,*APT] #d 
,HAKIM ,BEY3 ,ALI5ATION & ,! ,/ATE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,TEXT 3 

,HAKIM ,BEY3 ,ALI5ATION & ,! ,/ATE 

,HAKIM ,BEY'S ,T,A,Z IS A WELL-KN[N MANIFE/O ( ANTI-CAPITALISM1 PROVID+ A MODEL = ALT]NATIVE LIV+4 ,YET ,BEY'S WORK HAS BE5 CRITICIZ$ = NEGLECT+ ! CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! F\R? & FIF? P>TS ( ! S]IES1 ,I AIM TO %[ ?AT ,BEY HAS AN A/UTE1 UNUSUAL ANALYSIS ( ! /RUCTURE ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM4 ,?IS F\R? P>T EXPLORES ! VIEW ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM AS A ',SPECTACLE'1 ! !ORY ( ALI5ATION1 & ! HI/ORY & CONTEMPOR>Y =MS ( ! /ATE4 

,BEY'S WORK IS ?OR\<LY ANTI-CAPITALI/4 ,CRITICS SOMETIMES MISS ?IS FACT BECAUSE ( ,BEY'S UNUSUAL T]M9OLOGY4 ,HE R>ELY TALKS AB\T 'CAPITALISM'4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HIS !ORY IS CLE>LY DIRECT$ AT A MORE-OR-LESS UNIT>Y ADV]S>Y1 ID5TIFIABLE AS CAPITALISM OR MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,BEY SEEKS TO *ALL5GE ! :OLE SY/EM1 RA!R ?AN BE DI/RACT$ BY ANY P>TICUL> ISSUE4 ,HE DOES NOT SEE P[] AS LOCALIZ$1 DIFFUSE1 OR IRRELEVANT4 ,9 ?IS COLUMN & ELSE:]E1 ,I'VE G5]ALLY P>APHRAS$ ,BEY US+ ! WORDS 'SY/EM' & ',SPECTACLE'4 ,9 FACT1 ,BEY T5DS NOT TO TALK AB\T ! SY/EM 9 SU* G5]AL T]MS4 ,HE ASSUMES IT 9 ! BACKGR\ND ( HIS !ORY4 ,:5 HE NAMES IT AT ALL1 HE USES T]MS LIKE 'CONS5SUS REALITY'1 'SC>CITY'1 & 'IMAGES'4 ,SOMETIMES1 ,BEY USES ! ,HEGELIAN T]M ',TOTALITY' TO REF] TO :AT HE CONSID]S ! FALSE CONS5SUS EXPRESS$ ON BEHALF ( SOCIETY4 ,HE ALSO SOMETIMES USES ! T]M ,SPECTACLE1 D]IV$ FROM ,SITUATIONISM4 ,O!R TIMES1 ,BEY REF]S TO ! ,PLANET>Y ,WORK ,MA*9E 7FROM ,P4,M4'S ,BOLO',BOLO71 OR TO ,EMPIRE 7FROM ,H>DT & ,NEGRI4 ,:ILE !SE T]MS DON'T NECESS>ILY CONNOTE A DOM9ANT SY/EM = SOME READ]S1 !Y >E US$ 9 A WAY :I* CLE>LY REF]S TO A SY/EMIC /RUCTURE4 ,9 A RELAT$ DISCUSSION1 ,SELL>S SUGGE/S ?AT ,BEY'S VIEW ( ! SY/EM IS BASICALLY ,DEBORD'S4 

,BEY'S !ORY ( CAPITALISM DRAWS HEAVILY ON ! ,SITUATIONI/ IDEA ( ! ,SPECTACLE4 ,?IS APPROA* SEES CAPITALISM AS A TYPE ( LIFE M$IAT$ BY IMAGES4 ,BEY SIMIL>LY SEES ! SY/EM AS A REGIME 9 :I* IMAGES DOM9ATE LIFE4 ,IF SOMEONE IS )9 'CONS5SUS ?\<T'1 !Y ACCEPT ! DOM9ANT BELIEFS ( ! CURR5T SY/EM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !Y ONLY RECOGNIZE ! EXI/5CE ( ?+S ?AT >E REPRES5T$1 NOT ?OSE ?AT >E PRES5T4 ,REPRES5T+ SOME?+ 7)9 ! ,SPECTACLE7 MAKES IT 'SEMIOTICALLY RI*] BUT EXI/5TIALLY IMPOV]I%$'4 ,?IS PROCESS GIVES SOME?+ A MORE SYMBOLIC MEAN+1 BUT A LESS EMOTIONAL OR LIV$ MEAN+4 ,A REPRES5T$ ?+ BECOMES A POT5TIAL COMMODITY4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 DE/ROYS ! EXI/5TIAL MEAN+ ( OBJECTS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :I* PRODUCE ALT]$ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,TAKE AN EXAMPLE SU* AS DANCE MUSIC4 ,AS P>T ( A RAVE1 IT IS H>D TO REPRES5T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT G5]ATES 9T5SE 5]GY1 SU* AS EC/ATIC EXP]I5CES & COLLECTIVE BOND+4 ,N[ SUPPOSE ! SAME MUSIC IS RECORD$1 SOLD1 & CLASSIFI$4 ,IT GA9S SYMBOLIC MEAN+4 ,IT BECOMES EASI] TO NAME1 CATEGORIZE & COMP>E ) O!R ?+S4 ,BUT IT LOSES SOME ( ITS EMOTIONAL MEAN+4 ,IT IS NO LONG] P>T ( ! CONTEXT ( 9T5SE PRACTICE4 

,! ,SPECTACLE IS ALSO A SY/EM ( SC>CITY4 ,LIKE MANY ECO-AN>*I/S1 ,BEY CONTRA/S ! SY/EM ( SC>CITY ) AN E?OS ( ABUNDANCE 9 9DIG5\S SOCIETIES4 ,MOD]N CULTURES1 & AGRICULTURAL 9DIG5\S CULTURES1 (T5 SYMBOLIZE SC>CITY AS A LOSS OR FALL4 ,A FAMILI> EXAMPLE IS ! /ORY ( ! FALL FROM ,$54 ,= ,WILSON 79 ,PL[+ ! ,CL\DS71 ?IS TYPE ( /ORY SYMBOLIZES ! LOSS ( ORIG9AL AN>*Y & AUTONOMY4 ,9 ! PASSAGE TO MOD]N LIFE1 9TIMACY ) NATURE IS REPLAC$ BY SEP>ATION FROM IT4 ,ABUNDANCE IS REPLAC$ BY SC>CITY4 ,GIFT ECONOMIES >E REPLAC$ BY COMMODITY ECONOMIES4 ',POLYMORPH\S CO-S5SUALITY' 9 SEXUAL RELATIONS IS LO/ TO K9%IP & M>RIAGE /RUCTURES4 

,IF SOME?+ W5T WRONG 9 MOD]N HI/ORY - & ,WILSON_/,BEY IS SURE IT DID - !N IT MU/ HAVE HAPP5$ 9 ! IMAG9AL REALM4 ,HE ?9KS ?AT HUMANITY'S MA9 HI/ORICAL MI/AKE WAS TO LOSE ! EXP]I5CE ( ! IMAG9AL REALM4 ,MOD]N HUMANS HAVE LO/ ! EXP]I5CE ( 9TIMACY ) ! COSMOS4 ,MO/ ( US CAN NO LONG] ATTA9 ALT]$ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,9 ,%[] ( ,/>S1 HE ADDS ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY PRODUCES AN EXCESS1 :I* IT NE$S TO SQU&]4 ,!RE >E DIFF]5T WAYS TO DO ?IS4 ,WEAL? CAN BE SQU&]$ 9 RITUALS ( CONSUMPTION1 SU* AS POTLAT*4 ,IT CAN BE CONSUM$ BY A L>GE 'IDLE' POPULATION1 SU* AS MONKS4 ,IT CAN BE CONSUM$ 9 C>NIVALS4 ,OR IT CAN BE MANAG$ ?R\< ! >TIFICIAL PRODUCTION ( SC>CITY4 ,CAPITALISM OPTS = ! LA/ ( !SE OPTIONS4 ,?IS IS NOT A GOOD WAY TO DEAL ) EXCESS4 ,SE5 FROM AN ALT]$ /ATE ( CONSCI\SNESS1 HE ADDS 9 ,RIV]PEOPLE1 AU?ORIT>IANISM & CONV5TIONAL MORALITY COME TO SEEM LIKE A DISEASE4 

,BEY ALSO 5DORSES MO/ ( ! /&>D OBJECTIONS TO CAPITALISM4 ,! SY/EM IS OBJECTIONABLE = A :OLE RANGE ( FAMILI> REASONS4 ,WEAL? IS TOO CONC5TRAT$4 ,F9ANCIAL CAPITALISM SEP>ATES MONEY FROM PRODUCTION4 ,! M$IA 5CLOSE MEAN+ 9 A LIMIT$ SPH]E4 ,CAPITALISM LEADS TO SECURITIZATION1 REPRESSION1 & ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION4 ,! B5EFITS ( CIVILIZATION >E ONLY EV] AVAILABLE TO AN ELITE ( AB\T #a.04 ,! SY/EM1 OR ,EMPIRE1 BR+S ) IT MURD]1 FAM9E1 W> & GRE$1 ALL ( :I* >E EFFECTS ( ! TRIUMPH ( DEA? OV] LIFE4 

,BEY CLAIMS TO BE 'P]SONALLY AT W>' ) EA* ( !SE FACTS BECAUSE '!Y VIOLATE MY DESIRES & D5Y ME MY PLEASURES'4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,BEY IS AN ANTI-CAPITALI/1 BUT HIS GR\NDS = ANTI-CAPITALISM >E L>GELY ,/IRN]IAN4 ,HE OBJECTS TO CAPITALISM BECAUSE IT BLOCKS SELF-ACTUALIZATION & ! P]SONAL PRODUCTION ( MEAN+4 ,HE EMBRACES ! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( ALI5ATION1 BUT NOT ,M>XI/ COLLECTIVISM4 ,CAPITALISM IS EMPT9ESS - :AT ,BEY 9 A POEM T]MS A 'LUKEW>M NECROMANTIC VACUUM ( DEPHLOGI/ICAT$ CORPSE BREA?'4 ,IT IS FIGUR$ >*ETYPALLY AS DEA?1 RA!R ?AN LIFE OR JOY4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! DEAD W]E ! FIR/ TO GET PRIVATIZ$ SPACE & TO 9VE/ 9 FUTURES4 

,ALI5ATION 

,MU* ( ,BEY'S !ORY FOCUS$ ON ! QUE/ION ( ALI5ATION - ?\< HE PREF]S ! LESS 'L(TY' T]M 'LONEL9ESS' - & HE !ORIZES ! SY/EM 9 SU* T]MS4 ,CAPITALISM 9VOLVES BO? SAM5ESS & SEP>ATION4 ,9 ,RIV]PEOPLE1 HE PORTRAYS CAPITALISM AS A =M ( MONOCULTURE4 ,PROP]TY IS A TYPE ( 'SPECTRAL ALI5ATION'1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! 'MUTUALISM ( USUFRUCT' 7A ,PR\DHONIAN T]M = TEMPOR>Y [N]%IP BAS$ ON USE74 ,! PROBLEM ) MOD]N SOCIETY IS 'CIVILIZATION'1 NOT CULTURE OR TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,BEY ID5TIFIES ! MA9 SOCIAL PROBLEM AS A C]TA9 K9D ( SOCIAL SY/EM1 BAS$ ON ALI5ATION4 ,CIVILIZATION REPRODUCES ITSELF ?R\< ALI5ATION1 NEGATION1 & UNFULFILLM5T4 ,IT (F]S ! APPE>ANCE ( FULFILLM5T FROM :I* ONE ALWAYS AWAKES UNHAPPY4 ,! ,TOTALITY R5D]S PEOPLE ISOLAT$ & P[]LESS4 ,IT (F]S ONLY ILLUSORY =MS ( SELF-EXPRESSION4 ,ALI5ATION IS A 'DEMONIC DEMOCRACY'1 EV]Y?+ EQUAL BUT VALUELESS4 ,IT IS A 'BAD MOOD 9 :I* EV]Y DAY IS ! SAME'4 ,9 HIS ',ESOT]IC ,9T]PRETATION ( ! ,I,W,W ,PREAMBLE'1 ,BEY >GUES ?AT ALI5ATION IS PSY*OLOGICAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC4 ,HE >GUES = A POLITICAL ORI5TATION TO ALL ( ?OSE AFFECT$ BY ALI5ATION1 NOT ONLY 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 

,ALI5ATION FUNCTIONS P>TLY ?R\< ! DISRUPTION ( HORIZONTAL SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,9 ! ESSAY ',IMM$IATISM V]SUS ,CAPITALISM'1 ,BEY >GUES ?AT CAPITALISM ONLY SUPPORTS OR 5ABLES1 OR EV5 ALL[S1 P>TICUL> K9DS ( GR\PS4 ,IT PROMOTES GR\PS BAS$ ON PRODUCTION 7SU* AS WORK COLLEAGUES71 CONSUMPTION 7SU* AS SELF-HELP GR\PS7 OR REPRODUCTION 7SU* AS NUCLE> FAMILIES74 ,CAPITALISM IS ORGANIZ$ TO PREV5T CONVIVIALITY 9 ,BEY'S S5SE - OR COM+ TOGE!R = PURPOSES ( PLAY1 LIFE1 OR MUTUAL 5HANCEM5T4 ,BEY >GUES ?AT PRESSURES ON PEOPLE'S TIME & 5]GY FROM WORK1 CONSUMPTION & REPRODUCTION >E TODAY A BIGG] =CE 9 OPPRESS+ PEOPLE ?AN ?+S LIKE POLICE REPRESSION & UNJU/ LAWS4 ,! /RUCTURE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 :I* REALLY MAKES EV]YONE MIS]ABLE1 GOES UNNOTIC$4 

,CONVIVIALITY IS POSSIBLE )9 SMALL AFF9ITY-GR\PS - 9 ,BEY'S T]MS1 BEES OR TONGS4 ,H[EV]1 CAPITALISM SUBTLY DISRUPTS SU* GR\PS4 ,AFF9ITY-GR\PS COME UP AGA9/ B>RI]S SU* AS ! 'BUSY' LIVES ( MEMB]S1 ! NE$ TO E>N MONEY1 OR DIFFICULTIES :I* SEEM LIKE BAD LUCK4 ,TODAY CAPITALISM HAS FRAGM5T$ PEOPLE TO AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE4 ,MO/ PEOPLE >E CAU<T 9 '9VOLUTION' 7%R9KAGE1 OR PRODUCTION ?R\< !IR [N 9V]SE7 ) ! M$IA4 ,SMALL GR\PS >E ALSO ISOLAT$ FROM EA* O!R4 ,NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM IS BAS$ ON ISOLAT+ PEOPLE TO AN 9CREAS+ EXT5T4 ,=MS ( 'COMB9ATION'1 OR LIFE 9 COMMON1 HAVE BE5 DE/ROY$ OR TURN$ 9TO SIMULATIONS4 ,POV]TY1 T]ROR1 M$IATION & ALI5ATION ALL CONTRIBUTE TO ?IS PROCESS ( ISOLATION4 ,H5CE1 :ILE ,BEY REJECTS COLLECTIVISM1 HE ALSO OPPOSES /&>D TYPES ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,! EGO1 AS MU* AS ! GR\P1 CAN BE A ,/IRN]IAN 'SPOOK'1 OR FALSE ESS5CE4 ,PEOPLE CAN BE SUBORD9AT$ & CAPTUR$ ?R\< !IR [N APPE>ANCE - = EXAMPLE1 ?R\< SELF-BR&+4 

,RECUP]ATION ?R\< REPRES5TATION IS ID5TIFI$ BY ,BEY AS ! MA9 PROBLEM FAC+ DISS5T4 ,! SY/EM CAPTURES & R$IRECTS EV]Y?+ SIMPLY BY REPRES5T+ IT1 & *ANG+ ITS CONTEXT4 ,IT CAN EV5 PREEMPT OPPOSITION ?R\< SIMULATION4 ,9 E>LI] WORKS SU* AS ,T,A,Z1 ,BEY >GUES ?AT OPPOSITION IS OP5 TO RECUP]ATION1 AS IT GETS CONV]T$ 9TO PO/-REVOLUTION>Y NORMALITY4 ,EA* G5]ATION'S DREAM BECOMES ! NEXT G5]ATION'S P>LOR DECOR4 ,PEOPLE CON/RUCT >TIFICIAL \T] IMAGES ( !MSELVES1 KN[N AS P]SONAE4 ,!Y SUCCUMB TO A K9D ( G5]ALIZ$ COMMON S5SE OR 'CONS5SUS-P]CEPTION' :I* FILT]S \T MU* ( :AT EXI/S4 ,! GLOBAL CRISIS DOES NOT 9 FACT RESULT FROM SC>CITY1 BUT FROM ! IDEOLOGY ( SC>CITY4 ,! WORLD DOESN'T RUN \T ( RES\RCES4 ,RA!R1 IT RUNS \T ( IMAG9ATION1 OR CREATIVE 5]GY4 ,TODAY !RE IS TOO LITTLE1 TOO ?9LY SPREAD4 

,BEY SOMETIMES GOES AS F> AS TO SEE P[] AS MA9LY AN IMAGE4 ,9 ',! ,9=MATION ,W>'1 HE >GUES ?AT ! /ATE IS N[ A 'DISEMBODI$ PATT]N+ ( 9=MATION' RA!R ?AN A =CE 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,!RE IS NO 'P[]' TODAY1 BUT 9/EAD A COMPLETE & FALSE TOTALITY :I* CONTA9S ALL DISC\RSE ?R\< COMMODIFICATION & M$IATION4 ,9DIVIDUALS ALWAYS REMA9 \TSIDE ( ?IS1 BUT AS SOME?+ PA!TIC & MEAN+LESS4 ,ONE CANNOT APPE> 9 ! M$IA ) ONE'S TRUE SUBJECTIVITY1 BUT ONLY DISAPPE> 9 REPRES5TATION4 ,! SY/EM'S P[] DOES NOT /EM FROM A SOLID /RUCTURE - A POSSIBILITY PRECLUD$ BY ,BEY'S 9SI/5CE ON ! PRIMACY ( *AOS4 ,9 ,IMM$I/ISM1 ,BEY REPEATS HIS VIEW ?AT ANY ORD]1 EXCEPT ?AT >IS+ FROM EXI/5TIAL FRE$OM1 IS ILLUSORY4 ,H[EV]1 ILLUSIONS CAN KILL4 ,ONLY DESIRE CREATES VALUES4 ,CIVILIZATION IS BAS$ ON ! D5IAL ( DESIRE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS A K9D ( UPSIDE-D[N VALUE :I* VALUES ITS [N D5IAL4 ,KN[L$GE HAS ALSO BE5 ALI5AT$ TODAY4 ,IT IS REPLAC$ BY A SIMULATION - ! SAME 'DATA'1 BUT 9 A DEAD =M4 ,IT IS ALI5AT+ BECAUSE IT FAILS TO 9T]ACT ) ! BODY1 OR ) IMAG9ATION4 ,! ILLUSIONS CREAT$ BY F9ANCE CAPITAL HAVE BECOME CONS5SUS REALITY1 BUT REMA9 ILLUSIONS4 ,BEY SEEKS TO RECOV] ! CALL ( A SUBM]G$ REALITY ACCESSIBLE ONLY R>ELY - ! REALITY ( 9T5SITY4 

,! P]SI/5CE ( ?IS SY/EM (F]S A K9D ( DE-9T5SIFI$1 MEAN+LESS EXP]I5CE4 ,WE'RE AT ! 5D ( HI/ORY1 GOTT]DAMM]UNG1 & YET IT'S ALSO 'GODDAMN DULL'4 ,9 ONE POEM 9 ,BLACK ,FEZ ,MANIFE/O1 HE SUGGE/S ?AT WE HIDE 9 'SQUATT$ *>ACT] >MOR' :I* IS NOT \R [N1 LIKE H]MIT CRABS4 ,9 ANO!R POEM 7?IS TIME 9 ,EC7O7LOGUES71 ,WILSON DISCUSSES HIS NATIVE ,NEW ,J]SEY4 ,MOD]N AGRICULTURE IS ASSOCIAT$ ) DEA?4 ,IT IS OPPOS$ BY 'SECRET LUDIC ECONOMIES' CONNECT$ ) MEAD[S1 WOODS & WILD SPACES4 ,TODAY1 ! SY/EM TRIES TO =CE PEOPLE 9TO M$IATION4 ,TODAY1 UNM$IAT$ PLEASURES >E NE>LY ALWAYS ILLEGAL4 ,EV5 SIMPLE 5JOYM5TS LIKE \TDOOR B>BECUES (T5 VIOLATE BYLAWS4 ,PLEASURE BECOMES TOO /RESSFUL & PEOPLE RETREAT 9TO ! WORLD ( TELEVISION4 

,! M$IA PLAY A C5TRAL ROLE 9 ,BEY'S !ORY ( CAPITALI/ P[]4 ,9 ',M$IA ,CRE$ = ! ,F9 DE ,SIECLE'1 ,WILSON >GUES ?AT ! T]M 'M$IA' %\LD REF] MA9LY TO ?OSE M$IA :I* CLAIM OBJECTIVITY4 ,SUBJECTIVE M$IA T5D TO RESI/ M$IATION4 ,BOOKS1 = 9/ANCE1 HAVE BECOME AN 9TIMATE OR SUBJECTIVE M$IUM BECAUSE ANYONE CAN WRITE ONE4 ,! MASS M$IA CON/RUCTS AN IMAGE ( FALSE SUBJECTIVITY BY BLURR+ ! B\ND>Y BETWE5 OBJECTIVE & SUBJECTIVE4 ,IT SELLS AN ILLUSION ?AT EA* ( US HAS EXPRESS$ H]_/HIMSELF BY BUY+ A LIFE/YLE OR APPE>+ )9 REPRES5TATION4 ,! SY/EM /ILL HAD 'GLIT*ES' 9 ! #a#i#fS BECAUSE ! M$IA FAIL$ TO CONV9CE4 ,W> APPE>$ AS ,HELL1 NOT GLORI\S2 ! C\NT]CULTURE APPE>$ EXCIT+1 NOT EVIL4 ,?IS L$ TO COGNITIVE DISSONANCE1 OR A GAP BETWE5 EXP]I5CE & REPRES5TATION4 ,:5 ! SY/EM IS ABLE TO PRODUCE EXP]I5CES 9 L9E ) ITS DISC\RSES1 IT ELIM9ATES VIRTUALLY ALL COGNITIVE DISSONANCE4 ,! #a#i#fS MOVEM5T SAW & EXPLOIT$ ! GLIT*1 BUT FELL 9TO ! TRAP ( SEEK+ TO SEIZE ! M$IA1 & ?US BECOM+ IMAGES & COMMODITIES !MSELVES4 ,9 ANY CASE1 !SE TACTICS >E NO LONG] VIABLE4 ,H[EV]1 9 ',UTOPIAN ,BLUES'1 ,BEY >GUES ?AT ! 'CON' ( ALI5AT$ CIVILIZATION IS WE>+ ?9 TO ! PO9T ( TRANSP>5CY4 ,CAPITALISM IS ?REAT5$ BY A 'MASS >\SAL FROM ! M$IA-TRANCE ( 9ATT5TION'4 

,! ,/ATE & ! ,RISE ( ,ALI5ATION 

,BEY DISCUSSES ! /ATE AS A C5TRAL ASPECT ( ALI5ATION4 ,9 ,BEY'S HI/ORICAL !ORY1 ! RISE ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM IS AN EFFECT ( 9CREAS+ ALI5ATION & M$IATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 LIV$1 IMM$IATE1 9T5SE SYMBOLISM & IMAG]Y >E GRADUALLY REPLAC$ BY 9CREAS+LY AB/RACT1 EMOTIONALLY EMPTY SYMBOLS4 ,!SE SYMBOLS >E 9 TURN CAPTUR$ & MONOPOLIZ$ BY DOM9ANT 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* >E EFFECTIVELY ACCUMULATIONS ( SU* SYMBOLS4 ,LAW1 WRIT+1 MONEY1 & COMPUT] COD+ >E ALL EXAMPLES ( EXTREMELY AB/RACT SYMBOLISM ) ONLY AN ATT5UAT$ RELATION TO !IR ORIG9AL1 IMAG9>Y BASIS4 ,?IS CONTRA/S ) 9DIG5\S SYMBOLISM SU* AS %AMANISM1 ORIG9 N>RATIVES 7'MY?S'71 SYMBOLIC EX*ANGE1 & WAMPUM4 ,!SE ALL 9VOLVE A CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 IMAG]Y1 SOCIAL USE1 & EMOTIONAL OR EXI/5TIAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,BEY SEEKS ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM1 ( A C]TA9 TYPE4 ,HE SEEKS TO RECOV] MORE 9T5SE1 LESS M$IAT$ TYPES ( IMAG]Y & SYMBOLISM4 

,BEY REJECTS ! VIEW ?AT EI!R CAPITAL OR ! /ATE IS A DET]M9ANT1 F9AL 9/ANCE ( ALI5ATION4 ,OPPRESSIVE1 ALI5AT+ 9/ITUTIONS >E NOT R$UCIBLE TO A S+LE MATRIX4 ,!RE >E A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T S\RCES ( ALI5ATION4 ,MONEY 7OR ,CAPITAL7 & ! ,/ATE >E DI/9CT 9/ITUTIONS1 AL?\< !Y >E SOMETIMES ALLI$4 ,AU?ORIT>IAN RELIGION IS A ?IRD1 DI/9CT =CE4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 A REVOLUTION :5 SE5 FROM ! LONGUE DUREE ( HI/ORICAL TIME4 ,BUT IT IS MORE GRADUAL 9 HUMAN T]MS4 ,! RISE ( ! /ATE IS ! RISE ( SEP>ATION & HI]>*Y4 ,! E>LY ,/ATE HAD TO COEXI/ ) SOCIAL =MS - SU* AS RI<TS & CU/OMS - :I* RESI/$ IT4 ,AN ABSOLUTE ,/ATE OR 'FREE' M>KET WAS 9CONCEIVABLE1 AS IT VIOLAT$ RECIPROCITY4 ,ONLY 9 MOD]N TIMES >E !RE ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATES OR 'FREE' MONEY4 ,AL?\< DI/9CT FROM CAPITAL1 ! /ATE ALWAYS REMA9S MIR$ 9 PRODUCTION4 ,9 CONTRA/1 MONEY CAN ESCAPE PRODUCTION AS PURE SYMBOLIZATION4 

,! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE REQUIRES ! EM]G5CE ( /ATI/ IMAGES4 ,! /ATE HAS TO '9V5T' SURPLUS & SC>CITY TO DISRUPT 9DIG5\S B&S1 :I* >E BAS$ ON ABUNDANCE4 ,! RISE ( ! /ATE MU/ HAVE BE5 A RESULT ( HUMAN ACTIONS 7NOT = 9/ANCE POPULATION GR[? OR CLIMATE *ANGE71 S9CE ! /ATE IS A SOCIAL RELATION4 ,BEY SUGGE/S ! RISE ( ! /ATE MU/ HAVE 9VOLV$ A REVOLT BY ONE OR ANO!R GR\P DIFF]5TIAT$ BY ROLE4 ,MAYBE *IEFS1 %AMANS1 OR W>RIORS REVOLT$1 OR ( M5 REVOLT$ AGA9/ WOM54 ,! RESULTANT /RUCTURE IS /ILL ) US4 ,9 SOME WAYS1 WE >E /ILL )9 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,! ,ROMAN =M ( ! /ATE1 LAW1 & PROP]TY >E /ILL FUNDAM5TAL TO MOD]N P[]4 

,AS WE %ALL SEE LAT]1 ,BEY SEES 9DIG5\S SOCIAL =MS AS A TYPE ( SOCIAL 'MA*9E' :I* 9CLUDES A GIFT ECONOMY1 %AMANISM1 & DIFFUSE P[] AS !ORIZ$ BY ,CLA/RES4 ,! /ATE HAD TO DEFEAT ?IS SOCIAL MA*9E TO TAKE P[]4 ,:Y WAS IT DEFEAT$8 ,:AT 'W5T WRONG'8 ,WILSON SUGGE/S 9 ,E7C7LOGUES ?AT EXCESS PRODUCTION MAY HAVE GIV5 ! TEMPLE POLITICAL P[]1 & METAL-SMI?+ MAY HAVE /R5G!N$ W>RIORS4 ,A NEW IDEOLOGY ( HUMAN SACRIFICE WAS CREAT$ TO REPLACE ! OLD RELIGIONS4 ,! /ATE WAS BAS$ ON AN ELITE1 :I* CAPTUR$ ! SOCIAL SURPLUS4 ,?IS ELITE !N FOCUS$ ON W> 9/EAD ( FOOD PRODUCTION4 ,W> ALREADY EXI/$ AS AN ASPECT ( 9DIG5\S DIFFUSE P[]4 ,H[EV]1 IT *ANG$ ) ! RISE ( ! /ATE4 ,! NEW1 'CLASSICAL' 7RA!R ?AN 9DIG5\S7 =M ( W> WAS A MEANS TO CAPTURE WEAL? & SLAVES4 ,CORRESPOND+ TO ?IS PROCESS1 L& WAS PRIVATIZ$4 ,ORIG9ALLY1 MY?S & 9/ITUTIONS EXI/$ :I* W>D$ (F ! /ATE - = 9/ANCE1 %AMANISM4 ,SOME?+ W5T WRONG SOME:]E1 & ! F\ND+ MY?S >E N[ ?OSE ( ALI5ATION4 ,! ,/ATE IS F\ND$ ON SYMBOLIZATION AS M$IATION & ALI5ATION4 ,IT ?US HAS A MAGICAL BASIS1 9 WRIT+ AS 'ACTION AT A DI/ANCE'4 ,IT ALSO RE/S ON ! MONOPOLIZATION ( VIOL5CE4 ,VIOL5CE ORIG9ALLY BELONG$ TO EV]YONE4 ,IT WAS MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! /ATE4 ,! /ATE MI<T EV5 HAVE />T$ (F AS A SCAPEGOAT1 C>RY+ (F BLOOD-GUILT4 

,! /ATE IS ALSO BAS$ ON HOMOG5IZATION4 ,PLANN$ /ATI/ CITIES >E DESIGN$ AS GRIDWORKS1 :]EAS GROTTOS ASSOCIAT$ ) MY/ICISM >E %APELESS & ME&]+4 ,M$IEVAL CITIES >E SIMIL> TO GROTTOS4 ,9 /ATI/ SY/EMS1 A S+LE WORLDVIEW & VALUE-SY/EM IS LOCK$ 9 PLACE4 ,?IS IS TRUE ( ,*RI/IANITY1 & ALSO ( CAPITALISM S9CE ! COLLAPSE ( ,/AL9ISM4 ,?IS S+LE WORLDVIEW RE%APES LANGUAGE4 ,L+UI/IC CATEGORIES >E A SECOND>Y /RUCTURE US$ TO 9T]PRET 9COM+ *AOTIC FL[S4 ,MOD]NITY IS UNUSUAL 9 9SI/+ ON ONLY A S+LE /RUCTURE4 ,BEY SUGGE/S ?AT ANY MAP 7OR LANGUAGE7 WILL FIT ANY T]RITORY 7OR EXP]I5CE71 GIV5 5\< VIOL5CE4 ,CAPITALISM SEEKS TO FIT ! :OLE WORLD 9TO A S+LE CONCEPTUAL LANGUAGE4 ,?IS CONTRA/S ) ! H]METICI/ & 9DIG5\S VIEWS ( MULTIPLICITY1 9 :I* MANY WORLDVIEWS CONTA9 P>T ( ! TRU? ( A WORLD BAS$ ON DIFF]5CE4 ,! HEGEMONY ( A S+LE IMAGE ( ! WORLD OB/RUCTS ! CIRCULATION ( IMAGES & UND]M9ES ! EXPRESSION ( DIFF]5CE4 ,9/EAD1 ! SAME DISC\RSE IS 5DLESSLY RECYCL$ OR REPRODUC$4 

,H[EV]1 ! /ATE HAS ALSO *ANG$ 9 ! NEOLIB]AL P]IOD4 ,) ! RISE ( ! ,SPECTACLE1 ! FUNCTION ( LAW HAS *ANG$4 ,9 ,NIETZS*E'S DAY1 LAW /ILL APPE>$ AS ! OPPRESSOR'S >S5AL ( TOOLS1 :I* IS USEFUL 9 PROVID+ SOME?+ TO /RUGGLE AGA9/4 ,TODAY IT IS LESS AN $G$ WEAPON ?AN A 'VIRAL OOZE'1 OP]AT+ ?R\< ! ,SPECTACLE & 'COP CULTURE' :I* BECOME 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM REAL P[]4 ,! LAW %\LD /ILL BE US$ AS 'AN $GE TO %>P5 \R LIVES'4 ,H[EV]1 LAW HAS MUTAT$ FROM A TOOL ( OPPRESSORS TO ! SELF-IMAGE ( ! SPECTACLE4 ,LAW SIMULATES P[]1 :ILE (F]+ & D5Y+ ! UTOPIA ( JU/ICE4 ,ANY?+ :I* PROVIDES UNM$IAT$ EXP]I5CE IS A ?REAT TO ! ,SPECTACLE & AT RISK ( BE+ BANN$4 

,9 SOME PIECES1 ,BEY >GUES ?AT ! LAW IS A USEFUL /IMULUS = ! SUBV]SIVE EFFECTS ( DISS5T4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 A LIB]AL REGIME CAN DISEMP[] DISS5T BY MAK+ IT SAFE4 ,9 ',AGA9/ ,LEGALIZATION'1 ,BEY >GUES ?AT DISSID5T M$IA IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T C5SOR%IP4 ,AM]ICAN-/YLE FREE SPEE* ABSORBS OR CO-OPTS DISS5T AS IMAGES1 ?US R5D]+ IT 9EFFECTUAL4 ,TODAY1 RE=M IS IMPOSSIBLE1 BECAUSE P>TIAL VICTORIES >E ALWAYS ABSORB$ AS COMMODITY RELATIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BEY SUGGE/S ?AT LEGALIZATION W\LD ABSORB DRUGS AS A 'NEW MEANS ( CONTROL'4 ,IT C\LD BE US$1 = 9/ANCE1 TO CONTROL DRUG RESE>* MORE EFFECTIVELY1 AS ! UND]GR\ND W\LD DISAPPE>4 ,! #a.0 ( ! WORLD ECONOMY :I* IS 'GRAY' OR QUASI-CRIM9AL IS A NEW FRONTI] = CAPITAL TO RECUP]ATE4 ,?IS >TICLE %[S CLE>LY ,BEY'S EMPHASIS ON RECUP]ATION AS A GREAT] DANG] ?AN REPRESSION4 

,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,/ATE 

,TODAY1 ! /ATE IS UND]GO+ A PROCESS ( DECL9E M>K$ BY ITS CURR5T DEA?-SPASMS ( APOCALYPTIC VIOL5CE4 ,H5CE !RE >E P]IODIC 'SPASMS ( CONTROL-BY-T]ROR' DIRECT$ AT P]CEIV$ 5EMIES1 SU* AS HACK]S4 ',ROBOCOP'1 OR ! AUTOMATION ( W>1 IS ! LA/ 9T]FACE BETWE5 P[] & ITS O!RS4 ,BEY PORTRAYS ! /ATE AS SIMULTANE\SLY LIQUEFY+ & PETRIFY+ - ITS \T] RIGIDITY M>K+ ITS EMPT9ESS4 ,BEY LIK5S !SE SPASMS ( REPRESSION TO M$IEVAL PUBLIC EXECUTIONS1 9T5D$ TO T]RORIZE & P>ALYZE REBELS4 ,?IS IS SIMULAT$ JU/ICE1 OR T]ROR1 AS OPPOS$ TO SY/EMATIC REPRESSION4 ,?IS PATT]N ( REPRESSION MAKES PUBLICITY A BAD TACTIC & CL&E/9ITY A GOOD ONE4 

,ANO!R ASPECT ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y /ATE IS ITS USE ( 'DEPLETION' AS SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,! OLD LIB]AL APPROA* S\<T TO ASSIMILATE M>G9AL GR\PS4 ,TODAY'S APPROA* 9/EAD RELIES ON REPRESSION & ISOLATION 9 ZONES ( DEPLETION4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 IMMIGRATION IS REALLY A PROBLEM = GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,UND]GO+ DECAY1 CAPITALISM PRACTICES SOCIAL TRIAGE4 ,IT LETS GO ( >EAS 7& CLASSES1 RACES1 ETC7 :I* FALL BEL[ A C]TA9 LEVEL ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,SPECTACLE4 ,?IS LEADS TO NO-GO-ZONES :]E CONTROL IS MO/LY SIMULAT$4 ,(FICIALLY !SE ZONES REMA9 /ATE-CONTROLL$4 ,!Y >E NOT ALL[$ POLITICAL AUTONOMY1 & SPASMS ( SPECTACUL> T]ROR >E SOMETIMES UNLEA%$ AGA9/ !M4 ,! ,SPECTACLE /ILL TRIES TO DE/ROY ANY ?REAT TO ITS MONOPOLY ON SPECTACUL> AU?ORITY4 ,9 !ORY1 EV]YONE IS REPRES5T$4 ,9 PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 MO/ PEOPLE >E SACRIFIC$4 ,!Y CANNOT 5T] ! DEA?LY WORLD ( VIRTUAL REALITY OR ,CYB]-,GNOSIS4 ,!RE IS ?US A PROCESS ( POL>IZATION BETWE5 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$4 ,BEY ?9KS ?IS PROCESS WILL SPE$ UP1 & EV5 P>TS ( ,AM]ICA WILL BE AFFECT$4 ,TRIAGE WILL OCCUR EV5 )9 ! ZONES ASSIGN$ TO SUPPOS$LY 'SAFE' SUBJECTS ) RI<TS4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS CREATES POSSIBILITIES ?R\< ! OCCUPATION ( ZONES ( DEPLETION1 OR ,NO,GO,ZONES4 

,CORRESPOND+ TO ITS CREATION ( ZONES ( DEPLETION1 CAPITAL ACTUALLY RETREATS ON A SPATIAL LEVEL4 ,A PHILOSOPHY ( RISK-MANAGEM5T & PROTECTION IS ACCOMPANI$ BY A PROCESS ( )DRAWAL 9TO =TRESS-LIKE SPACES SU* AS GAT$ COMMUNITIES & MALLS4 ,?IS CORRESPONDS TO ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( C]TA9 ZONES 9TO VIRTUAL REALITY1 & ! CONSIGNM5T ( O!RS AS ZONES ( DEPLETION4 ,MO/ PEOPLE >E LEFT BEH9D 9 ! RESULTANT 'SOCIAL TRIAGE'1 EV5 IF !Y REMA9 M$IA-5TRANC$4 ,!RE IS ALSO A CLEV] CONTROL /RATEGY 9 :I* ! SY/EM ?REAT5S SOME?+ V]Y EXTREME1 & :5 IT FALLS %ORT1 PEOPLE >E RELIEV$ & F9D IT TOL]ABLE4 ,! SURVEILLANCE /ATE CREATES A DANG] ( '9=MATION TOTALITY' 9 :I* ! MAP F9ALLY COV]S ! :OLE T]RITORY4 ,SU* A REGIME W\LD AM\NT TO UN*ALL5G$ T]ROR & ! TRIUMPH ( ORD] & DEA?4 ,\R HOPES 9 SU* A SY/EM >E COMPUT] GLIT*ES & V5AL HUMAN CONTROLL]S4 

,9 AN E>LI] PAP]1 ,BEY >GU$ ?AT ! RI<T-W+ NE$ AN 5EMY4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( COMMUNISM1 !Y WORRY AB\T ! ,U,N1 OR ,>ABS1 OR DRUGS4 ,?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE !Y CANNOT !ORIZE ! CURR5T REGIME ( RULE BY VIRTUAL CAPITAL4 ,ELSE:]E1 HE >GUES ?AT BO? RI<T & LEFT >E CAU<T UP 9 ID5TIFY+ SYMPTOMS & 5EMIES4 ,!SE 5EMIES ACTUALLY /EM FROM ! POLITICAL SUBCONSCI\S1 :I* IS AFFECT$ BY NEOLIB]ALISM & ! RESULT+ DISSATISFACTION4 ,SOME SYMPTOMS >E NOTIC$ FROM ! RI<T1 O!RS FROM ! LEFT1 BUT BO? >E SE>*+ = A SCAPEGOAT = ! G5]AL MALAISE4 ,?IS LEADS TO A SOCIETY :I* IS WAG+ W> ON ITSELF4 ,9 ,SACR$ ,DRIFT1 ,WILSON NOTES ?AT ! WE/ HAS R$ISCOV]$ 'ITS ANCI5T ,O!R'4 ,HE CITES ,M>X'S DICTUM ?AT HI/ORY REPEATS FIR/ AS TRAG$Y1 !N AS F>CE4 ,TODAY'S ,ISLAMOPHOBIA IS A F>CICAL RE5ACTM5T ( M$IEVAL CONFLICTS4 

,ONE ( ! MORE UNUSUAL ASPECTS ( ,BEY'S !ORY ( ! /ATE IS HIS RELATIVE PREF]5CE = MON>*ICAL & S+LE-LEAD] /ATES OV] MASS CULTURE & MOD]N REGIMES4 ,! ONLY REGIMES :I* EXI/ AT AN >*ETYPAL LEVEL - 9 DREAMS1 = EXAMPLE - >E AN>*Y & MON>*Y4 ,BO? >E ROOT$ 9 SOV]EIGNTY & WILL4 ,MON>*Y IS OBJECTIONABLE = CRUELTY & CAPRICI\SNESS4 ,BUT IT IS CLOS] TO AN>*Y ?AN MOD]N REGIME-TYPES4 ,MON>*S AT LEA/ >E HUMAN 9 !IR FLAWS4 ,TODAY'S RUL]S B>ELY EV5 EXI/ ASIDE FROM ! ,IDEAS1 OR SPOOKS1 !Y S]VE4 ,SU* PEOPLE >E FUNCTION>IES1 NOT >*ETYPES4 ,BEY SUGGE/S ?AT AN>*ISM IS ACTUALLY A MUTATION ( MON>*Y1 9 :I* EA* P]SON BECOMES SOV]EIGN 9 A CREATIVE SPH]E4 

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