?+ 9 COMMON BETWE5 AN EXALTATION ( ! S\L1 SU* AS ! *E]FULNESS ( COMPANION%IP1 ! SYN]GIC SONG ( O>SM51 @&C41 & AN 9DU/RIAL =CE4 ,SU* MANIFE/ATIONS W\LD MO/ (T5 BE 9 OPPOSITION TO ! S]I\SNESS1 ! TACITURNITY1 ( LABOR4 ,LABOR1 ALONG ) LOVE1 IS ! MO/ SECRET1 ! MO/ SACR$1 FUNCTION ( MAN3 IT IS /R5G!N$ BY SOLITUDE1 IT IS DISSOLV$ BY PRO/ITUTION4 

,BUT SU* A REVIEW ( !SE PSY*OLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS & ( ! ABS5CE ( ALL EXP]IM5TAL DATA1 DOES NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT :AT !SE TWO AU?ORS BELIEVE !Y HAVE DISCOV]$1 AFT] SO MANY PR(\ND RESE>*ES1 ! ONE 9 ! ,S]IES ( ,CONTRA/$ ,GR\PS1 ! O!R 9 ! ,TRIAD1 IS NO?+ BUT ! MY/IC & APOCALYPTIC EXPRESSION ( :AT HAS EXI/$ ALWAYS 9 9DU/RIAL PRACTICE2 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 COLLECTIVE =CE1 COMPETITION1 EX*ANGE1 CR$IT1 EV5 PROP]TY & LIB]TY4 ,:O CANNOT SEE ?AT IT IS ) UTOPIANS1 BO? ANCI5T & MOD]N1 AS IT IS ) !OLOGIANS ( ALL RELIGIONS8 ,:ILE ! LATT]1 9 !IR MY/]IES1 DO NO?+ BUT REHE>SE ! LAWS ( PHILOSOPHY & ( HUMANIT>IAN PROGRESS ! =M]1 9 !IR PHILAN?ROPIC ESSAYS1 DREAM1 )\T BE+ AW>E ( IT1 ! GREAT LAWS ( SOCIAL ECONOMY4 ,MO/ ( !SE LAWS1 !SE =CES ( PRODUCTION1 :I* \<T TO SAVE MANK9D FROM POV]TY & CRIME1 ,I HAVE ABOVE M5TION$4 ,!SE >E ! TRUE ECONOMIC =CES1 ! IMMAT]IAL PR9CIPLES ( ALL WEAL?1 :I*1 )\T *A9+ MAN TO MAN1 LEAVE TO ! PRODUC] ! MO/ COMPLETE LIB]TY1 LI<T5 LABOR1 9SPIRE IT1 D\BLE ITS PRODUCT1 E/ABLI% AMONG M5 AN OBLIGATION :I* HAS NO?+ P]SONAL AB\T IT1 & UNITE !M BY BOND /RONG] ?AN ALL SYMPA!TIC UNIONS & ALL CONTRACTS4 

,! WOND]S ANN\NC$ BY !SE TWO PROPHETS HAVE BE5 KN[N = C5TURIES4 ,WE CAN SEE ! 9FLU5CE ( ?AT EFFICACI\S GRACE1 ( :I* ! ORGANIZ] ( ! ,S]IES DREAM$2 ?AT GIFT ( DIV9E LOVE :I* ! DISCIPLE ( ,SA9T ,SIMON PROMIS$ TO HIS FOLL[]S2 CORRUPT AS IT WAS1 LAWLESS AS ! REVOLUTION>IES ( '#h#i & '#i#c HAVE LEFT IT TO US1 WE CAN FOLL[ ITS OSCILLATIONS AT ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE & 9 \R M>KETS4 ,LET ! ,UTOPIANS AWAK5 FROM !IR S5TIM5TAL EC/ASIES1 LET !M DEIGN TO LOOK AT :AT IS PASS+ AB\T !M1 LET !M READ1 LI/51 EXP]IM5T2 !Y WILL SEE ?AT :AT !Y ATTRIBUTE ) SO MU* 5?USIASM1 ONE TO ! ,S]IES1 ANO!R TO ! ,TR9ITY1 ANO!R TO DEVOTION1 IS NO?+ BUT ! PRODUCT ( ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT W]E ANALYZ$ BY ,ADAM ,SMI? & HIS SUCCESSORS4 

,AS IT IS ABOVE ALL 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT ,I HAVE 5T]$ UPON ?IS DISCUSSION1 ,I %ALL NOT 5D )\T SAY+ SOME?+ MORE AB\T WORKM5'S ASSOCIATIONS1 ( ! RESULTS :I* !Y HAVE OBTA9$1 & ( ! P>T :I* !Y >E TO PLAY 9 ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,! GREAT MAJORITY ( !SE SOCIETIES HAVE BE5 =M$ BY M5 :O W]E FILL$ ) FRAT]NAL !ORIES1 & CONV9C$1 AL?\< !Y MAY HAVE BE5 UNAW>E ( IT1 ( ! ECONOMIC VALIDITY ( ! PR9CIPLE4 ,9 G5]AL !SE SOCIETIES W]E SYMPA!TICALLY RECEIV$3 !Y 5JOY$ ! FAVOR ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 :I* SECUR$ !M1 AT ! \TSET1 ! BEG9N+S ( MEMB]%IP3 NEWSPAP] ADV]TIS+ WAS NOT LACK+2 ALL ! ELEM5TS ( SUCCESS1 :I* HAVE NOT BE5 SUFFICI5TLY TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 W]E !RE1 BUT QUITE =EIGN TO ! PR9CIPLE4 

,N[1 H[ DO WE F9D !M8 

,AMONG !M A GOODLY NUMB] SU/A9 !MSELVES & PROMISE TO DEVELOP FUR!R3 EV]YBODY KN[S :Y4 

,SOME ( !M >E COMPOS$ ( ! MO/ SKILLFUL WORKM5 9 !IR TRADE3 IT IS ! MONOPOLY ( TAL5T ?AT SUPPORTS !M4 

,O!RS HAVE ATTRACT$ & RETA9 MEMB]%IP BY L[ PRICES3 IT IS COMPETITION :I* GIVES !M LIFE4 

,I SAY NO?+ ( ?OSE :I* HAVE OBTA9$ GOV]NM5T ORD]S & CR$IT2 A PURELY GRATUIT\S 5C\RAGEM5T4 

,F9ALLY1 9 G5]AL1 ) ALL !SE ASSOCIATIONS1 ! WORKM51 9 ORD] TO DISP5SE ) MIDDLEM51 COMMISSION DEAL]S1 PROMOT]S1 CAPITALI/S1 @&C41 :O1 9 ! OLD ORD] ( ?+S1 /& BETWE5 ! PRODUC] & CONSUM]1 HAVE HAD TO WORK A LITTLE MORE1 & GET ALONG ) LESS WAGES4 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ?IS BUT :AT IS QUITE A MATT] ( C\RSE 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY2 = ! SECUR+ ( :I*1 AS ,I %ALL %[ =?)1 !RE WAS NO NE$ ( ASSOCIATION4 

,ASSUR$LY1 ! MEMB]S ( !SE SOCIETIES >E FILL$ ) ! MO/ FRAT]NAL S5TIM5TS T[>D EA* O!R & T[>D ! PUBLIC4 ,BUT LET !M TELL :E!R ?IS FRAT]NITY1 F> FROM BE+ ! CAUSE ( !IR SUCCESS1 IS NOT ITSELF CAUS$ BY ! /RICT JU/ICE :I* RULES 9 !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS3 LET !M TELL :AT W\LD BECOME ( !M1 IF !Y DID NOT F9D ! GU>ANTEE ( !IR 5T]PRISE ELSE:]E ?AN 9 ! *>ITY :I* ANIMATES !M1 & :I* IS BUT ! CEM5T ( ! $IFICE1 :]E( ! /ONES >E LABOR1 & ! =CES :I* MULTIPLY LABOR8 

,AS = SOCIETIES :I* HAVE ONLY ! D\BTFUL VIRTUE ( ASSOCIATION TO SU/A9 !M1 :OSE 9DU/RIES MI<T BE C>RI$ ON PRIVATELY1 )\T ANY MEET+ ( WORKM51 !Y >E C>RI$ ON ) ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTY2 & !Y MANAGE TO FILL ! VOIDS 9 !IR ORGANIZATION ONLY BY DEVOT$ EF=T1 BY CONT9UAL SACRIFICES1 & BY UNLIMIT$ PATI5CE4 

,AS AN EXAMPLE ( RAPID SUCCESS1 ! BUT*]Y ASSOCIATIONS >E BR\<T UP1 :I* >E BECOM+ ! FA%ION EV]Y:]E4 ,?IS EXAMPLE1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R1 %[S H[ F> ! 9ATT5TION ( ! PUBLIC & ! 9CORRECTNESS ( IDEAS EXT5D4 

,! BUT*]Y ASSOCIATIONS HAVE NO ASSOCIATION AB\T !M BUT ! NAME3 !Y >E COMPETITIONS SUPPORT$ AT COMMON EXP5SE BY ! CITIZ5S ( EA* COMMUNITY AGA9/ ! BUT*]S' MONOPOLY4 ,!Y >E ! APPLICATION1 SU* AS IT MAY BE1 ( A NEW PR9CIPLE1 NOT TO SAY A NEW ECONOMIC =CE1 ,RECIPROCITY1 :I* CONSI/S 9 ! SELL]S & BUY]S GU>ANTEE+ EA* O!R1 IRREVOCABLY1 !IR PRODUCTS AT CO/ PRICE4 

,?IS PR9CIPLE !N1 ON :I* IS F\ND$ ALL ! IMPORTANCE ( ! BUT*]S' /ORES1 CALL$ COOP]ATIVE1 HAS SO LITTLE ASSOCIATION AB\T IT1 ?AT 9 MANY ( !M ! S]VICE IS BY PAID WORK]S1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( A SUP]VISOR :O REPRES5TS ! /OCKHOLD]S4 ,= ?IS (FICE1 ! FIR/-COME BUT*] :O LEFT ! COALITION WAS SUFFICI5T2 !RE WAS NO NE$ ( GO+ TO ! EXP5SE ( NEW M51 AS !RE WAS = NEW MAT]IALS4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( RECIPROCITY1 ON :I* >E F\ND$ ! COOP]ATIVE BUT*]'S & GROC]'S /ORES1 IS T5D+ N[ TO DISPLACE ?AT ( FRAT]NITY1 AS AN ORGANIC ELEM5T1 9 WORKM5'S ASSOCIATIONS4 ,?IS IS H[ ,! ,REPUBLIC ( ,APRIL #b?1 #a#h#e#a1 DESCRIBES A NEW SOCIETY1 ,! ,RECIPROCITY1 =M$ BY J\RNEYM5 TAILORS3-- 

,!SE >E WORKM5 :O *ALL5GE ! MAXIM ( ! OLD ECONOMY1 ,NO CAPITAL1 NO WORK1 :I*1 IF IT W]E F\ND$ ON CORRECT PR9CIPLE1 W\LD CONDEMN TO HOPELESS & 5DLESS S]VITUDE & POV]TY ! 9NUM]ABLE CLASS ( WORK]S1 :O1 LIV+ FROM H& TO M\?1 >E )\T ANY CAPITAL4 ,UNWILL+ TO ADMIT ?IS DESP]ATE CONCLUSION ( (FICIAL SCI5CE1 & CONSULT+ RA!R ! RATIONAL LAWS ( ! PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION ( WEAL?1 !SE WORKM5 ?9K ?AT CAPITAL1 :I* IS SAID TO BE AN ESS5TIAL ELEM5T = ! EX]CISE ( LABOR1 IS REALLY ONLY A CONV5TIONAL UTILITY2 & ?AT ! ONLY PRODUCTIVE AG5TS >E ! 9TELLIG5CE & H&S ( MAN4 ,!Y ?9K ?AT !RE=E IT IS POSSIBLE TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION1 & TO SECURE ! EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS & !IR NORMAL CONSUMPTION1 M]ELY BY PROVID+ DIRECT COMMUNICATION BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S1 :O WILL BE P]MITT$1 BY ! SUPPRESSION ( OPPRESSIVE GO-BETWE5S1 TO REAP ! B5EFITS :I* AT PRES5T >E GA!R$ BY CAPITAL1 ?AT SOV]EIGN RUL] ( LABOR1 & ( ! NE$S & LIFE ( EV]YBODY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ?IS !ORY1 ! EMANCIPATION ( WORK]S IS ?US MADE POSSIBLE BY BR++ TOGE!R 9DIVIDUAL P[]S & NE$S1 9 O!R WORDS1 BY ! ASSOCIATION ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S1 :O1 CEAS+ TO HAVE OPPOSITE 9T]E/S1 WILL ESCAPE P]MAN5TLY FROM ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL4 

,9 FACT1 AS ! NE$S ( CONSUMPTION >E FIX$1 IF ! PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S 5T] 9TO DIRECT RELATIONS1 IF !Y ASSOCIATE !MSELVES & GIVE EA* O!R CR$IT1 IT IS CLE> ?AT !RE WILL NO LONG] BE ANY REASON = ! RISE & FALL ( PRICES1 ! FACTITI\S 9CREASE OR >BITR>Y DEPRECIATION TO :I* SPECULATION =CES LABOR & PRODUCTION TO SUBMIT4 

,?IS IS ! IDEAL ( ,! ,RECIPROCITY1 :I* ITS F\ND]S HAVE ALREADY REALIZ$ TO ! EXT5T ( !IR ABILITY1 BY ! ISSUE ( NOTES1 CALL$ NOTES ( CONSUMPTION1 :I* >E ALWAYS R$EEMABLE 9 ! PRODUCTS ( ! ASSOCIATION4 ,?US F9ANC$ BY ?OSE :O MAKE USE ( IT1 ! ASSOCIATION SELLS ITS PRODUCTS AT CO/1 MAK+ NO ADDITION = ! REMUN]ATION ( ITS [N S]VICES1 BUT A MOD]ATE *>GE = ! ACTUAL LABOR4 ,?IS IS ! RATIONAL SOLUTION :I* ! F\ND]S (F] = ALL ! IMPORTANT QUE/IONS ( ECONOMICS :I* HAVE ( LATE BE5 RAIS$1 NOTABLY ! FOLL[+3 

,ABOLITION ( EXPLOITATION 9 ALL ITS =MS4 

,GRADUAL & PEACEFUL ABOLITION ( CAPITAL4 

,CREATION ( GRATUIT\S CR$IT4 

,GU>ANTEE & EQUITABLE REW>D ( LABOR4 

,EMANCIPATION ( ! L[] CLASSES4 

,?IS ASSOCIATION ( TAILORS IS ! FIR/ :I* HAS BE5 F\ND$ (FICIALLY &1 SO TO SPEAK1 SCI5TIFICALLY1 UPON AN ECONOMIC =CE :I* HAS REMA9$ TO ?IS DAY HIDD5 & UNUS$ 9 COMM]CIAL R\T9E4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT EMPLOYM5T ( ?IS =CE 9 NO WAY CON/ITUTES A SOCIAL CONTRACT1 BUT AT ! MO/ A CONTRACT ( EX*ANGE 9 :I* ! MUTUAL OR RECIPROCAL RELATION BETWE5 M]*ANT & CU/OM] IS AT LEA/ UND]/OOD1 IF NOT =MALLY EXPRESS$4 ,& :5 ! AU?OR ( ! >TICLE1 :O IS AN OLD COMMUNI/1 MAKES USE ( ! WORD ASSOCIATION TO DESIGNATE ! NEW RELATIONS :I* ,! ,RECIPROCITY PROPOSES TO DEVELOP BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT HE YIELDS TO =M] PRECONCEPTIONS1 OR ?AT HE IS 9FLU5C$ BY HABIT4 

,MOREOV]1 :ILE GRANT+ DUE HONOR TO ! F\ND]S ( ,! ,RECIPROCITY = ?IS GREAT PR9CIPLE1 ! WRIT] 9 ! ,REPUBLIC %\LD HAVE REM9D$ !M1 = !IR GUIDANCE1 ( ! FOLL[+ FUNDAM5TAL FACTS RELAT+ TO !IR [N !ORY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?AT ! OBLIGATION ON ! P>T ( ! PRODUC] T[>D ! CONSUM] TO DELIV] HIS PRODUCTS AT CO/ PRICE1 :I* CON/ITUTES ! NEW ECONOMIC P[]1 IS ESS5TIALLY MUTUAL & TWO-SID$4 ,?AT IT W\LD NOT SUFFICE1 MOREOV]1 AS ! BASIS ( AN ASSOCIATION ( WORK]S1 IF ! LAW ( RECIPROCITY W]E UNIV]SALLY ADOPT$ & PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,?AT A SOCIETY =M$ ON ?IS BASIS ALONE %\LD SU/A9 ITSELF1 REQUIRES ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! COMMUNITY1 DESPIS+ IT1 %\LD LEAVE ! PR(IT TO ITS MEMB]S2 & ?AT1 ON ! DAY :5 RECIPROCITY %ALL BECOME A LAW ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 BY ! CONS5T ( ALL CITIZ5S1 ! FIR/-COM] :O IS NOT A MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY WILL BE ABLE TO (F] TO ! PUBLIC ! SAME ADVANTAGES ?AT ! SOCIETY (F]S1 ) EV5 GREAT] ADVANTAGE1 9 ?AT HE HAS NO OV]HEAD EXP5SES1 ?AT ! SOCIETY !N WILL BE OBJECTLESS4 

,ANO!R ASSOCIATION ( ! SAME SORT1 ( :I* ! ME*ANISM APPROA*ES EV5 MORE CLOSELY ! ELEM5T>Y =MULA ( RECIPROCITY1 IS ,! ,H\SEKEEP]1 :I* ! SAME NEWSPAP]1 ! ,REPUBLIC1 HAS DESCRIB$ 9 ITS ISSUE ( ! #h? ( ,MAY4 ,ITS AIM IS TO ASSURE TO CONSUM]S ALL ! >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION AT R$UC$ PRICES1 ( SUP]IOR QUALITY1 & )\T ANY FRAUD4 ,TO JO91 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO SUBSCRIBE ! SUM ( ONE DOLL>1 CALL$ SOCIAL CAPITAL1 PLUS #a C5TS = G5]AL EXP5SES ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,OBS]VE ?AT ! MEMB]S ACCEPT NO RESPONSIBILITY MAKE NO 5GAGEM5T1 HAVE NO O!R OBLIGATION EXCEPT TO PAY = >TICLES :I* >E DELIV]$ AT !IR HOMES UPON !IR ORD]4 ,! G5]AL AG5T ONLY IS RESPONSIBLE4 

,! PR9CIPLE IS ! SAME 9 BO? CASES4 ,9 ! COOP]ATIVE BUT*] %OPS1 ! GU>ANTEE ( *EAPNESS1 GOOD QUALITY & FULL WEI<T IS OBTA9$ BY A JO9T /OCK COMPANY1 LIMIT$1 MANAG$ BY A SPECIAL AG5T1 DIS*>G+ ! FUNCTIONS ( [N] & MANAG] T[>D ?IS EXPRESS 5D4 ,9 ,! ,H\SEKEEP]1 !RE IS A G5]AL MANAG]1 REPRES5T+ ALL POSSIBLE L9ES ( TRADE1 :O TAKES ! RESPONSIBILITY ( FURNI%+ ALL >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION1 UPON A SUBSCRIPTION ( ONE DOLL>1 ) T5 C5TS ADDITIONAL = EXP5SES4 ,) ! TAILORS1 !RE IS ONE EXTRA PIECE ( ME*ANISM1 ( WIDE RANGE 9 ITS POSSIBILITIES1 BUT AT PRES5T ADD+ LITTLE REAL ADVANTAGE1 ! NOTE ( CONSUMPTION4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT ALL ! M]*ANTS1 MANUFACTUR]S & DEAL]S ( ! CITY %\LD MAKE AN 5GAGEM5T AMONG !MSELVES & ) ! PUBLIC LIKE ?AT :I* ! COOP]ATIVE BUT*] %OPS1 ! F\ND] ( ,! ,H\SEKEEP]1 & ! TAILORS ( ,! ,RECIPROCITY MAKE ) !IR MEMB]S1 ! ASSOCIATION W\LD !N BECOME UNIV]SAL4 ,BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT SU* AN ASSOCIATION W\LD NOT BE AN ASSOCIATION AT ALL2 COMM]CIAL CU/OMS W\LD BE *ANG$1 ?AT W\LD BE ALL2 RECIPROCITY W\LD HAVE BECOME ! RULE1 YET EV]YBODY W\LD BE JU/ AS FREE AS BE=E4 

,!RE=E1 AL?\< ,I AM F> FROM SUGGE/+ ?AT ASSOCIATION WILL EV] DISAPPE> 5TIRELY FROM ! SY/EM ( HUMAN TRANSACTIONS1 9ASMU* AS ,I ADMIT ?AT !RE >E CIRCUM/ANCES :]E9 IT IS 9DISP5SABLE1 NEV]!LESS ,I MAY ASS]T1 )\T FE> ( CONTRADICTION1 ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( ASSOCIATION IS UND]M9$ EV]Y DAY BY ! PRACTICE ( IT2 & :ILE1 SC>CELY ?REE YE>S AGO1 WORK+M5 ALL T5D$ T[>D FRAT]NAL ASSOCIATION1 TODAY !Y >E AIM+ AT A SY/EM ( GU>ANTIES1 :I*1 ONCE REALIZ$1 WILL R5D] ASSOCIATION SUP]FLU\S 9 A MULTITUDE ( CASES1 AT ! SAME TIME1 NOTE WELL1 ?AT IT WILL DEM& ASSOCIATION 9 O!RS4 ,AT ! BOTTOM1 EXI/+ ASSOCIATIONS1 9 =M+ AN IRRESI/IBLE MASS ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S 9 DIRECT RELATION ) ONE ANO!R1 HAVE NO O!R 5D ?AN TO PRODUCE ?IS RESULT4 

,BUT IF ASSOCIATION IS NOT A PRODUCTIVE =CE1 IF ON ! CONTR>Y IT IMPOSES ON]\S CONDITIONS1 FROM :I* LABOR NATURALLY SEEKS TO FREE ITSELF1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ASSOCIATION CAN NO LONG] BE CONSID]$ AN ORGANIC LAW2 ?AT1 F> FROM ASSUR+ EQUILIBRIUM1 IT W\LD T5D RA!R TO DE/ROY H>MONY1 BY IMPOS+ UPON ALL G5]AL OBLIGATION1 9/EAD ( JU/ICE1 9/EAD ( 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,ASSOCIATION !RE=E CANNOT BE MA9TA9$ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( RI<T1 & AS A SCI5TIFIC FACTOR2 BUT ONLY AS A S5TIM5T1 A MY/IC PR9CIPLE1 A DIV9E 9/ITUTION4 

,NEV]!LESS ! *AMPIONS1 DESPITE EV]Y?+1 ( ASSOCIATION1 FEEL+ H[ /]ILE IS !IR PR9CIPLE1 H[ OPPOS$ TO LIB]TY1 H[ LITTLE !RE=E IT CAN BE ACCEPT$ AS ! SOV]EIGN =MULA ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 >E MAK+ ! MO/ 9CR$IBLE EF=TS TO SU/A9 ?IS WILL-O'-!-WISP ( FRAT]NITY4 ,L\IS ,BLANC HAS GONE SO F> AS TO REV]SE ! REPUBLIC MOTTO1 AS IF HE WANT$ TO REVOLUTIONIZE ! REVOLUTION4 ,HE NO LONG] SAYS1 AS EV]YBODY ELSE SAYS1 & ACCORD+ TO TRADITION1 ,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY1 ,FRAT]NITY2 HE SAYS ,EQUALITY1 ,FRAT]NITY1 ,LIB]TY6 ,WE BEG9 ) ,EQUALITY N[ADAYS2 WE MU/ TAKE EQUALITY = \R FIR/ T]M2 UPON IT WE MU/ BUILD ! NEW /RUCTURE ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,AS = ,LIB]TY1 ?AT IS D$UC$ FROM ,FRAT]NITY4 ,L\IS ,BLANC PROMISES LIB]TY AFT] ASSOCIATION1 AS ! PRIE/S PROMISE P>ADISE AFT] DEA?4 

,I LEAVE TO Y\ TO GUESS :AT K9D ( SOCIALISM IT WILL BE :I* PLAYS ?US ) TRANSPOSITIONS ( WORDS4 

,EQUALITY6 ,I HAD ALWAYS ?\<T ?AT IT WAS ! NATURAL FRUIT ( ,LIB]TY1 :I* HAS NO NE$ ( !ORY NOR ( CON/RA9T4 ,I HAD ?\<T1 ,I SAY1 ?AT FROM ! ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC =CES1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 COMPETITION1 CR$IT1 RECIPROCITY1 ABOVE ALL1 $UCATION1 ?AT ,EQUALITY W\LD BE BORN4 ,L\IS ,BLANC HAS *ANG$ ALL ?AT4 ,A NEW ,SGAN>ELLE1 HE PUTS ,EQUALITY ON ! LEFT1 ,LIB]TY ON ! ,RI<T1 ,FRAT]NITY BETWE5 !M1 LIKE ,JESUS ,*RI/ BETWE5 ! TWO ?IEVES4 ,WE CEASE TO BE FREE1 AS NATURE MADE US1 9 ORD] TO BECOME EQUAL1 :I* ONLY LABOR CAN MAKE US1 AS A PRELIM9>Y1 BY ,/ATE ORD]2 AFT] :I* WE BECOME MORE OR LESS FREE1 ACCORD+ TO ! CONV5I5CE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY2 

,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S4 

,EQUALITY DEM&S ?IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,L\IS ,BLANC4 

,LET US PITY ?OSE :OSE REVOLUTION>Y CAPACITY R$UCES ITSELF TO ?IS CASUI/RY4 ,BUT LET NOT ?AT PREV5T US FROM REFUT+ !M1 = ! ,K+DOM ( ,9NOC5TS IS !IRS4 

,LET US RECALL ! PR9CIPLE ONCE MORE4 ,ASSOCIATION IS !N1 AS ,L\IS ,BLANC DEF9ES IT1 A CONTRACT :I* :OLLY OR P>TIALLY 7,G5]AL & ,SPECIAL ,ASSOCIATIONS1 ,CIVIL ,CODE1 ,>T4 #a#h#c#e7 PLACES ! CONTRACT+ P>TIES ON A LEVEL1 SUBORD9ATES !IR LIB]TY TO SOCIAL DUTY1 DEP]SONALIZES !M1 TREATS !M ALMO/ AS ,M4 ,HUMANN W\LD TREAT TAXPAY]S :5 HE LAID D[N ?IS AXIOM3 ,MAKE !M PAY ALL ! TAXES !Y CAN6 ,H[ MU* DOES A MAN PRODUCE8 ,H[ MU* DOES IT CO/ TO FE$ HIM8 ,?AT IS ! SUPREME QUE/ION :I* SPR+S FROM !1 :AT %ALL ,I CALL IT8 DECL5SION =MULA--,FROM EA*444 ,TO EA*444 9 :I* ,L\IS ,BLANC SUMS UP ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( AN ASSOCIATE4 

,:O !N %ALL DET]M9E ! CAPACITY8 :O %ALL BE ! JUDGE ( ! NE$S8 

,Y\ SAY ?AT MY CAPACITY IS #a3 ,I MA9TA9 ?AT IT IS ONLY #i4 ,Y\ ADD ?AT MY NE$S >E #i3 ,I AFFIRM ?AT !Y >E #a4 ,!RE IS A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 US ( TW5TY UPON NE$S & CAPACITY4 ,IT IS1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! WELL-KN[N DEBATE BETWE5 DEM& & SUPPLY4 ,:O %ALL JUDGE BETWE5 ! SOCIETY & ME8 

,IF ! SOCIETY P]SI/S1 DESPITE MY PROTE/S1 ,I RESIGN FROM IT1 & ?AT IS ALL !RE IS TO IT4 ,! SOCIETY COMES TO AN 5D FROM LACK ( ASSOCIATES4 

,IF1 HAV+ REC\RSE TO =CE1 ! SOCIETY UND]TAKES TO COMPEL ME2 IF IT DEM&S FROM ME SACRIFICE & DEVOTION1 ,I SAY TO IT3 ,HYPOCRITE6 Y\ PROMIS$ TO DELIV] ME FROM BE+ PLUND]$ BY CAPITAL & P[]2 & N[1 9 ! NAME ( EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY1 9 Y\R TURN1 Y\ PLUND] ME4 ,=M]LY1 9 ORD] TO ROB ME1 !Y EXAGG]AT$ MY CAPACITY & M9IMIZ$ MY NE$S4 ,!Y SAID ?AT PRODUCTS CO/ ME SO LITTLE1 ?AT ,I NE$$ SO LITTLE TO LIVE6 ,Y\ >E DO+ ! SAME ?+4 ,:AT DIFF]5CE IS !RE !N BETWE5 FRAT]NITY & ! WAGE SY/EM8 

,IT IS ONE ( TWO ?+S3 EI!R ASSOCIATION IS COMPULSORY1 & 9 ?AT CASE IT IS SLAV]Y2 OR IT IS VOLUNT>Y1 & !N WE ASK :AT GU>ANTEE ! SOCIETY WILL HAVE ?AT ! MEMB] WILL WORK ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY & :AT GU>ANTEE ! MEMB] WILL HAVE ?AT ! ASSOCIATION WILL REW>D HIM ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S8 ,IS IT NOT EVID5T ?AT SU* A DISCUSSION CAN HAVE BUT ONE SOLUTION--?AT ! PRODUCT & ! NE$ BE REG>D$ AS CORRELAT$ EXPRESSIONS1 :I* LEADS US TO ! RULE ( LIB]TY1 PURE & SIMPLE8 

,REFLECT A MOM5T4 ,ASSOCIATION IS NOT AN ECONOMIC =CE2 IT IS ONLY A BOND ( CONSCI5CE1 OBLIGATORY BE=E ?AT 9W>D TRIBUNAL1 & ( NO EFFECT1 OR RA!R ( AN 9JURI\S EFFECT1 9 RELATION TO LABOR & WEAL?4 ,& IT IS NOT BY ! AID ( A MORE OR LESS SKILLFUL >GUM5T ?AT ,I PROVE IT3 IT IS ! RESULT ( 9DU/RIAL PRACTICE S9CE ! ORIG9 ( ASSOCIATIONS4 ,PO/]ITY WILL NOT UND]/& H[1 9 A C5TURY ( 9NOVATION1 WRIT]S1 REPUT$ TO BE ! FIR/ TO UND]/&+ SOCIAL MATT]S1 %\LD HAVE MADE SO MU* NOISE AB\T A PR9CIPLE :I* IS 5TIRELY SUBJECTIVE1 & :I* HAS BE5 EXPLOR$ TO ITS F\NDATIONS BY ALL ! G5]ATIONS ( ! GLOBE4 ,9 A POPULATION ( #cf MILLIONS1 !RE >E #bd MILLIONS OCCUPI$ ) AGRICULTURE4 ,!SE Y\ CAN NEV] ASSOCIATE4 ,:AT USE W\LD IT BE8 ,TO WORK ! SOIL REQUIRES NO SOCIAL MAPP+-\T2 & ! S\L ( ! PEASANT IS AV]SE TO ASSOCIATION4 ,! PEASANT1 REMEMB]1 APPLAUD$ ! REPRESSION ( ,JUNE1 #a#h#d#h1 BECAUSE HE SAW 9 IT AN ACT ( LIB]TY AGA9/ COMMUNISM4 

,\T ( ! #ab MILLIONS REMA9+1 AT LEA/ #f MILLIONS1 COMPOS$ ( ME*ANICS1 >TISANS1 EMPLOY]S1 FUNCTION>IES1 = :OM ASSOCIATION IS )\T OBJECT1 )\T PR(IT1 )\T ATTRACTION1 W\LD PREF] TO REMA9 FREE4 

,!RE >E !N #f MILLION S\LS1 COMPOS+ 9 P>T ! WAGE-WORK+ CLASS1 :OM !IR PRES5T CONDITION MI<T 9T]E/ 9 WORKM5'S ASSOCIATIONS1 )\T CLOS] EXAM9ATION1 & UPON ! /R5G? ( PROMISES1 ,I V5TURE TO SAY 9 ADVANCE TO !SE SIX MILLION P]SONS1 FA!RS1 MO!RS1 *ILDR51 OLD M51 ?AT !Y WILL HA/5 TO FREE !MSELVES FROM !IR VOLUNT>Y YOKE1 IF ! ,REVOLUTION %\LD FAIL TO FURNI% !M ) MORE S]I\S1 MORE REAL REASONS = ASSOCIAT+ !MSELVES ?AN ?OSE :I* !Y FANCY !Y P]CEIVE1 ( :I* ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ! EMPT9ESS4 

,ASSOCIATION HAS 9DE$ ITS USE 9 ! ECONOMY ( NATIONS4 ,! WORKM5'S ASSOCIATIONS >E 9DE$ CALL$ UPON TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! NE> FUTURE2 & >E FULL ( HOPE BO? AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! WAGE SY/EM1 & AS AN AFFIRMATION ( RECIPROCITY4 ,?IS P>T WILL CONSI/ *IEFLY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( L>GE 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 & 9 ! C>RY+ \T ( C]TA9 L>GE UND]TAK+S1 :I* REQUIRE AT ONCE M9UTE DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS1 TOGE!R ) GREAT UNIT$ EFFICI5CY2 & :I* W\LD BE SO MANY S*OOLS = ! LABOR+ CLASS IF ASSOCIATION1 OR BETT]1 P>TICIPATION1 W]E 9TRODUC$4 ,SU* UND]TAK+S1 AMONG O!RS1 >E RAILROADS4 

,BUT ,ASSOCIATION1 BY ITSELF1 DOES NOT SOLVE ! REVOLUTION>Y PROBLEM4 ,F> FROM ?AT1 IT PRES5TS ITSELF AS A PROBLEM1 ! SOLUTION ( :I* IMPLIES ?AT ! ASSOCIATES 5JOY ALL !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 :ILE PRES]V+ ALL ! ADVANTAGES ( UNION2 :I* MEANS ?AT ! BE/ ASSOCIATION IS ONE 9TO :I*1 ?ANKS TO A BETT] ORGANIZATION1 LIB]TY 5T]S MO/ & DEVOTION LEA/4 

,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT WORKM5'S ASSOCIATIONS1 :I* HAVE N[ ALMO/ *ANG$ !IR *>ACT] AS TO ! PR9CIPLES :I* GUIDE !M1 %\LD BE JUDG$1 NOT BY ! MORE OR LESS SUCCESSFUL RESULTS :I* !Y OBTA91 BUT ONLY ACCORD+ TO !IR SIL5T T5D5CY TO ASS]T & E/ABLI% ! SOCIAL REPUBLIC4 

,:E!R ! WORK+M5 KN[ IT OR NOT1 ! IMPORTANCE ( !IR WORK LIES1 NOT 9 !IR PETTY UNION 9T]E/S1 BUT 9 !IR D5IAL ( ! RULE ( CAPITALI/S1 MONEY L5D]S & GOV]NM5TS1 :I* ! FIR/ REVOLUTION LEFT UNDI/URB$4 ,AFT]W>DS1 :5 !Y HAVE CONQU]$ ! POLITICAL LIE1 ! M]CANTILE *AOS1 ! F9ANCIAL FEUDALITY1 ! BODIES ( WORK]S1 AB&ON+ ! >TICLE ( ,P>IS & SU* TOYS1 %\LD TAKE OV] ! GREAT DEP>TM5TS ( 9DU/RY1 :I* >E !IR NATURAL 9H]ITANCE4 

,BUT1 AS REM>K$ A GREAT REVOLUTION>Y1 ,/4 ,PAUL1 ]ROR MU/ HAVE ITS DAY4 ,H]ESIES MU/ COME4 ,IT IS TO BE FE>$ ?AT WE HAVE NOT YET DONE ) ! UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/S4 ,ASSOCIATION WILL BE A PRETEXT = AGITATION & AN 9/RUM5T = *>LATANISM = A LONG :ILE YET1 = A C]TA9 CLASS ( PREA*]S & *ATT]]S4 ,) ! AMBITIONS :I* IT >\SES1 ! 5VY :I* DISGUISES ITSELF AS DEVOTION1 ! 9/9CTS ( DOM9ATION :I* IT REAWAK5S1 IT WILL BE = A LONG TIME YET ONE ( ! REGRETTABLE PREPOSSESSIONS :I* DELAY ! UND]/&+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,! WORKM5'S ASSOCIATIONS !MSELVES1 JU/LY PR\D ( !IR FIR/ SUCCESSES1 C>RI$ AWAY BY !IR COMPETITION ) !IR =M] EMPLOY]S1 9TOXICAT$ BY ! TE/IMONY :I* ALREADY SALUTES 9 !M A NEW P[]1 ZEAL\S1 LIKE ALL FRAT]NITIES1 TO E/ABLI% !IR P[]-SEEK+ PR$OM9ANCE1 WILL HAVE DIFFICULTY TO REFRA9 FROM OV]DO+1 & TO REMA9 )9 ! B\NDS ( !IR P>T4 ,EXORBITANT PRET5SIONS1 GIGANTIC1 IRRATIONAL COALITIONS1 DISA/R\S FLUCTUATIONS1 MAY OCCUR2 :I* A BETT] ACQUA9TANCE ) ! LAWS ( SOCIAL ECONOMY W\LD HAVE PREV5T$4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT A GRAVE RESPONSIBILITY WILL RE/ UPON ,L\IS ,BLANC 9 HI/ORY4 ,IT WAS HE :O1 AT ! ,LUXEMB\RG1 ) HIS RIDDLE1 ,EQUALITY1 ,FRAT]NITY1 ,LIB]TY1 ) HIS 9CANTATION1 ,FROM EA*444 ,TO EA*444 BEGAN ! WRET*$ OPPOSITION ( IDEOLOGY TO IDEAS1 & >\S$ COMMON S5SE AGA9/ ,SOCIALISM4 ,HE ?\<T HIMSELF ! BEE ( ! REVOLUTION3 HE HAS BE5 ONLY ! GRAS%OPP]4 ,AFT] HAV+ 9FECT$ ! WORKM5 ) HIS ABSURD =MULAS1 MAY HE GRANT ! BOON ( SIL5CE TO ! CAUSE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 :I* HAVE FALL5 9TO HIS H&S = ONE DAY ( ]ROR4 

,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE #a#d4 ,IT HAS BE5 DECID$ AGA9/ ! ,MANI*EANS6 8 

,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE #a#e4 ,RECIPROCITY IS NOT ! SAME ?+ AS EX*ANGE3 NEV]!LESS IT T5DS TO BECOME MORE & MORE ! LAW ( EX*ANGE1 & TO BECOME LO/ !RE94 ,! SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( ?IS LAW WAS GIV5 = ! FIR/ TIME1 9 A PAMPHLET1 ,ORGANIZATION ( ,CR$IT & ,CURR5CY 7,P>IS1 #a#h#d#h1 ,G>NI] ,BROS471 & ! FIR/ APPLICATION ATTEMPT$ BY ! ,PEOPLE'S ,BANK4 8 

,FROM 3 FAIR-USE4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahe 3 ,/UDY #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bag 3 ,/UDY #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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