,*APT] #c ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,MAKHNO #aibcaibc ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,>%9OV ,TEXT 3 ,! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK TREATY CONCLUD$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS ) ! ,IMP]IAL ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T OP5$ ! DOORS ( ! ,UKRA9E TO ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS4 ,!Y 5T]$ AS MA/]S4 ,!Y DID NOT CONF9E !MSELVES TO MILIT>Y ACTION1 BUT BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,!IR PURPOSE WAS TO APPROPRIATE ITS PRODUCTS4 ,TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS EASILY & COMPLETELY !Y REE/ABLI%$ ! P[] ( ! NOBLES & ! L&$ G5TRY1 :O HAD BE5 OV]?R[N BY ! PEOPLE1 & 9/ALL$ ! AUTOCRATIC GOV]NM5T ( ! ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY4 ,!IR TROOPS W]E SY/EMATICALLY MISL$ BY !IR (FIC]S AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA & ! ,UKRA9E WAS REPRES5T$ TO !M AS AN ORGY ( BL9D1 SAVAGE =CES1 DE/ROY+ ORD] 9 ! C\NTRY & T]RORIZ+ ! HONE/ WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,?IS WAY !Y PROVOK$ 9 ! SOLDI]S A HO/ILITY T[>DS ! REBEL PEASANTS & WORK]S1 ?US CREAT+ ! BASIS = ! ABSOLUTELY HE>TLESS & PLUND]+ 5TRY ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN >MIES 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y C\NTRY4 ,! ECONOMIC PILLAGE ( ! ,UKRA9E BY ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS1 ) ! CONNIVANCE & HELP ( ! ,SKOROPADSKY GOV]NM5T1 WAS COLOSSAL & HORRIFY+4 ,!Y C>RI$ (F EV]Y?+ -- :EAT1 LIVE/OCK1 P\LTRY1 EGGS1 RAW MAT]IALS1 ETC4 -- ALL 9 SU* QUANTITIES ?AT ! MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION W]E NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,AS IT WAS BR\RI$ EV]Y?+ (F4 ,:5 ! PEASANTS RESI/$ ?IS PILLAGE & TRI$ TO RETA9 ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR1 FLOGG+S1 REPRISALS & %OOT+S RESULT$4 ,! OCCUPATION ( ! ,UKRA9E BY ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS CON/ITUTES ONE ( ! MO/ TRAGIC PAGES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ITS REVOLUTION4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! VIOL5CE ( ! 9VAD]S & !IR CYNICAL MILIT>Y BRIG&AGE1 ! OCCUPATION WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A FI]CE REACTION ON ! P>T ( ! L&$ G5TRY4 ,! ,HETMAN'S REGIME MEANT ! ANNIHILATION ( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S ( ! WORK]S1 A COMPLETE RETURN TO ! PA/4 ,IT WAS !RE=E NATURAL ?AT ?IS NEW CONDITION /RONGLY ACCEL]AT$ ! M>* ( ! MOVEM5TS PREVI\SLY BEGUN1 UND] ,PETLIURA & ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,EV]Y:]E1 PRIM>ILY 9 ! VILLAGES1 9SURRECTION>Y ACTS BEGAN AGA9/ ! L&[N]S & ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS4 ,IT WAS ?US ?AT ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS BEGAN1 A MOVEM5T :I* WAS LAT] GIV5 ! NAME ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION4 ,! ORIG9 ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION IS (T5 SE5 AS M]ELY ! RESULT ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN OCCUPATION & ! REGIME ( ! ,HETMAN4 ,?IS EXPLANATION IS 9SUFFICI5T & !RE=E NOT TRUE4 ,! 9SURRECTION HAD ITS ROOTS 9 ! DEP?S ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & WAS AN ATTEMPT BY ! WORK]S TO LEAD ! REVOLUTION TO ITS NATURAL CONCLUSION3 ! TRUE & COMPLETE EMANCIPATION & SUPREMACY ( LABOR4 ,! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN 9VASION & ! POME%*IKS' 7L&[N]S'7 REACTION ONLY ACCEL]AT$ ! PROCESS4 ,! MOVEM5T RAPIDLY TOOK ON VA/ PROPORTIONS4 ,EV]Y:]E ! PEASANTS TOOK A /& AGA9/ ! POME%*IKS1 ASSASS9AT$ OR DROVE !M AWAY1 TOOK OV] !IR L&S & !IR GOODS1 & PAID NO ATT5TION TO ! 9VAD+ ,AU/RO-,G]MANS4 ,! ,HETMAN & ! ,G]MAN AU?ORITIES RESPOND$ BY IMPLACABLE REPRISALS4 ,! PEASANTS 9 ! REBELLI\S VILLAGES W]E FLOGG$ & %OT 9 MASS1 :ILE ALL !IR GOODS W]E BURN$4 ,9 A %ORT SPACE ( TIME HUNDR$S ( VILLAGES SUFF]$ A T]RIBLE PUNI%M5T FROM ! MILIT>Y & L&$ CA/ES4 ,?IS OCCURR$ 9 ,JUNE1 ,JULY & ,AUGU/1 #a#i#a#h4 ,!N ! PEASANTS1 P]SEV]+ 9 !IR REVOLT1 />T$ GU]RILLA W>F>E4 ,AS IF BY ORD] ( 9VISIBLE ORGANIZATIONS1 !Y =M$ A MULTITUDE ( P>TISAN DETA*M5TS ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY 9 V>I\S PLACES1 ACT+ MILIT>ILY & ALWAYS BY SURPRISE AGA9/ ! NOBLES1 !IR GU>DS & ! REPRES5TATIVES ( P[]4 ,AS A RULE !SE GU]RILLA DETA*M5TS1 CONSI/+ ( #b1 #e OR #a WELL->M$ HORSEM51 W\LD APPE> SUDD5LY :]E !Y W]E LEA/ EXPECT$1 ATTACK A NOBLEMAN OR A ,/ATE GU>D1 MASSACRE ALL ! 5EMIES ( ! PEASANTS1 & DISAPPE> AS QUICKLY AS !Y HAD COME4 ,EV]Y L&LORD :O P]SECUT$ ! PEASANTS1 & ALL ( HIS FAI?FUL S]VANTS1 W]E NOT$ BY ! P>TISANS & W]E 9 CONT9UAL DANG] ( BE+ KILL$4 ,EV]Y GU>D1 EV]Y ,G]MAN (FIC] WAS CONDEMN$ TO ALMO/ C]TA9 DEA?4 ,!SE EXPLOITS1 OCCURR+ DAILY 9 ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 CUT ! HE>T \T ( ! L&[N]S' C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 UND]M9$ IT1 & PREP>$ ! WAY = ! TRIUMPH ( ! PEASANTS4 ,IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT1 LIKE VA/ & SPONTANE\S PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS :I* RISE )\T ANY PREP>ATION1 !SE ORGANIZ$ GU]RILLA ACTIONS W]E ALWAYS P]=M$ BY ! PEASANTS !MSELVES1 ) NO HELP OR DIRECTION FROM ANY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!IR ME?ODS ( ACTION MADE IT NECESS>Y = !M TO LOOK AFT] ! NE$S ( ! MOVEM5T !MSELVES1 & TO DIRECT IT & LEAD IT TO VICTORY4 ,DUR+ !IR :OLE FIM$ & ORGANIZ$ 5EMY4 ,?IS FACT HAD GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ! V]Y *>ACT] ( ! :OLE REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION 7AS WE WILL SEE LAT]74 ,:]EV] IT REMA9$ TO ! 5D A CLASS ACTION1 )\T FALL+ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( POLITICAL P>TIES OR NATIONALI/ ELEM5TS1 IT RETA9$ NOT ONLY ! IMPR9T ( ITS ORIG9 9 ! V]Y DEP?S ( ! PEASANT MASS1 BUT ALSO A SECOND FUNDAM5TAL TRAIT -- ! P]FECT CONSCI\SNESS :I* ALL !SE PEASANTS POSSESS$ ( BE+ !IR [N GUIDES & ! ANIMATORS ( !IR [N MOVEM5T4 ,! P>TISAN DETA*M5TS W]E PR\D ( ?IS SPECIAL QUALITY ( !IR MOVEM5T & FELT !MSELVES CAPABLE ( FULFILL+ !IR MISSION4 ,! SAVAGE REPRISALS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION DID NOT /OP ! MOVEM5T2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y 5L>G$ & BROAD5$ IT4 ,! PEASANTS BECAME 9CREAS+LY UNIT$ AMONG !MSELVES1 DRIV5 BY ! V]Y =CE ( EV5TS TO A G5]AL PLAN ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! PEASANTS ( ! :OLE ,UKRA9E W]E NEV] ORGANIZ$ 9TO A S+LE =CE ACT+ UND] A S+LE LEAD]%IP4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 !Y W]E ALL UNIT$2 BUT 9 PRACTICE !Y W]E MA9LY ORGANIZ$ LOCALLY1 BY REGIONS2 SMALL DETA*M5TS ( P>TISANS1 ISOLAT$ FROM ONE ANO!R1 UNIT$ TO =M L>G] & MORE P[]FUL UNITS4 ,9 SO F> AS ! 9SURRECTIONS BECAME MORE FREQU5T & ! REPRISALS MORE F]OCI\S & ORGANIZ$1 !SE UNIONS BECAME AN URG5T NECESSITY4 ,9 ! S\? ( ! ,UKRA9E1 IT WAS ! REGION ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE :I* TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 UNIFICATION4 ,!RE IT TOOK PLACE NOT ONLY = REASONS ( DEF5SE1 BUT ALSO & PRIM>ILY = ! PURPOSE ( ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ! L&[N]S' C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,?IS UNIFICATION HAD YET ANO!R PURPOSE1 NAMELY TO MAKE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS A REAL & ORGANIZ$ =CE CAPABLE ( COMBAT+ ALL C\NT]-REVOLUTION & ( DEF5D+ ! FRE$OM & ! T]RITORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ?IS EF=T AT UNIFICATION & 9 ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION 9 ! S\? ( ! ,UKRA9E WAS PLAY$ BY ! 9SURRECTION>Y DETA*M5T GUID$ BY A PEASANT NATIVE TO ! REGION1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO4 ,FROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! MOVEM5T UP TO ITS CULM9AT+ PO9T1 :5 ! PEASANTS VANQUI%$ ! L&[N]S1 ,MAKHNO PLAY$ A PREPOND]ANT & C5TRAL ROLE TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! :OLE 9SURG5T REGION & ! MO/ H]OIC MOM5TS ( ! /RUGGLE >E L9K$ TO HIS NAME4 ,LAT]1 :5 ! 9SURRECTION HAD TRIUMPH$ COMPLETELY OV] ! ,SKOROPADSKY C\NT]-REVOLUTION & ! REGION WAS ?REAT5$ BY ,D5IK91 ,MAKHNO BECAME ! RALLY+ PO9T = MILLIONS ( PEASANTS 9 SEV]AL REGIONS4 ,?IS WAS ! MOM5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,UKRA9IAN 9SURRECTION :5 IT ACQUIR$ ITS =M & CL>IFI$ ITS HI/ORICAL TASKS4 ,= IT WAS NOT EV]Y:]E ?AT ! 9SURRECTION RETA9$ ITS CONSCI\SNESS1 ITS REVOLUTION>Y ESS5CE1 & ITS LOYALTY TO ! 9T]E/S ( ITS CLASS4 ,:ILE 9 ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E ! 9SURG5TS RAIS$ ! BLACK FLAG ( AN>*ISM & SET =? ON ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ROAD ( ! FREE ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S1 9 ! WE/]N & NOR?-WE/]N REGIONS ( ! ,UKRA9E !Y GRADUALLY SLIPP$1 AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,HETMAN1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( =EIGN ELEM5TS1 5EMIES ( !IR CLASS1 NOTABLY ! NATIONALI/ DEMOCRATS 7,PETLIUROVTSI74 ,= MORE ?AN TWO YE>S A P>T ( ! 9SURG5TS 9 ! WE/]N ,UKRA9E SUPPORT$ ,PETLIURA1 :O UND] ! NATIONALI/ BANN] PURSU$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! LOCAL LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE4 ,?US1 ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS ( ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,KIEV1 ,VOLYN1 ,PODOL'SK & A P>T ( ,POLTAVA1 :ILE HAV+ COMMON ORIG9S ) ! RE/ ( ! 9SURG5TS1 W]E SUBSEQU5TLY UNABLE TO DISCOV] AMONG !MSELVES EI!R ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR HI/ORIC MISSION OR ! ABILITY TO ORGANIZE !IR =CES1 & !Y FELL UND] ! ROD ( ! 5EMIES ( LABOR1 BECOM+ BL9D 9/RUM5TS 9 !IR H&S4 ,! 9SURRECTION 9 ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E HAD AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SIGNIFICANCE & TOOK ON A DIFF]5T ASPECT4 ,IT SEP>AT$ ITSELF /RICTLY FROM ! NON-LABOR+ ELEM5TS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 IT /RICTLY & RESOLUTELY GOT RID ( ! NATIONAL1 RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL & O!R PREJUDICES ( ! REGIME ( OPPRESSION & SLAV]Y2 IT BAS$ ITSELF ON ! REAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS ( ! CITY & ! C\NTRY1 & IT C>RI$ \T A BITT] W>F>E 9 ! NAME ( !SE ASPIRATIONS1 AGA9/ ! MANY 5EMIES ( LABOR4 ,MAKHNO4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ?AT AN \T/&+ ROLE WAS PLAY$ BY ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 9 ! EXT5SIVE REGION ( ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION 9 ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E4 ,LET US FOLL[ HIM 9 HIS ACTIVITY DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD1 NAMELY UNTIL ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,HETMAN1 & GIVE SOME BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES4 ,! PEASANT ,NE/OR ,IVANOVI* ,MAKHNO WAS BORN ON ,OCTOB] #b#g1 #a#h#h#i1 & WAS BR\ ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 ,HE WAS ! SON ( A POOR PEASANT FAMILY4 ,HE WAS ONLY T5 MON?S OLD :5 HIS FA!R DI$1 LEAV+ HIM & HIS F\R BRO!RS 9 ! C>E ( !IR MO!R4 ,BECAUSE ( ! EXTREME POV]TY ( ! FAMILY1 HE WORK$ AT ! AGE ( SEV5 AS A %EPH]D1 T5D+ ! C[S & %EEP ( ! PEASANTS ( HIS VILLAGE4 ,AT #h HE 5T]$ ! LOCAL S*OOL1 :I* HE ATT5D$ 9 W9T]1 WORK+ AS %EPH]D 9 SUMM]4 ,AT #ab HE LEFT S*OOL & HIS FAMILY TO TAKE A JOB4 ,HE WORK$ AS A F>MH& ON ! E/ATES ( NOBLES & ON F>MS ( ,G]MAN KULAKS4 ,ALREADY AT ?IS TIME1 :5 HE WAS #ad OR #a#e1 HE FELT A /RONG HATR$ T[>D ! EXPLOIT]S & DREAM$ ( ! WAY HE W\LD SOME DAY GET EV5 ) !M1 BO? = HIMSELF & = O!RS1 IF HE EV] HAD ! P[] TO DO SO4 ,LAT] HE WORK$ 9 A F\NDRY 9 HIS VILLAGE4 ,UNTIL ! AGE ( #af HE HAD NO CONTACT ) ! POLITICAL WORLD4 ,HIS SOCIAL & REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTS DEVELOP$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 A V]Y N>R[ CIRCLE ( PEASANTS1 PROLET>IANS LIKE HIMSELF4 ,! REVOLUTION ( #aie MADE HIM BREAK \T ( HIS SMALL CIRCLE1 & ?REW HIM 9TO ! GREAT TORR5T ( REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS & ACTIONS4 ,HE WAS #a#g1 FULL ( REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM & READY TO DO ANY?+ 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,AFT] HAV+ MADE SEV]AL CONTACTS ) POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 HE DECID$ TO 5T] ! RANKS ( ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S & FROM ?AT MOM5T BECAME AN UNTIR+ FI*ISM AT ?IS TIME FAC$ TWO CONCRETE TASKS3 #a7 TO UNMASK ! POLITICAL FRAUD :I* ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES L$ BY ,M>XI/S W]E PREP>+ AGA9/ ! WORK]S2 #b7 TO PO9T \T TO WORK]S & PEASANTS ! PA? T[>D SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 !SE TASKS ,MAKHNO DISCOV]$ AN EXT5SIVE FIELD ( ACTIVITY1 & TOOK P>T 9 MANY ( ! MO/ DANG]\S ACTS ( ! AN>*I/ /RUGGLE4 ,9 #aih HE FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,CZ>I/ AU?ORITIES1 :O CONDEMN$ HIM TO BE HANG$ = AN>*I/ ASSOCIATIONS & = TAK+ P>T 9 T]RORI/ ACTS4 ,BECAUSE ( HIS Y\?1 ! DEA? P5ALTY WAS COMMUT$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T AT H>D LABOR4 ,MAKHNO S]V$ HIS S5T5CE 9 ! ,BUTYRKI C5TRAL PRISON ( ,MOSC[4 ,AL?\< PRISON LIFE WAS )\T HOPE & V]Y DIFFICULT = HIM TO BE>1 ,MAKHNO US$ IT TO $UCATE HIMSELF4 ,HE %[$ GREAT P]SEV]ANCE & LE>N$ ,RUSSIAN GRAMM>1 MA!MATICS1 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 ! HI/ORY ( CULTURE1 & POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,9 FACT1 PRISON WAS ! ONLY S*OOL 9 :I* ,MAKHNO ACQUIR$ ?AT HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL KN[L$GE :I* WAS A GREAT HELP TO HIM 9 HIS SUBSEQU5T REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,LIFE1 ACTION1 DE$S W]E ! O!R S*OOLS 9 :I* HE LE>N$ TO KN[ & UND]/& M5 & SOCIAL EV5TS4 ,IT WAS 9 PRISON1 :ILE HE WAS /ILL Y\NG1 ?AT ,MAKHNO 5DANG]$ HIS HEAL?4 ,/UBBORN & UNABLE TO ACCEPT ?AT COMPLETE EXT9CTION ( P]SONALITY ?AT ?OSE CONDEMN$ TO =C$ LABOR UND]W5T1 HE WAS ALWAYS 9SUBORD9ATE TO ! PRISON AU?ORITIES & WAS CONT9UALLY 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T1 :]E1 BECAUSE ( ! COLD & DAMP1 HE CONTRACT$ PULMON>Y TUB]CULOSIS4 ,DUR+ ! N9E YE>S ( HIS DET5TION1 HE WAS FREQU5TLY 9 IRONS = 0BAD BEHAVIOR02 HE WAS F9ALLY RELEAS$ ) ALL ! O!R POLITICAL PRISON]S BY ! PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTION 9 ,MOSC[ ON ,M>* #b1 #a#i#a#g4 ,ON LEAV+ PRISON1 ,MAKHNO RETURN$ TO ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 :]E ! PEASANT MASSES %[$ PR(\ND SYMPA?Y = HIM4 ,9 ! :OLE VILLAGE HE WAS ! ONLY POLITICAL PRISON] :O WAS RETURN$ TO HIS FAMILY BY ! REVOLUTION1 & = ?AT REASON HE BECAME ! OBJECT ( SPONTANE\S RESPECT & CONFID5CE = ! PEASANTS4 ,HE WAS NO LONG] AN 9EXP]I5C$ Y\NG MAN1 BUT A TE/$ FIY WORK1 FIR/ SEEK+ TO ORGANIZE ! PEASANTS ( HIS VILLAGE & ITS SURR\ND+S4 ,HE F\ND$ A F>M-WORK]S' UNION1 ORGANIZ$ A WORK]S' COMMUNE & A LOCAL PEASANTS' SOVIET 7C\NCIL74 ,! PROBLEM ?AT CONC]N$ HIM MO/ WAS ?AT ( UNIT+ & ORGANIZ+ ! PEASANTS 9TO A P[]FUL & FIRM ALLIANCE SO ?AT !Y W\LD BE ABLE ONCE & = ALL TO DRIVE \T ! L&$ G5TRY & ! POLITICAL RUL]S & TO MANAGE !IR [N LIVES4 ,IT WAS TO ?IS 5D ?AT HE GUID$ ! ORGANIZATIONAL WORK ( ! PEASANTS1 BO? AS A PROPAG&I/ & AS A MAN ( ACTION4 ,HE S\P5TRY WORK]S1 &1 F9ALLY1 PRESID5T ( ! ,PEASANTS' & ,WORK]S' ,SOVIET ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS LA/ CAPACITY ?AT 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#a#g1 HE ASSEMBL$ ALL ! POME%*IKS 7L&$ G5TRY7 ( ! REGION & MADE !M GIVE HIM ALL ! DOCUM5TS RELAT+ TO L&S & BUILD+S4 ,HE PROCE$$ TO TAKE AN EXACT 9V5TORY ( ALL ?IS PROP]TY1 & !N MADE A REPORT ON IT1 FIR/ AT A SESSION ( ! LOCAL SOVIET1 !N AT ! DI/RICT CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 & F9ALLY AT ! REGIONAL CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,HE PROCE$$ TO EQUALIZE ! RID TO ! USE ( ! L&4 ,FOLL[+ HIS PROPOSAL1 ! CONGRESS DECID$ TO LET ! POME%*IKS & KULAKS HAVE A %>E ( ! L&1 AS WELL AS TOOLS & LIVE/OCK1 EQUAL TO ?AT ( ! LABOR]S4 ,SEV]AL PEASANT CONGRESSES 9 ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,TAURIDE1 ,POLTAVA1 ,KH>'KOV & ELSE:]E FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION & ADOPT$ ! SAME MEASURE4 ,DUR+ ?IS TIME ,MAKHNO BECAME1 9 ?IS REGION1 ! S\L ( ! PEASANTS' MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS TAK+ OV] ! L&S & GOODS ( ! POME%*IKS & EV51 IF NECESS>Y1 EXECUT+ !M4 ,HE ?US MADE HIMSELF ! MORTAL 5EMY ( ! RI* & ( LOCAL B\RGEOIS GR\PS4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN OCCUPATION ( ! ,UKRA9E1 ,MAKHNO WAS *>G$ BY ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE ) ! TASK ( =M+ BATTALIONS ( 9SURG5T PEASANTS & WORK]S = ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 9VAD]S & AGA9/ ! ,C5TRAL ,RADA 7,SUPREME GOV]N+ BODY ( ! ,UKRA9E74 ,HE WAS =C$ TO RETREAT ) HIS P>TISANS FROM ! CITIES ( ,TAGANROG1 ,RO/OV & ,TS>ITSYN1 FIY SUPPORT ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS1 PUT A PRICE ON HIS HEAD1 & HE HAD TO GO 9TO HID+4 ,! ,UKRA9IAN & ,G]MAN MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES TOOK REV5GE BY BURN+ HIS MO!R'S H\SE & %OOT+ HIS ELD] BRO!R ,EMEL'YAN1 :O WAS A W> 9VALID4 ,9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#h1 ,MAKHNO W5T TO ,MOSC[ TO CONSULT SEV]AL OLD AN>*I/S ON ME?ODS & DIRECTIONS TO FOLL[ & ON ! NATURE ( HIS WORK AMONG ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS4 ,BUT ! AN>*I/S 9 ?IS P]IOD ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION W]E V]Y 9DECISIVE & WEAK1 &1 RECEIV+ NO SATISFACTORY SUGGE/IONS OR ADVICE1 HE RETURN$ TO ! ,UKRA9E ) HIS [N IDEAS4 ,= A LONG TIME HE HAD CONSID]$ ! IDEA ( ORGANIZ+ ! VA/ PEASANT MASSES 9 ORD] TO RELEASE ! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY ?AT HAD BE5 ACCUMULAT+ 9 !M = C5TURIES1 & TO HURL ?IS =MIDABLE P[] AGA9/ ! EXI/+ REGIME ( OPPRESSION4 ,N[ HE JUDG$ ?AT ?IS MOM5T HAD >RIV$4 ,:ILE 9 ,MOSC[ HE READ 9 ! NEWSPAP]S AB\T ! NUM]\S 9SURRECTION>Y ACTS ( ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS1 & HE GREW AGITAT$ & IMPATI5T2 EV]Y DAY ( HIS /AY 9 ,MOSC[ CAUS$ HIM GREAT MORAL SUFF]+4 ,9 HA/E1 & ) ! AID ( AN OLD FRI5D :O WAS A COMRADE & =M] FELL[ PRISON]1 HE EQUIPP$ HIMSELF & F9ALLY LEFT = ! ,UKRA9E & HIS REGION ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,?IS HAPP5$ 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#a#h4 ,HE ACCOMPLI%$ ! TRIP ) GREAT DIFFICULTY & V]Y SECRETLY1 SO AS NOT TO FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,HETMAN'S AG5TS4 ,ON ONE OCCASION ,MAKHNO WAS ALMO/ KILL$1 BE+ >RE/$ BY AN ,AU/RO-,G]MAN DETA*M5T :ILE C>RY+ A SUITCASE ( AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE4 ,A RI* ,JEW FROM ,GULYAI-,POLYE :O HAD KN[N ,MAKHNO P]SONALLY = A LONG TIME1 SUCCE$$ 9 SAV+ HIM BY PAY+ A CONSID]ABLE SUM ( MONEY = HIS RELEASE4 ,ON R\TE TO ! ,UKRA9E1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS PROPOS$ TO ,MAKHNO ?AT HE %\LD SELECT A C]TA9 REGION ( ! ,UKRA9E & C>RY \T SECRET REVOLUTION>Y WORK !RE 9 !IR NAME4 ,NATURALLY HE REFUS$ EV5 TO DISCUSS ?IS (F]2 ! TASKS HE HAD SET HIMSELF HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ?OSE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,BACK 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 ,MAKHNO DECID$ ?AT HE W\LD EI!R DIE OR OBTA9 VICTORY = ! PEASANTS1 & 9 NO EV5T W\LD HE LEAVE ! REGION4 ,! NEWS ( HIS RETURN SPREAD RAPIDLY FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE4 ,)\T DELAY HE /AT$ HIS MISSION OP5LY AMONG ! GREAT MASSES ( PEASANTS1 SPEAK+ AT IMPROVIS$ MEET+S1 WRIT+ & DI/RIBUT+ LETT]S & LEAFLETS4 ,BY P5 & M\? HE CALL$ ON ! PEASANTS = A DECISIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! P[] ( ! ,HETMAN & ! L&LORDS1 EMPHATICALLY DECL>+ ?AT ! WORK]S %\LD N[ TAKE !IR FATE 9TO !IR [N H&S & NOT LET !IR FRE$OM TO ACT BE TAK5 FROM !M4 ,HIS /IRR+ APPEAL WAS HE>D1 9 A FEW WEEKS1 BY MANY VILLAGES & :OLE DI/RICTS1 PREP>+ ! MASSES = ! GREAT EV5TS ( ! FUTURE4 ,MAKHNO PROCE$$ IMM$IATELY TO DIRECT ACTION4 ,HIS FIR/ CONC]N WAS TO =M A REVOLUTION>Y-MILIT>Y UNIT SUFFICI5TLY /RONG TO GU>ANTEE FRE$OM ( PROPAG&A & ACTION 9 ! VILLAGES & T[NS & AT ! SAME TIME TO BEG9 GU]RILLA OP]ATIONS4 ,?IS UNIT WAS QUICKLY ORGANIZ$4 ,9 ! VILLAGES !RE W]E M>VEL\SLY COMBATIVE ELEM5TS1 READY = ACTION4 ,!Y ONLY LACK$ A GOOD ORGANIZ]4 ,MAKHNO WAS ! MAN4 ,HIS FIR/ UNIT UND]TOOK TWO URG5T TASKS1 NAMELY1 A7 TO PURSUE 5]GETICALLY ! WORK ( PROPAG&A & ORGANIZATION AMONG ! PEASANTS1 & B7 TO C>RY ON A /UBBORN >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL !IR 5EMIES4 ,! GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( ?IS M]CILESS /RUGGLE WAS ?AT NO LORD :O HAD P]SECUT$ ! PEASANTS1 NO POLICEMAN ( ! ,HETMAN1 NO ,RUSSIAN OR ,G]MAN (FIC] :O WAS AN IMPLACABLE 5EMY ( ! PEASANTS1 DES]V$ ANY PITY2 HE MU/ BE DE/ROY$4 ,ALL :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! OPPRESSION ( ! POOR PEASANTS & WORK]S1 ALL :O S\Y-MILIT>Y ACTION WAS IMM5SE3 IT EXT5D$ FROM ,LOZOVAYA TO ,B]DYANSK1 ,M>IUPOL' & ,TAGANROG1 & FROM ,LUGANSK & ,GRI%9O TO ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,ALEKS&ROVSK & ,MELITOPOL'4 ,RAPIDITY ( MOVEM5T WAS HIS SPECIAL TACTIC4 ,?ANKS TO IT1 & ALSO TO ! SIZE ( ! REGION1 HE C\LD ALWAYS APPE> SUDD5LY :]E HE WAS LEA/ EXPECT$4 ,9 A %ORT TIME HE 5VELOP$ )9 A CIRCLE ( IRON & FIRE ! :OLE REGION 9 :I* ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE W]E REE/ABLI%+ !IR P[]4 ,ALL ?OSE :O1 DUR+ ! PA/ TWO OR ?REE MON?S1 HAD SUCCE$$ 9 SETTL+ BACK 9TO !IR OLD E/ATES1 ALL ?OSE :O 5SLAV$ ! PEASANTS1 /OLE !IR LABOR & L&1 ALL ?OSE :O RUL$ OV] !M AS MA/]S1 F\ND !MSELVES SUDD5LY UND] ! M]CILESS H& ( ,MAKHNO & HIS P>TISANS4 ,SWIFT AS ! W9D1 9TREPID1 PITILESS T[>D !IR 5EMIES1 !Y FELL ?UND]\SLY ON SOME E/ATES1 MASSACR$ ALL ! SWORN 5EMIES ( ! PEASANTS1 & DISAPPE>$ AS RAPIDLY AS !Y HAD COME4 ,! NEXT DAY ,MAKHNO W\LD BE MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ MILES AWAY1 W\LD APPE> 9 SOME T[N1 MASSACRE ! ,V>TA 7SECURITY POLICE71 (FIC]S & NOBLEM51 & VANI% BE=E ! ,G]MAN TROOPS HAD TIME TO REALIZE :AT HAD HAPP5$1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E ALL PREP>$ = HIM4 ,! NEXT DAY HE W\LD AGA9 BE A HUNDR$ MILES AWAY1 TAK+ ACTION AGA9/ A DETA*M5T ( ,HUNG>IANS :O W]E TAK+ REPRISALS1 OR HANG+ SOME GU>DS ( ! ,V>TA4 ,BO? ! ,V>TA & ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN AU?ORITIES W]E AL>M$4 ,SEV]AL UNITS W]E S5T TO CAPTURE ,MAKHNO4 ,IT WAS 9 VA94 ,EXCELL5T HORSEM5 S9CE *ILDHOOD1 HIS P>TISANS C\LD NOT BE CAU CAVALRY4 ,(T51 AS ?\< TO MOCK HIS 5EMIES1 ,MAKHNO W\LD SUDD5LY APPE> 9 ! V]Y C5T] ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 OR 9 ,POLOGI1 :]E MANY ,AU/RO-,G]MAN TROOPS W]E ALWAYS /ATION$1 OR 9 SOME O!R PLACE :]E TROOPS W]E CONC5TRAT$1 KILL+ ! (FIC]S :O FELL 9TO HIS H&S & ESCAP+1 SAFE & S\ND1 )\T LEAV+ ! SLITISANS1 9 ! UNI=M ( ! ,V>TA1 W\LD P5ETRATE 9TO ! V]Y MID/ ( ! 5EMY1 LE>N+ !IR PLANS & PREP>ATIONS4 ,!N HE W\LD SET \T ) A DETA*M5T ( ! ,V>TA 9 PURSUIT ( ,MAKHNO1 & W\LD EXT]M9ATE !M ON ! WAY4 ,! P>TISANS HELD TO ! FOLL[+ G5]AL RULE 9 REG>D TO ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN & ,HUNG>IAN TROOPS !Y 5C\NT]$3 !Y W\LD KILL ! (FIC]S & SET ! CAPTUR$ SOLDI]S FREE2 !Y W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ! SOLDI]S %\LD RETURN TO !IR [N C\NTRIES1 TELL :AT ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS W]E DO+1 & WORK = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,LIT]ATURE1 & SOMETIMES EV5 MONEY1 W]E DI/RIBUT$ AMONG !M4 ,ONLY SOLDI]S KN[N TO HAVE BE5 GUILTY ( ACTS ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! PEASANTS W]E EXECUT$4 ,?IS WAY ( TREAT+ ! CAPTUR$ ,AU/RO-,G]MAN & ,HUNG>IAN SOLDI]S HAD A C]TA9 REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CE ON !M4 ,DUR+ ?IS FIR/ P]IOD ( 9SURRECTION>Y ACTIVITY1 ,MAKHNO WAS NOT ONLY ! ORGANIZ] & GUIDE ( ! PEASANTS1 BUT ALSO A H>% AV5G] ( ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE4 ,DUR+ ! %ORT P]IOD ( HIS FIR/ 9SURRECTION>Y ACTIVITY1 HUNDR$S ( NE/S ( ! NOBILITY W]E DE/ROY$1 ?\S&S ( OPPRESSORS & ACTIVE 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE W]E M]CILESSLY WIP$ \T4 ,HIS BOLD & RESOLUTE ME?OD ( ACT+1 ! RAPIDITY ( HIS APPE>ANCES & DISAPPE>ANCES1 ! PRECISION ( HIS BL[S1 & ! MANIFE/ IMPOSSIBILITY ( CAPTUR+ HIM1 DEAD OR ALIVE1 SOON MADE HIM A FIGURE ?AT /RUCK T]ROR & HATR$ 9 ! B\RGEOISIE1 BUT GAVE RISE TO FEEL+S ( DEEP SATISFACTION1 PRIDE & HOPE AMONG ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,TO ! PEASANTS ,MAKHNO BECAME A LEG5D>Y FIGURE4 ,9 ,MAKHNO'S *>ACT] & HIS ACTIONS1 !RE W]E 9 FACT QUALITIES WOR?Y ( LEG5D3 HIS EXTRAORD9>Y BOLDNESS1 HIS /UBBORN WILL1 HIS RES\RCEFULNESS 9 ALL CIRCUM/ANCES1 & F9ALLY ! DELILIKE SPIRIT ?AT WAS %[N 9 HIS 9SURRECTION>Y UND]TAK+S ( ?IS E>LY P]IOD ( HIS ACTIVITY WAS ONLY ! FIR/ MANIFE/ATION ( HIS 5ORM\S TAL5T AS A W>RIOR & ORGANIZ]4 ,WE WILL SEE LAT] :AT A REM>KABLE MILIT>Y =CE & :AT A MAGNIFIC5T ORGANIZ] CAME FROM ! RANKS ( ! PEASANTS 9 ! P]SON ( ,MAKHNO4 ,NOT M]ELY A REM>KABLE MILIT>Y GUIDE & ORGANIZ]1 BUT ALSO A GOOD AGITATOR1 ,MAKHNO CON/ANTLY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( MEET+S ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 NUM]\S VILLAGES ( ! REGION :]E HE OP]AT$4 ,HE MADE REPORTS ON ! TASKS ( ! MOM5T1 ON ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ON ! FREE & 9DEP5D5T COMMUNAL LIFE ( ! PEASANT-WORK]S ?AT WAS ! F9AL GOAL ( ! 9SURRECTION4 ,HE ALSO PUBLI%$ PAMPHLETS ON !SE TOPICS1 AS WELL AS APPEALS TO ! PEASANTS & WORK]S1 ! ,AU/RIAN & ,G]MAN SOLDI]S1 ! ,DON & ,KUBAN ,COSSACKS1 ETC4 0,CONQU] OR DIE -- SU* IS ! DILEMMA :I* FACES ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS & WORK]S AT ?IS HI/ORIC MOM5T4 ,BUT WE CANNOT ALL DIE1 = WE >E 9NUM]ABLE -- WE >E MANK9D6 ,!RE=E1 WE WILL CONQU]4 ,BUT WE WILL NOT CONQU] 9 ORD] TO REPEAT ! ]RORS ( ! PA/ YE>S1 ! ]ROR ( PUTT+ \R FATE 9TO ! H&S ( NEW MA/]S2 WE WILL CONQU] 9 ORD] TO TAKE \R DE/9IES 9TO \R [N H&S1 TO CONDUCT \R LIVES ACCORD+ TO \R [N WILL & \R [N CONCEPTION ( ! TRU?40 7,TAK5 FROM ONE ( ,MAKHNO'S FIR/ APPEALS47 ,?IS IS H[ ,MAKHNO ADDRESS$ ! VA/ PEASANT MASSES4 ,SOON HE BECAME ! RALLY+ PO9T = ALL ! 9SURG5T MASSES4 ,9 EV]Y VILLAGE ! PEASANTS CREAT$ SECRET LOCAL GR\PS1 RALLI$ TO ,MAKHNO1 SUPPORT$ HIM 9 ALL HIS UND]TAK+S1 FOLL[$ HIS ADVICE & SUGGE/IONS4 ,MANY DETA*M5TS ( P>TISANS -- ?OSE ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE AS WELL AS NEWLY =M$ ONES -- JO9$ HIS GR\PS1 SEEK+ COORD9AT$ ACTIONS4 ,! NE$ = UNITY & ACTIVITY ON A G5]AL SCALE WAS RECOGNIZ$ BY ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TISANS1 & ALL W]E ( ! OP9ION ?AT ?IS UNITY W\LD BE BE/ A*IEV$ UND] ,MAKHNO'S DIRECTION4 ,SU* WAS ALSO ! OP9ION ( SEV]AL L>GE B&S ( 9SURG5TS :O UNTIL !N HAD BE5 9DEP5D5T ( ONE ANO!R4 ,NOTABLE AMONG !SE W]E ! L>GE DETA*M5TS COMM&$ BY ,KURIL5KO1 :O OP]AT$ 9 ! ,B]DYANSK REGION1 ?AT COMM&$ BY ,%*US'1 9 ! ,DIBRIVKI REGION1 & ?AT ( ,PETR5KO-,PLATONOV 9 ! ,GRI%9O REGION4 ,!Y ALL SPONTANE\SLY JO9$ ,MAKHNO4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! UNIFICATION ( ! P>TISAN UNITS 9 ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E 9TO A S+LE 9SURRECTION>Y >MY CAME AB\T NATURALLY1 ?R\< ! =CE ( EV5TS & ! WILL ( ! MASSES4 ,IT WAS AT AB\T ?IS TIME1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ?AT ,MAKHNO RECEIV$ ! NICKNAME ,BATKO -- G5]AL LEAD] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,?IS TOOK PLACE 9 ! FOLL[+ CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,LOCAL POME%*IKS 9 ! MAJOR C5T]S1 ! KULAKS1 & ! ,G]MAN AU?ORITIES1 DECID$ TO ELIM9ATE ,MAKHNO & HIS DETA*M5T AT ANY CO/4 ,! POME%*IKS CREAT$ A SPECIAL VOLUNTE] DETA*M5T CONSI/+ ( !IR [N SONS & ?OSE ( KULAKS = ! DECISIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,MAKHNO4 ,ON ! #c? ( ,SEPTEMB] ?IS DETA*M5T1 ) ! HELP ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS1 CORN]$ ,MAKHNO 9 ! REGION ( ,BOL'%AYA ,MIKHAILOVKA1 SETT+ UP /RONG MILIT>Y PO/S ON ALL ROADS4 ,AT ?IS TIME ,MAKHNO F\ND HIMSELF ) ONLY #c P>TISANS & ONE MA*9E GUN4 ,HE WAS =C$ TO MAKE A FIRIV+ 9 ! =E/ ( ,DIBRIVKI1 ,MAKHNO F\ND HIMSELF 9 AN EXTREMELY DIFFICULT SITUATION4 ,! PA?S ( RETREAT W]E OCCUPI$ BY ! 5EMY4 ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = ! DETA*M5T TO BREAK ?R\<1 & ESCAP+ 9DIVIDUALLY WAS B5EA? !IR REVOLUTION>Y DIGNITY4 ,NO ONE 9 ! DETA*M5T W\LD AGREE TO AB&ON !IR LEAD] SO AS TO SAVE HIMSELF4 ,AFT] SOME REFLECTION1 TWO DAYS LAT]1 ,MAKHNO DECID$ TO RETURN TO ! VILLAGE ( ,BOL'%AYA ,MIKHAILOVKA 7,DIBRIVKI74 ,LEAV+ ! =E/ ! P>TISANS MET PEASANTS :O CAME TO W>N !M ?AT !RE W]E L>GE 5EMY =CES 9 ,DIBRIVKI & ?AT !Y %\LD MAKE HA/E TO GO ELSE:]E4 ,?IS 9=MATION DID NOT /OP ,MAKHNO & HIS P>TISANS4 ,9 SPITE ( ! TE>S ( ! WOM5 :O TRI$ TO HOLD !M BACK1 !Y SET \T = ,BOL'%AYA ,MIKHAILOVKA4 ,!Y APPROA*$ ! VILLAGE GU>D$LY4 ,MAKHNO HIMSELF & A FEW ( HIS COMRADES W5T ON RECONNAISSANCE & SAW A L>GE 5EMY CAMP ON ! *UR* SQU>E1 DOZ5S ( MA*9E GUNS1 HUNDR$S ( SADDL$ HORSES1 & GR\PS ( CAVALRY4 ,PEASANTS 9=M$ !M ?AT A BATTALION ( ,AU/RIANS & A SPECIAL POME%*IK DETA*M5T W]E 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,RETREAT WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!N ,MAKHNO1 ) HIS USUAL /UBBORNNESS & DET]M9ATION1 SAID TO HIS COMPANIONS3 0,WELL1 MY FRI5DS6 ,WE %\LD ALL BE READY TO DIE ON ?IS SPOT4440 ,! MOM5T WAS OM9\S1 ! M5 W]E FIRM & FULL ( 5?USIASM4 ,ALL #c SAW ONLY ONE PA? BE=E !M -- ! PA? T[>D ! 5EMY1 :O HAD AB\T A ?\S& WELL->M$ M51 & !Y ALL REALIZ$ ?AT ?IS MEANT C]TA9 DEA? = !M4 ,ALL W]E MOV$1 BUT NONE LO/ C\RAGE4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS MOM5T ?AT ONE ( ! P>TISANS1 ,%*US'1 TURN$ TO ,MAKHNO & SAID3 0,FROM N[ ON Y\ WILL BE ,BATKO TO ALL ( US1 & WE V[ TO DIE ) Y\ 9 ! RANKS ( ! 9SURG5TS40 ,!N ! :OLE DETA*M5T SWORE NEV] TO AB&ON ! 9SURG5T RANKS1 & TO CONSID] ,MAKHNO ! G5]AL ,BATKO ( ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION4 ,!N !Y PREP>$ TO ATTACK4 ,%*US' ) FIVE TO SEV5 M5 WAS ASSIGN$ TO GO TO ATTACK ! FLANK ( ! 5EMY4 ,MAKHNO ) ! O!RS ATTACK$ FROM ! FRONT4 ,) A F]OCI\S 0,HURRAH60 ! P>TISANS ?REW !MSELVES HEADLONG AGA9/ ! 5EMY1 SMIT+ ! V]Y C5T] ) SAB]S1 RIFLES & REVOLV]S4 ,! ATTACK HAD A %ATT]+ EFFECT4 ,! 5EMY1 :O W]E EXPECT+ NO?+ ( ! K9D1 W]E B[L$ OV] & BEGAN TO FLEE 9 PANIC1 SAV+ !MSELVES 9 GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALLY1 AB&ON+ >MS1 MA*9E GUNS & HORSES4 ,)\T LEAV+ !M TIME TO COME TO !MSELVES1 TO BECOME AW>E ( ! NUMB] ( ! ATTACK+ =CES1 & TO PASS TO A C\NT]-ATTACK1 ! 9SURG5TS *AS$ !M 9 SEP>ATE GR\PS1 CUTT+ !M D[N AT FULL GALLOP4 ,A P>T ( ! POME%*IK DETA*M5T FL$ TO ! ,VOL*YA ,RIV]1 :]E !Y W]E DR[N$ BY PEASANTS :O HAD JO9$ ! BATTLE4 ,! 5EMY'S DEFEAT WAS COMPLETE4 ,LOCAL PEASANTS & DETA*M5TS ( REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5TS CAME FROM ALL DIRECTIONS TO TRIUMPHANTLY ACCLAIM ! H]OES4 ,!Y UNANIM\SLY AGRE$ TO CONSID] ,MAKHNO AS ,BATKO ( ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,TWO DAYS AFT] !SE EV5TS1 ,BOL'%AYA ,MIKHAILOVKA WAS 9VAD$ BY A MASS ( ,AU/RO-,G]MAN TROOPS & DETA*M5TS ( POME%*IKS & KULAKS ASSEMBL$ FROM ! 5TIRE REGION4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #e1 ,G]MAN TROOPS BEGAN BOMB>D+ ! VILLAGE ) 9T5SE >TILL]Y FIRE1 & :5 IT WAS SUFFICI5TLY DE/ROY$ BY %ELLS1 9FANTRY & KULAK DETA*M5TS 5T]$ ! VILLAGE & BEGAN TO C>RY \T EXECUTIONS & SET FIRE TO ! 5TIRE VILLAGE4 ,BOL'%AYA ,MIKHAILOVKA BURN$ = TWO DAYS1 & DUR+ ?OSE TWO DAYS ! KULAK & ,G]MAN TROOPS TOOK FI]CE REPRISALS AGA9/ ! PEASANT POPULATION4 ,?IS FACT FUR!R TIY RELATIONS4 ,! VA/ PEASANT MASSES1 ! MAJORITY ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! T[NS & VILLAGES1 OBVI\SLY W]E NOT 9 P>TISAN DETA*M5TS1 BUT !Y W]E NEV]!LESS TIY1 COLLECT$ & TRANSMITT$ TO IT ! P>TISANS 9=MATION ON ! 5EMY'S MOVEM5TS2 AT TIMES L>GE MASSES ( PEASANTS JO9$ ! DETA*M5TS TO C>RY \T 9 COMMON SOME SPECIFIC REVOLUTION>Y TASK1 BATTL+ ALONGSIDE !M = TWO OR ?REE DAYS1 !N RETURN+ TO !IR FIELDS4 ,! OCCUPATION ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE BY ! 9SURG5TS ON ! EVE ( ! ,HETMAN'S D[NFALL & ! DECOMPOSITION ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN TROOPS IS V]Y TYPICAL ( !SE RELATIONS4 ,MAKHNO OCCUPI$ ! VILLAGE ) A SMALL DETA*M5T4 ,! ,AU/RIANS /ATION$ AT ,POLOGI S5T TROOPS4 ,DUR+ A :OLE DAY ,MAKHNO RECEIV$ NO HELP & WAS =C$ TO LEAVE ! VILLAGE4 ,BUT 9 ! EV5+ SEV]AL HUNDR$ PEASANTS ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE CAME TO HIS AID1 & ) !M HE WAS ABLE TO HOLD \T AGA9/ AN 5TIRE DIVISION ( ,AU/RIAN SOLDI]S4 ,AT DAWN ! PEASANTS RETURN$ HOME1 FE>+ BETRAYAL ON ! P>T ( SOME VILLAG]S :O MIK4 ,HE RETOOK ! VILLAGE1 *AS+ \T ! ,AU/RIANS ) ! HELP ( ! LOCAL 9HABITANTS4 ,?IS CONT9U$ = ?REE OR F\R DAYS1 AFT] :I* ,GULYAI-,POLYE F9ALLY REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS4 ,SU* VITAL L9KS BETWE5 ! BROAD PEASANT MASSES & ,MAKHNO'S REVOLUTION>Y DETA*M5TS W]E E/ABLI%$ EV]Y:]E4 ,!SE L9KS W]E EXTREMELY IMPORTANT1 S9CE !Y GAVE ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION ! PROPORTIONS & ! *>ACT] ( A G5]AL PEASANT MOVEM5T4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibb 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/