,*APT] #aa 
,! ,MISS+ ,COMMUNITY 

#aifaif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,X,I4 ,! ,MISS+ ,COMMUNITY 

  
#a4 

  

,! USE ( HI/ORY1 ,B5JAM9 ,NELSON US$ TO SAY1 IS TO RESCUE FROM OBLIVION ! LO/ CAUSES ( ! PA/4 ,HI/ORY IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT :5 ?OSE LO/ CAUSES HAUNT US 9 ! PRES5T AS UNF9I%$ BUS9ESS4 

,I HAVE (T5 SPOK5 9 ?IS ESSAY ( ! 0MISS$ REVOLUTIONS ?AT WE HAVE 9H]IT$40 ,MY IDEA IS ?AT IT IS NOT ) IMPUNITY ?AT FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGES FAIL TO TAKE PLACE AT ! APPROPRIATE TIME2 ! FOLL[+ G5]ATIONS >E EMB>RASS$ & CONFUS$ BY !IR LACK4 ,?IS SUBJECT W>RANTS A SPECIAL /UDY4 ,SOME REVOLUTIONS FAIL TO OCCUR2 MO/ HALF-OCCUR OR >E COMPROMIS$1 ATTA9+ SOME ( !IR OBJECTIVES & RESULT+ 9 SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL *ANGES1 BUT GIV+ UP ON O!RS1 RESULT+ 9 AMBIGU\S VALUES 9 ! SOCIAL :OLE ?AT W\LD NOT HAVE OCCURR$ IF ! *ANGE HAD BE5 MORE ?OR\<GO+4 ,= 9 G5]AL1 A PR(\ND REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM 9 ANY FIELD PROJECTS A NEW WORKABLE K9D ( BEHAVIOR1 A NEW NATURE ( MAN1 A NEW :OLE SOCIETY2 JU/ AS ! TRADITIONAL SOCIETY IT TRIES TO REPLACE IS A :OLE SOCIETY ?AT ! REVOLUTIONI/S ?9K IS \T ( DATE4 ,BUT A COMPROMIS$ REVOLUTION T5DS TO DISRUPT ! TRADITION )\T A*IEV+ A NEW SOCIAL BALANCE4 

,IT IS ! >GUM5T ( ?IS BOOK ?AT ! ACCUMULATION ( ! MISS$ & COMPROMIS$ REVOLUTIONS ( MOD]N TIMES1 ) !IR CONSEQU5T AMBIGUITIES & SOCIAL IMBALANCES1 HAS FALL51 & MU/ FALL1 MO/ HEAVILY ON ! Y\NG1 MAK+ IT H>D TO GR[ UP4 

,A MAN :O HAS ATTA9$ MATURITY & 9DEP5D5CE CAN PICK & *OOSE AMONG ! IMM5SE MOD]N ADVANCES & SOME:AT WIELD !M AS HIS WAY ( LIFE4 ,IF HE HAS A POOR SOCIETY1 AN ADULT CANNOT BE V]Y HAPPY1 HE WILL NOT HAVE SIMPLE GOALS NOR A*IEVE CLASSICAL PRODUCTS1 BUT HE CAN FI<T & WORK ANYWAY4 ,BUT = *ILDR5 & ADOLESC5TS IT IS 9DISP5SABLE TO HAVE A COH]5T1 FAIRLY SIMPLE & VIABLE SOCIETY TO GR[ UP 9TO2 O!RWISE !Y >E CONFUS$1 & SOME >E SQUEEZ$ \T4 ,TRADITION HAS BE5 BROK51 YET !RE IS NO NEW /&>D TO AFFIRM4 ,CULTURE BECOMES ECLECTIC1 S5SATIONAL1 OR PHONY4 7,\R PRES5T CULTURE IS ALL ?REE47 ,A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION E/ABLI%ES A NEW COMMUNITY4 ,A MISS$ REVOLUTION MAKES IRRELEVANT ! COMMUNITY ?AT P]SI/S4 ,& A COMPROMIS$ REVOLUTION T5DS TO %ATT] ! COMMUNITY ?AT WAS1 )\T AN ADEQUATE SUB/ITUTE4 ,BUT AS WE >GU$ 9 A PREVI\S *APT]1 IT IS PRECISELY = ! Y\NG ?AT ! GEOGRAPHICAL & HI/ORICAL COMMUNITY & ITS PATRIOTISM >E ! IMPORTANT 5VIRONM5T1 AS !Y DRAW AWAY FROM !IR P>5TS & UNTIL !Y CAN ACT ON !IR [N ) FULLY DEVELOP$ P[]S4 

,9 ?IS *APT]1 LET US COLLECT ! MISS$ OR COMPROMIS$ FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT WE HAVE HAD OCCASION TO M5TION2 CALL+ ATT5TION TO :AT WAS A*IEV$ & :AT FAIL$ TO BE A*IEV$1 & ! CONSEQU5T CONFUS$ SITUATION :I* !N ACTUALLY CONFRONTS ! Y\? GR[+ UP4 

#b4 

  

,LET US />T ) ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T4 

,TE*NOCRACY4 ,9 \R [N C5TURY1 PHILOSOPH]S ( ! NEW TE*NOLOGY1 LIKE ,VEBL51 ,G$DES1 OR ,FULL]1 SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ EFFICI5CY & KN[-H[ ! *IEF E?ICAL VALUES ( ! FOLK1 CREAT+ A MY/IQUE ( 0PRODUCTION10 & A K9D ( /REAML9$ ES!TICS4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 WRE/+ MANAGEM5T FROM ! BUS9ESSM5 & CREAT+ !IR [N WORLD ( A NEAT & TRANSP>5T PHYSICAL PLANT & A PRACTICAL ECONOMICS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,! ACTUAL RESULTS HAVE BE5 SLUMS ( WORKS ( 5G9E]+1 CONFUS$ & USELESS OV]PRODUCTION1 GADGETRY1 & NEW TRIBES ( MIDDLEM51 PROMOT]S1 & ADV]TIZ]S4 

,URBANISM4 ,AS ,LE ,CORBUSI] & ,GROPIUS URG$1 WE HAVE 9CREAS+LY ! PLAN & /YLE ( FUNCTIONAL >*ITECTURE2 BIOLOGICAL /&>DS ( H\S+2 SCI5TIFIC /UDY ( TRAFFIC & CITY S]VICES2 SOME ZON+2 & ! CON/RUCTION ( L>GE-SCALE PROJECTS4 ,BUT NO:]E IS REALIZ$ ! IDEAL ( OV]-ALL COMMUNITY PLANN+1 ! OP5 GRE5 CITY1 OR ! ORGANIC RELATION ( WORK1 LIV+1 & PLAY4 ,! ACTUAL RESULTS HAVE BE5 9CREAS+ COMMUTATION & TRAFFIC1 SEGREGAT$ <ETTOS1 A 0FUNCTIONAL0 /YLE LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM PACKAG+1 & ! T5D5CY TO SQUEEZE \T SOME BASIC URBAN FUNCTIONS1 SU* AS RECREATION OR S*OOL+1 TO BE SQUEEZ$ \T ALTOGE!R4 

,G>D5 ,CITY4 ,! OPPOSITE NUMB]S1 ! ,G>D5 ,CITY PLANN]S AFT] ,EB5EZ] ,H[>D1 HAVE A*IEV$ SOME PLANN$ COMMUNITIES PROTECT$ BY GRE5BELTS4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT GET !IR 9TEGRAT$ T[NS1 PLANN$ = 9DU/RY1 LOCAL COMM]CE1 & LIV+4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT ACTUAL SUBURBS & G>D5 CITIES >E DORMITORIES ) A CULTURE C5T]+ >\ND SMALL *ILDR51 & ABS5CE ( ! WAGE E>N]2 & SU* 0PLANS0 AS ! SO-CALL$ %OPP+ C5T]S DISRUPTS SU* VILLAGE COMMUNITIES AS !RE W]E4 ,! MOVEM5T TO CONS]VE ! WILDS CANNOT )/& ! C>S1 SO ?AT ALL >EAS >E 9VAD$ & REGULAT$4 

#c4 

  

,LET US PROCE$ TO ECONOMIC & SOCIAL *ANGES4 

,NEW ,DEAL4 ,! ,KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS ( ! ,NEW ,DEAL HAS CU%ION$ ! BUS9ESS CYCLE & MA9TA9$ NE>LY FULL EMPLOYM5T4 ,IT HAS NOT A*IEV$ ITS IDEAL ( SOCIAL BALANCE BETWE5 PUBLIC & PRIVATE WORKS4 ,! RESULT IS AN EXP&+ PRODUCTION 9CREAS+LY CONSI/+ ( CORPORATION BOONDOGGL+4 

,SYNDICALISM4 ,9DU/RIAL WORK]S HAVE WON !IR UNIONS1 OBTA9$ BETT] WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS1 & AFFIRM$ ! DIGNITY ( LABOR4 ,BUT !Y GAVE UP !IR IDEAL ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T1 TE*NICAL $UCATION1 & CONC]N = ! UTILITY ( !IR LABOR4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT A VA/ MAJORITY C\LDN'T C>E LESS AB\T :AT !Y MAKE1 & ! 0LABOR MOVEM5T0 IS LOS+ =CE4 

,CLASS ,/RUGGLE4 ,! WORK+ CLASS HAS A*IEV$ A /RIK+ REPEAL ( ! IRON LAW ( WAGES2 IT HAS WON A M9IMUM WAGE & SOCIAL SECURITY4 ,BUT ! GOAL ( AN EQUALIT>IAN OR FREELY MOBILE SOCIETY HAS BE5 GIV5 UP1 AS HAS ! SOLID>ITY ( ! UND]PRIVILEG$4 ,! ACTUAL RESULT IS AN 9CREAS+ RIGIDITY ( /ATUSES2 SOME ( ! UND]PRIVILEG$ T5D+ TO DROP \T ( SOCIETY ALTOGE!R4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! CULTURAL EQUALITY ?AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ HAS BE5 ! DEGRADATION ( ! ONE POPUL> CULTURE TO ! L[E/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR4 

,PRODUCTION = ,USE4 ,?IS SOCIALI/ GOAL HAS BE5 MISS$1 RESULT+ 9 MANY ( ! O!R FAILURES H]E LI/$4 

,SOCIOLOGY4 ,DUR+ ! PA/ C5TURY1 ! SOCIOLOGI/S HAVE A*IEV$ !IR AIM ( DEAL+ ) MANK9D 9 ITS NATURAL GR\PS OR GR\PS ) COMMON PROBLEMS1 RA!R ?AN AS ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS OR A FACELESS MASS4 ,SOCIAL SCI5CE HAS REPLAC$ MANY PREJUDICES & IDEOLOGIES ( VE/$ 9T]E/S4 ,BUT ON ! :OLE1 SOCIAL SCI5TI/S HAVE GIV5 UP !IR AIM ( FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE & AN OP5-EXP]IM5TAL ME?OD DET]M9+ ITS GOALS AS IT W5T ALONG3 ! PRAGMATI/ IDEAL ( SOCIETY AS A LABORATORY = FRE$OM & SELF-CORRECT+ HUMANITY4 ,! ACTUAL RESULT IS AN EMPHASIS ON 0SOCIALIZ+0 & 0BELONG+10 ) ! LOSS ( NATURE1 CULTURE1 GR\P SOLID>ITY & GR\P V>IETY1 & 9DIVIDUAL EXCELL5CE4 

#d4 

  

,NEXT1 POLITICAL & CON/ITUTIONAL RE=MS4 

,DEMOCRACY4 ,! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION SUCCE$$ 9 EXT5D+ =MAL SELF-GOV]NM5T & OPPORTUNITY TO NE>LY EV]YBODY1 REG>DLESS ( BIR?1 PROP]TY1 OR $UCATION4 ,BUT IT GAVE UP ! IDEAL ( ! T[N MEET+1 ) ! 9ITIATIVE & P]SONAL 9VOLVEM5T ?AT ALONE C\LD TRA9 PEOPLE 9 SELF-GOV]NM5T & GIVE !M PRACTICAL KN[L$GE ( POLITICAL ISSUES4 ,! ACTUAL RESULT HAS BE5 ! =MATION ( A CLASS ( POLITICIANS :O GOV]N1 & :O >E !MSELVES SYMBOLIC FRONT FIGURES4 

,! ,REPUBLIC4 ,CORRESPOND+LY1 ! SELF-DET]M9ATION WON BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION = ! REGIONAL /ATES1 ?AT %\LD HAVE MADE POSSIBLE REAL POLITICAL EXP]IM5TATION1 SOON GAVE WAY TO A NATIONAL CON=MITY2 NOR HAS ! NATION AS A :OLE CONS]V$ ITS RES\RCES & MA9TA9$ ITS IDEALS4 ,! RESULT IS A DEAD5+ C5TRALISM1 ) NEI!R LOCAL PATRIOTISM NOR NATIONAL PATRIOTISM4 ,! BE/ PEOPLE DO NOT (F] !MSELVES = PUBLIC (FICE1 & NO ONE HAS ! AIM ( S]V+ ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,FRE$OM ( ,SPEE*4 ,TYPICAL IS ! FATE ( ! H>D-WON ,CON/ITUTIONAL FRE$OMS1 SU* AS FRE$OM ( SPEE*4 ,$ITORS & PUBLI%]S HAVE GIV5 UP TRY+ TO GIVE AN EFFECTIVE VOICE TO IMPORTANT BUT UNPOPUL> OP9IONS4 ,ANY?+ CAN BE PR9T$1 BUT ! P[]FUL 9T]E/S HAVE ! BIG PRESSES4 ,ONLY ! SAFE OP9ION IS PROCLAIM$ & O!R OP9ION IS SWAMP$4 

,LIB]ALISM4 ,! LIB]AL REVOLUTION SUCCE$$ 9 %AK+ (F ON]\S GOV]NM5T CONTROLS ON 5T]PRISE1 BUT IT DID NOT P]SI/ TO ITS GOAL ( REAL PUBLIC WEAL? AS ! RESULT ( FREE 5T]PRISE & HONE/LY 9=M$ *OICE ON ! M>KET4 ,! ACTUAL RESULT IS AN ECONOMY DOM9AT$ BY MONOPOLIES1 9 :I* ! E>NE/ 9DIVIDUAL 5TREPR5EUR OR 9V5TOR1 :O C\LD P]=M A PUBLIC S]VICE1 IS ACTIVELY DISC\RAG$2 & CONSUM] DEM& IS 9CREAS+LY SYN!TIC4 

,AGR>IANISM4 ,CONV]SELY1 ! ,JEFF]SONIAN IDEAL ( A PR\D & 9DEP5D5T PRODUCTIVE YEOMANRY1 ) NATURAL FAMILY MORALS & A COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITY SPIRIT1 DID 9 FACT 5]GIZE SETTL+ ! ,WE/ & PROVID+ ! BASIS = \R ABUNDANCE4 ,BUT BECAUSE IT HAS FAIL$ TO COPE ) TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES & TO )/& SPECULATION1 0F>M+ AS A WAY ( LIFE0 HAS SUCCUMB$ TO CA%-CROPP+ DEP5D5T ON DI/ANT M>KETS1 & IS RIDD5 ) MORTGAGES1 T5ANCY1 & HIR$ LABOR4 ,YET IT MA9TA9S A N>R[ RURAL MORALITY & ISOLATIONI/ POLITICS1 IS A SUCK] = ! MASS CULTURE ( ,MADISON ,AV5UE & ,HOLLYWOOD1 & 9 ! NEW CITIES 7E4G41 9 ,CALI=NIA1 :]E F>M]S HAVE MIGRAT$7 IS A BULW>K AGA9/ G5U9E CITY CULTURE4 

,LIB]TY4 ,CON/ITUTIONAL SAFEGU>DS ( P]SON W]E WON4 ,BUT DESPITE ! 9CREAS+ CONC5TRATION ( /ATE P[] & MASS PRESSURES1 NO EF=T WAS MADE TO GIVE TO 9DIVIDUALS & SMALL GR\PS NEW MEANS EASILY TO AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! SAFEGU>DS4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT !RE IS NO LONG] ! /RIK+ 9DIVIDUALITY ( FREE M52 EV5 QUIET NONCON=MITY IS H\ND$2 & !RE IS NO ASYLUM FROM COA/ TO COA/4 

,FRAT]NITY4 ,?IS %ORT-LIV$ IDEAL ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ANIMAT+ A :OLE PEOPLE & UNIT+ ALL CLASSES AS A COMMUNITY1 SOON GAVE WAY TO A DANG]\S NATIONALISM4 ,! IDEAL SOME:AT REVIV$ AS ! SOLID>ITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT ?IS TOO HAS FAD$ 9TO EI!R PHILAN?ROPY OR 0BELONG+40 

,BRO!RHOOD ( ,RACES4 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> WON =MAL RI<TS = ,NEGROES1 BUT FAIL$ TO W9 SOCIAL JU/ICE & FACTUAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! ACTUAL RESULT HAS BE5 SEGREGATION1 & FE> & IGNORANCE = BO? :ITES & BLACKS4 

,PACIFISM4 ,?IS REVOLUTION HAS BE5 5TIRELY MISS$4 

#e4 

  

,LET US PROCE$ TO SOME MORE G5]AL MORAL PREMISES ( MOD]N TIMES4 

,RE=MATION4 ,! ,PROTE/ANT ,RE=MATION WON ! POSSIBILITY ( LIV+ RELIGI\SLY 9 ! WORLD1 FRE$ 9DIVIDUALS FROM ! DOM9ATION ( ! PRIE/1 & L$1 9DIRECTLY1 TO ! TOL]ATION ( PRIVATE CONSCI5CE4 ,BUT IT FAIL$ TO )/& ! SECUL> P[]2 IT DID NOT CULTIVATE ! MEAN+ ( VOCATION AS A COMMUNITY FUNCTION2 & 9 MO/ SECTS ! SPIRIT ( ! *UR*ES DID NOT SPR+ FROM !IR LIV+ CONGREGATIONS BUT WAS H&$ D[N AS DOGMA & ASCETIC DISCIPL9E4 ,! F9AL RESULT HAS BE5 SECUL>ISM1 9DIVIDUALISM1 ! SUBORD9ATION ( HUMAN BE+S TO A RATIONAL ECONOMIC SY/EM1 & *UR*ES IRRELEVANT TO PRACTICAL COMMUNITY LIFE4 ,MEANTIME1 ACT+ M]ELY AS A NEGATIVE =CE1 ! JEAL\S SECT>IAN CONSCI5CE HAS DRIV5 RELIGION \T ( SOCIAL ?\<T4 

,MOD]N ,SCI5CE4 ,! SCI5TIFIC REVOLUTION ASSOCIAT$ ) ! NAME ( ,GALILEO FRE$ ?9K+ ( SUP]/ITION & ACADEMIC TRADITION & WON ATT5TION TO ! OBS]VATION ( NATURE4 ,BUT IT FAIL$ TO MODIFY & EXT5D ITS ME?OD TO SOCIAL & MORAL MATT]S1 & 9DE$ SCI5CE HAS GOTT5 FUR!R & FUR!R FROM ORD9>Y EXP]I5CE4 ,) ! DOM9ANCE ( SCI5CE & APPLI$ SCI5CE 9 \R TIMES1 ! RESULT HAS BE5 A SPECIALI/ CLASS ( SCI5TI/S & TE*NICIANS1 ! 9CREAS+ 9EPTITUDE ( ! AV]AGE P]SON1 A DISA/R\S DI*OTOMY ( 0NEUTRAL0 FACTS V]SUS 0>BITR>Y0 VALUES1 & A SUP]/ITION ( SCI5TISM ?AT HAS PUT PEOPLE \T ( T\* ) NATURE1 & ALSO HAS >\S$ A GR[+ HO/ILITY TO SCI5CE4 

,5LI<T5M5T4 ,! ,5GLI<T5M5T UNSEAT$ AGE-OLD TYRANNIES ( /ATE & *UR* & WON A TRIUMPH ( REASON OV] AU?ORITY4 ,BUT ITS UNIV]SALISM FAIL$ TO SURVIVE ! RIS+ NATIONALISMS EXCEPT 9 SPECIAL SCI5CES & LE>N+1 & ITS IDEAL ( 5CYCLOP$IC REASON AS ! PASSIONATE GUIDE TO LIFE DEG5]AT$ TO ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY HOPE = PROGRESS ?R\< SCI5CE & LE>N+4 ,& WE N[ HAVE AN 9T]NATIONALISM )\T BRO!RHOOD OR PEACE1 EV5 CONCEAL+ SCI5CE AS A /RATEGIC WEAPON2 & A G5]AL S5TIM5T ?AT ! RULE ( REASON IS 9F9ITELY IMPRACTICAL4 

,HONE/Y4 ,! REBELLION = HONE/ SPEE* ?AT WE ASSOCIATE ) ,IBS51 ,FLAUB]T1 ETC41 & ALSO ) ! MUCKRAK]S BROKE D[N ! HYPOCRISY ( ,VICTORIAN PRUDI%NESS & ( EXPLOIT+ PILL>S ( SOCIETY2 IT REOP5$ DISCUSSION & R5OVAT$ LANGUAGE2 & IT WEAK5$ (FICIAL C5SOR%IP4 ,BUT IT FAIL$ TO 9SI/ ON ! CLOSE RELATION BETWE5 HONE/ SPEE* & CORRESPOND+ ACTION4 ,! RESULT HAS BE5 A WEAK5+ ( ! OBLIGATION TO ACT ACCORD+ TO SPEE*1 SO ?AT1 IRONICALLY1 ! REAL MOTIVES ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE BEHAVIOR >E MORE 9 ! D>K ?AN EV]4 

,POPUL> ,CULTURE4 ,?IS IDEAL1 ?AT WE MAY ASSOCIATE 9 LIT]ATURE ) ! NAME ( ,SAM ,JOHNSON & ! ,FLEET ,/REET J\RNALI/S1 9 ! PLA/IC >TS ) ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS & ,RUSK91 FRE$ CULTURE FROM >I/OCRATIC & SNOBBI% PATRONS4 ,IT MADE ?\<T & DESIGN RELEVANT TO EV]YDAY MANN]S4 ,BUT IT DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 E/ABLI%+ AN IMM$IATE RELATION BETWE5 ! WRIT] OR >TI/ & HIS AUDI5CE4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT ! POPUL> CULTURE IS CONTROLL$ BY HUCK/]S & PROMOT]S AS ?\< IT W]E A SALABLE COMMODITY1 & \R SOCIETY1 9UNDAT$ BY CULTURAL COMMODITIES1 REMA9S UNCULTIVAT$4 

#f4 

  

,F9ALLY1 SOME RE=MS DIRECTLY CONNECT$ ) *ILDR5 & ADOLESC5TS4 

,NO ,*ILD ,LABOR4 ,*ILDR5 HAVE BE5 RESCU$ FROM ! EXPLOITATION & TRA9+ ( FACTORIES & SWEAT %OPS4 ,BUT1 RELY+ ON ! PUBLIC S*OOLS & ! APPR5TICE-TRA9+ 9 AN EXP&+ & OP5 ECONOMY1 ! RE=M]S DID NOT DEVELOP A PHILOSOPHY ( CAPACITY & VOCATION4 ,NOR1 S9CE !RE W]E MANY SMALL JOBS1 DID !Y FACE ! PROBLEMS ( A GR[+ BOY NE$+ TO E>N SOME MONEY4 ,9 \R DAYS1 ! RESULT IS ?AT GR[+ Y\?S >E IDLE & VOCATIONALLY USELESS1 & (T5 ECONOMICALLY DESP]ATE2 & ! S*OOLS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BECOME APPR5TICE-TRA9+ PAID = BY PUBLIC MONEY4 

,COMPULSORY ,$UCATION4 ,?IS GAVE TO ALL *ILDR5 A C]TA9 EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY 9 AN OP5 EXP&+ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,=MAL ELEM5T>Y DISCIPL9E WAS SUFFICI5T :5 ! 5VIRONM5T WAS $UCATIVE & PROVID$ OPPORTUNITIES = ADVANCEM5T4 ,9 \R CIRCUM/ANCES1 =MAL LIT]ACY IS LESS RELEVANT1 & OV]CR[D+ & (FICIAL 9T]F]5CE MAKE 9DIVIDUAL ATT5TION & REAL TEA*+ IMPOSSIBLE2 SO ?AT IT C\LD BE SAID ?AT ! S*OOLS >E AS /UPEFY+ AS !Y >E $UCATIVE1 & COMPULSORY $UCATION IS (T5 LIKE JAIL4 

,SEXUAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS HAS ACCOMPLI%$ A FREE+ ( ANIMAL FUNCTION+ 9 G5]AL1 HAS PI]C$ REPRESSION1 IMPORTANTLY RELAX$ 9HIBITION1 WEAK5$ LEGAL & SOCIAL SANCTIONS1 & DIM9I%$ ! /RICT ANIMAL-TRA9+ ( SMALL *ILDR54 ,! MOVEM5T HAS NOT SO MU* FAIL$ AS ?AT IT IS /ILL 9 PROCESS1 /RONGLY RESI/$ BY 9H]IT$ PREJUDICES1 FE>S1 & JEAL\SIES4 ,BY & L>GE IT HAS NOT WON PRACTICAL FRE$OM = OLD] *ILDR5 & ADOLESC5TS4 ,! ACTUAL PRES5T RESULT IS ?AT !Y >E TRAPP$ BY 9CONSI/5T RULES1 SUFF] BECAUSE ( EXCESSIVE /IMULATION & 9ADEQUATE DIS*>GE1 & BECOME PREOCCUPI$ ) SEXUAL ?\<TS AS IF !SE W]E ! :OLE ( LIFE4 

,P]MISSIV5ESS4 ,*ILDR5 HAVE MORE FRE$OM ( SPONTANE\S BEHAVIOR1 & !IR DIGNITY & SPIRIT >E NOT CRU%$ BY HUMILIAT+ PUNI%M5TS 9 S*OOL & 9 V]Y MANY HOMES4 ,BUT ?IS P]MISSIV5ESS HAS NOT EXT5D$ TO PROVIDE ALSO MEANS & CONDITIONS3 ,Y\NG FOLK MI<T BE SEXUALLY FREE BUT HAVE NO PRIVACY2 !Y >E FREE TO BE ANGRY1 BUT HAVE NO ASYLUM TO ESCAPE FROM HOME1 & NO WAY TO GET !IR [N MONEY4 ,BESIDES1 :]E UPBR++ IS P]MISSIVE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO HAVE /RONG VALUES & E/EEM$ BEHAVIOR AT HOME & 9 ! COMMUNITY1 SO ?AT ! *ILD CAN HAVE WOR?-:ILE GOALS TO /RUCTURE HIS EXP]I5CE2 & ( C\RSE IT IS JU/ !SE ?AT >E LACK+4 ,SO P]MISSIV5ESS (T5 LEADS TO ANXIETY & WEAKNESS 9/EAD ( CONFID5CE & /R5G?4 

,PROGRESSIVE ,$UCATION4 ,?IS RADICAL PROPOSAL1 AIM$ AT SOLV+ ! DILEMMAS ( $UCATION 9 ! MOD]N CIRCUM/ANCES ( 9DU/RIALISM & DEMOCRACY1 WAS NEV] GIV5 A *ANCE4 ,IT SUCCE$$ 9 DE/ROY+ ! FACULTY PSY*OLOGY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( $UCAT+ ! :OLE P]SON1 & 9 EMPHASIZ+ GR\P EXP]I5CE1 BUT FAIL$ TO 9TRODUCE LE>N+-BY-DO+ ) REAL PROBLEMS4 ,! ACTUAL RESULT ( ! GA9S HAS BE5 TO WEAK5 ! ACADEMIC CURRICULUM & FO/] ADJU/M5T TO SOCIETY AS IT IS4 

#g4 

  

,LET US CONSID] ! BEG9N+1 ! 5D+1 & ! MIDDLE ( !SE LITTLE P>AGRAPHS4 

,! HEAD+S PR9T$ 9 BOLD TYPE >E1 9 !IR SUMMATION1 A K9D ( PROGRAM ( MOD]N MAN4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT EV]Y ONE ( !SE TW5TY-ODD POSITIONS WAS 9V5T$-&-DISCOV]$ AS A RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 ,! POLITICAL POSITIONS W]E DEVELOP$ TO OPPOSE ! ABSOLUTISM ( ! K+S :O HAD UNIFI$ ! W>R+ FEUDAL /ATES2 ! PROGRAM = *ILDR5 & ADOLESC5TS HAS BE5 A RESPONSE TO MOD]N 9DU/RIALISM & URBANISM2 & SO =?4 ,BUT IT DOES NOT FOLL[1 AS SOME SOCIOLOGI/S ?9K1 ?AT !Y CAN !RE=E BE SUP]S$$ & =GOTT5 AS CONDITIONS *ANGE4 

,CONSID] ! FOLL[+ ( ,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS3 0,! IDEALS ?AT WE ,WE/]N]S ASSOCIATE ) ! CLASSIC1 LIB]AL1 B\RGEOIS P]IOD ( MOD]N CULTURE MAY WELL BE ROOT$ 9 ?IS ONE HI/ORICAL /AGE ( ?IS ONE TYPE ( SOCIETY4 ,SU* IDEALS AS P]SONAL FRE$OM & CULTURAL AUTONOMY MAY NOT BE 9H]5T1 NECESS>Y FEATURES ( CULTURAL LIFE AS SU*40 ,?IS IS LIKE SAY+ ?AT TRAGIC POETRY OR MA!MATICS WAS 0ROOT$0 9 ! ,GREEK WAY ( LIFE & IS NOT 09H]5TLY0 HUMAN4 ,?IS K9D ( ?9K+ IS ! F9AL RESULT ( ! REC5T SOCIAL-SCI5TIFIC ATTITUDE ?AT CULTURE IS ADD$ ONTO A FEATURELESS ANIMAL1 RA!R ?AN BE+ ! 9V5TION-&-DISCOV]Y ( HUMAN P[]S4 ,?IS IS EFFECTUALLY TO GIVE UP ! MOD]N 5T]PRISE ALTOGE!R4 ,BUT WE WILL NOT GIVE IT UP4 ,NEW CONDITIONS WILL BE ! CONDITIONS (1 N[1 ?IS K9D ( MAN1 /UBBORNLY 9SI/+ ON ! IDEALS ?AT HE HAS LE>N$ HE HAS 9 HIM TO MEET4 

,YET ! MOD]N POSITIONS >E NOT EV5 EASILY CONSI/5T ) ONE ANO!R1 TO =M A COH]5T PROGRAM4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 BITT] CONFLICTS BETWE5 ,LIB]TY & ,EQUALITY1 ,SCI5CE & ,FAI?1 ,TE*NOLOGY & ,SYNDICALISM1 & SO =?4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE WILL NOT GIVE UP ONE OR ! O!R1 BUT WILL >DU\SLY TRY TO A*IEVE !M ALL & MAKE A COH]5T PROGRAM4 ,& 9DE$1 EXP]I5CE HAS TAU<T ?AT ! FAILURE 9 ONE ( !SE IDEALS AT ONCE 5TAILS FAILURE 9 O!RS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 FAILURE 9 SOCIAL JU/ICE WEAK5S POLITICAL FRE$OM1 & ?IS COMPROMISES SCI5TIFIC & RELIGI\S AUTONOMY4 0,IF WE CONT9UE TO BE )\T A SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T10 SAYS ,FRANK ,M>QU>T1 0WE MAY 5D UP )\T A LABOR MOVEM5T40 ,! SETBACK ( PROGRESSIVE $UCATION MAKES ! COMPULSORY S*OOL SY/EM MORE HOPELESS1 & ?IS N[ ?REAT5S P]MISSIV5ESS & SEXUAL FRE$OM2 & SO =?4 ,SO WE /RUGGLE TO P]FECT ALL !SE POSITIONS1 ONE BUTTRESS+ ANO!R1 IF WE >E TO FULFILL \R UNIQUE MOD]N DE/9Y4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT1 TOO1 ?AT 9 \R PLI<T NEW MOD]N POSITIONS WILL BE ADD$ TO !SE1 & !SE TOO WILL BE COMPROMIS$1 ABORT$1 !IR PROPHETIC URG5CY BUREAUCRATIZ$ & IRONICALLY TRANS=M$ 9TO ! OPPOSITE4 ,BUT !RE IT IS4 

#h4 

  

,IF WE N[ COLLECT ! ACTUAL1 (T5 IRONICAL1 RESULTS ( SO MU* NOBLE /RUGGLE1 WE GET A CLE> BUT EXAGG]AT$ PICTURE ( \R ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,IT HAS3 SLUMS ( 5G9E]+--BOONDOGGL+ PRODUCTION--*AOTIC CONGE/ION--TRIBES ( MIDDLEM5--BASIC CITY FUNCTIONS SQUEEZ$ \T--G>D5 CITIES = *ILDR5--9DIFF]5T WORKM5--UND]PRIVILEG$ ON A DOLE--EMPTY 0BELONG+0 )\T NATURE OR CULTURE--FRONT POLITICIANS--NO PATRIOTISM--AN EMPTY NATIONALISM B\ND = A CATACLYSMICALLY DISA/R\S F9I%--WISE OP9ION SWAMP$--5T]PRISE SABOTAG$ BY MONOPOLY--PREJUDICE RIS+--RELIGION OTIOSE--! POPUL> CULTURE DEBAS$--SCI5CE SPECIALIZ$--SCI5CE SECRET--! AV]AGE MAN 9EPT--Y\? IDLE & TRUANT--Y\? SEXUALLY SUFF]+ & SEXUALLY OBSESS$--Y\? )\T GOALS--POOR S*OOLS4 

,?IS PICTURE IS NOT UNJU/1 BUT IT IS1 AGA91 EXAGG]AT$4 ,= IT OMITS1 ( C\RSE1 ALL ! POSITIVE FACTORS & ! ONGO+ SUCCESSES4 ,WE HAVE A P]SI/+ GR& CULTURE4 ,!RE IS A /EADY ADVANCE ( SCI5CE1 S*OL>%IP1 & ! F9E >TS4 ,A /EADY IMPROVEM5T 9 HEAL? & M$IC9E4 ,AN ECONOMY ( ABUNDANCE &1 9 MANY WAYS1 A G5U9E CIVIL PEACE & A /UBBORN AFFIRM+ ( DEMOCRACY4 ,& MO/ ( ALL !RE >E ! REM>KABLE RESILI5CE & C\RAGE ?AT BELONG TO HUMAN BE+S4 ,ALSO1 ! ,AM]ICANS1 = ALL !IR FOLLY & CON=MITY1 >E (T5 ?RILL+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ & IMPATI5T ( HYPOCRISY4 

,YET !RE IS ONE GRIM ACTUALITY ?AT EV5 ?IS EXAGG]AT$ PICTURE DOES NOT REVEAL1 ! CREEP+ DEFEATISM & SURR5D] BY DEFAULT TO ! ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( ! /ATE & SEMIMONOPOLIES4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,BUS9ESS ,MA*9ES & ORGANIZ$ PSY*OLOGI/S1 WE HAVE SE51 EFFECTUALLY DET]M9E ! ME?OD ( S*OOL EXAM9ATIONS & P]SONNEL SELECTION4 ,AS L&LORDS1 ,WEBB & ,KNAPP & ,METROPOLITAN ,LIFE DECIDE :AT \R DOME/IC HABITS %\LD BE2 &1 AS 0CIVIC DEVELOP]S0 !Y PLAN COMMUNITIES1 EV5 ?\< !IR MOTIVE IS SIMPLY A 0LONG-T]M MODE/ PR(IT0 ON 9VE/M5T :ILE MILLIONS >E ILL H\S$4 ,! GOOD ( ,G5]AL ,MOTORS & ! NATION >E 9SEP>ABLE1 SAYS ,SECRET>Y ,WILSON--EV5 ?\< ! C>S >E DEMON/RABLY RU9\S = ! CITIES1 RU9\S = ! Y\NG1 ETC4 ,MADISON ,AV5UE & ,HOLLYWOOD NOT ONLY DEBAU* !IR AUDI5CES1 BUT !Y PREEMPT ! MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 SO NO?+ ELSE CAN EXI/4 ,) ONLY OCCASIONAL FLAGRANT BREA*ES ( LEGALITY1 ! 9CREAS+LY 9T]LOCK+ POLICE =CES & ! ,F,B,I MAKE PEOPLE C[$ & SPEE*LESS4 ,?AT ,AM]ICANS CAN ALL[ ?IS K9D ( ?+ 9/EAD ( DEMOLI%+ IT ) A BL[ ( ! PAW LIKE A /RONG LION1 IS ! PSY*OLOGY ( MISS$ REVOLUTIONS4 

#i4 

  

,= \R POSITIVE PURPOSES 9 ?IS BOOK1 IT IS ! MIDDLE P>TS ( \R P>AGRAPHS ?AT W>RANT /UDY3 ! FAILURES1 ! FALL+S-%ORT1 ! COMPROMISES4 ,IMAG9E ?AT !SE MOD]N RADICAL POSITIONS HAD BE5 MORE FULLY A*IEV$3 WE %\LD HAVE A SOCIETY :]E3 

,A PREMIUM IS PLAC$ ON TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5T & ON ! 5G9E]+ /YLE ( FUNCTIONAL SIMPLICITY & CL>ITY4 ,:]E ! COMMUNITY IS PLANN$ AS A :OLE1 ) AN ORGANIC 9TEGRATION ( WORK1 LIV+1 & PLAY4 ,:]E BUILD+S HAVE ! V>IETY ( !IR REAL FUNCTIONS ) ! UNI=MITY ( ! PREVAIL+ TE*NOLOGY4 ,:]E A LOT ( MONEY IS SP5T ON PUBLIC GOODS4 ,:]E WORK]S >E TE*NICALLY $UCAT$ & HAVE A SAY 9 MANAGEM5T4 ,:]E NO ONE DROPS \T ( SOCIETY & !RE IS AN EASY MOBILITY ( CLASSES4 ,:]E PRODUCTION IS PRIM>ILY = USE4 ,:]E SOCIAL GR\PS >E LABORATORIES = SOLV+ !IR [N PROBLEMS EXP]IM5TALLY4 ,:]E DEMOCRACY BEG9S 9 ! T[N MEET+1 & A MAN SEEKS (FICE ONLY BECAUSE HE HAS A PROGRAM4 ,:]E REGIONAL V>IETY IS 5C\RAG$ & !RE IS PRIDE 9 ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,& Y\NG M5 >E FREE ( CONSCRIPTION4 ,:]E ALL FEEL !MSELVES CITIZ5S ( ! UNIV]SAL ,REPUBLIC ( ,REASON4 ,:]E IT IS ! POLICY TO GIVE AN ADEQUATE VOICE TO ! UNUSUAL & UNPOPUL> OP9ION1 & TO GIVE A TRIAL & A M>KET TO NEW 5T]PRISE4 ,:]E PEOPLE >E NOT AFRAID TO MAKE FRI5DS4 ,:]E RACES >E FACTUALLY EQUAL4 ,:]E VOCATION IS S\<T \T & CULTIVAT$ AS ,GOD-GIV5 CAPACITY1 TO BE CONS]V$ & EMBELLI%$1 & :]E ! *UR* IS ! SPIRIT ( ITS CONGREGATION4 ,:]E ORD9>Y EXP]I5CE IS HABITUALLY SCI5TIFICALLY ASSAY$ BY ! AV]AGE MAN4 ,:]E IT IS FELT ?AT ! SUGGE/ION ( REASON IS PRACTICAL4 ,& SPEE* LEADS TO ! CORRESPOND+ ACTION4 ,:]E ! POPUL> CULTURE IS A D>+ & PASSIONATE CULTURE4 ,:]E *ILDR5 CAN MAKE !MSELVES USEFUL & E>N !IR [N MONEY4 ,:]E !IR SEXUALITY IS TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,:]E ! COMMUNITY C>RIES ON ITS IMPORTANT ADULT BUS9ESS & ! *ILDR5 FALL 9 AT !IR [N PACE4 ,& :]E $UCATION IS CONC]N$ ) FO/]+ HUMAN P[]S AS !Y DEVELOP 9 ! GR[+ *ILD4 

,9 SU* AN UTOPIAN SOCIETY1 AS WAS AIM$ AT BY MOD]N RADICALS BUT HAS NOT EV5TUAT$1 IT W\LD BE V]Y EASY TO GR[ UP4 ,!RE W\LD BE PL5TY ( OBJECTIVE1 WOR?-:ILE ACTIVITIES = A *ILD TO OBS]VE1 FALL 9 )1 DO1 LE>N1 IMPROVISE ON HIS [N4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IT IS NOT ! SPIRIT ( MOD]N TIMES ?AT MAKES \R SOCIETY DIFFICULT = ! Y\NG2 IT IS ?AT ?AT SPIRIT HAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY REALIZ$ ITSELF4 

,9 ?IS LI<T1 ! PRES5T PLI<T ( ! Y\NG IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,9 ! RAPID *ANGES1 PEOPLE HAVE NOT KEPT 5\< 9 M9D ?AT ! GR[+ Y\NG ALSO EXI/ & ! WORLD MU/ FIT !IR NE$S4 ,SO 9/EAD1 WE HAVE ! PRES5T PH5OM5A ( EXCESSIVE ATT5TION TO ! *ILDR5 AS SU*1 9 PSY*OLOGY & SUBURBS1 & COP+ ) 0JUV5ILE DEL9QU5CY0 AS IF IT W]E AN 5TITY4 ,ADULTS FI<T+ = SOME PR(\NDLY CONCEIV$ FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE NATURALLY GIVE UP1 EXHAU/$1 :5 !Y HAVE A*IEV$ SOME GA9 ?AT MAKES LIFE TOL]ABLE AGA9 & SEEMS TO BE ! SUB/ANCE ( !IR DEM&4 ,BUT TO GR[ UP1 ! Y\NG NE$ A WORLD ( F9I%$ SITUATIONS & SOCIETY MADE :OLE AGA94 

#a4 

  

,9DE$1 ! BO!R ) ! ABOVE LITTLE UTOPIAN SKET* IS ?AT MANY ADULTS W\LD BE RE/IVE 9 SU* A /ABLE MOD]N WORLD IF IT W]E A*IEV$4 ,!Y W\LD SAY3 ,IT IS A F9E PLACE = GR[+ BOYS4 ,I AGREE ) ?IS CRITICISM4 

,I ?9K ! CASE IS AS FOLL[S3 ,EV]Y PR(\ND NEW PROPOSAL1 ( CULTURE OR 9/ITUTION1 9V5TS & DISCOV]S A NEW PROP]TY ( 0,HUMAN ,NATURE40 ,H5CE=? IT IS GO+ TO BE 9 !SE T]MS ?AT A Y\NG FELL[ WILL GR[ UP & F9D HIS ID5TITY & HIS TASK4 ,SO IF WE ACCUMULATE ! REVOLUTION>Y PROPOSALS ( MOD]N TIMES1 WE HAVE NAM$ ! GOALS ( MOD]N $UCATION4 ,WE SAW ?AT IT WAS ! AIM ( ,PROGRESSIVE ,$UCATION TO C>RY ?IS PROGRAM ?R\<4 

,BUT $UCATION IS NOT LIFE4 ,! EXI/+ SITUATION ( A GR[N MAN IS TO CONFRONT AN UN9V5T$ & UNDISCOV]$ PRES5T4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 AT PRES5T1 HE MU/ ALSO TRY TO P]FECT HIS UNF9I%$ PA/3 ?IS BAD 9H]ITANCE IS P>T ( ! EXI/+ SITUATION1 & MU/ BE /OICALLY WORK$ ?R\<4 

#a#a4 

  

,LET ME REPEAT ! PROPOSITION ( ?IS *APT]3 ,IT IS ! MISS$ REVOLUTIONS ( MOD]N TIMES--! FALL+S-%ORT & ! COMPROMISES--?AT ADD UP TO ! CONDITIONS ?AT MAKE IT H>D = ! Y\NG TO GR[ UP 9 \R SOCIETY4 

,! EXI/+ LOCAL COMMUNITY1 REGION1 & NATION IS ! REAL 5VIRONM5T ( ! Y\NG4 ,CONV]SELY1 WE C\LD DEF9E COMMUNITY SPIRIT & PATRIOTISM AS ! CONVICTION 9 :I* IT IS POSSIBLE TO GR[ UP4 7,AN 9DEP5D5T & NOT TOO DEFEAT$ ADULT CONFRONTS A BROAD] HI/ORICAL1 9T]NATIONAL1 & COSMIC SC5E AS HIS 5VIRONM5T = ACTION47 

,MOD]N TIMES HAVE BE5 *>ACT]IZ$ BY FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES OCCURR+ ) UNUSUAL RAPIDITY4 ,!SE HAVE %ATT]$ TRADITION BUT (T5 HAVE NOT SUCCE$$ 9 CREAT+ A NEW :OLE COMMUNITY4 ,WE HAVE NO REC\RSE TO GO+ BACK1 !RE IS NO?+ TO GO BACK TO4 ,IF WE >E TO HAVE A /ABLE & :OLE COMMUNITY 9 :I* ! Y\NG CAN GR[ TO MANHOOD1 WE MU/ PA9FULLY P]FECT ! REVOLUTION>Y MOD]N TRADITION WE HAVE4 

,?IS /OICAL RESOLVE IS1 P>ADOXICALLY1 A CONS]VATIVE PROPOSITION1 AIM+ AT /ABILITY & SOCIAL BALANCE4 ,= (T5 IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( MAK+ 9NOVATIONS1 BUT ( CAT*+ UP & RE/OR+ ! RI<T PROPORTIONS4 ,BUT NO D\BT1 9 \R RUNAWAY1 ONE-SID$ WAY ( LIFE1 ! PROPOSAL TO CONS]VE HUMAN RES\RCES & DEVELOP HUMAN CAPACITIES HAS BECOME A RADICAL 9NOVATION4 

,RI<T PROPORTION CANNOT BE RE/OR$ BY ADD+ A FEW NEW TEA*]S =MALLY EQUIVAL5T TO ! GR[? 9 POPULATION4 ,PROBABLY WE NE$ A MILLION NEW M9DS & MORE PUT TO TEA*+4 ,EV5 ,DR4 ,CONANT SAYS ?AT WE MU/ NE>LY D\BLE \R PRES5T ANNUAL EXP5DITURE ON $UCATION = TEA*+ ALONE1 NOT C\NT+ PLANT & ! C5TRAL S*OOLS HE WANTS4 ,& ?IS DOES NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ESS5TIALLY NEW FIELDS SU* AS MAK+ S5SE ( ADULT LEISURE4 

,IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD ?AT ) ! 9CREASE 9 POPULATION & CR[D+1 ! NUMB] & V>IETY ( HUMAN S]VICES 9CREASE DISPROPORTIONATELY1 & ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE >EAS1 BO? GEOGRAPHICAL & SOCIAL1 DECREASE4 ,!RE=E ! UNITS ( HUMAN S]VICE1 SU* AS S*OOL CLASSES OR ! CLI5TELE ( A PHYSICIAN 7& EV5 POLITICAL DI/RICTS871 \<T TO BE MADE SMALL]1 TO AVOID ! CREATION ( MASSES3 MASS TEA*+1 MASS M$IC9E1 MASS PSY*O!RAPY1 MASS P5OLOGY1 MASS POLITICS4 ,YET \R NORMAL S*OOLS & M$ICAL S*OOLS CANNOT COPE ) EV5 ! >I?METIC 9CREASE4 

,RI<T PROPORTION REQUIRES REV]S+ ! GOAL 9 VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE1 FROM FITT+ ! MAN TO ! MA*9E & *OPP+ HIM D[N TO FIT1 TO F9D+ ! OPPORTUNITY 9 ! ECONOMY ?AT BR+S \T ! MAN1 & IF Y\ CAN'T F9D SU* AN OPPORTUNITY1 MAKE IT4 ,?IS 9VOLVES 5C\RAG+ NEW SMALL 5T]PRISES & UNBLOCK+ & P]HAPS UND]WRIT+ 9V5TION4 ,AGA91 IF AT PRES5T PRODUCTION IS 9HUMAN & /UPID1 IT IS ?AT TOO FEW M9DS >E PUT TO IT3 ?IS CAN BE REM$I$ BY GIV+ ! WORKMAN MORE VOICE 9 PRODUCTION & ! K9D ( TRA9+ TO MAKE ?AT VOICE WISE4 

,PROBABLY1 RI<T PROPORTION 9VOLVES CONSID]ABLE DEC5TRALIZ+ & 9CREAS+ ! RURAL-URBAN RATIO4 ,C]TA9LY IT 9VOLVES TRANS=M+ ! SCORES ( ?\S&S ( NEGLECT$ SMALL PLACES1 HOPELESSLY DULL & SAME1 9TO 9T]E/+ VILLAGES ?AT SOMEONE C\LD BE PR\D (4 ,A LOT ( ! BOOM+ PRODUCTION HAS GOT TO GO 9TO PUBLICLY USEFUL GOODS1 PROPORTIONATE TO ! APP>5TLY =GOTT5 FACT ?AT IT IS ON PUBLIC GR\NDS1 BECAUSE ( PUBLIC 9VE/M5T1 & ! GR[? ( POPULATION1 ?AT PRIVATE WEAL? IS PRODUC$ & 5JOY$4 ,WE HAVE TO LE>N AGA91 :AT CITY MAN ALWAYS US$ TO KN[1 ?AT BELONG+ TO ! CITY1 TO ITS SQU>ES1 ITS M>KET1 ITS NEI<BORHOODS1 & ITS HI< CULTURE1 IS A PUBLIC GOOD2 IT IS NOT A FIELD = 09VE/M5T TO YIELD A LONG-T]M MODE/ PR(IT40 ,A PROPORTIONATE ALLOCATION ( PUBLIC FUNDS1 AGA91 IS NOT LIKELY TO DEVOTE MORE MONEY TO ESCAPE ROADS CONV5I5T = AUTOMOBILES ?AN TO IMPROV+ ! CITY C5T]4 7,IF ,I MAY MAKE A PLEASANT SUGGE/ION1 WE C\LD UND]WRITE A H&SOME PROGRAM = S]I\S ADULT LEISURE BY A #a P] C5T LUXURY TAX ON NEW C>S2 IT W\LD YIELD OV] A BILLION47 

,S9CE PROSP]ITY ITSELF HAS MADE IT MORE DIFFICULT = ! UND]PRIVILEG$ IMMIGRANT TO GET />T$1 RI<T PROPORTION REQUIRES DEVOT+ ALL ! MORE MONEY & +5UITY TO HELP+ HIM F9D HIMSELF & GET />T$4 7,9 SU* CASES1 BY ! WAY1 +5UITY & FRI5DLY AID >E MORE IMPORTANT ?AN MONEY1 AS SOME ( \R SETTLEM5T H\SES 9 ,NEW ,YORK HAVE BEAUTIFULLY DEMON/RAT$47 ,& SOME WAY WILL HAVE TO BE F\ND1 AGA91 = A MAN TO BE DEC5TLY POOR1 TO WORK = A SUBSI/5CE )\T NECESS>ILY *OOS+ TO 9VOLVE HIMSELF 9 ! TOTAL HI<-/&>D ECONOMY4 ,ONE WAY ( A*IEV+ ?IS W\LD BE DIRECTLY PRODUC+ SUBSI/5CE GOODS 9 DI/9CTION FROM ! TOTAL ECONOMY4 

,9 >TS & LETT]S1 !RE IS A RI<T BALANCE BETWE5 ! CU/OM>Y SOCIAL /&>D & CREATIVE NOVELTY1 & BETWE5 POPUL> 5T]TA9M5T & ES!TIC EXP]I5CE4 ,!N1 TO (FSET ,HOLLYWOOD & ,MADISON ,AV5UE1 WE MU/ HAVE HUNDR$S ( NEW LITTLE !AT]S1 LITTLE MAGAZ9ES1 & J\RNALS ( DISS5T+ OP9ION ) MEANS ( CIRCULATION2 BECAUSE IT IS ONLY 9 SU* ?AT NEW ?+S CAN DEVELOP & BEG9 TO W9 !IR WAY 9 ! WORLD4 

,IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT \R DEMOCRATIC LEGISLATURES & PUBLIC SPOKESM5 BE BALANC$ BY MORE LE>N$ & HONORABLE VOICES ?AT1 AS 9 ,BRITA91 CAN ?\<TFULLY BROA* FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES ( COMMUNITY PLAN1 P5AL CODE1 MORALITY1 CULTURAL TONE1 ) SOME C]TA9TY ( REA*+ A PUBLIC =UM & SOME POSSIBILITY ( BE+ EFFECTIVE4 ,= !RE IS NO O!R WAY ( GETT+ ! BE/ TO LEAD1 TO HAVE SOME CONVICTION & EV5 PASSIONATE 9T5SITY1 TO SAVE ,AM]ICA FROM GO+ TO MANAG]S1 DEVELOP]S1 & POLITICIANS BY DEFAULT4 

,C]TA9LY RI<T PROPORTION1 9 A SOCIETY TI<TLY ORGANIZ$ & CON=MI/1 REQUIRES A VA/ 9CREASE 9 ! JEAL\S SAFEGU>D ( CIVIL LIB]TIES1 TO PUT ! FE> ( ,GOD BACK 9TO LOCAL POLICE1 DI/RICT ATTORNEYS1 & ! ,F$]AL ,BUREAU ( ,9VE/IGATION4 

,H]E IS A PROGRAM ( MORE ?AN A DOZ5 ESS5TIAL *ANGES1 ALL PRACTICABLE1 ALL DIFFICULT4 ,A WIS] & MORE EXP]I5C$ AU?OR C\LD SUGGE/ A DOZ5 MORE4 

#a#b4 

  

,LET ME EXP& ONE ( !SE3 ,MAK+ S5SE ( ADULT LEISURE4 

,:AT >E ! PRES5T GOALS ( ! PHILOSOPH]S ( LEISURE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,NATIONAL ,RECREATION ,ASSOCIATION8 & N[ IMAG9E ?OSE GOALS A*IEV$4 ,!RE W\LD BE A HUNDR$ MILLION ADULTS :O HAVE CULTUR$ HOBBIES TO OCCUPY !IR SP>E TIME3 SOME EXP]T ON ! FLUTE1 SOME ) DO-IT-Y\RSELF KITS1 SOME GOOD AT *ESS & GO1 SOME SQU>E DANC+1 SOME CAMP+ \T & 5JOY+ NATURE1 & ALL PLAY+ V>I\S A?LETIC GAMES4 ,LEAF ?R\< ! 5TIRE CATALOG ( ! ,NATIONAL ,RECREATION ,ASSOCIATION1 TAKE ALL ! ITEMS TOGE!R1 APPLY !M TO ONE HUNDR$ MILLION ADULTS--& !RE IS ! PICTURE4 7,?IS CO/S AT PRES5T =TY BILLION DOLL>S A YE>1 ACCORD+ TO ! GUESS ( ,ROB]T ,C\<LAN 9 ,LIFE47 ,! PHILOSOPHY ( LEAD]%IP1 CORRESPOND+LY1 IS TO GET PEOPLE TO P>TICIPATE--EV]YBODY MU/ 0BELONG40 

,N[ EV5 IF ALL !SE PEOPLE W]E 9DE$ GETT+ DEEP P]SONAL SATISFACTION FROM !SE ACTIVITIES1 ?IS IS A DISMAY+ PICTURE4 ,IT DOESN'T ADD UP TO ANY?+4 ,IT ISN'T IMPORTANT4 ,!RE IS NO E?ICAL NECESSITY 9 IT1 NO /&>D4 ,ONE CANNOT WA/E A HUNDR$ MILLION PEOPLE ?AT WAY4 

,! ]ROR IS 9 ! ,N,R,A'S BASIC CONCEPT ( RECREATION4 ,LET ME QUOTE FROM A REC5T $ITORIAL 9 ,RECREATION3 ,RECREATION IS 0ANY ACTIVITY P>TICIPAT$ 9 444 M]ELY = ! 5JOYM5T IT AF=DS4444 ,! REW>DS ( RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES DEP5D UPON ! DEGREE TO :I* !Y PROVIDE \TLETS = P]SONAL 9T]E/S40 7,\TLETS AGA91 AS 9 ! ,GOV]NOR'S PRESCRIPTION = ! JUV5ILE DEL9QU5TS47 ,BUT 5JOYM5T IS NOT A GOAL1 IT IS A FEEL+ ?AT ACCOMPANIES IMPORTANT ONGO+ ACTIVITY2 PLEASURE1 AS ,FREUD SAID1 IS ALWAYS DEP5D5T ON FUNCTION4 

,FROM ! PRES5T PHILOSOPHY ( LEISURE1 NO NEW CULTURE CAN EM]GE4 ,:AT IS LACK+ IS WOR?-:ILE COMMUNITY NECESSITY1 AS ! S]I\S LEISURE1 ! 88O88 ( ! ,A!NIANS HAD COMMUNAL NECESSITY1 :E!R 9 ! !AT]1 ! GAMES1 ! >*ITECTURE & FE/IVALS1 OR EV5 ! TALK4 

,?AT WE F9D IT H>D TO ?9K 9 !SE T]MS IS A PR(\ND SIGN ( \R SOCIAL IMBALANCE4 ,YET WE DO NOT NE$1 AS ,DR4 ,D\GLASS CLAIM$ 9 ! PASSAGE WE QUOT$ ABOVE1 0A NEW E?ICS1 A NEW ES!TIC40 ,= ! ACTIVITIES ( S]I\S LEISURE >E RI<T !RE1 GL>+1 9 \R COMMUNITIES1 TO AVOID %AME & A*IEVE GR&EUR4 

,BUT ! QUE/ION IS3 ,IF !RE IS LITTLE 9T]E/1 HONOR1 OR MANL9ESS 9 ! WORK+ P>T ( \R WAY ( LIFE1 CAN WE HOPE = MU* 9 ! LEISURE P>T8 

#a#c4 

  

,! BE/ EXPOSITION ( :AT ,I HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO SAY 9 ?IS *APT] IS ! CLASSIC ( CONS]VATIVE ?9K+1 ,COL]IDGE'S ,ON ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,HIS PO9T 9 ?AT ESSAY IS SIMPLY ?IS3 ,9 ORD] TO HAVE CITIZ5S1 Y\ MU/ FIR/ BE SURE ?AT Y\ HAVE PRODUC$ M54 ,!RE MU/ !RE=E BE A L>GE P>T ( ! COMMON WEAL? SPECIFICALLY DEVOT$ TO CULTIVAT+ 0FRE$OM & CIVILIZATION10 & ESPECIALLY TO ! $UCATION ( ! Y\NG GR[+ UP4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiei 3 ,*APT] #aa -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #aa -- ,ADD$4 

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