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,! ,PESSIMISM ( ,AUTONOMY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,TEXT 3 

,HAKIM ,BEY3 ,! ,PESSIMISM ( ,AUTONOMY 

,HAKIM ,BEY'S !ORETICAL CREATIVITY DID NOT 5D ) ! PUBLICATION ( ,T,A,Z1 & HE HAS CONT9U$ TO PRODUCE NEW CONTRIBUTIONS = ?OSE SEEK+ AUTONOMY 9 A *ANG+ /RATEGIC FIELD4 ,9 ?IS ESSAY1 ! SEV5? 9 A S]IES ( SIXTE5 COLUMNS ON ,BEY'S WORK1 ,I EXAM9E HIS CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ! #aiif BOOK ,MILL5NIUM ONW>DS4 

,MILL5NIUM3 A *ANG$ /RATEGIC FIELD 

,! /RATEGIC CONC]NS UND]P9N+ ,T,A,Z REC$E 9 ,BEY'S MORE REC5T WORK4 ,9 ,MILL5NIUM1 WRITT5 9 #a#i#i#f1 ,BEY REV]SES HIS E>LI] CRITIQUE ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,) COMMUNISM NO LONG] AN ISSUE1 HE REF]S TO A NE$ = 'REVOLUTION>Y PRES5CE'1 PITT$ AGA9/ ! ALI5ATION & SEP>ATION ( CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 HE 9SI/S ?AT ?IS PRES5CE %\LD ALSO VALUE DIFF]5CE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 HE CELEBRATES ! ,ZAPATI/AS = WI%+ TO REMA9 ,MAYANS )\T MAK+ EV]YONE ,MAYANS4 ,!Y ASS]T ! RI<T TO BE DIFF]5T4 ,!Y ALSO ACT TO EXPEL P[]1 RA!R ?AN SEIZE IT1 KN[+ ! /ATE C\LD NOT DE/ROY !IR ZONE1 :I* WAS ALREADY DEPLET$4 

,DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W>1 AN>*ISM TOOK A POSITION AS A ?IRD ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM & ,/AL9ISM4 ,TODAY1 !RE IS NO SU* POSSIBILITY1 AS ! SECOND POSITION HAS COLLAPS$4 ,?IS *ANG$ CONTEXT ?RU/S AN>*I/S 9TO ! POSITION ( BE+ ! OPPOSITION1 ! SECOND POLE4 ,IT =CES ,BEY TO RE?9K HIS PREVI\S CRITICISMS ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,BEY >GUES ?AT DIFF]5CE IS ! ORGANIC REVOLUTION>Y RESPONSE TO CAPITALI/ SAM5ESS1 OR MONOCULTURE4 ,BEY SEES 'TRIBAL' OR COMMUNAL DIFF]5CES BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY PRECI\S AS SITES ( DIFF]5CE FROM CAPITALISM4 ,(T51 SU* DIFF]5CES >E RECUP]AT$ AS SPECTACLE1 CU/OMS1 CONSUMPTION OPTIONS & SO ON4 ,H[EV]1 'ORGANIC 9TEGRAL DIFF]5CE' BECOMES REVOLUTION>Y TODAY4 ,!RE IS ?US A *OICE BETWE5 A HEGEMONIC P>TICUL>ITY - 9TEGRAT$ 9TO NEOLIB]ALISM - & AN ANTI-HEGMONIC P>TICUL>ITY4 

,BEY N[ CALLS = AN ALLIANCE ( P>TICUL>ITIES4 ,TODAY1 ANY UNASSIMILABLE DIFF]5CE IS POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y4 ,SOME REMA9 REACTION>Y1 AS 'HEGEMONIC P>TICUL>ITIES' SEEK+ CONTROL1 :]EAS O!RS BECOME TRULY REVOLUTION>Y 'NON-HEGEMONIC P>TICUL>ITIES'4 ,BO? RI<T & LEFT REBEL AGA9/ ! SY/EM'S TOTAL CONTROL1 & !Y >E N[ H>D TO TELL AP>T4 ,:ILE 5C\RAG+ NON-HEGEMONIC P>TICUL>ITIES1 ,BEY ALSO >GUES = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CONVIVIALITY :I* COMMUNICATES ACROSS 'FALSE B\ND>IES'4 ,! UNIT+ FACTOR AMONG SU* P>TICUL>ITIES IS 'PRES5CE'1 OR OV]COM+ ALI5ATION ?R\< 9T5SITY4 

,BEY PROPOSES A F$]ALISM SIMIL> TO ,PR\DHON'S1 BETWE5 V>I\S P>TICUL>ITIES4 ,9 SU* A MODEL1 AUTONOMY & F$]ATION >E COMPLEM5T>Y RA!R ?AN CONTRADICTORY4 ,! KEY PR9CIPLE ( SU* A F$]ATION W\LD BE TO RECOGNIZE FRE$OM AT EV]Y LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION1 EV5 ! SMALLE/4 ,?IS %\LD NOT1 H[EV]1 BE A F$]ATION ( OR?ODOXIES4 ,ISLAM1 = 9/ANCE1 9CLUDES A RANGE ( DIFF]5T VIEWS ( ! SACR$1 IRR$UCIBLE TO OR?ODOXY OR FUNDAM5TALISM4 ,IT IS ! UNOR?ODOX & H]ETICAL V>IANTS :I* ,BEY SEEKS TO BR+ TOGE!R 9 A GLOBAL NETWORK$ /RUGGLE ) O!R P>TICUL>ITIES4 ,9DE$1 ,BEY SUGGE/S ?AT ,ISLAM IS 9DISP5SABLE TO A GLOBAL ANTI-CAPITALI/ COALITION4 

,= ,BEY1 AN>*ISM IS ANTI-IDEOLOGICAL4 ,ONE %\LDN'T C>E IF SOMEONE ELSE WI%ES TO BE A ,MAYAN1 ,MUSLIM1 OR RATIONALI/1 AS LONG AS ONE CAN SEC$E & 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY IS SAFE4 ,?IS CREATES A POSSIBILITY = BROAD COALITIONS ( GR\PS EXCLUD$ BY CAPITAL1 ON ! BASIS ( MUTUAL TOL]ANCE4 ,AUTONOM\S 5CLAVES ( DIFF]5T GR\PS >E TO BE L9K$ ?R\< AN>*O-F$]ALISM 7,ISLAM & ,EUG5ICS74 ,AN>*ISM IS ! ONLY MOVEM5T CAPABLE ( BE+ TAK5 S]I\SLY1 9 A PO/-IDEOLOGICAL AGE4 ,9 ,MILL5NIUM1 ,BEY ALSO >GUES = ! CREATION ( SPACES = >TI/S \TSIDE ! COMMODIFI$ WORLD ( >T4 ,!SE SPACES W\LD REAFFIRM CREATIVITY 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,9 ! CURR5T P]IOD1 CONTE/ATION IS 9T5SIFI$4 ,EA* ZONE EI!R BELONGS TO CAPITAL1 OR 5DS UP 9 OPPOSITION4 ,:ATEV] ! SY/EM TRIES TO DE/ROY TAKES ON AN AURA ( LIFE4 ,SOMETIMES IT DIFF]S FROM CAPITALISM ONLY BY A HAIR'S BREAD?1 BUT /ILL ?IS IS 5\< TO MAKE IT COMPLETELY REVOLUTION>Y1 DEFY+ ! RULE ( ! ONE SY/EM4 ,BEY LIK5S ?IS TO ! SMALL DI/ANCE 9 SATORI4 ,RELIGION IS FAC$ ) A *OICE ( CAPITULATION OR REVOLT4 ,>T1 TOO1 CAN SURVIVE ONLY 9 OPPOSITION ,NATIONALISM IS ON A COLLISION C\RSE ) CAPITALISM BECAUSE CAPITALISM HAS R$UC$ NATIONS TO 'ZONES ( DEPLETION'1 & BECAUSE CAPITAL IS 9T]E/$ 9 NATIONS ONLY = 9/RUM5TAL REASONS4 ,?IS ISSUE C\LD GO EI!R RI<T OR LEFT1 DEP5D+ ON :E!R ! NATION AS P>TICUL>ITY IS DEF9$ AS HEGEMONIC4 ,CAPITAL ALSO BEG9S TO CLA% ) REMNANTS ( SOCIAL IDEOLOGY 9 LIB]ALISM1 CONS]VATISM1 ! ,U,N1 ! ,E,U & SO ON4 ,POLITICS IS R$UC$ TO 'COGNITIVE DISSONANCE'1 AS NO IDEOLOGY IS REALLY COMPATIBLE ) TOTAL CAPITALI/ RULE4 

,H5CE1 ! GR\ND = ,T,A,Z'S HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,?IRD POSITIONS HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,EV]Y?+ IS N[ EI!R CAPITULAT+1 OR OPPOS+ CAPITALISM4 ,CAPITAL CAN N[ TURN ITS ATT5TION TO :AT IT =M]LY HAD TO IGNORE DUE TO ! BIPOL> CONFLICT4 ,IT ALSO NO LONG] NE$S =M] ALLIES1 SU* AS ,*RI/IANITY1 OR TO MAKE DEALS ) SOCIAL SECTORS4 ,IT =M]LY NE$$ ALLIES 9 ITS FI<T AGA9/ SOCIALISM OR ! ,SOVIET BLOC4 ,TODAY1 IT REV]SES ! DEALS IT MADE ) ,NOR!RN LABOR MOVEM5TS & O!R ALLIES4 ,EV]Y?+ BECOMES DISPOSABLE4 ,REGIONS ( ! ,NOR? CAN BE TURN$ 9TO REGIONS ( ! ,S\? ?R\< CAPITAL FLI<T4 ,ANY P>TICUL> REGION1 CLASS1 PR(ESSION1 SEXUALITY1 OR ATTITUDE MI<T BE ! NEXT TO BE DISPOS$ (4 ,= PRIVILEG$ PEOPLE1 H[EV]1 ! *OICE IS BETWE5 CAPITULATION ON COM=TABLE T]MS & RE9V5T+ OPPOSITION4 ,T,A,ZS RETA9 A /RATEGIC ROLE1 BUT ! GOAL IS N[ TO EXT5D !M 9TO P]MAN5T AUTONOM\S ZONES1 :I* COALESCE 9TO ! 'MILL5NIUM' OR NEW WORLD4 

,AUTONOMY AS SU* IS N[ CRIM9ALIZ$4 ,BEY DISCUSSES ! CASES ( ,M,O,V,E & ! ,WACO SIEGE1 & >GUES ?AT BO? GR\PS W]E ATTACK$ BY ! /ATE BECAUSE !Y WANT$ TO BE AUTONOM\S4 ,! FACT ?AT PEOPLE JU/ WANT TO 'BE WEIRD - BY !MSELVES'1 OR BE A GR\P ON !IR [N T]MS1 \TRAGES CONS5SUS REALITY4 ,SOCIOLOGICALLY1 MILLIONS ( PEOPLE FROM MANY BACKGR\NDS >E DISSATISFI$4 ,BUT !Y T5D TO BE 9VISIBLE1 BECAUSE !Y DON'T VOTE OR WORK 9 ! =MAL SECTOR4 ,! MIDDLE-CLASS IS %R9K+1 :I* CREATES DANG]S ( FASCISM & POPULISM4 

,NEOLIB]ALISM CLAIMS !RE IS ONLY ONE WORLD4 ,MONEY IS FREE )9 ?IS ONE WORLD4 ,H[EV]1 9 PRACTICE1 IT DIVIDES ! WORLD 9TO 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$ ZONES1 ZONES ( SECURITY & ZONES ( DEPLETION1 9 :I* IT SUCKS AWAY ALL LIFE-5]GY4 ,9/EAD ( CLA%+ IDEOLOGIES1 !RE IS N[ CAPITAL1 ON ONE SIDE1 & :AT IT EXCLUDES1 ON ! O!R4 ,BY DECL>+ ITSELF ! ONE WORLD - ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE - CAPITAL HAS CALL$ 9TO BE+ ITS NEMESIS4 ,?IS NEMESIS IS ! LA/-DIT* DEF5SE ( EV]Y?+ ?AT CANNOT BECOME P>T ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,BEY SUGGE/S ?AT ! OPPOSITION ?AT EM]GES 9 SU* A CONTEXT WILL BE PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ',CLA/RIAN MA*9E'1 P>TICUL>LY %AMANISM4 ,?IS MA*9E WILL ATTACK EX*ANGE ITSELF1 & PROMOTE RECIPROCITY & G5]OSITY4 ,HE ALSO SUGGE/S ?AT P[] VACCUUMS WILL APPE> 9 ZONES DEPLET$ & EVACUAT$ BY CAPITAL1 PROVID+ RADICAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,?IS ANALYSIS ALSO IMPLIES ?AT TRANSGRESSION & ! CRITIQUE ( B9>IES >E NO LONG] EFFECTIVE APPROA*ES TO RESI/ANCE4 ,)\T BIPOL> CATEGORIES - ) ! SY/EM OP]AT+ AS ON5ESS 9/EAD ( B9>Y - !RE IS NO?+ TO TRANSGRESS4 ,!RE IS ONLY CAPITULATION OR OPPOSITION4 

,9 ',ISLAM & ! ,9T]NET'1 ,BEY >GUES ?AT !RE IS A NE$ = EMBODI$ RESI/ANCE4 ,WE NE$ SOME?+ LIKE AN IDEOLOGY1 & WE NE$ TO CL>IFY 7BUT NOT PURIFY7 LANGUAGE4 ,COMMUNICATION NE$S TO BE RECON/RUCT$ AS 'COMMUNICATIV5ESS'4 ,BY ?IS1 ,BEY MEANS ?AT COMMUNICATION %\LD BE FE/IVE1 DIALOGICAL1 PLEASURABLE1 W>M1 & L9K$ TO DESIRE - RA!R ?AN BE+ AB/RACT & M$IAT$4 ,BEY ALSO CALLS = A SPIRITUALITY ( & = ! BODY1 & A RE-5*ANTM5T ( ! WORLD4 

,C]TA9 TYPES ( MOVEM5TS >E P>TIALLY RESI/ANT1 BUT ALSO PROBLEMATIC4 ,FUNDAM5TALISM SPE>HEADS RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALI/ CAPITULATION4 ,BUT BY CLOS+ ! DOORS ( 9T]PRETATION1 IT REPRESSES ! DESIRE = DIFF]5CE & PREV5TS ! EM]G5CE ( A FULLY-FL$G$ CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM4 ,MAFIAS >E A K9D ( %AD[ GOV]NM5T :I* EM]GES FROM ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,PA/ORAL ,CODE 7,CLA/RES'S VIEW ( 9DIG5\S W>F>E7 9 /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! /ATE4 

,9 ',! ,OBELISK'1 ,BEY >GUES ?AT RESI/ANCE MOVEM5TS S9CE ! RISE ( C5TRALIZ$ P[] >E BAS$ ON ! GIFT ECONOMY1 :I* PREC$$ ?IS RISE4 ,?IS IS LESS CLE> TODAY ?AN 9 ! PA/4 ,BUT ,BEY SUGGE/S ?AT TODAY'S MOVEM5TS /ILL SEEK 'EMPIRICAL FRE$OMS' DEF9$ BY ! ECONOMY ( ! GIFT - FRE$OMS SU* AS ! ABS5CE ( OPPRESSION1 CONVIVIALITY1 BODILY OR SPIRITUAL PLEASURE1 PEACE1 PL5TY1 EQUALITY1 & SO ON4 ,!SE SAME VALUES APPE> 9 IMMEMORIAL 'RI<TS & CU/OMS'1 9 ! POLITICS ( DESIRE1 & 9 MOVEM5TS SU* AS TACTICAL M$IA4 

,GRE5 ,H]METICISM & ! ,LA/ ,POSSIBLE ,\TSIDE 

,FROM #bd ONW>DS1 ,BEY HAS BE5 9CREAS+LY 9T]E/$ 9 ECOLOGY AS ! SITE ( ALT]$ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,HE HAS DEVELOP$ ! IDEA ( ',GRE5 ,H]METICISM' AS A POT5TIAL PHILOSOPHICAL MATRIX = ECOLOGY4 ,HE HAS ALSO WRITT5 A S]IES ( ECOLOGICALLY 9FLECT$ WORKS1 SU* AS ,RIV]PEOPLE & ,EC7O7LOGUES4 ,SU* WORKS COMB9E 9T5SE APPRECIATION = LOCAL ECOLOGICAL SITES ) ,BEY'S OLD] !MES ( MY/ICISM1 AUTONOMY1 DISALI5ATION1 ALT]$ CONSCI\SNESS1 & ALT]NATIVE HI/ORY4 

,O!R REC5T WORKS HAVE A MORE PESSIMI/IC TONE4 ,9 ,ESCAPE FROM ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,BEY SUGGE/S ?AT ! PRES5T FEELS AS IF HI/ORY HAS /OPP$1 & WE >E TRAPP$ 9 ! RU9S ( TIME4 ,9 ',S$UCTION ( ! ,CYB] ,ZOMBIES'1 ,BEY SUGGE/S ?AT A DESP]ATE GLOBAL W> IS COM+1 BETWE5 GLOBAL CAPITAL & A WORLDFULL ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS4 ,! BE/ WE CAN HOPE IS ?AT IT BE A PEACEFUL W>1 LIKE ,SOREL'S ,G5]AL ,/RIKE4 ,BUT WE %\LD PREP>E = ! WOR/4 ,9 ANO!R PIECE1 ,BEY PR$ICTS ?AT ! SITUATION WILL BECOME V]Y UGLY :5 CAPITAL IS F9ALLY OPPOS$4 

,IF ONE F9DS ONESELF 9 A ZONE ( DEPLETION1 OR ,NO ,GO ,ZONE1 ONE'S PROSPECTS = AUTONOMY 9CREASE ) ! )DRAWAL ( P[] 9TO ! VIRTUAL4 ,SU* ZONES >E UNLIKELY TO BE ABLE TO ASS]T POLITICAL AUTONOMY4 ,H[EV]1 !RE >E POSSIBILITIES = FRE$OM 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,TODAY1 SU* ZONES >E ALREADY VACUUMS ( CONTROL1 BUT MO/LY SUFF] 'NEGATIVE *AOS'4 ,TO BECOME EMANCIPATORY SITES1 !Y NE$ TO BE FILL$ ) 'POSITIVE *AOS'4 ,SU* POSSIBILITIES DEP5D ON AN APPROPRIATE MODEL ( ! ECONOMY & ! SOCIAL4 ,BEY SUGGE/S ?IS MI<T OP]ATE AS A K9D ( BORD]LESS BRICOLAGE1 A 'MELANGE ( :ATEV] WORKS'4 ,TE*NOLOGY IS LIKELY TO BE L[-TE* & AD-HOC1 BUT 'MORE HUMAN ?AN GRE5'4 ,IT %\LD BE CON/RUCT$ TO RESI/ HI]>*Y ?R\< EA* P]SON'S WILL TO P[]4 ,FAILURE MAY BE ! LA/ REFUGE FROM ! ',CAPITALI/ HEAV5' ( SIMULATION4 ,ONE CAN AT LEA/ BE A BEAUTIFUL SPIRIT DOOM$ TO FAIL1 RA!R ?AN AN UGLY ONE4 

,9 P]IODS ( DEFEAT1 ! MO/ PRESS+ ISSUE IS SURVIVAL AS A TRACE OR REMNANT1 TO BE RECOV]$ LAT]4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,ANABAPTI/S AFT] !IR DEFEAT1 ,WILSON >GUES ?AT1 IF ! WORLD CANNOT BE SAV$ 7?R\< REVOLUTION71 AT LEA/ A 'SAV+ REMNANT' CAN )DRAW 9TO 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES BAS$ ON PLEASURE4 ,9 A POEM1 ',FAILURE AS ! ,LA/ ,POSSIBLE ,\TSIDE'1 ,BEY WRITES ( A FUTURE 9 :I* 5TIRE NATIONS >E 5CLOS$ AS 'LIT]AL G>BAGE DUMPS'1 BUT >E SECRETLY 9HABIT$ BY \TCA/S & BRICOLEURS4 ,EV5 9 ! D>KE/ DY/OPIA1 ,BEY CREATES HOPE ( AN \TSIDE1 AN AUTONOM\S ZONE4 

,:ATEV] SLIPS PA/ PANOPTICAL SURVEILLANCE1 P]HAPS BECAUSE IT SEEMS FUTILE1 BECOMES ! BASIS = ?IS ZONE4 ,9 ?IS POEM1 ,BEY APPEALS TO ! 'P>ADOXICAL PRODUCTIVITY ( ALL ?AT REFUSES TO BE COMPUT$1 ?AT :I* 0DOESN'T C\NT0'4 ,REBELS DISGUISE !MSELVES AS \TCA/S TO SLIP ?R\< ! CRACKS 9 ! ,EMPIRE4 ,9 ANO!R POEM1 ',H]M'1 HE 9CITES US TO LIVE LIKE ',!M'1 ! TRI-RACIAL ISOLATES1 AS 'REBELS AGA9/ PROGRESS'1 AS IF ) 'BAD G5ES'4 

,9 ONE POEM1 HE SUGGE/S ?AT1 IF \R PAGAN DEITIES HAVE GONE SIL5T1 WE %\LD DO ! SAME1 & )DRAW TO A MONA/IC OR DRUIDIC SITE4 ,HE ALSO REF]S 9 ?IS ]A TO '5D>K5M5T'1 OR REV]SAL ( ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,?IS IS ANO!R T]M = ALT]$ CONSCI\SNESS1 ?IS TIME ASSOCIAT$ ) L[-TE*NOLOGY1 L[-M$IATION =MS ( LIFE - SU* AS1 9 ONE POEM1 'FLYFI%+ :ILE UND] ! ,9FLU5CE'4 ,WE CANNOT BECOME '9NOC5T' OR 'PRIMITIVE'1 BUT WE CAN /ILL 'FALL 9 LOVE ) ! BEAUTY ( ! ,E>? AS A SIGN ( DIV9ITY'4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ! >*ETYPE ( ',P]FECT ,NATURE' 9 ACTUAL NATURE MI<T BE AN ILLUSION4 ,BUT IT IS A NECESS>Y1 CREATIVE ]ROR4 ,IT CREATES POSSIBILITIES = ALT]$ CONSCI\SNESS4 

,DISCUSSION ( ,T,A,Z 

,9 SOME WAYS1 IT IS UNSURPRIS+ ?AT ,BEY IS MORE PESSIMI/IC TODAY ?AN PREVI\SLY4 ,! IDEA ( ,T,A,Z SEEMS TO /EM FROM A P>TICUL> CONJUNCTURE4 ,BEY'S !ORY /EMS FROM ! FRAY+ ( ! WORLD-SY/EM 9 ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS4 ,AS CAPITAL )DREW FROM VA/ ZONES & ! ,=DI/ CONTROL-ME*ANISMS BROKE D[N1 >EAS FELL \T ( SY/EMIC CONTROL4 ,! /ATE COLLAPS$ 9 ,SOMALIA & ,AF<ANI/AN1 GANGS TOOK CONTROL ( *ANTY-T[NS1 SECESSIONI/ MOVEM5TS SEIZ$ CONTROL ( REGIONS4 ,ONLY A FEW ( !SE 7SU* AS ,*IAPAS7 BECAME AUTONOM\S ZONES ) EMANCIPATORY PROJECTS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! FRAY+ ( ! SY/EM PROVID$ HOPE = AUTONOMI/S & AN>*I/S WORLDWIDE4 

,?+S HAVE *ANG$ SOME:AT 9 ! #bS4 ,! SY/EM CONT9UES TO FRAY >\ND ! $GES1 ) 'BLACK HOLES' EM]G+ 9 ITS P[]-/RUCTURE4 ,BUT 9CREAS+LY !SE EM]G5T AUTONOM\S ZONES >E %UT D[N1 PREEMPT$1 OR MILIT>IZ$4 ,9T5SIFI$ CONTROL IS ELIM9AT+ OR %R9K+ ! SPACES ! SY/EM CANNOT SEE1 AT LEA/ )9 C\NTRIES LIKE ! ,U,K4 ,) ,G,I,S1 ,GOOGLE ,MAPS1 ,G,P,S SY/EMS1 P]SONALIZ$ LAWS & DATA M9+1 ! GAP BETWE5 MAP & T]RITORY IS GR[+ EV] N>R[]4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! SY/EM IS REMODEL+ ! T]RITORY TO FIT ! MAP EV] MORE CLOSELY4 ,I W\LD SPECULATE ?AT ! /ATE HAS F\ND WAYS ( SEE+ ,T,A,ZS1 FIR/LY BY DEF9+ ANY?+ IT CANNOT PR$ICT AS A ?REAT1 & SECONDLY BY FOCUS+ ITS GAZE MORE CLOSELY ON EA* MICRO-ELEM5T ( SPACE & LIFE4 

,ANO!R POSSIBLE ISSUE ) ,T,A,Z IS ! APP>5T NECESSITY ( AN ADV]S>Y1 SO AS TO KEEP IT TEMPOR>Y4 ,9 E>LY PIECES 7LIKE ,T,A,Z & ',! ,CRIM9AL ,BEE'71 ,BEY T5DS T[>DS ! POSITION ?AT LAWS & OPPRESSION >E NECESS>Y1 TO PROVIDE A T>GET = REBELLION4 ,HE SEEMS TO AB&ON ?IS POSITION 9 HIS MORE REC5T WORK4 ,IS A P]MAN5T ,T,A,Z EV5 ?9KABLE8 ,I ?9K IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO HAVE A K9D ( SOCIETY 9 :I* PEAK EXP]I5CE IS ! ULTIMATE VALUE1 )\T REQUIR+ A REPRESSIVE REGIME AS A *ALL5GE TO OV]COME4 ,BUT IT C\LDN'T BE BAS$ ON CONFLICTUAL ACTION-SPACES ( ! K9D SE5 9 ACTIVISM4 ,! CLOSE/ ANALOG >E C]TA9 9DIG5\S GR\PS 9 :I* 9T]GR\P CONFLICT & 9T5SE RITUAL EXP]I5CES >E COMMON4 ,! UTOPIAN WORK ,BOLO',BOLO PROVIDES AN IMAGE ( SOME?+ AK9 TO A SOCIETY ( P]MAN5T ,T,A,ZS4 

,! IDEA ( FAILURE AS ! LA/ POSSIBLE \TSIDE S\NDS PESSIMI/IC COMP>$ TO ,BEY'S E>LI] WORK4 ,H[EV]1 ! EMPHASIS ON DISAPPE>ANCE IS CONT9U\S4 ,IF CAPITALISM CLAIMS TO BE A UNIT>Y WORLD1 YET EXCLUDES ZONES :I* CANNOT BE COMMODIFI$1 !N FAILURE & AUTONOMY GO TOGE!R4 ,KNI<T SUGGE/S ?AT ,BEY SPEAKS AS IF HIS G5]ATION W]E ! LA/ ONE ) A *ANCE AT REVOLUTION1 AS WELL AS AT OV]SEAS ADV5TURES4 

,! ,T,A,Z CONCEPT IS (T5 US$ TO 9T]PRET ASPECTS ( #a#i#iS C\NT]CULTURE1 P>TICUL>LY RAVES4 ,9 A VIDEO1 ,BEY LI/S AS EXAMPLES ( ,T,A,Z-LIKE PH5OM5A SU* EV5TS AS NEO-PAGAN FE/IVALS1 RA9B[ CAMPS1 'OP5 CONSPIRACIES' SU* AS ,QUE] ,NATION1 RAVES1 COLLABORATIVE >T EV5TS1 AN>*I/ COLLECTIVES1 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES1 SECRET SOCIETIES1 & EV5 DRUG DEAL+4 ,!SE GA!R+S ATTEMPT TO REALIZE 5JOYM5T1 OR 'PASSIONAL S]IES'1 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,MANY GR\PS FAIL TO REALIZE ! DEP? ( !IR ?REAT TO ! SPECTACLE1 USE ! M$IA1 & 5D UP RECUP]AT$4 ,POLITICAL GR\PS HAVE MA9LY FAIL$ TO MA/] PLEASURE1 & LIFE/YLE GR\PS TO GRASP POLITICS4 

,B5JAM9 ,NOYS LI/S ,T,A,Z AS ONE ( A NUMB] ( REC5T APPROA*ES EMPHASIZ+ ! ROLE ( SPACE 9 LIB]ATION4 ,SIMON ,SELL>S REF]S TO ',RECLAIM ! ,/REETS' OCCUPATIONS1 RAVES1 & OCCASIONS :]E PROTE/]S OV]RUN POLICE1 AS 9/ANCES ( ,T,A,Z4 ,HE ALSO SURVEYS A LI/ ( ACADEMIC PIECES :I* REF] TO ,T,A,Z 9 RELATION TO !MES SU* AS POPUL> CULTURE1 ,CRITICAL ,MASS1 >EAS ( ,DEAF CULTURE DEF9$ BY SIGN LANGUAGE1 ,/ONEH5GE1 CAMP+1 HIP-HOP1 & V>I\S ,BLACK1 WOM5'S1 & GAY_/QUE] SPACES4 ,WILLIAMS USES A SIMIL> EXAMPLE ( ! ,F>E ,DODG]S' ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT1 :O HELD P>TIES ON ,LONDON ,UND]GR\ND /ATIONS TO PROTE/ & SUBV]T F>E RISES4 ,JEFF ,%ANTZ SEES ,BEY'S WORK AS AN 9SPIRATION = ! =MATION ( AN>*I/ SOCIAL C5T]S 9 #a#i#iS ,AM]ICA4 ,SELL>S SUGGE/S ?AT ! IDEA ( ,T,A,Z BECAME WIDESPREAD1 BUT )\T A DEF9ITE MEAN+4 ,IT HAD G5]AL CONNOTATIONS ( AN>*Y & FRE$OM1 BUT WAS NOT ALWAYS UND]/OOD 9 ,BEY'S S5SE4 ,?IS L$ TO CRITICISMS1 SU* AS ,Z]ZAN'S DEPICTION ( ! T]M AS 'HIP PO/UR+'4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,GE]T ,LOV9K HAS OBS]V$ ?AT ,T,A,Z IS TAK5 \T ( ITS POLITICAL & CULTURAL CONTEXT 9 RECUP]AT$ =MS ( CYB]CULTURE4 

,WILLIAMS SUGGE/S ?AT ,T,A,Z1 & SOME ( ,BEY'S O!R CONCEPTS1 T5D TO BE 'EMPTY SIGNIFI]S'3 ,!Y HAVE SO MANY MEAN+S & USES ?AT !Y LACK A DEF9ITE MEAN+4 ,HE ALSO DRAWS ! CONCLUSION FROM ,BEY ?AT FULFILLM5T NEV] COMES1 ?AT A LITTLE 5LI<T5M5T IS BETT] ?AN NONE4 ,HE >GUES ?AT ,BEY ULTIMATELY >RIVES AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT AN>*ISM IS UNATTA9ABLE4 ,9/EAD1 HE SEEKS TO MAKE ! CURR5T WORLD A BIT MORE AN>*I/4 ,H[EV]1 ,I'D SUGGE/ ?AT !RE'S A CORE QUALITATIVE REF]5CE TO 9T5SITY & DISALI5ATION :I* PROVIDES A CORE ( MEAN+ TO SU* CONCEPTS4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,BEY IS SOMETIMES /RATEGICALLY PESSIMI/IC4 ,HE IS NOT CONFID5T ?AT WE CAN REA* EMANCIPATION FROM ! /RATEGIC OPTIONS AVAILABLE TODAY4 ,H[EV]1 HE HAS A CLE> TRANS=MATIVE P]SPECTIVE 9 :I* ! ULTIMATE GOAL IS A SOCIETY 9TEGRAT$ BY PASSION1 OP]AT+ AS SOME?+ LIKE A P]MAN5T ,T,A,Z4 ,5LI<T5M5T IS NOT AN ABS5T GOAL :I* NEV] COMES4 ,5LI<T5M5T MEANS ALT]$ CONSCI\SNESS1 :I* IS A LIV$ ALT]NATIVE4 

,BEY DOES NOT SIMPLY TRY TO MAKE ! WORLD A BIT BETT]4 ,HE HAS AN ANTAGONI/IC ORI5TATION TO A DOM9ANT SY/EM1 CONCEIV$ AS A 'TOTALITY' OR ,SPECTACLE4 ,F> FROM BECOM+ MORE PESSIMI/IC ) TIME1 ,BEY BECOMES MORE REVOLUTION>Y AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( 'COMMUNISM'4 ,HE FEELS A NE$ = UNCOMPROMIS+ OPPOSITION TO A SY/EM :I* ACCEPTS ONLY FULL CAPITULATION4 ,ON ?IS QUE/ION1 ,I BELIEVE ,BEY IS RI<T1 & ,WILLIAMS IS WRONG4 ,! ,GRAMSCIAN /RATEGY ( FI<T+ 9 ! 'TR5*ES & FIELDWORKS' ( A COMPLEX SOCIETY IS 9CREAS+LY 9EFFECTIVE 9 A 'JO9$-UP'1 HI<-SPE$1 L[-TOL]ANCE =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,! SY/EM'S DEM& = TOTAL CAPITULATION MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE ! WORLD A BIT BETT] - ESPECIALLY FROM A /&PO9T 9SIDE IT4 ,TODAY1 EV5 ! MO/ RE=MI/ DEM&S SEEM TO REQUIRE A NE>-REVOLUTION TO SUCCE$4 ,?OSE :O GIVE UP ON REVOLUTION1 & USE !IR 9CLUD$ POSITION TO SEEK SMALL RE=MS1 WILL HAVE TO SETTLE = LESS & LESS4 

,DESPITE ALL ! *ANGES S9CE #a#i#i#a1 ,T,A,ZS /ILL EXI/4 ,! ,Z,A,D 9 ,FRANCE IS AN >*ETYPAL ,T,A,Z4 ,!RE >E ALSO %ADES ( ! ,T,A,Z 9 ,TAHRIR ,SQU>E1 ,GEZI ,P>K & ,OCCUPY1 ?\< !Y >E ORI5T$ TO VISIBILITY RA!R ?AN 9VISIBILITY4 ,SOCIAL MOVEM5T-CONTROLL$ SPACES 9 AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES 9 ,V5EZUELA1 ,BRAZIL1 ,BOLIVIA1 ,S\? ,AFRICA & SO ON >E >GUABLY A V>IETY ( ,T,A,Z4 ,AU?ORS SU* AS ,GRAEB] >GUE ?AT AUTONOM\S ZONES CONT9UE TO EXI/ 9VISIBLY 9 >EAS SU* AS RURAL ,MADAGASC>4 ,! MO/ EFFECTIVE ,T,A,Z'S1 ALMO/ BY DEF9ITION1 WILL BE 9VISIBLE TO US1 TOO4 ,YET ! REGULATION ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 & ! EXT5SION ( SURVEILLANCE & REPRESSION TO PO/-,T,A,Z SPACES1 >E R5D]+ IT H>D] TO ALT]NATE ,T,A,Z ) ORD9>Y LIFE4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 CREATES A NE$ = SOME?+ MORE P]MAN5T4 ,>GUABLY1 ! POSSIBILITY ( ,T,A,Z RELIES ON ! SEMI-P]MAN5CE ( EV]YDAY PRACTICES ( RESI/ANCE1 SU* AS SQUATT+1 C\NT]CULTURAL EV5TS1 FE/IVAL CIRCUITS & SO ON4 ,IF ! EV]YDAY IS TOO REGULAT$1 IT BECOMES H>D] TO C>VE A ,T,A,Z FROM ! EV]YDAY4 

,!RE >E /RANGE E*OES BETWE5 ,BEY'S ,MILL5NIUM - ! SY/EM V]SUS ANY?+ ?AT CANNOT BE 5GLOB$ - & ! LIB]AL IDEA ( ',JIHAD VS ,MC,WORLD' 7EXCEPT 9 ! LATT] CASE1 ! DOM9ANT SY/EM IS VALU$74 ,! MA9 DIFF]5CE IS ?AT ,BEY CONCEIVES OPPOSITION MA9LY 9 T]MS ( AUTONOM\S MOVEM5TS EXPRESS+ P[]FUL AFFIRMATIVE PASSIONS4 ,9 ',JIHAD ,REVISIT$'1 ,BEY REJECTS ! IDEA ( ANY SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 HIS DREAM ( A NEO-,SUFI ,ISLAMIC ,ZAPATISMO & ! RISE ( ',ISLAMISM'4 ,BEY HAS LITTLE SYMPA?Y = ! ANTI-FUN1 ANTI-,SUFI OR?ODOXY ( GR\PS LIKE ! ,TALIBAN & AL-,QA$A4 ,HE SEES IT AS A 'SIMULATION'1 A FALSE CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,SPECTACLE & A SELF-DEF9$ 5]GY :I* IS NOT REALLY ANTI-SY/EMIC4 ,?IS LEADS TO A FAKE CONFLICT BETWE5 'DEMOCRACY'1 MEAN+ COCA-COLONIZATION1 & ',ISLAM'1 TAK5 TO MEAN 'EMOTIONAL PLAGUE' 7,REI*'S T]M = PSY*OLOGICAL REPRESSION74 ',ISLAMISM' CANNOT NEGATE ,EMPIRE BECAUSE IT IS ITSELF BAS$ ON NEGATION & RES5TM5T4 ,9 A LAT] 9T]VIEW1 ,BEY SUGGE/S !IR LIMIT IS %[N BY !IR LACK ( A CRITIQUE ( CAPITAL1 & AN ECONOMIC MODEL HE CONSID]S FASCI/IC4 ,SU* GR\PS >E ONLY ABLE TO GA9 POPUL> SUPPORT 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,AF<ANI/AN - ) A RI* TRADITION ( EV]YDAY 5JOYM5T - AS A LESS] EVIL 9 A CONTEXT ( ABSOLUTE DE/RUCTION4 

,BEY H]E ATTEMPTS TO GRAPPLE ) :AT ,I ELSE:]E DISCUSS AS 'REACTIVE NETWORKS'4 ,REACTIVE NETWORKS LEAD TO A C]TA9 AMBIGUITY1 BECAUSE !Y CLE>LY CREATE AUTONOM\S ZONES 7RELATIVE TO CAPITAL71 BUT !SE ZONES DO NOT 9C>NATE ! AFFECTS ,BEY SEEKS4 ,9DE$1 ! PROLIF]AT+ REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITIONS ( ANY?+ ?AT CANNOT BE 9CORPORAT$ >E EXPRESS$ JU/ AS MU* 9 REACTIVE MOVEM5TS 7E4G4 ,I,S,I,S1 ,BOKO ,H>AM1 ,MUNGIKI1 GANGS ( V>I\S K9DS7 AS 9 AUTONOM\S MOVEM5TS4 ,?IS COMPLICATES ! PICTURE ( 'SY/EM VS AUTONOM\S P>TICUL>ITIES' CONSID]ABLY4 ,AN>*ISM & O!R RADICAL POSITIONS 7,M>XISM1 PACIFISM1 FEM9ISM1 ETC7 SEEM TO BE BACK 9 ! POSITION ( A '?IRD'1 BUT 9 A CONTEXT :]E ! SY/EM /ILL DEF9ES ITSELF AS ! ONE WORLD & TREATS DIFF]5CE AS 5MITY4 

,ANO!R POSSIBLE DIFFICULTY ) ,T,A,Z IS ?AT IT ID5TIFIES EXCESS ) ABUNDANCE4 ,?IS IS A /RATEGIC RESPONSE TO SC>CITY-BAS$ DYNAMICS1 BUT CREATES DIFFICULTIES 9 ! CURR5T CONTEXT4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO BE P>ALYZ$ BY EXCESS1 AS WELL AS BY LACK8 ,B]>DI CLAIMS SO1 & SUGGE/S ?AT CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM HAS RECUP]AT$ #a#i#fS-WAVE REVOLT 9 ?IS WAY4 ,PEOPLE >E N[ EXPOS$ TO ATT5TIVE /RESS DUE TO AN EXCESS ( 9=MATION & /IMULATION4 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN !RAPI/ ,LEWIS ,MEHL-,MADRONA MAKES SIMIL> CLAIMS4 ,HE SUGGE/S ?AT1 )\T =MS ( MEAN+ TO PROVIDE PURPOSE1 *AOS IS P>ALYZ+ & ANXIETY-9DUC+4 

,H[EV]1 SU* CRITIQUES DO NOT S]I\SLY PROBLEMATIZE ,BEY'S >GUM5T4 ,BEY IS NOT SAY+ ?AT WE %\LD DO )\T EXI/5TIAL ATTA*M5TS OR MEAN+S4 ,HE IS SAY+ ?AT MEAN+S >E ROOT$ 9 DESIRE1 :I* IS ACC5TUAT$ 9 ALT]$ /ATES ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! T5U\S CON/RUCTION ( P]SONAL MEAN+S MAY BE ! LA/ /RUCTUR+ =CE POSSIBLE 9 A WORLD ( 9=MATION OV]LOAD4 ,9 ANY CASE1 9T5SITY CAN BE EXP]I5C$ AS EUPHORIC RA!R ?AN OV]:ELM+1 GIV5 C]TA9 CONDITIONS4 ,MU* ( ,BEY'S !ORY SEEMS DESIGN$ TO PRODUCE !SE CONDITIONS4 ,BEY ALSO OBS]VES ?AT 9=MATION EXCESS CAN LEAD TO D>KNESS RA!R ?AN 5LI<T5M5T - A 'LITE AGE' 9 ,BEY'S T]MS4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT ! EXCESS IS ITSELF M$IAT$ & DE-9T5SIFI$4 

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