,*APT] #d 
,! ,FALL ( ! ,HETMAN4 ,PETLIURISM4 ,BOL%EVISM 

#aibcaibc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,>%9OV 

,TEXT 3 

,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION ( ! ,UKRA9IAN POME%*IKS1 P]SONIFI$ BY ! ,HETMAN1 WAS )\T A D\BT >TIFICIAL1 S9CE IT WAS IMPLANT$ BY ! =CE ( ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN IMP]IALISM4 ,! ,UKRA9IAN POME%*IKS & CAPITALI/S C\LD NOT HAVE HELD \T = A S+LE DAY DUR+ ! TEMPE/U\S YE> ( #aiah IF !Y HAD NOT BE5 SUPPORT$ BY ! P[] ( ! ,G]MAN >MY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE E/IMATE1 AT LEA/ HALF A MILLION ,AU/RO-,G]MAN & ,HUNG>IAN TROOPS OCCUPI$ ! ,UKRA9E4 ,!RE MAY EV5 HAVE BE5 MORE4 ,ALL !SE TROOPS W]E REGUL>LY SPREAD \T ?R\<\T ! ,UKRA9E 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT MORE ( !M W]E ASSIGN$ TO REVOLUTION>Y & TURBUL5T REGIONS4 ,FROM ! FIR/ DAY ( ! OCCUPATION1 ALL !SE TROOPS W]E PLAC$ AT ! S]VICE ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y 9T]E/S1 & 9 !IR RELATIONS ) ! WORK+ PEASANTS !Y CONDUCT$ !MSELVES AS CONQU]ORS 9 A VANQUI%$ C\NTRY4 

,?US1 DUR+ ! 5TIRE P]IOD ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTRY HAD TO FI<T1 NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! ,HETMAN'S REGIME1 BUT ALSO AGA9/ ! 5TIRE MASS ( ,AU/RO-,G]MAN SOLDI]S4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ?IS MILIT>Y SUPPORT1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS NOT ABLE TO E/ABLI% ITSELF SOLIDLY1 & ) ! GR[? ( ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION IT BEGAN TO DIS9TEGRATE ONCE & = ALL4 ,ULTIMATELY ! 9SURRECTION ALSO CAUS$ ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN =CES4 ,:5 ! TROOPS1 COMPLETELY DISORI5T$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION ON ONE H&1 & BY ! POLITICAL UPHEAVALS 9 ,AU/RIA & ,G]MANY ON ! O!R1 LO/ !IR PURPOSE & W]E RECALL$ TO !IR C\NTRIES1 ! 5TIRE ,UKRA9IAN REACTION F\ND ITSELF SUSP5D$ 9 MID-AIR4 ,ITS DAYS1 EV5 ITS M9UTES1 W]E NUMB]$4 ,ITS WEAKNESS & ITS C[>DICE W]E SU* ?AT IT DID NOT ATTEMPT ANY RESI/ANCE4 ,! ,HETMAN SIMPLY FL$ TO REGIONS LESS ?REAT5$ BY ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION1 RETURN+ TO ! PLACE FROM :I* HE HAD BE5 >TIFICIALLY CALL$ TO LIFE BY ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM4 ,& ! POME%*IKS HAD FL$ WELL 9 ADVANCE ( ! ,HETMAN4 

,FROM ?IS MOM5T1 ?REE V]Y DIFF]5T1 BASIC =CES W]E ACTIVE 9 ! ,UKRA9E3 ,PETLIURISM1 ,BOL%EVISM & ,MAKHNOVISM4 ,SOON EA* ( !M BECAME ! AV[$ & IRRECONCILABLE 5EMY ( ! O!R TWO4 ,9 ORD] TO DRAW A MORE ACCURATE PICTURE ( ! *>ACT] ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T1 WE WILL FIR/ SAY A FEW WORDS AB\T ! CLASS & SOCIAL NATURE ( ,PETLIURISM4 ,?IS IS A MOVEM5T ( ! ,UKRA9IAN NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE /RIV+ TO E/ABLI% ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DOM9ATION 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,ITS PROGRAM = ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! C\NTRY IS MODEL$ ON ! ,FR5* OR ,SWISS REPUBLICS4 ,?IS MOVEM5T IS 9 NO WAY SOCIAL BUT EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL & NATIONALI/4 ,ITS PROMISES TO IMPROVE ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! WORK]S1 PROMISES :I* >E F\ND 9 ,PETLIURA'S PROGRAM1 >E BASICALLY NO?+ MORE ?AN A TRIBUTE TO \R REVOLUTION>Y EPO*1 A TOK5 ) :I* TO A*IEVE !IR [N GOALS MORE EASILY4 

,FROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! ,M>*1 #a#i#a#g1 REVOLUTION1 ! ,UKRA9IAN LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE CONC]N$ ITSELF ) ! PROBLEM ( NATIONAL SEP>ATION FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,L>GE CIRCLES ( KULAKS1 LIB]AL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 & $UCAT$ ,UKRA9IANS 9 G5]AL1 GAVE RISE TO A MOVEM5T = POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,FROM ITS BEG9N+1 ITS LEAD]S PAID S]I\S ATT5TION TO ! MASSES ( ,UKRA9IAN SOLDI]S AT ! FRONT & 9 ! 9T]IOR4 ,!Y PROCE$$ TO ORGANIZE ! SOLDI]S1 ON A NATIONAL BASIS1 9TO SPECIAL ,UKRA9IAN REGIM5TS4 

,9 ,MAY #a#i#a#g1 ! LEAD]S ( ! MOVEM5T ORGANIZ$ A MILIT>Y CONGRESS :I* ELECT$ A G5]AL MILIT>Y COMMITTEE TO DIRECT ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T4 ,LAT] ?IS COMMITTEE WAS 5L>G$ & NAM$ ! ,RADA 7,C\NCIL1 9 ,UKRA9IAN74 ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#a#g1 AT ! PAN-,UKRA9IAN ,CONGRESS1 ?IS BECAME ! ,C5TRAL ,RADA1 A K9D ( P>LIAM5T ( ! NEW ,UKRA9IAN ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC4 ,F9ALLY1 A MON? LAT]1 A 0,UNIV]SAL0 7,MANIFE/O7 ( ! ,RADA PROCLAIM$ ! 9DEP5D5CE & AUTONOMY ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC4 ,?US1 DUR+ ,K]5SKY'S REGIME 79 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA71 A NEW AUTONOM\S ,/ATE WAS =M$ 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 & BEGAN TO E/ABLI% ITSELF ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY AS ! DOM9ANT =CE4 ,?IS WAS ,PETLIURISM1 D]IV+ ITS NAME FROM ,SIMON ,PETLIURA1 ONE ( ! ACTIVE LEAD]S ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,! DEVELOPM5T & CONSOLIDATION ( ,PETLIURISM 9 ! ,UKRA9E WAS A S]I\S BL[ TO ,BOL%EVISM1 :I* HAD JU/ TAK5 P[] 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA & WANT$ TO EXT5D IT TO ! ,UKRA9E4 ,! POSITION ( ,BOL%EVISM 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA DUR+ ?OSE FIR/ DAYS W\LD HAVE BE5 EV5 MORE DIFFICULT )\T ! 5TIRE ,UKRA9E4 ,!RE=E ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ALL HA/E S5T TROOPS TO ,KIEV4 ,A FURI\S /RUGGLE TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,PETLIURI/S >\ND ,KIEV FROM ,JANU>Y #aa TO ,JANU>Y #b#e1 #a#i#a#h4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #be ! ,BOL%EVIKS OCCUPI$ ,KIEV & SOON BEGAN TO EXT5D !IR P[] ?R\<\T ! ,UKRA9E4 ,! ,PETLIURA GOV]NM5T & ! POLITICIANS ( ! SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T RETIR$ TO ! WE/]N P>T ( ! C\NTRY1 FROM :]E !Y PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,UKRA9E BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,ON ?IS OCCASION ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT REMA9 9 ! ,UKRA9E = A LONG TIME -- TWO OR ?REE MON?S AT MO/ -- & !Y RETREAT$ TO ,GREAT ,RUSSIA 9 ,M>*-,APRIL1 #a#i#a#h1 GIV+ WAY TO ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN >MY ( OCCUPATION4 ,! ,PETLIURI/S TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS3 !IR GOV]NM5T1 9 ! =M ( ! ,C5TRAL ,RADA & ! CAB9ET ( M9I/]S1 RETURN$ TO ,KIEV & REE/ABLI%$ ITSELF4 ,?IS TIME ! ,REPUBLIC WAS NOT CALL$ ,DEMOCRATIC1 BUT RA!R ! ,UKRA9IAN ,PEOPLES' ,REPUBLIC4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ?IS ,REPUBLIC1 OBVI\SLY1 LIKE EV]Y O!R GOV]NM5T1 DEP5D$ ON ITS TROOPS1 & :5 IT 5T]$ ,KIEV IT DID NOT MAKE ! SLI<TE/ EF=T TO ASK :E!R OR NOT ! PEOPLE NE$$ ?IS GOV]NM5T4 ,IT TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION1 SIMPLY 5T]$ ! C\NTRY1 & PROCLAIM$ ITSELF ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T4 ,ITS MA9 PRO( WAS ! =CE ( ITS >MS4 

,BUT ONCE AGA9 ! ,PETLIURI/S DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 REMA9+ AT ! HEAD ( ! GOV]NM5T = LONG4 ,= ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN =CES :I* OCCUPI$ ! ,UKRA9E IT WAS MU* EASI] TO DEAL ) ! =M] LORDS ( ! ,UKRA9E -- G5]ALS & POME%*IKS -- ?AN ) ! ,PETLIURI/S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ON ! BASIS ( !IR MILIT>Y P[]1 !Y UNC]EMONI\SLY REPLAC$ ,PETLIURA ) ! AUTOCRATIC GOV]NM5T ( ! ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY4 ,?IS IS :5 ! REACTION ( ! POME%*IKS & G5]ALS BEGAN 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,9 ! FACE ( ?IS REACTION1 ! ,PETLIURI/S TOOK A POLITICALLY REVOLUTION>Y POSITION4 ,!Y LOOK$ =W>D TO ITS COLLAPSE SO AS TO RETURN TO ! HEAD ( ! ,/ATE4 ,PETLIURA HIMSELF WAS IMPRISON$ & ?US DISAPPE>$ FROM ! POLITICAL >5A4 ,BUT ! ,HETMAN'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS COM+ TO AN 5D2 IT BEGAN TO DIS9TEGRATE UND] ! BL[S ( ! G5]ALIZ$ PEASANT 9SURRECTION4 ,S5S+ ?IS1 ! ,PETLIURI/S1 EV5 BE=E ! F9AL COLLAPSE ( ! ,HETMAN1 BEGAN TO ORGANIZE !IR P[] 9 V>I\S REGIONS ( ! ,UKRA9E1 & !Y BEGAN TO =M AN >MY4 ,CIRCUM/ANCES W]E EXTREMELY FAVORABLE TO !M4 ,! PEASANTRY WAS 9 A /ATE ( REVOLT1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( SPONTANE\S 9SURG5TS W]E ONLY WAIT+ = ! FIR/ CALL TO M>* AGA9/ ! ,HETMAN'S P[]4 ,! ,HETMAN WAS /ILL 9 ,KIEV :5 A L>GE NUMB] ( S\!RN ,UKRA9IAN CITIES HAD ALREADY PASS$ TO ! H&S ( ! ,PETLIURI/S4 ,IT WAS !RE1 9 ! PROV9CES1 ?AT ! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ,PETLIURI/ P[]1 ! ,DIRECTORATE1 WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,! ,PETLIURI/S HA/5$ TO EXT5D & CONSOLIDATE !IR P[]1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! ABS5CE ( O!R ASPIRANTS1 ESPECIALLY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#a#h1 ,SKOROPADSKY FL$1 & ,PETLIURA'S ,DIRECTORATE SOLEMNLY 5T]$ ,KIEV1 ) ,PETLIURA HIMSELF AT ITS HEAD1 TOGE!R ) O!R MEMB]S ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC4 

,?IS EV5T >\S$ GREAT 5?USIASM 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,PETLIURI/S DID EV]Y?+ !Y C\LD TO MAGNIFY !IR SUCCESS1 & POS$ AS NATIONAL H]OES4 ,9 A %ORT TIME !IR P[] AGA9 EXT5D$ OV] MO/ ( ! ,UKRA9E4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! S\?1 9 ! REGION ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ PEASANT MOVEM5T1 ?AT !Y HAD NO SUCCESS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y 5C\NT]$ S]I\S RESI/ANCE & EXP]I5C$ MAJOR SETBACKS4 ,BUT 9 ALL ! MAJOR C5T]S ( ! C\NTRY ! ,PETLIURI/S TRIUMPH$1 & PR\DLY DISPLAY$ !IR BANN]S4 ,?IS TIME ! DOM9ATION ( ! SEP>ATI/ B\RGEOISIE SEEM$ ASSUR$4 ,BUT ?IS SUCCESS WAS ILLUSORY4 

,! NEW P[] HAD H>DLY HAD TIME TO 9/ALL ITSELF BE=E IT BEGAN TO DIS9TEGRATE BECAUSE ( ITS CONTRADICTORY CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,MILLIONS ( PEASANTS & WORK]S :O1 AT ! MOM5T ( ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,HETMAN1 W]E )9 ! ORBIT ( ! ,PETLIURI/S1 W]E SOON DISILLUSION$ & BEGAN TO LEAVE ,PETLIURA'S RANKS 9 L>GE NUMB]S3 !Y S\<T ANO!R VEHICLE = !IR 9T]E/S & ASPIRATIONS4 ,! MAJOR P>T DISP]S$ 9TO ! CITIES & VILLAGES & !RE ADOPT$ A HO/ILE ATTITUDE T[>D ! NEW P[]4 ,O!RS JO9$ ! 9SURRECTION>Y DETA*M5TS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ) SLOGANS CALL+ = /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! IDEAS & P[] ( ! ,PETLIURI/S4 ,! ,PETLIURI/S W]E ?US AS QUICKLY DIS>M$ AS !Y HAD BE5 >M$ BY ! M>* ( EV5TS4 ,!IR IDEA ( B\RGEOIS 9DEP5D5CE1 B\RGEOIS NATIONAL UNITY1 C\LD ONLY LA/ = A FEW H\RS AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE4 ,! BURN+ BREA? ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION R$UC$ ?IS FALSE IDEA TO A%ES & LEFT ITS SUPPORT]S 9 COMPLETE IMPOT5CE4 ,& AT ! SAME TIME1 MILIT>Y ,BOL%EVISM WAS RAPIDLY APPROA*+ FROM ! ,NOR?1 EXP]T 9 ME?ODS ( CLASS AGITATION & FIRMLY RESOLV$ TO TAKE P[] 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,JU/ ONE MON? AFT] ! 5TRY ( ,PETLIURA'S ,DIRECTORATE 9TO ,KIEV1 ! ,BOL%EVIK TROOPS 5T]$4 ,FROM ?AT TIME ! ,COMMUNI/ P[] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS EXT5D$ OV] MO/ ( ! ,UKRA9E4 

,BOL%EVISM4 ,ITS ,CLASS ,*>ACT]4 

  

,WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 9 ! FIR/ *APT]1 ?AT ALL ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION1 ! 5TIRE ,SOVIET /ATI/ & GOV]NM5TAL APP>ATUS1 ALL ! NEW SOCIAL-POLITICAL RELATIONS1 9 %ORT1 EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS C>RI$ \T BY ,BOL%EVISM 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! REALIZATION ( ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( ! SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ITS CLASS DOM9ATION 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,! PEASANTS & ! WORK]S1 :OSE NAME WAS 9VOK$ MILLIONS ( TIMES DUR+ ! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 >E ONLY ! BRIDGE TO P[] = ! NEW CA/E ( RUL]S1 ! NEW MA/]S1 ! F\R? E/ATE4 

,AT ! TIME ( ! #aie REVOLUTION ?IS CA/E EXP]I5C$ A DEFEAT4 ,IT HAD HOP$ TO E/ABLI% ITS LEAD]%IP OV] ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 & TO REALIZE ITS GOALS BY MEANS ( ! WELL-TRODD5 PA? ( POLITICS1 />T+ ) ITS WELL-KN[N M9IMUM PROGRAM4 ,AT FIR/ !Y PROPOS$ ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A REPUBLICAN REGIME 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,!N !Y W\LD PROCE$ TO ! CONQUE/ ( ,/ATE P[] BY P>LIAM5T>Y MEANS1 AS IS DONE BY DEMOCRATS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN /ATES4 ,AS IS KN[N1 ! PLANS ( ! DEMOCRATS FAIL$ COMPLETELY 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#e2 ! PEASANTS & ! WORK]S DID NOT GIVE !M ! NECESS>Y SUPPORT4 ,SOME ]RONE\SLY HOLD ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ! #aie REVOLUTION WAS CAUS$ BY ! P[] & BRUTALITY ( ,CZ>ISM4 ,! CAUSES ( ?IS DEFEAT >E MU* MORE PR(\ND2 !Y RESIDE 9 ! V]Y *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,FROM #ai TO #a#i#c1 A :OLE S]IES ( MASSIVE ECONOMIC /RIKES TOOK PLACE 9 ! S\? ( ,RUSSIA1 !N 9 ! NOR? & ELSE:]E4 ,AT FIR/ ?IS MOVEM5T DID NOT CLE>LY =MULATE ITS GOALS2 NEV]!LESS1 ITS CLASS *>ACT] SOON REVEAL$ ITSELF4 ,! SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY 5T]$ ?IS MOVEM5T FROM \TSIDE & ATTEMPT$ TO LEAD IT ALONG ! PA? ( PURELY POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,?ANKS TO ITS NUM]\S & M>VEL\SLY ORGANIZ$ P>TIES1 :I* OCCUPI$ ! 5TIRE FIELD ( POLITICAL PROPAG&A1 IT SUCCE$$ 9 OBLIT]AT+ ALL ! VIVID SOCIAL SLOGANS & 9 REPLAC+ !M ) ! POLITICAL SLOGANS ( ! DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y DET]M9$ ! C\RSE ( ! #aie REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE UND] SLOGANS =EIGN TO ! PEOPLE ?AT IT MET DEFEAT4 ,HAV+ EXCLUD$ FROM ! REVOLUTION ITS SOCIAL ELEM5TS1 ! SOCIAL PROGRAM ( ! WORK]S1 ! DEMOCRACY TOOK FROM IT EV5 ITS SAP1 BECAUSE IT KILL$ ! P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y ?RU/ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! #aie REVOLUTION FAIL$1 NOT BECAUSE ,CZ>ISM WAS TOO P[]FUL1 BUT BECAUSE1 DUE TO ITS N>R[LY POLITICAL *>ACT]1 IT C\LD NOT >\SE ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! REVOLUTION >\S$ ONLY A P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITIES2 ! 5TIRE MASS ( PEASANTS H>DLY BUDG$4 ,CZ>ISM1 :I* HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO MAKE CONCESSIONS1 QUICKLY RETRACT$ !M AS SOON AS IT UND]/OOD ! TRUE /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 & IT CRU%$ ?IS REVOLUTION ( HALF-MEASURES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRACY :I* L$ ! MOVEM5T F\ND REFUGE ABROAD4 ,BUT ! LESSON LE>N$ FROM ?IS DEFEAT C\LD NOT PASS UNNOTIC$4 ,! LESSON WAS COMPLETELY ABSORB$ BY ,BOL%EVISM1 ! LEFT W+ ( ! DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS UND]/OOD ?AT A PURELY POLITICAL REVOLUTION WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE 9 ,RUSSIA1 !Y SAW ?AT ! ATT5TION ( ! MASSES HAD TURN$ TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 & !Y CONCLUD$ ?AT A VICTORI\S REVOLUTION WAS POSSIBLE 9 ,RUSSIA ONLY AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ( WORK]S & PEASANTS :I* WAS DIRECT$ T[>DS OV]TURN+ ! POLITICAL AS WELL AS ! ECONOMIC REGIME4 ,! IMP]IALI/ W> ( #aiad TO #aiag ONLY ACC5TUAT$ & /R5G!N$ ?IS DIRECTION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BY REVEAL+ ! TRUE FACE ( ! DEMOCRACY1 ! W> %[$ ?AT ! MON>*Y & ! DEMOCRACY WELL DES]V$ EA* O!R2 ! ONE AS WELL AS ! O!R %[$ ITSELF TO BE A PLUND]] & MURD]] ( ! POPUL> MASSES4 ,IF A PURELY POLITICAL REVOLUTION WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE 9 ,RUSSIA ALREADY BE=E ! W>1 ! IMP]IALI/ W> KILL$ ! V]Y IDEA ( SU* A REVOLUTION4 

,?R\<\T ! WORLD A VOLCANIC TREMOR HAD LONG AGO CREAT$ AN 5ORM\S *ASM1 DIVID+ CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY 9TO TWO DI/9CT & HO/ILE CAMPS3 CAPITAL & LABOR4 ,?IS *ASM PUT AN 5D TO ! POLITICAL DIFF]5CES AMONG ! V>I\S EXPLOIT]-,/ATES4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL1 ! F\NDATION ( SLAV]Y -- ?IS IS ! IDEA :I* MOTIVATES ! MASSES AS SOON AS !Y TURN !IR ATT5TION T[>D REVOLUTION4 ,!Y >E ABSOLUTELY 9DIFF]5T TO ! POLITICAL UPHEAVALS ( ! PA/4 ,?IS WAS ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS IS ALSO ! SITUATION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 ,NOT TO SEE ?IS1 NOT TO TAKE IT 9TO ACC\NT1 MEANS REMA9+ HOPELESSLY REMOV$ FROM LIFE4 

,BOL%EVISM TOOK ?IS ASPECT ( REALITY 9TO ACC\NT & PROMPTLY REVIS$ ITS POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS SAW ! COM+ MASS REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA AS A REVOLUTION DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( MOD]N SOCIETY3 AGA9/ AGRICULTURAL1 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CAPITAL4 ,!Y SAW ?AT ! CLASS ( PROPRIETORS 9 ! CITIES & ! C\NTRYSIDE WAS CONDEMN$1 & !Y DREW !IR CONCLUSION3 IF ?IS IS SO1 IF A P[]FUL SOCIAL EXPLOSION IS 9EVITABLE 9 ,RUSSIA1 !N ! DEMOCRACY MU/ REALIZE ITS HI/ORIC TASK ON ! T]RA9 ( ?IS EXPLOSION4 ,! DEMOCRACY MU/ PR(IT FROM & MAKE USE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( ! PEOPLE1 PLACE ITSELF AT !IR HEAD DUR+ ! OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 TAKE /ATE P[] & BUILD ! $IFICE ( ITS DOM9ATION ON ! BASIS ( ,/ATE SOCIALISM4 ,& ?IS IS :AT ,BOL%EVISM SUCCESSFULLY ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MASS MOVEM5T BE=E & DUR+ ,OCTOB]4 ,ALL !IR FUR!R ACTIVITY 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WILL ONLY BE A REALIZATION ( ! DETAILS ( ! DEMOCRACY'S /ATI/ DOM9ATION4 

,)\T A D\BT1 ,BOL%EVISM IS A HI/ORIC EV5T 9 ,RUSSIAN & 9T]NATIONAL LIFE4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY A SOCIAL1 BUT ALSO A PSY*OLOGICAL MANIFE/ATION4 ,IT 9SPIR$ A L>GE NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS -- /UBBORN1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 LACK+ ALL SOCIAL OR MORAL S5TIM5TALITY & PREP>$ TO MAKE USE ( ANY MEANS 9 ! /RUGGLE = !IR TRIUMPH4 ,BOL%EVISM ALSO PU%$ =W>D A LEAD] P]FECTLY SUIT$ TO ?IS TASK4 ,L59 IS NOT ONLY ! LEAD] ( A P>TY2 HE IS1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ! LEAD] ( A C]TA9 PSY*OLOGICAL TYPE ( PEOPLE4 ,9 ,L59 ?IS HUMAN TYPE F9DS ITS MO/ P]FECT & MO/ P[]FUL P]SONIFICATION4 ,IT IS ON ?IS MODEL ?AT ! SELECTION & GR\P+ ( ! COMBATIVE & (F5SIVE =CES ( ! DEMOCRACY >E MADE ?R\<\T ! :OLE WORLD4 ,! BASIC PSY*OLOGICAL TRAIT ( ,BOL%EVISM IS ! REALIZATION ( ITS WILL BY MEANS ( ! VIOL5T ELIM9ATION ( ALL O!R WILLS1 ! ABSOLUTE DE/RUCTION ( ALL 9DIVIDUALITY1 TO ! PO9T :]E IT BECOMES AN 9ANIMATE OBJECT4 ,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO RECOGNIZE 9 !SE TRAITS AN ANCI5T BRE$ ( MA/]S4 ,& 9 FACT1 IT IS EXCLUSIVELY BY AU?ORIT>IAN ACTS ?AT ,BOL%EVISM MAKES ITS PRES5CE FELT ?R\<\T ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,IT LACKS EV5 ! %AD[ ( :AT WILL CON/ITUTE ! ESS5TIAL TRAIT ( ! REAL WORK+ CLASS SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! FUTURE3 ! >D5T DESIRE TO WORK1 TO WORK UNCEAS+LY1 )\T RE/1 UNTIL ONE'S LA/ BREA?1 ) COMPLETE DISREG>D = ONESELF1 = ! GOOD ( ! PEOPLE4 ,ALL ! EF=TS ( ,BOL%EVISM1 AT TIMES 5ORM\S & P]SI/5T1 >E NO?+ MORE ?AN ! CREATION ( AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANS :I*1 9 RELATION TO ! PEOPLE1 REPRES5T ONLY ! ?REATS & BRUTALITY ( =M] MA/]S4 

,LET US LOOK BRIEFLY AT ! *ANGES BR\<T AB\T BY ,BOL%EVISM -- 9 ! LIVES ( WORK]S & PEASANTS -- :I* CON=M TO ITS ,COMMUNI/ IDEOLOGY4 

,! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 L&1 URBAN DWELL+S1 COMM]CE2 WORK]S' & PEASANTS' RI<T TO VOTE -- !SE >E ! FUNDAM5TALS ( PURE ,BOL%EVIK COMMUNISM4 ,9 REALITY 0NATIONALIZATION0 RESULT$ 9 ! ABSOLUTE ,/ATIFICATION ( ALL =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,NOT ONLY 9DU/RY1 TRANSPORTATION1 $UCATION1 DI/RIBUTION NETWORKS1 ETC41 BECAME ! PROP]TY ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS1 EV]Y WORK] 9DIVIDUALLY1 HIS WORK & HIS 5]GY1 TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS & WORK]S' & PEASANTS' COOP]ATIVES CAME UND] ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE IS EV]Y?+1 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] -- NO?+4 ,?IS IS ! MA9 PRECEPT ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,= ! ,/ATE IS P]SONIFI$ BY FUNCTION>IES1 & 9 FACT IT IS !Y :O >E EV]Y?+2 ! WORK+ CLASS IS NO?+4 

,! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 REMOV+ ! WORK]S FROM ! H&S ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S1 DELIV]$ !M TO ! YET MORE RAPACI\S H&S ( A S+LE EV]-PRES5T CAPITALI/ BOSS1 ! ,/ATE4 ,! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ?IS NEW BOSS >E ! SAME AS E>LI] RELATIONS BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL1 ) ! SOLE DIFF]5CE ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ BOSS1 ! ,/ATE1 NOT ONLY EXPLOITS ! WORK]S1 BUT ALSO PUNI%ES !M HIMSELF1 S9CE BO? ( !SE FUNCTIONS -- EXPLOITATION & PUNI%M5T -- >E COMB9$ 9 HIM4 ,WAGE LABOR HAS REMA9$ :AT IT WAS BE=E1 EXCEPT ?AT IT HAS TAK5 ON ! *>ACT] ( AN OBLIGATION TO ! ,/ATE4 ,TRADE UNIONS LO/ ALL !IR NATURAL RI<TS & W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO ORGANS ( POLICE SURVEILLANCE ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( TAXES1 WAGE RATES1 ! RI<T TO HIRE & FIRE WORK]S1 ! G5]AL MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES1 !IR 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION1 ETC4 -- ALL ?IS IS ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( ! ,P>TY1 ( ITS ORGANS OR ( ITS AG5TS4 ,AS = ! ROLE ( TRADE UNIONS 9 ALL FIELDS ( PRODUCTION1 IT IS PURELY C]EMONIAL3 !Y MU/ SIGN ! DECREES ( ! ,P>TY1 :I* CAN NEI!R BE *ALL5G$ NOR *ANG$4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 ALL ?IS WE >E DEAL+ ) A SIMPLE SUB/ITUTION ( ,/ATE CAPITALISM = PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY REPRES5TS A NEW TYPE ( PRODUCTION RELATIONS 9 :I* ECONOMIC SLAV]Y1 ! ECONOMIC DEP5D5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 A S+LE FI/1 ! ,/ATE4 ,9 ESS5CE ?IS 9 NO WAY IMPROVES ! SITUATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,OBLIGATORY LABOR 7= WORK]S1 NATURALLY7 & ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR >E ! SPIRIT ( ! NATIONALIZ$ FACTORY4 ,LET US GIVE AN EXAMPLE4 ,9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#a#h1 ! WORK]S ( ! =M] ,PROKHOROV FACTORY 9 ,MOSC[ BECAME AGITAT$ & ?REAT5$ TO REBEL AGA9/ ! 9ADEQUATE WAGES & ! POLICE REGIME 9 ! FACTORY4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ SEV]AL MEET+S 9 ! FACTORY ITSELF1 EVICT$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEE1 :I* WAS M]ELY A P>TY CELL1 & TOOK AS !IR WAGES P>T ( :AT !Y HAD PRODUC$4 ,MEMB]S ( ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION ( ! TEXTILE WORK]S' UNION DECL>$1 AFT] ! MASS ( WORK]S REFUS$ TO DEAL ) !M3 ! BEHAVIOR ( ! WORK]S 9 ! ,PROKHOROV FACTORY ?R[S A %AD[ ON ! AU?ORITY ( ,SOVIET P[]2 ALL FUR!R ACTION ( !SE WORK]S W\LD DEFAME ,SOVIET P[] 9 ! EYES ( WORK]S 9 O!R 5T]PRISES2 ?IS CANNOT BE ALL[$1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! ,PROKHOROV FACTORY MU/ BE CLOS$1 ! WORK]S MU/ BE S5T AWAY1 A COMMISSION %\LD BE CREAT$ :I* WILL BE ABLE TO E/ABLI% A FIRM REGIME 9 ! FACTORY2 AFT] :I* IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO RECRUIT A NEW /AFF ( WORK]S4 ,& ?IS WAS DONE4 ,IT CAN BE ASK$3 :O W]E !SE PEOPLE1 !SE ?REE OR F\R M5 :O SO FREELY DET]M9$ ! DE/9Y ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S8 ,W]E !Y PLAC$ 9 !IR PO/S BY ! MASSES8 ,DID ! PEOPLE GIVE !M SU* 5ORM\S P[]8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,IT WAS ! ,P>TY ?AT APPO9T$ !M1 & ?IS WAS !IR P[]4 ,?IS EXAMPLE IS ONE ( ?\S&S4 ,?IS EXAMPLE1 LIKE A DROP ( WAT]1 REFLECTS ! TRUE SITUATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RY4 

,:AT REMA9S TO ! WORK]S & TO !IR ORGANIZATIONS8 ,A V]Y N>R[ B]? -- ! RI<T TO ELECT ?IS OR ?AT DELEGATE TO A SOVIET COMPLETELY SUBS]VI5T TO ! ,P>TY4 

,! SITUATION ( ! LABOR]S 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE IS EV5 WORSE4 ,! PEASANTS MADE GOOD USE ( ! L& ( =M] POME%*IKS1 PR9CES & O!R L&LORDS4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS WELL-BE+ WAS NOT GIV5 TO !M BY ! ,COMMUNI/ P[]1 BUT BY ! REVOLUTION4 ,= DOZ5S ( YE>S !Y HAD DESIR$ ! L& & 9 #aiag !Y TOOK IT1 LONG BE=E ! ,SOVIET P[] WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,IF ,BOL%EVISM M>*$ ) ! PEASANTS 9 !IR SEIZURE ( ! POME%*IKS' L&S1 IT WAS ONLY 9 ORD] TO DEFEAT ! AGR>IAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT ?IS 9 NO WAY 9DICAT$ ?AT ! FUTURE ,COMMUNI/ P[] HAD ! 9T5TION ( FURNI%+ ! PEASANTS L&4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y4 ,! IDEAL ( ?IS P[] IS ! ORGANIZATION ( A S+LE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY BELONG+ ALTOGE!R TO ! SAME LORD1 ! ,/ATE4 ,SOVIET AGRICULTURAL E/ATES CULTIVAT$ BY WAGE WORK]S & PEASANTS -- ?IS IS ! MODEL = ! ,/ATE AGRICULTURE :I* ! ,COMMUNI/ P[] /RIVES TO EXT5D TO ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,! LEAD]S ( ,BOL%EVISM ANN\NC$ ?IS V]Y CLE>LY & SIMPLY AFT] ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,NO4 #ac ( ! 0,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL10 NOTABLY 9 ! RESOLUTION ON ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM 7PP4 #b#d#c#e-#b#d#d#e1 ,RUSSIAN $ITION7 >E GIV5 DETAIL$ DESCRIPTIONS ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ,/ATE AGRICULTURE ON ?IS MODEL4 ,9 ! SAME RESOLUTION IT IS /AT$ ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO PROCE$ ) ! ORGANIZATION ( COLLECTIVE 7NAMELY1 ,/ATE-CAPITALI/7 AGRICULTURE GRADUALLY & ) ! GREATE/ PRUD5CE4 ,NATURALLY4 ,! ABRUPT TRANS=MATION ( T5S ( MILLIONS ( PEASANTS FROM 9DEP5D5T F>M]S 9TO WAGE WORK]S = ! ,/ATE W\LD 9EVITABLY HAVE PROVOK$ A DANG]\S /ORM :I* C\LD HAVE L$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE TO A CATA/ROPHE4 ,! CONCRETE ACTIVITY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P[] 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE HAS UNTIL TODAY BE5 LIMIT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! REQUISITION ( FOOD & RAW MAT]IALS1 & TO ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ PEASANT MOVEM5TS :I* OPPOS$ ! ,COMMUNI/S4 

,! POLITICAL RI<TS ( PEASANTS4 ,!Y CONSI/ ( ! COMPULSORY E/ABLI%M5T ( VILLAGE & DI/RICT ,SOVIETS 5TIRELY SUBORD9ATE TO ! ,P>TY4 ,! PEASANTS HAVE NO O!R RI<TS4 ,! MILLIONS ( PEASANTS ( A P>TICUL> REGION1 PLAC$ ON ONE SIDE ( ! POLITICAL SCALE1 WILL ALWAYS WEI< LESS ?AN ! SMALLE/ REGIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY4 ,9 %ORT1 9/EAD ( RI<TS WE F9D A SC&AL\S ABS5CE ( RI<TS AMONG ! PEASANTS4 

,! ,SOVIET ,/ATE APP>ATUS IS ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ALL ! LEV]S ( P[] ( ! APP>ATUS >E 9 ! H&S ( ! DEMOCRACY1 :I* FALSELY PRES5TS ITSELF AS ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,NO MATT] :AT DOMA9 ( ,/ATE ADM9I/RATION WE EXAM9E1 EV]Y:]E WE F9D ! PR9CIPAL PLACES 9V>IABLY OCCUPI$ BY ! SAME1 EV]-PRES5T DEMOCRAT4 

,:O DIRECTS ALL ! NEWSPAP]S1 ! J\RNALS & O!R PUBLICATIONS8 ,POLITICIANS :O COME \T ( ! PRIVILEG$ DEMOCRATIC CIRCLES4 

,:O WRITES & MANAGES ! C5TRAL PUBLICATIONS :I* CLAIM TO LEAD ! WORLD PROLET>IAT1 LIKE ! ,IZVE/IA ( ! ,V4,TS4,I4,K4 7,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE71 ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 OR ! ORGAN ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY8 ,EXCLUSIVELY H&-PICK$ GR\PS ( 9TELLECTUAL-DEMOCRATS4 

,& :O HEADS ! POLITICAL ORGANS CREAT$1 AS EV5 !IR NAMES %[1 NOT = ! NE$S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT = ! NE$S ( POLITICS1 ( DOM9ATION8 ,9 :OSE H&S IS ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY1 ! 0,SOVN>KOM0 7,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S71 ! ,V4,TS4,I4,K41 ETC48 ,5TIRELY 9 ! H&S ( ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 BR\<T UP 9 POLITICS1 F> FROM ! WORK+ CLASS1 & :O 9VOKE ! NAME ( ! PROLET>IAT ! SAME WAY AS AN UNBELIEV+ PRIE/ 9VOKES ! EMPTY NAME ( GOD4 ,& ALL ! ECONOMIC ORGANS1 BEG9N+ ) ! ,SOVN>KHOZ 7,C\NCIL ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY7 & 5D+ ) ! LESS IMPORTANT 0C5TRALS0 & 0SUBSIDI>IES10 >E ALSO 9 ! SAME H&S4 

,?US WE SEE ! 5TIRE DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL GR\P OCCUPY+ ! MA9 POSITIONS ( LEAD]%IP 9 ! ,/ATE4 

,HUMAN HI/ORY HAS NEV] KN[N AN 9/ANCE :5 A SPECIFIC SOCIAL GR\P1 ) ITS CLASS 9T]E/S & ITS CLASS GOALS1 APPROA*$ ! WORK]S 9 ORD] TO HELP !M4 ,NO1 SU* GR\PS ALWAYS GO TO ! PEOPLE ) ! SOLE AIM ( PLAC+ !M UND] !IR ?UMB4 ,! DEMOCRATIC GR\P IS NO EXCEPTION TO ?IS G5]AL SOCIAL RULE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT COMPLETELY & DEF9ITIVELY CONFIRMS ?IS RULE4 

,IF SOME IMPORTANT PO/S 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE >E OCCUPI$ BY WORK]S1 ?IS IS ONLY BECAUSE IT IS USEFUL TO ! SLAVE REGIME2 IT GIVES ! DEMOCRATIC P[] AN APPE>ANCE ( POPUL>ITY & S]VES TO CONSOLIDATE1 TO CEM5T1 ! $IFICE ( DOM9ATION ( ! SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY4 ,! ROLE ( !SE WORK]S IS SECOND>Y2 !Y MA9LY C>RY \T ORD]S4 ,9 ADDITION1 !Y 5JOY PRIVILEGES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! 5TIRE SUBJUGAT$ WORK+ CLASS2 !Y >E RECRUIT$ FROM AMONG ! SO-CALL$ 0CONSCI\S WORK]S10 NAMELY ?OSE :O UNCRITICALLY ACCEPT ! PR9CIPLES ( ,M>XISM & ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA4 

,9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE ! WORK]S & PEASANTS >E SOCIALLY 5SLAV$1 ECONOMICALLY PLUND]$1 & POLITICALLY DEPRIV$ ( ALL RI<TS4 ,BUT ?IS IS /ILL NOT ALL4 ,HAV+ EMB>K$ ON ! ROAD ( G5]AL /ATIFICATION1 ,BOL%EVISM 9EVITABLY HAD TO PLACE ITS H& ON ! SPIRITUAL LIFE ( ! WORK]S AS WELL4 ,9 FACT1 IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO F9D ANO!R C\NTRY :]E ! ?\<T ( ! WORK]S IS OPPRESS$ AS COMPLETELY AS 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE4 ,UND] ! PRETEXT ( /RUGGL+ AGA9/ B\RGEOIS & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 ALL PUBLICATIONS :I* DO NOT EXPRESS ! ,COMMUNI/ VIEWPO9T >E SUPPRESS$1 EV5 :5 !SE PUBLICATIONS >E PUBLI%$ & SUPPORT$ BY BROAD MASSES ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,NO ONE IS ABLE TO EXPRESS HIS ?\<TS \T L\D4 ,JU/ AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE >RANG$ ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY 9 CON=MITY ) !IR PROGRAM1 !Y HAVE ALSO DRIV5 ! SPIRITUAL LIFE ( ! PEOPLE 9TO ! FRAMEWORK ( ?IS PROGRAM4 ,! LIVELY FIELD ( POPUL> ?\<T & POPUL> EXPLORATION IS TRANS=M$ 9TO ! GLOOMY B>RACKS ( MILIT>Y BASIC TRA9+4 ,! M9D & S\L ( ! PROLET>IAT >E %AP$ 9 P>TY S*OOLS4 ,ANY DESIRE TO SEE BEYOND ! WALLS ( ?IS S*OOL IS PROCLAIM$ H>MFUL & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 

,BUT ?IS /ILL IS NOT ALL4 ,! DI/ORTION ( ! REVOLUTION & ITS P]SPECTIVES C>RI$ \T BY ,BOL%EVISM ) ITS DICTATOR%IP C\LD NOT PASS )\T PROTE/S ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES & )\T !IR ATTEMPT TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?IS DI/ORTION4 ,ALL !SE PROTE/S HAVE NOT WEAK5$ ! POLITICAL OPPRESSION1 BUT RA!R /R5G!N$ IT4 ,A LONG P]IOD ( GOV]NM5TAL T]ROR TRANS=M$ ALL ( ,RUSSIA 9TO AN IMM5SE PRISON1 :]E FE> BECAME A VIRTUE & LY+ BECAME COMPULSORY4 ,CRU%$ BY ! POLITICAL OPPRESSION1 FRI<T5$ BY ! GOV]NM5TAL T]ROR1 ADULTS LIE1 Y\NG PEOPLE LIE1 FIVE-YE>-OLD *ILDR5 LIE4 

,! QUE/ION :I* >ISES IS :Y ! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE HAS CREAT$ SU* AN IMPOSSIBLE SOCIAL1 POLITICAL & MORAL SITUATION4 ,MI<T ! SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY BE WORSE ?AN ITS PR$ECESSOR1 ! CAPITALI/ B\RGEOISIE8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT ! SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY W\LD NOT EV5 CONC$E ! ILLUSORY FRE$OMS ) :I* ! ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN B\RGEOISIE PRES]VE AN APPE>ANCE ( EQUILIBRIUM 9 !IR ,/ATES8 ,! PROBLEM LIES ELSE:]E4 ,AL?\< ! DEMOCRATIC CLASS HAS ITS [N 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE1 UNTIL REC5TLY IT WAS MAT]IALLY POOR1 EV5 9DIG5T4 ,?IS IS :Y1 FROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( ITS POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 IT WAS NOT ABLE TO F9D )9 ITSELF ! UNITY & UNIV]SALITY :I* RUL+ CLASSES 5JOY BECAUSE ( !IR PRIVILEG$ MAT]IAL SITUATION4 ,! DEMOCRACY PRODUC$ ONLY A DETA*M5T ( FI<T+ P>TISANS1 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & ?IS DETA*M5T HAD TO DEVOTE MORE ?AN ?REE YE>S TO ! 5ORM\S TASK ( BUILD+ ! NEW ,/ATE4 ,HAV+ NO NATURAL SUPPORT 9 ANY ( ! CLASSES ( CURR5T SOCIETY -- NEI!R AMONG WORK]S1 NOR AMONG PEASANTS1 NOR AMONG ! NOBILITY OR ! B\RGEOISIE 7AMONG :OM ! DEMOCRACY ITSELF CANNOT BE 9CLUD$1 S9CE IT WAS NOT ECONOMICALLY ORGANIZ$71 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY NATURALLY RESORT$ TO T]ROR & TO A REGIME ( G5]AL OPPRESSION4 

,FROM :AT HAS BE5 %[N AB\T ! T]RORI/ POSITION ( ,BOL%EVISM 9 ,RUSSIA IT IS EASY TO UND]/& :Y ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY SO OP5LY & HURRI$LY 5L>G$ & SOLIDIFI$ ! NEW B\RGEOISIE P]SONIFI$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! LEAD+ FUNCTION>IES1 & ! COMM&+ /AFF ( ! >MY4 ,?IS B\RGEOISIE IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ,BOL%EVISM AS A NATURAL SOIL :I* FURNI%ES IT ) ITS VITAL SAP1 & AS A P]MAN5T CLASS SUPPORT 9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! WORK+ MASSES4 

,WE DO NOT EXPLA9 ! ,COMMUNI/ CON/RUCTION WE HAVE M5TION$1 :I* BR+S SLAV]Y TO WORK]S & PEASANTS1 9 T]MS ( ]RORS OR DEVIATIONS ( ,BOL%EVISM1 BUT 9 T]MS ( ITS CONSCI\S ASPIRATION TO SUBORD9ATE ! MASSES1 9 T]MS ( ITS DOM9E]+ & EXPLOITATIVE ESS5CE4 

,BUT H[ DOES IT HAPP5 ?AT ?IS GR\P1 =EIGN & HO/ILE TO ! WORK+ MASSES1 HAS SUCCE$$ 9 IMPOS+ ITSELF AS ! LEAD] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( ! PEOPLE1 MAK+ ITS WAY TO P[] 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE1 & CONSOLIDAT+ ITS DOM9ATION8 

,!RE >E TWO CAUSES3 ! ATOMIZ$1 DISORGANIZ$ CONDITION ( ! MASSES 9 ! DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION1 & ! DECEPTION ( ! SOCIALI/ SLOGANS4 

,! PR(ESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS :I* EXI/$ BE=E #aiag W]E F> BEH9D ! FI]Y REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ! MASSES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y \TBUR/ ( ! MASSES W5T F> BEYOND ! LIMITS ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 SURPASS+ & SUBM]G+ !M4 ,! IMM5SE MASS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS FAC$ ! SPREAD+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION )\T ! NECESS>Y SUPPORT OR ASSI/ANCE ( !IR [N CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,& ALONGSIDE ?IS MASS OP]AT$ A M>VEL\SLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIALI/ P>TY 7! ,BOL%EVIKS74 ,TOGE!R ) ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ?IS ,P>TY DIRECTLY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! OV]?R[ ( ! 9DU/RIAL & AGR>IAN B\RGEOISIE1 CALL+ ON ! MASSES TO C>RY ?IS \T1 ASSUR+ !M ?AT ?IS REVOLUTION W\LD BE ! SOCIAL -- ! LA/ -- REVOLUTION LEAD+ ! 5SLAV$ TO ! FREE REALM ( SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM4 ,TO ! VA/ MASSES1 9EXP]I5C$ 9 POLITICS1 ?IS SEEM$ TO BE ! OBVI\S TRU?4 ,! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ REGIME GAVE RISE TO 5ORM\S CONFID5CE 9 IT4,! /RATUM ( 9TELLECTUAL WORK]S :O W]E ! C>RI]S ( ! IDEALS ( ! DEMOCRACY WAS ALWAYS SO ?9 & SP>SE ?AT ! MASSES KNEW NO?+ ( ITS EXI/5CE AS A SPECIFIC ECONOMIC CATEGORY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AT ! MOM5T ( ! OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! MASSES SAW NO ONE O!R ?AN !MSELVES :O MI<T REPLACE ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,& IT WAS PRECISELY AT ?IS MOM5T ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE WAS 9 FACT REPLAC$ BY !SE ACCID5TAL LEAD]S1 ! DECEITFUL ,BOL%EVIKS1 EXP]I5C$ 9 POLITICAL DEMAGOGY4 

,%AMELESSLY EXPLOIT+ ! REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS = FRE$OM1 EQUALITY & SOCIAL 9DEP5D5CE1 ,BOL%EVISM V]Y SKILLFULLY SUB/ITUT$ ITS IDEA ( SOVIET P[]4 

,9 MANY P>TS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,OCTOB] UPHEAVAL1 WORK]S UND]/OOD ! IDEA ( SOVIET P[] AS ! IDEA ( !IR SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE4 

,?ANKS TO ITS REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY & ITS DEMAGOGIC CONFUSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA ( ! WORK]S ) ITS [N IDEA ( POLITICAL DOM9ATION1 ,BOL%EVISM DREW ! MASSES TO ITSELF & MADE EXT5SIVE USE ( !IR CONFID5CE4 

,! MIS=TUNE ( ! MASSES CONSI/$ ( ! FACT ?AT !Y ACCEPT$ ! DOCTR9ES ( SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM COMPLETELY & /RAI<T=W>DLY1 AS ! PEOPLE ALWAYS ACCEPT ! IDEAS ( TRU?1 JU/ICE & GOODNESS4 ,H[EV]1 9 !SE DOCTR9ES TRU? IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A LURE1 A BEAUTIFUL PROMISE :I* MOVES & EXALTS ! S\L ( ! PEOPLE4 ,AS 9 ALL O!R ,/ATE SY/EMS1 ! ESS5CE ( ?IS 0TRU?0 IS ! CAPTURE & DI/RIBUTION ( ! PEOPLE'S =CES & !IR LABOR BY A SMALL BUT WELL-ORGANIZ$ GR\P ( P>ASITES4 

,9 ! :IRLW9D ( EV5TS :I* SWEPT ACROSS ,RUSSIA & ! ,UKRA9E1 9 ! AVALAN*E ( POLITICAL1 MILIT>Y & O!R OP]ATIONS1 ! RISE TO P[] ( A NEW GR\P ( EXPLOIT]S WAS NOT AT FIR/ CLE>LY P]CEIV$ BY ! VA/ MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! DEF9ITIVE CONSOLIDATION ( ?IS P[] TOOK SEV]AL YE>S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS EXT5SIVE & WAS SKILLFULLY MASK$ BY ! 9T]E/$ GR\P4 ,A C]TA9 TIME WAS NE$$ BE=E IT C\LD REVEAL ITSELF TO ! BROAD MASSES4 

,AT ! TIME ( ! GREAT ,FR5* REVOLUTION1 :5 FEUDALISM -- ! MON>*Y ( K+S & NOBLES -- WAS DEF9ITIVELY DE/ROY$1 ! MASSES ?\<T ?AT !Y W]E 5GAG$ 9 ?IS GREAT DE/RUCTION = ! SAKE ( !IR FRE$OM1 & ?AT ! POLITICAL P>TIES AT ! =EFRONT W]E ONLY FRI5DS & HELP]S4 ,SEV]AL YE>S PASS$ BE=E ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 LOOK+ C>EFULLY >\ND !M1 REALIZ$ ?AT :AT HAD TAK5 PLACE WAS A SIMPLE REPLACEM5T ( ! AU?ORITIES1 ?AT ! PLACES ( ! K+ & ! NOBLES W]E N[ OCCUPI$ BY A NEW CLASS ( EXPLOITATIVE MA/]S3 ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,SU* HI/ORICAL FACTS ALWAYS NE$ A C]TA9 TIME TO BECOME VISIBLE & COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! L>GE MASSES4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,WE HAVE GIV5 A BROAD \TL9E ( ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL F\NDATIONS ( ,BOL%EVISM1 ITS REAL CONT5T4 ,AFT] TWO YE>S ( ITS DICTATOR%IP 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,BOL%EVISM MADE ITS CONT5T PLA9LY VISIBLE4 ,?IS BECAME EVID5T TO ISOLAT$ GR\PS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS AT FIR/1 & LAT] TO ! VA/ MASSES ( PEOPLE4 ,?IS WAS ! Y\?FUL =CE1 FULL ( AU?ORIT>IAN ASPIRATIONS1 :I*1 AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,HETMAN1 SET \T ) AN UNB5D+ WILL TO E/ABLI% ITS P[] 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 CO/ :AT IT MAY4 

,AT ! TIME ( ! ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT HAVE 5\< P[] 9 ! ,UKRA9E TO 5ABLE !M TO ORGANIZE ! IMM$IATE SEIZURE ( P[] 9 ! ,UKRA9E :5 ! ,HETMAN FELL4.<#h.> ,NE>LY ALL !IR =CES W]E 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 & IT IS FROM !RE ?AT !Y KEPT !IR EYES ON ! ,UKRA9E1 WAIT+ = ! OPPORTUNE MOM5T TO MOVE ON ! ,UKRA9E & PROCLAIM !IR P[]4 ,IT WAS 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 9 ! CITY ( ,KURSK1 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS' ,UKRA9IAN GOV]NM5T WAS PREP>$ 9 ADVANCE2 IT 9CLUD$ ,PYATAKOV1 ,KVIR+1 & O!RS4 ,9 SPITE ( ALL !IR VIGILANCE1 !Y DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 ATTACK+ ! ,UKRA9E AT ! MOM5T ( ,SKOROPADSKY'S FALL1 & ?IS 5ABL$ ! ,PETLIURI/S TO SEIZE P[] FIR/4 ,BUT ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE L$ !M TO TAKE EV5 MORE 5]GETIC MILIT>Y MEASURES4 ,! ATMOSPH]E WAS REVOLUTION>Y1 ! SITUATION WAS EXTREMELY MIX$ UP BECAUSE ( ! MASSIVE 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! PEASANTS4 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ! SIX WEEKS GA9$ BY ! ,PETLIURI/S OV] ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E EASILY SWALL[$ BY ! M>* ( EV5TS4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ WAS QUICK ACTION4 ,& ! ,BOL%EVIKS RU%$ 9TO ACTION4 

,:ILE ! SEAT ( !IR ,UKRA9IAN GOV]NM5T WAS MOV$ FROM ,KURSK TO ,KH>'KOV1 :I* WAS FIR/ LIB]AT$ & OCCUPI$ BY ! 9SURRECTION>Y DETA*M5T ( ! AN>*I/ ,*]$NYAKOV1.<#i.> & !RE PROCE$$ TO CREATE A C5T] ( CIVIL ADM9I/RATION1 !IR MILIT>Y DIVISIONS ADVANC$ ?R\< ! ALREADY LIB]AT$ REGIONS 9TO ! DEP?S ( ! ,UKRA9E & E/ABLI%$ ORGANS ( ,COMMUNI/ P[] ?R\<\T1 BY MILIT>Y =CE4 ,WE SAID3 ALREADY LIB]AT$ REGIONS4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! 5TIRE EXPANSE ( ! ,UKRA9E FROM ! GOV]NM5T ( ,KURSK TO ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV & ! ,BLACK ,SEA1 HAD ALREADY BE5 LIB]AT$ FROM ! ,HETMAN'S =CES BY PEASANT REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION>Y DETA*M5TS4 ,) ! FALL ( ! ,HETMAN !SE DETA*M5TS P>TIALLY DISP]S$ ?R\<\T ! VILLAGES1 & P>TIALLY RETIR$ TO ! COA/AL REGIONS ( ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV1 :]E !RE WAS ALREADY A ?REAT ( A NEW C\NT]REVOLUTION1 ?AT ( ,G5]AL ,D5IK94 

,9 MO/ ( ! ,UKRA9E ! ,BOL%EVIKS F\ND ?AT ! T]RA9 HAD ALREADY BE5 CLE>$4 ,9 ! PLACES :]E !Y 5C\NT]$ ,PETLIURI/S1 !Y DEFEAT$ !M BY MILIT>Y =CE & TOOK !IR PLACE4 ,! DECISIVE 5C\NT] BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,PETLIURI/S TOOK PLACE 9 ! REGION ( ,KIEV1 :I* FROM ! TIME ( ! 5TRY ( ! ,DIRECTORATE HAD BE5 ! C5T] ( ,PETLIURI/ POLITICAL ACTIVITY & ! RALLY+ PO9T = ,PETLIURA'S TROOPS4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#i1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN A G5]AL ATTACK AGA9/ ,KIEV4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,FEBRU>Y !Y OCCUPI$ ,KIEV4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC RETREAT$1 AS USUAL1 T[>D ! WE/]N FRONTI]S ( ! ,UKRA9E4 ,/ATE P[] PASS$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ P[] 9/ALL$ ITSELF BY MILIT>Y =CE1 NOT ONLY :5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS OCCUPI$ A PLACE AFT] A BATTLE TO DRIVE \T ! ,PETLIURI/S1 BUT ALSO 9 PLACES :]E ! REGION WAS ALREADY FREE & ! PEASANTS W]E ON !IR [N4 ,! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ,SOVIETS 7C\NCILS71 :I* HAD SUPPOS$LY CREAT$ ?IS P[]1 APPE>$ AFT] ! P[] WAS ALREADY E/ABLI%$4 ,BE=E ! ,SOVIETS !RE W]E ,P>TY 0REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES40 ,& BE=E ! 0REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES0 !RE W]E SIMPLY MILIT>Y DIVISIONS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibb 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/