,GLOBAL ,AN>*ISM & ,SYNDICALISM 
,!ORY1 ,HI/ORY1 ,RESI/ANCE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUCI5 ,VAN ,D] ,WALT 

,TEXT 3 

,A,B,/,R,A,C,T3 ,! DISCUSSION BEL[ IS A LI<TLY $IT$ TRANSCRIPTION ( A TALK GIV5 BY ! AU?OR AT ! ,AYE ,C>MELA1 ,RUA DAS ,C>MELITAS1 9 ,SAO ,PAULO1 ,BRAZIL1 ON #b ,NOVEMB] #b#a4 ,?IS >TICLE PROVIDES A GLOBAL P]SPECTIVE ON ! HI/ORY & !ORY ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 >GU+ AGA9/ VIEWS ?AT TREAT AN>*ISM AS SIMPLE 'ANTI-/ATISM' OR A NATURAL HUMAN 'IMPULSE'1 9 FAVOR ( ! >GUM5T ?AT ! CURR5T IS A SOCIALI/1 WORK+ CLASS TRADITION DAT+ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7! ',FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL'71 #a#h#f#d-#a#h#g#g4 ,AN 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T 9 9T5T1 CONCEPTION & MEMB]%IP FROM ! />T1 IT DREW ON A RANGE ( MOD]NI/1 RATIONALI/ SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 & DEVELOP$ A P[]FUL BASE 9 MANY REGIONS ( ! WORLD BY ! #a#i#dS4 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WAS UND\BT$LY IMPORTANT1 AS WAS ! AN>*I/ ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i1 BUT ,SPA9 PROVID$ BUT ONE ( A S]IES ( MASS-BAS$1 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,B>CELONA WAS ONLY ONE 9 A *A9 ( R$-&-BLACK AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ /RON<OLDS1 & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ONLY ONE ( A NUMB] ( MAJOR REBELLIONS1 REVOLUTION>Y REHE>SALS & ACTUAL SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS 9 :I* AN>*ISM_/ SYNDICALISM PLAY$ A DECISIVE ROLE4 ,AL?\< PUBLIC ATT5TION WAS DRAWN BY ! SPECTACUL> ACTIONS ( ! MOVEM5T'S M>G9AL '9SURRECTIONI/' W+1 IT WAS ! 'MASS' AN>*I/ APPROA* - BAS$ ON PATI5T MASS ORGANIZ+ & $UCATION - ?AT PR$OM9AT$4 ,! MOVEM5T'S IMM]SION 9 MASS MOVEM5TS - ESPECIALLY ?R\< SYNDICALISM1 PEASANT & CIVIL RI<TS /RUGGLES1 FI<TS AGA9/ RACISM & WOM5'S OPPRESSION1 & ANTI-COLONIAL & ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES - CAN ALSO ONLY BE PROP]LY APPRECIAT$ FROM A GLOBAL P]SPECTIVE - ONE 9 :I* ! MOVEM5T'S RI* HI/ORY 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD IS PLAC$ C5T]-/AGE4 ,! REAL HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! MY?OLOGICAL1 PROPAG&I/IC HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM ?AT SECTIONS ( ! MOVEM5T SUBSEQU5TLY PROMOT$1 C5T]$ ON CLAIMS ?AT 'AN>*ISM' EXI/$ ACROSS ALL HUMAN HI/ORY1 WAS 'NATURAL' ETC4 

,K,E,Y,W,O,R,D,S3 AN>*ISM1 SYNDICALISM1 LABOR1 ANTI-COLONIALISM1 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 CLASS /RUGGLE1 RADICALISM1 ANTI-GLOBALIZATION1 GLOBAL LABOR HI/ORY 

,A PRELIM9>Y NOTE ON T]MS 

,PLEASE NOTE ?AT :5 ,I USE ! T]M 'SYNDICALISM'1 H]E ,I AM US+ IT 9 ! ,5GLI% S5SE ( SPECIFICALLY MEAN+ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM &_/ OR AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 NOT 9 ! ,ROMANCE LANGUAGE S5SE ( MEAN+ UNIONS 9 G5]AL4 ,& :5 ,I JU/ SAY 'AN>*ISM'1 ,I AM USUALLY 9CLUD+ 'SYNDICALISM' 7BO? AN>*O- & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM7 BECAUSE IT'S A V>IANT ( AN>*ISM4 ,REVOLUTION>Y & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 >E =MS ( AN>*I/ TRADE UNIONISM1 ROOT$ 9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 CON/ITUT+ /RATEGIES = AN>*ISM1 RA!R ?AN A SEP>ATE IDEOLOGY OR MOVEM5T4 

,ONE ( ! KEY ISSUES ?AT MU/ BE ADDRESS$ = A PROJECT LIKE ?IS - A PROJECT :I* LOOKS AT AN>*ISM & SEEKS TO DO SO 9 A TRULY GLOBAL & PLANET>Y WAY1 RA!R ?AN ?R\< A N>R[ FOCUS ON P>TS ( ,EUROPE 7:I* IS H[ ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM IS (T5 DONE7 - IS ?AT Y\ HAVE TO ?9K V]Y C>EFULLY H[ Y\ DEF9E ! SUBJECT4 ,SO1 IF WE >E TO DISCUSS 'AN>*ISM1' WE NE$ TO HAVE A CLE> DEF9ITION1 & ?IS IS :]E WE COME UP AGA9/ SOME S]I\S PROBLEMS 9 ! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE4 

,:AT IS ',AN>*ISM' ,ANYWAY8 

,! ISSUE ( :]E Y\ DRAW ! B\ND>Y >\ND 'AN>*ISM' IS V]Y IMPORTANT4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO ! ANALYSIS & ! RESE>*3 ,I AM NOT TALK+ AB\T DRAW+ AN >BITR>Y B\ND>Y1 JU/ TO BE EXCLUSIVE = ITS [N SAKE4 

,! PROBLEM ) A LOOSE DEF9ITION IS ?AT Y\ DO NOT HAVE A CLE> SUBJECT ( /UDY2 9CLUSION & EXCLUSION BECOME VAGUE1 >BITR>Y & (T5 ABSURD4 ,!RE IS1 9 ,5GLI%1 A WELL-KN[N SURVEY ( AN>*ISM BY ,PET] ,M>%ALL4 ,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT & 9SI<TFUL BOOK4 ,BUT IT DEF9ES AN>*ISM V]Y LOOSELY3 BASICALLY TO BE AN>*I/ IS TO BE AGA9/ 'AU?ORITY'1 ESPECIALLY ! 'AU?ORITY' ( ! /ATE4 ',AU?ORITY' IS NOT REALLY DEF9$ H]E1 & ALSO1 AS ,I WILL %[ LAT]1 JU/ BE+ AGA9/ ! /ATE1 = :ATEV] REASON1 BY NO MEANS PROVIDES A REASONABLE BASIS TO DEF9E SOME?+ OR SOMEONE AS 'AN>*I/'4 

,US+ ?IS APPROA*1 WE F9D ,M>%ALL 9CLUD+ 9 HIS SURVEY ( AN>*ISM ! NEO-LIB]AL ,M>G>ET ,?AT*]1 AS A SO-CALL$ 'AN>*O-CAPITALI/'1 BECAUSE %E OPPOS$ /ATE 9T]V5TION & WELF>E1.<#a.> AS WELL AS ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/ ,*E ,GUEV>A1 BECAUSE ,GUEV>A WAS MILDLY .<,READ MORE444.> CRITICAL ( SOME ( ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME1 FO/]$ A 'LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT'1 & PLAY$ A 'CREATIVE' ROLE 9 ! #a#i#fS4 ,BUT !SE W]E PEOPLE :O EMBRAC$ ! /ATE1 9 PR9CIPLE1 EV5 IF !Y W]E AGA9/ C]TA9 /ATE =MS4 

,& REMEMB]1 ,?AT*] PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 BREAK+ ! ,BRITI% WELF>E /ATE & TRADE UNIONS1 9 DRIV+ D[N WAGES & CLOS+ 9DU/RIES1 & 9 %IFT+ 9COME TO ! RI*4 ,= H]1 BE+ AGA9/ ! /ATE M]ELY MEANT BE+ AGA9/ ! 9T]V5TIONS ( ! /ATE 9 ! FREE M>KET4 ,%E WAS P]FECTLY HAPPY TO USE ! /ATE TO BEAT UP PROTE/]S1 /RIK]S1 TO 9VADE ! ,FALKL&S4 ,AS = ,GUEV>A1 WE >E TALK+ H]E AB\T A MAN :O ADMIR$ ,JOSEPH ,/AL91 :O WORK$ ) ! ,RUSSIAN DICTATOR%IP1 :O HELP$ ]ECT A ONE-P>TY /ATE ) A SECRET POLICE1 9 ,CUBA4 ,SO1 YES1 HE WAS MILDLY CRITICAL ( SOME ELEM5TS ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME1 BUT IT'S A REGIME ?AT HE1 ( C\RSE1 HELP$ CON/RUCT & HELP$ RUN1 A REGIME HE NEV] REPUDIAT$4 

,NOT JU/ ',ANTI-,/ATE' 

,BUT IF WE JU/ DEF9E AN>*ISM AS BE+ 'AGA9/' ! /ATE & AGA9/ 'IMPOS$ POLITICAL AU?ORITY' LIKE ,M>%ALL1 & !N USE ! NOTION ( BE+ 'AGA9/' ! /ATE 9 A V]Y LOOSE & VAGUE WAY 7& H]E1 IT OBVI\SLY DOES NOT EV5 5TAIL WANT+ ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 BUT JU/ SOME *ANGES 9 ! /ATE71 !N IT IS LOGICAL TO 9CLUDE ,GUEV>A & ,?AT*]4 

,BUT IF1 BY ! SAME TOK51 WE CAN LOGICALLY HAVE A /UDY ( AN>*ISM1 LIKE ?AT ( ,M>%ALL ON AN>*ISM1 ?AT IS COM=TABLE 9CLUD+ NEO-LIB]ALS & ,M>XI/- ,L59I/S AS P>T ( ! /ORY AN>*ISM1 !N WE HAVE A LOGICAL PROBLEM4 

,SPECIFICALLY1 IF WE DEF9E AN>*ISM LOOSELY1 AS M]E ANTI-/ATISM1 OR MAYBE AS A VAGUE COMMITM5T TO 'FRE$OM' ( '! 9DIVIDUAL'1 !N IT BECOMES V]Y DIFFICULT TO CONSI/5TLY DI/+UI% IT FROM O!R IDEOLOGIES - NOT LEA/1 FROM NEO-LIB]ALISM & ,M>XISM-,L59ISM4 ,& IF WE CANNOT DI/+UI% AN>*ISM FROM NEO-LIB]ALISM & ,M>XISM-,L59ISM1 !N IT IS PRETTY DIFFICULT TO DEMON/RATE ?AT SU* A CURR5T AS AN>*ISM EV5 EXI/S4 

,ANALYTICALLY1 ! PROBLEM GOES EV5 FUR!R3 IF WE FOLL[ ! L9E ( >GUM5T ?AT ,M>%ALL MAKES1 :]E AN>*ISM IS EFFECTIVELY R$UC$ TO OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE1 !N WE MU/ BE CONSI/5T1 NOT >BITR>Y4 

,IF WE DEF9E AN>*ISM JU/ AS BE+ AGA9/ ! /ATE1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y ,K>L ,M>X OR ,JOSEPH ,/AL9 OR ,MAO ,TSE ,TUNG CANNOT BE 9CLUD$1 BECAUSE !Y ALL SAID1 QUITE EXPLICITLY1 ?AT ! /ATE MU/ 'WI!R AWAY' 9 ! FUTURE1 AS P>T ( ! F9AL EMANCIPATION ( HUMANK9D4 ,GUEV>A MAY HAVE MADE AN APPE>ANCE 9 ,M>%ALL'S BOOK1 BUT !RE IS NO REASON TO EXCLUDE ,/AL9 OR ,MAO4 ,?AT IS >BITR>Y4 ,IF ,GUEV>A CAN FIT1 !RE IS NO REASON ,/AL9 & ,MAO CANNOT4 

,BUT TO DEF9E AN>*ISM 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT CAN EMBRACE ,/AL9 OR ,MAO SEEMS TO ME HI<LY PROBLEMATIC - NOT TO ADD ?AT ?IS IS AN APPROA* ?AT ELIDES ALL SORTS ( CRUCIAL ISSUES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 FIGURES LIKE ,/AL9 & ,MAO W]E ASSOCIAT$ ) MASSIVE REPRESSION1 A ONE-P>TY /ATE & SO ON4 ,I DON'T ?9K ?AT IT IS UNREASONABLE TO SUGGE/ ?AT HI/ORIC AN>*ISM HAS BE5 9 FAVOR ( PLURALISM1 DEBATE & BASIC POLITICAL & CIVIL RI<TS4 ,BUT IF WE DEF9E IT 9 A WAY ?AT CAN 9CLUDE ,/AL91 !N SURELY WE CANNOT CLAIM ?AT HI/ORIC AN>*ISM HAS BE5 9 FAVOR ( PLURALISM1 DEBATE & BASIC POLITICAL & CIVIL RI<TS4 

,SIMIL>LY1 NEO-LIB]ALS >E SKEPTICAL ( ! /ATE1 & !Y BELIEVE ! P[] ( ! /ATE MU/ BE R$UC$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 :E!R IT'S 9 ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE1 OR 9 ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 CONTRACT+ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,SO1 IF TO BE AN>*I/ IS JU/ TO BE AGA9/ ! /ATE1 !N !RE IS NO P>TICUL> REASON NOT TO 9CLUDE1 = 9/ANCE1 ,J4,S4 ,MILL1 VON ,MISES OR VON ,HAYEK OR ,MILTON ,FRI$MAN1 OR EV5 ,G5]AL ,P9O*ET 9 ,*ILI1 9TO ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 BECAUSE !Y >E ANTI-/ATI/ 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y DI/RU/ /ATE 9T]V5TION1 & VIEW ! FREE M>KET AS EMANCIPATORY1 EFFICI5T & NATURAL4 

,CL>ITY ( ANALYSIS 

,BUT TO 9CLUDE ,?AT*] - EV5 IF WE /OP AT ,MILL & ! RE/ - MU/ MEAN ?AT C]TA9 ELEM5TS CAN REASONABLY BE TAK5 AS P>T ( HI/ORIC AN>*ISM1 LIKE OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM1 WAGE SY/EMS1 & PRIVATE PROP]TY1 MU/ ALSO !REBY BE TREAT$ AS IRRELEVANT TO1 AS 9ESS5TIAL TO1 HI/ORIC AN>*ISM4 ,SO1 AN>*ISM H]E BECOMES SOME?+ COMPATIBLE ) ONE-P>TY /ATES 7?R\< ,/AL97 & FREE M>KETS 7?R\< ,?AT*]71 & SIMULTANE\SLY ) 9CREAS$ & R$UC$ /ATE 9T]V5TION1 & ) ONE P>TY /ATES & MULTI-P>TY /ATES1 BE+ AGA9/ 'AU?ORITY' BUT F9E ) TRAMPL+ ON BASIC RI<TS4 

,?R\<\T HI/ORY1 Y\'LL F9D SOME PEOPLE :O >E AGA9/ ! /ATE 9 SOME WAY OR O!R1 BUT TO TREAT !M ALL AS 'AN>*I/S' LEADS US TO /RAI<T 9TO AN ANALYTICAL DEAD 5D4 

,IF AN>*ISM IS JU/ ANTI-/ATISM1 WE CAN & MU/ 9CLUDE AS 'AN>*I/S' BO? ,/AL9 & ,P9O*ET4 ,BUT IF WE CAN 9CLUDE ,/AL9 & ,P9O*ET1 ,M>XI/-,L59I/S & NEO-LIB]ALS1 DICTATORS ( LEFT & RI<T1 & A :OLE HO/ ( O!RS1 !N IF !RE IS ANY?+ EVID5TLY OR SPECIFICALLY 'AN>*I/' ANY:]E1 IT'S NOT CLE> :AT IT MI<T BE4 

,WE CAN TREAT ALL ( ?OSE PEOPLE AS 'AN>*I/S1' BUT IF WE DO1 ! V]Y NOTION ?AT SOME?+ CALL$ 'AN>*ISM' EV5 EXI/S BECOMES NONS5SICAL1 BECAUSE IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO ACTUALLY DEL9EATE AN>*ISM FROM ANY?+ ELSE4 ,& ONCE ?AT IS DONE1 ! V]Y POSSIBILITY OR UTILITY ( ACTUALLY /UDY+ & UND]/&+ AN>*ISM 9 ! FIR/ PLACE IS DE/ROY$ BY ! PROJECT ( TRY+ TO DO SO4 

,IF WE USE ! >GUM5T ?AT 'AN>*ISM' MEANS PRETTY MU* ANY?+ ?AT IS AGA9/ ! /ATE1 !N WE WILL C]TA9LY F9D AN>*I/S EV]Y:]E4 ,M>%ALL IS P]FECTLY CONSI/5T :5 HE SAYS ?AT ! FIR/ 'AN>*I/' WAS ,ADAM1 9 ! ,G>D5 ( ,$51 :5 HE DIDN'T LI/5 TO ,GOD4 ,BUT ! PROBLEM IS ?AT IF AN>*ISM IS UNIV]SAL 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 !N IT CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ BY REF]5CE TO *ANG+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,?IS W\LD MEAN1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT AN>*ISM IS 9 SOME WAY A NATURAL P>T ( HUMANITY4 ,BUT IF ?AT IS ! CASE1 !N !RE IS ANO!R S]I\S ANALYTICAL PROBLEM3 IF AN>*ISM IS NATURAL TO PEOPLE1 !N WE CANNOT UND]/& MU* ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 :I* UND\BT$LY 9VOLVES ! ONGO+ EXPANSION ( OPPRESSION1 EXPLOITATION1 & ( ! P[] ( AN ELITE FEW OV] A WORK+ & POOR MAJORITY4 

,MOVEM5T MY?S V]SUS MOVEM5T REALITIES 

,N[1 H]E WE MU/ GRAPPLE ) ANO!R PROBLEM1 :I* IS ?AT ALL POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 ALL MOVEM5TS TO *ANGE ! WORLD1 CREATE >\ND !MSELVES A SET ( MY?S4 ,AN>*I/S ALSO MAKE !IR [N MY?S3 ! >GUM5T ?AT AN>*ISM IS SOMEH[ A UNIV]SAL FEATURE ( HUMAN SOCIETY IS ONE ?AT SOME KEY AN>*I/S HAVE US$ 9 ORD] TO LEGITIMIZE !IR EMBATTL$1 CONTROV]SIAL MOVEM5T4 

,MAK+ CLAIMS ?AT AN>*ISM IS UNIV]SAL & /EEP$ 9 ! AGES IS A SIMPLE & EASY WAY ( DEFLECT+ CLAIMS ?AT ! MOVEM5T IS NEW1 IMPOSSIBLE OR BIZ>RE4 ,IT ALL[S1 = EXAMPLE1 AN>*I/S TO CLAIM AN ANCI5T & V5]ABLE L9EAGE & A MASSIVE HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE2 & IT 'NATURALIZES' ! MOVEM5T4 ,BUT IT'S JU/ NOT A VALID CLAIM1 H[EV] POLITICALLY USEFUL IT MI<T SEEM TO BE4 

,WE MU/ !RE=E DI/+UI% BETWE5 C]TA9 AN>*I/ MY?S1 FROM ! ACTUAL HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM4 ,SO1 TO /UDY AN>*ISM WE HAVE TO /UDY AN>*ISM1 BUT NOT NECESS>ILY ALWAYS 9 ! WAY ?AT ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES HAVE PRES5T$ !MSELVES4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO /UDY H[ ! AN>*I/S CREAT$ MY?OLOGIES1 BUT ALSO IMPORTANT NOT ACCEPT ?OSE MY?OLOGIES1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R SOME AN>*I/S PROPAGATE ?OSE MY?OLOGIES1 OR ?OSE MY?OLOGIES RECUR 9 ACADEMIC WORKS4 

,ALL[ ME TO DRAW AN ANALOGY4 ,NATIONALI/S HAVE USUALLY DEVELOP$ A MY?ICAL & SELF-AGGR&IZ+ HI/ORY ( !IR NATION1 PRES5T$ AS REA*+ BACK 9TO DEEP ANTIQUITY1 ) AN UN*ANG+ CULTURE1 A %>$ HI/ORY1 COMMON FOOD1 DRESS1 T]RITORY1 LANGUAGE & SO ON4 ,NATIONALI/S HAVE !N 9S]T$ !MSELVES AT ! TRUE BE>]S ( ?IS HI/ORY4 ,V]Y (T51 !SE CLAIMS >E SIMPLY1 DEMON/RABLY NOT TRUE2 WE CAN RECOGNIZE !SE AS MY?S1 ) A POLITICAL PURPOSE4 

,ANALYZ+ !SE AS MY?S IS IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE IT TELLS US SOME?+ AB\T H[ ! NATIONALI/S VIEW !MSELVES1 H[ !IR IDEAS >E EXPRESS$ & SO ON4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE FUNDAM5TALLY MI/AK5 TO TAKE NATIONALI/S' VIEWS ( ! NATION'S HI/ORY LIT]ALLY1 S9CE !SE VIEWS >E USUALLY PR(\NDLY FLAW$1 MISLEAD+ & SELECTIVE4 

,LIKEWISE1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO /UDY H[ AN>*I/ IDEOLOGUES LIKE ,PIOTR ,KROPOTK9 & ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 7TO GIVE TWO EXAMPLES7 CREAT$ MY?ICAL HI/ORIES ( 'AN>*ISM'1 :Y !Y DID SO1 & :AT EFFECTS ?IS HAS HAD ON AN>*ISM & AN>*I/S1 & ON ! HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( AN>*ISM & AN>*I/S4 

,NATIONALI/S1 WE KN[1 MAKE MY?S1 & WE DO NOT TAKE !SE AT FACE VALUE1 AS SELF-EVID5TLY TRUE4 ,BUT WE EXAM9E ! MY?S AS MY?S4 

,BUT AN>*I/S ALSO MAKE MY?S1 & !SE %\LD ALSO NOT BE TAK5 AT FACE VALUE4 ,RA!R WE MU/ EXAM9E ! MY?S4 

,:AT GETS 9CLUD$ 9 ! MY?S IS V]Y 9T]E/+1 S9CE IT TELLS US SOME?+ AB\T ! AN>*I/S ?AT 9V5T !M4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS QUITE EXPLICIT 9 SUGGE/+ ?AT AN>*ISM HAS DEEP ROOTS 9 BO? ,ASIAN & ,EUROPEAN CULTURES3 BY DO+ ?IS HE DELIB]ATELY PRES5T$ AN>*ISM AS UNIV]SAL1 REJECT+ ,EUROC5TRISM4 ,ROCK] /RESS$ ! L9KS BETWE5 ! AN>*I/S & ! FIR/ MOD]N WORK+- CLASS MOVEM5T1 CIT+ SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! ,*>TI/S 9 ,BRITA9 9 ! #a#h#dS1 & VISION>Y E>LY LABOR LEAD]S LIKE ,ROB]T ,[53 ?IS %[S HIS /RESS ON TRADE UNIONISM1 ! MOD]N WORK+-CLASS & ON AN>*ISM'S L9KS TO O!R SOCIALI/S4 

,BUT IT W\LD SURELY BE A MI/AKE TO LIT]ALLY FOLL[ ,KROPOTK9 9 CLAIM+ ?AT ,LAO ,TZE 9 ANCI5T ,*9A1 OR ,Z5O 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE1 W]E LIT]ALLY AN>*I/S1 OR TO SUGGE/1 AS ,ROCK] ALMO/ DOES1 ?AT ! ,[5ITES W]E SYNDICALI/S4 

,! PO9T IS ?AT WE MU/ UND]/& ! MOVEM5T ?AT MAKES ! MY?S1 RA!R ?AN TAKE ! MY?S ! MOVEM5T MAKES AS LIT]ALLY TRUE4 ,TO UND]/& AN>*ISM1 AS A MOVEM5T1 WE %\LD UND]/& :AT IT SAYS AB\T ITSELF1 BUT WE NE$ TO UND]/& ?AT ?IS IS A MOVEM5T1 :I* EM]G$ AT A P>TICUL> PO9T1 AT :I* IT C\LD !N SPEAK AB\T ITSELF1 US+ V>I\S /RATEGIES4 

,LET ME /RESS H]E1 & ?IS IS IMPORTANT1 ?AT NOT EV]Y AN>*I/ HAS B\<T 9TO !SE MY?ICAL HI/ORIES1 OR ?AT ! AN>*I/S EV5 HAVE ONE UNIFI$ SET ( MY?ICAL HI/ORIES4 

,!RE IS A /RONG TRADITION 9 AN>*ISM ?AT WAS NEV] 9VOLV$ 9 CREAT+ !SE MY?ICAL HI/ORIES3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 = EXAMPLE1 NEV] MADE SU* CLAIMS1 :ILE WRIT]S LIKE ,GEORGES ,FONT5IS W]E V]Y CRITICAL ( SU* MY?S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE W]E MANY MY?S & NO REAL UNIFI$ SYN!SIS ( !M3 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! MOVEM5T HAD DIFF]5T MY?S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ,HA ,KI ,RAK CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,DONG ,HAK PEASANT W> ( #ahid 9 ,KOREA WAS 9 MANY RESPECTS ID5TICAL TO ! AN>*I/ #aicf ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 A CLAIM ?AT IS NOT F\ND 9 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 

,UND]/&+ ! IDEAS & DEBATES 

,N[1 A LA/ ISSUE3 IF WE DEF9E AN>*ISM AS ANTI-/ATISM 7OR EV5 AS VAGUELY COMMITT$ TO 'FRE$OM'7 & !N1 LOGICALLY 5\<1 MU/ 9CLUDE UND] ! AN>*I/ BANN] SU* RADICALLY DIFF]5T PEOPLE AS ,?AT*]1 ,GUEV>A & ,BAKUN91 & SO ON1 !N \R DISCUSSION ( AN>*ISM AS A SET ( IDEAS MU/ ALWAYS BE PR(\NDLY SUP]FICIAL BECAUSE IT IS TRY+ TO UND]/& IDEAS ?AT >E TOTALLY DIFF]5T TO EA* O!R - & ?AT DO NOT BELONG TOGE!R 9 ANY WAY4 

,?AT IS1 WE CAN ONLY GR\P !SE DISP>ATE FIGURES IF \R DISCUSSIONS ( AN>*I/ !ORY >E VAGUE1 & IF WE IGNORE ! MANY PO9TS ( DEEP DIV]G5CE BETWE5 !SE FIGURES4 ,BUT IF ! BASIS ( GR\P+ IS FLAW$1 ! GR\P+ IS MI/AK54 

,IF1 TO PUT IT ANO!R WAY1 WE CLAIM ?AT ,?AT*]1 ,GUEV>A & ,BAKUN9 CAN ALL BE SE5 AS SOMEH[ P>T ( ONE TRADITION1 !N WE CAN ONLY EXAM9E :AT !Y %>E4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS IS ?AT WE CANNOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT A WIDE RANGE ( ISSUES ON :I* !Y DIFF]1 SU* AS CAPITALISM & /ATES1 NOT TO M5TION ! V]Y MEAN+ ( 'FRE$OM' & 'ANTI-/ATISM'1 NOT TO M5TION EV5 MORE COMPLICAT$ ISSUES1 ( !ORY 7= EXAMPLE1 >\ND SOCIAL /RUCTURE71 ( /RATEGY 7= EXAMPLE1 OV] VANGU>DISM & ONE-P>TY RULE7 & TACTICS 7EV5 ISSUES AS KEY AS H[ AN>*I/S %\LD ACT74 

,) ?IS SORT ( APPROA*1 ! DEBATES 9 ! HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ITS A*IEVEM5TS1 9 !ORY & 9 PRAXIS 79 FACT ! MO/ !ORY & POLITICS ( ! MOVEM5T ITSELF71 GET LO/4 ,WE 5D UP ) BANAL DISCUSSIONS ?AT DEAL VAGUELY & SUP]FICIALLY ) MANY ISSUES1 & ?AT 5TIRELY IGNORE A GREAT DEAL MORE ISSUES4 ,SO1 A DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM AS 'ANTI-/ATISM1' CANNOT REALLY SAY :O IS 9 AN>*ISM & :O IS \TSIDE ( AN>*ISM2 CANNOT REALLY SAY :AT AN>*ISM WAS & :Y IT EM]G$2 CANNOT REALLY SAY :AT ! AN>*I/S DID & :Y1 & :Y !Y SUCCE$$ OR FAIL$2 IT CANNOT EV5 SAY REALLY1 :AT ! AN>*I/S WANT$ & ?\<T4 

,BUT !RE IS AN ALT]NATIVE APPROA* ?AT EXI/S 9 ! LIT]ATURE1 :I* >GUES ?AT AN>*ISM EM]G$ AT A SPECIFIC PO9T 9 HI/ORY1 9 ! =M ( A NEW MASS MOVEM5T ?AT WAS EVID5T TO OBS]V]S AS A NEW MOVEM5T - A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,!N WE CAN LOOK AT :AT ?AT MOVEM5T S\<T1 & :AT ITS HI/ORICAL TRAJECTORY 5TAIL$4,!N WE CAN ALSO />T TO UND]/& ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS - 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL - 9 :I* ?IS MOVEM5T EM]G$1 & SO1 EXPLA9 ITS RISE & FALL4 ,?AT IS1 WE CAN UND]/& ITS HI/ORY AS A SOCIAL =CE - ?R\< SOCIAL ANALYSIS4 ,& WE CAN ALSO EXAM9E ! EVOLUTION1 ?AT IS1 ! HI/ORY1 ( ITS IDEAS1 & WE CAN ID5TIFY AN AN>*I/ L9EAGE ( MOVEM5TS1 & AN AN>*I/ CANON ( WRIT]S4 

,IF WE HI/ORICIZE AN>*ISM1 WE CAN DEL9EATE IT1 & EXPLA9 IT & UND]/& IT4 

,AN>*I/ ,HI/ORIES3 ,BAKUN9 & ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS 

,! HI/ORICAL RECORD %[S V]Y CLE>LY ?AT A SPECIFIC1 SELF-DEF9$1 CONSCI\SLY AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ONLY & FIR/1 EM]G$ 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL >\ND ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY4 ,?AT PUTS IT 9 ! P]IOD FROM #a#h#f#d1 >\ND #ae YE>S AGO - NOT 9 ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 & NOT 9 ! ,ANCI5T WORLD4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT !RE W]E NOT PEOPLE :O HAD IDEAS ?AT ANTICIPAT$ OR PREFIGUR$ P>TS ( AN>*ISM OR ?AT !RE W]E NOT O!R LIB]T>IAN CURR5TS1 BE=E OR AFT] ?IS MOM5T4 ,BUT IT IS TO >GUE1 TO 9SI/1 ?AT 9 ORD] TO UND]/& :AT AN>*ISM WAS & IS1 WE HAVE TO USE A HI/ORICAL APPROA*4 ,A HI/ORICAL APPROA* PO9TS US TO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?AT LOCATES AN>*ISM1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 AS ROOT$ 9 ! WORK+ CLASS & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,?AT ALSO PLACES IT FIRMLY 9 A TRADITION ( RADICAL ?\<T GO+ BACK TO ! #a#hS4 

,& IF WE LOOK H]E - TO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL - !N A GOOD WAY TO />T TO GRAPPLE ) ITS KEY IDEAS IS TO LOOK AT ! WRIT+S ( ,BAKUN91 HIS !ORIES1 & ALSO ?OSE ( ,PIOTR ,KROPOTK91 ! O!R GREAT LUM9>Y ( ! EM]G5T AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,N[1 PLEASE LET ME /RESS ?AT ?IS APPROA* DOES NOT CLAIM ?AT !SE TWO1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 HAD A COMPREH5SIVE WORLDVIEW ?AT WAS UN*ANG+ & ?AT EM]G$ P]FECTLY =M$4 ,IT DOES NOT CLAIM ?AT ANY?+ & EV]Y?+ ?AT !Y SAID WAS A P]FECT REVELATION1 AGA9/ :I* ALL CLAIMS ( TRU? HAVE TO BE JUDG$ OR ?AT !Y 9V5T$ AN>*ISM4 

,IT'S NOT SAY+ ANY?+ LIKE ?AT ?AT4 ,RA!R1 IT'S >GU+1 SIMPLY1 ?AT !IR IDEAS & WRIT+S >E1 BY ANY REASONABLE MEASURE1 F\NDATIONAL & REPRES5TATIVE TEXTS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,9FLU5CES & ANTEC$5TS 

,C]TA9LY1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 :I* EM]G$ 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 WAS 9FLU5C$1 V]Y 9FLU5C$ 9DE$1 BY ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ( ,P4,J4 ,PR\DHON1 :O WAS WRIT+ FROM ! #a#h#cS - & 9 P>TICUL>1 BY HIS /RESS ON SELF-MANAGEM5T1 DEC5TRALIZATION & ANTI-/ATISM4 ,BUT 9FLU5CE DOES NOT MEAN SOME?+ IS ID5TICAL4 ,! AN>*I/ CURR5T WAS V]Y DIFF]5T TO ,PR\DHON'S BECAUSE 7AS ,I WILL %[ 9 ITS /RATEGY & ITS OV]ALL \TLOOK7 IT 5GAG$ 9 SOME S]I\S RUPTURES ) ,PR\DHON'S APPROA*4 ,IT WAS NOT ,PR\DHONISM BUT IT WAS 9FLU5C$ BY IT4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! NEW 'AN>*I/' MOVEM5T WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ,K>L ,M>X1 :O WAS WRIT+ FROM ! #a#h#dS - & 9 P>TICUL> BY ! ECONOMIC !ORIES ( ,K>L ,M>X1 NOT HIS POLITICS BUT HIS ECONOMICS4 ,IT US$ ,M>XI/ ECONOMICS1 BUT 9 A CRITICAL WAY1 9 A WAY ?AT 5GAG$ & ACTUALLY TRANSC5D$ & DEVELOP$ ?OSE ECONOMICS1 9 A WAY ?AT1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/1 EV5 SEEMS TO SOLVE SOME ( ! PROBLEMS 9 ,M>XI/ ECONOMICS 7= EXAMPLE1 IT DEVELOPS A BETT] PRICE !ORY1 :I* TAKES 9TO ACC\NT ! IMPACT ( P[] RELATIONS74 

,IT WAS NOT ,M>XISM BUT IT WAS 9FLU5C$ BY IT4 ,9FLU5CE IS NOT ID5TITY4 

,& LA/1 ! AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E ONLY POSSIBLE AGA9/ ! BACKDROP ( A MASSIVE & GLOBAL F]M5T 9 RADICAL ?\<T1 DRIV5 BY MASSIVE CLASS /RUGGLES1 FROM ! SIXTE5 HUNDR$S4 ,!Y W]E P>T ( ! F]M5T ( MOD]N IDEAS ( SCI5CE & FRE$OM1 :I* WE CAN GIVE MANY LABELS1 9CLUD+ ?AT ( '! ,5LI<T5M5T'4 ,& :5 ,I SPEAK ( '! ,5LI<T5M5T'1 LET ME /ATE TO AVOID ANY MISUND]/&+3 '! ,5LI<T5M5T' WAS ! PRODUCT ( ! ,ATLANTIC WORLD1 9VOLV+ ,EUROPE1 BUT ALSO ! ,AM]ICAS & ,AFRICA2 IT WAS ALSO P>T ( ! GREAT CYCLE ( CLASS & NATIONAL & 9TELLECTUAL REBELLIONS ?AT %OOK F\R CONT95TS 9 ?IS P]IOD4 

,CORE ,IDEAS ( ,AN>*ISM 

,N[1 ,I'M ASSUM+ PEOPLE HAVE AN UND]/&+ ( :AT AN>*ISM IS1 BUT P]HAPS ,I %\LD TAKE A /EP BACK & CL>IFY3 IF WE LOOK AT IT .<AN>*ISM.> !RE HAVE BE5 ?REE OR F\R MA9 FUNDAM5TALS ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,!SE 9CLUDE OPPOSITION TO RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 9CLUD+ ?OSE EXPRESS$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T 7OR ! /ATE7 & ?OSE EXPRESS$ 9 CAPITALISM1 BUT ALSO 9CLUD+ ?OSE EXPRESS$ 9 ALL SORTS ( O!R WAYS AMONG HUMAN BE+S 7SU* AS NATIONAL OPPRESSION74 ,!SE POSITIONS W]E EXPRESS$ CLE>LY 9 ! WORKS ( ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 & ! MOVEM5T ?AT WAS BORN 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 & NO REASONABLE DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM CAN VIEW !SE AS 9ESS5TIAL TO ! AN>*I/ PROJECT4 

,LIB]ALS /RESS ! IMPORTANCE ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & SO =?1 & ,M>XI/S /RESS ! IMPORTANCE ( ABOLI%+ CAPITALISM1 BUT IT IS AN>*ISM ?AT TOOK !SE TWO P>TS1 & PUT !M TOGE!R 9 A WAY ?AT NONE ( !SE O!RS REALLY MANAG$ TO DO1 ) A RADICAL LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,SO1 AN>*ISM IS A MOVEM5T ?AT IS AGA9/ HI]>*Y & ?AT IS AGA9/ EXPLOITATION1 & IT IS A MOVEM5T ?AT 79 O!R WORDS7 L9KS ! /RUGGLE = 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM TO ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM & ! /ATE4 ,) ?IS !ORETICAL POSITION IT HAS BE5 ABLE TO DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( A RANGE ( O!R =MS ( DOM9ATION1 = EXAMPLE IMP]IALISM & NATIONAL OPPRESSION1 & TO ALSO PO9T \T ! DANG]S ( OPPOS+ CAPITALISM BY US+1 = EXAMPLE1 DICTATORIAL /ATES4 

,9 T]MS ( ITS /RATEGY1 ! OV]ALL /RATEGY AN>*ISM EMPHASIZES IS ! NE$ TO BUILD A MOVEM5T FROM BEL[ ( ! POPUL> CLASSES 7! BROAD WORK+ CLASS & ! PEASANTRY71 :I* CAN FI<T AGA9/ ALL !SE 9EQUITIES & CREATE A NEW & BETT] WORLD4 ,IT AIMS AT REVOLUTION FROM BEL[1 ! =CIBLE OCCUPATION ( ! WORKPLACES & ! DEFEAT ( ! /ATE MA*9]Y 9 A DECISIVE CONFRONTATION1 CONFLICT4 ,?IS IS QUITE DIFF]5T TO ,PR\DHON1 :O 5VISAG$ A SL[ PROCESS ( COOP]ATIVES BE+ BUILT UP1 SL[LY REPLAC+ CAPITALISM4 

,PROLET>IAN & CLASS 9T]NATIONALISM 

,ONE ( ! KEY ?+S 9 ?IS REG>D1 9 REG>D TO ?IS REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE & /RESS ON CLASS /RUGGLE1 IS ?AT :AT DEF9ES AN>*ISM 7CONTR>Y TO1 SAY1 NATIONALISM7 IS A ?OR\<GO+ 9T]NATIONALISM - A LIT]AL & PR9CIPL$ 9T]NA- TIONALISM1 LIT]ALLY ',WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD ,UNITE6' AS A VISION1 AS A PRACTICE1 & AS A WAY ( ?9K+4 

,?IS MEANS A CLASS-BAS$ POLITICS1 :I* SEES ! POPUL> CLASSES WORLDWIDE AS HAV+ MORE 9 COMMON ) EA* O!R NO MATT] !IR C\NTRY1 ?AN !Y CAN EV] REALLY HAVE ) ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ELITES )9 !IR HOME C\NTRIES4 

,%>P FOCUS1 BETT] PICTURE 

,N[1 >M$ ) A HI/ORICIZ$ DEF9ITION & UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM & ITS (F%OOTS ( REVOLUTION>Y & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 & AN IDEA ( ITS BASIC PR9CIPLES & ITS KEY FIGURES1 WE CAN />T TO ANALYZE AN>*ISM GLOBALLY1 & LOOK AT IT AS A WORLDWIDE MOVEM5T4 ,?IS HAS MAJOR IMPLICATIONS = H[ WE UND]/& AN>*ISM'S HI/ORY1 ITS IMPACT & ITS A*IEVEM5TS4 

,9 ONE WAY1 WE HAVE 'N>R[$' ! DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM1 BUT ?IS V]Y N>R[+ ALL[S US TO HAVE A CLE>] FOCUS1 JU/ LIKE ) A CAM]A3 Y\ CAN SEE BETT]1 DESPITE A %>P] FOCUS4 

,SO1 !N1 WE CAN WORK 9 A SY/EMATIC WAY TO UND]/& ?IS AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 AS IT EM]G$ & AS IT OP]AT$ GLOBALLY1 & WE CAN />T TO REALLY UND]/& ! PATT]NS 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,SO IF WE >E LOOK+ AT ! MOVEM5T FROM ! #a#h#fS ONW>DS1 & WE >E TAK+ A GLOBAL VIEW1 !RE >E SOME IMPORTANT *ANGES 9 \R M9DSET ?AT MU/ >ISE1 ?AT MU/ FOLL[4 

,GLOBAL AN>*ISM3 PROV9CIALIZ+ ,SPA9 

,N[1 ONE ( ! KEY ISSUE ?AT >ISES IS ?AT V]Y (T51 :5 WE ?9K ( ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM1 WE FOCUS HEAVILY ON ,SPA9 & ON ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 ,& ( C\RSE1 ! /ORY ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM IS C5TRAL TO ! /ORY ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM WORLDWIDE4 

,BUT :5 WE LOOK GLOBALLY WE F9D ?AT ! /ORY ( ,SPA9 IS NOT SO UNIQUE1 WE F9D ?AT ,SPANI% AN>*ISM IS JU/ ONE 'PROV9CE' 9 A WORLDWIDE AN>*I/ 'C\NTRY'4 ,&1 9 FACT1 BY SOME MEASURES 7= EXAMPLE IF WE LOOK AT ! 9FLU5CE ( AN>*ISM 9 TRADE UNIONS7 WE F9D MOVEM5TS ELSE:]E ?AT >E BIGG] ?AN ?AT ( ,SPA94 

,SO1 ?IS ISN'T TO SAY ,SPA9 IS NOT IMPORTANT1 BUT ?AT ,SPA9 IS P>T ( A L>G] AN>*I/ WORLD & ?AT ,B>CELONA IS JU/ ONE ( A :OLE *A9 ( R$-&-BLACK CITIES4 

,TO ,SPA9'S GREAT FI]Y ROSE ( AN>*ISM1 ,B>CELONA1 WE MU/ ADD O!R R$-&- BLACK CITIES LIKE ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ,*ICAGO1 ,GUANGZH\1 ,GLASG[1 ,HAVANA1 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 ,MONTEVIDEO1 ,SANTOS1 ,TOKYO - ALL CITIES ) A MAJOR AN>*I/ OR SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE4 ,& !N ! SECOND TI] R$-&-BLACK CITIES1 ) SUB/ANTIAL MOVEM5TS 7BUT NOT AS L>GE AS ?OSE JU/ M5TION$71 LIKE ,ALEX&RIA1 ,AUCKL&1 ,JOHANNESBURG4 

,! PO9T1 H]E1 IS ?AT :5 Y\ UND]/& AN>*ISM CLE>LY & Y\ TAKE A GLOBAL VIEW1 Y\ />T TO SEE ?AT ?IS HI/ORY NE$S TO BE BR\<T BACK 9TO MANY O!R HI/ORIES3 ! HI/ORIES ( UNIONS1 PEASANT /RUGGLES1 ( CIVIL RI<TS & NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES >E ALL HI/ORIES ?AT ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S %AP$1 & HI/ORIES ?AT CANNOT BE UND]/OOD ADEQUATELY UNLESS WE LOOK AT H[ !SE HI/ORIES 9T]SECT ) AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ HI/ORY1 GLOBALLY4 

,9FLU5CE & LABOR MOVEM5TS 

,N[1 LOOK+ AT 9T]NATIONAL PATT]NS IS ONE WAY TO UND]/& & ASSIMILATE ALL ?IS 9=MATION4 ,SO1 LET US TAKE ONE TR5D1 :I* IS ! ROLE ( AN>*I/S 79CLUD+ SYNDICALI/S7 9 F\ND+ & PIONE]+ TRADE UNION MOVEM5TS4 ,& LET'S />T 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD4 ,ISABELO ,DE ,LOS ,REYES1 :O F\ND$ ! FIR/ TRADE UNION 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES 9 #a#i#b1 WAS DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,9 ,*9A1 IT WAS ! AN>*I/S :O =M$ ! FIR/ MOD]N TRADE UNIONS FROM #aiad ONW>DS1 & 9 ,GUANGZH\ & ,HUNAN ! UNIONS W]E L$ BY AN>*I/S F> 9TO ! #a#i#bS4 

,9 ,S\? ,AFRICA ! FIR/ TRADE UNION = BLACK ,AFRICANS WAS SET UP BY REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,SIMIL>LY 9 ,IREL& ! FIR/ 9DU/RIAL UNIONS W]E L$ BY PEOPLE ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,I,W,W 7,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 =M$ 9 ! ,U,S,A 9 #a#i#e7 TRADITION ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM 9 #a#i#i4 ,& !SE UNIONS W]E SUCCESSES1 !Y WON VICTORIES1 !Y ORGANIZ$ & $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 & AT TIMES !Y GREW EXPLOSIVELY3 9 ,IREL&1 BY #a#i#b1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/- 9FLU5C$ UNIONS HAD GR[N FROM #e1 TO #a#b14 

,?IS PO9TS TO ANO!R MAJOR PATT]N 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS ITS ROLE 9 ORGANIZ+ MASSIVE /RIKES & CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,I WILL ILLU/RATE ?IS BY REF]R+ H]E TO SOME IMPORTANT /RIKES3 ,P>MA1 ,ITALY1 9 #a#i#g2 ,P>IS1 ,FRANCE1 9 #a#i#a2 ,AUCKL&1 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 9 #a#i#a#c4 

,BANN]S C>RI$ BY SYNDICALI/S 9 ! #aiac MASS /RIKE 9 ,AUCKL&1 BY MEMB]S ( ! !N-RADICAL ,NEW ,ZEAL& ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7KN[N AS ! ',R$ ,F$S'71 DISPLAY$ ! SLOGAN ',IF BLOOD BE ! PRICE ( Y\R CURS$ WEAL?1 ,GOOD ,GOD1 WE HAVE PAID 9 FULL'4 ,?IS CAME /RAI<T FROM A POEM WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ BY ! ,I,W,W 9T]NATIONALLY1 HAV+ FEATUR$ 9 ITS RADICAL PRESS & SONGS TRANSPORT$ BY MIGRANTS1 :I* />TS ',WE HAVE F$ Y\ ALL = A ?\S& YE>S1 & Y\ HAIL US /ILL UNF$ 444' ,?IS POEM TRI$ TO EXPLA9 H[ WORK+ & POOR PEOPLE HAVE BUILT ! WORLD WE HAVE1 BUT HAVE BE5 EXCLUD$ FROM ITS B5EFITS4 ,& ! TEXT ON ! BANN]1 ',IF BLOOD BE ! PRICE ( Y\R CURS$ WEAL? 444' =MULAT$1 9 A P[]FUL WAY1 ! CLAIM ?AT ! WEAL? ( ! RUL+ CLASS IS PAID = BY ! BLOOD ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY - & ?AT !SE POPUL> CLASSES HAVE PAID HEAVILY1 HAVE PAID MORE ?AN 5\<1 & HAD A RADICAL CLAIM = DEEP *ANGE4 

,& TO CONT9UE3 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S L$ MASSIVE /RIKES 9 #aiae & #a#i#a#f2 9 ,JOHANNESBURG1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 9 #a#i#a#h1 SYNDICALI/S WORK$ ) BLACK ,AFRICAN NATIONALI/S TO TRY & ORGANIZE A G5]AL /RIKE2 9 ,*ICAGO1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 #a#i#a#i1 SYNDICALI/S LIKE ,WILLIAM ,FO/] PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 A MASSIVE /RIKE BY /EEL WORK]S4 ,9 ,JAPAN1 TOO1 ! AN>*I/S W]E V]Y IMPORTANT 9 ! TRADE UNIONS1 & PUBLI%$ ! FIR/ PAP] DEAL+ SPECIFICALLY ) LABOR1 CALL$ ',LABOR ,MOVEM5T'4 ,AN>*I/-L$ SYNDICALI/ UNIONS 9 ,PORTUGAL 9CLUD$ A RANGE ( GR\PS NOT NORMALLY ?\<T ( AS UNION MEMB]S1 SU* AS >TI/S & T5ANTS1 & ?IS 5ABL$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ACTIONS SU* AS A MAJOR T5ANTS' /RIKE AGA9/ HI< R5T 9 ,LISBON 9 #a#i#b#a4 

,TO DRAW TOGE!R ?IS \TL9E ( ! MOVEM5T'S UNION ROLE1 & ITS ROLE 9 WORKPLACE /RUGGLES1 ,I WANT TO LI/ SOME C\NTRIES :]E AN>*I/S OR SYNDICALI/S AT ONE /AGE OR ANO!R W]E ! MA9 =CE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T3 ,>G5T9A1 

,BRAZIL1 ,*ILI1 ,CUBA1 ,FRANCE1 ,MEXICO1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,P]U1 ,PORTUGAL1 & ,URUGUAY4 ,& ( C\RSE ,SPA91 AL?\< !RE !Y W]E ALWAYS *ALL5G$ BY A L>GE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RIVAL UNION1 ! ,U,G,T OR ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S1 ?AT (T5 MAT*$ ! AN>*I/ ,C,N,T OR ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 9 NUMB]S & WORKPLACE 9FLU5CE4 ,O!R C\NTRIES :]E !Y W]E L>GE & 9FLU5TIAL1 BUT NOT HEGEMONIC1 9 LABOR1 9CLUDE ,AU/RALIA1 ,BOLIVIA1 ,BULG>IA1 ,*9A1 ,ECUADOR1 ,EGYPT1 ,EL ,SALVADOR1 ,GUATEMALA1 ,G]MANY1 ,IREL&1 ,ITALY1 ,JAPAN1 ,MOZAMBIQUE1 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ,P>AGUAY1 ,POL&1 ,S\? ,AFRICA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,?AT'S AN \TL9E COV]+ JU/ A FEW YE>S1 & A FEW PLACES1 JU/ A N>R[ SLICE ( A GIANT HI/ORY2 ?AT IS NOT ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T BY ANY MEANS1 A MOVEM5T ?AT W5T BACK 9TO ! #a#h#fS & CONT9UES TODAY1 & ?AT HAS HAD MANY MAJOR ORGANIZATIONS & A*IEVEM5TS 9 ?AT #a#e-YE> TIME SPAN4 

,POPUL> IMPR9TS & POLITICS 

,N[1 ! PO9T ( ?IS SECTION IS SIMPLY TO UND]L9E ! POPUL> IMPR9T ( ! MOVEM5T1 TO %[ ?AT ! MOVEM5T ( ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 WAS IMPORTANT 9 WORKPLACES1 WAS IMPORTANT = MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 WAS ABLE TO W9 REAL MAT]IAL GA9S1 :E!R 9 ! =M ( HI<] WAGES OR 9 ! =M ( L[] R5TS2 ALSO1 ?AT IT WAS A MOVEM5T ?AT ORGANIZ$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS & T]RITORIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ( ! PEASANTRY4 

,& ?IS WAS NOT A MOVEM5T ?AT ONLY DEALT ) ISSUES LIKE WAGES & R5TS4 ,IT WAS ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 POLITICAL ISSUES1 9 /RUGGLES >\ND RI<TS1 9 /RUGGLES OV] P[]4 ,LET US TAKE ! ,I,W,W 9 ,AU/RALIA4 ,?IS WAS AN IMPORTANT CURR5T 9 ! L>G] UNION MOVEM5T1 & OPPOS$ ! PREVAIL+ TR5DS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RE=MISM & ( OV]T :ITE RACISM4 

,:5 ,AU/RALIA1 AS P>T ( ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE1 5T]$ 9TO ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> 9 #aiad AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN-L$ BLOC1 ! ,I,W,W /OOD FIRM TO ITS 9T]NATIONALI/1 ANTI-MILIT>I/ & ANTI-IMP]IALI/ POSITIONS4 ,IT /OOD AGA9/ ! TIDE4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,I,W,W WAS TRI$ = TREASON1 & ! ORGANIZATION WAS MADE ILLEGAL4 ,SOME PEOPLE PA9T ! REVOLUTION>Y & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNIONS AS SOLELY FOCUS$ ON WAGES & CONDITIONS2 ?IS IS JU/ NOT TRUE4 ,9 ,AU/RALIA1 TO GIVE ONE EXAMPLE1 ! MOVEM5T RAIS$ BASIC ISSUES >\ND W> & ! P[] ( ! /ATE1 & ASK$ ! SIMPLE QUE/IONS3 ,:OSE W>8 ,9 :OSE 9T]E/S8 ,:Y %\LD WORK+ CLASS Y\? KILL EA* O!R1 = ! B5EFIT ( ELITES ?AT DO NOT SACRIFICE OR RISK LIFE OR LIMB1 YET GA9 FROM ! BLOOD%$ ( O!RS8 

,A GLOBAL APPROA* & ITS REVELATIONS 

,N[1 ANO!R KEY FEATURE ( ! MOVEM5T1 NOT LEA/ 9 ! P]IOD FROM ! #a#h#iS TO ! #a#i#cS1 WAS ! ROLE ( NETWORKS ( PEOPLE1 ( NEWSPAP]S1 & ( ! L9KAGES CREAT$ BY WORK] MIGRATIONS4 

,A LOT ( ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM IS WRITT5 9 ! MODE ( NATIONAL CASE /UDIES1 ?AT IS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! HI/ORY ( ,CUBAN AN>*ISM1 ( ,BRAZILIAN AN>*ISM & SO ON4 ,?IS IS USEFUL1 BUT IT ALSO ACTUALLY BL9DS US TO IMPORTANT PROCESSES 9 ! MOVEM5T1 & SO1 TO IMPORTANT P>TS ( ITS HI/ORY4 

,!RE >E MANY PROCESSES & CONNECTIONS :I* TAKE PLACE ACROSS /ATE BORD]S1 & DESPITE ! EXI/5CE ( /ATE BORD]S1 BUT !SE DON'T GET CAPTUR$ BY A NATIONAL FRAMEWORK ( ANALYSIS4 ,& WE NE$ TO LOOK AT !SE TRANSNATIONAL PROCESSES & CONNECTIONS1 SO ?AT WE CAN BETT] UND]/& :AT HAPP5S )9 SPECIFIC C\NTRIES1 & SO ?AT WE CAN ALSO EXAM9E PROCESSES ?AT OP]ATE TRANSNATIONALLY & ?AT CANNOT BE UND]/OOD )9 NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS4 

,I'M JU/ GO+ TO GIVE ONE EXAMPLE3 ,LALA ,H> ,DAYAL1 A BRILLIANT ,S\? ,ASIAN 7?AT IS1 ,9DIAN7 S*OL>1 BORN 9 ,DELHI1 WON A S*OL>%IP TO ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,BRITA94 ,9CREAS+LY POLITICIZ$1 HE MOV$ TO ,9DIA1 !N TO ,FRANCE1 ,ALG]IA & ,M>T9IQUE1 BE=E 5D+ UP 9 ,CALI=NIA 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #a#i#a#a4 ,ASSOCIAT$ 9CREAS+LY ) AN>*I/ IDEAS1 HE JO9$ ! ,I,W,W & S]V$ AS SECRET>Y ( ITS ,SAN ,FRANCISCO BRAN*1 & ALSO SET UP A ,BAKUN9 ,9/ITUTE 7HE ALSO HAD A JOB AT ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY47 

,MEAN:ILE1 ALWAYS COMMITT$ TO ,9DIAN 9DEP5D5CE & RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE1 ,DAYAL MADE CONTACT ) ,U,S-BAS$ ,S\? ,ASIAN COMMUNITIES1 MA9LY ,SIKHS FROM ! ,PUNJAB REGION ( ,9DIA1 & 9 #aiac CO-F\ND$ & PLAY$ A C5TRAL ROLE 9 ! RADICAL ,<AD> ,P>TY 9 ,CALI=NIA4 ',<AD>' MEANS 'MUT9Y'1 REF]5C+ AN UPRIS+1 A REBELLION4 

,! ,<AD> P>TY PLAT=M1 & IDEAS1 HAD ELEM5TS ( AN>*ISM & ELEM5TS ( ,9DIAN NATIONALISM4 ,IT DEVELOP$ AS A GLOBAL =MATION1 BUILD+ AN 9T]NATIONAL NETWORK ?AT 9CLUD$ ,CANADA1 ,JAPAN1 P>TS ( ,AFRICA 7NOTABLY ,K5YA71 ,AF<ANI/AN4 ,9 ,9DIA ITS KEY CONNECTIONS W]E 9 ! ,PUNJAB1 & 9 #aiae ! P>TY LAUN*$ AN >M$ UPRIS+ 9 ,9DIA AGA9/ ,BRITI% RULE4 ,BY ?IS TIME ,DAYAL HAD LO/ HIS JOB1 &1 >RE/$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HAD FL$ 9TO EXILE 9 ,EUROPE4 

,! #aiae RIS+ WAS REPRESS$ & DEFEAT$1 BUT 9 ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ ! P>TY REBUILT ITSELF & REMA9$ ACTIVE 9TO ! #a#i#dS1 NOT LEA/ 9 ,K5YA4 ,& IT RETA9$ ?R\<\T AN AN>*I/ IMPR9T4 

,! PO9T IS ?AT A /ORY LIKE ?IS IS A GLOBAL /ORY1 & IT LOCATES AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM FIRMLY 9 9T]NATIONAL MIGRATIONS1 TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS & WORLDWIDE MOVEM5TS4 ,IT IS NOT EASY TO GRASP A /ORY LIKE ?IS ?R\< A NATIONAL FRAMEWORK ?AT DIVIDES ! WORLD 9TO DISCRETE MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ,9DIA1 9 ,K5YA4 

,RESI/ANCE1 REHE>SALS1 REVOLUTIONS3 CLASS & NATIONAL /RUGGLES 

,ANO!R PATT]N ?AT ,I AM GO+ TO PO9T TO IS ! ROLE ( AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S 9 MOV+1 9 SOME CASES1 FROM RESI/ANCE TO ATTEMPT+ TO REMAKE SOCIETY 9 A FUNDAM5TAL WAY1 ?AT IS1 TO MAK+ REVOLUTION4 

,:AT ,I HAVE M5TION$1 AS /RUGGLES SO F>1 W]E AB\T BUILD+ MASS MOVEM5TS & CAMPAIGNS4 ,!SE W]E AB\T RESI/ANCE & !Y W]E AB\T FI<T+ BACK1 BUT !RE W]E TIMES :5 ! POPUL> CLASSES1 ) & ?R\< ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S ACTUALLY TOOK CONTROL ( SOCIETY & REMADE IT4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 !Y MOV$ FROM BE+ CLASSES 9 AN EXI/+ CLASS SY/EM1 TO CREATORS ( A SY/EM )\T CLASSES4 ,SOME ( !SE EXP]I5CES W]E P>TIAL1 & SOME F> MORE ?OR\<GO+4 ,LET'S />T ) SOME ( ! MORE LIMIT$ ATTEMPTS AT RECREAT+ ! WORLD4 

,AN E>LY EXAMPLE WAS 9 ,MAC$ONIA1 9 ! /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE1 ! REMNANT ( :I* IS TODAY'S ,TURKEY4 ,AN>*I/S W]E LEAD+ FIGURES 9 ?IS /RUGGLE & 9 #aic A NUMB] ( ! KEY >EAS W]E TAK5 OV] BY MILITIAS 9 :I* AN>*I/S W]E KEY FIGURES1 & !RE W]E ATTEMPTS TO CREATE RADICAL 'COMMUNES'4 ,!N 9 ,MEXICO #a#i#a#a1 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON'S MOVEM5T1 9 ,BAJA ,CALI=NIA1 ATTEMPT$ TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ T]RITORY4 

,SOME O!R /RUGGLES W]E P]HAPS MORE MODE/ ?AN !SE1 YET /ILL RADICAL & /ILL ABLE TO />T MAK+ SOME REAL *ANGES 9 SOCIETY4 ,9 ,IREL&1 DUR+ ! ,IRI% W> ( 9DEP5D5CE1 SYNDICALI/-9FLU5C$ UNIONS W]E 9VOLV$ 9 TAK+ OV] WORKPLACES & RUNN+ !M4 ,ONE1 A CREAM]Y1 HAD ! SLOGAN ',WE MAKE BUTT] NOT PR(IT'4 

,!RE W]E ALSO ( C\RSE ! ,ITALIAN FACTORY OCCUPATIONS MOVEM5T ( #a#i#b1 C5T]$ 9 ! METAL 9DU/RY ( ,TUR94 ,?IS WAS 9 A CONTEXT :]E !RE WAS A P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T & AN IMPORTANT AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE AT ! WORK+ CLASS BASE4 ,MANY ( !SE WORK]S W]E NOT1 9 FACT1 9 ! IMPORTANT ,ITALIAN ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION1 !N ALMO/ ONE MILLION /RONG1 BUT !Y W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ! L>GE AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ CURR5T ( ! TIME4 

,AT LEA/ 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD1 MU* ( ! /ORY AB\T !SE EV5TS HAS BE5 RETROACTIVELY WRITT5 >\ND ! FIGURE ( ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 LAT] A FAM\S ,M>XI/4 ,HE HAS BE5 PRES5T$ AS ! 9TELLECTUAL LEAD] ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ?IS IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE4 ,9 FACT ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI'S NEWSPAP]1 ,NEW ,ORD]1 WAS SELL+ OV] #e1 COPIES EV]Y TWO WEEKS1 AT A TIME ?AT ! AN>*I/ ,]RICO ,MALATE/A'S AN>*I/ ,NEW ,HUMANITY WAS SELL+ #e1 A DAY4 ,& ! $ITOR ( ! ,GRAMSCI GR\P'S PAP] WAS A FOLL[] ( ! AN>*I/ ,KROPOTK91 :ILE ! E>LY ,GRAMSCI WAS F> CLOS] TO AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM ?AN TO MANY ,M>XI/S ( ! TIME4 

,N[1 ,I'M GO+ TO LOOK AT ACTUAL REVOLUTIONS ?AT AN>*I/S MADE1 BECAUSE ALL !SE ?+S ,I HAVE LOOK$ AT SO F> %\LD BE1 ,I ?9K1 BE SE5 MORE AS REHE>SALS1 AS REVOLUTION>Y REHE>SALS4 ,9 T]MS ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTIONS1 ,I AM TALK+ AB\T EV5TS ?AT 9 T]MS ( SCALE1 9 T]MS ( DEP?1 9 T]MS ( ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE 9VOLV$1 & 9 ! AM\NT ( TIME ?AT !Y LA/$1 W]E QUITE DI/9CTIVE1 W]E QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T4 

,I AM SURE MANY H]E WILL HAVE HE>D ( ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION ASSOCIAT$ ) ! =CES >\ND FIGURES LIKE ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 9 ! ,UKRA9E FROM #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 ,?IS 9VOLV$ A VA/ T]RITORY1 ) DEMOCRATIC & P>TICIPATORY SY/EM ( C\NCILS & ASSEMBLIES1 = WORK]S1 PEASANTS & SOLDI]S1 & V>I\S EF=TS AT SELF- MANAGEM5T4 ,IT WAS ALSO1 & ?IS IS WOR? REMEMB]+1 DEEPLY 5TANGL$ ) ! /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE = ! ,UKRA9E FROM ,AU/RIA1 ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA4 ,& = ! AN>*I/S AN 9DEP5D5T ,UKRA9E W\LD HAVE TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y1 AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 

,LESS WELL KN[N WAS ! REVOLUTION ?AT TOOK PLACE ON ! ,MAN*URIAN & ,KOREAN BORD]L&S4 ,9 #a#i#b#i1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9CLUD+ MILITANTS FROM ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION & AN>*I/S LIKE ,KIM ,JWA-,JIM 7:O L$ A L>GE P>T ( ! ,KOREAN ,9DEP5D5CE ,>MY7 ORGANIZ$ A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY1 RA!R SIMIL> 9 KEY RESPECTS TO ?AT SE5 T5 YE>S E>LI] 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,! P>ALLELS DO NOT /OP !RE EI!R4 ,?IS REVOLUTION WAS ALSO DEEPLY L9K$ TO AN 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE1 9 ?IS CASE AGA9/ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM4 ,ALMO/ ?REE MILLION ,KOREANS W]E 9 ,MAN*URIA1 :I* WAS AT ! TIME 9 SUB/ANTIAL >EAS \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ! ,JAPANESE EMPIRE & ALSO L>GELY \TSIDE ( ! CONTROL ( ,*9ESE W>LORDS & ,*9ESE /ATE AU?ORITIES4 

,SO1 9 ?IS T]RITORY = ?REE YE>S1 9 ,%9M91 AN>*I/S MADE A REVOLUTION ?AT WAS 9 MANY WAYS ! SAME AS ?AT WE SAW 9 ,UKRA9E4 ,IT 9CLUD$ 9/ITUTIONS LIKE COLLECTIVE PRODUCTION1 LIB]T>IAN $UCATION & A FAIRLY FREE SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON WORK] & PEASANT C\NCILS & SO =?4 

,& ( C\RSE1 ,SPA9 FROM #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i1 WAS ALSO V]Y IMPORTANT 9DE$1 9CR$IBLY RADICAL4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION WAS V]Y IMPORTANT BUT WASN'T ! FIR/ OR ! ONLY AN>*I/ REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS ! ?IRD 9 A P]IOD ( >\ND TW5TY YE>S4 ,C]TA9LY 9 MU* ( ! LIT]ATURE1 9CLUD+ ON ! LEFT1 ! IMPRESSION IS G5]ALLY CREAT$ ( ',SPANI% EXCEPTIONALISM'3 ?AT IS1 ?AT ONLY 9 ,SPA9 WAS !RE A BIG AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T & ?AT ONLY 9 ,SPA9 WAS !RE A REVOLUTION4 

,BUT 9 FACT SOME ( ! QUE/IONS FAC$ BY ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 7= EXAMPLE :E!R TO JO9 ! GOV]NM5T7 HAD ALREADY BE5 POS$ ELSE:]E4 ,9DE$ 9 ,KOREA A SECTION ( AN>*I/S JO9$ ! ,KOREAN GOV]NM5T-9-EXILE1 & AFT] 9DEP5D5CE 9 #a#i#d#e1 A W+ ( ! MOVEM5T RAN 9 /ATE ELECTIONS1 & SOME AN>*I/S HAD SEATS 9 GOV]NM5T4 

,! 'BIG ?REE' REVOLUTIONS 

,:I* ( ! 'BIG ?REE' REVOLUTIONS %\LD BE SE5 AS ! BIGGE/8 

,IT DEP5DS :AT WE USE AS MEASUREM5T4 ,IF WE >E TALK+ AB\T COMPLETE CONTROL ( AN >EA1 ?AT IS1 ! FULL REALIZATION ( POPUL> SELF-GOV]NANCE ?R\< C\NCILS & SELF-MANAGEM5T & SO ON1 !N BO? ,UKRA9E & ,KOREA W]E 'BIGG]' ?AN ,SPA91 :]E ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES CO-EXI/$ 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN ZONE ) A CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,BUT IF WE >E TALK+ ( NUMB]S ( PEOPLE 9VOLV$1 OR ! NUMB] ( SELF-MANAG$ COLLECTIVES1 !N IT'S PROBABLY ,SPA9 ?AT WAS ! 'BIGGE/'1 9 ?AT !RE W]E MORE COLLECTIVES ?AN ,KOREA1 ?AN ,UKRA9E4 

,P>T ( ! DIFFICULTY = ! MOVEM5TS 9 BO? ,UKRA9E & ,KOREA WAS ! SITUATION ( ONGO+ W>3 = BO? ( !M ?IS POS$ ! DIFFICULTY ( CREAT+ SU/A9ABLE & /ABLE /RUCTURES4 ,9 CONTRA/1 = MU* ( SAY1 ,CATALONIA1 9 ,SPA91 ! T]RITORY WAS DEF5D$ & 5EMY 9CURSIONS W]E SL[ & /EADY - AS OPPOS$ TO A SITUATION ( RAPID L& SEIZURES BY ! 5EMY1 FOLL[$ BY RAPID EXPULSIONS ( ! 5EMY BY AN>*I/ =CES1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,UKRA9E4 

,!SE PO9TS1 9 FACT1 HELP US UND]/& BETT] ! REALITY ( ! E>LI] AN>*I/ REVOLUTION BY ,KOREANS & ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BUT L>GELY \TSIDE ( ,KOREA ITSELF4 ,WE NE$ TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT = ,EA/ ,ASIA L>GE-SCALE W> DID NOT />T 9 #aici ) ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> BUT W5T BACK TO ! #a#i#bS4 ,& ! AN>*I/ T]RITORY CREAT$ FROM #a#i#b#i-#a#i#c#a WAS FAC+1 ON ! ONE SIDE1 PRESSURES FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 :I* WAS >M+ ,KOREAN ,M>XI/ COMMUNI/S 7:O WAG$ 9CESSANT ATTACKS ON ! ZONE71 ON ! O!R1 ,*9ESE =CES1 & ON ! ?IRD1 A V]Y DET]M9$ & P[]FUL ,JAPANESE ,IMP]IAL ,>MY ?AT WAS PU%+ ?R\< ,KOREA & ,MAN*URIA & 9TO ,*9A4 

,DEBATES & ,/RATEGIC ,DIVISIONS 

,9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ?IS PAP] ,I SPOKE AB\T H[ WE DEF9E AN>*ISM1 & ON ?IS ISSUE1 ! NE$ TO BE HI/ORICAL2 ! SECOND P>T HAS /RESS$ ! NE$ TO ?9K GLOBALLY4 ,:5 ?IS IS DONE1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO ID5TIFY ! POLITICAL DEBATES )9 ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,IT'S EASY 5\< TO SAY Y\'RE AGA9/ CAPITALISM OR AGA9/ DOM9ATION OR AGA9/ ! /ATE1 BUT :AT DO Y\ DO TOMORR[8 ,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN = CONCRETE POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 :AT DOES ?IS MEAN 9 T]MS ( /RATEGY & TACTICS8 

,:5 WE LOOK HI/ORICALLY1 & :5 WE LOOK GLOBALLY1 AT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 ITS POSSIBLE TO ID5TIFY TWO BASIC /RATEGIC APPROA*ES 9 AN>*ISM4 

',9SURRECTIONI/' AN>*ISM 

,! FIR/ ONE IS 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*ISM4 ,:5 ,I USE ?IS T]M1 ,I AM TALK+ AB\T A W+ ( ! MOVEM5T :I* SAYS ?AT RE=MS >E USELESS1 ?AT ALL SMALL IMPROVEM5TS >E USELESS1 ?AT IF WAGES GO UP !N PRICES GO UP ETC41 & Y\'RE BACK :]E Y\ />T$4 ,?AT'S AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS SORT ( ?9K+4 

,& POLITICALLY1 /RATEGICALLY1 ?IS LEADS /RAI<T TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT 9/EAD ( FI<T+ = RE=MS & SMALL IMPROVEM5TS1 Y\ MU/ ONLY FI<T = REVOLUTIONS & DO SO RI<T N[4 

,LUIGI ,GALLEANI1 AN ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 WAS ONE ( ! KEY ?9K]S 9 ?IS TRADITION1 & HE >GU$ ?AT AN>*I/S MU/ USE ! 'TACTICS ( CORROSION'1 BY :I* HE MEANT ?AT1 RA!R ?AN SUPPOS$LY 'WA/E' TIME ) ?+S >\ND WAGES & R5TS1 ! AN>*I/S MU/ ATTACK ! RUL+ CLASS DIRECTLY & REL5TLESSLY ALL ! TIME4 ,& DO SO )\T DEM&S1 )\T NEGOTIATIONS1 ) 9/EAD ! P]SPECTIVE ( AN IMM$IATE REVOLUTION>Y ASSAULT4 

,Y\ C\LD1 ( C\RSE1 APPROA* DO ?IS BY TELL+ PEOPLE 'N[1 Y\ MU/ MAKE A REVOLUTION'1 ?AT IS1 PROPAG&A ( ! WORD4 ,?AT IS A 'TACTIC ( CORROSION'1 9 ?AT IT UND]M9ES ! SY/EM & ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE ! 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*I/ APPROA*1 :I* CANNOT REALLY IMM]SE ITSELF 9 MOVEM5TS LIKE UNIONS1 9 /RUGGLES = L[] R5TS1 9 DEM&S = BETT] LAWS1 5DS UP ) ONE MA9 TACTIC ( 'CORROSION'1 A TACTIC ?AT ?US BECOMES A /RATEGY4 

,& ?IS IS 'PROPAG&A BY ! DE$' 9 ! =M ( DIRECT1 >M$ ACTION AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASS3 ASSASS9ATIONS1 'EXPROPRIATIONS' ( BANKS1 BOMB+S4 

,SOMETIMES ?IS L9KS ITSELF TO SOME IMM$IATE /RUGGLES - = EXAMPLE1 ,GALLEANI/S UND]TOOK BOMB+S 9 SUPPORT ( ! FI<T AGA9/ ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE - BUT !SE >E 9T]V5TIONS FROM \TSIDE ! L>G] MOVEM5TS FI<T+ = IMM$IATE *ANGES1 \TSIDE ORGANIZATIONALLY 7AS DI/9CT CELLS71 & POLITICALLY & /RATEGICALLY 7HAV+ NO TIME = RE=MS74 

,?IS IS 'CORROSION' S9CE IT SUPPOS$LY WEAK5S ! RUL+ CLASS1 BUT H[ IS IT PROPAG&A8 ,IT IS PROPAG&A1 CLAIM ! 9SURRECTIONI/S1 9 ?AT !SE ACTIONS WILL SUPPOS$LY 9SPIRE & AWAK5 ! MASSES1 %[+ !M !IR 5EMIES & %[+ !M !Y CAN FI<T !SE 5EMIES1 & %[+ !M H[ TO FI<T !SE 5EMIES4 ,! IDEA IS BASICALLY ?AT !SE ACTIONS WILL PROVOKE MASSIVE SPONTANE\S REBELLIONS ) DIRECTLY REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSES I4E4 SUDD5 UPRIS+S = ! CREATION ( AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 

,& !SE 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*I/S W]E NOT IDLE SPEE*-MAK]S1 !Y W]E & >E V]Y COMMITT$ TO ?IS POLITICS4 ,AS ONE EXAMPLE1 ! FIR/ C> BOMB1 MANY WRIT]S SUGGE/1 WAS PLAC$ BY A ,GALLEANI/ :O BOMB$ ,WALL ,/REET 9 #a#i#b1 A MAN CALL$ ,M>IO ,BUDA4 ,& Y\'LL F9D ?IS MOVEM5T EXI/$ NOT JU/ >\ND ,GALLEANI & HIS NETWORK1 BUT ALSO 9 ,SPA91 ,>G5T9A1 9 ,JAPAN & ELSE:]E4 ,9 ,JAPAN1 ,KANNO ,SUGAKO1 AN AN>*I/ WOMAN MILITANT1 WAS EXECUT$ 9 #aiaa = BE+ P>T ( A PLOT TO KILL ! ,JAPANESE EMP]OR4 

,N[1 = MANY PEOPLE1 AT FIR/1 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*ISM1 EM]G+ FROM ! #a#h#hS1 WAS V]Y APPEAL+1 & IT WAS ACTUALLY WIDELY DEF5D$ EV5 BY AN>*I/S :O W]E NOT 9SURRECTIONI/S4 ,EV5 ,KROPOTK9 ?\<T IT A GOOD IDEA = A :ILE4 ,& ! REPUTATION = MILITANT VIOL5CE ALSO ATTRACT$ PEOPLE TO AN>*ISM :O W]E LOOK+ = ALT]NATIVES1 AMONG !M ,*9ESE & ,9DIAN ANTI-IMP]IALI/ Y\?4 ,& 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*I/S C]TA9LY MANAG$ TO ASSASS9ATE A GREAT MANY HEADS ( /ATE4 

,FLAWS & FAIL+S 

,BUT !RE >E MANY PROBLEMS ) 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*ISM1 & !SE HAVE 5SUR$ ?AT MO/ AN>*I/S HAVE REMA9$ 9 :AT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! MA9 CURR5T 9 AN>*ISM3 MASS AN>*ISM1 :AT ,I CALL MASS AN>*ISM4 

,SOME ( ! PROBLEMS ) 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*ISM >E OBVI\S4 ,FIR/1 IT NEV] CAME CLOSE TO 9SPIR+ A REVOLUTION1 P>TLY BECAUSE !RE WAS & IS A C]TA9 PASSIVITY BUILT 9TO ?IS MODEL4 ,PEOPLE WAT* ! >M$ ATTACKS ( ! ACTIVE 9SURRECTIONI/S1 MAYBE ADMIRE !M1 & ID5TIFY ) !M4 ,BUT !Y DON'T JO9 !M4 ,!Y WAT* !M1 !Y'RE SPECTATORS4 

,SECONDLY1 AS PEOPLE LIKE ,MALATE/A NOT$1 K+S & EMP]ORS & PRESID5TS & BIG CAPITALI/S >E EASILY REPLAC$2 ! SY/EM IS NOT REALLY 'CORROD$' BY A FEW ASSASS9ATIONS1 & ! BASIC PROBLEM ( MO/ PEOPLE ACCEPT+ ! NE$ = !SE RUL]S IS NOT REALLY TACKL$ BY ! 9SURRECTIONI/ MODEL4 ,AFT] ALL1 ,WALL ,/REET /ILL OP]ATES1 NE>LY A C5TURY AFT] ,BUDA'S BOMB2 9 FACT IT WAS OP]AT+ ! V]Y NEXT DAY AFT] ,BUDA'S BOMB1 & HASN'T /OPP$ S9CE4 

,& LA/1 ( C\RSE1 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*I/S PROVID$ A PRETEXT = MASSIVE CRACKD[NS ON LABOR & ! LEFT3 JU/ TO GO BACK TO ,JAPAN 9 #a#i#a#a1 #bf AN>*I/S W]E EXECUT$ = TREASON AGA9/ ! EMP]OR & MO/ ( !M HAD NO?+ TO DO ) 9SURRECTIONISM3 ,KOTOKU ,%USUI1 ! KEY FIGURE 9 ,JAPANESE AN>*ISM1 :O PROMOT$ AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 WAS AMONG ! VICTIMS4 ,! ,R$ ,SC>E REPRESSION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! LATE #a#i#aS WAS DIRECTLY PRECIPITAT$ BY ,GALLEANI/ & RELAT$ BOMB+S4 ,& MO/ VICTIMS ( ?AT REPRESSION W]E TRADE UNIONI/S & RI<TS ACTIVI/S AMONG E?NIC & RACIAL M9ORITIES1 9CLUD+ 9 ALL !SE CASES AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S1 BUT ALSO ! L>G] LEFT1 9CLUD+ ! MO/ MOD]ATE ( SOCIALI/S4 

,& ( C\RSE AN>*I/S >E /ILL T>R$ ) ?IS BRU% - ( T]RORI/S1 BOMB]S & KILL]S - LONG AFT] 9SURRECTIONI/S HAVE CEAS$ TO BE A SIGNIFICANT =CE4 ,?IS WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY ! 9SURRECTIONI/S' ACTIONS1 & CONT9UES TO H9D] AN>*ISM EV5 TODAY4 

',MASS' AN>*ISM 

,! ALT]NATIVE APPROA*1 F> MORE 9FLU5TIAL AMONG AN>*I/S 7& C]TA9LY AN APPROA* ?AT HAS DEMON/RABLY HAD A RECORD ( BUILD+ UP MASS MOVEM5TS & A MASS BASE = AN>*ISM1 ( SECUR+ = AN>*ISM MANY SOCIAL 'VECTORS' 9TO ! POPUL> CLASSES7 WAS MASS AN>*ISM4 

,I AM TALK+ H]E AB\T A TYPE ( AN>*ISM :I* SAYS ?AT IMM$IATE /RUGGLES1 = SMALL IMPROVEM5TS1 :E!R >\ND WAGES1 PRICES1 TRANSPORT1 R5T1 L&1 DISCRIM9ATION1 OPPRESSION1 CIVIL RI<TS >E :]E IT IS POSSIBLE TO BUILD A MASS REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,! KEY TASK1 FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 IS = AN>*I/S TO IMM]SE !MSELVES 9 !SE IMM$IATE /RUGGLES1 & 9 ! MOVEM5TS ?AT >E BUILT >\ND !SE /RUGGLES - & )9 !SE SPACES1 TO SY/EMATICALLY L9K ! DAILY /RUGGLES & CONC]NS ( ! POPUL> CLASSES TO ! L>G] VISION ( ! AN>*I/S = RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,H[8 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE !SE IMM$IATE /RUGGLES TO BUILD CONFID5CE1 TO CL>IFY ?9K+1 DEBATE POLITICS & TO W9 ! BATTLE ( IDEAS = AN>*ISM2 IT IS POSSIBLE TO BUILD /RONG & P>TICIPATORY MOVEM5TS ?AT DIRECTLY LAY ! F\NDATIONS = A NEW AN>*I/ ORD]4 ,SO = EXAMPLE1 W9N+ A HI<] WAGE WILL GIVE A WORK] MORE CONFID5CE ?AT HE OR %E CAN REALLY MAKE A DIFF]5CE1 CAN REALLY MATT]4 ,IT BUILDS CONFID5CE & MOTIVATION1 & ALSO PROVIDES MORE TIME & SPACE TO ?9K & FI<T4 ,SOMEONE :O IS NOT WILL+ TO /& UP TO !IR BOSS IS NOT GO+ TO MAKE A REVOLUTION ?AT GETS RID ( ALL BOSSES4 ,BUT 9 !SE IMM$IATE /RUGGLES !MSELVES1 PEOPLE GET OP5$ TO NEW WAYS ( SEE+ ! WORLD1 & OP5 TO ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION1 & ! AN>*I/ EXPLANATION ( :]E ! PROBLEMS COME FROM & :O ! 5EMY IS4 

,DAILY /RUGGLES & SYNDICALISM 

,!RE IS NO?+ AUTOMATIC H]E3 !RE IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO W9 PEOPLE TO AN>*ISM1 & TO W9 RESPECT = AN>*ISM1 & TO %[ ! VALIDITY ( AN>*I/ IDEAS & ME?ODS 7ESPECIALLY ! USE ( DIRECT ACTION1 & P>TICIPATORY MOVEM5TS74 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 L>GE & /ABLE ORGANIZATIONS GET =M$1 :I* LAY A BASIS = FUR!R /RUGGLES & VICTORIES1 SU* AS TRADE UNIONS4 ,H]E TOO AN>*I/S CAN PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 5SUR+ ?AT SU* MOVEM5TS >E OP51 DEMOCRATIC & P>TICIPATORY S*OOLS ( BOTTOM-UP DEMOCRACY1 COMRADE%IP & EQUALITY4 

,! KEY ?+1 9 %ORT1 IS TO USE ?OSE IMM$IATE /RUGGLES ?AT >E HAPP5+ TODAY TO />T TO LAY ! F\NDATION ( ! FUTURE4 ,IT'S :AT 9 ,BLACK ,FLAME ,I DESCRIBE AS BUILD+ A C\NT]CULTURE 7?AT IS1 W9N+ ! BATTLE ( IDEAS AMONG L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE71 & BUILD+ A C\NT]-P[] 7?AT IS1 BUILD+ MASS MOVEM5TS ?AT CAN BO? *ALL5GE ! RUL+ CLASS 9 ! DAY-TO-DAY REALITY1 & EV5TUALLY ALSO REPLACE IT 5TIRELY ) ALT]NATIVE /RUCTURES TO RUN SOCIETY74 

,N[1 ?IS 'MASS AN>*ISM' WAS ALWAYS1 HI/ORICALLY1 ! MA9 W+ ( ! MOVEM5T1 FROM ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ONW>DS4 ,ONE ( ! KEY PO9TS ?AT NE$S TO BE MADE H]E IS ?AT ! IDEAS LAT] CALL$ 'SYNDICALI/' W]E REALLY A /RATEGIC ELABORATION ( CORE AN>*I/ IDEAS1 &1 MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ! 'MASS AN>*I/' CURR5T4 ,SYNDICALISM IS P>T ( MASS AN>*ISM4 

,&1 CRUCIALLY1 ! BASIC SYNDICALI/ APPROA* WAS FIR/ DEVELOP$ BY ! AN>*I/S ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL2 ALL ( ITS ELEM5TS CAN BE F\ND QUITE EXPLICITLY 9 ! WORKS ( ,BAKUN91 = EXAMPLE4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS IS ?AT 'SYNDICALISM' WAS1 FROM ! />T1 AN 9TR9SIC P>T ( 'AN>*ISM' - NOT AN ALT]NATIVE1 RIVAL1 P>ALLEL OR SIMIL> CURR5T4 ,! NEW LABEL 'SYNDICALISM' CAME TO BE US$ FROM ! #a#h#iS1 = A V>IETY ( REASONS1 BUT ! IDEAS DEVELOP$ FROM ! LATE #a#h#fS1 ?IRTY YE>S E>LI]4 ,& ! FIR/ MAJOR UNIONS ) A 'SYNDICALI/' APPROA* EM]G$ FROM ! #a#h#gS ONW>DS1 9 ,CUBA1 ,MEXICO1 ,SPA9 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,! SYNDICALI/S1 AS AN EXPRESSION ( MASS AN>*ISM1 SPOKE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( SYNDICALI/ UNIONS3 TO FI<T BATTLES TODAY1 TO $UCATE ! MASSES1 & TO ORGANIZE1 ?R\< ! UNIONS !MSELVES1 ! V]Y BASIS ( SELF-MANAG+ ! FACTORIES & O!R WORKPLACES1 ! /RUCTURES ?AT W\LD OCCUPY & RUN ! WORKPLACE ITSELF4 

,C,O,N,C,L,U,S,I,O,N 

,SIMPLY PUT1 = ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 Y\ /ILL NE$ A REVOLUTION1 BUT !RE >E NO %ORT- CUTS4 ,TO HAVE A REVOLUTION1 Y\ NE$ ! MASSES TO MAKE IT2 TO GET ! MASSES1 Y\ NE$ TO GO TO ! MASSES & FI<T ALONGSIDE !M1 BUT ALSO PO9T !M TO A BETT] FUTURE & TO ! ME?ODS & IDEAS NE$$ TO BR+ AB\T ?AT FUTURE4 

.<#a.> ,M>%ALL'S SUBSEQU5T ATTEMPTS TO EXCLUDE 'AN>*O-CAPITALI/S' FROM ! CAMP ( ! REAL 'AN>*I/S' - AS NOT PAY+ ADEQUATE ATT5TION TO EQUALITY & AS NOT BE+ APPROV$ ( BY MO/ 'AN>*I/S' - >E 9CONSI/5T ) HIS [N DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM AS A CURR5T OPPOS$ TO 'EXT]NAL GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE' & 'IMPOS$ POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION'1 S9CE NEI!R EQUALITY NOR APPROVAL >E P>T ( ?IS DEF9ITION1 BUT ?AT IS AN ISSUE = ANO!R PAP]3 SEE ,P4 ,M>%ALL1 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM 7,FONTANA ,PRESS #a#i#i#b71 PP#c1 #e#f#e4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bba 3 ,GLOBAL ,AN>*ISM & ,SYNDICALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,GLOBAL ,AN>*ISM & ,SYNDICALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/