,GOD & ! ,/ATE 

#aiaf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TAGS 3 IDEA ( A P]SONAL GOD1 DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 GOD & ! /ATE1 SY/EM ( ! IDEALI/S1 PROLET>IAT ( ! CITIES1 EXI/5CE ( A GOD1 UNIT$ /ATES ( AM]ICA1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIB]TY1 GOV]NM5T ( ! SAVANTS1 P[] ( ! /ATE4 

,TEXT 3 

,GOD & ! ,/ATE BY ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 

,) ,A ,P,R,E,F,A,C,E ,B,Y 

,C,>,L,O ,C,A,F,I,],O ,& ,E,L,I,S,E,E ,R,E,C,L,U,S 

,FIR/ ,AM]ICAN ,$ITION 

,PRICE #e ,C5TS 

,M,O,!,R ,E,>,? ,P,U,B,L,I,%,+ ,A,S,S,O,C,I,A,T,I,O,N 

#a ,EA/ #a#b#e? ,/REET 

,NEW ,YORK ,CITY 

,PREFACE TO ! ,FIR/ ,FR5* ,$ITION 

  

,PHOTO BY ,L,D-1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,ONE ( US IS SOON TO TELL 9 ALL ITS DETAILS ! /ORY ( ! LIFE ( ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 BUT ITS G5]AL FEATURES >E ALREADY SUFFICI5TLY FAMILI>4   ,FRI5DS & 5EMIES KN[ ?AT ?IS MAN WAS GREAT 9 ?\<T1 WILL1 P]SI/5T 5]GY2 !Y KN[ ALSO ) :AT L(TY CONTEMPT HE LOOK$ D[N UPON WEAL?1 RANK1 GLORY1 ALL ! WRET*$ AMBITIONS :I* MO/ HUMAN BE+S >E BASE 5\< TO 5T]TA94   ,A ,RUSSIAN G5TLEMAN RELAT$ BY M>RIAGE TO ! HI<E/ NOBILITY ( ! EMPIRE1 HE WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO 5T] ?AT 9TREPID SOCIETY ( REBELS :O W]E ABLE TO RELEASE !MSELVES FROM TRADITIONS1 PREJUDICES1 RACE & CLASS 9T]E/S1 & SET !IR [N COM=T AT NAU<T4   ,) !M HE F\<T ! /]N BATTLE ( LIFE1 AGGRAVAT$ BY IMPRISONM5T1 EXILE1 ALL ! DANG]S & ALL ! SORR[S ?AT M5 ( SELF-SACRIFICE HAVE TO UND]GO DUR+ !IR TORM5T$ EXI/5CE4 

,A SIMPLE /ONE & A NAME M>K ! SPOT 9 ! CEMET]Y ( ,B]NE :]E WAS LAID ! BODY ( ,BAKUN94   ,EV5 ?AT IS P]HAPS TOO MU* TO HONOR ! MEMORY ( A WORK] :O HELD VANITIES ( TOO MU* TO HONOR ! MEMORY ( A WORK] :O HELD VANITIES ( ?AT SORT 9 SU* SLI<T E/EEM4   ,HIS FRI5DS SURELY WILL RAISE TO HIM NO O/5TATI\S TOMB/ONE OR /ATUE4   ,!Y KN[ ) :AT A HUGE LAU< HE W\LD HAVE RECEIV$ !M1 HAD !Y SPOK5 TO HIM ( A COMMEMORATIVE /RUCTURE ]ECT$ TO HIS GLORY2 !Y KNEW1 TOO1 ?AT ! TRUE WAY TO HONOR !IR DEAD IS TO CONT9UE !IR WORK--) ! SAME >DOR & P]SEV]ANCE ?AT !Y !MSELVES BR\<T TO IT4   ,9 ?IS CASE1 9DE$1 A DIFFICULT TASK DEM&+ ALL \R EF=TS1 = AMONG ! REVOLUTIONI/S ( ! PRES5T G5]ATION NOT ONE HAS LABOR$ MORE F]V5TLY 9 ! COMMON CAUSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,9 ,RUSSIA AMONG ! /UD5TS1 9 ,G]MANY AMONG ! 9SURG5TS ( ,DRESD51 9 ,SIB]IA AMONG HIS BRO!RS 9 EXILE1 9 ,AM]ICA1 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 9 ,ITALY1 AMONG ALL E>NE/ M51 HIS DIRECT 9FLU5CE HAS BE5 CONSID]ABLE4   ,! ORIG9ALITY ( HIS IDEAS1 ! IMAG]Y & VEHEM5CE ( HIS ELOQU5CE1 HIS UNTIR+ ZEAL 9 PROPOG&ISM1 HELP$ TOO BY ! NATURAL MAJE/Y ( HIS P]SON & BY A P[]FUL VITALITY1 GAVE ,BAKUN9 ACCESS TO ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS1 & HIS EF=TS LEFT DEEP TRACES EV]Y:]E1 EV5 UPON ?OSE :O1 AFT] HAV+ WELCOM$ HIM1 ?RU/ HIM \T BECAUSE ( A DIFF]5CE ( OBJECT OR ME?OD4   ,HIS CORRESPOND5CE WAS MO/ EXT5SIVE2 HE PASS$ 5TIRE NI<TS 9 PREP>+ LONG LETT]S TO HIS FRI5DS 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORLD1 & SOME ( !SE LETT]S1 WRITT5 TO /R5G!N ! TIMID1 >\SE ! SLUGGI%1 & \TL9E PLANS ( PROPAG&ISM OR REVOLT1 TOOK ON ! PROPORTIONS ( V]ITABLE VOLUMES4   ,!SE LETT]S MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE EXPLA9 ! PRODIGI\S WORK ( ,BAKUN9 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! C5TURY4   ,! PAMPHLETS PUBLI%$ BY HIM1 9 ,RUSSIAN1 ,FR5*1 & ,ITALIAN1 H[EV] IMPORTANT !Y MAY BE1 & H[EV] USEFUL !Y MAY HAVE BE5 9 SPREAD+ ! NEW IDEAS1 >E ! SMALLE/ P>T ( ,BAKUN9'S WORK4 

,! PRES5T MEMOIR1 0,GOD & ! ,/ATE10 IS REALLY A FRAGM5T ( A LETT] OR REPORT4   ,COMPOS$ 9 ! SAME MANN] AS MO/ ( ,BAKUN9'S O!R WRIT+S1 IT HAS ! SAME LIT]>Y FAULT1 LACK ( PROPORTION2 MOREOV] IT BREAKS (F ABRUPTLY3 WE HAVE SE>*$ 9 VA9 TO DISCOV] ! 5D ( ! MANUSCRIPT4   ,BAKUN9 NEV] HAD ! TIME NECESS>Y TO F9I% ALL ! TASKS HE UND]TOOK4   ,ONE WORK WAS NOT COMPLET$ :5 O!RS W]E ALREADY UND] WAY4   0,MY LIFE ITSELF IS A FRAGM5T10 HE SAID TO ?OSE :O CRITICIZ$ HIS WRIT+S4   ,NEV]!LESS1 ! READ]S ( 0,GOD & ! ,/ATE0 C]TA9LY WILL NOT REGRET ?AT ,BAKUN9'S MEMOIR1 9COMPLETE ?\< IT BE1 HAS BE5 PUBLI%$4   ,! QUE/IONS DISCUSS$ 9 IT >E TREAT$ DECISIVELY & ) A S+UL> VIGOR ( LOGIC4   ,RI<TLY ADDRESS+ HIMSELF ONLY TO HIS HONE/ OPPON5TS1 ,BAKUN9 DEMON/RATES TO !M ! EMPT9ESS ( !IR BELIEF 9 ?AT DIV9E AU?ORITY ON :I* ALL TEMPORAL AU?ORITIES >E F\ND$2 HE PROVES TO !M ! PURELY HUMAN G5ESIS ( ALL GOV]NM5TS2 F9ALLY1 )\T /OPP+ TO DISCUSS ?OSE BASES ( ! ,/ATE ALREADY CONDEMN$ BY PUBLIC MORALITY1 SU* AS PHYSICAL SUP]IORITY1 VIOL5CE1 NOBILITY1 WEAL?1 HE DOES JU/ICE TO ! !ORY :I* W\LD 5TRU/ SCI5CE ) ! GOV]NM5T ( SOCIETIES4   ,SUPPOS+ EV5 ?AT IT W]E POSSIBLE TO RECOGNIZE1 AMID ! CONFLICT ( RIVAL AMBITIONS & 9TRIGUES1 :O >E ! PRET5D]S & :O >E ! REAL SAVANTS1 & ?AT A ME?OD ( ELECTION C\LD BE F\ND :I* W\LD NOT FAIL TO LODGE ! P[] 9 ! H&S ( ?OSE :OSE KN[L$GE IS AU!NTIC1 :AT GU>ANTEE C\LD !Y (F] US ( ! WISDOM & HONE/Y ( !IR GOV]NM5T8   ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 CAN WE NOT =ESEE 9 !SE NEW MA/]S ! SAME FOLLIES & ! SAME CRIMES F\ND 9 ?OSE ( =M] DAYS & ( ! PRES5T TIME8   ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 SCI5CE IS NOT3 IT IS BECOM+4   ,! LE>N$ MAN ( TO-DAY IS BUT ! KN[-NO?+ ( TOMORR[4   ,LET HIM ONCE IMAG9E ?AT HE HAS REA*$ ! 5D1 & = ?AT V]Y REASON HE S9KS B5EA? EV5 ! BABE JU/ BORN4   ,BUT1 C\LD HE RECOGNIZE TRU? 9 ITS ESS5CE1 HE CAN ONLY CORRUPT HIMSELF BY PRIVILEGE & CORRUPT O!RS BY P[]4   ,TO E/ABLI% HIS GOV]NM5T1 HE MU/ TRY1 LIKE ALL *IEFS ( ,/ATE1 TO >RE/ ! LIFE ( ! MASSES MOV+ BEL[ HIM1 KEEP !M 9 IGNORANCE 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE QUIET1 & GRADUALLY DEBASE !M ?AT HE MAY RULE !M FROM A L(TI] ?RONE4 

,= ! RE/1 S9CE ! DOCTR9AIRES MADE !IR APPE>ANCE1 ! TRUE OR PRET5D$ 0G5IUS0 HAS BE5 TRY+ HIS H& AT WIELD+ ! SCEPT] ( ! WORLD1 & WE KN[ :AT IT HAS CO/ US4   ,W,E HAVE SE5 !M AT WORK1 ALL !SE SAVANTS3 ! MORE H>D5$ ! MORE !Y HAVE /UDI$2   ! N>R[] 9 !IR VIEWS ! MORE TIME !Y HAVE SP5T 9 EXAM9+ SOME ISOLAT$ FACT 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS2   )\T ANY EXP]I5CE ( LIFE1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE LONG KN[N NO O!R HORIZON ?AN ! WALLS ( !IR *EESE2   *ILDI% 9 !IR PASSIONS & VANITIES1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 S]I\S /RUGGLES & HAVE NEV] LE>N$ ! TRUE PROPORTION ( ?+S4   ,HAVE WE NOT REC5TLY WITNESS$ ! F\NDATION ( A :ITE S*OOL ( 0?9K]S0--WRET*$ C\RTI]S1 TOO1 & PEOPLE ( UNCLEAN LIVES--:O HAVE CON/RUCT$ A :OLE COSMOGONY = !IR SOLE USE8   ,ACCORD+ TO !M1 WORLDS HAVE BE5 CREAT$1 SOCIETIES HAVE DEVELOP$1 REVOLUTIONS HAVE OV]TURN$ NATIONS1 EMPIRES HAVE GONE D[N 9 BLOOD1 POV]TY1 DISEASE1 & DEA? HAVE BE5 ! QUE5S ( HUMANITY1 ONLY TO RAISE UP AN ELITE ( ACADEMICIANS1 ! FULL-BL[N FL[]1 ( :I* ALL O!R M5 >E BUT ! MANURE4   ,?AT !SE $ITORS ( ! ,TEMPS & ! ,DEBATS MAY HAVE LEISURE TO 0?9K10 NATIONS LIVE & DIE 9 IGNORANCE2 ALL O!R HUMAN BE+S >E DE/9$ = DEA? 9 ORD] ?AT !SE G5TLEM5 MAY BECOME IMMORTAL6 

,BUT WE MAY REASSURE \RSELVES3 ALL !SE ACADEMICIANS WILL NOT HAVE ! AUDACITY ( ,ALEX&] 9 CUTT+ ) HIS SWORD ! ,GORDIAN KNOT2 !Y WILL NOT LIFT ! BLADE ( ,*>LEMAGNE4   ,GOV]NM5T BY SCI5CE IS BECOM+ AS IMPOSSIBLE AS ?AT ( DIV9E RI<T1 WEAL?1 OR BRUTE =CE4   ,ALL P[]S >E H5CE=? TO BE SUBMITT$ TO PITILESS CRITICISM4   ,M5 9 :OM ! S5TIM5T ( EQUALITY IS BORN SUFF] !MSELVES NO LONG] TO BE GOV]N$2   !Y LE>N TO GOV]N !MSELVES4   ,9 PRECIPITAT+ FROM ! HEI<TS ( ! HEAV5S HIM FROM :OM ALL P[] IS REPUT$ TO DESC5D1 SOCIETIES UNSEAT ALSO ALL ?OSE :O REIGN$ 9 HIS NAME4   ,SU* IS ! REVOLUTION N[ 9 PROGRESS4   ,/ATES >E BREAK+ UP TO GIVE PLACE TO A NEW ORD]1 9 :I*1 AS ,BAKUN9 WAS FOND ( SAY+1 0HUMAN JU/ICE WILL BE SUB/ITUT$ = DIV9E JU/ICE40   ,IF IT IS ALL[ABLE TO CITE ANY ONE NAME FROM ?OSE ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S :O HAVE TAK5 P>T 9 ?IS IMM5SE WORK ( R5OVATION1 !RE IS NOT ONE ?AT MAY BE S+L$ \T ) MORE JU/ICE ?AN ?AT ( ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN94 

,C>LO ,CAFI]O4 

,ELISEE ,RECLUS4 

,I 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JOAN1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,:O >E RI<T1 ! IDEALI/S OR ! MAT]IALI/S8 ,! QUE/ION ONCE /AT$ 9 ?IS WAY HESITATION BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE4 ,UND\BT$LY ! IDEALI/S >E WRONG & ! MAT]IALI/S RI<T4 ,YES1 FACTS >E BE=E IDEAS2 YES1 ! IDEAL1 AS ,PR\DHON SAID1 IS BUT A FL[]1 :OSE ROOT LIES 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,YES1 ! :OLE HI/ORY ( HUMANITY1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL1 IS BUT A REFLECTION ( ITS ECONOMIC HI/ORY4 

,ALL BRAN*ES ( MODEM SCI5CE1 ( TRUE & DIS9T]E/$ SCI5CE1 CONCUR 9 PROCLAIM+ ?IS GR& TRU?1 FUNDAM5TAL & DECISIVE3 ,! SOCIAL WORLD1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 ! HUMAN WORLD-9 %ORT1 HUMANITY-IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! LA/ & SUPREME DEVELOPM5T-AT LEA/ ON \R PLANET & AS F> AS WE KN[-! HI<E/ MANIFE/ATION ( ANIMALITY4 ,BUT AS EV]Y DEVELOPM5T NECESS>ILY IMPLIES A NEGATION1 ?AT ( ITS BASE OR PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 HUMANITY IS AT ! SAME TIME & ESS5TIALLY ! DELIB]ATE & GRADUAL NEGATION ( ! ANIMAL ELEM5T 9 MAN2 & IT IS PRECISELY ?IS NEGATION1 AS RATIONAL AS IT IS NATURAL1 & RATIONAL ONLY BECAUSE NATURAL-AT ONCE HI/ORICAL & LOGICAL1 AS 9EVITABLE AS ! DEVELOPM5T & REALIZATION ( ALL ! NATURAL LAWS 9 ! WORLD-?AT CON/ITUTES & CREATES ! IDEAL1 ! WORLD ( 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CONVICTIONS1 IDEAS4  

,YES1 \R FIR/ ANCE/ORS1 \R ,ADAMS & \R ,EVES1 W]E1 IF NOT GORILLAS1 V]Y NE> RELATIVES ( GORILLAS1 OMNIVOR\S1 9TELLIG5T & F]OCI\S BEA/S1 5D[$ 9 A HI<] DEGREE ?AN ! ANIMALS ( ANO!R SPECIES ) TWO PRECI\S FACULTIES-! P[] TO ?9K & ! DESIRE TO REBEL4 

,!SE FACULTIES1 COMB9+ !IR PROGRESSIVE ACTION 9 HI/ORY1 REPRES5T ! ESS5TIAL FACTOR1 ! NEGATIVE P[] 9 ! POSITIVE DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN ANIMALITY1 & CREATE CONSEQU5TLY ALL ?AT CON/ITUTES HUMANITY 9 MAN4 

,! ,BIBLE1 :I* IS A V]Y 9T]E/+ & H]E & !RE V]Y PR(\ND BOOK :5 CONSID]$ AS ONE ( ! OLDE/ SURVIV+ MANIFE/ATIONS ( HUMAN WISDOM & FANCY1 EXPRESSES ?IS TRU? V]Y NAIVELY 9 ITS MY? ( ORIG9AL S94 ,JEHOVAH1 :O ( ALL ! GOOD GODS ADOR$ BY M5 WAS C]TA9LY ! MO/ JEAL\S1 ! MO/ VA91 ! MO/ F]OCI\S1 ! MO/ UNJU/1 ! MO/ BLOOD?IR/Y1 ! MO/ DESPOTIC1 & ! MO/ HO/ILE TO HUMAN DIGNITY & LIB]TY-,JEHOVAH HAD JU/ CREAT$ ,ADAM & ,EVE1 TO SATISFY WE KN[ NOT :AT CAPRICE2 NO D\BT TO :ILE AWAY HIS TIME1 :I* MU/ WEI< HEAVY ON HIS H&S 9 HIS ET]NAL EGOI/IC SOLITUDE1 OR ?AT HE MI<T HAVE SOME NEW SLAVES4 ,HE G5]\SLY PLAC$ AT !IR DISPOSAL ! :OLE E>?1 ) ALL ITS FRUITS & ANIMALS1 & SET BUT A S+LE LIMIT TO ?IS COMPLETE 5JOYM5T4 ,HE EXPRESSLY =BADE !M FROM T\*+ ! FRUIT ( ! TREE ( KN[L$GE4 ,HE WI%$1 !RE=E1 ?AT MAN1 DE/ITUTE ( ALL UND]/&+ ( HIMSELF1 %\LD REMA9 AN ET]NAL BEA/1 EV] ON ALL-F\RS BE=E ! ET]NAL ,GOD1 HIS CREATOR & HIS MA/]4 ,BUT H]E /EPS 9 ,SATAN1 ! ET]NAL REBEL1 ! FIR/ FREE?9K] & ! EMANCIPATOR ( WORLDS4 ,HE MAKES MAN A%AM$ ( HIS BE/IAL IGNORANCE & OB$I5CE2 HE EMANCIPATES HIM1 /AMPS UPON HIS BR[ ! SEAL ( LIB]TY & HUMANITY1 9 URG+ HIM TO DISOBEY & EAT ( ! FRUIT ( KN[L$GE4 

,WE KN[ :AT FOLL[$4 ,! GOOD ,GOD1 :OSE =ESI<T1 :I* IS ONE ( ! DIV9E FACULTIES1 %\LD HAVE W>N$ HIM ( :AT W\LD HAPP51 FLEW 9TO A T]RIBLE & RIDICUL\S RAGE2 HE CURS$ ,SATAN1 MAN1 & ! WORLD CREAT$ BY HIMSELF1 /RIK+ HIMSELF SO TO SPEAK 9 HIS [N CREATION1 AS *ILDR5 DO :5 !Y GET ANGRY2 &1 NOT CONT5T ) SMIT+ \R ANCE/ORS !MSELVES1 HE CURS$ !M 9 ALL ! G5]ATIONS TO COME1 9NOC5T ( ! CRIME COMMITT$ BY !IR =EFA!RS4 ,\R ,CA?OLIC & ,PROTE/ANT !OLOGIANS LOOK UPON ?AT AS V]Y PR(\ND & V]Y JU/1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS MON/R\SLY 9IQUIT\S & ABSURD4 ,!N1 REMEMB]+ ?AT HE WAS NOT ONLY A ,GOD ( V5GEANCE & WRA?1 BUT ALSO A ,GOD ( LOVE1 AFT] HAV+ TORM5T$ ! EXI/5CE ( A FEW MILLI>DS ( POOR HUMAN BE+S & CONDEMN$ !M TO AN ET]NAL HELL1 HE TOOK PITY ON ! RE/1 &1 TO SAVE !M & RECONCILE HIS ET]NAL & DIV9E LOVE ) HIS ET]NAL & DIV9E ANG]1 ALWAYS GRE$Y = VICTIMS & BLOOD1 HE S5T 9TO ! WORLD1 AS AN EXPIATORY VICTIM1 HIS ONLY SON1 ?AT HE MI<T BE KILL$ BY M54 ,?AT IS CALL$ ! MY/]Y ( ! ,R$EMPTION1 ! BASIS ( ALL ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGIONS4 ,/ILL1 IF ! DIV9E ,SAVIOR HAD SAV$ ! HUMAN WORLD6 ,BUT NO2 9 ! P>ADISE PROMIS$ BY ,*RI/1 AS WE KN[1 SU* BE+ ! =MAL ANN\NCEM5T1 ! ELECT WILL NUMB] V]Y FEW4 ,! RE/1 ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! G5]ATIONS PRES5T & TO COME1 WILL BURN ET]NALLY 9 HELL4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 TO CONSOLE US1 ,GOD1 EV] JU/1 EV] GOOD1 H&S OV] ! E>? TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,NAPOLEON ,?IRDS1 ( ! ,WILLIAM ,FIR/S1 ( ! ,F]D9&S ( ,AU/RIA1 & ( ! ,ALEX&]S ( ALL ! ,RUSSIAS4 

,SU* >E ! ABSURD TALES ?AT >E TOLD & ! MON/R\S DOCTR9ES ?AT >E TAU<T1 9 ! FULL LI<T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 9 ALL ! PUBLIC S*OOLS ( ,EUROPE1 AT ! EXPRESS COMM& ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y CALL ?IS CIVILIZ+ ! PEOPLE6 ,IS IT NOT PLA9 ?AT ALL !SE GOV]NM5TS >E SY/EMATIC POISON]S1 9T]E/$ /UPEFIES ( ! MASSES8 

,I HAVE W&]$ FROM MY SUBJECT1 BECAUSE ANG] GETS HOLD ( ME :5EV] ,I ?9K ( ! BASE & CRIM9AL MEANS :I* !Y EMPLOY TO KEEP ! NATIONS 9 P]PETUAL SLAV]Y1 UND\BT$LY ?AT !Y MAY BE ! BETT] ABLE TO FLEECE !M4 ,( :AT CONSEQU5CE >E ! CRIMES ( ALL ! ,TROPMANNS 9 ! WORLD COMP>$ ) ?IS CRIME ( TREASON AGA9/ HUMANITY COMMITT$ DAILY1 9 BROAD DAY1 OV] ! :OLE SURFACE ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 BY ?OSE :O D>E TO CALL !MSELVES ! GU>DIANS & ! FA!RS ( ! PEOPLE8 ,I RETURN TO ! MY? ( ORIG9AL S94 

,GOD ADMITT$ ?AT ,SATAN WAS RI<T2 HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! DEVIL DID NOT DECEIVE ,ADAM & ,EVE 9 PROMIS+ !M KN[L$GE & LIB]TY AS A REW>D = ! ACT ( DISOB$I5CE :I* HE BAD 9DUC$ !M TO COMMIT2 =1 IMM$IATELY !Y HAD EAT5 ( ! =BIDD5 FRUIT1 ,GOD HIMSELF SAID 7SEE ,BIBLE73 ',BEHOLD1 ! MAN IS BECOME AS ONE ( ! GODS1 TO KN[ GOOD & EVIL2 PREV5T HIM1 !RE=E1 FROM EAT+ ( ! FRUIT ( ET]NAL LIFE1 LE/ HE BECOME IMMORTAL LIKE ,\RSELVES40 

,LET US DISREG>D N[ ! FABUL\S PORTION ( ?IS MY? & CONSID] ITS TRUE MEAN+1 :I* IS V]Y CLE>4 ,MAN HAS EMANCIPAT$ HIMSELF2 HE HAS SEP>AT$ HIMSELF FROM ANIMALITY & CON/ITUT$ HIMSELF A MAN2 HE HAS BEGUN HIS DI/9CTIVELY HUMAN HI/ORY & DEVELOPM5T BY AN ACT ( DISOB$I5CE & SCI5CE-?AT IS1 BY REBELLION & BY ?\<T4 

,?REE ELEM5TS OR1 IF Y\ LIKE1 ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES CON/ITUTE ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( ALL HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL1 9 HI/ORY3 7#a7 HUMAN ANIMALITY2 7#b7 ?\<T2 & 7#c7 REBELLION4 ,TO ! FIR/ PROP]LY CORRESPONDS SOCIAL & PRIVATE ECONOMY2 TO ! SECOND1 SCI5CE2 TO ! ?IRD1 LIB]TY4  

,IDEALI/S ( ALL S*OOLS1 >I/OCRATS & B\RGEOIS1 !OLOGIANS & METAPHYSICIANS1 POLITICIANS & MORALI/S1 RELIGIONI/S1 PHILOSOPH]S1 OR POETS1 NOT =GETT+ ! LIB]AL ECONOMI/S-UNB\ND$ WOR%IP]S ( ! IDEAL1 AS WE KN[->E MU* (F5D$ :5 TOLD ?AT MAN1 ) HIS MAGNIFIC5T 9TELLIG5CE1 HIS SUBLIME IDEAS1 & HIS B\NDLESS ASPIRATIONS1 IS1 LIKE ALL ELSE EXI/+ 9 ! WORLD1 NO?+ BUT MATT]1 ONLY A PRODUCT ( VILE MATT]4  

,WE MAY ANSW] ?AT ! MATT] ( :I* MAT]IALI/S SPEAK1 MATT] SPONTANE\SLY & ET]NALLY MOBILE1 ACTIVE1 PRODUCTIVE1 MATT] *EMICALLY OR ORGANICALLY DET]M9$ & MANIFE/$ BY ! PROP]TIES OR =CES1 ME*ANICAL1 PHYSICAL1 ANIMAL1 & 9TELLIG5T1 :I* NECESS>ILY BELONG TO IT-?AT ?IS MATT] HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! VILE MATT] ( ! IDEALI/S4 ,! LATT]1 A PRODUCT ( !IR FALSE AB/RACTION1 IS 9DE$ A /UPID1 9ANIMATE1 IMMOBILE ?+1 9CAPABLE ( GIV+ BIR? TO ! SMALLE/ PRODUCT1 A CAPUT MORTUUM1 AN UGLY FANCY 9 CONTRA/ TO ! BEAUTIFUL FANCY :I* !Y CALL ,GOD2 AS ! OPPOSITE ( ?IS SUPREME BE+1 MATT]1 !IR MATT]1 /RIPP$ BY ?AT CON/ITUTES ITS REAL NATURE1 NECESS>ILY REPRES5TS SUPREME NO?+NESS4 ,!Y HAVE TAK5 AWAY 9TELLIG5CE1 LIFE1 ALL ITS DET]M9+ QUALITIES1 ACTIVE RELATIONS OR =CES1 MOTION ITSELF1 )\T :I* MATT] W\LD NOT EV5 HAVE WEI<T1 LEAV+ IT NO?+ BUT IMP5ETRABILITY & ABSOLUTE IMMOBILITY 9 SPACE2 !Y HAVE ATTRIBUT$ ALL !SE NATURAL =CES1 PROP]TIES1 & MANIFE/ATIONS TO ! IMAG9>Y BE+ CREAT$ BY !IR AB/RACT FANCY2 !N1 9T]*ANG+ ROLES1 !Y HAVE CALL$ ?IS PRODUCT ( !IR IMAG9ATION1 ?IS PHANTOM1 ?IS ,GOD :O IS NO?+1 0SUPREME ,BE+0 &1 AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE1 HAVE DECL>$ ?AT ! REAL BE+1 MATT]1 ! WORLD1 IS NO?+4 ,AFT] :I* !Y GRAVELY TELL US ?AT ?IS MATT] IS 9CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ ANY?+1 NOT EV5 ( SETT+ ITSELF 9 MOTION1 & CONSEQU5TLY MU/ HAVE BE5 CREAT$ BY !IR ,GOD4 

,AT ! 5D ( ?IS BOOK ,I EXPOS$ ! FALLACIES & TRULY REVOLT+ ABSURDITIES TO :I* ONE IS 9EVITABLY L$ BY ?IS IMAG9ATION ( A ,GOD1 LET HIM BE CONSID]$ AS A P]SONAL BE+1 ! CREATOR & ORGANIZ] ( WORLDS2 OR EV5 AS IMP]SONAL1 A K9D ( DIV9E S\L SPREAD OV] ! :OLE UNIV]SE & CON/ITUT+ ?US ITS ET]NAL PR9CIPLE2 OR LET HIM BE AN IDEA1 9F9ITE & DIV9E1 ALWAYS PRES5T & ACTIVE 9 ! WORLD1 & ALWAYS MANIFE/$ BY ! TOTALITY ( MAT]IAL & DEF9ITE BE+S4 ,H]E ,I %ALL DEAL ) ONE PO9T ONLY4 

,! GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 AS WELL AS ( ORGANIC ANIMAL LIFE & ( ! HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE 9TELLIG5CE ( MAN1 9DIVIDUALLY OR SOCIALLY1 IS P]FECTLY CONCEIVABLE4 ,IT IS A :OLLY NATURAL MOVEM5T FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX1 FROM ! L[] TO ! HI<]1 FROM ! 9F]IOR TO ! SUP]IOR2 A MOVEM5T 9 CON=MITY ) ALL \R DAILY EXP]I5CES1 & CONSEQU5TLY 9 CON=MITY ALSO ) \R NATURAL LOGIC1 ) ! DI/9CTIVE LAWS ( \R M9D1 :I* BE+ =M$ & DEVELOP$ ONLY BY ! AID ( !SE SAME EXP]I5CES2 IS1 SO TO SPEAK1 BUT ! M5TAL1 C]EBRAL REPRODUCTION OR REFLECT$ SUMM>Y !RE(4 

,! SY/EM ( ! IDEALI/S IS QUITE ! CONTR>Y ( ?IS4 ,IT IS ! REV]SAL ( ALL HUMAN EXP]I5CES & ( ?AT UNIV]SAL & COMMON GOOD S5SE :I* IS ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( ALL HUMAN UND]/&+1 & :I*1 9 RIS+ FROM ! SIMPLE & UNANIM\SLY RECOGNIZ$ TRU? ?AT TWICE TWO >E F\R TO ! SUBLIME/ & MO/ COMPLEX SCI5TIFIC CONSID]ATIONS-ADMITT+1 MOREOV]1 NO?+ ?AT HAS NOT /OOD ! SEV]E/ TE/S ( EXP]I5CE OR OBS]VATION ( ?+S & FACTS-BECOMES ! ONLY S]I\S BASIS ( HUMAN KN[L$GE4 

,V]Y F> FROM PURSU+ ! NATURAL ORD] FROM ! L[] TO ! HI<]1 FROM ! 9F]IOR TO ! SUP]IOR1 & FROM ! RELATIVELY SIMPLE TO ! MORE COMPLEX2 9/EAD ( WISELY & RATIONALLY ACCOMPANY+ ! PROGRESSIVE & REAL MOVEM5T FROM ! WORLD CALL$ 9ORGANIC TO ! WORLD ORGANIC1 VEGETABLES1 ANIMAL1 & !N DI/9CTIVELY HUMAN-FROM *EMICAL MATT] OR *EMICAL BE+ TO LIV+ MATT] OR LIV+ BE+1 & FROM LIV+ BE+ TO ?9K+ BE+-! IDEALI/S1 OBSESS$1 BL9D$1 & PU%$ ON BY ! DIV9E PHANTOM :I* !Y HAVE 9H]IT$ FROM !OLOGY1 TAKE PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE C\RSE4 ,!Y GO FROM ! HI<] TO ! L[]1 FROM ! SUP]IOR TO ! 9F]IOR1 FROM ! COMPLEX TO ! SIMPLE4 ,!Y BEG9 ) ,GOD1 EI!R AS A P]SON OR AS DIV9E SUB/ANCE OR IDEA1 & ! FIR/ /EP ?AT !Y TAKE IS A T]RIBLE FALL FROM ! SUBLIME HEI<TS ( ! ET]NAL IDEAL 9TO ! MIRE ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD2 FROM ABSOLUTE P]FECTION 9TO ABSOLUTE IMP]FECTION2 FROM ?\<T TO BE+1 OR RA!R1 FROM SUPREME BE+ TO NO?+4 ,:51 H[1 & :Y ! DIV9E BE+1 ET]NAL1 9F9ITE1 ABSOLUTELY P]FECT1 PROBABLY WE>Y ( HIMSELF1 DECID$ UPON ?IS DESP]ATE SALTO MORTALE IS SOME?+ :I* NO IDEALI/1 NO !OLOGIAN1 NO METAPHYSICIAN1 NO POET1 HAS EV] BE5 ABLE TO UND]/& HIMSELF OR EXPLA9 TO ! PR(ANE4 ,ALL RELIGIONS1 PA/ & PRES5T1 & ALL ! SY/EMS ( TRANSC5D5TAL PHILOSOPHY H+E ON ?IS UNIQUE & 9IQUIT\S MY/]Y4#a ,HOLY M51 9SPIR$ LAWGIV]S1 PROPHETS1 MESSIAHS1 HAVE SE>*$ IT = LIFE1 & F\ND ONLY TORM5T & DEA?4 ,LIKE ! ANCI5T SPH9X1 IT HAS DEV\R$ !M1 BECAUSE !Y C\LD NOT EXPLA9 IT4 ,GREAT PHILOSOPH]S FROM ,H]ACLITUS & ,PLATO D[N TO ,DESC>TES1 ,SP9OZA3 ,LEIBNITZ1 ,KANT1 ,FI*TE1 ,S*ELL+1 & ,HEGEL1 NOT TO M5TION ! ,9DIAN PHILOSOPH]S1 HAVE WRITT5 HEAPS ( VOLUMES & BUILT SY/EMS AS +5I\S AS SUBLIME1 9 :I* !Y HAVE SAID BY ! WAY MANY BEAUTIFUL & GR& ?+S & DISCOV]$ IMMORTAL TRU?S1 BUT !Y HAVE LEFT ?IS MY/]Y1 ! PR9CIPAL OBJECT ( !IR TRANSC5D5TAL 9VE/IGATIONS1 AS UNFA?OMABLE AS BE=E4 ,! GIGANTIC EF=TS ( ! MO/ ,WOND]FUL G5IUSES ?AT ! WORLD HAS KN[N1 & :O1 ONE AFT] ANO!R1 = AT LEA/ ?IRTY C5TURIES1 HAVE UND]TAK5 ANEW ?IS LABOR ( ,SISYPHUS1 HAVE RESULT$ ONLY 9 R5D]+ ?IS MY/]Y /ILL MORE 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,IS IT TO BE HOP$ ?AT IT WILL BE UNVEIL$ TO US BY ! R\T9E SPECULATIONS ( SOME P$ANTIC DISCIPLE ( AN >TIFICIALLY W>M$-OV] METAPHYSICS AT A TIME :5 ALL LIV+ & S]I\S SPIRITS HAVE AB&ON$ ?AT AMBIGU\S SCI5CE BORN ( A COMPROMISE-HI/ORICALLY EXPLICABLE NO D\BT-BETWE5 ! UNREASON ( FAI? & S\ND SCI5TIFIC REASON8 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ?IS T]RIBLE MY/]Y IS 9EXPLICABLE-?AT IS1 ABSURD1 BECAUSE ONLY ! ABSURD ADMITS ( NO EXPLANATION4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT :OEV] F9DS IT ESS5TIAL TO HIS HAPP9ESS & LIFE MU/ R5\NCE HIS REASON1 & RETURN1 IF HE CAN1 TO NAIVE1 BL9D1 /UPID FAI?1 TO REPEAT ) ,T]TULLIANUS & ALL S9C]E BELIEV]S !SE WORDS1 :I* SUM UP ! V]Y QU9TESS5CE ( !OLOGY3 ,CR$O QUIA ABSURDUM4 ,!N ALL DISCUSSION CEASES1 & NO?+ REMA9S BUT ! TRIUMPHANT /UPIDITY ( FAI?4 ,BUT IMM$IATELY !RE >ISES ANO!R QUE/ION3 ,H[ COMES AN 9TELLIG5T & WELL-9=M$ MAN EV] TO FEEL ! NE$ ( BELIEV+ 9 ?IS MY/]Y8 

,NO?+ IS MORE NATURAL ?AN ?AT ! BELIEF 9 ,GOD1 ! CREATOR1 REGULATOR1 JUDGE1 MA/]1 CURS]1 SAVIOR1 & B5EFACTOR ( ! WORLD1 %\LD /ILL PREVAIL AMONG ! PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS1 :]E IT IS MORE WIDESPREAD ?AN AMONG ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITIES4 ,! PEOPLE1 UN=TUNATELY1 >E /ILL V]Y IGNORANT1 & >E KEPT 9 IGNORANCE BY ! SY/EMATIC EF=TS ( ALL ! GOV]NM5TS1 :O CONSID] ?IS IGNORANCE1 NOT )\T GOOD REASON1 AS ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( !IR [N P[]4 ,WEI<T$ D[N BY !IR DAILY LABOR1 DEPRIV$ ( LEISURE1 ( 9TELLECTUAL 9T]C\RSE1 ( READ+1 9 %ORT ( ALL ! MEANS & A GOOD PORTION ( ! /IMULANTS ?AT DEVELOP ?\<T 9 M51 ! PEOPLE G5]ALLY ACCEPT RELIGI\S TRADITIONS )\T CRITICISM & 9 A LUMP4 ,!SE TRADITIONS SURR\ND !M FROM 9FANCY 9 ALL ! SITUATIONS ( LIFE1 & >TIFICIALLY SU/A9$ 9 !IR M9DS BY A MULTITUDE ( (FICIAL POISON]S ( ALL SORTS1 PRIE/S & LAYM51 >E TRANS=M$ !RE9 9TO A SORT ( M5TAL & MORAL BABIT1 TOO (T5 MORE P[]FUL EV5 ?AN !IR NATURAL GOOD S5SE4 

,!RE IS ANO!R REASON :I* EXPLA9S & 9 SOME SORT JU/IFIES ! ABSURD BELIEFS ( ! PEOPLE-NAMELY1 ! WRET*$ SITUATION TO :I* !Y F9D !MSELVES FATALLY CONDEMN$ BY ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 ! MO/ CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE4 ,R$UC$1 9TELLECTUALLY & MORALLY AS WELL AS MAT]IALLY1 TO ! M9IMUM ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 CONF9$ 9 !IR LIFE LIKE A PRISON] 9 HIS PRISON1 )\T HORIZON1 )\T \TLET1 )\T EV5 A FUTURE IF WE BELIEVE ! ECONOMI/S1 ! PEOPLE W\LD HAVE ! S+UL>LY N>R[ S\LS & BLUNT$ 9/9CTS ( ! B\RGEOIS IF !Y DID NOT FEEL A DESIRE TO ESCAPE2 BUT ( ESCAPE !RE >E BUT ?REE ME?ODS-TWO *IM]ICAL & A ?IRD REAL4 ,! FIR/ TWO >E ! DRAM-%OP & ! *UR*1 DEBAU*]Y ( ! BODY OR DEBAU*]Y ( ! M9D2 ! ?IRD IS SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,H5CE ,I CONCLUDE ?IS LA/ WILL BE MU* MORE POT5T ?AN ALL ! !OLOGICAL PROPAG&ISM ( ! FREE?9K]S TO DE/ROY TO !IR LA/ VE/IGE ! RELIGI\S BELIEFS & DISSOLUTE HABITS ( ! PEOPLE1 BELIEFS & HABITS MU* MORE 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ?AN IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$4 ,9 SUB/ITUT+ = ! AT ONCE ILLUSORY & BRUTAL 5JOYM5TS ( BODILY & SPIRITUAL LIC5TI\SNESS ! 5JOYM5TS1 AS REF9$ AS !Y >E REAL1 ( HUMANITY DEVELOP$ 9 EA* & ALL1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ALONE WILL HAVE ! P[] TO CLOSE AT ! SAME TIME ALL ! DRAM-%OPS & ALL ! *UR*ES4 

,TILL !N ! PEOPLE4 ,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 WILL BELIEVE2 &1 IF !Y HAVE NO REASON TO BELIEVE1 !Y WILL HAVE AT LEA/ A RI<T4 

 ,!RE IS A CLASS ( PEOPLE :O1 IF !Y DO NOT BELIEVE1 MU/ AT LEA/ MAKE A SEMBLANCE ( BELIEV+4 ,?IS CLASS COMPRIS+ ALL ! TORM5TORS1 ALL ! OPPRESSORS1 & ALL ! EXPLOIT]S ( HUMANITY2 PRIE/S1 MON>*S1 /ATESM51 SOLDI]S1 PUBLIC & PRIVATE F9ANCI]S1 (FICIALS ( ALL SORTS1 POLICEM51 G5D>MES1 JAIL]S & EXECUTION]S1 MONOPOLI/S1 CAPITALI/S1 TAX-LEE*ES1 CONTRACTORS & L&LORDS1 LAWY]S1 ECONOMI/S1 POLITICIANS ( ALL %ADES1 D[N TO ! SMALLE/ V5DOR ( SWEETMEATS1 ALL WILL REPEAT 9 UNISON ?OSE WORDS ( ,VOLTAIRE3  

 0,IF ,GOD DID NOT EXI/1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO 9V5T HIM40 ,=1 Y\ UND]/&1 0! PEOPLE MU/ HAVE A RELIGION40 ,?AT IS ! SAFETY-VALVE4  

 ,!RE EXI/S1 F9ALLY1 A SOME:AT NUM]\S CLASS ( HONE/ BUT TIMID S\LS :O1 TOO 9TELLIG5T TO TAKE ! ,*RI/IAN DOGMAS S]I\SLY1 REJECT !M 9 DETAIL1 BUT HAVE NEI!R ! C\RAGE NOR ! /R5G? NOR ! NECESS>Y RESOLUTION TO SUMM>ILY R5\NCE !M ALTOGE!R4 ,!Y AB&ON TO Y\R CRITICISM ALL ! SPECIAL ABSURDITIES ( RELIGION1 !Y TURN UP !IR NOSES AT ALL ! MIRACLES1 BUT !Y CL+ DESP]ATELY TO ! PR9CIPAL ABSURDITY2 ! S\RCE ( ALL ! O!RS1 TO ! MIRACLE ?AT EXPLA9S & JU/IFIES ALL ! O!R MIRACLES1 ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD4 ,!IR ,GOD IS NOT ! VIGOR\S & P[]FUL BE+1 ! BRUTALLY POSITIVE ,GOD ( !OLOGY4 ,IT IS A NEBUL\S1 DIAPHAN\S1 ILLUSORY BE+ ?AT VANI%ES 9TO NO?+ AT ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO GRASP IT2 IT IS A MIRAGE1 AN IGNIS FATUGS ?AT NEI!R W>MS NOR ILLUM9ATES4 ,& YET !Y HOLD FA/ TO IT1 & BELIEVE ?AT1 W]E IT TO DISAPPE>1 ALL W\LD DISAPPE> ) IT4 ,!Y >E UNC]TA91 SICKLY S\LS1 :O HAVE LO/ !IR RECKON+ 9 ! PRES5T CIVILIZATION1 BELONG+ TO NEI!R ! PRES5T NOR ! FUTURE1 PALE PHANTOMS ET]NALLY SUSP5D$ BETWE5 HEAV5 & E>?1 & OCCUPY+ EXACTLY ! SAME POSITION BETWE5 ! POLITICS ( ! B\RGEOIS & ! ,SOCIALISM ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y HAVE NEI!R ! P[] NOR ! WI% NOR ! DET]M9ATION TO FOLL[ \T !IR ?\<T1 & !Y WA/E !IR TIME & PA9S 9 CON/ANTLY 5DEAVOR+ TO RECONCILE ! IRRECONCILABLE4 ,9 PUBLIC LIFE !SE >E KN[N AS B\RGEOIS ,SOCIALI/S4  

 ,) !M1 OR AGA9/ !M1 DISCUSSION IS \T ( ! QUE/ION4 ,!Y >E TOO PUNY4  

 ,BUT !RE >E A FEW ILLU/RI\S M5 ( :OM NO ONE WILL D>E TO SPEAK )\T RESPECT1 & :OSE VIGOR\S HEAL?1 /R5G? ( M9D1 & GOOD 9T5TION NO ONE WILL DREAM ( CALL+ 9 QUE/ION4 ,I NE$ ONLY CITE ! NAMES ( ,MAZZ9I1 ,MI*ELET1 ,QU9ET1 ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL4#b ,G5]\S & /RONG S\LS1 GREAT HE>TS1 GREAT M9DS1 GREAT WRIT]S1 & ! FIR/ ! H]OIC & REVOLUTION>Y REG5]ATOR ( A GREAT NATION1 !Y >E ALL APO/LES ( IDEALISM & BITT] DESPIS]S & ADV]S>IES ( MAT]IALISM1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( ,SOCIALISM ALSO1 9 PHILOSOPHY AS WELL AS 9 POLITICS4  

 ,AGA9/ !M1 !N1 WE MU/ DISCUSS ?IS QUE/ION4  

 ,FIR/1 LET IT BE REM>K$ ?AT NOT ONE ( ! ILLU/RI\S M5 ,I HAVE JU/ NAM$ NOR ANY O!R IDEALI/IC ?9K] ( ANY CONSEQU5CE 9 \R DAY HAS GIV5 ANY ATT5TION TO ! LOGICAL SIDE ( ?IS QUE/ION PROP]LY SPEAK+4 ,NOT ONE HAS TRI$ TO SETTLE PHILOSOPHICALLY ! POSSIBILITY ( ! DIV9E SALTO MORTALE FROM ! PURE & ET]NAL REGIONS ( SPIRIT 9TO ! MIRE ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD4 ,HAVE !Y FE>$ TO APPROA* ?IS IRRECONCILABLE CONTRADICTION & DESPAIR$ ( SOLV+ IT AFT] ! FAILURES ( ! GREATE/ G5IUSES ( HI/ORY1 OR HAVE !Y LOOK$ UPON IT AS ALREADY SUFFICI5TLY WELL SETTL$8 ,?AT IS !IR SECRET4 ,! FACT IS ?AT !Y HAVE NEGLECT$ ! !ORETICAL DEMON/RATION ( ! EXI/5CE ( A ,GOD1 & HAVE DEVELOP$ ONLY ITS PRACTICAL MOTIVES & CONSEQU5CES4 ,!Y HAVE TREAT$ IT AS A FACT UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$1 &1 AS SU*1 NO LONG] SUSCEPTIBLE ( ANY D\BT :ATEV]1 = SOLE PRO( !RE( LIMIT+ !MSELVES TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ANTIQUITY & ?IS V]Y UNIV]SALITY ( ! BELIEF 9 ,GOD4  

,?IS IMPOS+ UNANIMITY1 9 ! EYES ( MANY ILLU/RI\S M5 & WRIT]S TO QUOTE ONLY ! MO/ FAM\S ( !M :O ELOQU5TLY EXPRESS$ IT1 ,JOSEPH DE ,MAI/RE & ! GREAT ,ITALIAN PATRIOT1 ,GIUSEPPE ,MAZZ9I -- IS ( MORE VALUE ?AN ALL ! DEMON/RATIONS ( SCI5CE2 & IF ! REASON+ ( A SMALL NUMB] ( LOGICAL & EV5 V]Y P[]FUL1 BUT ISOLAT$1 ?9K]S IS AGA9/ IT1 SO MU* ! WORSE1 !Y SAY1 = !SE ?9K]S & !IR LOGIC1 = UNIV]SAL CONS5T1 ! G5]AL & PRIMITIVE ADOPTION ( AN IDEA1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 CONSID]$ ! MO/ TRIUMPHANT TE/IMONY TO ITS TRU?4 ,! ,I S5TIM5T ( ! :OLE WORLD1 A CONVICTION ?AT IS F\ND ' & MA9TA9$ ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E1 CANNOT BE MI/AK52 IT MU/ HAVE ITS ROOT 9 A NECESSITY ABSOLUTELY 9H]5T 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( MAN4 ,& S9CE IT HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ ?AT ALL PEOPLES1 PA/ & PRES5T1 HAVE BELIEV$ & /ILL BELIEVE 9 ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ?OSE :O HAVE ! MIS=TUNE TO D\BT IT1 :ATEV] ! LOGIC ?AT L$ !M TO ?IS D\BT1 >E ABNORMAL EXCEPTIONS1 MON/]S4  

,?US1 !N1 ! ANTIQUITY & UNIV]SALITY ( A BELIEF %\LD BE REG>D$1 CONTR>Y TO ALL SCI5CE & ALL LOGIC1 AS SUFFICI5T & UNIMPEA*ABLE PRO( ( ITS TRU?4 ,:Y8  

,UNTIL ! DAYS ( ,COP]NICUS & ,GALILEO EV]YBODY BELIEV$ ?AT ! SUN REVOLV$ AB\T ! E>?4 ,WAS NOT EV]YBODY MI/AK58 ,:AT IS MORE ANCI5T & MORE UNIV]SAL ?AN SLAV]Y8 ,CANNIBALISM P]HAPS4 ,FROM ! ORIG9 ( HI/ORIC SOCIETY D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY !RE HAS BE5 ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E EXPLOITATION ( ! COMPULSORY LABOR ( ! MASSES--SLAVES1 S]FS1 OR WAGE WORK]S -- BY SOME DOM9ANT M9ORITY2 OPPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE BY ! ,*UR* & BY ! ,/ATE4 ,MU/ IT BE CONCLUD$ ?AT ?IS EXPLOITATION & ?IS OPPRESSION >E NECESSITIES ABSOLUTELY 9H]5T 9 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( HUMAN SOCIETY8 ,!SE >E EXAMPLES :I* %[ ?AT ! >GUM5T ( ! *AMPIONS ( ,GOD PROVES NO?+4  

,NO?+1 9 FACT1 IS AS UNIV]SAL OR AS ANCI5T AS ! 9IQUIT\S & ABSURD2 TRU? & JU/ICE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E ! LEA/ UNIV]SAL1 ! Y\NGE/ FEATURES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS FACT1 TOO1 LIES ! EXPLANATION ( A CON/ANT HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON -- NAMELY1 ! P]SECUTION ( :I* ?OSE :O FIR/ PROCLAIM ! TRU? HAVE BE5 & CONT9UE TO BE ! OBJECTS AT ! H&S ( ! (FICIAL1 PRIVILEG$1 & 9T]E/$ REPRES5TATIVES ( 0UNIV]SAL0 & 0ANCI5T0 BELIEFS1 & (T5 ALSO AT ! H&S ( ! SAME MASSES :O1 AFT] HAV+ TORTUR$ !M1 ALWAYS 5D BY ADOPT+ !IR IDEAS & R5D]+ !M VICTORI\S4  

,TO US MAT]IALI/S & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S1 !RE IS NO?+ A/ONI%+ OR T]RIFY+ 9 ?IS HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON4 ,/RONG 9 \R CONSCI5CE1 9 \R LOVE ( TRU? AT ALL HAZ>DS1 9 ?AT PASSION = LOGIC :I* ( ITSELF ALONE CON/ITUTES A GREAT P[] & \TSIDE ( :I* !RE IS NO ?\<T2 /RONG 9 \R PASSION = JU/ICE & 9 \R UN%AKABLE FAI? 9 ! TRIUMPH ( HUMANITY OV] ALL !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL BE/IALITIES2 /RONG1 F9ALLY1 9 ! MUTUAL CONFID5CE & SUPPORT GIV5 EA* O!R BY ! FEW :O %>E \R CONVICTIONS -- WE RESIGN \RSELVES TO ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON1 9 :I* WE SEE ! MANIFE/ATION ( A SOCIAL LAW AS NATURAL1 AS NECESS>Y1 & AS 9V>IABLE AS ALL ! O!R LAWS :I* GOV]N ! WORLD4  

,?IS LAW IS A LOGICAL1 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! ANIMAL ORIG9 ( HUMAN SOCIETY2 = 9 FACE ( ALL ! SCI5TIFIC1 PHYSIOLOGICAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & HI/ORICAL PRO(S ACCUMULAT$ AT ! PRES5T DAY1 AS WELL AS 9 FACE ( ! EXPLOITS ( ! ,G]MANS CONQU]+ ,FRANCE1 :I* N[ FURNI% SO /RIK+ A DEMON/RATION !RE(1 IT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO REALLY D\BT ?IS ORIG94 ,BUT FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ?IS ANIMAL ORIG9 ( MAN IS ACCEPT$1 ALL IS EXPLA9$4 ,HI/ORY !N APPE>S TO US AS ! REVOLUTION>Y NEGATION1 N[ SL[1 APA!TIC1 SLUGGI%1 N[ PASSIONATE & P[]FUL1 ( ! PA/4 ,IT CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 ! PROGRESSIVE NEGATION ( ! PRIMITIVE ANIMALITY ( MAN BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS HUMANITY4 ,MAN1 A WILD BEA/1 C\S9 ( ! GORILLA1 HAS EM]G$ FROM ! PR(\ND D>KNESS ( ANIMAL 9/9CT 9TO ! LI<T ( ! M9D1 :I* EXPLA9S 9 A :OLLY NATURAL WAY ALL HIS PA/ MI/AKES & P>TIALLY CONSOLES US = HIS PRES5T ]RORS4 ,HE HAS GONE \T FROM ANIMAL SLAV]Y1 & PASS+ ?R\< DIV9E SLAV]Y1 A TEMPOR>Y CONDITION BETWE5 HIS ANIMALITY & HIS HUMANITY1 HE IS N[ M>*+ ON TO ! CONQUE/ & REALIZATION ( HUMAN LIB]TY4 ,:5CE IT RESULTS ?AT ! ANTIQUITY ( A BELIEF1 ( AN IDEA1 F> FROM PROV+ ANY?+ 9 ITS FAVOR1 \<T1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO LEAD US TO SUSPECT IT4 ,= BEH9D US IS \R ANIMALITY & BE=E US \R HUMANITY2 HUMAN LI<T1 ! ONLY ?+ ?AT CAN W>M & 5LI<T5 US1 ! ONLY ?+ ?AT CAN EMANCIPATE US1 GIVE US DIGNITY1 FRE$OM1 & HAPP9ESS1 & REALIZE FRAT]NITY AMONG US1 IS NEV] AT ! BEG9N+1 BUT1 RELATIVELY TO ! EPO* 9 :I* WE LIVE1 ALWAYS AT ! 5D ( HI/ORY4 ,LET US1 !N1 NEV] LOOK BACK1 LET US LOOK EV] =W>D2 = =W>D IS \R SUNLI<T1 =W>D \R SALVATION4 ,IF IT IS JU/IFIABLE1 & EV5 USEFUL & NECESS>Y1 TO TURN BACK TO /UDY \R PA/1 IT IS ONLY 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% :AT WE HAVE BE5 & :AT WE MU/ NO LONG] BE1 :AT WE HAVE BELIEV$ & ?\<T & :AT WE MU/ NO LONG] BELIEVE OR ?9K1 :AT WE HAVE DONE & :AT WE MU/ DO NEV]MORE4  

,SO MU* = ANTIQUITY4 ,AS = ! UNIV]SALITY ( AN ]ROR1 IT PROVES BUT ONE ?+ -- ! SIMIL>ITY1 IF NOT ! P]FECT ID5TITY1 ( HUMAN NATURE 9 ALL AGES & UND] ALL SKIES4 ,&1 S9CE IT IS E/ABLI%$ ?AT ALL PEOPLES1 AT ALL P]IODS ( !IR LIFE1 HAVE BELIEV$ & /ILL BELIEVE 9 ,GOD1 WE MU/ SIMPLY CONCLUDE ?AT ! DIV9E IDEA1 AN \TCOME ( \RSELVES1 IS AN ]ROR HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY1 & ASK :Y & H[ IT WAS PRODUC$ 9 HI/ORY & :Y AN IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! HUMAN RACE /ILL ACCEPT IT AS A TRU?4  

,UNTIL WE %ALL ACC\NT TO \RSELVES = ! MANN] 9 :I* ! IDEA ( A SUP]NATURAL OR DIV9E WORLD WAS DEVELOP$ & HAD TO BE DEVELOP$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION ( ! HUMAN CONSCI5CE1 ALL \R SCI5TIFIC CONVICTION ( ITS ABSURDITY WILL BE 9 VA92 UNTIL !N WE %ALL NEV] SUCCE$ 9 DE/ROY+ IT 9 ! OP9ION ( ! MAJORITY1 BECAUSE WE %ALL NEV] BE ABLE TO ATTACK IT 9 ! V]Y DEP?S ( ! HUT MAN BE+ :]E IT HAD BIR?4 ,CONDEMN$ TO A FRUITLESS /RUGGLE1 )\T ISSUE & )\T 5D1 WE %\LD = EV] HAVE TO CONT5T \RSELVES ) FI<T+ IT SOLELY ON ! SURFACE1 9 ITS 9NUM]ABLE MANIFE/ATIONS1 :OSE ABSURDITY WILL BE SC>CELY BEAT5 D[N BY ! BL[S ( COMMON S5SE BE=E IT WILL REAPPE> 9 A NEW =M NO LESS NONS5SICAL4 ,:ILE ! ROOT ( ALL ! ABSURDITIES ?AT TORM5T ! WORLD1 BELIEF 9 ,GOD1 REMA9S 9TACT1 IT WILL NEV] FAIL TO BR+ =? NEW (FSPR+4 ,?US1 AT ! PRES5T TIME1 9 C]TA9 SECTIONS ( ! HI<E/ SOCIETY1 ,SPIRITUALISM T5DS TO E/ABLI% ITSELF UPON ! RU9S ( ,*RI/IANITY4  

,IT IS NOT ONLY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! MASSES1 IT IS 9 ?AT ( ! HEAL? ( \R [N M9DS1 ?AT WE %\LD /RIVE TO UND]/& ! HI/ORIC G5ESIS1 ! SUCCESSION ( CAUSES :I* DEVELOP$ & PRODUC$ ! IDEA ( ,GOD 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( M54 ,9 VA9 %ALL WE CALL & BELIEVE \RSELVES ,A!I/S1 UNTIL WE COMPREH5D !SE CAUSES1 =1 UNTIL !N1 WE %ALL ALWAYS SUFF] \RSELVES TO BE MORE OR LESS GOV]N$ BY ! CLAMORS ( ?IS UNIV]SAL CONSCI5CE :OSE SECRET WE HAVE NOT DISCOV]$2 &1 CONSID]+ ! NATURAL WEAKNESS ( EV5 ! /RONGE/ 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! ALL-P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCIAL SURR\ND+S ?AT TRAMMEL HIM1 WE >E ALWAYS 9 DANG] ( RELAPS+ SOON] OR LAT]1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 9TO ! ABYSS ( RELIGI\S ABSURDITY4 ,EXAMPLES ( !SE %AMEFUL CONV]SIONS >E FREQU5T 9 SOCIETY TO-DAY4  

,I,I 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JOAN1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,I HAVE /AT$ ! *IEF PRACTICAL REASON ( ! P[] /ILL EX]CIS$ TO-DAY OV] ! MASSES BY RELIGI\S BELIEFS4 ,!SE MY/ICAL T5D5CIES DO NOT SIGNIFY 9 MAN SO MU* AN AB]RATION ( M9D AS A DEEP DISCONT5T AT ,HE>T4 ,!Y >E ! 9/9CTIVE & PASSIONATE PROTE/ ( ! HUMAN BE+ AGA9/ ! N>R[NESS1 ! PLATITUDES1 ! SORR[S1 & ! %AME ( A WRET*$ EXI/5CE4 ,= ?IS MALADY1 ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID1 !RE IS BUT ONE REM$Y-,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4  

,9 ! MEANTIME ,I HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO %[ ! CAUSES RESPONSIBLE = ! BIR? & HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( RELIGI\S HALLUC9ATIONS 9 ! HUMAN CONSCI5CE4 ,H]E IT IS MY PURPOSE TO TREAT ?IS QUE/ION ( ! EXI/5CE ( A ,GOD1 OR ( ! DIV9E ORIG9 ( ! WORLD & ( MAN1 SOLELY FROM ! /&PO9T ( ITS MORAL & SOCIAL UTILITY1 & ,I %ALL SAY ONLY A FEW WORDS1 TO BETT] EXPLA9 MY ?\<T1 REG>D+ ! !ORETICAL GR\NDS ( ?IS BELIEF4 

,ALL RELIGIONS1 ) !IR GODS1 !IR DEMIGODS1 & !IR PROPHETS1 !IR MESSIAHS & !IR SA9TS1 W]E CREAT$ BY ! CR$UL\S FANCY ( M5 :O HAD NOT ATTA9$ ! FULL DEVELOPM5T & FULL POSSESSION ( !IR FACULTIES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! RELIGI\S HEAV5 IS NO?+ BUT A MIRAGE 9 :I* MAN1 EXALT$ BY IGNORANCE & FAI?1 DISCOV]S HIS [N IMAGE1 BUT 5L>G$ & REV]S$-?AT IS1 DIV9IZ$4 ,! HI/ORY ( RELIGION1 ( ! BIR?1 GR&EUR1 & DECL9E ( ! GODS :O HAVE SUCCE$$ ONE ANO!R 9 HUMAN BELIEF1 IS NO?+1 !RE=E1 BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! COLLECTIVE 9TELLIG5CE & CONSCI5CE ( MANK9D4 ,AS FA/ AS !Y DISCOV]$1 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE ADVANCE1 EI!R 9 !MSELVES OR 9 EXT]NAL NATURE1 A P[]1 A QUALITY1 OR EV5 ANY GREAT DEFECT :ATEV]1 !Y ATTRIBUT$ !M TO !IR GODS1 AFT] HAV+ EXAGG]AT$ & 5L>G$ !M BEYOND MEASURE1 AFT] ! MANN] ( *ILDR51 BY AN ACT ( !IR RELIGI\S FANCY4 ,?ANKS TO ?IS MODE/Y & PI\S G5]OSITY ( BELIEV+ & CR$UL\S M51 HEAV5 HAS GR[N RI* ) ! SPOILS ( ! E>?1 &1 BY A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE1 ! RI*] HEAV5 BECAME1 ! MORE WRET*$ BECAME HUMANITY & ! E>?4 ,GOD ONCE 9/ALL$1 HE WAS NATURALLY PROCLAIM$ ! CAUSE1 REASON1 >BIT] & ABSOLUTE DISPOS] ( ALL ?+S3 ! WORLD !NCE=? WAS NO?+1 ,GOD WAS ALL2 & MAN1 HIS REAL CREATOR1 AFT] HAV+ UNKN[+LY EXTRACT$ HIM FROM ! VOID1 B[$ D[N BE=E HIM1 WOR%IP$ HIM1 & AV[$ HIMSELF HIS CREATURE & HIS SLAVE4 

,*RI/IANITY IS PRECISELY ! RELIGION P> EXCELL5CE1 BECAUSE IT EXHIBITS & MANIFE/S1 TO ! FULLE/ EXT5T1 ! V]Y NATURE & ESS5CE ( EV]Y RELIGI\S SY/EM1 :I* IS ! IMPOV]I%M5T1 5SLAVEM5T1 & ANNIHILATION ( HUMANITY = ! B5EFIT ( DIV9ITY4  

,GOD BE+ EV]Y?+1 ! REAL WORLD & MAN >E NO?+4 ,GOD BE+ TRU?1 JU/ICE1 GOODNESS1 BEAUTY1 P[]1 & LIFE1 MAN IS FALSEHOOD1 9IQUITY1 EVIL1 UGL9ESS1 IMPOT5CE1 & DEA?4 ,GOD BE+ MA/]1 MAN IS ! SLAVE4 ,9CAPABLE ( F9D+ JU/ICE1 TRU?1 & ET]NAL LIFE BY HIS [N EF=T1 HE CAN ATTA9 !M ONLY ?R\< A DIV9E REVELATION4 ,BUT :OEV] SAYS REVELATION SAYS REVEAL]S1 MESSIAHS1 PROPHETS1 PRIE/S1 & LEGISLATORS 9SPIR$ BY ,GOD HIMSELF2 & !SE1 ONCE RECOGNIZ$ AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( DIV9ITY ON E>?1 AS ! HOLY 9/RUCTORS ( HUMANITY1 *OS5 BY ,GOD HIMSELF TO DIRECT IT 9 ! PA? ( SALVATION1 NECESS>ILY EX]CISE ABSOLUTE P[]4 ,ALL M5 [E !M PASSIVE & UNLIMIT$ OB$I5CE2 = AGA9/ ! DIV9E REASON !RE IS NO HUMAN REASON1 & AGA9/ ! JU/ICE ( ,GOD NO T]RE/RIAL JU/ICE HOLDS4 ,SLAVES ( ,GOD1 M5 MU/ ALSO BE SLAVES ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 9 SO F> AS ! ,/ATE IS CONSECRAT$ BY ! ,*UR*4 ,?IS TRU? ,*RI/IANITY1 BETT] ?AN ALL O!R RELIGIONS ?AT EXI/ OR HAVE EXI/$1 UND]/OOD1 NOT EXCEPT+ EV5 ! OLD ,ORI5TAL RELIGIONS1 :I* 9CLUD$ ONLY DI/9CT & PRIVILEG$ NATIONS1 :ILE ,*RI/IANITY ASPIRES TO EMBRACE 5TIRE HUMANITY2 & ?IS TRU? ,ROMAN ,CA?OLICISM1 ALONE AMONG ALL ! ,*RI/IAN SECTS1 HAS PROCLAIM$ & REALIZ$ ) RIGOR\S LOGIC4 ,?AT IS :Y ,*RI/IANITY IS ! ABSOLUTE RELIGION1 ! F9AL RELIGION2 :Y ! ,APO/OLIC & ,ROMAN ,*UR* IS ! ONLY CONSI/5T1 LEGITIMATE1 & DIV9E *UR*4  

,) ALL DUE RESPECT1 !N1 TO ! METAPHYSICIANS & RELIGI\S IDEALI/S1 PHILOSOPH]S1 POLITICIANS1 OR POETS3 ,! IDEA ( ,GOD IMPLIES ! ABDICATION ( HUMAN REASON & JU/ICE2 IT IS ! MO/ DECISIVE NEGATION ( HUMAN LIB]TY1 & NECESS>ILY 5DS 9 ! 5SLAVEM5T ( MANK9D1 BO? 9 !ORY & PRACTICE4  

,UNLESS1 !N1 WE DESIRE ! 5SLAVEM5T & DEGRADATION ( MANK9D1 AS ! ,JESUITS DESIRE IT1 AS ! MOMI]S1 PIETI/S1 OR ,PROTE/ANT ,ME?ODI/S DESIRE IT1 WE MAY NOT1 MU/ NOT MAKE ! SLI<TE/ CONCESSION EI!R TO ! ,GOD ( !OLOGY OR TO ! ,GOD ( METAPHYSICS4 ,HE :O1 9 ?IS MY/ICAL ALPHABET1 BEG9S ) ,A WILL 9EVITABLY 5D ) ,Z2 HE :O DESIRES TO WOR%IP ,GOD MU/ H>BOR NO *ILDI% ILLUSIONS AB\T ! MATT]1 BUT BRAVELY R5\NCE HIS LIB]TY & HUMANITY4  

,IF ,GOD IS1 MAN IS A SLAVE2 N[1 MAN CAN & MU/ BE FREE2 !N1 ,GOD DOES NOT EXI/4  

,I DEFY ANYONE :OMSOEV] TO AVOID ?IS CIRCLE2 N[1 !RE=E1 LET ALL *OOSE4  

,IS IT NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T TO :AT EXT5T & 9 :AT MANN] RELIGIONS DEBASE & CORRUPT ! PEOPLE8 ,!Y DE/ROY !IR REASON1 ! PR9CIPAL 9/RUM5T ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 & R$UCE !M TO IMBECILITY1 ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( !IR SLAV]Y4 ,!Y DI%ONOR HUMAN LABOR1 & MAKE IT A SIGN & S\RCE ( S]VITUDE4 ,!Y KILL ! IDEA & S5TIM5T ( HUMAN JU/ICE1 EV] TIPP+ ! BALANCE TO ! SIDE ( TRIUMPHANT KNAVES1 PRIVILEG$ OBJECTS ( DIV9E 9DULG5CE4 ,!Y KILL HUMAN PRIDE & DIGNITY1 PROTECT+ ONLY ! CR++ & HUMBLE4 ,!Y /IFLE 9 ! HE>T ( NATIONS EV]Y FEEL+ ( HUMAN FRAT]NITY1 FILL+ IT ) DIV9E CRUELTY 9/EAD4  

,ALL RELIGIONS >E CRUEL1 ALL F\ND$ ON BLOOD2 = ALL RE/ PR9CIPALLY ON ! IDEA ( SACRIFICE - ?AT IS1 ON ! P]PETUAL IMMOLATION ( HUMANITY TO ! 9SATIABLE V5GEANCE ( DIV9ITY4 ,9 ?IS BLOODY MY/]Y1 MAN IS ALWAYS ! VICTIM1 & ! PRIE/-A MAN ALSO1 BUT A MAN PRIVILEG$ BY GRACE- IS ! DIV9E EXECUTION]4 ,?AT EXPLA9S :Y ! PRIE/S ( ALL RELIGIONS1 ! BE/1 ! MO/ HUMANE1 ! G5TLE/1 ALMO/ ALWAYS HAVE AT ! BOTTOM ( !IR HE>TS-&1 IF NOT 9 !IR HE>TS1 9 !IR IMAG9ATIONS1 9 !IR M9DS 7& WE KN[ ! FE>FUL 9FLU5CE ( EI!R ON ! HE>TS ( M57-SOME?+ CRUEL & SANGU9>Y4  

,NONE KN[ ALL ?IS BETT] ?AN \R ILLU/RI\S CONTEMPOR>Y IDEALI/S4 ,!Y >E LE>N$ M51 :O KN[ HI/ORY BY HE>T2 &1 AS !Y >E AT ! SAME TIME LIV+ M51 GREAT S\LS P5ETRAT$ ) A S9C]E & PR(\ND LOVE = ! WELF>E ( HUMANITY1 !Y HAVE CURS$ & BR&$ ALL !SE MISDE$S1 ALL !SE CRIMES ( RELIGION ) AN ELOQU5CE UNP>ALLEL$4 ,!Y REJECT ) 9DIGNATION ALL SOLID>ITY ) ! ,GOD ( POSITIVE RELIGIONS & ) HIS REPRES5TATIVES1 PA/1 PRES5T1 & ON E>?4  

,! ,GOD :OM !Y ADORE1 OR :OM !Y ?9K !Y ADORE1 IS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! REAL GODS ( HI/ORY PRECISELY 9 ?IS-?AT HE IS NOT AT ALL A POSITIVE GOD1 DEF9$ 9 ANY WAY :ATEV]1 !OLOGICALLY OR EV5 METAPHYSICALLY4 ,HE IS NEI!R ! SUPREME BE+ ( ,ROBESPI]RE & ,J4 ,J4 ,R\SSEAU1 NOR ! PAN!I/IC GOD ( ,SP9OZA1 NOR EV5 ! AT ONCE IMMAN5T1 TRANSC5D5TAL1 & V]Y EQUIVOCAL GOD ( ,HEGEL4 ,!Y TAKE GOOD C>E NOT TO GIVE HIM ANY POSITIVE DEF9ITION :ATEV]1 FEEL+ V]Y /RONGLY ?AT ANY DEF9ITION W\LD SUBJECT HIM TO ! DISSOLV+ P[] ( CRITICISM4 ,!Y WILL NOT SAY :E!R BE IS A P]SONAL OR IMP]SONAL GOD1 :E!R HE CREAT$ OR DID NOT CREATE ! WORLD2 !Y WILL NOT EV5 SPEAK ( HIS DIV9E PROVID5CE4 ,ALL ?AT MI<T COMPROMISE HIM4 ,!Y CONT5T !MSELVES ) SAY+ 0,GOD0 & NO?+ MORE4 ,BUT1 !N1 :AT IS !IR ,GOD8 ,NOT EV5 AN IDEA2 IT IS AN ASPIRATION4  

,IT IS ! G5]IC NAME ( ALL ?AT SEEMS GR&1 GOOD1 BEAUTIFUL1 NOBLE1 HUMAN TO !M4 ,BUT :Y1 !N1 DO !Y NOT SAY1 0,MAN40 ,AH6 BECAUSE ,K+ ,WILLIAM ( ,PRUSSIA & ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I1 & ALL !IR COMPE]S >E LIKEWISE M53 :I* BO!RS !M V]Y MU*4 ,REAL HUMANITY PRES5TS A MIXTURE ( ALL ,I ?AT IS MO/ SUBLIME & BEAUTIFUL ) ALL ?AT IS VILE/ & MO/ MON/R\S 9 ! WORLD4 ,H[ DO !Y GET OV] ?IS8 ,:Y1 !Y CALL ONE DIV9E & ! O!R BE/IAL1 REPRES5T+ DIV9ITY & ANIMALITY AS TWO POLES1 BETWE5 :I* !Y PLACE HUMANITY4 ,!Y EI!R WILL NOT OR CANNOT UND]/& ?AT !SE ?REE T]MS >E REALLY BUT ONE1 & ?AT TO SEP>ATE !M IS TO DE/ROY !M4  

,!Y >E NOT /RONG ON LOGIC1 & ONE MI<T SAY ?AT !Y DESPISE IT4 ,?AT IS :AT DI/+UI%ES !M FROM ! PAN!I/ICAL & DEI/ICAL METAPHYSICIANS1 & GIVES !IR IDEAS ! *>ACT] ( A PRACTICAL IDEALISM1 DRAW+ ITS 9SPIRATION MU* LESS FROM ! SEV]E DEVELOPM5T ( A ?\<T ?AN FROM ! EXP]I5CES1 ,I MI<T ALMO/ SAY ! EMOTIONS1 HI/ORICAL & COLLECTIVE AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL1 ( LIFE4 ,?IS GIVES !IR PROPAG&A AN APPE>ANCE ( WEAL? & VITAL P[]1 BUT AN APPE>ANCE ONLY2 = LIFE ITSELF BECOMES /]ILE :5 P>ALYZ$ BY A LOGICAL CONTRADICTION4  

,?IS CONTRADICTION LIES H]E3 !Y WI% ,GOD1 & !Y WI% HUMANITY4 ,!Y P]SI/ 9 CONNECT+ TWO T]MS :I*1 ONCE SEP>AT$1 CAN COME TOGE!R AGA9 ONLY TO DE/ROY EA* O!R4 ,!Y SAY 9 A S+LE BREA?3 0,GOD & ! LIB]TY ( MAN10 0,GOD & ! DIGNITY1 JU/ICE1 EQUALITY1 FRAT]NITY1 PROSP]ITY ( M50-REG>DLESS ( ! FATAL LOGIC BY VIRTUE ( :I*1 IF ,GOD EXI/S1 ALL !SE ?+S >E CONDEMN$ TO NONEXI/5CE4 ,=1 IF ,GOD IS1 HE IS NECESS>ILY ! ET]NAL1 SUPREME1 ABSOLUTE MA/]1 &1 IF SU* A MA/] EXI/S1 MAN IS A SLAVE2 N[1 IF HE IS A SLAVE1 NEI!R JU/ICE1 NOR EQUALITY1 NOR FRAT]NITY1 NOR PROSP]ITY >E POSSIBLE = HIM4 ,9 VA91 FLY+ 9 ! FACE ( GOOD S5SE & ALL ! TEA*+S ( HI/ORY1 DO !Y REPRES5T !IR ,GOD AS ANIMAT$ BY ! T5D]E/ LOVE ( HUMAN LIB]TY3 A MA/]1 :OEV] HE MAY BE & H[EV] LIB]AL HE MAY DESIRE TO %[ HIMSELF1 REMA9S NONE ! LESS ALWAYS A MA/]4 ,HIS EXI/5CE NECESS>ILY IMPLIES ! SLAV]Y ( ALL ?AT IS B5EA? HIM4 ,!RE=E1 IF ,GOD EXI/$1 ONLY 9 ONE WAY C\LD HE S]VE HUMAN LIB]TY-BY CEAS+ TO EXI/4  

,A JEAL\S LOV] ( HUMAN LIB]TY1 & DEEM+ IT ! ABSOLUTE CONDITION ( ALL ?AT WE ADMIRE & RESPECT 9 HUMANITY1 ,I REV]SE ! PHRASE ( ,VOLTAIRE1 & SAY ?AT1 IF ,GOD REALLY EXI/$1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO ABOLI% HIM4  

,! SEV]E LOGIC ?AT DICTATES !SE WORDS IS F> TOO EVID5T TO REQUIRE A DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS >GUM5T4 ,& IT SEEMS TO ME IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ! ILLU/RI\S M51 :OSE NAMES SO CELEBRAT$ & SO JU/LY RESPECT$ ,I HAVE CIT$1 %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 /RUCK BY IT !MSELVES1 & %\LD NOT HAVE P]CEIV$ ! CONTRADICTION 9 :I* !Y 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 SPEAK+ ( ,GOD & HUMAN LIB]TY AT ONCE4 ,TO HAVE DISREG>D$ IT1 !Y MU/ HAVE CONSID]$ ?IS 9CONSI/5CY OR LOGICAL LIC5SE PRACTICALLY NECESS>Y TO HUMANITY'S WELL-BE+4  

,P]HAPS1 TOO1 :ILE SPEAK+ ( LIB]TY AS SOME?+ V]Y RESPECTABLE & V]Y DE> 9 !IR EYES1 !Y GIVE ! T]M A MEAN+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! CONCEPTION 5T]TA9$ BY US1 MAT]IALI/S & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S4 ,9DE$1 !Y NEV] SPEAK ( IT )\T IMM$IATELY ADD+ ANO!R WORD1 AU?ORITY-A WORD & A ?+ :I* WE DETE/ ) ALL \R HE>T4  

,:AT IS AU?ORITY8 ,IS IT ! 9EVITABLE P[] ( ! NATURAL LAWS :I* MANIFE/ !MSELVES 9 ! NECESS>Y CONCAT5ATION & SUCCESSION ( PH5OM5A 9 ! PHYSICAL & SOCIAL WORLDS8 ,9DE$1 AGA9/ !SE LAWS REVOLT IS NOT ONLY =BIDD5 -- IT IS EV5 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,WE MAY MISUND]/& !M OR NOT KN[ !M AT ALL1 BUT WE CANNOT DISOBEY !M2 BECAUSE !Y CON/ITUTE ! BASIS & FUNDAM5TAL CONDITIONS ( \R EXI/5CE2 !Y 5VELOP US1 P5ETRATE US1 REGULATE ALL \R MOVEM5TS1 ?\<TS1 & ACTS2 EV5 :5 WE BELIEVE ?AT WE DISOBEY !M1 WE ONLY %[ !IR OMNIPOT5CE4  

,YES1 WE >E ABSOLUTELY ! SLAVES ( !SE LAWS4 ,BUT 9 SU* SLAV]Y !RE IS NO HUMILIATION1 OR1 RA!R1 IT IS NOT SLAV]Y AT ALL4 ,= SLAV]Y SUPPOSES AN EXT]NAL MA/]1 A LEGISLATOR \TSIDE ( HIM :OM HE COMM&S1 :ILE !SE LAWS >E NOT \TSIDE ( US2 !Y >E 9H]5T 9 US2 !Y CON/ITUTE \R BE+1 \R :OLE BE+1 PHYSICALLY-9TELLECTUALLY1 & MORALLY3 WE LIVE1 WE BREA!1 WE ACT1 WE ?9K1 WE WI% ONLY ?R\< !SE LAWS4 ,)\T !M WE >E NO?+1 WE >E NOT4 ,:5CE1 !N1 C\LD WE D]IVE ! P[] & ! WI% TO REBEL AGA9/ !M8 

,9 HIS RELATION TO NATURAL LAWS BUT ONE LIB]TY IS POSSIBLE TO MAN-?AT ( RECOGNIZ+ & APPLY+ !M ON AN EV]-EXT5D+ SCALE 9 CON=MITY ) ! OBJECT ( COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL EMANCIPATION OR HUMANIZATION :I* HE PURSUES4 ,!SE LAWS1 ONCE RECOGNIZ$1 EX]CISE AN AU?ORITY :I* IS NEV] DISPUT$ BY ! MASS ( M54 ,ONE MU/1 = 9/ANCE1 BE AT BOTTOM EI!R A FOOL OR A !OLOGIAN OR AT LEA/ A METAPHYSICIAN1 JURI/1 OR B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/ TO REBEL AGA9/ ! LAW BY :I* TWICE TWO MAKE F\R4 ,ONE MU/ HAVE FAI? TO IMAG9E ?AT FIRE WILL NOT BURN NOR WAT] DR[N1 EXCEPT1 9DE$1 REC\RSE BE HAD TO SOME SUBT]FUGE F\ND$ 9 ITS TURN ON SOME O!R NATURAL LAW4 ,BUT !SE REVOLTS1 OR1 RA!R1 !SE ATTEMPTS AT OR FOOLI% FANCIES ( AN IMPOSSIBLE REVOLT1 >E DECID$LY1 ! EXCEPTION2 =1 9 G5]AL1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! MASS ( M51 9 !IR DAILY LIVES1 ACKN[L$GE ! GOV]NM5T ( COMMON S5SE-?AT IS1 ( ! SUM ( ! NATURAL LAWS G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$-9 AN ALMO/ ABSOLUTE FA%ION4  

,! GREAT MIS=TUNE IS ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( NATURAL LAWS1 ALREADY E/ABLI%$ AS SU* BY SCI5CE1 REMA9 UNKN[N TO ! MASSES1 ?ANKS TO ! WAT*FULNESS ( !SE TUTEL>Y GOV]NM5TS ?AT EXI/1 AS WE KN[1 ONLY = ! GOOD ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!RE IS ANO!R DIFFICULTY-NAMELY1 ?AT ! MAJOR PORTION ( ! NATURAL LAWS CONNECT$ ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 :I* >E QUITE AS NECESS>Y1 9V>IABLE1 FATAL1 AS ! LAWS ?AT GOV]N ! PHYSICAL WORLD1 HAVE NOT BE5 DULY E/ABLI%$ & RECOGNIZ$ BY SCI5CE ITSELF4  

,ONCE !Y %ALL HAVE BE5 RECOGNIZ$ BY SCI5CE1 & !N FROM SCI5CE1 BY MEANS ( AN EXT5SIVE SY/EM ( POPUL> $UCATION & 9/RUCTION1 %ALL HAVE PASS$ 9TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ALL1 ! QUE/ION ( LIB]TY WILL BE 5TIRELY SOLV$4 ,! MO/ /UBBORN AU?ORITIES MU/ ADMIT ?AT !N !RE WILL BE NO NE$ EI!R ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OR DIRECTION OR LEGISLATION1 ?REE ?+S :I*1 :E!R !Y EMANATE FROM ! WILL ( ! SOV]EIGN OR FROM ! VOTE ( A P>LIAM5T ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 & EV5 %\LD !Y CON=M TO ! SY/EM ( NATURAL LAWS-:I* HAS NEV] BE5 ! CASE & NEV] WILL BE ! CASE->E ALWAYS EQUALLY FATAL & HO/ILE TO ! LIB]TY ( ! MASSES FROM ! V]Y FACT ?AT !Y IMPOSE UPON !M A SY/EM ( EXT]NAL & !RE=E DESPOTIC LAWS4  

,! LIB]TY ( MAN CONSI/S SOLELY 9 ?IS3 ?AT HE OBEYS NATURAL LAWS BECAUSE HE HAS HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$ !M AS SU*1 & NOT BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ UPON HIM BY ANY EXTR9SIC WILL :ATEV]1 DIV9E OR HUMAN1 COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL4 

,SUPPOSE A LE>N$ ACADEMY1 COMPOS$ ( ! MO/ ILLU/RI\S REPRES5TATIVES ( SCI5CE2 SUPPOSE ?IS ACADEMY *>G$ ) LEGISLATION = & ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 & ?AT1 9SPIR$ ONLY BY ! PURE/ LOVE ( TRU?1 IT FRAMES NONE BUT LAWS 9 ABSOLUTE H>MONY ) ! LATE/ DISCOV]IES ( SCI5CE4 ,WELL1 ,I MA9TA91 = MY P>T1 ?AT SU* LEGISLATION & SU* ORGANIZATION W\LD BE A MON/ROSITY1 & ?AT = TWO REASONS3 FIR/1 ?AT HUMAN SCI5CE IS ALWAYS & NECESS>ILY IMP]FECT1 & ?AT1 COMP>+ :AT IT HAS DISCOV]$ ) :AT REMA9S TO BE DISCOV]$1 WE MAY SAY ?AT IT IS /ILL 9 ITS CRADLE4 ,SO ?AT W]E WE TO TRY TO =CE ! PRACTICAL LIFE ( M51 COLLECTIVE AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL1 9TO /RICT & EXCLUSIVE CON=MITY ) ! LATE/ DATA ( SCI5CE1 WE %\LD CONDEMN SOCIETY AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUALS TO SUFF] M>TYRDOM ON A B$ ( ,PROCRU/ES1 :I* W\LD SOON 5D BY DISLOCAT+ & /IFL+ !M1 LIFE EV] REMA9+ AN 9F9ITELY GREAT] ?+ ?AN SCI5CE4  

,! SECOND REASON IS ?IS3 A SOCIETY :I* %\LD OBEY LEGISLATION EMANAT+ FROM A SCI5TIFIC ACADEMY1 NOT BECAUSE IT UND]/OOD ITSELF ! RATIONAL *>ACT] ( ?IS LEGISLATION 79 :I* CASE ! EXI/5CE ( ! ACADEMY W\LD BECOME USELESS71 BUT BECAUSE ?IS LEGISLATION1 EMANAT+ FROM ! ACADEMY1 WAS IMPOS$ 9 ! NAME ( A SCI5CE :I* IT V5]AT$ )\T COMPREH5D+ -SU* A SOCIETY W\LD BE A SOCIETY1 NOT ( M51 BUT ( BRUTES4 ,IT W\LD BE A SECOND $ITION ( ?OSE MISSIONS 9 ,P>AGUAY :I* SUBMITT$ SO LONG TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,JESUITS4 ,IT W\LD SURELY & RAPIDLY DESC5D TO ! L[E/ /AGE ( IDIOCY4  

,BUT !RE IS /ILL A ?IRD REASON :I* W\LD R5D] SU* A GOV]NM5T IMPOSSIBLE-NAMELY ?AT A SCI5TIFIC ACADEMY 9VE/$ ) A SOV]EIGNTY1 SO TO SPEAK1 ABSOLUTE1 EV5 IF IT W]E COMPOS$ ( ! MO/ ILLU/RI\S M51 W\LD 9FALLIBLY & SOON 5D 9 ITS [N MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL CORRUPTION4 ,EV5 TO-DAY1 ) ! FEW PRIVILEGES ALL[$ !M1 SU* IS ! HI/ORY ( ALL ACADEMIES4 ,! GREATE/ SCI5TIFIC G5IUS1 FROM ! MOM5T ?AT HE BECOMES AN ACADEMICIAN1 AN (FICIALLY LIC5S$ SAVANT1 9EVITABLY LAPSES 9TO SLUGGI%NESS4 ,HE LOSES HIS SPONTANEITY1 HIS REVOLUTION>Y H>DIHOOD1 & ?AT TR\BLESOME & SAVAGE 5]GY *>ACT]I/IC ( ! GR&E/ G5IUSES1 EV] CALL$ TO DE/ROY OLD TOTT]+ WORLDS & LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( NEW4 ,HE UND\BT$LY GA9S 9 POLIT5ESS1 9 UTILIT>IAN & PRACTICAL WISDOM1 :AT HE LOSES 9 P[] ( ?\<T4 ,9 A WORD1 HE BECOMES CORRUPT$4  

,IT IS ! *>ACT]I/IC ( PRIVILEGE & ( EV]Y PRIVILEG$ POSITION TO KILL ! M9D & HE>T ( M54 ,! PRIVILEG$ MAN1 :E!R POLITICALLY OR ECONOMICALLY1 IS A MAN DEPRAV$ 9 M9D & HE>T4 ,?AT IS A SOCIAL LAW :I* ADMITS ( NO EXCEPTION1 & IS AS APPLICABLE TO 5TIRE NATIONS AS TO CLASSES1 CORPORATIONS1 & 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT IS ! LAW ( EQUALITY1 ! SUPREME CONDITION ( LIB]TY & HUMANITY4 ,! PR9CIPAL OBJECT ( ?IS TREATISE IS PRECISELY TO DEMON/RATE ?IS TRU? 9 ALL ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( HUMAN LIFE4  

,A SCI5TIFIC BODY TO :I* HAD BE5 CONFID$ ! GOV]NM5T ( SOCIETY W\LD SOON 5D BY DEVOT+ ITSELF NO LONG] TO SCI5CE AT ALL1 BUT TO QUITE ANO!R AFFAIR2 & ?AT AFFAIR1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ALL E/ABLI%$ P[]S1 W\LD BE ITS [N ET]NAL P]PETUATION BY R5D]+ ! SOCIETY CONFID$ TO ITS C>E EV] MORE /UPID & CONSEQU5TLY MORE 9 NE$ ( ITS GOV]NM5T & DIRECTION4 

,BUT ?AT :I* IS TRUE ( SCI5TIFIC ACADEMIES IS ALSO TRUE ( ALL CON/ITU5T & LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES1 EV5 ?OSE *OS5 BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE !Y MAY R5EW !IR COMPOSITION1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT ?IS DOES NOT PREV5T ! =MATION 9 A FEW YE>S' TIME ( A BODY ( POLITICIANS1 PRIVILEG$ 9 FACT ?\< NOT 9 LAW1 :O1 DEVOT+ !MSELVES EXCLUSIVELY TO ! DIRECTION ( ! PUBLIC AFFAIRS ( A C\NTRY1 F9ALLY =M A SORT ( POLITICAL >I/OCRACY OR OLIG>*Y4 ,WITNESS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA & ,SWITZ]L&4  

,CONSEQU5TLY1 NO EXT]NAL LEGISLATION & NO AU?ORITY-ONE1 = ?AT MATT]1 BE+ 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! O!R1 & BO? T5D+ TO ! S]VITUDE ( SOCIETY & ! DEGRADATION ( ! LEGISLATORS !MSELVES4  

,DOES IT FOLL[ ?AT ,I REJECT ALL AU?ORITY8 ,F> FROM ME SU* A ?\<T4 ,9 ! MATT] ( BOOTS1 ,I REF] TO ! AU?ORITY ( ! BOOTMAK]2 CONC]N+ H\SES1 CANALS1 OR RAILROADS1 ,I CONSULT ?AT ( ! >*ITECT OR 5G9E]4 ,= SU* OR SU* SPECIAL KN[L$GE ,I APPLY TO SU* OR SU* A SAVANT4 ,BUT ,I ALL[ NEI!R ! BOOTMAK] NOR ! >*ITECT NOR ! SAVANT TO IMPOSE HIS AU?ORITY UPON ME4 ,I LI/5 TO !M FREELY & ) ALL ! RESPECT M]IT$ BY !IR 9TELLIG5CE1 !IR *>ACT]1 !IR KN[L$GE1 RES]V+ ALWAYS MY 9CONTE/ABLE RI<T ( CRITICISM C5SURE4 ,I DO NOT CONT5T MYSELF ) CONSULT+ AU?ORITY 9 ANY SPECIAL BRAN*2 ,I CONSULT SEV]AL2 ,I COMP>E !IR OP9IONS1 & *OOSE ?AT :I* SEEMS TO ME ! S\NDE/4 ,BUT ,I RECOGNIZE NO 9FALLIBLE AU?ORITY1 EV5 9 SPECIAL QUE/IONS2 CONSEQU5TLY1 :ATEV] RESPECT ,I MAY HAVE = ! HONE/Y & ! S9C]ITY ( SU* OR SU* AN 9DIVIDUAL1 ,I HAVE NO ABSOLUTE FAI? 9 ANY P]SON4 ,SU* A FAI? W\LD BE FATAL TO MY REASON1 TO MY LIB]TY1 & EV5 TO ! SUCCESS ( MY UND]TAK+S2 IT W\LD IMM$IATELY TRANS=M ME 9TO A /UPID SLAVE1 AN 9/RUM5T ( ! WILL & 9T]E/S ( O!RS4  

,IF ,I B[ BE=E ! AU?ORITY ( ! SPECIALI/S & AV[ MY READ9ESS TO FOLL[1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T & AS LONG AS MAY SEEM TO ME NECESS>Y1 !IR 9DICATIONS & EV5 !IR DIRECTIONS1 IT IS BECAUSE !IR AU?ORITY IS IMPOS$ UPON ME BY NO ONE1 NEI!R BY M5 NOR BY ,GOD4 ,O!RWISE ,I W\LD REPEL !M ) HORROR1 & BID ! DEVIL TAKE !IR C\NSELS1 !IR DIRECTIONS1 & !IR S]VICES1 C]TA9 ?AT !Y W\LD MAKE ME PAY1 BY ! LOSS ( MY LIB]TY & SELF-RESPECT1 = SU* SCRAPS ( TRU?1 WRAPP$ 9 A MULTITUDE ( LIES1 AS !Y MI<T GIVE ME4 

,I B[ BE=E ! AU?ORITY ( SPECIAL M5 BECAUSE IT IS IMPOS$ UPON ME BY MY [N REASON4 ,I AM CONSCI\S ( MY 9ABILITY TO GRASP1 9 ALL ITS DETAILS & POSITIVE DEVELOPM5TS1 ANY V]Y L>GE PORTION ( HUMAN KN[L$GE4 ,! GREATE/ 9TELLIG5CE W\LD NOT BE EQUAL TO A COMPREH5SION ( ! :OLE4 ,!NCE RESULTS1 = SCI5CE AS WELL AS = 9DU/RY1 ! NECESSITY ( ! DIVISION & ASSOCIATION ( LABOR4 ,I RECEIVE & ,I GIVE-SU* IS HUMAN LIFE4 ,EA* DIRECTS & IS DIRECT$ 9 HIS TURN4 ,!RE=E !RE IS NO FIX$ & CON/ANT AU?ORITY1 BUT A CONT9UAL EX*ANGE ( MUTUAL1 TEMPOR>Y1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 VOLUNT>Y AU?ORITY & SUBORD9ATION4 

,?IS SAME REASON =BIDS ME1 !N1 TO RECOGNIZE A FIX$1 CON/ANT1 & UNIV]SAL AU?ORITY1 BECAUSE !RE IS NO UNIV]SAL MAN1 NO MAN CAPABLE ( GRASP+ 9 ?AT WEAL? ( DETAIL1 )\T :I* ! APPLICATION ( SCI5CE TO LIFE IS IMPOSSIBLE1 ALL ! SCI5CES1 ALL ! BRAN*ES ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,& IF SU* UNIV]SALITY C\LD EV] BE REALIZ$ 9 A S+LE MAN1 & IF BE WI%$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE !RE( TO IMPOSE HIS AU?ORITY UPON US1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO DRIVE ?IS MAN \T ( SOCIETY1 BECAUSE HIS AU?ORITY W\LD 9EVITABLY R$UCE ALL ! O!RS TO SLAV]Y & IMBECILITY4 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT SOCIETY \<T TO MALTREAT M5 ( G5IUS AS IT HAS DONE HI!RTO2 BUT NEI!R DO ,I ?9K IT %\LD 9DULGE !M TOO F>1 /ILL LESS ACCORD !M ANY PRIVILEGES OR EXCLUSIVE RI<TS :ATSOEV]2 & ?AT = ?REE REASONS3 FIR/1 BECAUSE IT W\LD (T5 MI/AKE A *>LATAN = A MAN ( G5IUS2 SECOND1 BECAUSE1 ?R\< SU* A SY/EM ( PRIVILEGES1 IT MI<T TRANS=M 9TO A *>LATAN EV5 A REAL MAN ( G5IUS1 DEMORALIZE HIM1 & DEGRADE HIM2 &1 F9ALLY1 BECAUSE IT W\LD E/ABLI% A MA/] OV] ITSELF4  

,TO SUM UP4 ,WE RECOGNIZE1 !N1 ! ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY ( SCI5CE1 BECAUSE ! SOLE OBJECT ( SCI5CE IS ! M5TAL REPRODUCTION1 AS WELL-CONSID]$ & SY/EMATIC AS POSSIBLE1 ( ! NATURAL LAWS 9H]5T 9 ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL LIFE ( BO? ! PHYSICAL & ! SOCIAL WORLDS1 !SE TWO WORLDS CON/ITUT+1 9 FACT1 BUT ONE & ! SAME NATURAL WORLD4 ,\TSIDE ( ?IS ONLY LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY1 LEGITIMATE BECAUSE RATIONAL & 9 H>MONY ) HUMAN LIB]TY1 WE DECL>E ALL O!R AU?ORITIES FALSE1 >BITR>Y & FATAL4  

,WE RECOGNIZE ! ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY ( SCI5CE1 BUT WE REJECT ! 9FALLIBILITY & UNIV]SALITY ( ! SAVANT4 ,9 \R *UR*-IF ,I MAY BE P]MITT$ TO USE = A MOM5T AN EXPRESSION :I* ,I SO DETE/3 ,*UR* & ,/ATE >E MY TWO BETES NOIRES-9 \R *UR*1 AS 9 ! ,PROTE/ANT *UR*1 WE HAVE A *IEF1 AN 9VISIBLE ,*RI/1 SCI5CE2 &1 LIKE ! ,PROTE/ANTS1 MORE LOGICAL EV5 ?AN ! ,PROTE/ANTS1 WE WILL SUFF] NEI!R POPE1 NOR C\NCIL1 NOR CONCLAVES ( 9FALLIBLE C>D9ALS1 NOR BI%OPS1 NOR EV5 PRIE/S4 ,\R ,*RI/ DIFF]S FROM ! ,PROTE/ANT & ,*RI/IAN ,*RI/ 9 ?IS-?AT ! LATT] IS A P]SONAL BE+1 \RS IMP]SONAL2 ! ,*RI/IAN ,*RI/1 ALREADY COMPLET$ 9 AN ET]NAL PA/1 PRES5TS HIMSELF AS A P]FECT BE+1 :ILE ! COMPLETION & P]FECTION ( \R ,*RI/1 SCI5CE1 >E EV] 9 ! FUTURE3 :I* IS EQUIVAL5T TO SAY+ ?AT !Y WILL NEV] BE REALIZ$4 ,!RE=E1 9 RECOGNIZ+ ABSOLUTE SCI5CE AS ! ONLY ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY1 WE 9 NO WAY COMPROMISE \R LIB]TY4  

,I MEAN BY ! WORDS 0ABSOLUTE SCI5CE10 ! TRULY UNIV]SAL SCI5CE :I* W\LD REPRODUCE IDEALLY1 TO ITS FULLE/ EXT5T & 9 ALL ITS 9F9ITE DETAIL1 ! UNIV]SE1 ! SY/EM OR COORD9ATION ( ALL ! NATURAL LAWS MANIFE/$ BY ! 9CESSANT DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORLD4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT SU* A SCI5CE1 ! SUBLIME OBJECT ( ALL ! EF=TS ( ! HUMAN M9D1 WILL NEV] BE FULLY & ABSOLUTELY REALIZ$4 ,\R ,*RI/1 !N1 WILL REMA9 ET]NALLY UNF9I%$1 :I* MU/ CONSID]ABLY TAKE D[N ! PRIDE ( HIS LIC5S$ REPRES5TATIVES AMONG US4 ,AGA9/ ?AT ,GOD ! ,SON 9 :OSE NAME !Y ASSUME TO IMPOSE UPON US !IR 9SOL5T & P$ANTIC AU?ORITY1 WE APPEAL TO ,GOD ! ,FA!R1 :O IS ! REAL WORLD1 REAL LIFE1 ( :I* HE 7! ,SON7 IS ONLY A TOO IMP]FECT EXPRESSION1 :IL/ WE REAL BE+S1 LIV+1 WORK+1 /RUGGL+1 LOV+1 ASPIR+1 5JOY+1 & SUFF]+1 >E ITS IMM$IATE REPRES5TATIVES4  

,BUT1 :ILE REJECT+ ! ABSOLUTE1 UNIV]SAL1 & 9FALLIBLE AU?ORITY ( M5 ( SCI5CE1 WE WILL+LY B[ BE=E ! RESPECTABLE1 AL?\< RELATIVE1 QUITE TEMPOR>Y1 & V]Y RE/RICT$ AU?ORITY ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( SPECIAL SCI5CES1 ASK+ NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO CONSULT !M BY TURNS1 & V]Y GRATEFUL = SU* PRECI\S 9=MATION AS !Y MAY EXT5D TO US1 ON CONDITION ( !IR WILL+NESS TO RECEIVE FROM US ON OCCASIONS :51 & CONC]N+ MATT]S AB\T :I*1 WE >E MORE LE>N$ ?AN !Y4 ,9 G5]AL1 WE ASK NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO SEE M5 5D[$ ) GREAT KN[L$GE1 GREAT EXP]I5CE1 GREAT M9DS1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 GREAT HE>TS1 EX]CISE OV] US A NATURAL & LEGITIMATE 9FLU5CE1 FREELY ACCEPT$1 & NEV] IMPOS$ 9 ! NAME ( ANY (FICIAL AU?ORITY :ATSOEV]1 CELE/IAL OR T]RE/RIAL4 ,WE ACCEPT ALL NATURAL AU?ORITIES & ALL 9FLU5CES ( FACT1 BUT NONE ( RI<T2 = EV]Y AU?ORITY OR EV]Y 9FLU5CE ( RI<T1 (FICIALLY IMPOS$ AS SU*1 BECOM+ DIRECTLY AN OPPRESSION & A FALSEHOOD1 W\LD 9EVITABLY IMPOSE UPON US1 AS ,I BELIEVE ,I HAVE SUFFICI5TLY %[N1 SLAV]Y & ABSURDITY4  

,9 A WORD1 WE REJECT ALL LEGISLATION1 ALL AU?ORITY1 & ALL PRIVILEG$1 LIC5S$1 (FICIAL1 & LEGAL 9FLU5CE1 EV5 ?\< >IS+ FROM UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 CONV9C$ ?AT IT CAN TURN ONLY TO ! ADVANTAGE ( A DOM9ANT M9ORITY ( EXPLOIT]S AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY 9 SUBJECTION TO !M4 

,?IS IS ! S5SE 9 :I* WE >E REALLY ,AN>*I/S4  

,! MOD]N IDEALI/S UND]/& AU?ORITY 9 QUITE A DIFF]5T WAY4 ,AL?\< FREE FROM ! TRADITIONAL SUP]/ITIONS ( ALL ! EXI/+ POSITIVE RELIGIONS1 !Y NEV]!LESS ATTA* TO ?IS IDEA ( AU?ORITY A DIV9E1 AN ABSOLUTE MEAN+4 ,?IS AU?ORITY IS NOT ?AT ( A TRU? MIRACUL\SLY REVEAL$1 NOR ?AT ( A TRU? RIGOR\SLY & SCI5TIFICALLY DEMON/RAT$4 ,!Y BASE IT TO A SLI<T EXT5T UPON QUASI-PHILOSOPHICAL REASON+1 & TO A L>GE EXT5T ALSO ON S5TIM5T1 IDEALLY1 AB/RACTLY POETICAL4 ,!IR RELIGION IS1 AS IT W]E1 A LA/ ATTEMPT TO DIV9IZE ALL ?AT CON/ITUTES HUMANITY 9 M54 

,?IS IS JU/ ! OPPOSITE ( ! WORK ?AT WE >E DO+4 ,ON BEHALF ( HUMAN LIB]TY1 DIGNITY & PROSP]ITY1 WE BELIEVE IT \R DUTY TO RECOV] FROM HEAV5 ! GOODS :I* IT HAS /OL5 & RETURN !M TO E>?4 ,!Y1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 5DEAVOR+ TO COMMIT A F9AL RELIGI\SLY H]OIC L>C5Y1 W\LD RE/ORE TO HEAV51 ?AT DIV9E ROBB]1 F9ALLY UNMASK$1 ! GR&E/1 F9E/ & NOBLE/ ( HUMANITY'S POSSESSIONS4 ,IT IS N[ ! FREE?9K]'S TURN TO PILLAGE HEAV5 BY !IR AUDACI\S PIETY & SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS4 

,! IDEALI/S UND\BT$LY BELIEVE ?AT HUMAN IDEAS & DE$S1 9 ORD] TO EX]CISE GREAT] AU?ORITY AMONG M51 MU/ BE 9VE/$ ) A DIV9E SANCTION4 ,H[ IS ?IS SANCTION MANIFE/$8 ,NOT BY A MIRACLE1 AS 9 ! POSITIVE RELIGIONS1 BUT BY ! V]Y GR&EUR ( SANCTITY ( ! IDEAS & DE$S3 :ATEV] IS GR&1 :ATEV] IS BEAUTIFUL1 :ATEV] IS NOBLE1 :ATEV] IS JU/1 IS CONSID]$ DIV9E4 ,9 ?IS NEW RELIGI\S CULT EV]Y MAN 9SPIR$ BY !SE IDEAS1 BY !SE DE$S1 BECOMES A PRIE/1 DIRECTLY CONSECRAT$ BY ,GOD HIMSELF4 ,& ! PRO(8 ,HE NE$S NONE BEYOND ! V]Y GR&EUR ( ! IDEAS :I* HE EXPRESSES & ! DE$S :I* HE P]=MS4 ,!SE >E SO HOLY ?AT !Y CAN HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ ONLY BY ,GOD4 

,SU*1 9 SO FEW WORDS1 IS !IR :OLE PHILOSOPHY3 A PHILOSOPHY ( S5TIM5TS1 NOT ( REAL ?\<TS1 A SORT ( METAPHYSICAL PIETISM4 ,?IS SEEMS H>MLESS1 BUT IT IS NOT SO AT ALL1 & ! V]Y PRECISE1 V]Y N>R[ & V]Y B>R5 DOCTR9E HIDD5 UND] ! 9TANGIBLE VAGU5ESS ( !SE POETIC =MS LEADS TO ! SAME DISA/R\S RESULTS ?AT ALL ! POSITIVE RELIGIONS LEAD TO--NAMELY1 ! MO/ COMPLETE NEGATION ( HUMAN LIB]TY & DIGNITY4 

,TO PROCLAIM AS DIV9E ALL ?AT IS GR&1 JU/1 NOBLE1 & BEAUTIFUL 9 HUMANITY IS TO TACITLY ADMIT ?AT HUMANITY ( ITSELF W\LD HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO PRODUCE IT -- ?AT IS1 ?AT1 AB&ON$ TO ITSELF1 ITS [N NATURE IS MIS]ABLE1 9IQUIT\S1 BASE1 & UGLY4 ,?US WE COME BACK TO ! ESS5CE ( ALL RELIGION--9 O!R WORDS1 TO ! DISP>AGEM5T ( HUMANITY = ! GREAT] GLORY ( DIV9ITY4 ,& FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ! NATURAL 9F]IORITY ( MAN & HIS FUNDAM5TAL 9CAPACITY TO RISE BY HIS [N EF=T1 UNAID$ BY ANY DIV9E 9SPIRATION1 TO ! COMPREH5SION ( JU/ & TRUE IDEAS1 >E ADMITT$1 IT BECOMES NECESS>Y TO ADMIT ALSO ALL ! !OLOGICAL1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! POSITIVE RELIGIONS4 ,FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ,GOD1 ! P]FECT & SUPREME BE+1 IS POSIT$ FACE TO FACE ) HUMANITY1 DIV9E M$IATORS1 ! ELECT1 ! 9SPIR$ ( ,GOD SPR+ FROM ! E>? TO 5LI<T51 DIRECT1 & GOV]N 9 HIS NAME ! HUMAN RACE4 

,MAY WE NOT SUPPOSE ?AT ALL M5 >E EQUALLY 9SPIR$ BY ,GOD8 ,!N1 SURELY1 !RE IS NO FUR!R USE = M$IATORS4 ,BUT ?IS SUPPOSITION IS IMPOSSIBLE1 BECAUSE IT IS TOO CLE>LY CONTRADICT$ BY ! FACTS4 ,IT W\LD COMPEL US TO ATTRIBUTE TO DIV9E 9SPIRATION ALL ! ABSURDITIES & ]RORS :I* APPE>1 & ALL ! HORRORS1 FOLLIES1 BASE DE$S1 & C[>DLY ACTIONS :I* >E COMMITT$1 9 ! WORLD4 ,BUT P]HAPS1 !N1 ONLY A FEW M5 >E DIV9ELY 9SPIR$1 ! GREAT M5 ( HI/ORY1 ! VIRTU\S G5IUSES1 AS ! ILLU/RI\S ,ITALIAN CITIZ5 & PROPHET1 ,GIUSEPPE ,MAZZ9I1 CALL$ !M4 ,IMM$IATELY 9SPIR$ BY ,GOD HIMSELF & SUPPORT$ UPON UNIV]SAL CONS5T EXPRESS$ BY POPUL> SUFFRAGE -- ,DIO E ,POPOLO -- SU* AS !SE %\LD BE CALL$ TO ! GOV]NM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETIES4#c 

 ,BUT H]E WE >E AGA9 FALL5 BACK UND] ! YOKE ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION1 9DEBT$ = ITS EXI/5CE1 LIKE ALL ! OLD POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 TO ! GRACE ( ,GOD1 BUT SUPPORT$ ?IS TIME--AT LEA/ SO F> AS =M IS CONC]N$1 AS A NECESS>Y CONCESSION TO ! SPIRIT ( MOD]N TIMES1 & JU/ AS 9 ! PREAMBLES ( ! IMP]IAL DECREES ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I4 -- ON ! 7PRET5D$7 WILL ( ! PEOPLE1 ! ,*UR* WILL NO LONG] CALL ITSELF ,*UR*2 IT WILL CALL ITSELF ,S*OOL4 ,:AT MATT]S IT8 ,ON ! B5*ES ( ?IS ,S*OOL WILL BE SEAT$ NOT *ILDR5 ONLY2 !RE WILL BE F\ND ! ET]NAL M9OR1 ! PUPIL CONFESS$LY =EV] 9COMPET5T TO PASS HIS EXAM9ATIONS1 RISE TO ! KN[L$GE ( HIS TEA*]S1 & DISP5SE ) !IR DISCIPL9E--! PEOPLE4#d ,! ,/ATE WILL NO LONG] CALL ITSELF ,MON>*Y2 IT WILL CALL ITSELF ,REPUBLIC3 BUT IT WILL BE NONE ! LESS ! ,/ATE -- ?AT IS1 A TUTELAGE (FICIALLY & REGUL>LY E/ABLI%$ BY A M9ORITY ( COMPET5T M51 M5 ( VIRTU\S G5IUS OR TAL5T1 :O WILL WAT* & GUIDE ! CONDUCT ( ?IS GREAT1 9CORRIGIBLE1 & T]RIBLE *ILD1 ! PEOPLE4 ,! PR(ESSORS ( ! ,S*OOL & ! FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,/ATE WILL CALL !MSELVES REPUBLICANS2 BUT !Y WILL BE NONE ! LESS TUTORS1 %EPH]DS1 & ! PEOPLE WILL REMA9 :AT !Y HAVE BE5 HI!RTO FROM ALL ET]NITY1 A FLOCK4 ,BEW>E ( %E>]S1 = :]E !RE IS A FLOCK !RE NECESS>ILY MU/ BE %EPH]DS ALSO TO %E> & DEV\R IT4  

,! PEOPLE1 9 ?IS SY/EM1 WILL BE ! P]PETUAL S*OL> & PUPIL4 ,9 SPITE ( ITS SOV]EIGNTY1 :OLLY FICTITI\S1 IT WILL CONT9UE TO S]VE AS ! 9/RUM5T ( ?\<TS1 WILLS1 & CONSEQU5TLY 9T]E/S NOT ITS [N4 ,BETWE5 ?IS SITUATION & :AT WE CALL LIB]TY1 ! ONLY REAL LIB]TY1 !RE IS AN ABYSS4 ,IT WILL BE ! OLD OPPRESSION & OLD SLAV]Y UND] NEW =MS2 & :]E !RE IS SLAV]Y !RE IS MIS]Y1 BRUTI%NESS1 REAL SOCIAL MAT]IALISM1 AMONG ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES AS WELL AS AMONG ! MASSES4 

,9 DEFY+ HUMAN ?+S ! IDEALI/S ALWAYS 5D 9 ! TRIUMPH ( A BRUTAL MAT]IALISM4 ,& ?IS = A V]Y SIMPLE REASON3 ! DIV9E EVAPORATES & RISES TO ITS [N C\NTRY1 HEAV51 :ILE ! BRUTAL ALONE REMA9S ACTUALLY ON E>?4 

,YES1 ! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( !ORETICAL IDEALISM IS PRACTICALLY ! MO/ BRUTAL MAT]IALISM2 NOT1 UND\BT$LY1 AMONG ?OSE :O S9C]ELY PREA* IT--! USUAL RESULT AS F> AS !Y >E CONC]N$ BE+ ?AT !Y >E CON/RA9$ TO SEE ALL !IR EF=TS /RUCK ) /]ILITY--BUT AMONG ?OSE :O TRY TO REALIZE !IR PRECEPTS 9 LIFE1 & 9 ALL SOCIETY SO F> AS IT ALL[S ITSELF TO BE DOM9AT$ BY IDEALI/IC DOCTR9ES4 

,TO DEMON/RATE ?IS G5]AL FACT1 :I* MAY APPE> /RANGE AT FIR/1 BUT :I* EXPLA9S ITSELF NATURALLY 5\< UPON FUR!R REFLECTION1 HI/ORICAL PRO(S >E NOT LACK+4 

,COMP>E ! LA/ TWO CIVILIZATIONS ( ! ANCI5T WORLD -- ! ,GREEK & ! ,ROMAN4 ,:I* IS ! MO/ MAT]IALI/IC1 ! MO/ NATURAL1 9 ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 & ! MO/ HUMANLY IDEAL 9 ITS RESULTS8 ,UND\BT$LY ! ,GREEK CIVILIZATION4 ,:I* ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS ! MO/ AB/RACTLY IDEAL 9 ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE--SACRIFIC+ ! MAT]IAL LIB]TY ( ! MAN TO ! IDEAL LIB]TY ( ! CITIZ51 REPRES5T$ BY ! AB/RACTION ( JUDICIAL LAW1 & ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY TO ! AB/RACTION ( ! ,/ATE -- & :I* BECAME NEV]!LESS ! MO/ BRUTAL 9 ITS CONSEQU5CES8 ,! ,ROMAN CIVILIZATION1 C]TA9LY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,GREEK CIVILIZATION1 LIKE ALL ! ANCI5T CIVILIZATIONS1 9CLUD+ ?AT ( ,ROME1 WAS EXCLUSIVELY NATIONAL & BAS$ ON SLAV]Y4 ,BUT1 9 SPITE ( !SE TWO IMM5SE DEFECTS1 ! =M] NONE ! LESS CONCEIV$ & REALIZ$ ! IDEA ( HUMANITY2 IT 5NOBL$ & REALLY IDEALIZ$ ! LIFE ( M52 IT TRANS=M$ HUMAN H]DS 9TO FREE ASSOCIATIONS ( FREE M52 IT CREAT$ ?R\< LIB]TY ! SCI5CES1 ! >TS1 A POETRY1 AN IMMORTAL PHILOSOPHY1 & ! PRIM>Y CONCEPTS ( HUMAN RESPECT4 ,) POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIB]TY1 IT CREAT$ FREE ?\<T4 ,AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ! FACT ?AT SOME ,GREEK EMIGRANTS BR\<T A FEW ( ?OSE IMMORTAL BOOKS 9TO ,ITALY SUFFIC$ TO RESUSCITATE LIFE1 LIB]TY1 ?\<T1 HUMANITY1 BURI$ 9 ! D>K DUNGEON ( ,CA?OLICISM4 ,HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 ?AT IS ! NAME ( ! ,GREEK CIVILIZATION4 ,& ! NAME ( ! ,ROMAN CIVILIZATION8 ,CONQUE/1 ) ALL ITS BRUTAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,& ITS LA/ WORD8 ,! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! ,CAES>S4 ,:I* MEANS ! DEGRADATION & 5SLAVEM5T ( NATIONS & ( M54 

,TO-DAY EV51 :AT IS IT ?AT KILLS1 :AT IS IT ?AT CRU%ES BRUTALLY1 MAT]IALLY1 9 ALL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 LIB]TY & HUMANITY8 ,IT IS ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,CES>EAN OR ,ROMAN PR9CIPLE4 

,COMP>E N[ TWO MOD]N CIVILIZATIONS -- ! ,ITALIAN & ! ,G]MAN4 ,! FIR/ UND\BT$LY REPRES5TS1 9 ITS G5]AL *>ACT]1 MAT]IALISM2 ! SECOND1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 REPRES5TS IDEALISM 9 ITS MO/ AB/RACT1 MO/ PURE1 & MO/ TRANSC5D5TAL =M4 ,LET US SEE :AT >E ! PRACTICAL FRUITS ( ! ONE & ! O!R4 

,ITALY HAS ALREADY R5D]$ IMM5SE S]VICES TO ! CAUSE ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,%E WAS ! FIR/ TO RESUSCITATE & WIDELY APPLY ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY 9 ,EUROPE1 & TO RE/ORE TO HUMANITY ITS TITLES TO NOBILITY3 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE1 POETRY1 ! >TS1 ! POSITIVE SCI5CES1 & FREE ?\<T4 ,CRU%$ S9CE BY ?REE C5TURIES ( IMP]IAL & PAPAL DESPOTISM1 & DRAGG$ 9 ! MUD BY H] GOV]N+ B\RGEOISIE1 %E REAPPE>S TO-DAY1 IT IS TRUE1 9 A V]Y DEGRAD$ CONDITION 9 COMP>ISON ) :AT %E ONCE WAS4 ,& YET H[ MU* %E DIFF]S FROM ,G]MANY6 ,9 ,ITALY1 9 SPITE ( ?IS DECL9E -- TEMPOR>Y LET US HOPE -- ONE MAY LIVE & BREA! HUMANLY1 SURR\ND$ BY A PEOPLE :I* SEEMS TO BE BORN = LIB]TY4 ,ITALY1 EV5 B\RGEOIS ,ITALY1 CAN PO9T ) PRIDE TO M5 LIKE ,MAZZ9I & ,G>IBALDI4 ,9 ,G]MANY ONE BREA!S ! ATMOSPH]E ( AN IMM5SE POLITICAL & SOCIAL SLAV]Y1 PHILOSOPHICALLY EXPLA9$ & ACCEPT$ BY A GREAT PEOPLE ) DELIB]ATE RESIGNATION & FREE WILL4 ,H] H]OES -- ,I SPEAK ALWAYS ( PRES5T ,G]MANY1 NOT ( ! ,G]MANY ( ! FUTURE2 ( >I/OCRATIC1 BUREAUCRATIC1 POLITICAL & B\RGEOISIE ,G]MANY1 NOT ( ! ,G]MANY ( ! PROLETAIRES -- H] H]OES >E QUITE ! OPPOSITE ( ,MAZZ9I & ,G>IBALDI3 !Y >E ,WILLIAM ,I41 ?AT F]OCI\S & +5U\S REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,PROTE/ANT ,GOD1 ,MESSRS1 ,BISM>CK & ,MOLTKE1 ,G5]ALS ,MANTEUFFEL & ,W]D]4 ,9 ALL H] 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS ,G]MANY1 FROM ! BEG9N+ ( H] EXI/5CE1 HAS BE5 SL[LY1 SY/EMATICALLY 9VAD+1 CONQU]+1 EV] READY TO EXT5D H] [N VOLUNT>Y 5SLAVEM5T 9TO ! T]RITORY ( H] NEI<BORS2 &1 S9CE H] DEF9ITIVE E/ABLI%M5T AS A UNIT>Y P[]1 %E HAS BECOME A M5ACE1 A DANG] TO ! LIB]TY ( 5TIRE ,EUROPE4 ,TO-DAY ,G]MANY IS S]VILITY BRUTAL & TRIUMPHANT4 

,TO %[ H[ !ORETICAL IDEALISM 9CESSANTLY & 9EVITABLY *ANGES 9TO PRACTICAL MAT]IALISM1 ONE NE$S ONLY TO CITE ! EXAMPLE ( ALL ! ,*RI/IAN ,*UR*ES1 &1 NATURALLY1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ?AT ( ! ,APO/OLIC & ,ROMAN ,*UR*4 ,:AT IS !RE MORE SUBLIME1 9 ! IDEAL S5SE1 MORE DIS9T]E/$1 MORE SEP>ATE FROM ALL ! 9T]E/S ( ?IS E>?1 ?AN ! DOCTR9E ( ,*RI/ PREA*$ BY ?AT ,*UR*8 ,& :AT IS !RE MORE BRUTALLY MAT]IALI/IC ?AN ! CON/ANT PRACTICE ( ?AT SAME ,*UR* S9CE ! EI<? C5TURY1 FROM :I* DATES H] DEF9ITIVE E/ABLI%M5T AS A P[]8 ,:AT HAS BE5 & /ILL IS ! PR9CIPAL OBJECT ( ALL H] CONTE/S ) ! SOV]EIGNS ( ,EUROPE8 ,H] TEMPORAL GOODS1 H] REV5UES FIR/1 & !N H] TEMPORAL P[]1 H] POLITICAL PRIVILEGES4 ,WE MU/ DO H] ! JU/ICE TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT %E WAS ! FIR/ TO DISCOV]1 9 MOD]N HI/ORY1 ?IS 9CONTE/ABLE BUT SC>CELY ,*RI/IAN TRU? ?AT WEAL? & P[]1 ! ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & ! POLITICAL OPPRESSION ( ! MASSES1 >E ! TWO 9SEP>ABLE T]MS ( ! REIGN ( DIV9E IDEALITY ON E>?3 WEAL? CONSOLIDAT+ & AUGM5T+ P[]1 P[] EV] DISCOV]+ & CREAT+ NEW S\RCES ( WEAL?1 & BO? ASSUR+1 BETT] ?AN ! M>TYRDOM & FAI? ( ! APO/LES1 BETT] ?AN DIV9E GRACE1 ! SUCCESS ( ! ,*RI/IAN PROPAG&ISM4 ,?IS IS A HI/ORICAL TRU?1 & ! ,PROTE/ANT ,*UR*ES DO NOT FAIL TO RECOGNIZE IT EI!R4 ,I SPEAK1 ( C\RSE1 ( ! 9DEP5D5T *UR*ES ( ,5GL&1 ,AM]ICA1 & ,SWITZ]L&1 NOT ( ! SUBJECT$ *UR*ES ( ,G]MANY4 ,! LATT] HAVE NO 9ITIATIVE ( !IR [N2 !Y DO :AT !IR MA/]S1 !IR TEMPORAL SOV]EIGNS1 :O >E AT ! SAME TIME !IR SPIRITUAL *IEFTA9S1 ORD] !M TO DO1 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! ,PROTE/ANT PROPAG&ISM1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA1 IS V]Y 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) ! PROPAG&ISM ( ! MAT]IAL1 COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S ( ?OSE TWO GREAT NATIONS2 & IT IS KN[N ALSO ?AT ! OBJECTS ( ! LATT] PROPAG&ISM IS NOT AT ALL ! 5RI*M5T & MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY ( ! C\NTRIES 9TO :I* IT P5ETRATES 9 COMPANY ) ! ,WORD ( ,GOD1 BUT RA!R ! EXPLOITATION ( ?OSE C\NTRIES ) A VIEW TO ! 5RI*M5T & MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY ( C]TA9 CLASSES1 :I* 9 !IR [N C\NTRY >E V]Y COVET\S & V]Y PI\S AT ! SAME TIME4 

,9 A WORD1 IT IS NOT AT ALL DIFFICULT TO PROVE1 HI/ORY 9 H&1 ?AT ! ,*UR*1 ?AT ALL ! ,*UR*ES1 ,*RI/IAN & NON-,*RI/IAN1 BY ! SIDE ( !IR SPIRITUALI/IC PROPAG&ISM1 & PROBABLY TO ACCEL]ATE & CONSOLIDATE ! SUCCESS !RE(1 HAVE NEV] NEGLECT$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO GREAT CORPORATIONS = ! ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES UND] ! PROTECTION & ) ! DIRECT & SPECIAL BLESS+ ( SOME DIV9ITY OR O!R2 ?AT ALL ! ,/ATES1 :I* ORIG9ALLY1 AS WE KN[1 ) ALL !IR POLITICAL & JUDICIAL 9/ITUTIONS & !IR DOM9ANT & PRIVILEG$ CLASSES HAVE BE5 ONLY TEMPORAL BRAN*ES ( !SE V>I\S ,*UR*ES HAVE LIKEWISE HAD PR9CIPALLY 9 VIEW ?IS SAME EXPLOITATION = ! B5EFIT ( LAY M9ORITIES 9DIRECTLY SANCTION$ BY ! ,*UR*2 F9ALLY & 9 G5]AL1 ?AT ! ACTION ( ! GOOD ,GOD & ( ALL ! DIV9E IDEALITIES ON E>? HAS 5D$ AT LA/1 ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E1 9 F\ND+ ! PROSP]\S MAT]IALISM ( ! FEW OV] ! FANATICAL & CON/ANTLY FAMI%+ IDEALISM ( ! MASSES4 

,WE HAVE A NEW PRO( ( ?IS 9 :AT WE SEE TO-DAY4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ! GREAT HE>TS & GREAT M9DS :OM ,I HAVE BE=E REF]R$ TO AS MISL$1 :O >E TO-DAY ! MO/ OB/9ATE DEF5D]S ( IDEALISM8 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACES ALL ! SOV]EIGN C\RTS4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 UNTIL LATELY1 ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I4 & HIS WIFE1 ,MADAME ,EUG5IE2 ALL !IR =M] M9I/]S1 C\RTI]S1 & EX-M>%ALS1 FROM ,R\H] & ,BAZA9E TO ,FLEURY & ,PIETRI2 ! M5 & WOM5 ( ?IS IMP]IAL WORLD1 :O HAVE SO COMPLETELY IDEALIZ$ & SAV$ ,FRANCE2 !IR J\RNALI/S & !IR SAVANTS -- ! ,CSSAGNACS1 ! ,GIR>D9S1 ! ,DUV]NOIS1 ! ,VEUILLOTS1 ! ,LEV]RI]S1 ! ,DUMAS2 ! BLACK PHALANX ( ,JESUITS & ,JESUITESSES 9 EV]Y G>B2 ! :OLE UPP] & MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE ( ,FRANCE2 ! DOCTR9AIRE LIB]ALS1 & ! LIB]ALS )\T DOCTR9E -- ! ,GUIZOTS1 ! ,?I]S1 ! ,JULES ,FAVRES1 ! ,PELLETANS1 & ! ,JULES ,SIMONS1 ALL OB/9ATE DEF5D]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE EXPLOITATION4 ,9 ,PRUSSIA1 9 ,G]MANY1 ,WILLIAM ,I41 ! PRES5T ROYAL DEMON/RATOR ( ! GOOD ,GOD ON E>?2 ALL HIS G5]ALS1 ALL HIS (FIC]S1 ,POM]ANIAN & O!R2 ALL HIS >MY1 :I*1 /RONG 9 ITS RELIGI\S FAI?1 HAS JU/ CONQU]$ ,FRANCE 9 ?AT IDEAL WAY WE KN[ SO WELL4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,CZ> & HIS C\RT2 ! ,M\RAVIEFFS & ! ,B]GS1 ALL ! BUT*]S & PI\S PROSELYT]S ( ,POL&4 ,EV]Y:]E1 9 %ORT1 RELIGI\S OR PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM1 ! ONE BE+ BUT ! MORE OR LESS FREE TRANSLATION ( ! O!R1 S]VES TO-DAY AS ! FLAG ( MAT]IAL1 BLOODY1 & BRUTAL =CE1 ( %AMELESS MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION2 :ILE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! FLAG ( !ORETICAL MAT]IALISM1 ! R$ FLAG ( ECONOMIC EQUALITY & SOCIAL JU/ICE1 IS RAIS$ BY ! PRACTICAL IDEALISM ( ! OPPRESS$ & FAMI%+ MASSES1 T5D+ TO REALIZE ! GREATE/ LIB]TY & ! HUMAN RI<T ( EA* 9 ! FRAT]NITY ( ALL M5 ON ! E>?4 

,:O >E ! REAL IDEALI/S -- ! IDEALI/S NOT ( AB/RACTION1 BUT ( LIFE1 NOT ( HEAV51 BUT ( E>? -- & :O >E ! MAT]IALI/S8 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( !ORETICAL OR DIV9E IDEALISM IS ! SACRIFICE ( LOGIC1 ( HUMAN REASON1 ! R5UNCIATION ( SCI5CE4 ,WE SEE1 FUR!R1 ?AT 9 DEF5D+ ! DOCTR9ES ( IDEALISM ONE F9DS HIMSELF 5LI/$ P]=CE 9 ! RANKS ( ! OPPRESSORS & EXPLOIT]S ( ! MASSES4 ,!SE >E TWO GREAT REASONS :I*1 IT W\LD SEEM1 %\LD BE SUFFICI5T TO DRIVE EV]Y GREAT M9D1 EV]Y GREAT HE>T1 FROM IDEALISM4 ,H[ DOES IT HAPP5 ?AT \R ILLU/RI\S CONTEMPOR>Y IDEALI/S1 :O C]TA9LY LACK NEI!R M9D1 NOR HE>T1 NOR GOOD WILL1 & :O HAVE DEVOT$ !IR 5TIRE EXI/5CE TO ! S]VICE ( HUMANITY -- H[ DOES IT HAPP5 ?AT !Y P]SI/ 9 REMA9+ AMONG ! REPRES5TATIVES ( A DOCTR9E H5CE=? CONDEMN$ & DI%ONOR$8 

,!Y MU/ BE 9FLU5C$ BY A V]Y P[]FUL MOTIVE4 ,IT CANNOT BE LOGIC OR SCI5CE1 S9CE LOGIC & SCI5CE HAVE PRON\NC$ !IR V]DICT AGA9/ ! IDEALI/IC DOCTR9E4 ,NO MORE CAN IT BE P]SONAL 9T]E/S1 S9CE !SE M5 >E 9F9ITELY ABOVE EV]Y?+ ( ?AT SORT4 ,IT MU/1 !N1 BE A P[]FUL MORAL MOTIVE4 ,:I*8 ,!RE CAN BE BUT ONE4 ,!SE ILLU/RI\S M5 ?9K1 NO D\BT1 ?AT IDEALI/IC !ORIES OR BELIEFS >E ESS5TIALLY NECESS>Y TO ! MORAL DIGNITY & GR&EUR ( MAN1 & ?AT MAT]IALI/IC !ORIES1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 R$UCE HIM TO ! LEVEL ( ! BEA/S4 

,& IF ! TRU? W]E JU/ ! OPPOSITE6 

,EV]Y DEVELOPM5T1 ,I HAVE SAID1 IMPLIES ! NEGATION ( ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 ,! BASIS OR PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 ACCORD+ TO ! MAT]IALI/IC S*OOL1 BE+ MAT]IAL1 ! NEGATION MU/ BE NECESS>ILY IDEAL4 ,/>T+ FROM ! TOTALITY ( ! REAL WORLD1 OR FROM :AT IS AB/RACTLY CALL$ MATT]1 IT LOGICALLY >RIVES AT ! REAL IDEALIZATION -- ?AT IS1 AT ! HUMANIZATION1 AT ! FULL & COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( SOCIETY4 ,P] CONTRA & = ! SAME REASON1 ! BASIS & PO9T ( DEP>TURE ( ! IDEALI/IC S*OOL BE+ IDEAL1 IT >RIVES NECESS>ILY AT ! MAT]IALIZATION ( SOCIETY1 AT ! ORGANIZATION ( A BRUTAL DESPOTISM & AN 9IQUIT\S & IGNOBLE EXPLOITATION1 UND] ! =M ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( MAN ACCORD+ TO ! MAT]IALI/IC S*OOL1 IS A PROGRESSIVE ASC5SION2 9 ! IDEALI/IC SY/EM IT CAN BE NO?+ BUT A CONT9U\S FALL4 

,:ATEV] HUMAN QUE/ION WE MAY DESIRE TO CONSID]1 WE ALWAYS F9D ?IS SAME ESS5TIAL CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! TWO S*OOLS4 ,?US1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$1 MAT]IALISM />TS FROM ANIMALITY TO E/ABLI% HUMANITY2 IDEALISM />TS FROM DIV9ITY TO E/ABLI% SLAV]Y & CONDEMN ! MASSES TO AN 5DLESS ANIMALITY4 ,MAT]IALISM D5IES FREE WILL & 5DS 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( LIB]TY2 IDEALISM1 9 ! NAME ( HUMAN DIGNITY1 PROCLAIMS FREE WILL1 & ON ! RU9S ( EV]Y LIB]TY F\NDS AU?ORITY4 ,MAT]IALISM REJECTS ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 BECAUSE IT RI<TLY CONSID]S IT AS ! COROLL>Y ( ANIMALITY1 & BECAUSE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! TRIUMPH ( HUMANITY1 ! OBJECT & *IEF SIGNIFICANCE ( HI/ORY1 CAN BE REALIZ$ ONLY ?R\< LIB]TY4 ,9 A WORD1 Y\ WILL ALWAYS F9D ! IDEALI/S 9 ! V]Y ACT ( PRACTICAL MAT]IALISM1 :ILE Y\ WILL SEE ! MAT]IALI/S PURSU+ & REALIZ+ ! MO/ GR&LY IDEAL ASPIRATIONS & ?\<TS4 

,HI/ORY1 9 ! SY/EM ( ! IDEALI/S1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 CAN BE NO?+ BUT A CONT9U\S FALL4 ,!Y BEG9 BY A T]RIBLE FALL1 FROM :I* !Y NEV] RECOV] -- BY ! SALTO MORTALE FROM ! SUBLIME REGIONS ( PURE & ABSOLUTE IDEA 9TO MATT]4 ,& 9TO :AT K9D ( MATT] 6 ,NOT 9TO ! MATT] :I* IS ET]NALLY ACTIVE & MOBILE1 FULL ( PROP]TIES & =CES1 ( LIFE & 9TELLIG5CE1 AS WE SEE IT 9 ! REAL WORLD2 BUT 9TO AB/RACT MATT]1 IMPOV]I%$ & R$UC$ TO ABSOLUTE MIS]Y BY ! REGUL> LOOT+ ( !SE ,PRUSSIANS ( ?\<T1 ! !OLOGIANS & METAPHYSICIANS1 :O HAVE /RIPP$ IT ( EV]Y?+ TO GIVE EV]Y?+ TO !IR EMP]OR1 TO !IR ,GOD2 9TO ! MATT] :I*1 DEPRIV$ ( ALL ACTION & MOVEM5T ( ITS [N1 REPRES5TS1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! DIV9E IDEA1 NO?+ BUT ABSOLUTE /UPIDITY1 IMP5ETRABILITY1 9]TIA & IMMOBILITY4 

,! FALL IS SO T]RIBLE ?AT DIV9ITY1 ! DIV9E P]SON OR IDEA1 IS FLATT5$ \T1 LOSES CONSCI\SNESS ( ITSELF1 & NEV] MORE RECOV]S IT4 ,& 9 ?IS DESP]ATE SITUATION IT IS /ILL =C$ TO WORK MIRACLES 6 ,= FROM ! MOM5T ?AT MATT] BECOMES 9]T1 EV]Y MOVEM5T ?AT TAKES PLACE 9 ! WORLD1 EV5 ! MO/ MAT]IAL1 IS A MIRACLE1 CAN RESULT ONLY FROM A PROVID5TIAL 9T]V5TION1 FROM ! ACTION ( ,GOD UPON MATT]4 ,& !RE ?IS POOR ,DIV9ITY1 DEGRAD$ & HALF ANNIHILAT$ BY ITS FALL1 LIES SOME ?\S&S ( C5TURIES 9 ?IS SWOON1 !N AWAK5S SL[LY1 9 VA9 5DEAVOR+ TO GRASP SOME VAGUE MEMORY ( ITSELF1 & EV]Y MOVE ?AT IT MAKES 9 ?IS DIRECTION UPON MATT] BECOMES A CREATION1 A NEW =MATION1 A NEW MIRACLE4 ,9 ?IS WAY IT PASSES ?R\< ALL DEGREES ( MAT]IALITY & BE/IALITY -- FIR/1 GAS1 SIMPLE OR COMP\ND *EMICAL SUB/ANCE1 M9]AL1 IT !N SPREADS OV] ! E>? AS VEGETABLE & ANIMAL ORGANIZATION TILL IT CONC5TRATES ITSELF 9 MAN4 ,H]E IT W\LD SEEM AS IF IT MU/ BECOME ITSELF AGA91 = IT LI<TS 9 EV]Y HUMAN BE+ AN ANGELIC SP>K1 A P>TICLE ( ITS [N DIV9E BE+1 ! IMMORTAL S\L4 

,H[ DID IT MANAGE TO LODGE A ?+ ABSOLUTELY IMMAT]IAL 9 A ?+ ABSOLUTELY MAT]IAL2 H[ CAN ! BODY CONTA91 5CLOSE1 LIMIT1 P>ALYZE PURE SPIRIT8 ,?IS1 AGA91 IS ONE ( ?OSE QUE/IONS :I* FAI? ALONE1 ?AT PASSIONATE & /UPID AFFIRMATION ( ! ABSURD1 CAN SOLVE4 ,IT IS ! GREATE/ ( MIRACLES4 ,H]E1 H[EV]1 WE HAVE ONLY TO E/ABLI% ! EFFECTS1 ! PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS MIRACLE4 

,AFT] ?\S&S ( C5TURIES ( VA9 EF=TS TO COME BACK TO ITSELF1 ,DIV9ITY1 LO/ & SCATT]$ 9 ! MATT] :I* IT ANIMATES & SETS 9 MOTION1 F9DS A PO9T ( SUPPORT1 A SORT ( FOCUS = SELF-CONC5TRATION4 ,?IS FOCUS IS MAN HIS IMMORTAL S\L S+UL>LY IMPRISON$ 9 A MORTAL BODY4 ,BUT EA* MAN CONSID]$ 9DIVIDUALLY IS 9F9ITELY TOO LIMIT$1 TOO SMALL1 TO 5CLOSE ! DIV9E IMM5SITY2 IT CAN CONTA9 ONLY A V]Y SMALL P>TICLE1 IMMORTAL LIKE ! :OLE1 BUT 9F9ITELY SMALL] ?AN ! :OLE4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! DIV9E BE+1 ! ABSOLUTELY IMMAT]IAL BE+1 M9D1 IS DIVISIBLE LIKE MATT]4 ,ANO!R MY/]Y :OSE SOLUTION MU/ BE LEFT TO FAI?4 

,IF ,GOD 5TIRE C\LD F9D LODGM5T 9 EA* MAN1 !N EA* MAN W\LD BE ,GOD4 ,WE %\LD HAVE AN IMM5SE QUANTITY ( ,GODS1 EA* LIMIT$ BY ALL ! O!RS & YET NONE ! LESS 9F9ITE -- A CONTRADICTION :I* W\LD IMPLY A MUTUAL DE/RUCTION ( M51 AN IMPOSSIBILITY ( ! EXI/5CE ( MORE ?AN ONE4 ,AS = ! P>TICLES1 ?AT IS ANO!R MATT]2 NO?+ MORE RATIONAL1 9DE$1 ?AN ?AT ONE P>TICLE %\LD BE LIMIT$ BY ANO!R & BE SMALL] ?AN ! :OLE4 ,ONLY1 H]E ANO!R CONTRADICTION CONFRONTS US4 ,TO BE LIMIT$1 TO BE GREAT] & SMALL] >E ATTRIBUTES ( MATT]1 NOT ( M9D4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! MAT]IALI/S1 IT IS TRUE1 M9D IS ONLY ! WORK+ ( ! :OLLY MAT]IAL ORGANISM ( MAN1 & ! GREATNESS OR SMALLNESS ( M9D DEP5DS ABSOLUTELY ON ! GREAT] OR LESS MAT]IAL P]FECTION ( ! HUMAN ORGANISM4 ,BUT !SE SAME ATTRIBUTES ( RELATIVE LIMITATION & GR&EUR CANNOT BE ATTRIBUT$ TO M9D AS ! IDEALI/S CONCEIVE IT1 ABSOLUTELY IMMAT]IAL M9D1 M9D EXI/+ 9DEP5D5T ( MATT]4 ,!RE CAN BE NEI!R GREAT] NOR SMALL] NOR ANY LIMIT AMONG M9DS1 = !RE IS ONLY ONE M9D -- ,GOD4 ,TO ADD ?AT ! 9F9ITELY SMALL & LIMIT$ P>TICLES :I* CON/ITUTE HUMAN S\LS >E AT ! SAME TIME IMMORTAL IS TO C>RY ! CONTRADICTION TO A CLIMAX4 ,BUT ?IS IS A QUE/ION ( FAI?4 ,LET US PASS ON4 

,H]E !N WE HAVE ,DIV9ITY TORN UP & LODG$1 9 9F9ITELY SMALL P>TICLES1 9 AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( BE+S ( ALL SEXES1 AGES1 RACES1 & COLORS4 ,?IS IS AN EXCESSIVELY 9CONV5I5T & UNHAPPY SITUATION1 = ! DIV9E P>TICLES >E SO LITTLE ACQUA9T$ ) EA* O!R AT ! \TSET ( !IR HUMAN EXI/5CE ?AT !Y BEG9 BY DEV\R+ EA* O!R4 ,MOREOV]1 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS /ATE ( B>B>ISM & :OLLY ANIMAL BRUTALITY1 !SE DIV9E P>TICLES1 HUMAN S\LS1 RETA9 AS IT W]E A VAGUE REMEMBRANCE ( !IR PRIMITIVE DIV9ITY1 & >E IRRESI/IBLY DRAWN T[>DS !IR :OLE2 !Y SEEK EA* O!R1 !Y SEEK !IR :OLE4 ,IT IS ,DIV9ITY ITSELF1 SCATT]$ & LO/ 9 ! NATURAL WORLD1 :I* LOOKS = ITSELF 9 M51 & IT IS SO DEMOLI%$ BY ?IS MULTITUDE ( HUMAN PRISONS 9 :I* IT F9DS ITSELF /REWN1 ?AT1 9 LOOK+ = ITSELF1 IT COMMITS FOLLY AFT] FOLLY4 

,BEG9N+ ) FETI%ISM1 IT SE>*ES = & ADORES ITSELF1 N[ 9 A /ONE1 N[ 9 A PIECE ( WOOD1 N[ 9 A RAG4 ,IT IS QUITE LIKELY ?AT IT W\LD NEV] HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ \T ( ! RAG1 IF ! O!R DIV9ITY :I* WAS NOT ALL[$ TO FALL 9TO MATT] & :I* IS KEPT 9 A /ATE ( PURE SPIRIT 9 ! SUBLIME HEI<TS ( ! ABSOLUTE IDEAL1 OR 9 ! CELE/IAL REGIONS1 HAD NOT HAD PITY ON IT4 

,H]E IS A NEW MY/]Y -- ?AT ( ,DIV9ITY DIVID+ ITSELF 9TO TWO HALVES1 BO? EQUALLY 9F9ITE1 ( :I* ONE -- ,GOD ! ,FA!R -- /AYS 9 ! PURELY IMMAT]IAL REGIONS1 & ! O!R -- ,GOD ! ,SON--FALLS 9TO MATT]4 ,WE %ALL SEE DIRECTLY1 BETWE5 !SE TWO ,DIV9ITIES SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R1 CONT9U\S RELATIONS E/ABLI%$1 FROM ABOVE TO BEL[ & FROM BEL[ TO ABOVE2 & !SE RELATIONS1 CONSID]$ AS A S+LE ET]NAL & CON/ANT ACT1 WILL CON/ITUTE ! ,HOLY ,<O/4 ,SU*1 9 ITS V]ITABLE !OLOGICAL & METAPHYSICAL MEAN+1 IS ! GREAT1 ! T]RIBLE MY/]Y ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,TR9ITY4 

,BUT LET US LOSE NO TIME 9 AB&ON+ !SE HEI<TS TO SEE :AT IS GO+ ON UPON E>?4 

,GOD ! ,FA!R1 SEE+ FROM ! HEI<T ( HIS ET]NAL SPL5DOR ?AT ! POOR ,GOD ! ,SON1 FLATT5$ \T & A/\ND$ BY HIS FALL1 IS SO PLUNG$ & LO/ 9 MATT] ?AT EV5 HAV+ REA*$ HUMAN /ATE HE HAS NOT YET RECOV]$ HIMSELF1 DECIDES TO COME TO HIS AID4 ,FROM ?IS IMM5SE NUMB] ( P>TICLES AT ONCE IMMORTAL1 DIV9E1 & 9F9ITELY SMALL1 9 :I* ,GOD ! ,SON HAS DISSEM9AT$ HIMSELF SO ?OR\<LY ?AT HE DOES NOT KN[ HIMSELF1 ,GOD ! ,FA!R *OOSES ?OSE MO/ PLEAS+ TO HIM1 PICKS HIS 9SPIR$ P]SONS1 HIS PROPHETS1 HIS 0M5 ( VIRTU\S G5IUS10 ! GREAT B5EFACTORS & LEGISLATORS ( HUMANITY3 ,ZOROA/]1 ,BUDDHA1 ,MOSES1 ,CONFUCIUS1 ,LYCURGUS1 ,SOLON1 ,SOCRATES1 ! DIV9E ,PLATO1 & ABOVE ALL ,JESUS ,*RI/1 ! COMPLETE REALIZATION ( ,GOD ! ,SON1 AT LA/ COLLECT$ & CONC5TRAT$ 9 A S+LE HUMAN P]SON2 ALL ! APO/LES1 ,SA9T ,PET]1 ,SA9T ,PAUL1 ,SA9T ,JOHN BE=E ALL1 ,CON/ANT9E ! ,GREAT1 ,MAHOMET1 !N ,*>LEMAGNE1 ,GREGORY ,V,I,I ,DANTE1 &1 ACCORD+ TO SOME1 ,LU!R ALSO1 ,VOLTAIRE & ,R\SSEAU1 ,ROBESPI]RE & ,DANTON1 & MANY O!R GREAT & HOLY HI/ORICAL P]SONAGES1 ALL ( :OSE NAMES IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO RECAPITULATE1 BUT AMONG :OM ,I1 AS A ,RUSSIAN1 BEG ?AT ,SA9T ,NI*OLAS MAY NOT BE  =GOTT54 

,!N WE HAVE REA*$ AT LA/ ! MANIFE/ATION ( ,GOD UPON E>?4 ,BUT IMM$IATELY ,GOD APPE>S1 MAN IS R$UC$ TO NO?+4 ,IT WILL BE SAID ?AT HE IS NOT R$UC$ TO NO?+1 S9CE HE IS HIMSELF A P>TICLE ( ,GOD4 ,P>DON ME6 ,I ADMIT ?AT A P>TICLE ( A DEF9ITE1 LIMIT$ :OLE1 H[EV] SMALL IT BE1 IS A QUANTITY1 A POSITIVE GREATNESS4 ,BUT A P>TICLE ( ! 9F9ITELY GREAT1 COMP>$ ) IT1 IS NECESS>ILY 9F9ITELY SMALL1 ,MULTIPLY MILLI>DS ( MILLI>DS BY MILLI>DS ( MILLI>DS -- !IR PRODUCT COMP>$ TO ! 9F9ITELY GREAT1 WILL BE 9F9ITELY SMALL1 & ! 9F9ITELY SMALL IS EQUAL TO Z]O4 ,GOD IS EV]Y?+2 !RE=E MAN & ALL ! REAL WORLD ) HIM1 ! UNIV]SE1 >E NO?+4 ,Y\ WILL NOT ESCAPE ?IS CONCLUSION4 

,GOD APPE>S1 MAN IS R$UC$ TO NO?+2 & ! GREAT] ,DIV9ITY BECOMES1 ! MORE MIS]ABLE BECOMES HUMANITY4 ,?AT IS ! HI/ORY ( ALL RELIGIONS2 ?AT IS ! EFFECT ( ALL ! DIV9E 9SPIRATIONS & LEGISLATIONS4 ,9 HI/ORY ! NAME ( ,GOD IS ! T]RIBLE CLUB ) :I* ALL DIV9ELY 9SPIR$ M51 ! GREAT 0VIRTU\S G5IUSES10 HAVE BEAT5 D[N ! LIB]TY1 DIGNITY1 REASON1 & PROSP]ITY ( MAN4 

,WE HAD FIR/ ! FALL ( ,GOD4 ,N[ WE HAVE A FALL :I* 9T]E/S US MORE--?AT ( MAN1 CAUS$ SOLELY BY ! APP>ITION ( ,GOD MANIFE/$ ON E>?4 

,SEE 9 H[ PR(\ND AN ]ROR \R DE> & ILLU/RI\S IDEALI/S F9D !MSELVES4 ,9 TALK+ TO US ( ,GOD !Y PURPOSE1 !Y DESIRE1 TO ELEVATE US1 EMANCIPATE US1 5NOBLE US1 &1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y CRU% & DEGRADE US4 ,) ! NAME ( ,GOD !Y IMAG9E ?AT !Y CAN E/ABLI% FRAT]NITY AMONG M51 &1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y CREATE PRIDE1 CONTEMPT2 !Y S[ DISCORD1 HATR$1 W>2 !Y E/ABLI% SLAV]Y4 ,= ) ,GOD COME ! DIFF]5T DEGREES ( DIV9E 9SPIRATION2 HUMANITY IS DIVID$ 9TO M5 HI<LY 9SPIR$1 LESS 9SPIR$1 UN9SPIR$4 ,ALL >E EQUALLY 9SIGNIFICANT BE=E ,GOD1 IT IS TRUE2 BUT1 COMP>$ ) EA* O!R1 SOME >E GREAT] ?AN O!RS2 NOT ONLY 9 FACT--:I* W\LD BE ( NO CONSEQU5CE1 BECAUSE 9EQUALITY 9 FACT IS LO/ 9 ! COLLECTIVITY :5 IT CANNOT CL+ TO SOME LEGAL FICTION OR 9/ITUTION--BUT BY ! DIV9E RI<T ( 9SPIRATION1 :I* IMM$IATELY E/ABLI%ES A FIX$1 CON/ANT1 PETRIFY+ 9EQUALITY4 ,! HI<LY 9SPIR$ MU/ BE LI/5$ TO & OBEY$ BY ! LESS 9SPIR$1 & ! LESS 9SPIR$ BY ! UN9SPIR$4 ,?US WE HAVE ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY WELL E/ABLI%$1 & ) IT ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS ( SLAV]Y3 ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 

,( ALL DESPOTISMS ?AT ( ! DOCTR9AIRES OR 9SPIR$ RELIGIONI/S IS ! WOR/4 ,!Y >E SO JEAL\S ( ! GLORY ( !IR ,GOD & ( ! TRIUMPH ( !IR IDEA ?AT !Y HAVE NO HE>T LEFT = ! LIB]TY OR ! DIGNITY OR EV5 ! SUFF]+S ( LIV+ M51 ( REAL M54 ,DIV9E ZEAL1 PREOCCUPATION ) ! IDEA1 F9ALLY DRY UP ! T5D]E/ S\LS1 ! MO/ COMPASSIONATE HE>TS1 ! S\RCES ( HUMAN LOVE4 ,CONSID]+ ALL ?AT IS1 ALL ?AT HAPP5S 9 ! WORLD FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ET]NITY OR ( ! AB/RACT IDEA1 !Y TREAT PASS+ MATT]S ) DISDA92 BUT ! :OLE LIFE ( REAL M51 ( M5 ( FLE% & BONE1 IS COMPOS$ ONLY ( PASS+ MATT]S2 !Y !MSELVES >E ONLY PASS+ BE+S1 :O1 ONCE PASS$1 >E REPLAC$ BY O!RS LIKEWISE PASS+1 BUT NEV] TO RETURN 9 P]SON4 ,ALONE P]MAN5T OR RELATIVELY ET]NAL 9 M5 IS HUMANITY1 :I* /EADILY DEVELOP+1 GR[S RI*] 9 PASS+ FROM ONE G5]ATION TO ANO!R4 ,I SAY RELATIVELY ET]NAL1 BECAUSE1 \R PLANET ONCE DE/ROY$ -- IT CANNOT FAIL TO P]I% SOON] OR LAT]1 S9CE EV]Y?+ :I* HAS BEGUN MU/ NECESS>ILY 5D -- \R PLANET ONCE DECOMPOS$1 TO S]VE UND\BT$LY AS AN ELEM5T ( SOME NEW =MATION 9 ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE1 :I* ALONE IS REALLY ET]NAL1 :O KN[S :AT WILL BECOME ( \R :OLE HUMAN DEVELOPM5T8 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! MOM5T ( ?IS DISSOLUTION BE+ AN 5ORM\S DI/ANCE 9 ! FUTURE1 WE MAY PROP]LY CONSID] HUMANITY1 RELATIVELY TO ! %ORT DURATION ( HUMAN LIFE1 AS ET]NAL4 ,BUT ?IS V]Y FACT ( PROGRESSIVE HUMANITY IS REAL & LIV+ ONLY ?R\< ITS MANIFE/ATIONS AT DEF9ITE TIMES1 9 DEF9ITE PLACES1 9 REALLY LIV+ M51 & NOT ?R\< ITS G5]AL IDEA4 

,! G5]AL IDEA IS ALWAYS AN AB/RACTION &1 = ?AT V]Y REASON1 IS SOME SORT A NEGATION ( REAL LIFE4 ,I HAVE /AT$ 9 ! ,APP5DIX ?AT HUMAN ?\<T &1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS1 SCI5CE CAN GRASP & NAME ONLY ! G5]AL SIGNIFICANCE ( REAL FACTS1 !IR RELATIONS1 !IR LAWS--9 %ORT1 ?AT :I* IS P]MAN5T 9 !IR CONT9UAL TRANS=MATIONS--BUT NEV] !IR MAT]IAL1 9DIVIDUAL SIDE1 PALPITAT+1 SO TO SPEAK1 ) REALITY & LIFE1 & !RE=E FUGITIVE & 9TANGIBLE4 ,SCI5CE COMPREH5DS ! ?\<T ( ! REALITY1 NOT REALITY ITSELF2 ! ?\<T ( LIFE1 NOT LIFE4 ,?AT IS ITS LIMIT1 ITS ONLY REALLY 9SUP]ABLE LIMIT1 BECAUSE IT IS F\ND$ ON ! V]Y NATURE ( ?\<T1 :I* IS ! ONLY ORGAN ( SCI5CE4 

,UPON ?IS NATURE >E BAS$ ! 9DISPUTABLE RI<TS & GR& MISSION ( SCI5CE1 BUT ALSO ITS VITAL IMPOT5CE & EV5 ITS MIS*IEV\S ACTION :5EV]1 ?R\< ITS (FICIAL LIC5S$ REPRES5TATIVES1 IT >ROGANTLY CLAIMS ! RI<T TO GOV]N LIFE4 ,! MISSION ( SCI5CE IS1 BY OBS]VATION ( ! G5]AL RELATIONS ( PASS+ & REAL FACTS1 TO E/ABLI% ! G5]AL LAWS 9H]5T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PH5OM5A ( ! PHYSICAL & SOCIAL WORLD2 IT FIXES1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! UN*ANGEABLE L&M>KS ( HUMANITY'S PROGRESSIVE M>* BY 9DICAT+ ! G5]AL CONDITIONS :I* IT IS NECESS>Y TO RIGOR\SLY OBS]VE & ALWAYS FATAL TO IGNORE OR =GET4 ,9 A WORD1 SCI5CE IS ! COMPASS ( LIFE2 BUT IT IS NOT LIFE4 ,SCI5CE IS UN*ANGEABLE1 IMP]SONAL1 G5]AL1 AB/RACT1 9S5SIBLE1 LIKE ! LAWS ( :I* IT IS BUT ! IDEAL REPRODUCTION1 REFLECT$ OR M5TAL -- ?AT IS C]EBRAL 7US+ ?IS WORD TO REM9D US ?AT SCI5CE ITSELF IS BUT A MAT]IAL PRODUCT ( A MAT]IAL ORGAN1 ! BRA974 ,LIFE IS :OLLY FUGITIVE & TEMPOR>Y1 BUT ALSO :OLLY PALPITAT+ ) REALITY & 9DIVIDUALITY1 S5SIBILITY1 SUFF]+S1 JOYS1 ASPIRATIONS1 NE$S1 & PASSIONS4 ,IT ALONE SPONTANE\SLY CREATES REAL ?+S &2 BE+S4 ,SCI5CE CREATES NO?+2 IT E/ABLI%ES & RECOGNIZES ONLY ! CREATIONS ( LIFE4 ,& EV]Y TIME ?AT SCI5TIFIC M51 EM]G+ FROM !IR AB/RACT WORLD1 M+LE ) LIV+ CREATION 9 ! REAL WORLD1 ALL ?AT !Y PROPOSE OR CREATE IS POOR1 RIDICUL\SLY AB/RACT1 BLOODLESS & LIFELESS1 /ILL-BORN1 LIKE ! HOMUNCULUS CREAT$ BY ,WAGN]1 ! P$ANTIC DISCIPLE ( ! IMMORTAL ,DOCTOR ,FAU/4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! ONLY MISSION ( SCI5CE IS TO 5LI<T5 LIFE1 NOT TO GOV]N IT4 

,! GOV]NM5T ( SCI5CE & ( M5 ( SCI5CE1 EV5 BE !Y POSITIVI/S1 DISCIPLES ( ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 OR1 AGA91 DISCIPLES ( ! DOCTR9AIRE S*OOL ( ,G]MAN ,COMMUNISM1 CANNOT FAIL TO BE IMPOT5T1 RIDICUL\S1 9HUMAN1 CRUEL1 OPPRESSIVE1 EXPLOIT+1 MALEFIC5T4 ,WE MAY SAY ( M5 ( SCI5CE1 AS SU*1 :AT ,I HAVE SAID ( !OLOGIANS & METAPHYSICIANS3 !Y HAVE NEI!R S5SE NOR HE>T = 9DIVIDUAL & LIV+ BE+S4 ,WE CANNOT EV5 BLAME !M = ?IS1 = IT IS ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( !IR PR(ESSION4 ,9 SO F> AS !Y >E M5 ( SCI5CE1 !Y HAVE TO DEAL ) & CAN TAKE 9T]E/ 9 NO?+ EXCEPT G5]ALITIES2 ?AT DO ! LAWS #e4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  !Y >E NOT EXCLUSIVELY M5 ( SCI5CE1 BUT >E ALSO MORE OR LESS M5 ( LIFE4 #f 

,I,I,I  
    

  

,PHOTO BY ,MAURE5 ,B>L91,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,NEV]!LESS1 WE MU/ NOT RELY TOO MU* ON ?IS4 ,?\< WE MAY BE WELL NI< C]TA9 ?AT A SAVANT W\LD NOT D>E TO TREAT A MAN TODAY AS HE TREATS A RABBIT1 IT REMA9S ALWAYS TO BE FE>$ ?AT ! SAVANTS AS A BODY1 IF NOT 9T]F]$ )1 MAY SUBMIT LIV+ M5 TO SCI5TIFIC EXP]IM5TS1 UND\BT$LY LESS CRUEL BUT NONE ! LESS DISAGREEABLE TO !IR VICTIMS4 ,IF !Y CANNOT P]=M EXP]IM5TS UPON ! BODIES ( 9DIVIDUALS1 !Y WILL ASK NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO P]=M !M ON ! SOCIAL BODY1 & ?AT :AT MU/ BE ABSOLUTELY PREV5T$4 

,9 !IR EXI/+ ORGANIZATION1 MONOPOLIZ+ SCI5CE & REMA9+ ?US \TSIDE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ! SAVANTS =M A SEP>ATE CA/E1 9 MANY RESPECTS ANALOG\S TO ! PRIE/HOOD4 ,SCI5TIFIC AB/RACTIONS IS !IR ,GOD1 LIV+ & REAL 9DIVIDUALS >E !IR VICTIMS1 & !Y >E ! CONSECRAT$ & LIC5S$ SACRIFIC]S4 

,SCI5CE CANNOT GO \TSIDE ( ! SPH]E ( AB/RACTIONS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT IT IS 9F9ITELY 9F]IOR TO >T1 :I*1 9 ITS TURN1 IS PECULI>LY CONC]N$ ALSO ) G5]AL TYPES & G5]AL SITUATIONS1 BUT :I* 9C>NATES !M BY AN >TIFICE ( ITS [N 9 =MS :I*1 IF !Y >E NOT LIV+ 9 ! S5SE ( REAL LIFE NONE ! LESS EXCITE 9 \R IMAG9ATION ! MEMORY & S5TIM5T ( LIFE2 >T 9 A C]TA9 S5SE 9DIVIDUALIZES ! TYPES & SITUATIONS :I* IT CONCEIVES2 BY MEANS ( ! 9DIVIDUALITIES )\T FLE% & BONE1 & CONSEQU5TLY P]MAN5T & IMMORTAL1 :I* IT HAS ! P[] TO CREATE1 IT RECALLS TO \R M9DS ! LIV+1 REAL 9DIVIDUALITIES :I* APPE> & DISAPPE> UND] \R EYES4 ,>T1 !N1 IS AS IT W]E ! RETURN ( AB/RACTION TO LIFE2 SCI5CE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS ! P]PETUAL IMMOLATION ( LIFE1 FUGITIVE1 TEMPOR>Y1 BUT REAL1 ON ! ALT> ( ET]NAL AB/RACTIONS4  

 ,SCI5CE IS AS 9CAPABLE ( GRASP+ ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( A MAN AS ?AT ( A RABBIT1 BE+ EQUALLY 9DIFF]5T TO BO?4 ,NOT ?AT IT IS IGNORANT ( ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUALITY3 IT CONCEIVES IT P]FECTLY AS A PR9CIPLE1 BUT NOT AS A FACT4 ,IT KN[S V]Y WELL ?AT ALL ! ANIMAL SPECIES1 9CLUD+ ! HUMAN SPECIES1 HAVE NO REAL EXI/5CE \TSIDE ( AN 9DEF9ITE NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BORN & DY+ TO MAKE ROOM = NEW 9DIVIDUALS EQUALLY FUGITIVE4 ,IT KN[S ?AT 9 RIS+ FROM ! ANIMAL SPECIES TO ! SUP]IOR SPECIES ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUALITY BECOMES MORE PRON\NC$2 ! 9DIVIDUALS APPE> FRE] & MORE COMPLETE4 ,IT KN[S ?AT MAN1 ! LA/ & MO/ P]FECT ANIMAL ( E>?1 PRES5TS ! MO/ COMPLETE & MO/ REM>KABLE 9DIVIDUALITY1 BECAUSE ( HIS P[] TO CONCEIVE1 CONCRETE1 P]SONIFY1 AS IT W]E1 9 HIS SOCIAL & PRIVATE EXI/5CE1 ! UNIV]SAL LAW4  ,IT KN[S1 F9ALLY1 :5 IT IS NOT VITIAT$ BY !OLOGICAL OR METAPHYSICAL1 POLITICAL OR JUDICIAL DOCTR9AIRISME1 OR EV5 BY A N>R[ SCI5TIFIC PRIDE1 :5 IT IS NOT DEAF TO ! 9/9CTS & SPONTANE\S ASPIRATIONS ( LIFE-- IT KN[S 7& ?IS IS ITS LA/ WORD7 ?AT RESPECT = MAN IS ! SUPREME LAW ( ,HUMANITY1 & ?AT ! GREAT1 ! REAL OBJECT ( HI/ORY1 ITS ONLY LEGITIMATE OBJECT IS ! HUMANIZATION & EMANCIPATION1 ! REAL LIB]TY1 ! PROSP]ITY & HAPP9ESS ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL LIV+ 9 SOCIETY4  ,=1 IF WE W\LD NOT FALL BACK 9TO ! LIB]TICIDAL FICTION ( ! PUBLIC WELF>E REPRES5T$ BY ! ,/ATE1 A FICTION ALWAYS F\ND$ ON ! SY/EMATIC SACRIFICE ( ! PEOPLE1 WE MU/ CLE>LY RECOGNIZE ?AT COLLECTIVE LIB]TY & PROSP]ITY EXI/ ONLY SO F> AS !Y REPRES5T ! SUM ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES & PROSP]ITIES4  

,SCI5CE KN[S ALL !SE ?+S1 BUT IT DOES NOT & CANNOT GO BEYOND !M4 ,AB/RACTION BE+ ITS V]Y NATURE1 IT CAN WELL 5\< CONCEIVE ! PR9CIPLE ( REAL & LIV+ 9DIVIDUALITY1 BUT IT CAN HAVE NO DEAL+S ) REAL & LIV+ 9DIVIDUALS2 IT CONC]NS ITSELF ) 9DIVIDUALS 9 G5]AL1 BUT NOT ) ,PET] OR ,JAMES1 NOT ) SU* OR SU* A ONE1 :O1 SO F> AS IT IS CONC]N$1 DO NOT1 CANNOT1 HAVE ANY EXI/5CE4 ,ITS 9DIVIDUALS1 ,I REPEAT1 >E ONLY AB/RACTIONS4  

,N[1 HI/ORY IS MADE1 NOT BY AB/RACT 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT BY ACT+1 LIV+ & PASS+ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,AB/RACTIONS ADVANCE ONLY :5 BORNE =W>D BY REAL M54 ,= !SE BE+S MADE1 NOT 9 IDEA ONLY1 BUT 9 REALITY ( FLE% & BLOOD1 SCI5CE HAS NO HE>T3 IT CONSID]S !M AT MO/ AS MAT]IAL = 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,:AT DOES IT C>E = ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS & *ANCE FATE ( ,PET] OR ,JAMES8 ,IT W\LD MAKE ITSELF RIDICUL\S1 IT W\LD ABDICATE1 IT W\LD ANNIHILATE ITSELF1 IF IT WI%$ TO CONC]N ITSELF ) !M O!RWISE ?AN AS EXAMPLES 9 SUPPORT ( ITS ET]NAL !ORIES4 ,& IT W\LD BE RIDICUL\S TO WI% IT TO DO SO1 = ITS MISSION LIES NOT !RE4 ,IT CANNOT GRASP ! CONCRETE2 IT CAN MOVE ONLY 9 AB/RACTIONS4 ,ITS MISSION IS TO BUSY ITSELF ) ! SITUATION & ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( ! EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T1 EI!R ( ! HUMAN SPECIES 9 G5]AL1 OR ( SU* A RACE1 SU* A PEOPLE1 SU* A CLASS OR CATEGORY ( 9DIVIDUALS2 ! G5]AL CAUSES ( !IR PROSP]ITY1 !IR DECL9E1 & ! BE/ G5]AL ME?ODS ( SECUR+1 !IR PROGRESS 9 ALL WAYS4 ,PROVID$ IT ACCOMPLI%ES ?IS TASK BROADLY & RATIONALLY1 IT WILL DO ITS :OLE DUTY1 & IT W\LD BE REALLY UNJU/ TO EXPECT MORE ( IT4  

,BUT IT W\LD BE EQUALLY RIDICUL\S1 IT W\LD BE DISA/R\S TO 5TRU/ IT ) A MISSION :I* IT IS 9CAPABLE ( FULFILL+4 ,S9CE ITS [N NATURE =CES IT TO IGNORE ! EXI/5CE ( ,PET] & ,JAMES1 IT MU/ NEV] BE P]MITT$1 NOR MU/ ANYBODY BE P]MITT$ 9 ITS NAME1 TO GOV]N ,PET] & ,JAMES4 ,= IT W]E CAPABLE ( TREAT+ !M ALMO/ AS IT TREATS RABBITS4 ,OR RA!R1 IT W\LD CONT9UE TO IGNORE !M2 BUT ITS LIC5S$ REPRES5TATIVES1 M5 NOT AT ALL AB/RACT1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y 9 V]Y ACTIVE LIFE & HAV+ V]Y SUB/ANTIAL 9T]E/S1 YIELD+ TO ! P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE :I* PRIVILEGE 9EVITABLY EX]CISES UPON M51 W\LD F9ALLY FLEECE O!R M5 9 ! NAME ( SCI5CE1 JU/ AS !Y HAVE BE5 FLEEC$ HI!RTO BY PRIE/S1 POLITICIANS ( ALL %ADES1 & LAWY]S1 9 ! NAME ( ,GOD1 ( ! ,/ATE1 ( JUDICIAL ,RI<T4  

 ,:AT ,I PREA* !N IS1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ! REVOLT ( LIFE AGA9/ SCI5CE1 OR RA!R AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ( SCI5CE1 NOT TO DE/ROY SCI5CE-?AT W\LD BE HI< TREASON TO HUMANITY-BUT TO REM& IT TO ITS PLACE SO ?AT IT CAN NEV] LEAVE IT AGA94 ,UNTIL N[ ALL HUMAN HI/ORY HAS BE5 ONLY A P]PETUAL & BLOODY IMMOLATION ( MILLIONS ( POOR HUMAN BE+S 9 HONOR ( SOME PITILESS AB/RACTION-,GOD1 C\NTRY1 P[] ( ,/ATE1 NATIONAL HONOR1 HI/ORICAL RI<TS1 JUDICIAL RI<TS1 POLITICAL LIB]TY1 PUBLIC WELF>E4 ,SU* HAS BE5 UP TO TODAY ! NATURAL1 SPONTANE\S1 & 9EVITABLE MOVEM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETIES4 ,WE CANNOT UNDO IT2 WE MU/ SUBMIT TO IT SO F> AS ! PA/ IS CONC]N$1 AS WE SUBMIT TO ALL NATURAL FATALITIES4 ,WE MU/ BELIEVE ?AT ?AT WAS ! ONLY POSSIBLE WAY1 TO $UCATE ! HUMAN RACE4 ,= WE MU/ NOT DECEIVE \RSELVES3 EV5 9 ATTRIBUT+ ! L>G] P>T TO ! ,MA*IAVELLIAN WILES ( ! GOV]N+ CLASSES1 WE HAVE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT NO M9ORITY W\LD HAVE BE5 P[]FUL 5\< TO IMPOSE ALL !SE HORRIBLE SACRIFICES UPON ! MASSES IF !RE HAD NOT BE5 9 ! MASSES !MSELVES A DIZZY SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T :I* PU%$ !M ON TO CONT9UAL SELF-SACRIFICE1 N[ TO ONE1 N[ TO ANO!R ( !SE DEV\R+ AB/RACTIONS ! VAMPIRES ( HI/ORY EV] N\RI%$ UPON HUMAN BLOOD4  

 ,WE READILY UND]/& ?AT ?IS IS V]Y GRATIFY+1 TO ! !OLOGIANS1 POLITICIANS1 & JURI/S4 ,PRIE/S ( !SE AB/RACTIONS1 !Y LIVE ONLY BY ! CONT9UAL IMMOLATION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,NOR IS IT MORE SURPRIS+ ?AT METAPHYSICS TOO1 %\LD GIVE ITS CONS5T4 ,ITS ONLY MISSION IS TO JU/IFY & RATIONALIZE AS F> AS POSSIBLE ! 9IQUIT\S & ABSURD4 ,BUT ?AT POSITIVE SCI5CE ITSELF %\LD HAVE %[N ! SAME T5D5CIES IS A FACT :I* WE MU/ DEPLORE :ILE WE E/ABLI% IT4 ,?AT IT HAS DONE SO IS DUE TO TWO REASONS3 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 BECAUSE1 CON/ITUT$ \TSIDE ( LIFE1 IT IS REPRES5T$ BY A PRIVILEG$ BODY2 & 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 BECAUSE ?US F> IT HAS POSIT$ ITSELF AS AN ABSOLUTE & F9AL OBJECT ( ALL HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4  ,BY A JUDICI\S CRITICISM1 :I* IT CAN & F9ALLY WILL BE =C$ TO PASS UPON ITSELF1 IT W\LD UND]/&1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT IT IS ONLY A MEANS = ! REALIZATION ( A MU* HI<] OBJECT-?AT ( ! COMPLETE HUMANIZATION ( ! REAL SITUATION ( ALL ! REAL 9DIVIDUALS :O >E BORN1 :O LIVE1 & :O DIE1 ON E>?4  

 ,! IMM5SE ADVANTAGE ( POSITIVE SCI5CE OV] !OLOGY1 METAPHYSICS1 POLITICS1 & JUDICIAL RI<T CONSI/S 9 ?IS-?AT1 9 PLACE ( ! FALSE & FATAL AB/RACTIONS SET UP BY !SE DOCTR9ES1 IT POSITS TRUE AB/RACTIONS :I* EXPRESS ! G5]AL NATURE & LOGIC ( ?+S1 !IR G5]AL RELATIONS1 & ! G5]AL LAWS ( !IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS SEP>ATES IT PR(\NDLY FROM ALL PREC$+ DOCTR9ES1 & WILL ASSURE IT = EV] A GREAT POSITION 9 SOCIETY3 IT WILL CON/ITUTE 9 A C]TA9 S5SE SOCIETY'S COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BUT !RE IS ONE ASPECT 9 :I* IT RESEMBLES ALL !SE DOCTR9ES3 ITS ONLY POSSIBLE OBJECT BE+ AB/RACTIONS1 IT IS =C$ BY ITS V]Y NATURE TO IGNORE REAL M51 \TSIDE ( :OM ! TRUE/ AB/RACTIONS HAVE NO EXI/5CE4 ,TO REM$Y ?IS RADICAL DEFECT POSITIVE SCI5CE WILL HAVE TO PROCE$ BY A DIFF]5T ME?OD FROM ?AT FOLL[$ BY ! DOCTR9ES ( ! PA/4 ,! LATT] HAVE TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( ! IGNORANCE ( ! MASSES TO SACRIFICE !M ) DELI<T TO !IR AB/RACTIONS1 :I* BY ! WAY1 >E ALWAYS V]Y LUCRATIVE TO ?OSE :O REPRES5T !M 9 FLE% & BONE4 ,POSITIVE SCI5CE1 RECOGNIZ+ ITS ABSOLUTE 9ABILITY TO CONCEIVE REAL 9DIVIDUALS & 9T]E/ ITSELF 9 !IR LOT1 MU/ DEF9ITELY & ABSOLUTELY R5\NCE ALL CLAIM TO ! GOV]NM5T ( SOCIETIES2 = IF IT %\LD M$DLE !RE91 IT W\LD ONLY SACRIFICE CONT9UALLY ! LIV+ M5 :OM IT IGNORES TO ! AB/RACTIONS :I* CON/ITUTE ! SOLE OBJECT ( ITS LEGITIMATE PREOCCUPATIONS4  

 ,! TRUE SCI5CE ( HI/ORY1 = 9/ANCE1 DOES NOT YET EXI/2 SC>CELY DO WE BEG9 TODAY TO CAT* A GLIMPSE ( ITS EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$ CONDITIONS4 ,BUT SUPPOSE IT W]E DEF9ITELY DEVELOP$1 :AT C\LD IT GIVE US8 ,IT W\LD EXHIBIT A FAI?FUL & RATIONAL PICTURE ( ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! G5]AL CONDITIONS-MAT]IAL & IDEAL1 ECONOMICAL1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL1 RELIGI\S1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 ES!TIC1 & SCI5TIFIC-( ! SOCIETIES :I* HAVE A HI/ORY4 ,BUT ?IS UNIV]SAL PICTURE ( HUMAN CIVILIZATION1 H[EV] DETAIL$ IT MI<T BE1 W\LD NEV] %[ ANY?+ BEYOND G5]AL & CONSEQU5TLY AB/RACT E/IMATES4 ,! MILLI>DS ( 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE FURNI%$ ! LIV+ & SUFF]+ MAT]IALS ( ?IS HI/ORY AT ONCE TRIUMPHANT & DISMAL-TRIUMPHANT BY ITS G5]AL RESULTS1 DISMAL BY ! IMM5SE HECATOMB ( HUMAN VICTIMS 0CRU%$ UND] ITS C>0-?OSE MILLI>DS ( OBSCURE 9DIVIDUALS )\T :OM NONE ( ! GREAT AB/RACT RESULTS ( HI/ORY W\LD HAVE BE5 OBTA9$-& :O1 BE> 9 M9D1 HAVE NEV] B5EFIT$ BY ANY ( !SE RESULTS-WILL F9D NO PLACE1 NOT EV5 ! SLI<TE/ 9 \R ANNALS4 ,!Y HAVE LIV$ & BE5 SACRIFIC$1 CRU%$ = ! GOOD ( AB/RACT HUMANITY1 ?AT IS ALL4  

  

,PHOTO BY ! EUSKADI #a#a1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,%ALL WE BLAME ! SCI5CE ( HI/ORY4 ,?AT W\LD BE UNJU/ & RIDICUL\S4 ,9DIVIDUALS CANNOT BE GRASP$ BY ?\<T1 BY REFLECTION1 OR EV5 BY HUMAN SPEE*1 :I* IS CAPABLE ( EXPRESS+ AB/RACTIONS ONLY2 !Y CANNOT BE GRASP$ 9 ! PRES5T DAY ANY MORE ?AN 9 ! PA/4 ,!RE=E SOCIAL SCI5CE ITSELF1 ! SCI5CE ( ! FUTURE1 WILL NECESS>ILY CONT9UE TO IGNORE !M4 ,ALL ?AT1 WE HAVE A RI<T TO DEM& ( IT IS ?AT IT %ALL PO9T US ) FAI?FUL & SURE H& TO ! G5]AL CAUSES ( 9DIVIDUAL SUFF]+- AMONG !SE CAUSES IT WILL NOT =GET ! IMMOLATION & SUBORD9ATION 7/ILL TOO FREQU5T1 ALAS67 ( LIV+ 9DIVIDUALS TO AB/RACT G5]ALITIES-AT ! SAME TIME %[+ US ! G5]AL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y TO ! REAL EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUALS LIV+ 9 SOCIETY4 ,?AT IS ITS MISSION2 ?OSE >E ITS LIMITS1 BEYOND :I* ! ACTION ( SOCIAL SCI5CE CAN BE ONLY IMPOT5T & FATAL4 ,BEYOND ?OSE LIMITS BE+ ! DOCTR9AIRE & GOV]NM5TAL PRET5TI\S ( ITS LIC5S$ REPRES5TATIVES1 ITS PRIE/S4 ,IT IS TIME TO HAVE DONE ) ALL POPES & PRIE/S2 WE WANT !M NO LONG]1 EV5 IF !Y CALL !MSELVES ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4  

,ONCE MORE1 ! SOLE MISSION ( SCI5CE IS TO LI<T ! ROAD4 ,ONLY ,LIFE1 DELIV]$ FROM ALL ITS GOV]NM5TAL & DOCTR9AIRE B>RI]S1 & GIV5 FULL LIB]TY ( ACTION1 CAN CREATE4   

,H[ SOLVE ?IS ANT9OMY8  

 ,ON ! ONE H&1 SCI5CE IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! RATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY2 ON ! O!R1 BE+ 9CAPABLE ( 9T]E/+ ITSELF 9 ?AT :I* IS REAL & LIV+1 IT MU/ NOT 9T]F]E ) ! REAL OR PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4  

,?IS CONTRADICTION CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY 9 ONE WAY3 BY ! LIQUIDATION ( SCI5CE AS A MORAL BE+ EXI/+ \TSIDE ! LIFE ( ALL1 & REPRES5T$ BY A BODY ( BREVET$ SAVANTS2 IT MU/ SPREAD AMONG ! MASSES4 ,SCI5CE1 BE+ CALL$ UPON TO H5CE=? REPRES5T SOCIETY'S COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS1 MU/ REALLY BECOME ! PROP]TY ( EV]YBODY4 ,!REBY1 )\T LOS+ ANY?+ ( ITS UNIV]SAL *>ACT]1 ( :I* IT CAN NEV] DIVE/ ITSELF )\T CEAS+ TO BE SCI5CE1 & :ILE CONT9U+ TO CONC]N ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY ) G5]AL CAUSES1 ! CONDITIONS & FIX$ RELATIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS & ?+S1 IT WILL BECOME ONE 9 FACT ) ! IMM$IATE & REAL LIFE ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?AT WILL BE A MOVEM5T ANALOG\S TO ?AT :I* SAID TO ! ,PROTE/ANTS AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,RE=MATION ?AT !RE WAS NO FUR!R NE$ ( PRIE/S = MAN1 :O W\LD H5CE=? BE HIS [N PRIE/1 EV]Y MAN1 ?ANKS TO ! 9VISIBLE 9T]V5TION ( ! ,LORD ,JESUS ,*RI/ ALONE1 HAV+ AT LA/ SUCCE$$ 9 SWALL[+ HIS GOOD ,GOD4 ,BUT H]E ! QUE/ION IS NOT ( ,JESUS ,*RI/1 NOR GOOD ,GOD1 NOR ( POLITICAL LIB]TY1 NOR ( JUDICIAL RI<T-?+S ALL !OLOGICALLY OR METAPHYSICALLY REVEAL$1 & ALL ALIKE 9DIGE/IBLE4 ,! WORLD ( SCI5TIFIC AB/RACTIONS IS NOT REVEAL$2 IT IS 9H]5T 9 ! REAL WORLD1 ( :I* IT IS ONLY ! G5]AL OR AB/RACT EXPRESSION & REPRES5TATION4 ,AS LONG AS IT =MS A SEP>ATE REGION1 SPECIALLY REPRES5T$ BY ! SAVANTS AS A BODY1 ?IS IDEAL WORLD ?REAT5S TO TAKE ! PLACE ( A GOOD ,GOD TO ! REAL WORLD1 RES]V+ = ITS LIC5S$ REPRES5TATIVES ! (FICE ( PRIE/S4 ,?AT IS ! REASON :Y IT IS NECESS>Y TO DISSOLVE ! SPECIAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! SAVANTS BY G5]AL 9/RUCTION1 EQUAL = ALL 9 ALL ?+S1 9 ORD] ?AT ! MASSES1 CEAS+ TO BE FLOCKS L$ & %ORN BY PRIVILEG$ PRIE/S1 MAY TAKE 9TO !IR [N H&S ! DIRECTION ( !IR DE/9IES4#g 

 ,BUT UNTIL ! MASSES %ALL HAVE REA*$ ?IS DEGREE ( 9/RUCTION1 WILL IT BE NECESS>Y TO LEAVE !M TO ! GOV]NM5T ( SCI5TIFIC M58 ,C]TA9LY NOT4 ,IT W\LD BE BETT] = !M TO DISP5SE ) SCI5CE ?AN ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE GOV]N$ BY SAVANTS4 ,! FIR/ CONSEQU5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( !SE M5 W\LD BE TO R5D] SCI5CE 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! PEOPLE1 & SU* A GOV]NM5T W\LD NECESS>ILY BE >I/OCRATIC BECAUSE ! EXI/+ SCI5TIFIC 9/ITUTIONS >E ESS5TIALLY >I/OCRATIC4 ,AN >I/OCRACY ( LE>N+6 FROM ! PRACTICAL PO9T ( VIEW ! MO/ IMPLACABLE1 & FROM ! SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW ! MO/ HAU<TY & 9SULT+-SU* W\LD BE ! P[] E/ABLI%$ 9 ! NAME ( SCI5CE4 ,?IS REGIME W\LD BE CAPABLE ( P>ALYZ+ ! LIFE & MOVEM5T ( SOCIETY4 ,! SAVANTS ALWAYS PRESUMPTU\S1 EV] SELF-SUFFICI5T & EV] IMPOT5T1 W\LD DESIRE TO M$DLE ) EV]Y?+1 & ! S\RCES ( LIFE W\LD DRY UP UND] ! BREA? ( !IR AB/RACTIONS4  

,ONCE MORE1 ,LIFE1 NOT SCI5CE1 CREATES LIFE2 ! SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES ALONE CAN CREATE LIB]TY4 ,UND\BT$LY IT W\LD BE A V]Y =TUNATE ?+ IF SCI5CE C\LD1 FROM ?IS DAY =?1 ILLUM9ATE ! SPONTANE\S M>* ( ! PEOPLE T[>DS !IR EMANCIPATION4 ,BUT BETT] AN ABS5CE ( LI<T ?AN A FALSE & FEEBLE LI<T1 K9DL$ ONLY TO MISLEAD ?OSE :O FOLL[ IT4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! PEOPLE WILL NOT LACK LI<T4 ,NOT 9 VA9 HAVE !Y TRAV]S$ A LONG HI/ORIC C>E]1 & PAID = !IR ]RORS BY C5TURIES ( MIS]Y4 ,! PRACTICAL SUMM>Y ( !IR PA9FUL EXP]I5CES CON/ITUTES A SORT ( TRADITIONAL SCI5CE1 :I* 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS IS WOR? AS MU* AS !ORETICAL SCI5CE4 ,LA/ ( ALL1 A PORTION ( ! Y\?-- ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOIS /UD5TS :O FEEL HATR$ 5\< = ! FALSEHOOD1 HYPOCRISY1 9JU/ICE1 & C[>DICE ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO F9D C\RAGE TO TURN !IR BACKS UPON IT1 & PASSION 5\< TO UNRES]V$LY EMBRACE ! JU/ & HUMAN CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT-?OSE WILL BE1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID1 FRAT]NAL 9/RUCTORS ( ! PEOPLE2 ?ANKS TO !M1 !RE WILL BE NO OCCASION = ! GOV]NM5T ( ! SAVANTS4  

,IF ! PEOPLE %\LD BEW>E ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! SAVANTS1 ALL ! MORE %\LD !Y PROVIDE AGA9/ ?AT ( ! 9SPIR$ IDEALI/S4 ,! MORE S9C]E !SE BELIEV]S & POETS ( HEAV51 ! MORE DANG]\S !Y BECOME4 ,! SCI5TIFIC AB/RACTION1 ,I HAVE SAID1 IS A RATIONAL AB/RACTION1 TRUE 9 ITS ESS5CE1 NECESS>Y TO LIFE1 ( :I* IT IS ! !ORETICAL REPRES5TATION1 OR1 IF ONE PREF]S1 ! CONSCI5CE4 ,IT MAY1 IT MU/ BE1 ABSORB$ & DIGE/$ BY LIFE4 ,! IDEALI/IC AB/RACTION1 ,GOD1 IS A CORROSIVE POISON1 :I* DE/ROYS & DECOMPOSES LIFE1 FALSIFIES & KILLS IT4 ,! PRIDE ( ! IDEALI/S1 NOT BE+ P]SONAL BUT DIV9E1 IS 9V9CIBLE & 9EXORABLE3 IT MAY1 IT MU/1 DIE1 BUT IT WILL NEV] YIELD1 & :ILE IT HAS A BREA? LEFT IT WILL TRY TO SUBJECT M5 TO ITS ,GOD1 JU/ AS ! LIEUT5ANTS ( ,PRUSSIA1 !SE PRACTICAL IDEALI/S ( ,G]MANY1 W\LD LIKE TO SEE ! PEOPLE CRU%$ UND] ! SPURR$ BOOT ( !IR EMP]OR4 ,! FAI? IS ! SAME1 ! 5D BUT LITTLE DIFF]5T1 & ! RESULT1 AS ?AT ( FAI?1 IS SLAV]Y4 

,IT IS AT ! SAME TIME ! TRIUMPH ( ! UGLIE/ & MO/ BRUTAL MAT]IALISM4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ TO DEMON/RATE ?IS 9 ! CASE ( ,G]MANY2 ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE BL9D TO AVOID SEE+ IT AT ! PRES5T H\R4 ,BUT ,I ?9K IT IS /ILL NECESS>Y TO DEMON/RATE IT 9 ! CASE ( DIV9E IDEALISM4 

,MAN1 LIKE ALL ! RE/ ( NATURE1 IS AN 5TIRELY MAT]IAL BE+4 ,! M9D1 ! FACILITY ( ?9K+1 ( RECEIV+ & REFLECT+ UPON DIFF]5T EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL S5SATIONS1 ( REMEMB]+ !M :5 !Y HAVE PASS$ & REPRODUC+ !M BY ! IMAG9ATION1 ( COMP>+ & DI/+UI%+ !M1 ( AB/RACT+ DET]M9ATIONS COMMON TO !M & ?US CREAT+ G5]AL CONCEPTS1 & F9ALLY ( =M+ IDEAS BY GR\P+ & COMB9+ CONCEPTS ACCORD+ TO DIFF]5T ME?ODS -- -9TELLIG5CE1 9 A WORD1 SOLE CREATOR ( \R :OLE1 IDEAL WORLD1 IS A PROP]TY ( ! ANIMAL BODY & ESPECIALLY ( ! QUITE MAT]IAL ORGANISM ( ! BRA94 

 ,WE KN[ ?IS C]TA9LY1 BY !  EXP]I5CE ( ALL1 :I* NO FACT HAS EV] CONTRADICT$ & :I* ANY MAN CAN V]IFY AT ANY MOM5T ( HIS LIFE4 ,9 ALL ANIMALS1 )\T EXCEPT+ ! :OLLY 9F]IOR SPECIES1 WE F9D A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9TELLIG5CE1 & WE SEE ?AT1 9 ! S]IES ( SPECIES1 ANIMAL 9TELLIG5CE DEVELOPS 9 PROPORTION AS ! ORGANIZATION ( A SPECIES APPROA*ES ?AT ( MAN1 BUT ?AT 9 MAN ALONE IT ATTA9S TO ?AT P[] ( AB/RACTION :I* PROP]LY CON/ITUTES ?\<T4 

,UNIV]SAL EXP]I5CE1#h :I* IS ! SOLE ORIG91 ! S\RCE ( ALL \R KN[L$GE1 %[S US1 !RE=E1 ?AT ALL 9TELLIG5CE IS ALWAYS ATTA*$ TO SOME ANIMAL BODY1 & ?AT ! 9T5SITY1 ! P[]1 ( ?IS ANIMAL FUNCTION DEP5DS ON ! RELATIVE P]FECTION ( ! ORGANISM4 ,! LATT] ( !SE RESULTS ( UNIV]SAL EXP]I5CE IS NOT APPLICABLE ONLY TO ! DIFF]5T ANIMAL SPECIES2 WE E/ABLI% IT LIKEWISE 9 M51 :OSE 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL P[] DEP5DS SO CLE>LY UPON ! GREAT] OR LESS P]FECTION ( !IR ORGANISM AS A RACE1 AS A NATION1 AS A CLASS1 & AS 9DIVIDUALS1 ?AT IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO 9SI/ UPON ?IS PO9T4#i 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT NO MAN HAS EV] SE5 OR CAN SEE PURE M9D1 DETA*$ FROM ALL MAT]IAL =M EXI/+ SEP>ATELY FROM ANY ANIMAL BODY :ATSOEV]4 ,BUT IF NO P]SON HAS SE5 IT1 H[ IS IT ?AT M5 HAVE COME TO BELIEVE 9 ITS EXI/5CE8 ,! FACT ( ?IS BELIEF IS C]TA9 & IF NOT UNIV]SAL1 AS ALL ! IDEALI/S PRET5D1 AT LEA/ V]Y G5]AL1 & AS SU* IT IS 5TIRELY WOR?Y ( \R CLOSE/ ATT5TION1 = A G5]AL BELIEF1 H[EV] FOOLI% IT MAY BE1 EX]CISES TOO POT5T A SWAY OV] ! DE/9Y ( M5 TO W>RANT US 9 IGNOR+ IT OR PUTT+ IT ASIDE4 

,! EXPLANATION ( ?IS BELIEF1 MOREOV]1 IS RATIONAL 5\<4 ,! EXAMPLE AF=D$ US BY *ILDR5 & Y\NG PEOPLE1 & EV5 BY MANY M5 LONG PA/ ! AGE ( MAJORITY1 %[S US ?AT MAN MAY USE HIS M5TAL FACULTIES = A LONG TIME BE=E ACC\NT+ TO HIMSELF = ! WAY 9 :I* HE USES !M1 BE=E BECOM+ CLE>LY CONSCI\S ( IT4 ,DUR+ ?IS WORK+ ( ! M9D UNCONSCI\S ( ITSELF1 DUR+ ?IS ACTION ( 9NOC5T OR BELIEV+ 9TELLIG5CE1 MAN1 OBSESS$ BY ! EXT]NAL WORLD1 PU%$ ON BY ?AT 9T]NAL GOAD CALL$ LIFE & ITS MANIFOLD NECESSITIES1 CREATES A QUANTITY ( IMAG9ATIONS1 CONCEPTS1 & IDEAS NECESS>ILY V]Y IMP]FECT AT FIR/ & CON=M+ BUT SLI<TLY TO ! REALITY ( ! ?+S & FACTS :I* !Y 5DEAVOR TO EXPRESS ,NOT HAV+ YET ! CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS [N 9TELLIG5T ACTION1 NOT KN[+ YET ?AT HE HIMSELF HAS PRODUC$ & CONT9UES TO PRODUCE !SE IMAG9ATIONS1 !SE CONCEPTS1 !SE IDEAS1 IGNOR+ !IR :OLLY SUBJECTIVE -- ?AT IS1 HUMAN--ORIG91 HE MU/ NATURALLY CONSID] !M AS OBJECTIVE BE+S1 AS REAL BE+S1 :OLLY 9DEP5D5T ( HIM1 EXI/+ BY !MSELVES & 9 !MSELVES4 

,IT WAS ?US ?AT PRIMITIVE PEOPLES1 EM]G+ SL[LY FROM !IR ANIMAL 9NOC5CE1 CREAT$ !IR GODS4 ,HAV+ CREAT$ !M1 NOT SUSPECT+ ?AT !Y !MSELVES W]E ! REAL CREATORS1 !Y WOR%IP$ !M2 CONSID]+ !M AS REAL BE+S 9F9ITELY SUP]IOR TO !MSELVES1 !Y ATTRIBUT$ OMNIPOT5CE TO !M1 & RECOGNIZ$ !MSELVES AS !IR CREATURES1 !IR SLAVES4 ,AS FA/ AS HUMAN IDEAS DEVELOP1 ! GODS1 :O1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY /AT$1 W]E NEV] ANY?+ MORE ?AN A FANTA/IC1 IDEAL1 POETICAL REV]B]ATION ( AN 9V]T$ IMAGE1 BECOME IDEALIZ$ ALSO4 ,AT FIR/ GROSS FETI%ES1 !Y GRADUALLY BECOME PURE SPIRITS1 EXI/+ \TSIDE ( ! VISIBLE WORLD1 & AT LA/1 9 ! C\RSE ( A LONG HI/ORIC EVOLUTION1 >E CONF\ND$ 9 A S+LE ,DIV9E ,BE+1 PURE1 ET]NAL1 ABSOLUTE ,SPIRIT1 CREATOR & MA/] ( ! WORLDS4 

,9 EV]Y DEVELOPM5T1 JU/ OR FALSE1 REAL OR IMAG9>Y COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL1 IT IS ALWAYS ! FIR/ /EP1 ! FIR/ ACT ?AT IS ! MO/ DIFFICULT4 ,?AT /EP ONCE TAK51 ! RE/ FOLL[S NATURALLY AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE4 ,! DIFFICULT /EP 9 ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS T]RIBLE RELIGI\S 9SANITY :I* CONT9UES TO OBSESS & CRU% US WAS TO POSIT A DIV9E WORLD AS SU*1 \TSIDE ! WORLD4 ,?IS FIR/ ACT ( MADNESS1 SO NATURAL FROM ! PHYSIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW & CONSEQU5TLY NECESS>Y 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY1 WAS NOT ACCOMPLI%$ AT A S+LE /ROKE4 ,I KN[ NOT H[ MANY C5TURIES W]E NE$$ TO DEVELOP ?IS BELIEF & MAKE IT A GOV]N+ 9FLU5CE UPON ! M5TAL CU/OMS ( M54 ,BUT1 ONCE E/ABLI%$1 IT BECAME OMNIPOT5T1 AS EA* 9SANE NOTION NECESS>ILY BECOMES :5 IT TAKES POSSESSION ( MAN'S BRA94 ,TAKE A MADMAN1 :ATEV] ! OBJECT ( HIS MADNESS--Y\ WILL F9D ?AT OBSCURE & FIX$ IDEA :I* OBSESSES HIM SEEMS TO HIM ! MO/ NATURAL ?+ 9 ! WORLD1 & ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! REAL ?+S :I* CONTRADICT ?IS IDEA SEEM TO HIM RIDICUL\S & ODI\S FOLLIES4 ,WELL RELIGION IS A COLLECTIVE 9SANITY1 ! MORE P[]FUL BECAUSE IT IS TRADITIONAL FOLLY1 & BECAUSE ITS ORIG9 IS LO/ 9 ! MO/ REMOTE ANTIQUITY4 ,AS COLLECTIVE 9SANITY IT HAS P5ETRAT$ TO ! V]Y DEP?S ( ! PUBLIC & PRIVATE EXI/5CE ( ! PEOPLES2 IT IS 9C>NATE 9 SOCIETY2 IT HAS BECOME1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! COLLECTIVE S\L & ?\<T4 ,EV]Y MAN IS 5VELOP$ 9 IT FROM HIS BIR?2 HE SUCKS IT 9 ) HIS MO!R'S MILK1 ABSORBS IT ) ALL ?AT HE T\*ES1 ALL ?AT HE SEES4 ,HE IS SO EXCLUSIVE.>Y F$ UPON IT1 SO POISON$ & P5ETRAT$ BY IT 9 ALL HIS BE+ ?AT LAT]1 H[EV] P[]FUL HIS NATURAL M9D1 HE HAS TO MAKE UNHE>D-( EF=TS TO DELIV] HIMSELF FROM IT1 & !N NEV] COMPLETELY SUCCE$S4 ,WE HAVE ONE PRO( ( ?IS 9 \R MOD]N IDEALI/S1 & ANO!R 9 \R DOCTR9AIRE MAT]IALI/S--! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S4 ,!Y HAVE F\ND NO WAY TO %AKE (F ! RELIGION ( ! ,/ATE4 

,! SUP]NATURAL WORLD1 ! DIV9E WORLD1 ONCE WELL E/ABLI%$ 9 ! IMAG9ATION ( ! PEOPLES1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! V>I\S RELIGI\S SY/EMS HAS FOLL[$ ITS NATURAL & LOGICAL C\RSE1 CON=M+1 MOREOV]1 9 ALL ?+S TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMICAL & POLITICAL RELATIONS ( :I* IT HAS BE5 9 ALL AGES1 9 ! WORLD ( RELIGI\S FANCY1 ! FAI?FUL REPRODUCTION & DIV9E CONSECRATION4 ,?US HAS ! COLLECTIVE & HI/ORICAL 9SANITY :I* CALLS ITSELF RELIGION BE5 DEVELOP$ S9CE FETI%ISM1 PASS+ ?R\< ALL ! /AGES FROM POLY!ISM TO ,*RI/IAN MONO!ISM4 

,! SECOND /EP 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 UND\BT$LY ! MO/ DIFFICULT NEXT TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SEP>ATE DIV9E WORLD1 WAS PRECISELY ?IS TRANSITION FROM POLY!ISM TO MONO!ISM1 FROM ! RELIGI\S MAT]IALISM ( ! PAGANS TO ! SPIRITUALI/IC FAI? ( ! ,*RI/IANS4 ,%E PAGAN GODS--& ?IS WAS !IR PR9CIPAL *>ACT]I/IC--W]E FIR/ ( ALL EXCLUSIVELY NATIONAL GODS4 ,V]Y NUM]\S1 !Y NECESS>ILY RETA9$ A MORE OR LESS MAT]IAL *>ACT]1 OR1 RA!R1 !Y W]E SO NUM]\S BECAUSE !Y W]E MAT]IAL1 DIV]SITY BE+ ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL ATTRIBUTES ( ! REAL WORLD4 ,! PAGAN GODS W]E NOT YET /RICTLY ! NEGATION ( REAL ?+S2 !Y W]E ONLY A FANTA/IC EXAGG]ATION ( !M4 

 ,WE HAVE SE5 H[ MU* ?IS TRANSITION CO/ ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE1 CON/ITUT+1 SO TO SPEAK1 ITS 5TIRE HI/ORY4 ,9 VA9 DID ,MOSES & ! PROPHETS PREA* ! ONE GOD2 ! PEOPLE ALWAYS RELAPS$ 9TO !IR PRIMITIVE IDOLATRY1 9TO ! ANCI5T & COMP>ATIVELY MU* MORE NATURAL & CONV5I5T FAI? 9 MANY GOOD GODS1 MORE MAT]IAL1 MORE HUMAN1 & MORE PALPABLE4 ,JEHOVAH HIMSELF1 !IR SOLE ,GOD1 ! ,GOD ( ,MOSES & ! PROPHETS1 WAS /ILL AN EXTREMELY NATIONAL ,GOD1 :O1 TO REW>D & PUNI% HIS FAI?FUL FOLL[]S1 HIS *OS5 PEOPLE1 US$ MAT]IAL >GUM5TS1 (T5 /UPID1 ALWAYS GROSS & CRUEL4 ,IT DOES NOT EV5 APPE> ?AT FAI? 9 HIS EXI/5CE IMPLI$ A NEGATION ( ! EXI/5CE ( E>LI] GODS4 ,! ,JEWI% ,GOD DID NOT D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( !SE RIVALS2 HE SIMPLY DID NOT WANT HIS PEOPLE TO WOR%IP !M SIDE BY SIDE ) HIM1 BECAUSE BE=E ALL ,JEHOVAH WAS A V]Y ,JEAL\S ,GOD4 ,HIS FIR/ COMM&M5T WAS ?IS3 

0,I AM ! ,LORD ?Y ,GOD1 & ?\ %ALT HAVE NO O!R GODS BE=E ME40 

 ,JEHOVAH1 !N1 WAS ONLY A FIR/ DRAFT1 V]Y MAT]IAL & V]Y R\<1 ( ! SUPREME DEITY ( MOD]N IDEALISM4 ,MOREOV]1 HE WAS ONLY A NATIONAL ,GOD1 LIKE ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOD WOR%IP$ BY ! ,G]MAN G5]ALS1 SUBJECTS ( ! ,CZ> & PATRIOTS ( ! EMPIRE ( ALL ! ,RUSSIAS2 LIKE ! ,G]MAN ,GOD1 :OM ! PIETI/S & ! ,G]MAN G5]ALS1 SUBJECTS ( ,WILLIAM ,I4 AT ,B]L91 WILL NO D\BT SOON PROCLAIM4 ,! SUPREME BE+ CANNOT BE A NATIONAL ,GOD2 HE MU/ BE ! ,GOD ( 5TIRE ,HUMANITY4 ,NOR CAN ! SUPREME BE+ BE A MAT]IAL BE+2 HE MU/ BE ! NEGATION ( ALL MATT]-- PURE SPIRIT4 ,TWO ?+S HAVE PROV$ NECESS>Y TO ! REALIZATION ( ! WOR%IP ( ! SUPREME BE+3 7#a7 A REALIZATION1 SU* AS IT IS1 ( ,HUMANITY BY ! NEGATION ( NATIONALITIES & NATIONAL =MS ( WOR%IP2 7#b7 A DEVELOPM5T1 ALREADY F> ADVANC$1 ( METAPHYSICAL IDEAS 9 ORD] TO SPIRITUALIZE ! GROSS ,JEHOVAH ( ! ,JEWS4 

 ,! FIR/ CONDITION WAS FULFILL$ BY ! ,ROMANS1 ?\< 9 A V]Y NEGATIVE WAY NO D\BT1 BY ! CONQUE/ ( MO/ ( ! C\NTRIES KN[N TO ! ANCI5TS & BY ! DE/RUCTION ( !IR NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! GODS ( ALL ! CONQU]$ NATIONS1 GA!R$ 9 ! ,PAN!ON1 MUTUALLY CANCEL$ EA* O!R4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ DRAFT ( HUMANITY1 V]Y GROSS & QUITE NEGATIVE4 

 ,AS = ! SECOND CONDITION1 ! SPIRITUALIZATION ( ,JEHOVAH1 ?AT WAS REALIZ$ BY ! ,GREEKS LONG BE=E ! CONQUE/ ( !IR C\NTRY BY ! ,ROMANS4 ,!Y W]E ! CREATORS ( METAPHYSICS4 ,GREECE1 9 ! CRADLE ( H] HI/ORY1 HAD ALREADY F\ND FROM ! ,ORI5T A DIV9E WORLD :I* HAD BE5 DEF9ITELY E/ABLI%$ 9 ! TRADITIONAL FAI? ( H] PEOPLES2 ?IS WORLD HAD BE5 LEFT & H&$ OV] TO H] BY ! ,ORI5T4 ,9 H] 9/9CTIVE P]IOD1 PRIOR TO H] POLITICAL HI/ORY1 %E HAD DEVELOP$ & PRODIGI\SLY HUMANIZ$ ?IS DIV9E WORLD ?R\< H] POETS2 & :5 %E ACTUALLY BEGAN H] HI/ORY1 %E ALREADY HAD A RELIGION READYMADE1 ! MO/ SYMPA!TIC & NOBLE ( ALL ! RELIGIONS :I* HAVE EXI/$1 SO F> AT LEA/ AS A RELIGION--?AT IS1 A LIE--CAN BE NOBLE & SYMPA!TIC4 ,H] GREAT ?9K]S--& NO NATION HAS HAD GREAT] ?AN ,GREECE--F\ND ! DIV9E WORLD E/ABLI%$1 NOT ONLY \TSIDE ( !MSELVES 9 ! PEOPLE1 BUT ALSO 9 !MSELVES AS A HABIT ( FEEL+ & ?\<T1 & NATURALLY !Y TOOK IT AS A PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 ,?AT !Y MADE NO !OLOGY--?AT IS1 ?AT !Y DID NOT WAIT 9 VA9 TO RECONCILE DAWN+ REASON ) ! ABSURDITIES ( SU* A GOD1 AS DID ! S*OLA/ICS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES--WAS ALREADY MU* 9 !IR FAVOR4 ,!Y LEFT ! GODS \T ( !IR SPECULATIONS & ATTA*$ !MSELVES DIRECTLY TO ! DIV9E IDEA1 ONE1 9VISIBLE1 OMNIPOT5T1 ET]NAL1 & ABSOLUTELY SPIRITUALI/IC BUT IMP]SONAL4 ,AS CONC]NS ,SPIRITUALISM1 !N1 ! ,GREEK METAPHYSICIANS1 MU* MORE ?AN ! ,JEWS1 W]E ! CREATORS ( ! ,*RI/IAN GOD4 ,! ,JEWS ONLY ADD$ TO IT ! BRUTAL P]SONALITY ( !IR ,JEHOVAH4 

,?AT A SUBLIME G5IUS LIKE ! DIV9E ,PLATO C\LD HAVE BE5 ABSOLUTELY CONV9C$ ( ! REALITY ( ! DIV9E IDEA %[S US H[ CONTAGI\S1 H[ OMNIPOT5T1 IS ! TRADITION ( ! RELIGI\S MANIA EV5 ON ! GREATE/ M9DS4 ,BESIDES1 WE %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS$ AT IT1 S9CE1 EV5 9 \R DAY1 ! GREATE/ PHILOSOPHICAL G5IUS :I* HAS EXI/$ S9CE ,>I/OTLE & ,PLATO1 ,HEGEL--9 SPITE EV5 ( ,KANT'S CRITICISM1 IMP]FECT & TOO METAPHYSICAL ?\< IT BE1 :I* HAD DEMOLI%$ ! OBJECTIVITY OR REALITY ( ! DIV9E IDEAS--TRI$ TO REPLACE !SE DIV9E IDEAS UPON !IR TRANSC5D5TAL OR CELE/IAL ?RONE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,HEGEL W5T AB\T HIS WORK ( RE/ORATION 9 SO IMPOLITE A MANN] ?AT HE KILL$ ! GOOD ,GOD = EV]4 ,HE TOOK AWAY FROM !SE IDEAS !IR DIV9E HALO1 BY %[+ TO :OEV] WILL READ HIM ?AT !Y W]E NEV] ANY?+ MORE ?AN A CREATION ( ! HUMAN M9D RUNN+ ?R\< HI/ORY 9 SE>* ( ITSELF4 ,TO PUT AN 5D TO ALL RELIGI\S 9SANITIES & ! DIV9E MIRAGE1 HE LEFT NO?+ LACK+ BUT ! UTT]ANCE ( ?OSE GR& WORDS :I* W]E SAID AFT] HIM1 ALMO/ AT ! SAME TIME1 BY TWO GREAT M9DS :O HAD NEV] HE>D ( EA* O!R--,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*1 ! DISCIPLE & DEMOLI%] ( ,HEGEL1 9 ,G]MANY1 & ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 ! F\ND] ( POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY1 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!SE WORDS W]E AS FOLL[S3  

 0,METAPHYSICS >E R$UC$ TO PSY*OLOGY40 ,ALL ! METAPHYSICAL SY/EMS HAVE BE5 NO?+ ELSE ?AN HUMAN PSY*OLOGY DEVELOP+ ITSELF 9 HI/ORY4 

,TO-DAY IT IS NO LONG] DIFFICULT TO UND]/& H[ ! DIV9E IDEAS W]E BORN1 H[ !Y W]E CREAT$ 9 SUCCESSION BY ! AB/RACTIVE FACULTY ( MAN4 ,MAN MADE ! GODS4 ,BUT 9 ! TIME ( ,PLATO ?IS KN[L$GE WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! COLLECTIVE M9D1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! 9DIVIDUAL M9D AS WELL1 EV5 ?AT ( ! GREATE/ G5IUS1 WAS NOT RIPE = ?AT4 ,SC>CELY HAD IT SAID ) ,SOCRATES3 0,KN[ ?YSELF60 ,?IS SELF-KN[L$GE EXI/$ ONLY 9 A /ATE ( 9TUITION2 9 FACT1 IT AM\NT$ TO NO?+4 ,H5CE IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = ! HUMAN M9D TO SUSPECT ?AT IT WAS ITSELF ! SOLE CREATOR ( ! DIV9E WORLD4 ,IT F\ND ! DIV9E WORLD BE=E IT2 IT F\ND IT AS HI/ORY1 AS TRADITION1 AS A S5TIM5T1 AS A HABIT ( ?\<T2 & IT NECESS>ILY MADE IT ! OBJECT ( ITS L(TIE/ SPECULATIONS4 ,?US WAS BORN METAPHYSICS1 & ?US W]E DEVELOP$ & P]FECT$ ! DIV9E IDEAS1 ! BASIS ( ,SPIRITUALISM4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT AFT] ,PLATO !RE WAS A SORT ( 9V]SE MOVEM5T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! M9D4 ,>I/OTLE1 ! TRUE FA!R ( SCI5CE & POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY1 DID NOT D5Y ! DIV9E WORLD1 BUT CONC]N$ HIMSELF ) IT AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE4 ,HE WAS ! FIR/ TO /UDY1 LIKE ! ANALY/ & EXP]IM5T] ?AT HE WAS1 LOGIC1 ! LAWS ( HUMAN ?\<T1 & AT ! SAME TIME ! PHYSICAL WORLD1 NOT 9 ITS IDEAL1 ILLUSORY ESS5CE1 BUT 9 ITS REAL ASPECT4 ,AFT] HIM ! ,GREEKS ( ,ALEX&RIA E/ABLI%$ ! FIR/ S*OOL ( ! POSITIVE SCI5TI/S4 ,!Y W]E A!I/S4 ,BUT !IR A!ISM LEFT NO M>K ON !IR CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,SCI5CE T5D$ MORE & MORE TO SEP>ATE ITSELF FROM LIFE4 ,AFT] ,PLATO1 DIV9E IDEAS W]E REJECT$ 9 METAPHYSICS !MSELVES2 ?IS WAS DONE BY ! ,EPICUREANS & ,SKEPTICS1 TWO SECTS :O CONTRIBUT$ MU* TO ! DEGRADATION ( HUMAN >I/OCRACY1 BUT !Y HAD NO EFFECT UPON ! MASSES4 

 ,ANO!R S*OOL1 9F9ITELY MORE 9FLU5TIAL1 WAS =M$ AT ,ALEX&RIA4 ,?IS WAS ! S*OOL ( NEO-,PLATONI/S4 ,!SE1 CONF\ND+ 9 AN IMPURE MIXTURE ! MON/R\S IMAG9ATIONS ( ! ,ORI5T ) ! IDEAS ( ,PLATO1 W]E ! TRUE ORIG9ATORS1 & LAT] ! ELABORATORS1 ( ! ,*RI/IAN DOGMAS4 

,?US ! P]SONAL & GROSS EGOISM ( ,JEHOVAH1 ! NOT LESS BRUTAL & GROSS ,ROMAN CONQUE/1 & ! METAPHYSICAL IDEAL SPECULATION ( ! ,GREEKS1 MAT]IALIZ$ BY CONTACT ) ! ,ORI5T1 W]E ! ?REE HI/ORICAL ELEM5TS :I* MADE UP ! SPIRITUALI/IC RELIGION ( ! ,*RI/IANS4 

,BE=E ! ALT> ( A UNIQUE & SUPREME ,GOD WAS RAIS$ ON ! RU9S ( ! NUM]\S ALT>S ( ! PAGAN GODS1 ! AUTONOMY ( ! V>I\S NATIONS COMPOS+ ! PAGAN OR ANCI5T WORLD HAD TO BE DE/ROY$ FIR/4 ,?IS WAS V]Y BRUTALLY DONE BY ! ,ROMANS :O1 BY CONQU]+ ! GREATE/ P>T ( ! GLOBE KN[N TO ! ANCI5TS1 LAID ! FIR/ F\NDATIONS1 QUITE GROSS & NEGATIVE ONES NO D\BT1 ( HUMANITY4 ,A ,GOD ?US RAIS$ ABOVE ! NATIONAL DIFF]5CES1 MAT]IAL & SOCIAL1 ( ALL C\NTRIES1 & 9 A C]TA9 S5SE ! DIRECT NEGATION ( !M1 MU/ NECESS>ILY BE AN IMMAT]IAL & AB/RACT BE+4 ,BUT FAI? 9 ! EXI/5CE ( SU* A BE+1 SO DIFFICULT A MATT]1 C\LD NOT SPR+ 9TO EXI/5CE SUDD5LY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AS ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! ,APP5DIX1 IT W5T ?R\< A LONG C\RSE ( PREP>ATION & DEVELOPM5T AT ! H&S ( ,GREEK METAPHYSICS1 :I* W]E ! FIR/ TO E/ABLI% 9 A PHILOSOPHICAL MANN] ! NOTION ( ! DIV9E IDEA1 A MODEL ET]NALLY CREATIVE & ALWAYS REPRODUC$ BY ! VISIBLE WORLD4 ,BUT ! DIV9ITY CONCEIV$ & CREAT$ BY ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY WAS AN IMP]SONAL DIV9ITY4 ,NO LOGICAL & S]I\S METAPHYSICS BE+ ABLE TO RISE1 OR1 RA!R1 TO DESC5D1 TO ! IDEA ( A P]SONAL ,GOD1 IT BECAME NECESS>Y1 !RE=E1 TO IMAG9E A ,GOD :O WAS ONE & V]Y P]SONAL AT ONCE4 ,HE WAS F\ND 9 ! V]Y BRUTAL1 SELFI%1 & CRUEL P]SON ( ,JEHOVAH1 ! NATIONAL ,GOD ( ! ,JEWS4 ,BUT ! ,JEWS1 9 SPITE ( ?AT EXCLUSIVE NATIONAL SPIRIT :I* DI/+UI%ES !M EV5 TO-DAY1 HAD BECOME 9 FACT1 LONG BE=E ! BIR? ( ,*RI/1 ! MO/ 9T]NATIONAL PEOPLE ( ! WORLD4 ,SOME ( !M C>RI$ AWAY AS CAPTIVES1 BUT MANY MORE EV5 URG$ ON BY ?AT M]CANTILE PASSION :I* CON/ITUTES ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL TRAITS ( !IR *>ACT]1 !Y HAD SPREAD ?R\< ALL C\NTRIES1 C>RY+ EV]Y:]E ! WOR%IP ( !IR ,JEHOVAH1 TO :OM !Y REMA9$ ALL ! MORE FAI?FUL ! MORE HE AB&ON$ !M4 

,9 ,ALEX&RIA ?IS T]RIBLE GOD ( ! ,JEWS MADE ! P]SONAL ACQUA9TANCE ( ! METAPHYSICAL DIV9ITY ( ,PLATO1 ALREADY MU* CORRUPT$ BY ,ORI5TAL CONTACT1 & CORRUPT$ H] /ILL MORE BY HIS [N4 ,9 SPITE ( HIS NATIONAL1 JEAL\S1 & F]OCI\S EXCLUSIVISM1 HE C\LD NOT LONG RESI/ ! GRACES ( ?IS IDEAL & IMP]SONAL DIV9ITY ( ! ,GREEKS4 ,HE M>RI$ H]1 & FROM ?IS M>RIAGE WAS BORN ! SPIRITUALI/IC--BUT NOT SPIRIT$--,GOD ( ! ,*RI/IANS4 ,! NEOPLATONI/S ( ,ALEX&RIA >E KN[N TO HAVE BE5 ! PR9CIPAL CREATORS ( ! ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY4 

,NEV]!LESS !OLOGY ALONE DOES NOT MAKE A RELIGION1 ANY MORE ?AN HI/ORICAL ELEM5TS SUFFICE TO CREATE HI/ORY4 ,BY HI/ORICAL ELEM5TS ,I MEAN ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( ANY REAL DEVELOPM5T :ATSOEV]--= EXAMPLE 9 ?IS CASE ! CONQUE/ ( ! WORLD BY ! ,ROMANS & ! MEET+ ( ! ,GOD ( ! ,JEWS ) ! IDEAL ( DIV9ITY ( ! ,GREEKS4 ,TO IMPREGNATE ! HI/ORICAL ELEM5TS1 TO CAUSE !M TO RUN ?R\< A S]IES ( NEW HI/ORICAL TRANS=MATIONS1 A LIV+1 SPONTANE\S FACT WAS NE$$1 )\T :I* !Y MI<T HAVE REMA9$ MANY C5TURIES LONG] 9 ! /ATE ( UNPRODUCTIVE ELEM5TS4 ,?IS FACT WAS NOT LACK+ 9 ,*RI/IANITY3 IT WAS ! PROPAG&ISM1 M>TYRDOM1 & DEA? ( ,JESUS ,*RI/4 

,WE KN[ ALMO/ NO?+ ( ?IS GREAT & SA9TLY P]SONAGE1 ALL ?AT ! GOSPELS TELL US BE+ CONTRADICTORY1 & SO FABUL\S ?AT WE CAN SC>CELY SEIZE UPON A FEW REAL & VITAL TRAITS4 ,BUT IT IS C]TA9 ?AT HE WAS ! PREA*] ( ! POOR1 ! FRI5D & CONSOL] ( ! WRET*$1 ( ! IGNORANT1 ( ! SLAVES1 & ( ! WOM51 & ?AT BY !SE LA/ HE WAS MU* LOV$4 ,HE PROMIS$ ET]NAL LIFE TO ALL :O >E OPPRESS$1 TO ALL :O SUFF] H]E BEL[2 & ! NUMB] IS IMM5SE4 ,HE WAS HANG$1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! (FICIAL MORALITY & PUBLIC ORD] ( ?AT P]IOD4 ,HIS DISCIPLES & ! DISCIPLES ( HIS DISCIPLES SUCCE$$ 9 SPREAD+1 ?ANKS TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! NATIONAL B>RI]S BY ! ,ROMAN CONQUE/1 & PROPAGAT$ ! ,GOSPEL 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES KN[N TO ! ANCI5TS4 ,EV]Y:]E !Y W]E RECEIV$ ) OP5 >MS BY ! SLAVES & ! WOM51 ! TWO MO/ OPPRESS$1 MO/ SUFF]+1 & NATURALLY ALSO ! MO/ IGNORANT CLASSES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD4 ,= EV5 SU* FEW PROSELYTES AS !Y MADE 9 ! PRIVILEG$ & LE>N$ WORLD !Y W]E 9DEBT$ 9 GREAT P>T TO ! 9FLU5CE ( WOM54 ,!IR MO/ EXT5SIVE PROPAG&ISM WAS DIRECT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY AMONG ! PEOPLE1 UN=TUNATE & DEGRAD$ BY SLAV]Y4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ AWAK5+1 ! FIR/ 9TELLECTUAL REVOLT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! GREAT HONOR ( ,*RI/IANITY1 ITS 9CONTE/ABLE M]IT1 & ! :OLE SECRET ( ITS UNPREC$5T$ & YET ?OR\<LY LEGITIMATE TRIUMPH1 LAY 9 ! FACT ?AT IT APPEAL$ TO ?AT SUFF]+ & IMM5SE PUBLIC TO :I* ! ANCI5T WORLD1 A /RICT & CRUEL 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL >I/OCRACY1 D5I$ EV5 ! SIMPLE/ RI<TS ( HUMANITY4 ,O!RWISE IT NEV] C\LD HAVE SPREAD4 ,! DOCTR9E TAU<T BY ! APO/LES ( ,*RI/1 :OLLY CONSOL+ AS IT MAY HAVE SEEM$ TO ! UN=TUNATE1 WAS TOO REVOLT+1 TOO ABSURD FROM ! /&PO9T ( HUMAN REASON1 EV] TO HAVE BE5 ACCEPT$ BY 5LI<T5$ M5 ,ACCORD+ ) :AT JOY ! APO/LE ,PAUL SPEAKS ( ! SC&ALE DE LA FOI & ( ! TRIUMPH ( ?AT DIV9E FOLIE REJECT$ BY ! P[]FUL & WISE ( ! C5TURY1 BUT ALL ! MORE PASSIONATELY ACCEPT$ BY ! SIMPLE1 ! IGNORANT1 & ! WEAK-M9D$6 

,9DE$ !RE MU/ HAVE BE5 A V]Y DEEP-SEAT$ DISSATISFACTION ) LIFE1 A V]Y 9T5SE ?IR/ ( HE>T1 & AN ALMO/ ABSOLUTE POV]TY ( ?\<T1 TO SECURE ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! ,*RI/IAN ABSURDITY1 ! MO/ AUDACI\S & MON/R\S ( ALL RELIGI\S ABSURDITIES4 

,?IS WAS NOT ONLY ! NEGATION ( ALL ! POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS ( ANTIQUITY3 IT WAS ! ABSOLUTE OV]TURN ( COMMON S5SE1 ( ALL HUMAN REASON4 ,! LIV+ BE+1 ! REAL WORLD1 W]E CONSID]$ !REAFT] AS NO?+2 :]EAS ! PRODUCT ( MAN'S AB/RACTIVE FACULTY1 ! LA/ & SUPREME AB/RACTION 9 :I* ?IS FACULTY1 F> BEYOND EXI/+ ?+S1 EV5 BEYOND ! MO/ G5]AL DET]M9ATIONS ( ! LIV+ BE+1 ! IDEAS ( SPACE & TIME4 HAV+ NO?+ LEFT TO ADVANCE BEYOND1 RE/S 9 CONTEMPLATION ( HIS EMPT9ESS & ABSOLUTE IMMOBILITY4 

,?AT AB/RACTION1 ?AT CAPUT MORTUUM1 ABSOLUTELY VOID ( ALL CONT5TS ! TRUE NO?+1 ,GOD1 IS PROCLAIM$ ! ONLY REAL1 ET]NAL1 ALL-P[]FUL BE+4 ,! REAL ,ALL IS DECL>$ NO?+ & ! ABSOLUTE NO?+ ! ,ALL4 ,! %AD[ BECOMES ! SUB/ANCE & ! SUB/ANCE VANI%ES LIKE A %AD[4#a 

,ALL ?IS WAS AUDACITY & ABSURDITY UNSPEAKABLE1 ! TRUE SC&ALE DE LA FOI1 ! TRIUMPH ( CR$UL\S /UPIDITY OV] ! M9D = ! MASSES2 &--= A FEW--! TRIUMPHANT IRONY ( A M9D WE>I$1 CORRUPT$1 DISILLUSION$1 & DISGU/$ 9 HONE/ & S]I\S SE>* = TRU?2 IT WAS ?AT NECESSITY ( %AK+ (F ?\<T & BECOM+ BRUTALLY /UPID SO FREQU5TLY FELT BY SURFEIT$ M9DS3  

  ,CR$O QUOD ABSURDUM4 

,I BELIEVE 9 ! ABSURD2 ,I BELIEVE 9 IT1 PRECISELY & MA9LY1 BECAUSE IT IS ABSURD4 ,9 ! SAME WAY MANY DI/+UI%$ & 5LI<T5$ M9DS 9 \R DAY BELIEVE 9 ANIMAL MAGNETISM1 SPIRITUALISM1 TIPP+ TABLES1 &--:Y GO SO F>8--BELIEVE /ILL 9 ,*RI/IANITY1 9 IDEALISM1 9 ,GOD4 

,! BELIEF ( ! ANCI5T PROLET>IAT1 LIKE ?AT ( ! MOD]N1 WAS MORE ROBU/ & SIMPLE1 LESS HAUT G\T4 ,! ,*RI/IAN PROPAG&ISM APPEAL$ TO ITS HE>T1 NOT TO ITS M9D2 TO ITS ET]NAL ASPIRATIONS1 ITS NECESSITIES1 ITS SUFF]+S1 ITS SLAV]Y1 NOT TO ITS REASON1 :I* /ILL SLEPT & !RE=E C\LD KN[ NO?+ AB\T LOGICAL CONTRADICTIONS & ! EVID5CE ( ! ABSURD4 ,IT WAS 9T]E/$ SOLELY 9 KN[+ :5 ! H\R ( PROMIS$ DELIV]ANCE W\LD /RIKE1 :5 ! K+DOM ( ,GOD W\LD COME4 ,AS = !OLOGICAL DOGMAS1 IT DID NOT TR\BLE ITSELF AB\T !M BECAUSE IT UND]/OOD NO?+ AB\T !M ,! PROLET>IAT CONV]T$ TO ,*RI/IANITY CON/ITUT$ ITS GR[+ MAT]IAL BUT NOT ITS 9TELLECTUAL /R5G?4 

,AS = ! ,*RI/IAN DOGMAS1 IT IS KN[N ?AT !Y W]E ELABORAT$ 9 A S]IES ( !OLOGICAL & LIT]>Y WORKS & 9 ! ,C\NCILS1 PR9CIPALLY BY ! CONV]T$ NEO-,PLATONI/S ( ! ,ORI5T4 ,! ,GREEK M9D HAD FALL5 SO L[ ?AT1 9 ! F\R? C5TURY ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 ! P]IOD ( ! FIR/ ,C\NCIL1 ! IDEA ( A P]SONAL ,GOD1 PURE1 ET]NAL1 ABSOLUTE M9D1 CREATOR & SUPREME MA/]1 EXI/+ \TSIDE ( ! WORLD1 WAS UNANIM\SLY ACCEPT$ BY ! ,*UR* ,FA!RS2 AS A LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS ABSOLUTE ABSURDITY1 IT !N BECAME NATURAL & NECESS>Y TO BELIEVE 9 ! IMMAT]IALITY & IMMORTALITY ( ! HUMAN S\L1 LODG$ & IMPRISON$ 9 A BODY ONLY P>TIALLY MORTAL1 !RE BE+ 9 ?IS BODY ITSELF A PORTION :I*1 :ILE MAT]IAL IS IMMORTAL LIKE ! S\L1 & MU/ BE RESURRECT$ ) IT4 ,WE SEE H[ DIFFICULT IT WAS1 EV5 = ! ,*UR* ,FA!RS2 TO CONCEIVE PURE M9DS \TSIDE ( ANY MAT]IAL =M4 ,IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT1 9 G5]AL1 IT IS ! *>ACT] ( EV]Y METAPHYSICAL & !OLOGICAL >GUM5T TO SEEK TO EXPLA9 ONE ABSURDITY BY ANO!R4 

 ,IT WAS V]Y =TUNATE = ,*RI/IANITY ?AT IT MET A WORLD ( SLAVES4 ,IT HAD ANO!R PIECE ( GOOD LUCK 9 ! 9VASION ( ! ,B>B>IANS4 ,! LATT] W]E WOR?Y PEOPLE1 FULL ( NATURAL =CE1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 URG$ ON BY A GREAT NECESSITY ( LIFE & A GREAT CAPACITY = IT2 BRIG&S :O HAD /OOD EV]Y TE/1 CAPABLE ( DEVA/AT+ & GOBBL+ UP ANY?+1 LIKE !IR SUCCESSORS1 ! ,G]MANS ( TODAY2 BUT !Y W]E MU* LESS SY/EMATIC & P$ANTIC ?AN !SE LA/1 MU* LESS MORALI/IC1 LESS LE>N$1 & ON ! O!R H& MU* MORE 9DEP5D5T & PR\D1 CAPABLE ( SCI5CE & NOT 9CAPABLE ( LIB]TY1 AS >E ! B\RGEOIS ( MOD]N ,G]MANY4 ,BUT1 9 SPITE ( ALL !IR GREAT QUALITIES1 !Y W]E NO?+ BUT B>B>IANS--?AT IS1 AS 9DIFF]5T TO ALL QUE/IONS ( !OLOGY & METAPHYSICS AS ! ANCI5T SLAVES1 A GREAT NUMB] ( :OM1 MOREOV]1 BELONG$ TO !IR RACE4 ,SO ?AT1 !IR PRACTICAL REPUGNANCE ONCE OV]COME1 IT WAS NOT DIFFICULT TO CONV]T !M !ORETICALLY TO ,*RI/IANITY4 

 ,= T5 C5TURIES ,*RI/IANITY1 >M$ ) ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE & OPPOS$ BY NO COMPETITION1 WAS ABLE TO DEPRAVE1 DEBASE1 & FALSIFY ! M9D ( ,EUROPE ,IT HAD NO COMPETITORS1 BECAUSE \TSIDE ( ! ,*UR* !RE W]E NEI!R ?9K]S NOR $UCAT$ P]SONS4 ,IT ALONE ?\<11 IT ALONE SPOKE & WROTE1 IT ALONE TAU<T4 ,?\< H]ESIES >OSE 9 ITS BOSOM1 !Y AFFECT$ ONLY ! !OLOGICAL OR PRACTICAL DEVELOPM5TS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL DOGMA NEV] ?AT DOGMA ITSELF4 ,! BELIEF 9 ,GOD1 PURE SPIRIT & CREATOR ( ! WORLD1 & ! BELIEF 9 ! IMMAT]IALITY ( ! S\L REMA9$ UNT\*$4 ,?IS D\BLE BELIEF BECAME ! IDEAL BASIS ( ! :OLE ,OCCID5TAL & ,ORI5TAL CIVILIZATION ( ,EUROPE2 IT P5ETRAT$ & BECAME 9C>NATE 9 ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ALL ! DETAILS ( ! PUBLIC & PRIVATE LIFE ( ALL CLASSES1 & ! MASSES AS WELL4 

 ,AFT] ?AT1 IS IT SURPRIS+ ?AT ?IS BELIEF HAS LIV$ UNTIL ! PRES5T DAY1 CONT9U+ TO EX]CISE ITS DISA/R\S 9FLU5CE EV5 UPON SELECT M9DS1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ,MAZZ9I1 ,MI*ELET1 ,QU9ET1 & SO MANY O!RS8 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! FIR/ ATTACK UPON IT CAME FROM ! R5AISSANCE ( ! FREE M9D 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 :I* PRODUC$ H]OES & M>TYRS LIKE ,VAN9I1 ,GIORDANO ,BRUNO1 & ,GALILEO4 ,AL?\< DR[N$ 9 ! NOISE1 TUMULT1 & PASSIONS ( ! ,RE=MATION1 IT NOISELESSLY CONT9U$ ITS 9VISIBLE WORK1 BEQUEA?+ TO ! NOBLE/ M9DS ( EA* G5]ATION ITS TASK ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION BY ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ABSURD1 UNTIL AT LA/1 9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 IT AGA9 REAPPE>$ 9 BROAD DAY1 BOLDLY WAV+ ! FLAG ( A!ISM & MAT]IALISM4 

,! HUMAN M9D1 !N1 ONE MI<T HAVE SUPPOS$1 WAS AT LA/ AB\T TO DELIV] ITSELF FROM ALL ! DIV9E OBSESSIONS4 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,! DIV9E FALSEHOOD UPON :I* HUMANITY HAD BE5 FE$+ = EI<TE5 C5TURIES 7SPEAK+ ( ,*RI/IANITY ONLY7 WAS ONCE MORE TO %[ ITSELF MORE P[]FUL ?AN HUMAN TRU?4 ,NO LONG] ABLE TO MAKE USE ( ! BLACK TRIBE1 ( ! RAV5S CONSECRAT$ BY ! ,*UR*1 ( ! ,CA?OLIC OR ,PROTE/ANT PRIE/S1 ALL CONFID5CE 9 :OM HAD BE5 LO/1 IT MADE USE ( LAY PRIE/S1 %ORT-ROB$ LI>S & SOPHI/S4 AMONG :OM ! PR9CIPAL ROLES DEVOLV$ UPON TWO FATAL M51 ONE ! FALSE/ M9D1 ! O!R ! MO/ DOCTR9ALLY DESPOTIC WILL1 ( ! LA/ C5TURY--,J4 ,J4 ,R\SSEAU & ,ROBESPI]RE4 

,! FIR/ IS ! P]FECT TYPE ( N>R[NESS & SUSPICI\S MEANNESS1 ( EXALTATION )\T O!R OBJECT ?AN HIS [N P]SON1 ( COLD 5?USIASM & HYPOCRISY AT ONCE S5TIM5TAL & IMPLACABLE1 ( ! FALSEHOOD ( MOD]N IDEALISM4 ,HE MAY BE CONSID]$ AS ! REAL CREATOR ( MOD]N REACTION4 ,TO ALL APPE>ANCE ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC WRIT] ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 HE BR$ )9 HIMSELF ! PITILESS DESPOTISM ( ! /ATESMAN4 ,HE WAS ! PROPHET ( ! DOCTR9AIRE ,/ATE1 AS ,ROBESPI]RE1 HIS WOR?Y & FAI?FUL DISCIPLE1 TRI$ TO BECOME ITS HI< PRIE/4 ,HAV+ HE>D ! SAY+ ( ,VOLTAIRE ?AT1 IF ,GOD DID NOT EXI/1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO 9V5T HIM1 ,J4 ,J4 ,R\SSEAU 9V5T$ ! ,SUPREME ,BE+1 ! AB/RACT & /]ILE ,GOD ( ! DEI/S4 ,& ,IT WAS 9 ! NAME ( ! ,SUPREME ,BE+1 & ( ! HYPOCRITICAL VIRTUE COMM&$ BY ?IS ,SUPREME ,BE+1 ?AT ,ROBESPI]RE GUILLOT9$ FIR/ ! ,HEB]TI/S & !N ! V]Y G5IUS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ,DANTON1 9 :OSE P]SON HE ASSASS9AT$ ! ,REPUBLIC1 ?US PREP>+ ! WAY = ! !NCE=? NECESS>Y TRIUMPH ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,BONAP>TE ,I4 ,AFT] ?IS GREAT TRIUMPH1 ! IDEALI/IC REACTION S\<T & F\ND S]VANTS LESS FANATICAL1 LESS T]RIBLE NE>] TO ! DIM9I%$ /ATURE ( ! ACTUAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ,*ATEAUBRI&1 ,LAM>T9E1 &--%ALL ,I SAY IT8 ,:Y NOT8 ,ALL MU/ BE SAID IF IT IS TRU?--,VICTOR ,HUGO HIMSELF1 ! DEMOCRAT1 ! REPUBLICAN1 ! QUASI-SOCIALI/ ( TODAY6 & AFT] !M ! :OLE MELAN*OLY & S5TIM5TAL COMPANY ( POOR & PALLID M9DS :O1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( !SE MA/]S1 E/ABLI%$ ! MOD]N ROMANTIC S*OOL 9 ,G]MANY1 ! ,S*LEGELS1 ! ,TIECKS1 ! ,NOVALIS1 ! ,W]N]S1 ! ,S*ELL+S1 & SO MANY O!RS BESIDES1 :OSE NAMES DO NOT EV5 DES]VE TO BE RECALL$4 

,! LIT]ATURE CREAT$ BY ?IS S*OOL WAS ! V]Y REIGN ( <O/S & PHANTOMS4 ,IT C\LD NOT /& ! SUNLI<T2 ! TWILI<T ALONE P]MITT$ IT TO LIVE4 ,NO MORE C\LD IT /& ! BRUTAL CONTACT ( ! MASSES4 ,IT WAS ! LIT]ATURE ( ! T5D]1 DELICATE1 DI/+UI%$ S\LS1 ASPIR+ TO HEAV51 & LIV+ ON E>? AS IF 9 SPITE ( !MSELVES4 ,IT HAD A HORROR & CONTEMPT = ! POLITICS & QUE/IONS ( ! DAY2 BUT :5 P]*ANCE IT REF]R$ TO !M1 IT %[$ ITSELF FRANKLY REACTION>Y1 TOOK ! SIDE ( ! ,*UR* AGA9/ ! 9SOL5CE ( ! FREE?9K]S1 ( ! K+S AGA9/ ! PEOPLES1 & ( ALL ! >I/OCRATS AGA9/ ! VILE RABBLE ( ! /REETS4 ,= ! RE/1 AS ,I HAVE JU/ SAID1 ! DOM9ANT FEATURE ( ! S*OOL ( ROMANTICISM WAS A QUASI-COMPLETE 9DIFF]5CE TO POLITICS4 ,AMID ! CL\DS 9 :I* IT LIV$ C\LD BE DI/+UI%$ TWO REAL PO9TS-- ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM & ! UNGOV]NABLE \TBUR/ ( 9DIVIDUAL VANITIES4 

,TO UND]/& ?IS ROMANTIC LIT]ATURE1 ! REASON = ITS EXI/5CE MU/ BE S\<T 9 ! TRANS=MATION :I* HAD BE5 EFFECT$ 9 ! BOSOM ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS S9CE ! REVOLUTION ( #a#g#i#c4 

,FROM ! ,R5AISSANCE & ! ,RE=MATION D[N TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 IF NOT 9 ,G]MANY1 AT LEA/ 9 ,ITALY1 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,HOLL&1 WAS ! H]O & REPRES5TATIVE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y G5IUS ( HI/ORY4 ,FROM ITS BOSOM SPRANG MO/ ( ! FREE?9K]S ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 ! RELIGI\S RE=M]S ( ! TWO FOLL[+ C5TURIES1 & ! APO/LES ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 9CLUD+ ?IS TIME ?OSE ( ,G]MANY1 ( ! PA/ C5TURY4 ,IT ALONE1 NATURALLY SUPPORT$ BY ! P[]FUL >M ( ! PEOPLE1 :O HAD FAI? 9 IT1 MADE ! REVOLUTION ( #a<i & '#i#c4 ,IT PROCLAIM$ ! D[NFALL ( ROYALTY & ( ! ,*UR*1 ! FRAT]NITY ( ! PEOPLES1 ! RI<TS ( MAN & ( ! CITIZ54 ,?OSE >E ITS TITLES TO GLORY2 !Y >E IMMORTAL6 

,SOON IT SPLIT4 ,A CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( ! PUR*AS]S ( NATIONAL PROP]TY HAV+ BECOME RI*1 & SUPPORT+ !MSELVES NO LONG] ON ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITIES1 BUT ON ! MAJOR PORTION ( ! PEASANTS ( ,FRANCE1 !SE ALSO HAV+ BECOME L&$ PROPRIETORS1 HAD NO ASPIRATION LEFT BUT = PEACE1 ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( PUBLIC ORD]1 & ! F\NDATION ( A /RONG & REGUL> GOV]NM5T4 ,IT !RE=E WELCOM$ ) JOY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! FIR/ ,BONAP>TE1 &1 AL?\< ALWAYS ,VOLTAIREAN1 DID NOT VIEW ) DISPLEASURE ! ,CONCORDAT ) ! ,POPE & ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! (FICIAL ,*UR* 9 ,FRANCE3 0,RELIGION IS SO NECESS>Y TO ! PEOPLE60 ,:I* MEANS ?AT1 SATIAT$ !MSELVES1 ?IS PORTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE !N BEGAN TO SEE ?AT IT WAS NE$FUL TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( !IR SITUATION & ! PRES]VATION ( !IR NEWLY-ACQUIR$ E/ATES TO APPEASE ! UNSATISFI$ HUNG] ( ! PEOPLE BY PROMISES ( HEAV5LY MANNA4 ,!N IT WAS ?AT ,*ATEAUBRI& BEGAN TO PREA*4#a#a  

 ,NAPOLEON FELL & ! ,RE/ORATION BR\<T BACK 9TO ,FRANCE ! LEGITIMATE MON>*Y1 & ) IT ! P[] ( ! ,*UR* & ( ! NOBLES1 :O REGA9$1 IF NOT ! :OLE1 AT LEA/ A CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( !IR =M] 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS REACTION ?REW ! B\RGEOISIE BACK 9TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 & ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ?AT ( SKEPTICISM ALSO WAS RE-AWAK5$ 9 IT4 ,IT SET ,*ATEAUBRI& ASIDE & BEGAN TO READ ,VOLTAIRE AGA92 BUT IT DID NOT GO SO F> AS ,DID]OT3 ITS DEBILITAT$ N]VES C\LD NOT /& N\RI%M5T SO /RONG4 ,VOLTAIRE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AT ONCE A FREE?9K] & A DEI/1 SUIT$ IT V]Y WELL4 ,B]ANG] & ,P4 ,L4 ,C\RI] EXPRESS$ ?IS NEW T5D5CY P]FECTLY4 ,! ,GOD ( ! GOOD PEOPLE0 & ! IDEAL ( ! B\RGEOIS K+1 AT ONCE LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC1 SKET*$ AGA9/ ! MAJE/IC & !NCE=? 9(F5SIVE BACKGR\ND ( ! ,EMPIRE'S GIGANTIC VICTORIES SU* WAS AT ?AT P]IOD ! DAILY 9TELLECTUAL FOOD ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( ,FRANCE4 

,LAM>T9E1 TO BE SURE1 EXCIT$ BY A VA9 & RIDICUL\SLY 5VI\S DESIRE TO RISE TO ! POETIC HEI<T ( ! GREAT ,BYRON1 HAD BEGUN HIS COLDLY DELIRI\S HYMNS 9 HONOR ( ! ,GOD ( ! NOBLES & ( ! LEGITIMATE MON>*Y4 ,BUT HIS SONGS RES\ND$ ONLY 9 >I/OCRATIC SALONS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE DID NOT HE> !M4 ,B]ANG] WAS ITS POET & ,C\RI] WAS ITS POLITICAL WRIT]4 

,! REVOLUTION ( ,JULY RESULT$ 9 LIFT+ ITS TA/ES4 ,WE KN[ ?AT EV]Y B\RGEOIS 9 ,FRANCE C>RIES )9 HIM ! IMP]I%ABLE TYPE ( ! B\RGEOIS G5TLEMAN1 A TYPE :I* NEV] FAILS TO APPE> IMM$IATELY ! P>V5U ACQUIRES A LITTLE WEAL? & P[]4 ,9 #ahc ! WEAL?Y B\RGEOISIE HAD DEF9ITELY REPLAC$ ! OLD NOBILITY 9 ! SEATS ( P[]4 ,IT NATURALLY T5D$ TO E/ABLI% A NEW >I/OCRACY4 ,AN >I/OCRACY ( CAPITAL FIR/ ( ALL1 BUT ALSO AN >I/OCRACY ( 9TELLECT1 ( GOOD MANN]S & DELICATE S5TIM5TS4 ,IT BEGAN TO FEEL RELIGI\S4 

,?IS WAS NOT ON ITS P>T SIMPLY AN AP+ ( >I/OCRATIC CU/OMS4 ,IT WAS ALSO A NECESSITY ( ITS POSITION4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAD R5D]$ IT A F9AL S]VICE 9 ONCE MORE AID+ IT TO OV]?R[ ! NOBILITY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE N[ HAD NO FUR!R NE$ ( ITS COOP]ATION1 = IT FELT ITSELF FIRMLY SEAT$ 9 ! %AD[ ( ! ?RONE ( ,JULY1 & ! ALLIANCE ) ! PEOPLE1 !NCE=? USELESS1 BEGAN TO BECOME 9CONV5I5T4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO REM& IT TO ITS PLACE1 :I* NATURALLY C\LD NOT BE DONE )\T PROVOK+ GREAT 9DIGNATION AMONG ! MASSES4 ,IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO RE/RA9 ?IS 9DIGNATION4 ,9 ! NAME ( :AT8 ,9 ! NAME ( ! B\RGEOIS 9T]E/ BLUNTLY CONFESS$ 8 ,?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 MU* TOO CYNICAL4 ,! MORE UNJU/ & 9HUMAN AN 9T]E/ IS1 ! GREAT] NE$ IT HAS ( SANCTION4 ,N[1 :]E F9D IT IF NOT 9 RELIGION1 ?AT GOOD PROTECTRESS ( AL ,I ! WELL-F$ & ! USEFUL CONSOL] ( ! HUNGRY8 ,& MORE ?AN EV] ! TRIUMPHANT B\RGEOISIE SAW ?AT RELIGION WAS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! PEOPLE4  

 ,AFT] HAV+ WON ALL ITS TITLES TO GLORY 9 RELIGI\S1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & POLITICAL OPPOSITION1 9 PROTE/ & 9 REVOLUTION1 IT AT LA/ BECAME ! DOM9ANT CLASS & !REBY EV5 ! DEF5D] & PRES]V] ( ! ,/ATE1 !NCE=? ! REGUL> 9/ITUTION ( ! EXCLUSIVE P[] ( ?AT CLASS4 ,! ,/ATE IS =CE1 & = IT1 FIR/ ( ALL1 IS ! RI<T ( =CE1 ! TRIUMPHANT >GUM5T ( ! NE$LE-GUN1 ( ! *ASSEPOT4 ,BUT MAN IS SO S+UL>LY CON/ITUT$ ?AT ?IS >GUM5T1 :OLLY ELOQU5T AS IT MAY APPE>1 IS NOT SUFFICI5T 9 ! LONG RUN4 ,SOME MORAL SANCTION OR O!R IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO 5=CE HIS RESPECT4 ,FUR!R1 ?IS SANCTION MU/ BE AT ONCE SO SIMPLE & SO PLA9 ?AT IT MAY CONV9CE ! MASSES1 :O1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 R$UC$ BY ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE4 MU/ ALSO BE 9DUC$ TO MORALLY RECOGNIZE ITS RI<T4  

 ,!RE >E ONLY TWO WAYS ( CONV9C+ ! MASSES ( ! GOODNESS ( ANY SOCIAL 9/ITUTION :ATEV]4 ,! FIR/1 ! ONLY REAL ONE1 BUT ALSO ! MO/ DIFFICULT TO ADOPT--BECAUSE IT IMPLIES ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! ABOLITION ( ! ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL EXPLOITATION ( ! MAJORITY BY ANY M9ORITY :ATSOEV]--W\LD BE ! DIRECT & COMPLETE SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S & ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEOPLE1 :I* W\LD BE EQUIVAL5T TO ! COMPLETE LIQUIDATION ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMICAL EXI/5CE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 OR1 AGA91 TO ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,B5EFICIAL MEANS = ! MASSES1 BUT DETRIM5TAL TO B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S2 H5CE IT IS USELESS TO TALK AB\T !M4 

 ,! ONLY WAY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 H>MFUL ONLY TO ! PEOPLE1 PRECI\S 9 ITS SALVATION ( B\RGEOIS PRIVILEGES1 IS NO O!R ?AN RELIGION4 ,?AT IS ! ET]NAL MIRAGE :I* LEADS AWAY ! MASSES 9 A SE>* = DIV9E TREASURES1 :ILE MU* MORE RES]V$1 ! GOV]N+ CLASS CONT5TS ITSELF ) DIVID+ AMONG ALL ITS MEMB]S--V]Y UNEQUALLY1 MOREOV] & ALWAYS GIV+ MO/ TO HIM :O POSSESSES MO/--! MIS]ABLE GOODS ( E>? & ! PLUND] TAK5 FROM ! PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ !IR POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIB]TY4 

,!RE IS NOT1 !RE CANNOT BE1 A ,/ATE )\T RELIGION4 ,TAKE ! FREE/ ,/ATES 9 ! WORLD--! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA OR ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION1 = 9/ANCE--& SEE :AT AN IMPORTANT P>T IS PLAY$ 9 ALL (FICIAL DISC\RSES BY DIV9E ,PROVID5CE1 ?AT SUPREME SANCTION ( ALL ,/ATES4 

,BUT :5EV] A *IEF ( ,/ATE SPEAKS ( ,GOD1 BE HE ,WIL#aIAM ,I41 ! ,KN\TO-,G]MANIC EMP]OR1 OR ,GRANT1 ! PRESID5T ( ! GREAT REPUBLIC1 BE SURE ?AT HE IS GETT+ READY TO %E> ONCE MORE HIS PEOPLE-FLOCK4 

,! ,FR5* LIB]AL & ,VOLTAIREAN B\RGEOISIE1 DRIV5 BY TEMP]AM5T TO A POSITIVISM 7NOT TO SAY A MAT]IALISM7 S+UL>LY N>R[ & BRUTAL1 HAV+ BECOME ! GOV]N+ CLASS ( ! ,/ATE BY ITS TRIUMPH ( #a#h#c1 HAD TO GIVE ITSELF AN (FICIAL RELIGION4 ,IT WAS NOT AN EASY ?+4 ,! B\RGEOISIE C\LD NOT ABRUPTLY GO BACK UND] ! YOKE ( ,ROMAN ,CA?OLICISM4 ,BETWE5 IT & ! ,*UR* ( ,ROME WAS AN ABYSS ( BLOOD & HATR$1 &1 H[EV] PRACTICAL & WISE ONE BECOMES1 IT IS NEV] POSSIBLE TO REPRESS A PASSION DEVELOP$ BY HI/ORY4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE W\LD HAVE COV]$ ITSELF ) RIDICULE IF IT HAD GONE BACK TO ! ,*UR* TO TAKE P>T 9 ! PI\S C]EMONIES ( ITS WOR%IP1 AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( A M]ITORI\S & S9C]E CONV]SION4 ,SEV]AL ATTEMPT$ IT1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT !IR H]OISM WAS REW>D$ BY NO O!R RESULT ?AN A FRUITLESS SC&AL4 ,F9ALLY1 A RETURN TO ,CA?OLICISM WAS IMPOSSIBLE ON ACC\NT ( ! 9SOLVABLE CONTRADICTION :I* SEP>ATES ! 9V>IABLE POLITICS ( ,ROME FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMICAL & POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT ,PROTE/ANTISM IS MU* MORE ADVANTAGE\S4 ,IT IS ! B\RGEOIS RELIGION P> EXCELL5CE4 ,IT ACCORDS JU/ AS MU* LIB]TY AS IS NECESS>Y TO ! B\RGEOIS1 & F9DS A WAY ( RECONCIL+ CELE/IAL ASPIRATIONS ) ! RESPECT :I* T]RE/RIAL CONDITIONS DEM&4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT IS ESPECIALLY 9 ,PROTE/ANT C\NTRIES ?AT COMM]CE & 9DU/RY HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$4 ,BUT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE TO BECOME ,PROTE/ANT4 ,TO PASS FROM ONE RELIGION TO ANO!R--UNLESS IT BE DONE DELIB]ATELY1 AS SOMETIMES 9 ! CASE ( ! ,JEWS ( ,RUSSIA & ,POL&1 :O GET BAPTIZ$ ?REE OR F\R TIMES 9 ORD] TO RECEIVE EA* TIME ! REMUN]ATION ALL[$ !M--TO S]I\SLY *ANGE ONE'S RELIGION1 A LITTLE FAI? IS NECESS>Y4 ,N[1 9 ! EXCLUSIVE POSITIVE HE>T ( ! ,FR5* B\RGEOIS !RE IS NO ROOM = FAI?4 ,HE PR(ESSES ! MO/ PR(\ND 9DIFF]5CE = ALL QUE/IONS :I* T\* NEI!R HIS POCKET FIR/ NOR HIS SOCIAL VANITY AFT]W>DS4 ,HE IS AS 9DIFF]5T TO ,PROTE/ANTISM AS TO ,CA?OLICISM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,FR5* B\RGEOIS C\LD NOT GO OV] TO ,PROTE/ANTISM )\T PUTT+ HIMSELF 9 CONFLICT ) ! ,CA?OLIC R\T9E ( ! MAJORITY ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 GREAT IMPRUD5CE ON ! P>T ( A CLASS PRET5D+ TO GOV]N ! NATION4 

,!RE WAS /ILL ONE WAY LEFT--TO RETURN TO ! HUMANIT>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y RELIGION ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,BUT ?AT W\LD HAVE L$ TOO F>4 ,SO ! B\RGEOISIE WAS OBLIG$1 9 ORD] TO SANCTION ITS NEW ,/ATE1 TO CREATE A NEW RELIGION :I* MI<T BE BOLDLY PROCLAIM$1 )\T TOO MU* RIDICULE & SC&AL1 BY ! :OLE B\RGEOIS CLASS4 

,?US WAS BORN DOCTR9AIRE ,DEISM4 

,O!RS HAVE TOLD1 MU* BETT] ?AN ,I C\LD TELL IT1 ! /ORY ( ! BIR? & DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS S*OOL1 :I* HAD SO DECISIVE &--WE MAY WELL ADD--SO FATAL AN 9FLU5CE ON ! POLITICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL $UCATION ( ! B\RGEOIS Y\? ( ,FRANCE4 ,IT DATES FROM ,B5JAM9 ,CON/ANT & ,MADAME DE ,/AEL2 ITS REAL F\ND] WAS ,ROY]-,COLL>D2 ITS APO/LES1 ,GUIZOT1 ,C\S91 ,VILLEMA91 & MANY O!RS4 ,ITS BOLDLY AV[$ OBJECT WAS ! RECONCILIATION ( ,REVOLUTION ) ,REACTION1 OR1 TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ! S*OOL1 ( ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY ) ?AT ( AU?ORITY1 & NATURALLY TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! LATT]4 

,?IS RECONCILIATION SIGNIFI$3 9 POLITICS1 ! TAK+ AWAY ( POPUL> LIB]TY = ! B5EFIT ( B\RGEOIS RULE1 REPRES5T$ BY ! MON>*ICAL & CON/ITUTIONAL ,/ATE2 9 PHILOSOPHY1 ! DELIB]ATE SUBMISSION ( FREE REASON TO ! ET]NAL PR9CIPLES ( FAI?4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO DEAL H]E ) ! LATT]4 

,WE KN[ ?AT ?IS PHILOSOPHY WAS SPECIALLY ELABORAT$ BY ,M4 ,C\S91 ! FA!R ( ,FR5* ECLECTICISM4 ,A SUP]FICIAL & P$ANTIC TALK]1 9CAPABLE ( ANY ORIG9AL CONCEPTION1 ( ANY IDEA PECULI> TO HIMSELF1 BUT V]Y /RONG ON COMMONPLACE1 :I* HE CONF\ND$ ) COMMON S5SE1 ?IS ILLU/RI\S PHILOSOPH] LE>N$LY PREP>$1 = ! USE ( ! /UDI\S Y\? ( ,FRANCE1 A METAPHYSICAL DI% ( HIS [N MAK+ ! USE ( :I*1 MADE COMPULSORY 9 ALL S*OOLS ( ! ,/ATE UND] ! ,UNIV]SITY1 CONDEMN$ SEV]AL G5]ATIONS ONE AFT] ! O!R TO A C]EBRAL 9DIGE/ION4 ,IMAG9E A PHILOSOPHICAL V9EG> SAUCE ( ! MO/ OPPOS$ SY/EMS1 A MIXTURE ( ,FA!RS ( ! ,*UR*1 S*OLA/IC PHILOSOPH]S1 ,DESC>TES & ,PASCAL1 ,KANT & ,SCOT* PSY*OLOGI/S ALL ?IS A SUP]/RUCTURE ON ! DIV9E & 9NATE IDEAS ( ,PLATO1 & COV]$ UP ) A LAY] ( ,HEGELIAN IMMAN5CE ACCOMPANI$1 ( C\RSE1 BY AN IGNORANCE1 AS CONTEMPTU\S AS IT IS COMPLETE1 ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 & PROV+ JU/ AS TWO TIMES TWO MAKE FIVE ! EXI/5CE ( A P]SONAL ,GOD4 4 4 4 4  

,FOOTNOTES 

 #a  

,PHOTO BY ,KYLA,BORG1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,I CALL IT 09IQUIT\S0 BECAUSE1 AS ,I BELIEVE ,I HAVE PROV$ ,9 ! ,APP5DIX ALLUD$ TO1 ?IS MY/]Y HAS BE5 & /ILL CONT9UES TO BE ! CONSECRATION ( ALL ! HORRORS :I* HAVE BE5 & >E BE+ COMMITT$ 9 ! WORLD2 ,I CALL IT UNIQUE1 BECAUSE ALL ! O!R !OLOGICAL & METAPHYSICAL ABSURDITIES :I* DEBASE ! HUMAN M9D >E BUT ITS NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CES4 

 #b,MR4 ,/U>T ,MILL IS P]HAPS ! ONLY ONE :OSE S]I\S IDEALISM MAY BE FAIRLY D\BT$1 & ?AT = TWO REASONS3 FIR/1 ?AT IF NOT ABSOLUTELY ! DISCIPLE1 HE IS A PASSIONATE ADMIR]1 AN ADH]5T ( ! POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY ( ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 A PHILOSOPHY :I*1 9 SPITE ( ITS NUM]\S RES]VATIONS1 IS REALLY ,A!I/IC2 SECOND1 ?AT ,MR4 ,/U>T ,MILL IS ,5GLI%1 & 9 ,5GL& TO PROCLAIM ONESELF AN ,A!I/ IS TO O/RACIZE ONESELF1 EV5 AT ?IS LATE DAY4 

 #c,9 ,LONDON ,I ONCE HE>D ,M4 ,L\IS ,BLANC EXPRESS ALMO/ ! SAME IDEA4 0,! BE/ =M ( GOV]NM5T10 SAID HE TO ME1 0W\LD BE ?AT :I* W\LD 9V>IABLY CALL M5 ( VIRTU\S G5IUS TO ! CONTROL ( AFFAIRS40  

 #d ,ONE DAY ,I ASK$ ,MAZZ9I :AT MEASURES W\LD BE TAK5 = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PEOPLE1 ONCE HIS TRIUMPHANT UNIT>Y REPUBLIC HAD BE5 DEF9ITELY E/ABLI%$4 0,! FIR/ MEASURE10 HE ANSW]$ 0WILL BE ! F\NDATION ( S*OOLS = ! PEOPLE40 0,& :AT WILL ! PEOPLE BE TAU<T 9 !SE S*OOLS80 0,! DUTIES ( MAN -- SACRIFICE & DEVOTION40 ,BUT :]E WILL Y\ F9D A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( PR(ESSORS TO TEA* !SE ?+S1 :I* NO ONE HAS ! RI<T OR P[] TO TEA*1 UNLESS HE PREA*ES BY EXAMPLE8 ,IS NOT ! NUMB] ( M5 :O F9D SUPREME 5JOYM5T 9 SACRIFICE & DEVOTION EXCE$+LY LIMIT$8 ,?OSE :O SACRIFICE !MSELVES 9 ! S]VICE ( A GREAT IDEA OBEY A L(TY PASSION1 &1 SATISFY+ ?IS P]SONAL PASSION1 \TSIDE ( :I* LIFE ITSELF LOSES ALL VALUE 9 !IR EYES1 !Y G5]ALLY ?9K ( SOME?+ ELSE ?AN BUILD+ !IR ACTION 9TO DOCTR9E1 :ILE ?OSE :O TEA* DOCTR9E USUALLY =GET TO TRANSLATE IT 9TO ACTION1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT DOCTR9E KILLS ! LIFE1 ! LIV+ SPONTANEITY1 ( ACTION4 ,M5 LIKE ,MAZZ9I1 9 :OM DOCTR9E & ACTION =M AN ADMIRABLE UNITY1 >E V]Y R>E EXCEPTIONS4 ,9 ,*RI/IANITY ALSO !RE HAVE BE5 GREAT M51 HOLY M51 :O HAVE REALLY PRACTIC$1 OR :O1 AT LEA/1 HAVE PASSIONATELY TRI$ TO PRACTICE ALL ?AT !Y PREA*$1 & :OSE HE>TS1 OV]FL[+ ) LOVE1 W]E FULL ( CONTEMPT = ! PLEASURES & GOODS ( ?IS WORLD4 ,BUT ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ,CA?OLIC & ,PROTE/ANT PRIE/S :O1 BY TRADE1 HAVE PREA*$ & /ILL PREA* ! DOCTR9ES ( *A/ITY1 AB/95CE1 & R5UNCIATION BELIE !IR TEA*+S BY !IR EXAMPLE ,IT IS NOT )\T REASON1 BUT BECAUSE ( SEV]AL C5TURIES' EXP]I5CE1 ?AT AMONG ! PEOPLE ( ALL C\NTRIES !SE PHRASES HAVE BECOME BY-WORDS3 ,AS LIC5TI\S AS A PRIE/2 AS GLUTTON\S AS A PRIE/2 AS AMBITI\S AS A PRIE/2 AS GRE$Y1 SELFI%1 & GRASP+ AS A PRIE/4 ,IT IS1 !N1 E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! PR(ESSORS ( ! ,*RI/IAN VIRTUES1 CONSECRAT$ BY ! ,*UR*1 ! PRIE/S1 9 ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( CASES1 HAVE PRACTIC$ QUITE ! CONTR>Y ( :AT !Y HAVE PREA*$4 ,?IS V]Y MAJORITY1 ! UNIV]SALITY ( ?IS FACT1 %[ ?AT ! FAULT IS NOT TO BE ATTRIBUT$ TO !M AS 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT TO ! SOCIAL POSITION1 IMPOSSIBLE & CONTRADICTORY 9 ITSELF1 9 :I* !SE 9DIVIDUALS >E PLAC$4 ,! POSITION ( ! ,*RI/IAN PRIE/ 9VOLVES A D\BLE CONTRADICTION4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT BETWE5 ! DOCTR9E ( AB/95CE & R5UNCIATION & ! POSITIVE T5D5CIES & NE$S ( HUMAN NATURE -- T5D5CIES & NE$S :I*1 9 SOME 9DIVIDUAL CASES1 ALWAYS V]Y R>E1 MAY 9DE$ BE CONT9UALLY HELD BACK1 SUPPRESS$1 & EV5 5TIRELY ANNIHILAT$ BY ! CON/ANT 9FLU5CE ( SOME POT5T 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL PASSION2 :I* AT C]TA9 MOM5TS ( COLLECTIVE EXALTATION1 MAY BE =GOTT5 & NEGLECT$ = SOME TIME BY A L>GE MASS ( M5 AT ONCE2 BUT :I* >E SO FUNDAM5TALLY 9H]5T 9 \R NATURE ?AT SOON] OR LAT] !Y ALWAYS RESUME !IR RI<TS3 SO ?AT1 :5 !Y >E NOT SATISFI$ 9 A REGUL> & NORMAL WAY1 !Y >E ALWAYS REPLAC$ AT LA/ BY UN:OLESOME & MON/R\S SATISFACTION4 ,?IS IS A NATURAL & CONSEQU5TLY FATAL & IRRESI/IBLE LAW1 UND] ! DISA/R\S ACTION ( :I* 9EVITABLY FALL ALL ,*RI/IAN PRIE/S & ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,IT CANNOT APPLY TO ! PR(ESSORS1 ?AT IS TO ! PRIE/S ( ! MOD]N ,*UR*1 UNLESS !Y >E ALSO OBLIG$ TO PREA* ,*RI/IAN AB/95CE & R5UNCIATION4 

 ,BUT !RE IS ANO!R CONTRADICTION COMMON TO ! PRIE/S ( BO? SECTS4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION GR[S \T ( ! V]Y TITLE & POSITION ( MA/]4 ,A MA/] :O COMM&S1 OPPRESSES1 & EXPLOITS IS A :OLLY LOGICAL & QUITE NATURAL P]SONAGE4 ,BUT A MA/] :O SACRIFICES HIMSELF TO ?OSE :O >E SUBORD9AT$ TO HIM BY HIS DIV9E OR HUMAN PRIVILEGE IS A CONTRADICTORY & QUITE IMPOSSIBLE BE+4 ,?IS IS ! V]Y CON/ITUTION ( HYPOCRISY1 SO WELL P]SONIFI$ BY ! ,POPE1 :O1 :ILE CALL+ HIMSELF ! L[E/ S]VANT ( ! S]VANTS ( ,GOD -- 9 TOK5 :]E(1 FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ,*RI/1 HE EV5 WA%ES ONCE A YE> ! FEET ( TWELVE ,ROMAN BEGG>S -- PROCLAIMS HIMSELF AT ! SAME TIME VIC> ( ,GOD1 ABSOLUTE & 9FALLIBLE MA/] ( ! WORLD4 ,DO ,I NE$ TO RECALL ?AT ! PRIE/S ( ALL *UR*ES1 F> FROM SACRIFIC+ !MSELVES TO ! FLOCKS CONFID$ TO !IR C>E1 HAVE ALWAYS SACRIFIC$ !M1 EXPLOIT$ !M1 & KEPT !M 9 ! CONDITION ( A FLOCK1 P>TLY TO SATISFY !IR [N P]SONAL PASSIONS & P>TLY TO S]VE ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! ,*UR*8 ,LIKE CONDITIONS1 LIKE CAUSES1 ALWAYS PRODUCE LIKE EFFECTS4 ,IT WILL1 !N1 BE ! SAME ) ! PR(ESSORS ( ! MOD]N ,S*OOL DIV9ELY 9SPIR$ & LIC5S$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,!Y WILL NECESS>ILY BECOME1 SOME )\T KN[+ IT1 O!RS ) FULL KN[L$GE ( ! CAUSE1 TEA*]S ( ! DOCTR9E ( POPUL> SACRIFICE TO ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE & TO ! PR(IT ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 

 ,MU/ WE1 !N1 ELIM9ATE FROM SOCIETY ALL 9/RUCTION & ABOLI% ALL S*OOLS8 ,F> FROM IT6 ,9/RUCTION MU/ BE SPREAD AMONG ! MASSES )\T /9T1 TRANS=M+ ALL ! *UR*ES1 ALL ?OSE TEMPLES D$ICAT$ TO ! GLORY ( ,GOD & TO ! SLAV]Y ( M51 9TO SO MANY S*OOLS ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,BUT1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 LET US UND]/& EA* O!R2 S*OOLS1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 9 A NORMAL SOCIETY F\ND$ ON EQUALITY & ON RESPECT = HUMAN LIB]TY1 WILL EXI/ ONLY = *ILDR5 & NOT = ADULTS3 &1 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MAY BECOME S*OOLS ( EMANCIPATION & NOT ( 5SLAVEM5T1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO ELIM9ATE1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ?IS FICTION ( ,GOD1 ! ET]NAL & ABSOLUTE 5SLAV]4 ,! :OLE $UCATION ( *ILDR5 & !IR 9/RUCTION MU/ BE F\ND$ ON ! SCI5TIFIC DEVELOPM5T ( REASON1 NOT ON ?AT ( FAI?2 ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( P]SONAL DIGNITY & 9DEP5D5CE1 NOT ON ?AT ( PIETY & OB$I5CE2 ON ! WOR%IP ( TRU? & JU/ICE AT ANY CO/1 & ABOVE ALL ON RESPECT = HUMANITY1 :I* MU/ REPLACE ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E ! WOR%IP ( DIV9ITY4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 9 ! $UCATION ( *ILDR51 CON/ITUTES ! NATURAL PO9T ( DEP>TURE2 IT IS LEGITIMATE1 NECESS>Y1 :5 APPLI$ TO *ILDR5 ( A T5D] AGE1 :OSE 9TELLIG5CE HAS NOT YET OP5LY DEVELOP$ ITSELF4 ,BUT AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( EV]Y?+1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( $UCATION1 IMPLIES ! GRADUAL NEGATION ( ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 ?IS PR9CIPLE MU/ DIM9I% AS FA/ AS $UCATION & 9/RUCTION ADVANCE1 GIV+ PLACE TO 9CREAS+ LIB]TY4 ,ALL RATIONAL $UCATION IS AT BOTTOM NO?+ BUT ?IS PROGRESSIVE IMMOLATION ( AU?ORITY = ! B5EFIT ( LIB]TY1 ! F9AL OBJECT ( $UCATION NECESS>ILY BE+ ! =MATION ( FREE M5 FULL ( RESPECT & LOVE = ! LIB]TY ( O!RS4 ,!RE=E ! FIR/ DAY ( ! PUPILS' LIFE1 IF ! S*OOL TAKES 9FANTS SC>CELY ABLE AS YET TO /AMM] A FEW WORDS1 %\LD BE ?AT ( ! GREATE/ AU?ORITY & AN ALMO/ 5TIRE ABS5CE ( LIB]TY2 BUT ITS LA/ DAY %\LD BE ?AT ( ! GREATE/ LIB]TY & ! ABSOLUTE ABOLITION ( EV]Y VE/IGE ( ! ANIMAL OR DIV9E PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY4 

 ,! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 APPLI$ TO M5 :O HAVE SURPASS$ OR ATTA9$ !IR MAJORITY1 BECOMES A MON/ROSITY1 A FLAGRANT D5IAL ( HUMANITY1 A S\RCE ( SLAV]Y & 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DEPRAVITY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 PAT]NAL GOV]NM5TS HAVE LEFT ! MASSES TO WALL[ 9 AN IGNORANCE SO PR(\ND ?AT IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO E/ABLI% S*OOLS NOT ONLY = ! PEOPLE'S *ILDR51 BUT = ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,FROM !SE S*OOLS WILL BE ABSOLUTELY ELIM9AT$ ! SMALLE/ APPLICATIONS OR MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY4 ,!Y WILL BE S*OOLS NO LONG]2 !Y WILL BE POPUL> ACADEMIES1 9 :I* NEI!R PUPILS NOR MA/]S WILL BE KN[N1 :]E ! PEOPLE WILL COME FREELY TO GET1 IF !Y NE$ IT1 FREE 9/RUCTION1 & 9 :I*1 RI* 9 !IR [N EXP]I5CE1 !Y WILL TEA* 9 !IR TURN MANY ?+S TO ! PR(ESSORS :O %ALL BR+ !M KN[L$GE :I* !Y LACK4 ,?IS1 !N1 WILL BE A MUTUAL 9/RUCTION1 AN ACT ( 9TELLECTUAL FRAT]NITY BETWE5 ! $UCAT$ Y\? & ! PEOPLE4 

 ,! REAL S*OOL = ! PEOPLE & = ALL GR[N M5 IS LIFE4 ,! ONLY GR& & OMNIPOT5T AU?ORITY1 AT ONCE NATURAL & RATIONAL1 ! ONLY ONE :I* WE MAY RESPECT1 WILL BE ?AT ( ! COLLECTIVE & PUBLIC SPIRIT ( A SOCIETY F\ND$ ON EQUALITY & SOLID>ITY & ! MUTUAL HUMAN RESPECT ( ALL ITS MEMB]S4 ,YES4 ?IS IS AN AU?ORITY :I* IS NOT AT ALL DIV9E1 :OLLY HUMAN1 BUT BE=E :I* WE %ALL B[ WILL+LY1 C]TA9 ?AT1 F> FROM 5SLAV+ !M1 IT WILL EMANCIPATE M54 ,IT WILL BE A ?\S& TIMES MORE P[]FUL1 BE SURE ( IT ?AN ALL Y\R DIV9E1 !OLOGICAL METAPHYSICAL1 POLITICAL1 & JUDICIAL AU?ORITIES1 E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,*UR* & BY ! ,/ATE1 MORE P[]FUL ?AN Y\R CRIM9AL CODES1 Y\R JAIL]S1 & Y\R EXECUTION]S4 

 ,! P[] ( COLLECTIVE S5TIM5T OR PUBLIC SPIRIT IS EV5 N[ A V]Y S]I\S MATT]4 ,! M5 MO/ READY TO COMMIT CRIMES R>ELY D>E TO DEFY IT1 TO OP5LY AFFRONT IT4 ,!Y WILL SEEK TO DECEIVE IT1 BUT WILL TAKE C>E NOT TO BE RUDE ) IT UNLESS !Y FEEL ! SUPPORT ( A M9ORITY L>G] OR SMALL]4 ,NO MAN1 H[EV] P[]FUL HE BELIEVES HIMSELF1 WILL EV] HAVE ! /R5G? TO BE> ! UNANIM\S CONTEMPT ( SOCIETY2 NO ONE CAN LIVE )\T FEEL+ HIMSELF SU/A9$ BY ! APPROVAL & E/EEM ( AT LEA/ SOME PORTION ( SOCIETY4 ,A MAN MU/ BE URG$ ON BY AN IMM5SE & V]Y S9C]E CONVICTION 9 ORD] TO F9D C\RAGE TO SPEAK & ACT AGA9/ ! OP9ION ( ALL1 & NEV] WILL A SELFI%1 DEPRAV$1 & C[>DLY MAN HAVE SU* C\RAGE4 

 ,NO?+ PROVES MORE CLE>LY ?AN ?IS FACT ! NATURAL & 9EVITABLE SOLID>ITY--?IS LAW ( SOCIABILITY--:I* B9DS ALL M5 TOGE!R1 AS EA* ( US CAN V]IFY DAILY1 BO? ON HIMSELF & ON ALL ! M5 :OM HE KN[S ,BUT1 IF ?IS SOCIAL P[] EXI/S1 :Y HAS IT NOT SUFFIC$ HI!RTO TO MORALIZE1 TO HUMANIZE M58 ,SIMPLY BECAUSE HI!RTO ?IS P[] HAS NOT BE5 HUMANIZ$ ITSELF2 IT HAS NOT BE5 HUMANIZ$ BECAUSE ! SOCIAL LIFE ( :I* IT IS EV] ! FAI?FUL EXPRESSION IS BAS$1 AS WE KN[1 ON ! WOR%IP ( DIV9ITY1 NOT ON RESPECT = HUMANITY2 ON AU?ORITY1 NOT ON LIB]TY2 ON PRIVILEGE1 NOT ON EQUALITY2 ON ! EXPLOITATION1 NOT ON ! BRO!RHOOD ( M52 ON 9IQUITY & FALSEHOOD1 NOT ON JU/ICE & TRU?4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ITS REAL ACTION1 ALWAYS 9 CONTRADICTION ( ! HUMANIT>IAN !ORIES :I* IT PR(ESSES1 HAS CON/ANTLY EX]CIS$ A DISA/R\S & DEPRAV+ 9FLU5CE4 ,IT DOES NOT REPRESS VISES & CRIMES2 IT CREATES !M4 ,ITS AU?ORITY IS CONSEQU5TLY A DIV9E1 ANTI-HUMAN AU?ORITY2 ITS 9FLU5CE IS MIS*IEV\S & BALEFUL4 ,DO Y\ WI% TO R5D] ITS AU?ORITY & 9FLU5CE B5EFIC5T & HUMAN8 ,A*IEVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,MAKE ALL NE$S REALLY SOLID>ITY1 & CAUSE ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL 9T]E/S ( EA* TO CON=M TO ! HUMAN DUTIES ( EA*4 ,& TO ?IS 5D !RE IS BUT ONE MEANS3 ,DE/ROY ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,9EQUALITY2 E/ABLI% ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY ( ALL1 & ON ?IS BASIS WILL >ISE ! LIB]TY1 ! MORALITY1 ! SOLID>ITY1 ! HUMANITY ( ALL4 

 ,I %ALL RETURN TO ?IS1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/ION ( ,SOCIALISM4  

 #e ,H]E ?REE PAGES ( ,BAKUN9'S MANUSCRIPT >E MISS+4  

 #f ,! LO/ P>T ( ?IS S5T5CE P]HAPS SAID3 0,IF M5 ( SCI5CE 9 !IR RESE>*ES & EXP]IM5TS >E NOT TREAT+ M5 ACTUALLY AS !Y TREAT ANIMALS1 ! REASON IS ?AT0 !Y >E NOT EXCLUSIVELY M5 ( SCI5CE1 BUT >E ALSO MORE OR LESS M5 ( LIFE4  

 #g  ,SCI5CE1 9 BECOM+ ! PATRIMONY ( EV]YBODY1 WILL W$ ITSELF 9 A C]TA9 S5SE TO ! IMM$IATE & REAL LIFE ( EA*4 ,IT WILL GA9 9 UTILITY & GRACE :AT IT LOSES 9 PRIDE1 AMBITION1 & DOCTR9AIRE P$ANTRY4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 WILL NOT PREV5T M5 ( G5IUS1 BETT] ORGANIZ$ = SCI5TIFIC SPECULATION ?AN ! MAJORITY ( !IR FELL[S1 FROM DEVOT+ !MSELVES EXCLUSIVELY TO ! CULTIVATION ( ! SCI5CES1 & R5D]+ GREAT S]VICES TO HUMANITY4 ,ONLY1 !Y WILL BE AMBITI\S = NO O!R SOCIAL 9FLU5CE ?AN ! NATURAL 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ UPON ITS SURR\ND+S BY EV]Y SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE1 & = NO O!R REW>D ?AN ! HI< DELI<T :I* A NOBLE M9D ALWAYS F9DS 9 ! SATISFACTION ( A NOBLE PASSION4  

 #h ,UNIV]SAL EXP]I5CE1 ON :I* ALL SCI5CE RE/S1 MU/ BE CLE>LY DI/+UI%$ FROM UNIV]SAL FAI?1 ON :I* ! IDEALI/S WI% TO SUPPORT !IR BELIEFS3 ! FIR/ IS A REAL AU!NTICATION ( FACTS2 ! SECOND IS ONLY A SUPPOSITION ( FACTS :I* NOBODY HAS SE51 &  :I* CONSEQU5TLY >E AT V>IANCE ) ! EXP]I5CE ( EV]YBODY4 

 #i ,! IDEALI/S1 ALL ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 ! IMMAT]IALITY & IMMORTALITY ( ! HUMAN S\L1 MU/ BE EXCESSIVELY EMB>RASS$ BY ! DIFF]5CE 9 9TELLIG5CE EXI/+ BETWE5 RACES1 PEOPLES1 & 9DIVIDUALS4 ,UNLESS WE SUPPOSE ?AT ! V>I\S DIV9E P>TICLES HAVE BE5 IRREGUL>LY DI/RIBUT$1 H[ IS ?IS DIFF]5CE TO BE EXPLA9$8 ,UN=TUNATELY !RE IS A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( M5 :OLLY /UPID1 FOOLI% EV5 TO IDIOCY4 ,C\LD !Y HAVE RECEIV$ 9 ! DI/RIBUTION A P>TICLE AT ONCE DIV9E & /UPID8 ,TO ESCAPE ?IS EMB>RASSM5T ! IDEALI/S MU/ NECESS>ILY SUPPOSE ?AT ALL HUMAN S\LS >E EQUAL4 BUT ?AT ! PRISONS 9 :I* !Y F9D !MSELVES NECESS>ILY CONF9$1 HUMAN BODIES1 >E UNEQUAL1 SOME MORE CAPABLE ?AN O!RS ( S]V+ AS AN ORGAN = ! PURE 9TELLECTUALITY ( S\L4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS4 SU* A ONE MI<T HAVE V]Y F9E ORGANS AT HIS DISPOSITION4 SU* ANO!R V]Y GROSS ORGANS4 ,BUT !SE >E DI/9CTIONS :I* IDEALISM HAS NOT ! P[] TO USE )\T FALL+ 9TO 9CONSI/5CY & ! GROSSE/ MAT]IALISM1 = 9 ! PRES5CE ( ABSOLUTE IMMAT]IALITY ( S\L ALL BODILY DIFF]5CES DISAPPE>1 ALL ?AT IS CORPOREAL1 MAT]IAL1 NECESS>ILY APPE>+ 9DIFF]5T1 EQUALLY & ABSOLUTELY GROSS4 ,! ABYSS :I* SEP>ATES S\L FROM BODY1 ABSOLUTE IMMAT]IALITY FROM ABSOLUTE MAT]IALITY1 IS 9F9ITE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ALL DIFF]5CES1 BY ! WAY 9EXPLICABLE & LOGICALLY IMPOSSIBLE1 :I* MAY EXI/ ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ABYSS1 9 MATT]1 %\LD BE TO ! S\L NULL & VOID1 & NEI!R CAN NOR %\LD EX]CISE ANY 9FLU5CE OV] IT4 ,9 A WORD1 ! ABSOLUTELY IMMAT]IAL CANNOT BE CON/RA9$1 IMPRISON$1 & MU* LESS EXPRESS$ 9 ANY DEGREE :ATSOEV] BY ! ABSOLUTELY MAT]IAL4 ,( ALL ! GROSS & MAT]IALI/IC 7US+ ! WORD 9 ! S5SE ATTA*$ TO IT BY ! IDEALI/S7 IMAG9ATIONS :I* W]E 5G5D]$ BY ! PRIMITIVE IGNORANCE & /UPIDITY ( M51 ?AT ( AN IMMAT]IAL S\L IMPRISON$ 9 A MAT]IAL BODY IS C]TA9LY ! GROSSE/1 ! MO/ /UPID4 & NO?+ BETT] PROVES ! OMNIPOT5CE EX]CIS$ BY ANCI5T PREJUDICES EV5 OV] ! BE/ M9DS ?AN ! DEPLORABLE SI<T ( M5 5D[$ ) L(TY 9TELLIG5CE /ILL TALK+ ( IT 9 \R DAYS4 

 #a ,I AM WELL AW>E ?AT 9 ! !OLOGICAL & METAPHYSICAL SY/EMS ( ! ,ORI5T1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ?OSE ( ,9DIA1 9CLUD+ ,BUDDHISM1 WE F9D ! PR9CIPLE ( ! ANNIHILATION ( ! REAL WORLD 9 FAVOR ( ! IDEAL & ( ABSOLUTE AB/RACTION4 ,BUT IT HAS NOT ! ADD$ *>ACT] ( VOLUNT>Y & DELIB]ATE NEGATION :I* DI/+UI%ES ,*RI/IANITY2 :5 ?OSE SY/EMS W]E CONCEIV$4 ! WORLD ( HUMAN ?\<T ( WILL & ( LIB]TY1 HAD NOT REA*$ ?AT /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T :I* WAS AFT]W>DS SE5 9 ! ,GREEK & ,ROMAN CIVILIZATION4 

 #aa ,IT SEEMS TO ME USEFUL TO RECALL AT ?IS PO9T AN ANECDOTE--ONE1 BY ! WAY1 WELL KN[N & ?OR\<LY AU!NTIC--:I* %$S A V]Y CLE> LI<T ON ! P]SONAL VALUE ( ?IS W>M]-OV] ( ! ,CA?OLIC BELIEFS & ON ! RELIGI\S S9C]ITY ( ?AT P]IOD4 ,*ATEAUBRI& SUBMITT$ TO A PUBLI%] A WORK ATTACK+ FAI?4 ,! PUBLI%] CALL$ HIS ATT5TION TO ! FACT ?AT A!ISM HAD GONE \T ( FA%ION1 ?AT ! READ+ PUBLIC C>$ NO MORE = IT1 & ?AT ! DEM&1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WAS = RELIGI\S WORKS4 ,*ATEAUBRI& )DREW1 BUT A FEW MON?S LAT] CAME BACK ) HIS ,G5IUS ( ,*RI/IANITY4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES 7,! TEXT IS FROM ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 #a#i#a#f1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MO!R ,E>? ,PUBLI%+ ,ASSOCIATION74 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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