,*APT] #g 
,! ,LONG ,RETREAT ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ,& ,!IR ,VICTORY4 ,EXECUTION ( ,GRIGOR'EV4 ,BATTLE ( ,P]EGONOVKA4 ,R\T ( ,D5IK9'S ,TROOPS4 ,P]IOD ( ,FRE$OM 

#aibcaibc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,>%9OV 

,TEXT 3 

,AS WE ALREADY M5TION$1 ,MAKHNO RETIR$ ) A SMALL CAVALRY DETA*M5T :5 HE LEFT HIS PO/ AS COMM&] ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY4 ,HE W5T TO ,ALEKS&ROVSK4 ,!RE1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS S\<T HIS HEAD ON ! FRONT 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! ,GYAI*UR ,/ATION1 HE SUCCE$$ 9 (FICIALLY TURN+ OV] ! COMM& AS WELL AS ! AFFAIRS ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y DIVISION TO ! NEW BRIGADE COMM&] :O HAD JU/ BE5 APPO9T$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,MAKHNO DID ?IS BECAUSE HE DESIR$ TO LEAVE HIS PO/ OP5LY & HONE/LY SO ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD HAVE NO PRETEXT = ACCUS+ HIM ( ANY?+ ) REG>D TO ! AFFAIRS ( ! DIVISION HE COMM&$4 ,MAKHNO NE$$ TO ACT ) PRUD5CE4 ,=C$ TO PLAY !IR GAME1 ,MAKHNO DID IT HONORABLY4 

,9 ! MEANTIME ,D5IK9'S (F5SIVE DEALT A HEAVY BL[ TO ! LABOR+ MASSES4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( FLEE+ PEASANTS SET \T TO LOOK = ,MAKHNO :OM !Y CONSID]$ !IR POPUL> LEAD]4 ,NUM]\S 9SURG5TS1 SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ! REGION1 CONV]G$ T[>D HIM4 ,AT ! 5D ( TWO WEEKS A COMPLETELY NEW 9SURRECTION>Y DETA*M5T WAS =M$ UND] ,MAKHNO'S COMM&4 ,) ?IS DETA*M5T1 AS WELL AS SOME P>TS ( ! ORIG9AL 9SURRECTION>Y >MY :O >RIV$ 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,ALEKS&ROVSK1 ,MAKHNO PREP>$ TO /OP ,D5IK9'S DIVISIONS1 RETREAT+ /EP BY /EP1 SEEK+ TO ORI5T HIMSELF & TAKE /OCK ( ! SITUATION4 

,RAPIDLY OV]RUNN+ ! ,UKRA9E1 ,D5IK9'S >MY DID NOT =GET AB\T ,MAKHNO'S PRES5CE2 !Y REMEMB]$ ! 5ORM\S EF=TS & LOSSES HE HAD CAUS$ !M DUR+ ! PREVI\S W9T]4 ,!Y ASSIGN$ A :OLE >MY CORPS CONSI/+ ( #ab TO #ae REGIM5TS ( CAVALRY1 9FANTRY & >TILL]Y1 TO FI<T AGA9/ ,MAKHNO4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT ONLY A W> AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY4 ,NE>LY EV]Y VILLAGE :I* WAS OCCUPI$ BY ,D5IK9'S TROOPS WAS ! SC5E ( FIRE & BLOOD%$4 ,PEASANTS W]E PLUND]$1 VIOL5TLY ABUS$1 & KILL$4 ,?IS WAS ! (FIC]S' REV5GE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 

,FROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,D5IK9'S OCCUPATION ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 A L>GE NUMB] ( PEASANTS W]E %OT1 DWELL+S W]E DE/ROY$1 & HUNDR$S ( C>TS & WAGONS FILL$ ) FOOD & O!R POSSESSIONS ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE 9HABITANTS W]E S5T BY ,%KURO'S ,COSSACKS TO ! ,DON & ! ,KUBAN4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! ,JEWI% WOM5 ( ! VILLAGE W]E RAP$4 

,?IS IS :Y ,MAKHNO'S RETREAT+ >MY WAS FOLL[$ BY ?\S&S ( PEASANT FAMILIES :O AB&ON$ !IR VILLAGES1 BR++ ) !M !IR LIVE/OCK & !IR BELONG+S4 ,A V]ITABLE MIGRATION /RET*$ OV] HUNDR$S ( MILES4 ,A VA/ 0EMPIRE ON :EELS0 FOLL[$ ! >MY ON ITS M>* WE/W>D4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! RETREAT ?IS 5ORM\S MASS ( REFUGEES SPREAD ?R\<\T ! :OLE ,UKRA9E4 ,MO/ ( !M LO/ !IR HOMES & BELONG+S =EV]2 MANY LO/ !IR LIVES4 

,MAKHNO BEGAN BY DIGG+ 9 ON ! ,DNIEP]1 NE> ,ALEKS&ROVSK1 & = SOME TIME HELD ! ,KI*KASS BRIDGE4.<#a#f.> ,H[EV]1 OV]:ELM$ BY ! SUP]IOR =CES ( ! 5EMY1 HE RETREAT$ TO ,DOL9SKAYA & FROM !RE T[>D ,ELISAVET-GRAD4 ,MEAN:ILE ! ,R$ ,>MY TROOPS LO/ ALL !IR IMPORTANCE 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,MANY ( !M W]E TRANSF]R$ TO ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 & ! RE/ BEGAN TO VACILLATE & TO %[ DI/RU/ ( !IR COMM&]S4 

,= ,MAKHNO1 ! TIME HAD COME TO CALL !M TO HIS RANKS4 

,BUT HIS ATT5TION WAS TURN$ ELSE:]E4 

,ALREADY = A LONG TIME A D>K /A9 HAD M>R$ ! FACE ( ! ,UKRA9IAN REVOLUTION1 A /A9 :I* ,MAKHNO NEV] LO/ FROM VIEW4 ,?IS WAS ,GRIGOR'EV'S MOVEM5T4 

,GRIGOR'EV'S =CES HAD BEGUN TO DW9DLE %ORTLY AFT] HE HAD REBELL$ AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET P[]2 H[EV]1 HE WAS F> FROM HAV+ LO/ ALL ( !M4 ,) SEV]AL DETA*M5TS HE SET HIS DEF5SES 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,KH]SON & C>RI$ ON ]RILLA W>F>E AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! TOTAL NUMB] ( DETA*M5TS UND] HIS COMM& OR UND] HIS 9FLU5CE 9CLUD$ SEV]AL ?\S& M54 ,!SE TROOPS C>RI$ \T FREQU5T RAIDS AGA9/ SMALL ,R$ ,>MY UNITS /ATION$ 9 ! IMPORTANT VILLAGES ( ! REGION1 DIS>M$ !M1 OCCUPI$ ! VILLAGES1 & DE/ROY$ RAILROAD TRACKS4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( RAILWAYS WAS !IR MO/ COMMON PRACTICE4 ,GRIGOR'EV US$ ! FOLL[+ TE*NIQUE TO DAMAGE RAILWAYS3 AT A JUNCTION1 :]E ! RAILS CAME CLOSE TO EA* O!R1 HE REMOV$ ALL ! SPIKES FROM A TIE UND] TWO OR ?REE RAILS2 HE !N HIT*$ SEV]AL PAIRS ( HEAL?Y OX5 TO ! LOOS5$ RAILS1 :I* CAUS$ ALL ! RAILS FRE$ FROM ! TIE TO B5D 9TO A SEMI-CIRCLE4 

,GRIGOR'EV WAS QUITE SKILLFUL 9 GU]RILLA W>F>E4 ,IT WAS HE RA!R ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS :O HELD P[] 9 ! REGION ( ,ZNAM5KA1 ,ALEKS&RIYA & ,ELISAVETGRAD4 ,! W> :I* ,GRIGOR'EV HAD DECL>$ AGA9/ ! ,SOVIETS WAS NOT 9SPIR$ BY REVOLUTION>Y MOTIVES1 BUT FIR/ ( ALL BY P]SONAL MOTIVES & LAT] BY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ONES4 ,LACK+ ANY /ABLE IDEOLOGY1 HE HELD ON TO :ATEV] WAS NE>E/ AT H&3 FIR/ ,PETLIURA1 !N ,BOL%EVISM1 !N ,PETLIURA AGA91 & F9ALLY ,D5IK94 

,GRIGOR'EV HIMSELF WAS )\T A D\BT A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ADV5TUR]1 BUT ! REGION & ! MASSES :I* HE L$ W]E REVOLUTION>Y4 ,?IS IS :Y ,MAKHNO DECID$ TO 9CLUDE !SE MASSES AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 ,?IS C\LD ONLY BE DONE IF ,GRIGOR'EV & HIS /AFF W]E REMOV$4 ,) HIS USUAL SKILL & 5]GY1 ,MAKHNO SET \T TO UNMASK & PUBLICLY EXECUTE ,GRIGOR'EV4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK /ATI/S :O HAD F\<T = SEV]AL MON?S AGA9/ ,GRIGOR'EV HAD F\ND NO?+ BETT] TO DO ?AN PUT A PRICE ON HIS HEAD 7HALF A MILLION RUBLES = ! P]SON :O KILL$ HIM2 HALF ( ?IS SUM WAS (F]$ TO ! P]SON :O KILL$ ONE ( HIS ACCOMPLICES1 AS WAS ANN\NC$ 9 ,JUNE #aiai 9 SEV]AL ,UKRA9IAN J\RNALS74 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANT ,MAKHNO1 ) A VIEW TO ! NE$S ( ! REVOLUTION1 DECID$ TO EXPOSE & D5\NCE ,GRIGOR'EV PUBLICLY & 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN]4 ,9 ORD] TO GA9 ACCESS TO HIM1 ,MAKHNO E/ABLI%$ RELATIONS ) ,GRIGOR'EV & HIS DETA*M5TS1 AS IF TO UNIFY ALL ! GU]RILLA =CES4 

,ON ,MAKHNO'S 9ITIATIVE1 A CONGRESS ( 9SURG5TS FROM ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,KH]SON & ,TAURIDE WAS CALL$ = ,JULY #b#g1 #a#i#a#i1 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,S5TOVO NE> ,ALEKS&RIYA4 ,! AG5DA ( ! CONGRESS 9CLUD$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A PROGRAM ( ACTION = ! 5TIRE 9SURRECTION>Y ,UKRA9E :I* W\LD CORRESPOND TO ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T4 ,NE>LY #b1 PEOPLE CAME -- PEASANTS & 9SURG5TS1 ,GRIGOR'EV'S DETA*M5TS & ,MAKHNO'S TROOPS4 ,AMONG ! MANY S*$UL$ ORATORS W]E ,GRIGOR'EV1 ,MAKHNO1 & O!R REPRES5TATIVES ( ! TWO MOVEM5TS4 ,GRIGOR'EV WAS ! FIR/ TO SPEAK4 ,HE 9VIT$ ! PEASANTS & ! 9SURG5TS TO DEVOTE ALL !IR =CES TO *AS+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS \T ( ! C\NTRY1 )\T REJECT+ ANY ALLIES4 ,GRIGOR'EV SAID ?AT = ?IS PURPOSE HE WAS EV5 READY TO ALLY ) ,D5IK94 ,AFT]W>DS1 :5 ! YOKE ( ,BOL%EVISM WAS BROK51 ! PEOPLE W\LD !MSELVES SEE :AT !Y HAD TO DO4 ,?IS DECL>ATION WAS FATAL TO ,GRIGOR'EV4 ,MAKHNO & HIS COMRADE ,*UB5KO SPOKE IMM$IATELY AFT] ,GRIGOR'EV1 & DECL>$ ?AT ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD BE REVOLUTION>Y ONLY IF IT W]E C>RI$ \T 9 ! NAME ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,AN ALLIANCE ) ! WOR/ 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE -- ) G5]ALS ,A-C\LD ONLY BE A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y & CRIM9AL ADV5TURE4 ,GRIGOR'EV 9VIT$ P>TICIPATION 9 ?IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 & CONSEQU5TLY HE WAS AN 5EMY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,FOLL[+ ?IS1 ,MAKHNO DEM&$ BE=E ! 5TIRE CONGRESS ?AT ,GRIGOR'EV IMM$IATELY ANSW] = ! APPALL+ POGROM ( ,JEWS :I* HE HAD ORGANIZ$ 9 ,ELISAVETGRAD 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#a#i1 AS WELL AS O!R ANTI-,SEMITIC ACTIONS4 0,SC\NDRELS LIKE ,GRIGOR'EV >E ! %AME ( ALL ! ,UKRA9IAN 9SURG5TS2 !Y CANNOT BE TOL]AT$ 9 ! RANKS ( HONE/ REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S40 ,SU* WAS ,MAKHNO'S F9AL 9DICTM5T ( ,GRIGOR'EV4 ,GRIGOR'EV SAW ?AT ! SITUATION WAS GO+ BADLY = HIM4 ,HE REA*$ = WEAPONS4 ,BUT IT WAS TOO LATE4 ,SIMON ,K>ETNIK -- ,MAKHNO'S COMRADE -- %OT HIM ) A ,COLT REVOLV]1 :ILE ,MAKHNO HIMSELF %\T$ 0,DEA? TO ! ,ATAMAN60 & ALSO %OT HIM4 ,GRIGOR'EV'S ASSI/ANTS & ! MEMB]S ( HIS /AFF RAN TO HIS HELP1 BUT !Y W]E %OT ON ! SPOT BY A GR\P ( ,MAKHNOVI/S :O HAD BE5 PLAC$ ON GU>D4 ,ALL ?IS HAPP5$ DUR+ TWO' OR ?REE M9UTES BE=E ! EYES ( ! 5TIRE CONGRESS4 

,AFT] ! 9ITIAL AGITATION OV] ! EV5TS ?AT HAVE JU/ BE5 DESCRIB$1 ! CONGRESS HE>D ! DECL>ATIONS ( ,MAKHNO1 ,*UB5KO & O!R REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,MAKHNOV'%*9A1 & APPROV$ ! ACT1 CONSID]+ IT HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! RECORD ( ! PROCE$+S ( ! CONGRESS1 ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A ASSUM$ ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ! EV5TS :I* HAD JU/ TAK5 PLACE & = !IR CONSEQU5CES4 ,! ASSEMBLY ALSO DECID$ ?AT ! P>TISAN DETA*M5TS =M]LY UND] ,GRIGOR'EV'S COMM& W\LD H5CE=? BE P>T ( ! G5]AL 9SURRECTION>Y >MY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4.<#a#g.>  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ?AT ! SMALL NUMB]S ( ,SOVIET TROOPS :O HAD REMA9$ 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ! ,UKRA9E W]E SUSPICI\S ( !IR COMM&]S4 ,!Y CONSID]$ ! %AMEFUL FLI<T ( ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES FROM ! ,UKRA9E TO BE A DEFECTION FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE4 ,MAKHNO WAS CONSID]$ ! ONLY REVOLUTION>Y HOPE 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,ALL ?OSE :O DESIR$ TO /RUGGLE = FRE$OM CONV]G$ T[>D ,MAKHNO4 ,?IS SPIRIT ALSO P]VAD$ ! ,R$ ,>MY UNITS ?AT HAD REMA9$ 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,JULY1 ,BOL%EVIK DETA*M5TS 9 ! ,CRIMEA MUT9I$1 DEPOS$ !IR COMM&]S1 & SET \T TO JO9 ,MAKHNO'S >MY4 ,?IS MUT9Y WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ,MAKHNOVI/ COMM&]S :O HAD REMA9$ 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY3 ,KALA%NIKOV1 ,D]M5DZHI & ,BUDANOV4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI]S ADVANC$ FROM ,NOVI ,BUG TO ,POMO%*NAYA LOOK+ = ,MAKHNO1 BR++ ) !M1 AS CAPTIVES1 !IR =M] COMM&]S3 ,KO*]G91 ,DYBETS & O!RS4 ,!SE TROOPS MET ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AT ,DOBROVELI*KOVKA 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,KH]SON AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,AUGU/1 #a#i#a#i4 ,= ! ,BOL%EVIKS ?IS DEFECTION WAS A MAJOR BL[1 S9CE IT R$UC$ !IR MILIT>Y =CES 9 ! ,UKRA9E TO ALMO/ NO?+4 

,MAKHNO HALT$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! REGION BETWE5 ,POMO%*NAYA1 ,ELISAVETGRAD & ,VOZNES5SK 7NE> ,ODESSA7 9 ORD] TO REGR\P ! TROOPS :I* W]E >RIV+ FROM ALL SIDES4 ,F\R 9FANTRY & CAVALRY BRIGADES1 AN >TILL]Y DIVISION & A REGIM5T ( MA*9E-GUNN]S W]E =M$ H]E1 CONSI/+ ( AB\T #a#e1 SOLDI]S4 ,A SPECIAL CAVALRY SQUAD ( #ae TO #b ALWAYS ACCOMPANI$ ,MAKHNO1 & >E NOT C\NT$ 9 ! TOTAL NUMB] ( SOLDI]S4 ,IT WAS ) !SE =CES ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S UND]TOOK AN (F5SIVE AGA9/ ,D5IK9'S TROOPS4 ,! 5C\NT]S TOOK ON A DESP]ATE *>ACT]4 ,SEV]AL TIMES ,D5IK9'S >MY WAS PU%$ BACK ?IRTY TO FIFTY MILES EA/W>D4 ,DUR+ ! /RUGGLES ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CAPTUR$ FROM ,D5IK9'S TROOPS ?REE OR F\R >MOR$ TRA9S1 ONE ( :I* WAS 5ORM\S -- ! 0,9V9CIBLE40 ,BUT SUPPORT$ BY NEW RE9=CEM5TS1 ,D5IK9'S TROOPS ONCE AGA9 PU%$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S WE/W>D4 ,D5IK9 HAD GREAT SUP]IORITY 9 NUMB]S & WEAPONS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,MAKHNO'S >MY WAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY \T ( C>TRIDGES4 ,TWO \T ( ?REE ( !IR ATTACKS AGA9/ ,D5IK9'S TROOPS HAD ! SOLE AIM ( CAPTUR+ MUNITIONS4 ,9 ADDITION ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD TO BATTLE AGA9/ SOME ,BOL%EVIK TROOPS RETREAT+ FROM ,ODESSA TO ! NOR?4 ,?IS IS :Y IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO RETREAT FUR!R & LEAVE ! REGION ( ,ELISAVETGRAD-,POMO%*NAYA-,VOZNES5SK4 

,! RETREAT TOOK PLACE 9 ! MID/ ( 9CESSANT COMBAT4 ,! TROOPS ,D5IK9 S5T AGA9/ ,MAKHNO DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES BY !IR 5]GY & OB/9ACY4 ,! REGIM5TS ( (FIC]S W]E P>TICUL>LY REM>KABLE = !IR BRAV]Y -- ESPECIALLY ! ,FIR/ ,SIMF]OPOL' & ! ,SECOND ,LAB9SKI REGIM5TS4 ,5T]+ 9TO BATTLES AGA9/ !M1 ,MAKHNO C\LD NOT HELP ADMIR+ !IR C\RAGE & !IR DEFIANCE ( DEA?4 ,D5IK9'S CAVALRY M]IT$ ! HI<E/ PRAISE4 ,AS ,MAKHNO DECL>$1 IT WAS TRULY A CAVALRY ?AT JU/IFI$ ITS NAME4 ,! V]Y NUM]\S CAVALRY ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 ORGANIZ$ LAT]1 WAS A CAVALRY 9 NAME ONLY2 IT WAS NEV] ABLE TO C>RY ON H& -TO-H& COMBAT1 & 5GAG$ 9 COMBAT ONLY :5 ! 5EMY WAS ALREADY DISORI5T$ BY ! FIRE ( CANNONS & MA*9E GUNS4 ,DUR+ ! 5TIRE CIVIL W> ! ,R$ CAVALRY ALWAYS AVOID$ A CONFRONTATION ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/ CAVALRY1 EV5 ?\< ! ,R$ CAVALRY ALWAYS \TNUMB]$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/4 ,! ,CAUCASIAN CAVALRY REGIM5TS & ,D5IK9'S ,COSSACKS ALWAYS ACCEPT$ COMBAT ) SAB]S & *>G$ ON ! 5EMY AT FULL SPE$1 )\T WAIT+ = ! 5EMY TO BE DISORGANIZ$ BY CANNON FIRE4 

,BUT EV5 !SE ELITE TROOPS SUCCUMB$ MORE ?AN ONCE 9 COMBAT AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,! COMM&]S ( ,D5IK9'S REGIM5TS SAID 9 !IR PAP]S1 :I* (T5 FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ?AT NO?+ 9 !IR 5TIRE CAMPAIGN HAD BE5 AS DIFFICULT & MORE HORRIBLE = !M ?AN !SE FI]CE BATTLES AGA9/ ,MAKHNO'S CAVALRY & >TILL]Y4 

,FROM ! MIDDLE ( ,AUGU/1 #a#i#a#i1 ?IS CORPS ( ,D5IK9'S >MY BEGAN TO EX]T P[]FUL PRESSURE ON ,MAKHNO'S TROOPS1 SEEK+ TO 5CIRCLE !M ON ALL SIDES4 ,MAKHNO SAW ?AT ! SMALLE/ ]ROR ON HIS P>T C\LD BE FATAL = HIS 5TIRE >MY4 ,?AT IS :Y HE C>EFULLY S\<T ! MOM5T :5 HE C\LD DEAL A DECISIVE BL[ TO ! 5EMY4 ,9 ! NOR? ,D5IK9'S TROOPS W]E ALREADY NE>+ ,KURSK4 ,MAKHNO TOOK ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE 9TO ACC\NT1 & CONSID]$ ?AT ! FUR!R !Y MOV$ 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 ! EASI] IT W\LD BE TO ATTACK !M FROM ! RE>4 ,9 ADDITION TO !SE CONSID]ATIONS1 ,MAKHNO WAS =C$ TO RETREAT WE/W>D BECAUSE ( ! PRESSURE ( ! 5EMY'S NUM]ICALLY SUP]IOR =CES4 ,NE> ! 5D ( ,AUGU/1 ,D5IK9'S >MY CORPS1 :I* ALREADY WEI<$ SO HEAVILY ON ,MAKHNO1 WAS RE9=C$ BY NEW TROOPS FROM NE> ,ODESSA & ,VOZNES5SK4 ,! SITUATION WORS5$4 ,! 9SURG5T >MY !N DECID$ TO AB&ON ! VIC9ITY ( ! RAILROADS1 & BLEW UP ALL ! >MOR$ TRA9S ACCESSIBLE TO !M4 ,! RETREAT CONT9U$ ALONG C\NTRY ROADS1 FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE4 ,D5IK9'S TROOPS CONT9U$ TO FOLL[4 ,!IR GOAL WAS NOT ONLY TO DEFEAT1 BUT TO LIQUIDATE ,MAKHNO'S >MY ALTOGE!R4 

,?IS RETREAT1 C>RI$ \T 9 ! MID/ ( DAILY BATTLES1 LA/$ MORE ?AN A MON?1 UNTIL ,MAKHNO'S >MY >RIV$ NE> ! CITY ( ,UMAN1 OCCUPI$ BY ! TROOPS ( ,PETLIURA4 ,PETLIURA WAS 9 A /ATE ( W> ) ,D5IK94 ,! QUE/ION WAS RAIS$ -- :AT WAS TO BE DONE AB\T ,PETLIURA'S >MY8 ,DECL>E W> ON !M1 OR ADOPT SOME O!R TACTIC T[>D !M8 ,AT ?IS TIME ,MAKHNO'S >MY HAD AB\T #h W\ND$ SOLDI]S :O W]E DEPRIV$ ( ALL M$ICAL AID & :O COMPRIS$ AN 5ORM\S TRA9 9 ! RE> ( ! >MY1 :I* S]I\SLY H9D]$ ITS MOVEM5TS & ITS MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS4 ,AFT] AN EXAM9ATION ( ALL SIDES ( ! QUE/ION1 IT WAS DECID$ ?AT MILIT>Y NEUTRALITY BE PROPOS$ TO ! ,PETLIURI/S4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 A ,PETLIURI/ DELEGATION >RIV$ FROM ,UMAN TO ,MAKHNO'S CAMP & DESCRIB$ ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ,PETLIURI/ COMM& AB\T ! G5]AL SITUATION3 BE+ AT W> ) ,D5IK91 ! ,PETLIURI/S WANT$ TO AVOID ! =MATION ( A NEW FRONT & HOP$ TO AVOID A MILIT>Y 5C\NT] ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,?IS CORRESPOND$ P]FECTLY ) ! WI%ES ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,A ,MAKHNOVI/ DELEGATION WAS S5T TO ,ZHM]9KA TO CONCLUDE A PACT ACCORD+ TO :I* BO? SIDES AGRE$ TO MA9TA9 /RICT MILIT>Y NEUTRALITY T[>D EA* O!R1 DISREG>D+ ! POLITICAL DIFF]5CES :I* DIVID$ !M4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,PETLIURI/S AGRE$ TO TAKE ! W\ND$ ,MAKHNOVI/S 9TO !IR HOSPITALS4 

,MAKHNO AS WELL AS ! RE/ ( ! >MY W]E OBVI\SLY AW>E ?AT ?IS NEUTRALITY WAS SUP]FICIAL1 & ?AT ANY DAY ,PETLIURA C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) ,D5IK9 = A UNIT$ ATTACK AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,BUT = ! ,MAKHNOVI/S IT WAS A QUE/ION ( GA9+ ONE OR TWO WEEKS ( RESPITE1 TO AVOID AN ATTACK FROM ! RE> -- ! WE/]N FLANK -- & NOT TO BE CAU<T 9 A MILIT>Y TRAP4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S' ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,PETLIURI/S HAD H>DLY *ANG$4 ,:ILE RELAT+ TO ! ,PETLIURI/ SOLDI]S AS YBRO!RS1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CONT9U$ !IR E>LI] PROPAG&A AGA9/ ! ,PETLIURI/ AU?ORITIES4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,>MY PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET 5TITL$ 0,:O IS ,PETLIURA80 9 :I* ,PETLIURA IS UNMASK$ AS A DEF5D] ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES :O DES]VES TO BE DE/ROY$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,MANY ( ,PETLIURA'S SOLDI]S W]E ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 SPIRIT & BY TRADITION1 & IF ,D5IK9'S ,(F5SIVE HAD NOT TAK5 SU* A FI]CE C\RSE1 MANY ( !M W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE BE5 DRAWN TO ! RANKS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S ?\<T AB\T ?IS CON/ANTLY2 ! ,PETLIURI/ LEAD]S SUSPECT$ IT &1 RECALL+ ! CASE ( ,GRIGOR'EV1 !Y MA9TA9$ A GU>D$ ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/ SUSPICIONS AB\T ! ,PETLIURI/S'9T5TION TO E/ABLI% RELATIONS ) ,D5IK9 = ! PURPOSE ( JO9T ACTION AGA9/ ,MAKHNO />T$ TO BE CONFIRM$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! PACT ) ! ,PETLIURI/S1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,>MY WAS TO OCCUPY A T]RITORY ( #g SQU>E MILES NE> ! VILLAGE ( ,TEKU*E 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,UMAN4 ,PETLIURA'S =CES W]E DISP]S$ TO ! NOR? & WE/2 ,D5IK9'S TO ! EA/ & S\?1 >\ND ,GOLTA4 ,?IS P>T ( ! PACT1 :I* HAD BE5 >RANG$ BY ! ,PETLIURI/S1 SOON BEGAN TO >\SE SUSPICION4 ,& AFT] A FEW DAYS1 9=MATION >RIV$ ?AT ! ,PETLIURI/S W]E NEGOTIAT+ ) ,D5IK9I/ COMM&]S TO WORK \T A PLAN = COOP]AT+ TO SURR\ND & EXT]M9ATE ,MAKHNO'S TROOPS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #bd -- #b#e1 F\R OR FIVE ,D5IK9I/ REGIM5TS APPE>$ AT ! RE> ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ON !IR WE/]N SIDE4 ,!SE REGIM5TS C\LD ONLY HAVE GOTT5 !RE BY PASS+ ?R\< ! T]RITORY OCCUPI$ BY ! ,PETLIURI/S1 NAMELY ) ! HELP OR AT LEA/ ! ACQUIESC5CE ( ! ,PETLIURI/S4 

,ON ! EV5+ ( ,SEPTEMB] #b#e1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E COMPLETELY SURR\ND$ BY ,D5IK9'S TROOPS4 ,! BULK ( ,D5IK9'S =CES REMA9$ CONC5TRAT$ TO ! EA/1 BUT ! CITY ( ,UMAN WAS ALSO 9 ,D5IK9'S P[]4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD TO ACT QUICKLY4 ,! FATE ( ! 5TIRE 9SURG5T >MY WAS 9 QUE/ION4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/ RETREAT HAD COV]$ MORE ?AN #d MILES & HAD LA/$ CLOSE TO F\R MON?S4 ,IT HAD BE5 UNIMAG9ABLY DIFFICULT4 ,! 9SURG5TS LACK$ CLO!S & %OES4 ,?R\< TORRID HEAT1 5VELOP$ BY CL\DS ( DU/1 UND] A HAIL ( BULLETS & %ELLS1 !Y W5T FUR!R & FUR!R AWAY FROM !IR [N REGION T[>D AN UNKN[N DE/9ATION4 ,BUT !Y W]E ALL ANIMAT$ BY ! IDEA ( VICTORY OV] ! 5EMY1 & !Y VALIANTLY 5DUR$ ! RIGORS ( ! RETREAT4 ,ONLY OCCASIONALLY DID ! LEA/ PATI5T AMONG !M CRY \T3 0,TURN >\ND6 ,T[>D ! ,DNIEP]60 ,BUT IMPLACABLE NECESSITY KEPT PU%+ !M FUR!R FROM ! ,DNIEP] & !IR BIR?PLACE1 !IR PR\D REGION4 ,) 9EXHAU/IBLE PATI5CE1 ) !IR WILL /RET*$ TO ! LIMIT1 !Y RALLI$ >\ND !IR LEAD] UND] CONT9UAL 5EMY FIRE4 ,UMAN WAS ! 5D ( ! RETREAT4 ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO GO ANY:]E ELSE4 ,! 5EMY WAS ON ALL SIDES4 ,IT WAS !RE ?AT ,MAKHNO1 ) ! USUAL SIMPLICITY ) :I* HE WAS ABLE TO EVOKE H]OISM 9 HIS COMRADES1 DECL>$ ?AT ! RETREAT HAD ONLY BE5 A NECESS>Y /RATEGIC MEASURE1 & ?AT ! REAL W> WAS AB\T TO BEG91 NOT LAT] ?AN ! FOLL[+ DAY1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#f?4 

,! DISPOSITION ( ,D5IK9'S TROOPS 9 ! NOR? AS WELL AS ON O!R FRONTS WAS LE>N$4 ,MAKHNO BECAME CONV9C$ ?AT FATE WAS (F]+ HIM A M>VEL\S OPPORTUNITY -- ! POSSIBILITY ( DEAL+ A DEA?BL[ TO ! 5TIRE C\NT]REVOLUTION ( ,D5IK94 ,IT SEEM$ TO HIM ?AT ?IS C\LD ACTUALLY BE C>RI$ \T4 ,IT WAS ONLY A QUE/ION ( BREAK+ ! FI/ :I*1 RI<T H]E AT ,UMAN1 PRESS$ D[N ON ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY4 

,ON ! EV5+ ( ,SEPTEMB] #be ! ,MAKHNOVI/ TROOPS1 :O UNTIL !N HAD BE5 M>*+ WE/W>D1 SUDD5LY TURN$ ALL !IR =CES EA/W>D & M>*$ /RAI<T T[>D ! MA9 =CES ( ,D5IK9'S >MY4 ,! FIR/ 5C\NT] TOOK PLACE LATE 9 ! EV5+ NE> ! VILLAGE ( ,KRUT5'KOE1 :]E ! ,MAKHNOVI/ FIR/ BRIGADE ATTACK$ A ,D5IK9I/ UNIT4 ,D5IK9'S TROOPS RETREAT$ TO TAKE UP BETT] POSITIONS & TO DRAW ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AFT] !M4 ,BUT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DID NOT PURSUE !M4 ,?IS MISL$ ! VIGILANCE ( ! 5EMY1 :O CONCLUD$ ?AT ! 9SURG5TS W]E /ILL MOV+ WE/W>D4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! NI<T1 ALL ! ,MAKHNOVI/ =CES1 /ATION$ 9 SEV]AL VILLAGES1 BEGAN M>*+ EA/W>D4 ,! 5EMY'S PR9CIPAL =CES W]E CONC5TRAT$ NE> ! VILLAGE ( ,P]EGONOVKA2 ! VILLAGE ITSELF WAS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 7,SEE MAP1 PP4 #a#e#f-#a#e#g47 

,! FI<T+ />T$ BETWE5 #c & #d A4M4 ,IT KEPT M\NT+ 9 9T5SITY & REA*$ ITS PEAK BY #h A4M41 9 A HURRICANE ( MA*9E GUN FIRE ON BO? SIDES4 ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 ) HIS CAVALRY ESCORT1 HAD DISAPPE>$ AT NI<TFALL1 SEEK+ TO TURN ! 5EMY'S FLANK4 ,DUR+ ! :OLE BATTLE ?AT 5SU$ !RE WAS NO FUR!R NEWS ( HIM4 ,BY #i 9 ! MORN+ ! \TNUMB]$ & EXHAU/$ ,MAKHNOVI/S BEGAN TO LOSE GR\ND4 ,!Y W]E ALREADY FI<T+ ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! VILLAGE4 ,FROM ALL SIDES 5EMY RE9=CEM5TS BR\<T NEW BUR/S ( FIRE TO BE> ON ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,! /AFF ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY AS WELL AS EV]YONE 9 ! VILLAGE :O C\LD H&LE A RIFLE1 >M$ !MSELVES & JO9$ 9 ! FI<T+4 ,?IS WAS ! CRITICAL MOM5T1 :5 IT SEEM$ ?AT ! BATTLE & ) IT ! :OLE CAUSE ( ! 9SURG5TS WAS LO/4 ,! ORD] WAS GIV5 = EV]YONE1 EV5 ! WOM51 TO BE READY TO FIRE ON ! 5EMY 9 ! VILLAGE /REETS4 ,ALL PREP>$ = ! SUPREME H\R ( ! BATTLE & ( !IR LIVES4 ,BUT SUDD5LY ! MA*9E-GUN FIRE ( ! 5EMY & !IR FRANTIC *E]S BEGAN TO GR[ WEAK]1 & !N TO REC$E 9TO ! DI/ANCE4 ,! DEF5D]S ( ! VILLAGE REALIZ$ ?AT ! 5EMY WAS RETREAT+1 & ?AT ! BATTLE WAS N[ TAK+ PLACE SOME DI/ANCE AWAY4 ,IT WAS ,MAKHNO :O1 APPE>+ UNEXPECT$LY1 AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 HIS TROOPS W]E DRIV5 BACK & W]E PREP>+ TO FI<T 9 ! /REETS ( ,P]EGONOVKA1 HAD DECID$ ! FATE ( ! BATTLE4 ,COV]$ ) DU/ & FATIGU$ FROM HIS EX]TIONS1 HE REA*$ ! 5EMY FLANK ?R\< A DEEP RAV9E4 ,)\T A CRY1 BUT ) A BURN+ RESOLVE FIX$ ON HIS FEATURES1 HE ?REW HIMSELF ON ! ,D5IK9I/S AT FULL GALLOP1 FOLL[$ BY HIS ESCORT1 & BROKE 9TO !IR RANKS4 ,ALL EXHAU/ION1 ALL DISC\RAGEM5T DISAPPE>$ FROM AMONG ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 -- 0,BATKO IS H]E6 ,BATKO IS FI<T+ ) HIS SAB]60 -- C\LD BE HE>D EV]Y:]E4 ,& ) R$\BL$ 5]GY !Y ALL PU%$ =W>D1 FOLL[+ !IR BELOV$ LEAD]1 :O SEEM$ DOOM$ TO DEA?4 ,A H&-TO-H& COMBAT ( 9CR$IBLE F]OCITY1 A 0HACK+10 AS ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CALL$ IT1 FOLL[$4 ,H[EV] BRAVE ! ,FIR/ ,(FIC]S' ,REGIM5T ( ,SIMF]OPOL' MAY HAVE BE51 !Y W]E ?R[N 9TO RETREAT1 AT FIR/ SL[LY & 9 AN ORD]LY MANN]1 TRY+ TO HALT ! IMPETUS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 BUT !N !Y SIMPLY RAN4 ,! O!R REGIM5TS1 SEIZ$ BY PANIC1 FOLL[$ !M1 & F9ALLY ALL ( ,D5IK9'S TROOPS W]E R\T$1 & TRI$ TO SAVE !MSELVES BY SWIMM+ ACROSS ! ,S9YUKHA ,RIV]4 

,MAKHNO HA/5$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS SITUATION1 :I* HE UND]/OOD P]FECTLY4 ,HE S5T HIS CAVALRY & >TILL]Y AT FULL SPE$ 9 PURSUIT ( ! RETREAT+ 5EMY1 & HIMSELF W5T AT ! HEAD ( ! BE/ M\NT$ REGIM5T BY A %ORTCUT :I* W\LD 5ABLE HIM TO CAT* ! FUGITIVES FROM BEH9D4 ,! PURSUIT CONT9U$ = #h TO #ab MILES4 ,AT ! CRITICAL MOM5T :5 ,D5IK9'S TROOPS REA*$ ! RIV]1 !Y W]E OV]TAK5 BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/ CAVALRY1 & HUNDR$S ( !M P]I%$ 9 ! RIV]4 ,MO/ ( !M1 H[EV]1 HAD TIME TO CROSS TO ! O!R BANK1 BUT !RE ,MAKHNO HIMSELF WAS WAIT+ = !M4 ,! ,D5IK9I/ /AFF & ! RES]VE REGIM5T :I* WAS ) IT W]E SURPRIS$ & TAK5 PRISON]S4 ,ONLY AN 9SIGNIFICANT P>T ( !SE TROOPS1 :O HAD RAG$ = MON?S 9 ! /UBBORN PURSUIT ( ,MAKHNO1 MANAG$ TO SAVE !MSELVES4 ,! ,FIR/ ,SIMF]OPOL' ,REGIM5T ( (FIC]S & SEV]AL O!RS W]E 5TIRELY CUT D[N BY ! 9SURG5TS' SAB]S4 ,! R\TE ( !IR RETREAT WAS /REWN ) CORPSES = OV] TWO MILES4 ,H[EV] HORRIBLE ?IS SPECTACLE WAS TO SOME1 IT WAS ONLY ! NATURAL \TCOME ( ! DUEL BETWE5 ,D5IK9'S >MY & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,DUR+ ! 5TIRE PURSUIT1 ! ,D5IK9I/S HAD HAD NO ?\<T EXCEPT TO EXT]M9ATE ! 9SURG5TS4 ,! SLI<TE/ ]ROR ON ,MAKHNO'S P>T W\LD 9EVITABLY HAVE L$ TO ! SAME FATE = ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION>Y >MY4 ,EV5 ! WOM5 :O SUPPORT$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY OR F\<T ALONGSIDE ! M5 W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 SP>$4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E EXP]I5C$ 5\< TO KN[ ?IS4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,! FOLL[+ LEG5D AB\T ,PUGA*EV IS TOLD AMONG ! PEASANTS ( ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4 ,AFT] HIS UPRIS+ HE FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,HE TOLD ! NOBLEM5 SITT+ >\ND HIM3 0,9 ?IS UPRIS+ ,I ONLY GAVE Y\ A =ETA/E4 ,BUT WAIT3 SOON AFT] ME WILL COME ! REAL BROOM -- IT WILL SWEEP ALL ( Y\ AWAY40 ,MAKHNO %[$ HIMSELF TO BE ?IS HI/ORIC BROOM ( ! PEOPLE 9 ALL HIS REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION>Y ACTIVITY1 & ESPECIALLY :5 HE DEFEAT$ ! ,D5IK9I/S4 

,ONCE ,D5IK9'S FI/ WAS BROK51 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S IMM$IATELY SET \T 9 ?REE DIRECTIONS4 ,!Y LIT]ALLY SWEPT ?R\< VILLAGES1 T[NS & CITIES LIKE AN 5ORM\S BROOM1 REMOV+ EV]Y VE/IGE ( EXPLOITATION & S]VITUDE4 ,! RETURN$ POME%*IKS1 ! KULAKS1 ! POLICE1 ! PRIE/S1 ! ,D5IK9I/ MAYORS & (FIC]S 9 HID+ -- ALL !SE W]E SWEPT \T ( ! VICTORI\S PA? ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T4 ,PRISONS1 POLICE /ATIONS & PO/S -- ALL !SE SYMBOLS ( ! PEOPLE'S S]VITUDE W]E DE/ROY$4 ,ALL ?OSE :O W]E KN[N TO BE ACTIVE 5EMIES ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,POME%*IKS & MAJOR KULAKS P]I%$ 9 GREAT NUMB]S4 ,?IS FACT SUFFICES TO %[ ! M5DACITY ( ! MY? SPREAD BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AB\T ! SO-CALL$ KULAK *>ACT] ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 ,9 FACT1 :]EV] ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T DEVELOP$1 ! KULAKS S\<T ! PROTECTION ( ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES1 & F\ND IT !RE4 

,! >MY RETURN$ TO ! ,DNIEP] AT AN 9CR$IBLE PACE4 ,! DAY AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,D5IK9'S TROOPS AT ,P]E-GONOVKA1 ,MAKHNO WAS ALREADY MORE ?AN #f MILES AWAY FROM ! SC5E ( ! BATTLE4 ,ACCOMPANI$ BY HIS ESCORT1 HE M>*$ AB\T ?IRTY MILES AHEAD ( ! RE/ ( ! TROOPS4 ,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY ! ,IVLAKHNOVI/S OCCUPI$ ,DOL9SKAYA1 ,KRIVOI ,ROG & ,NIKOPOL'4 ,! DAY AFT]1 ! ,KI*KASS ,BRIDGE ACROSS ! ,DNIEP] WAS TAK5 AT A TROT1 & ! CITY ( ,ALEKS&ROVSK WAS OCCUPI$4 ,9 !IR FURI\S ADVANCE1 IT SEEM$ AS ?\< !Y W]E 5T]+ AN 5*ANT$ K+DOM3 NO ONE HAD YET HE>D ( ! EV5TS AT ,UMAN2 NO ONE KNEW :]E ! ,IVLAKHNOVI/S W]E2 ! AU?ORITIES HAD TAK5 NO PRECAUTION>Y MEASURES & W]E CAU<T 9 ! LE?>GY ?AT *>ACT]IZES ! RE>GU>D4 ,?IS IS :Y ! ,MAKHNOVI/S EV]Y:]E /RUCK !IR 5EMIES UNEXPECT$LY1 LIKE A BOLT ( LI<TN+4 ,ALEKS&ROVSK WAS FOLL[$ BY ,POLOGI1 ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 ,B]DYANSK1 ,MELITOPOL'1 ,M>IUPOL'4 ,AT ! 5D ( T5 DAYS ! 5TIRE S\!RN ,UKRA9E WAS FRE$ ( ,D5IK9'S TROOPS & AU?ORITIES4 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/S' OCCUPATION ( ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E1 ESPECIALLY ! REGIONS BORD]+ ON ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV1 REPRES5T$ A MORTAL DANG] TO ,D5IK9'S 5TIRE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y CAMPAIGN4 ,9 FACT1 ! SUPPLY BASE ( ,D5IK9'S >MY WAS LOCAT$ 9 ! REGION BETWE5 ,M>IUPOL' & ,VOLNOVAKHA4 ,:5 ,B]DYANSK & ,M>IUPOL' W]E TAK51 IMM5SE /ORES ( MUNITIONS W]E GA9$4 ,AT ,VOLNOVAKHA %ELLS W]E /ACK$ 9 TI]S4 ,TO BE SURE1 ALL !SE SUPPLIES DID NOT FALL IMM$IATELY 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S2 ! BATTLE >\ND ,VOLNOVAKHA RAG$ = FIVE DAYS4 ,BUT1 S9CE ALL ! RAILROADS ( ! REGION W]E 9 ! 9SURG5TS' H&S1 NO W> MAT]IAL C\LD REA* ,D5IK9'S TROOPS4 ,D5IK9I/ RES]VE REGIM5TS /ATION$ ?R\<\T ! REGION W]E ANNIHILAT$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ALL ?IS GIGANTIC BASE ( >TILL]Y WAS BLOCKAD$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 & NOT A S+LE %ELL C\LD BE S5T TO ,D5IK9'S NOR!RN FRONT OR TO ANY O!R FRONT4 

,! ,D5IK9I/S HURRI$LY S5T AGA9/ ,MAKHNO ! RES]VE TROOPS /ATION$ NE> ,TAGANROG2 BUT !SE TROOPS W]E ALSO R\T$ & ! FLOOD ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A FL[$ T[>D ! BOTTOM ( ! ,DONETS ,BAS9 & NOR?W>D4 ,BY ,OCTOB] #b? ! ,MAKHNOVI/S OCCUPI$ ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ITS SURR\ND+S4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ! ,D5IK9I/S RECOGNIZ$ ! SITUATION AS IT WAS4 ,!Y ANN\NC$ ?AT ! C5T] ( !IR CAMPAIGN HAD TO %IFT FROM ! NOR? TO ! S\?2 ?AT ! FATE ( !IR CAMPAIGN W\LD BE DECID$ 9 ! S\?4 ,G5]AL ,MAI-,MAEVSKY TOLD ! ,COSSACKS3 ,\R L&S >E DIRECTLY ?REAT5$2 ! 5EMY RAGES 9 ! S\? 5DANG]+ \R HOMES2 WE MU/ RU% !RE TO PROTECT \R L&S 7,MAI-,MAEVSKY'S SPEE* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 A ,D5IK9I/ NEWSPAP]74 

,9 VIEW ( ! SITUATION1 ,D5IK9'S BE/ CAVALRY TROOPS1 COMM&$ BY ,MAMONTOV & ,%KURO1 W]E TRANSF]R$ FROM ! NOR!RN FRONT TO ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION4 ,BUT IT WAS ALREADY TOO LATE4 ,! FIRE WAS RAG+ ?R\<\T ! :OLE C\NTRY1 FROM ! %ORES ( ! ,BLACK ,SEA & ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV TO ,KH>'KOV & ,POLTAVA4 ,DUE TO FRE% RE9=CEM5TS & NUM]\S >MOR$ C>S1 ! ,:ITES MOM5T>ILY SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S RETREAT FROM ,M>IUPOL'1 ,B]DYANSK & ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,BUT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 9 TURN1 OCCUPI$ ,S9EL'NIKOVO1 ,PAVLOGRAD1 ,EKAT]9OSLAV & O!R CITIES & LOCALITIES4 ,DUR+ ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB]1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9 BECAME FI]CE1 & ,D5IK9'S TROOPS AGA9 UND]W5T SOME 5ORM\S DEFEATS4 ,D5IK9'S ,CAUCASIAN REGIM5TS SUFF]$ ! GREATE/ LOSSES1 ESPECIALLY ! ,*E*5 CAVALRY & O!RS1 :O P]I%$ BY ! ?\S&S4 ,T[>D ! 5D ( ,NOVEMB] !SE TROOPS DECL>$ CATEGORICALLY ?AT !Y REFUS$ TO CONT9UE FI<T+ AGA9/ ,MAKHNO4 ,!Y AB&ON$ !IR PO/S 9 ,D5IK9'S >MY & RETURN$ HOME TO ! ,CAUCASUS4 ,?US BEGAN ! G5]AL DIS9TEGRATION ( ,D5IK9'S >MY4 

,! COMPLETE DEFEAT ( ! ,D5IK9I/S 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A 9 S\!RN ,RUSSIA DET]M9$ ! FATE ( !IR 5TIRE CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ! HI/ORIC FACT ?AT ! HONOR ( HAV+ ANNIHILAT$ ! ,D5IK9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ! AUTUMN ( #aiai BELONGS ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,IF ! 9SURG5TS HAD NOT WON ! DECISIVE VICTORY AT ,P]EGONOVKA1 & HAD NOT DE/ROY$ ! ,D5IK9I/ SUPPLY L9ES = >TILL]Y1 FOOD & AMMUNITION1 ! ,:ITES W\LD PROBABLY HAVE 5T]$ ,MOSC[ 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#a#i4 ,! BATTLE BETWE5 ! ,:ITES & ! ,R$S NE> ,OREL WAS RELATIVELY 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,9 FACT1 ,D5IK9'S S\!RN RETREAT HAD ALREADY BEGUN BE=E ?IS BATTLE1 HAV+ BE5 PROVOK$ PRECISELY BY ! DEFEAT ( ITS RE>GU>D4 ,ALL ! SUBSEQU5T MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS ( ! ,D5IK9I/S HAD ! SOLE PURPOSE ( PROTECT+ !IR RETREAT & EVACUAT+ !IR MUNITIONS & SUPPLIES4 ,ALONG ! :OLE L5G? ( ! R\TE FROM ,OREL ?R\< ,KURSK TO ! %ORES ( ! ,BLACK ,SEA & ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV1 ! ,R$ ,>MY ADVANC$ ALMO/ )\T RESI/ANCE4 ,ITS 5TRY 9TO ! ,UKRA9E & ! ,CAUCASUS WAS C>RI$ \T EXACTLY ! SAME WAY AS ITS 5TRY HAD BE5 C>RI$ \T A YE> E>LI]1 AT ! TIME ( ! FALL ( ! ,HETMAN -- ALONG PA?S ?AT W]E ALREADY CLE>$4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,PURELY MILIT>Y CONC]NS ABSORB$ NE>LY ALL ! =CES ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AT ?IS TIME4 ,! /ATE ( W> 9 ! REGION WAS ABSOLUTELY UNFAVORABLE TO 9T]NAL CREATIVE ACTIVITIES4 ,EV5 SO1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DEMON/RAT$ ! NECESS>Y 9ITIATIVE & DILIG5CE 9 ?IS DOMA9 AS WELL4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 :]EV] !Y W5T !Y UND]TOOK TO PREV5T AN IMPORTANT MISUND]/&+3 ! POSSIBILITY ( BE+ TAK5 = A NEW P[] OR P>TY4 ,AS SOON AS !Y 5T]$ A CITY1 !Y DECL>$ ?AT !Y DID NOT REPRES5T ANY K9D ( AU?ORITY1 ?AT !IR >M$ =CES OBLIG$ NO ONE TO ANY SORT ( OBLIGATION & HAD NO O!R AIM ?AN TO PROTECT ! FRE$OM ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,! FRE$OM ( ! PEASANTS & ! WORK]S1 SAID ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 RESIDES 9 ! PEASANTS & WORK]S !MSELVES & MAY NOT BE RE/RICT$4 ,9 ALL FIELDS ( !IR LIVES IT IS UP TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS !MSELVES TO CON/RUCT :ATEV] !Y CONSID] NECESS>Y4 ,AS = ! ,MAKHNOVI/S -- !Y CAN ONLY ASSI/ !M ) ADVICE1 BY PUTT+ AT !IR DISPOSAL ! 9TELLECTUAL OR MILIT>Y =CES !Y NE$1 BUT UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES CAN ! ,MAKHNOVI/S PRESCRIBE = !M 9 ANY MANN]4.<#a#h.> 

,ALEKS&ROVSK & ! SURR\ND+ REGION W]E ! FIR/ PLACES :]E ! ,MAKHNOVI/S REMA9$ = A FAIRLY LONG TIME4 ,!Y IMM$IATELY 9VIT$ ! WORK+ POPULATION TO P>TICIPATE 9 A G5]AL CONF]5CE ( ! WORK]S ( ! CITY4 ,:5 ! CONF]5CE MET1 A DETAIL$ REPORT WAS GIV5 ON ! MILIT>Y SITUATION 9 ! REGION & IT WAS PROPOS$ ?AT ! WORK]S ORGANIZE ! LIFE ( ! CITY & ! FUNCTION+ ( ! FACTORIES ) !IR [N =CES & !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS1 BAS+ !MSELVES ON ! PR9CIPLES ( LABOR & EQUALITY4 ,! WORK]S 5?USIA/ICALLY ACCLAIM$ ALL !SE SUGGE/IONS2 BUT !Y HESITAT$ TO C>RY !M \T1 TR\BL$ BY !IR NOVELTY1 & TR\BL$ MA9LY BY ! NE>NESS ( ! FRONT1 :I* MADE !M FE> ?AT ! SITUATION ( ! CITY WAS UNC]TA9 & UN/ABLE4 ,! FIR/ CONF]5CE WAS FOLL[$ BY A SECOND4 ,! PROBLEMS ( ORGANIZ+ LIFE ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( SELF-MANAGEM5T BY ! WORK]S W]E EXAM9$ & DISCUSS$ ) ANIMATION BY ! MASSES ( WORK]S1 :O ALL WELCOM$ ?IS IDEA ) ! GREATE/ 5?USIASM1 BUT :O ONLY ) DIFFICULTY SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ IT CONCRETE =MS4 ,RAILROAD WORK]S TOOK ! FIR/ /EP 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,!Y =M$ A COMMITTEE *>G$ ) ORGANIZ+ ! RAILWAY NETWORK ( ! REGION1 E/ABLI%+ A DETAIL$ PLAN = ! MOVEM5T ( TRA9S1 ! TRANSPORT ( PASS5G]S1 ETC4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ON1 ! PROLET>IAT ( ,ALEKS&ROVSK BEGAN TO TURN SY/EMATICALLY TO ! PROBLEM ( CREAT+ ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,%ORTLY AFT] ! WORK]S' MEET+S1 A REGIONAL CONGRESS ( PEASANTS & WORK]S WAS CALL$ AT ,ALEKS&ROVSK = ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#a#i4 ,MORE ?AN #b DELEGATES TOOK P>T1 AMONG :OM #ah W]E PEASANTS1 & ! RE/ WORK]S4 ,! CONGRESS DEALT )3 A7 MILIT>Y QUE/IONS 7! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,D5IK92 RE9=CEM5T & MA9T5ANCE ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY72 B7 QUE/IONS DEAL+ ) CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY 9 ! REGION4 

,! CONGRESS CONT9U$ = NE>LY A WEEK & WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A REM>KABLE SPIRIT ON ! P>T ( ?OSE PRES5T4 ,?IS WAS L>GELY DUE TO SPECIFIC CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! RETURN ( ! VICTORI\S ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY TO ITS [N REGION WAS AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT EV5T = ! PEASANTS1 S9CE NE>LY EV]Y FAMILY HAD ONE OR TWO ( ITS MEMB]S AMONG ! 9SURG5TS4 ,BUT /ILL MORE IMPORTANT WAS ! FACT ?AT ?IS CONGRESS MET 9 CONDITIONS ( ABSOLUTE FRE$OM4 ,!RE WAS NO 9FLU5CE EMANAT+ FROM ABOVE4 ,BESIDES ALL ?IS1 ! CONGRESS HAD AN EXCELL5T MILITANT & SPEAK] 9 ! AN>*I/ ,VOT+1 :O1 TO ! AMAZEM5T ( ! PEASANTS1 LUCIDLY EXPRESS$ !IR [N ?\<TS & WI%ES4 ,! IDEA ( FREE ,SOVIETS G5U9ELY FUNCTION+ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ POPULATION2 ! QUE/ION ( DIRECT RELATIONS BETWE5 PEASANTS & CITY WORK]S1 BAS$ ON MUTUAL EX*ANGE ( ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR2 ! LAUN*+ ( A /ATELESS & EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! CITIES & ! C\NTRY -- ALL !SE IDEAS :I* ,VOL9E DEVELOP$ 9 HIS LECTURES1 REPRES5T$ ! V]Y IDEAS ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,?IS WAS PRECISELY ! WAY ! PEASANTS CONCEIV$ ! REVOLUTION & CREATIVE REVOLUTION>Y WORK4 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ DAY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( POLITICAL P>TIES NATURALLY ATTEMPT$ TO 9TRODUCE A SPIRIT ( DISCORD 9TO ! WORK ( ! CONGRESS1 BUT !Y W]E C5SUR$ BY ! 5TIRE CONGRESS1 & ! WORK ( ! CONGRESS CONT9U$ ) COMPLETE H>MONY AMONG ! P>TICIPANTS4 

,! F9AL DAYS ( ! CONGRESS RESEMBL$ A BEAUTIFUL POEM4 ,CONCRETE RESOLUTIONS W]E FOLL[$ BY MAGNIFIC5T BUR/S ( 5?USIASM4 ,ALL W]E MOV$ BY CONFID5CE 9 !IR [N /R5G? & BY FAI? 9 ! P[] ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,A SPIRIT ( TRUE FRE$OM1 SU* AS IS R>ELY EXP]I5C$1 WAS PRES5T 9 ! HALL4 ,EV]YONE SAW BE=E HIM & REALLY GRASP$ ! 5ORM\S PROJECT :I* WAS WOR?Y ( ALL ONE'S 5]GY & = :I* ONE W\LD WILL+LY DIE4 ,! PEASANTS1 AMONG :OM !RE W]E OLD & EV5 ANCI5T M51 SAID ?AT ?IS WAS ! FIR/ CONGRESS :]E !Y FELT NOT ONLY P]FECTLY FREE1 BUT ALSO REAL BRO!RS 9 RELATION TO EA* O!R1 & ?AT !Y W\LD NEV] =GET IT4 ,& 9DE$ IT IS H>DLY LIKELY ?AT ANYONE :O TOOK P>T 9 ?AT CONGRESS C\LD EV] =GET IT4 ,IT REMA9$ 5GRAV$ =EV] ON ! MEMORIES ( MANY1 IF NOT ( ALL1 AS A BEAUTIFUL DREAM AB\T A LIFE 9 :I* TRUE LIB]TY W\LD BR+ PEOPLE TOGE!R1 GIV+ !M ! OPPORTUNITY TO LIVE UNIT$ AT HE>T1 JO9$ BY A FEEL+ ( LOVE & BRO!RHOOD4 

,! CONGRESS RESOLV$ NUM]\S PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY1 ITS ORGANIZATION & RE9=CEM5T4 ,IT WAS PROPOS$ ?AT M5 UP TO ! AGE ( #dh 5LI/ 9 ?IS >MY4 ,9 KEEP+ ) ! SPIRIT ( ! CONGRESS1 ?IS 5ROLLM5T W\LD BE VOLUNT>Y1 BUT AS G5]AL AS POSSIBLE1 9 VIEW ( ! EXTREMELY DANG]\S SITUATION ( ! REGION4 ,E>LI] WE ALREADY M5TION$ ! MEAN+ ( ! VOLUNT>Y #a-YE> MOBILIZATION :I* WAS PROPOS$ AT ! SECOND REGIONAL CONGRESS ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#i#a#i4 ,! RESOLUTION ON MOBILIZATION PASS$ BY ! ,OCTOB] CONGRESS HAD ! SAME MEAN+4 ,! CONGRESS DECID$ ?AT ! SUPPLY+ ( ! >MY W\LD BE DONE PRIM>ILY BY FREE GIFTS FROM ! PEASANTS1 9 ADDITION TO SPOILS ( VICTORY & REQUISITIONS FROM PRIVILEG$ GR\PS4 ,9 ! DOMA9 ( 9T]NAL CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY1 ! CONGRESS LIMIT$ ITSELF = ! TIME BE+ TO 9DICAT+ G5]AL GUIDEL9ES -- ?AT ! WORK]S1 )\T ANY AU?ORITY1 %\LD !MSELVES ORGANIZE !IR LIVES BY !IR [N EF=TS & MEANS4 

,:5 ! PEASANTS LEFT1 !Y EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ TO PUT ! DECISIONS ( ! CONGRESS 9TO PRACTICE4 ,! DELEGATES TOOK AWAY ) !M COPIES ( ! RESOLUTIONS 9 ORD] TO MAKE !M KN[N ALL OV] ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT AT ! 5D ( ?REE OR F\R WEEKS ! RESULTS ( ! CONGRESS W\LD HAVE BE5 KN[N ALL OV] ! REGION & ?AT ! NEXT CONGRESS1 CALL$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS !MSELVES1 W\LD NOT HAVE FAIL$ TO ATTRACT ! 9T]E/ & ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( GREAT MASSES ( WORK]S4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! FRE$OM ( ! WORK+ MASSES IS CONT9UALLY ?REAT5$ BY ITS WOR/ 5EMY -- AU?ORITY4 ,! DELEGATES H>DLY HAD TIME TO RETURN TO !IR HOMES :5 MANY ( !IR VILLAGES W]E AGA9 OCCUPI$ BY ,D5IK9'S TROOPS1 COM+ BY =C$ M>*ES FROM ! NOR!RN FRONT4 ,TO BE SURE1 ?IS TIME ! 9VASION WAS ONLY ( %ORT DURATION2 IT WAS ! DEA? AGONY ( A DY+ 5EMY4 ,BUT IT HALT$ ! CON/RUCTIVE WORK ( ! PEASANTS AT ! MO/ VITAL MOM5T1 & S9CE ANO!R AU?ORITY1 EQUALLY HO/ILE TO ! FRE$OM ( ! MASSES -- ,BOL%EVISM -- WAS APPROA*+ FROM ! NOR?1 ?IS 9VASION DID IRREP>ABLE H>M TO ! WORK]S' CAUSE3 NOT ONLY WAS IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ASSEMBLE A NEW CONGRESS1 BUT EV5 ! DECISIONS ( ! FIR/ C\LD NOT BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 

,9 ! CITY ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 :I* WAS OCCUPI$ BY ! 9SURG5T >MY AT ! TIME ( ! CONGRESS1 CONDITIONS W]E EV5 LESS FAVORABLE = CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,D5IK9'S TROOPS1 :O W]E DRIV5 \T ( ! CITY1 MANAG$ TO DIG 9 ON ! LEFT BANK ( ! ,DNIEP] ,RIV]4 ,DAILY1 = A :OLE MON?1 !Y BOMB>D$ ! CITY FROM !IR NUM]\S >MOR$ TRA9S4 ,EA* TIME ! CULTURAL SECTION ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY MANAG$ TO CALL A MEET+ ( ! CITY'S WORK]S1 ! ,D5IK9I/S1 :O W]E WELL 9=M$1 FIR$ GREAT NUMB]S ( %ELLS1 ESPECIALLY ON ! PLACES :]E ! SESSIONS W]E TO BE HELD4 ,NO S]I\S WORK1 NO SY/EMATIC ORGANIZATION WAS POSSIBLE4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE TO HOLD ONLY A FEW MEET+S 9 ! C5T] & ! SUBURBS ( ! CITY4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S DID1 H[EV]1 SUCCE$ 9 PUBLI%+ !IR DAILY NEWSPAP]4 ,PUT' K ,SVOBODE1 :I* WAS SOON SUPPLEM5T$ BY A DAILY $ITION 9 ! ,UKRA9IAN LANGUAGE ,%LYAKHDO ,VOLI4.<#a#i.>  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,?R\<\T ! LIB]AT$ REGION1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E ! ONLY ORGANIZATION P[]FUL 5\< TO IMPOSE ITS WILL ON ! 5EMY4 ,BUT !Y NEV] US$ ?IS P[] = ! PURPOSE ( DOM9ATION OR EV5 TO GA9 POLITICAL 9FLU5CE2 !Y NEV] US$ IT AGA9/ !IR PURELY POLITICAL OR IDEOLOGICAL OPPON5TS4 ,! MILIT>Y OPPON5TS1 ! CONSPIRATORS AGA9/ ! FRE$OM ( ACTION ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 ! PRISONS -- !SE W]E ! ELEM5TS AGA9/ :I* ! EF=TS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY W]E DIRECT$4 

,PRISONS >E ! SYMBOL ( ! S]VITUDE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y >E ALWAYS BUILT ONLY TO SUBJUGATE ! PEOPLE1 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,?R\<\T ! C5TURIES1 ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ALL C\NTRIES CRU%$ ! SPIRIT ( REBELLION OR RESI/ANCE ( ! MASSES BY MEANS ( EXECUTION & IMPRISONM5T4 ,& 9 \R TIME1 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE1 PRISONS DEV\R MA9LY ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITY & ! NNUNTRYSIDE4 ,FRGE PEOPLE HAVE NO USE FOJJRISONS4 ,:]EV] PRISONS EXI/1 ! PEOPLE >E NOT FREE4 ,PRISONS REPRES5T A CON/ANT ?REAT TO ! WORK]S1 AN 5CROA*M5T ON !IR CONSCI\SNESS & WILL1 & A VISIBLE SIGN ( !IR S]VITUDE4 ,?IS IS H[ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DEF9$ !IR RELATION%IP TO PRISONS4 ,9 KEEP+ ) ?IS ATTITUDE1 !Y DEMOLI%$ PRISONS :]EV] !Y W5T4 ,9 ,B]DYANSK ! PRISON WAS DYNAMIT$ 9 ! PRES5CE ( AN 5ORM\S CR[D1 :I* TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ITS DE/RUCTION4 ,AT ,ALEKS&ROVSK1 ,KRIVOI-,ROG1 ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ELSE:]E1 PRISONS W]E DEMOLI%$ OR BURN$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,EV]Y:]E ! WORK]S *E]$ ?IS ACT4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,IT GIVES US GREAT SATISFACTION TO BE ABLE TO /ATE ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S FULLY APPLI$ ! REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM ( ?\<T1 ( ! PRESS1 & ( POLITICA,T ASSOCIATION4 ,9 ALL ,?,T,PC,TTIES & #a[FIS0#fCCUP,T$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 !Y BEGAN BY LIFT+ ALL ! PROHIBITIONS & REPEAL+ ALL ! RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ ON ! PRESS & ON ,POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS BY ONE OR ANO!R P[]4 ,COMPLETE FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 PRESS1 ASSEMBLY & ASSOCIATION ( ANY K9D & = EV]YONE WAS IMM$IATELY PROCLAIM$4 ,DUR+ ! FEW WEEKS ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S SP5T AT ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 FIVE OR SIX NEWSPAP]S ( V>I\S POLITICAL ORI5TATIONS APPE>$3 ! RI<T ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y PAP]1 ,N>ODOVLA/IE 7,! ,PEOPLE'S ,P[]71 ! LEFT ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y PAP]1 ,ZNAMYA ,VOS/ANYA 7,! ,/&>D ( ,REVOLT71 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,ZVEZDA 7,/>71 & O!RS4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS H>DLY HAD ! RI<T TO FRE$OM ( PRESS & ASSOCIATION BECAUSE !Y HAD DE/ROY$1 :]EV] !Y HAD BE5 ABLE TO1 ! FRE$OM ( PRESS & ASSOCIATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ALSO BECAUSE !IR ORGANIZATION AT ,EKAT]9OSLAV HAD TAK5 A DIRECT P>T 9 ! CRIM9AL 9VASION ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#i2 IT W\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 JU/ TO 9FLICT A SEV]E PUNI%M5T ON !M4 ,BUT1 9 ORD] NOT TO 9JURE ! GREAT PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ASSEMBLY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E NOT DI/URB$1 & C\LD 5JOY1 ALONG ) ALL ! O!R POLITICAL T5D5CIES1 ALL ! RI<TS 9SCRIB$ ON ! BANN] ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,! ONLY RE/RICTION ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CONSID]$ NECESS>Y TO IMPOSE ON ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! LEFT ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES & O!R /ATI/S WAS A PROHIBITION ON ! =MATION ( ?OSE 0REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES0 :I* S\<T TO IMPOSE A DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ,ALEKS&ROVSK & ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 RI<T AFT] ! OCCUPATION ( !SE CITIES BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HA/5$ TO ORGANIZE ,REVKOMS 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES7 SEEK+ ?R\< !M TO E/ABLI% !IR POLITICAL P[] & GOV]N ! POPULATION4 ,AT ,ALEKS&ROVSK1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,REVKOM W5T SO F> AS TO PROPOSE TO ,MAKHNO A DIVISION ( SPH]ES ( ACTION1 LEAV+ ,MAKHNO ! MILIT>Y P[]1 & RES]V+ = ! ,COMMITTEE FULL FRE$OM ( ACTION & ALL POLITICAL & CIVIL AU?ORITY4 ,MAKHNO ADVIS$ !M TO GO & TAKE UP SOME HONE/ TRADE 9/EAD ( SEEK+ TO IMPOSE !IR WILL ON ! WORK]S2 HE EV5 ?REAT5$ TO PUT TO DEA? ! MEMB]S ( ! ,REVKOM IF !Y UND]TOOK ANY AU?ORIT>IAN MEASURES AGA9/ ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,AT ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 A SIMIL> ,REVKOM WAS DISSOLV$ ! SAME WAY4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S' ATTITUDE WAS COMPLETELY JU/IFI$ & CONSI/5T4 ,TO PROTECT ! FULL FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 PRESS1 & ORGANIZATION1 !Y HAD TO TAKE MEASURES AGA9/ =MATIONS :I* S\<T TO /IFLE ?IS FRE$OM1 TO SUPPRESS O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 & TO IMPOSE !IR WILL & DICTATORIAL AU?ORITY ON ! WORK]S4 ,& :51 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#a#i1 ! COMM&] ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,?IRD 7,CRIMEAN7 ,9SURRECTIONAL ,REGIM5T1 ,POLONSKY1 WAS IMPLICAT$ 9 ! ACTIVITIES ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION ( ?IS TYPE1 HE WAS EXECUT$ ALONG ) O!R MEMB]S ( ! ORGANIZATION4 

,H]E IS ! ,MAKHNOVI/ TEXT REG>D+ FRE$OM ( ! PRESS & ( ASSOCIATION3  
  

#a4 ,ALL SOCIALI/ POLITICAL P>TIES1 ORGANIZATIONS & T5D5CIES HAVE ! RI<T TO PROPAGATE !IR IDEAS1 !ORIES1 VIEWS & OP9IONS FREELY1 BO? ORALLY & 9 WRIT+4 ,NO RE/RICTION ( SOCIALI/ FRE$OM ( SPEE* & PRESS WILL BE ALL[$1 & NO P]SECUTION MAY TAKE PLACE 9 ?IS DOMA94 

,REM>K4 ,MILIT>Y COMMUNIQUES MAY NOT BE PR9T$ UNLESS !Y >E SUPPLI$ BY ! $ITORS ( ! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5TS4 ,PUT' K ,SVOBODE4 

#b4 ,9 ALL[+ ALL POLITICAL P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS FULL & COMPLETE FRE$OM TO PROPAGATE !IR IDEAS1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5T >MY WI%ES TO 9=M ALL ! P>TIES ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO PREP>E1 ORGANIZE & IMPOSE A POLITICAL AU?ORITY OV] ! WORK+ PEOPLE WILL NOT BE P]MITT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5TS1 SU* AN ACT HAV+ NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! FREE DISSEM9ATION ( IDEAS4 

,EKAT]9OSLAV4 ,NOVEMB] #e1 #a#i#a#i4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,9SURG5T ,>MY4  
  

,9 ! C\RSE ( ! :OLE ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ! P]IOD ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A WAS ! ONLY P]IOD 9 :I* ! FRE$OM ( ! WORK+ MASSES F\ND FULL EXPRESSION4 ,H[EV] PA9FUL & UN/ABLE ! SITUATION 9 ,ALEKS&ROVSK1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 :]E %ELLS FROM ! >MOR$ TRA9S ( ,D5IK9'S >MY FELL DAILY1 ! WORK]S ( !SE TWO CITIES C\LD = ! FIR/ TIME 9 !IR HI/ORY SAY & DO ANY?+ !Y WANT$1 & AS !Y WANT$4 ,9 ADDITION1 !Y AT LA/ HELD 9 !IR [N H&S ! TREM5D\S POSSIBILITY TO ORGANIZE !IR LIFE & !IR WORK !MSELVES1 ACCORD+ TO !IR [N JUDGM5TS & !IR [N UND]/&+ ( JU/ICE & TRU?4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! MON? ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E =C$ TO LEAVE ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 ,BUT !Y HAD TIME TO DEMON/RATE TO ! WORK+ MASSES ?AT TRUE FRE$OM RESIDES 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 & ?AT IT BEG9S TO RADIATE & DEVELOP AS SOON AS /ATELESSNESS & EQUALITY >E E/ABLI%$ AMONG !M4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibb 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/