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,]RORS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,SECOND ,BOL%EVIK ,ASSAULT ON ! ,9SURG5T ,REGION 

#aibcaibc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,>%9OV 

,TEXT 3 

,! EX]TIONS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,D5IK9 W]E COLOSSAL4 ,! H]OISM ( !IR SIX-MON? /RUGGLE HAD BE5 VISIBLE TO EV]YONE4 ,?R\<\T ! EXT5SIVE >EA ( ! LIB]AT$ REGION1 !Y ALONE C>RI$ ! REVOLUTION>Y ?UND] & PREP>$ ! GRAVE = ,D5IK9'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS H[ ! BROAD MASSES ( ! CITIES & VILLAGES UND]/OOD ! EV5TS :I* TOOK PLACE4 

,?IS CIRCUM/ANCE L$ MANY ,MAKHNOVI/S TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT !Y W]E N[ PROTECT$ FROM ALL ,COMMUNI/ PROVOCATIONS 9 VIEW ( ! UND]/&+ ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT ! ,R$ ,>MY1 COM+ FROM ! NOR?1 W\LD N[ UND]/& ! FALSITY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S ACCUSATIONS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S2 ?AT ?IS >MY W\LD NOT BE TAK5 9 BY A NEW HOAX OR PROVOCATION BY ! ,P>TY1 BUT W\LD ON ! CONTR>Y MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AS SOON AS ! TWO MET4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! OPTIMISM ( C]TA9 ,MAKHNOVI/S W5T SO F> AS TO CONSID] IT UNLIKELY1 9 VIEW ( ! WIDESPREAD ,MAKHNOVI/ LEAN+S AMONG ! PEOPLE1 ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W\LD D>E TO ORGANIZE A NEW ATTACK AGA9/ ! FREE PEOPLE4 

,! MILIT>Y & REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CORRESPOND$ TO ?IS ATTITUDE4 ,!Y LIMIT$ !MSELVES TO OCCUPY+ P>T ( ! REGION BETWE5 ! ,DNIEP] & ! ,DON1 & DID NOT SEEK TO ADVANCE NOR?W>D & CONSOLIDATE !MSELVES !RE1 ?9K+ ?AT :5 ! TWO >MIES MET1 AN APPROPRIATE TACTIC W\LD BE WORK$ \T4 ,9 ADDITION1 SOME MILITANTS W]E CONV9C$ ?AT EXAGG]AT$ LRNPORTANCE %\LD NOT BE GIV5 TO ! MILIT>Y1 EV5 IF REVOLUTION>Y1 ASPECT1 BUT ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO CONC5TRATE ON ! ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 TO 5C\RAGE !M 9 ! WORK ( REVOLUTION>Y CON/RUCTION4 ,CONGRESSES ( WORK]S & PEASANTS -- DI/RICT1 REGIONAL1 PROV9CIAL -- !SE W]E TO BE ! PRACTICAL TASKS ( ! DAY4 ,?IS IS H[ ! REVOLUTION WAS TO BE HELP$ & SAV$ FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK IMPASSE4 

,! OPTIMISM ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & !IR ATTITUDE AB\T ! NE$ TO CONC5TRATE MA9LY ON CON/RUCTIVE WORK 9 ! REGION W]E P]FECTLY HEAL?Y1 BUT DID NOT 9 ANY WAY CORRESPOND TO ! SITUATION :I* WAS DEVELOP+ 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 & CONSEQU5TLY DID NOT LEAD TO ! ANTICIPAT$ RESULTS4 

,!RE WAS FIR/ ( ALL ,BOL%EVISM4 ,BY ITS V]Y NATURE IT C\LD NEV]1 UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES1 ALL[ ! FREE & OP5 EXI/5CE ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T FROM BEL[1 SU* AS ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 ,:ATEV] ! PUBLIC OP9ION ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 ,BOL%EVISM1 ON FIR/ CONTACT ) ! MOVEM5T1 W\LD TAKE ALL MEASURES TO ANNIHILATE IT4 ,?IS IS :Y ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 SITUAT$ AT ! HE>T ( ! POPUL> ACTIVITY ( ! ,UKRA9E1 %\LD HAVE BEGUN BY PROTECT+ !MSELVES FROM ?IS ?REAT4 ,!IR DESIRE TO DEVOTE !MSELVES PR9CIPALLY TO POSITIVE WORK -- A PR(\NDLY JU/IFI$ & REVOLUTION>Y DESIRE -- WAS UNT5ABLE 9 ! SPECIFIC CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! ,UKRA9E AFT] #a#i#a#h4 ,! C\NTRY HAD BE5 TRAV]S$ SEV]AL TIMES BY ,AU/RO-,G]MANS1 BY ,PETLIURI/S1 BY ,D5IK9I/S1 BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 #aiai ! 9SURG5T REGION HAD BE5 SWEPT FROM ONE 5D TO ! O!R BY A WAVE ( ,COSSACKS HEAD+ 9 ONE DIRECTION1 & F\R MON?S LAT] BY ! SAME WAVE HEAD+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 DEVA/AT+ EV]Y?+ 9 ITS PA?4 ,?IS AVALAN*E WAS FOLL[$ IMM$IATELY BY ! NUM]\S TROOPS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 :O 9FLICT$ ON ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE ! SAME UNREMITT+ DEVA/ATION4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ! SUMM] ( #aiai ! SITUATION 9 ! 9SURG5T REGION MADE L>GE-SCALE REVOLUTION>Y CON/RUCTION ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,IT SEEM$ AS ?\< A GIGANTIC GRATE COMPOS$ ( BAYONETS %UTTL$ BACK & =? ACROSS ! REGION1 FROM NOR? TO S\? & BACK AGA91 WIP+ \T ALL TRACES ( CREATIVE SOCIAL CON/RUCTION4 ,9 !SE CONDITIONS ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E =C$ TO CONC5TRATE ON MILIT>Y AFFAIRS1 TO COMBAT 5EMY =CES4 

,WE MU/ CONT9UE TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 ! REGION4 

,9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#a#i1 ! ANNIHILATION ( ,D5IK9'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS ! MA9 TASK ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S COMPLET$ ?IS TASK4 ,BUT ?IS DID NOT COMPLETE !IR HI/ORICAL MISSION 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AT ?IS TIME4 ,! C\NTRY 9 REVOLT1 LIB]AT$ FROM ,D5IK9'S TROOPS1 URG5TLY REQUIR$ ! IMM$IATE ORGANIZATION ( DEF5SE ?R\<\T ITS :OLE T]RITORY4 ,)\T SU* DEF5SE1 ! C\NTRY & ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES GIV5 TO IT BY ! LIQUIDATION ( ,D5IK91 W]E 9 CON/ANT DANG] ( BE+ WIP$ \T BY ! /ATI/ >MY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :I* HAD BE5 S5T 9TO ! ,UKRA9E 9 PURSUIT ( ,D5IK9'S RETREAT+ TROOPS4 

,IT IS !RE=E 9CONTE/ABLE ?AT1 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#a#i1 ONE ( ! HI/ORIC TASKS IMPOS$ ON ! ,MAKHNOV-%*9A BY ! C\RSE ( EV5TS WAS ! CREATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y >MY /RONG 5\< TO P]MIT ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE TO DEF5D !IR FRE$OM1 NOT ONLY 9 AN ISOLAT$ & LIMIT$ >EA1 BUT 9 ! :OLE T]RITORY ( ! ,UKRA9IAN 9SURRECTION4 

,DUR+ ! FI]CE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,D5IK91 ?IS W\LD C]TA9LY NOT HAVE BE5 AN EASY TASK1 BUT IT WAS HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y & 5TIRELY POSSIBLE1 S9CE ! MAJOR P>T ( ! ,UKRA9E WAS 9 ! MID/ ( REVOLUTION & WAS ,MAKHNOVI/ 9 SPIRIT4 ,! UNITS ( 9SURG5TS :O FLOCK$ TO JO9 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CAME NOT ONLY FROM ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E1 BUT ALSO FROM ! NOR? -- = EXAMPLE ! 9SURRECTIONAL DIVISION ( ,BIBIK1 :O OCCUPI$ ,POLTAVA4 ,FUR!RMORE1 C]TA9 DETA*M5TS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY CAME FROM ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA TO ! RANKS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ?IR/+ TO FI<T = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION UND] ! BANN] ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 ,AMONG O!RS1 FAIRLY NUM]\S TROOPS CAME FROM ! GOV]NM5T ( ,OREL1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,OG>KOV4 ,!Y >RIV$ AT ,EKAT]9OSLAV T[>D ! 5D ( ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#i1 HAV+ F\<T BATTLES ON ! WAY AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK AS WELL AS ! ,D5IK9I/ >MIES4 

,! BANN] ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A ROSE SPONTANE\SLY & FLOAT$ OV] ! :OLE ,UKRA9E4 ,IT WAS ONLY NECESS>Y TO TAKE C]TA9 MEASURES 9 ORD] TO M]GE ALL ! NUM]\S >M$ =MATIONS :I* W]E W&]+ OV] ! :OLE ,UKRA9E 9TO A S+LE1 P[]FUL1 POPUL> & REVOLUTION>Y >MY ?AT C\LD HAVE /OOD GU>D >\ND ! T]RITORY ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,SU* A =CE1 DEF5D+ ! :OLE REVOLUTION>Y T]RITORY1 & NOT M]ELY A N>R[ & LIMIT$ REGION1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! MO/ P]SUASIVE >GUM5T AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS ACCU/OM$ AS !Y W]E TO WORK & DEAL ) =CE4 

,H[EV]1 9TOXICATION ) ! VICTORIES1 AS WELL AS A C]TA9 C>ELESSNESS1 PREV5T$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/SFROM CREAT+ A =CE ( ?IS SORT 9 TIME4 ,?IS IS :Y1 FROM ! TIME ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5T]$ ! ,UKRA9E1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E OBLIG$ TO )DRAW 9TO ! LIMIT$ >EA ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,?IS WAS A S]I\S MILIT>Y ]ROR1 AN ]ROR :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E NOT SL[ 9 TURN+ TO !IR ADVANTAGE1 & AN ]ROR :OSE CONSEQU5CES SOON FELL HEAVILY ON ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ON ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E4  
  

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,A TYPHUS EPIDEMIC :I* SPREAD ALL OV] ,RUSSIA ATTACK$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY AS WELL4 ,9 ,OCTOB]1 HALF ! M5 W]E SICK4 ,?IS WAS ! MA9 REASON :Y ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E OBLIG$ TO AB&ON ,EKAT]9OSLAV :5 ! CITY WAS ATTACK$1 T[>D ! 5D ( ,NOVEMB]1 BY A /RONG =CE ( ,D5IK9'S >MY COMM&$ BY ,G5]AL ,SLA%*EV4 ,!SE TROOPS W]E RETREAT+ T[>D ! ,CRIMEA1 & !IR TEMPOR>Y OCCUPATION ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV HAD NO SIGNIFICANCE4 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/S REGR\P$ 9 ! REGION BETWE5 ! CITIES ( ,MELITOPOL'1 ,NIKOPOL' & ,ALEKS&ROVSK4 ,! /AFF ( ! >MY HALT$ 9 ,ALEKS&ROVSK4 ,NEWS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY'S APPROA* HAD BE5 HE>D = SOME TIME4 ,5VISAG+ A FRAT]NAL MEET+1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DID NOT MAKE ANY PREP>ATIONS = A COLLISION4 

,AT ! 5D ( ,DECEMB]1 SEV]AL DIVISIONS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY >RIV$ 9 ! REGION ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ,ALEKS&ROVSK4 ,! 5C\NT] BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI]S WAS W>M & COMRADELY4 ,A G5]AL MEET+ WAS ORGANIZ$ AT :I* ! COMBATANTS ( BO? >MIES %OOK H&S & DECL>$ ?AT !Y W\LD FI<T TOGE!R AGA9/ !IR COMMON 5EMY3 CAPITALISM & C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,?IS ALLIANCE LA/$ = AB\T A WEEK4 ,SOME UNITS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY EV5 %[$ A DESIRE TO GO OV] TO ! ,MAKHNOVI/ RANKS4 

,!N ! COMM&] ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY RECEIV$ AN ORD] FROM ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! #a#d? ,CORPS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY TO MOVE ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY TO ! ,POLI% FRONT4 ,EV]YONE IMM$IATELY UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS WAS ! FIR/ /EP ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS T[>DS A NEW ATTACK ON ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,S5D+ ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY TO ! ,POLI% FRONT MEANT REMOV+ FROM ! ,UKRA9E ! MA9 N]VE C5T] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION4 ,?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS WANT$3 !Y W\LD !N BE ABSOLUTE MA/]S ( ! REBELLI\S REGION1 & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E P]FECTLY AW>E ( ?IS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ORD] ITSELF >\S$ ! 9DIGNATION ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S3 NEI!R ! #a#d? ,CORPS NOR ANY O!R UNIT ( ! ,R$ ,>MY HAD ANY TIES :ATSOEV] ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY2 LEA/ ( ALL W]E !Y 9 A POSITION TO GIVE ORD]S TO ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY1 :I* ALONE HAD SUPPORT$ ! :OLE WEI<T ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURRECTION>Y >MY REPLI$ IMM$IATELY TO ! ORD] ISSU$ BY ! #a#d? ,>MY ,CORPS4 ,?IS RESPONSE /AT$ 7LACK+ ! WRITT5 DOCUM5TS1 WE CITE FROM MEMORY73 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURRECTION>Y >MY HAS DEMON/RAT$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT BETT] ?AN ANYONE ELSE4 ,IT WILL REMA9 AT ITS REVOLUTION>Y COMBAT PO/ BY /AY+ 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 & NOT BY TRAVEL+ TO ! ,POLI% FRONT1 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( :I* !Y DO NOT UND]/&4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS DEP>TURE IS PHYSICALLY IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE HALF ! M51 ! 5TIRE /AFF & ! COMM&] HIMSELF >E 9 ! HOSPITAL ) TYPHUS4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURRECTION>Y >MY CONSID]S ! ORD] ( ! #a#d? ,>MY ,CORPS MISPLAC$ & A PROVOCATION4 

,?IS REPLY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY AN APPEAL TO ! SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY CALL+ ON !M NOT TO BE DUP$ BY ! PROVOCATIVE MANEUV]S ( !IR COMM&]S4 ,HAV+ DONE ?IS1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S BROKE CAMP & SET \T = ,GULYAI-,POIYE4 ,!Y >RIV$ )\T H>D%IPS & )\T 9CID5TS4 ,! SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY %[$ NO DESIRE TO OPPOSE ! MOVE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,ONLY A FEW SMALL DETA*M5TS & SOME ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS :O FELL BEH9D ! RE/ ( ! MOVEM5T W]E HELD BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,9 ! MIDDLE ( ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#b1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DECL>$ ,MAKHNO & ! MEMB]S ( HIS >MY \TLAWS = !IR REFUSAL TO GO TO ! ,POLI% FRONT4 ,?IS DATE M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( A VIOL5T /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,COMMUNI/ P[]4 ,WE WILL NOT GO 9TO ALL ! DETAILS ( ?IS /RUGGLE1 :I* LA/$ N9E MON?S4 ,WE WILL ONLY NOTE ?AT IT WAS A M]CILESS /RUGGLE ON BO? SIDES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS RELI$ ON !IR NUM]\S WELL->M$ & WELL-SUPPLI$ DIVISIONS4 ,9 ORD] TO AV]T FRAT]NIZATION BETWE5 ! SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ! ,BOL%EVIK COMM&] S5T AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S A DIVISION ( ,LETTI% %>P%OOT]S & SOME ,*9ESE DETA*M5TS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 UNITS :OSE MEMB]S HAD NOT ! SLI<TE/ IDEA ( ! TRUE MEAN+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & :O BL9DLY OBEY$ ! ORD]S ( ! AU?ORITIES4  
  

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,9 ,JANU>Y ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E DISORGANIZ$ BY ! TYPHUS EPIDEMIC4 ,ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! /AFF HAD TYPHOID FEV]4 ,MAKHNO HIMSELF HAD CONTRACT$ A P>TICUL>LY ACUTE =M ( TYPHUS4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! SOLDI]S ( ! >MY HAD TO LEAVE ! RANKS BECAUSE ( ! ILLNESS1 & W]E SCATT]$ 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,IT WAS 9 !SE CONDITIONS ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD TO FACE !IR NUM]\S 5EMIES & TO C>E = ,MAKHNO1 :O WAS UNCONSCI\S = MANY DAYS4 ,IT WAS A MOM5T ( CONC]N1 SACRIFICE & DEVOT$ C>E = !IR LEAD]4 ,! 9SURG5TS1 SIMPLE PEASANTS FROM ! SURR\ND+ VILLAGES1 W]E DEEPLY MOV$ BY ,MAKHNO'S DANG]\S SITUATION4 ,BE+ SICK1 HE C\LD BE TAK5 PRISON] BY ! ,R$ ,>MY FROM ONE DAY TO ! NEXT4 ,IT WAS P]FECTLY CLE> TO ALL ?AT ! LOSS ( ,MAKHNO W\LD BE A T]RIBLE BL[ TO ! 5TIRE PEASANTRY1 A LOSS ) CONSEQU5CES ?AT C\LD NOT BE IMAG9$4 ,SO ! PEASANTS DID EV]Y?+ !Y C\LD TO PREV5T ?IS4 ,ONE %\LD HAVE SE5 ! SOLICITUDE ) :I* !Y TRANSPORT$ ,MAKHNO FROM ONE HUT TO ANO!R 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE & O!R VILLAGES1 %IELD+ HIM FROM ! ,R$ SOLDI]S S5T AFT] HIM2 ONE %\LD HAVE SE5 H[1 MORE ?AN ONCE1 AT ! CRITICAL MOM5T :5 ,MAKHNO'S HID+ PLACE WAS DISCOV]$1 ! PEASANTS SACRIFIC$ !MSELVES1 SEEK+ TO GA9 TIME TO TRANSPORT HIM TO A SAF] PLACE -- ONE HAD TO HAVE SE5 ALL ?IS 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ) :AT FANATIC DEVOTION ! PEASANTS W]E READY TO DEF5D !IR LEAD]1 & TO :AT DEGREE !Y VALU$ HIM4 ,IT WAS ONLY DUE TO ?IS EXCEPTIONAL DEVOTION ?AT ,MAKHNO'S LIFE WAS SAV$ AT ?IS CRITICAL MOM5T4  
  

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,?\< ! ,BOL%EVIK TROOPS W]E MU* MORE NUM]\S1 ,MAKHNO & HIS DETA*M5TS CON/ANTLY KEPT \T ( !IR REA*4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS MANAG$ TO E/ABLI% !MSELVES SOLIDLY 9 SEV]AL PLACES1 & TO /OP ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ! REGION1 :I* HAD BEGUN 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT MASS EXECUTIONS ( PEASANTS BEGAN4 

,MANY WILL REMEMB] ?AT ! ,SOVIET PRESS1 9 >TICLES ON ! /RUGGLE ) ,MAKHNO1 CIT$ ! NUMB] ( ,MAKHNOVI/S DEFEAT$1 CAPTUR$ OR %OT4 ,BUT ?IS PRESS ALWAYS NEGLECT$ TO M5TION ?AT ! VICTIMS W]E USUALLY NOT 9SURG5TS 9 ,MAKHNO'S >MY BUT LOCAL PEASANTS ( V>I\S VILLAGES :O SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 ,! >RIVAL ( ,R$ DIVISIONS 9 A VILLAGE MEANT ! IMM$IATE >RE/ ( MANY PEASANTS1 :O W]E LAT] EXECUT$ EI!R AS ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5TS1 OR AS HO/AGES4 ,! COMM&]S ( V>I\S ,R$ DIVISIONS W]E P>TICUL>LY FOND ( ?IS SAVAGE & VILE ME?OD ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A1 PREF]R+ IT TO OP5 /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,MAKHNO4 ,IT WAS ESPECIALLY ! UNITS ( ! #d#bND & #d#f? ,R$ ,RIFLE DIVISIONS :O 9DULG$ 9 ?IS TYPE ( ACTIVITY4 ,! VILLAGE ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 :I* PASS$ FROM ONE SIDE TO ! O!R SEV]AL TIMES1 SUFF]$ ! MO/4 ,EA* TIME ! ,BOL%EVIK TROOPS 5T]$ ! VILLAGE OR W]E OBLIG$ TO LEAVE1 ! COMM&]S R\ND$ UP SEV]AL DOZ5 PEASANTS1 >RE/+ !M UNEXPECT$LY 9 ! /REETS1 & %OT !M4 ,EV]Y 9HABITANT ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE CAN TELL HORRIFY+ /ORIES AB\T ?IS ,BOL%EVIK PRACTICE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! MO/ MOD]ATE E/IMATES1 MORE ?AN #b1 PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E %OT OR S]I\SLY 9JUR$ BY ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES 9 ! ,UKRA9E AT ?AT TIME4 ,NE>LY AS MANY W]E IMPRISON$ OR DEPORT$ TO V>I\S P>TS ( ,RUSSIA & ,SIB]IA4 

,NATURALLY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S -- REVOLUTION>Y SONS ( A PEOPLE 9 REVOLUTION -- C\LD NOT REMA9 9DIFF]5T TO SU* A MON/R\S DI/ORTION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y REPLI$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIK T]ROR ) BL[S NO LESS SEV]E4 ,!Y EMPLOY$ AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS ALL ME?ODS ( GU]RILLA W>F>E :I* !Y HAD =M]LY US$ 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY4 ,:5EV] ! ,R$ ,>MY UNITS 5T]$ 9TO COMBAT ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ! BATTLE FOLL[$ ALL ! RULES ( W>1 & IT WAS UN=TUNATELY ! SIMPLE SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY :O W]E ! MA9 VICTIMS ( SU* 5C\NT]S1 SOLDI]S :O HAD BE5 S5T 9TO ! BATTLE UND] COMPULSION & :O 9 NO WAY DES]V$ SU* A4 FATE4 ,BUT ?IS C\LD NOT BE AVOID$4 ,:5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CAPTUR$ ,R$ PRISON]S !Y DIS>M$ ! SOLDI]S & SET !M FREE2 ?OSE :O WI%$ C\LD JO9 ! 9SURG5T RANKS2 BUT ! COMM&]S & ,P>TY FUNCTION>IES W]E G5]ALLY KILL$1 EXCEPT = ! R>E 9/ANCES :5 ! SOLDI]S ASK$ ?AT !Y BE SP>$4 

,! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES & !IR AG5TS (T5 DEPICT$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AS PITILESS ASSASS9S1 GIV+ LONG LI/S ( SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY & MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PUT TO DEA? BY !M4 ,BUT ! AU?ORITIES W]E ALWAYS SIL5T AB\T ! ESS5TIAL FACT1 NAMELY AB\T ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* !SE SOLDI]S OR ,P>TY MEMB]S HAD BE5 KILL$4 ,!Y W]E ALWAYS VICTIMS ( COMBATS />T$ OR PROVOK$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S !MSELVES1 COMBATS :I* W]E =C$ ON ! ,MAKHNOVI/S :5 !Y W]E CORN]$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,W> IS W>2 !RE >E ALWAYS VICTIMS ON BO? SIDES4 ,BUT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S UND]/OOD P]FECTLY ?AT !Y W]E MAK+ W>1 NOT AGA9/ ! SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY AS A GR\P OR AGA9/ ANY ( !M 9DIVIDUALLY1 BUT AGA9/ ! H&FUL ( RUL]S :O DIRECT$ ?IS MASS1 :O DISPOS$ ( !M1 & :O VALU$ ! LIFE ( A ,R$ SOLDI] ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT WAS USEFUL = ! PRES]VATION ( !IR P[]4 ,?IS IS :Y1 AL?\< !Y (T5 /RUGGL$ BITT]LY AGA9/ ! ,R$ ,>MY UNITS1 ONCE ! BATTLE WAS OV] ! ,MAKHNOVI/S RELAT$ TO ! SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY ) ! SAME SPIRIT ( BRO!RHOOD & FRI5D%IP :I* *>ACT]IZ$ RELATIONS AMONG !MSELVES4 ,ONE CAN ONLY ADMIRE ! TACT1 ! SELF-RE/RA9T & ! REVOLUTION>Y HONOR ) :I* ! ,MAKHNOVI/S TURN$ TO ! SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY3 NOT ONE ( ! SOLDI]S ( ?IS >MY TAK5 PRISON] BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S WAS MADE TO SUFF] BY !M4 ,& ?IS HAPP5$ AT A TIME :5 ALL ! ,MAKHNOVI/S :O FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E 9V>IABLY %OT ON ! SPOT4 

,BUT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD COMPLETELY DIFF]5T RELATIONS ) ! *IEFS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY & ) ! ,P>TY >I/OCRACY4 ,!Y CONSID]$ !M ! ONLY REAL CULPRITS ( ALL ! EVILS & ALL ! HORRORS :I* ! ,SOVIET P[] IMPOS$ ON ! REGION4 ,!SE *IEFS HAD DELIB]ATELY ANNIHILAT$ ! FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE & TRANS=M$ ! 9SURG5T REGION 9TO A W\ND FROM :I* ! BLOOD ( ! PEOPLE FL[$4 ,& ! ,MAKHNOVI/S TREAT$ !M ACCORD+LY3 :5 !Y W]E CAU<T !Y W]E USUALLY KILL$4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK T]ROR AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CONTA9$ ALL ! SYMPTOMS ( T]ROR 9H]5T 9 A RUL+ CA/E4 ,IF ,MAKHNOVI/ PRISON]S W]E NOT %OT ON ! SPOT1 !Y W]E IMPRISON$ & SUBJECT$ TO ALL TYPES ( TORTURE TO =CE !M TO REPUDIATE ! MOVEM5T1 TO D5\NCE !IR COMRADES & TO TAKE EMPLOYM5T ) ! POLICE4 ,! ASSI/ANT TO ! COMM&] ( ! #a#c? 9SURG5T REGIM5T1 ,B]EZOVSKY1 WAS TAK5 PRISON] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS & BECAME AN AG5T ( ! ,SPECIAL ,SECTION 7,*EKA72 BUT ACCORD+ TO HIM1 HE DID ?IS ONLY AFT] BE+ SUBJECT$ TO TORTURE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS MORE ?AN ONCE (F]$ FRE$OM TO ! COMM&] ( ! 5G9E]+ CORPS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY1 ,*UB5KO1 IF HE W\LD AGREE TO ASSI/ !M 9 KILL+ ,MAKHNO4 ,ASSASS9AT+ ,MAKHNO ) ! HELP ( ANY IMPRISON$ ,MAKHNOVI/ WAS ! CON/ANT CONC]N ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS DUR+ ! 5TIRE SUMM] ( #a#i#b4 ,H]E IS A TEXT ( A DOCUM5T PUBLI%$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AFT] AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ASSASS9ATE ,MAKHNO4  
  

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,= TWO MON?S ! /AFF HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,UKRA9IAN REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5TS HAS BE5 RECEIV+ 9=MATION FROM MANY S\RCES AB\T ! FACT ?AT ! RUL+ ,COMMUNI/-,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 UNABLE 9 SPITE ( ALL ITS REGIM5TS & DIVISIONS TO VANQUI% ! 9DEP5D5T & FREE 9SURRECTION ( ! ,MAKHNOV-%*9A 9 OP5 COMBAT1 HAS BE5 PLOTT+1 ) ! HELP ( M]C5>IES1 TO ASSASS9ATE ! LEAD] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION1 COMRADE ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO4 

,WE POSSESS PRECISE 9=MATION AB\T ! FACT ?AT A SPECIAL SECTION HAS BE5 9/ITUT$ = ?IS PURPOSE 9 ! ,ALL-,UKRA9IAN ,*EKA1 HEAD$ BY EXP]I5C$ ,BOL%EVIK EXECUTION]S ,MANTSEV & ,M>TYNOV4 ,! P]SONNEL ( ?IS SPECIAL SECTION IS RECRUIT$ EXCLUSIVELY AMONG =M] NALET*IKI 70B&ITS07 :O >E CONDEMN$ TO DEA? & BUY !IR LIVES ?R\< S]VICES R5D]$ TO ! ,*EKA4 

,AMONG ! AG5TS PROVOCATEURS1 !RE >E SOME :O HAVE HAD CONNECTIONS ) ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 = EXAMPLE3 ,PET] ,SIDOROV1 ,TIMA-LVAN ,PETRAKOV1 ,ZH5YA ,]MAKOVA 7,ANNA ,SUKHOVA71 ,*ALDON & ,BURTSEV4 ,!IR L9KS TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T W]E MA9LY MILIT>Y4 ,WE HAVE ALSO BE5 9=M$ ?AT ONE ( !SE AG5TS PROVOCATEURS IS 0,BIG ,NI*OLAS0 -- AN 9DIVIDUALI/ :O LA/ YE> $IT$ ! J\RNAL ,K ,SVETU 7,T[>D ! ,LI<T7 9 ,KH>'KOV1 & :O IS ALSO KN[N AS ,VASILI4 

,!RE >E NO LIMITS TO ! TREA*]Y ( ?IS B& ( PROVOCATEURS4 ,HAV+ LE>N$ MANY ( ! CL&E/9E NAMES & ADDRESSES ( AN>*I/S AT ! TIME ( ,D5IK9'S 9VASION1 !Y BUR/ 9TO ! COMRADES' QU>T]S & C>RI$ \T \TRI<T POGROMS2 IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ALL ! AN>*I/S :OM !Y KNEW1 & :O W]E MORE OR LESS HO/ILE TO ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES1 W]E >RE/$ & %OT4 

,AFT] HAV+ OP]AT$ ?IS WAY 9 ,KH>'KOV & ,ODESSA1 ?IS UNSAVORY B&1 HEAD$ BY ITS BOSS1 ,MANTSEV1 MOV$ TO ,EKAT]9OSLAV 9 ORD] TO PREP>E ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,BATKO ,MAKHNO FROM !RE1 & TO RECRUIT COLLABORATORS4  
  

,H[EV]1 ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE EVID5TLY =GOTT51 DUR+ ! ?REE YE>S !Y HAVE RUL$1 ! TYPE ( S9C]ITY ) :I* AG5TS PROVOCATEURS S]V$ ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T1 & H[ MANY TIMES A ,PETROV EM]G$ FROM !IR RANKS1 :O SUCCE$$ 9 R$EEM+ HIS HONOR4 ,SU* IS ! CASE AGA94 ,AMONG ! PROVOCATEURS B\<T BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 EX*ANGE = MONEY & ! PROMISE TO HAVE !IR LIVES SP>$1 !RE >E PEOPLE :O1 HAUNT$ BY MORAL OBLIGATIONS OR POSSIBLY BY ! AW>5ESS ( !IR BETRAYAL1 MANAGE TO ?W>T ALL ! V5TURES ( ,MI/] ,MANTSEV & HIS FRI5DS4  
  

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,ON ,JUNE #b1 ONE H\R AFT] ! >RIVAL ( A GR\P ( REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5TS 7,MAKHNOVI/S7 9 ,TURK5OVKA1 T5 MILES FROM ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 A C]TA9 ,F$YA ,GLU%*5KO1 :O DUR+ ! PREC$+ YE> HAD WORK$ 9 C\NT]-ESPIONAGE = ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY1 & :O HAD JU/ >RIV$ 9 ! VILLAGE1 APPROA*$ ,COMRADE ,MAKHNO 9 ! /REET & SAID TO HIM N]V\SLY3 0,BATKO1 ,I HAVE SOME V]Y IMPORTANT 9=MATION = Y\64440 ,COMRADE ,MAKHNO 9/RUCT$ HIM TO MAKE HIS COMMUNICATION TO ,COMRADE ,KURI-L5KO1 :O WAS NE>BY4 ,F$YA DECL>$ ?AT HE & ANO!R P]SON1 :O AT ?AT TIME /OOD ON ! /REET CLOSE TO ,COMRADE ,MAKHNO1 HAD BE5 S5T !RE TO ASSASS9ATE ,BATKO ,MAKHNO4 ,KURIL5KO CAUTI\SLY APPROA*$ ! O!R P]SON & SUCCE$$ 9 DIS>M+ HIM4 ,HE WAS C>RY+ A ,MAUS] REVOLV]1 A ,BR[N+ & TWO BOMBS1 & ,F$YA HIMSELF HAD A ,COLT REVOLV]4 

,! O!R 9DIVIDUAL WAS ,YAKOV ,KO/YKH91 A NALET*IK :O HAD ! NICKNAME 0,BAD ,YA%KA40 ,HE QUICKLY DESCRIB$1 9 DETAIL & ) ALL S9C]ITY1 V]BALLY AS WELL AS 9 WRIT+1 EV]Y?+ HE WAS SUPPOS$ TO DO AT ! 9/IGATION ( ,MI/] ,MANTSEV1 T[>D :OM HE %[$ NO RESPECT4 ,!Y HAD RECEIV$ #ac ?\S& RUBLES 9 ,CZ>I/ PAP] MONEY & A SUM ( ,SOVIET MONEY4 ,A DETAIL$ PLAN ( ! PROJECT$ ASSASS9ATION HAD BE5 C>EFULLY WORK$ \T 9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV BY ,MANTSEV1 ,M>TYNOV & ,F$YA4 ,KO/YUKH9 WAS UND] ,F$YA'S ORD]S4 ,F$YA ALSO HAD ! MISSION ( W9N+ OV] TO HIS SIDE ! =M] HEAD ( C\NT]-ESPIONAGE ( ! ,FIR/ 7,DONETS7 ,MAKHNOVI/ ,CORPS1 ,LEV ,ZADOV4 ,KO/YUKH91 KN[+ ?AT HE DES]V$ ONLY TO DIE1 (F]$ HIS S]VICES = ANY PURPOSE :ATEV]4 ,NATURALLY ?IS (F] WAS REJECT$1 & HE WAS EXECUT$ ! FOLL[+ DAY4 ,JU/ BE=E HE DI$1 HE CURS$ ,F$YA = HAV+ L$ HIM H]E & !N BETRAY$ HIM4 

,F$YA DECL>$ ?AT HE HAD BE5 >RE/$ BY ,MANTSEV & HAD BE5 (F]$ ! *OICE BETWE5 DEA? & WORK+ UND] ! ORD]S ( ! ,*EKA ) A VIEW TO ASSASS9AT+ ,MAKHNO4 ,HE *OSE ! LATT] PROPOSITION1 ) ! 9T5TION1 HE SAID1 ( W>N+ ,COMRADE ,MAKHNO 9 TIME4 ,HE REMA9$ FIRM & DECL>$ ?AT HE DES]V$ TO DIE = HIS P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,*EKA2 BUT HE REPEAT$ ?AT HE HAD DONE ?IS 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO W>N HIS COMRADES & TO DIE BY !IR H&S4 ,! 9SURG5TS OBVI\SLY C\LD NOT LET COLLABORATION ) ! ,*EKA GO UNPUNI%$1 :ATEV] ! MOTIVES :I* HAD 9DUC$ ,F$YA TO DO ?IS1 S9CE A REVOLUTION>Y CANNOT UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES COLLABORATE ) ! POLICE4 ,ON ,JUNE #ba ,F$YA ,GLU%*5KO WAS EXECUT$ TOGE!R ) ,KO/YUKH94 ,HE DI$ CALMLY1 SAY+ ?AT HE FULLY DES]V$ TO DIE1 BUT HE ASK$ ?AT HIS ,MAKHNOVI/ COMRADES BE 9=M$ ?AT HE DID NOT DIE AS A VILLA91 BUT AS A TRUE FRI5D ( ! 9SURG5TS :O HAD ACCEPT$ S]VICE ) ! ,*EKA ONLY SO ?AT HIS DEA? W\LD SAVE ! LIFE ( ,BATKO ,MAKHNO4 0,GOD HELP Y\60 W]E HIS LA/ WORDS4 

,?US 5D$ ! TREA*]\S ATTEMPT ( ! ,ALL-,UKRA9IAN ,*EKA TO USE M]C5>IES TO ASSASS9ATE ! LEAD] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION1 COMRADE ,MAKHNO4  
  

,C\NCIL ( ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5TS 7,MAKHNOVI/S7 ,JUNE #b#a1 #a#i#b4  
  
  

,ALL ?R\< ! YE> ( #aib & EV5 LAT]1 ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES C>RI$ ON ! FI<T AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S PRET5D+ TO BE FI<T+ B&ITRY4 ,!Y 5GAG$ 9 9T5SE AGITATION TO P]SUADE ! C\NTRY ( ?IS1 US+ !IR PRESS & ALL !IR MEANS ( PROPAG&A TO UPHOLD ! SL&] BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 NUM]\S 9FANTRY & CAVALRY DIVISIONS W]E S5T AGA9/ ! 9SURG5TS1 = ! PURPOSE ( DE/ROY+ ! MOVEM5T & PU%+ ITS MEMB]S T[>D ! GULF ( REAL B&ITRY4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ PRISON]S W]E PITILESSLY PUT TO DEA?1 !IR FAMILIES -- FA!RS1 MO!RS1 WIVES1 RELATIVES -- W]E TORTUR$ & KILL$1 !IR PROP]TY WAS PILLAG$ OR CONFISCAT$1 !IR H\SES W]E DE/ROY$4 ,ALL ?IS WAS PRACTIC$ ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,A SUP]HUMAN WILL & H]OIC EF=TS W]E NE$$ BY ! VA/ MASSES ( 9SURG5TS1 9 ! FACE ( ALL !SE HORRORS COMMITT$ DAILY BY ! AU?ORITIES1 TO RETA9 9TACT !IR RIGOR\SLY REVOLUTION>Y POSITION1 & NOT TO FALL1 9 EXASP]ATION1 9TO ! ABYSS ( B&ITRY4 ,BUT ! MASSES NEV] LO/ !IR C\RAGE1 !Y NEV] L[]$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y BANN]1 BUT REMA9$ TO ! 5D FAI?FUL TO !IR TASK4 ,= ?OSE :O SAW IT DUR+ ?IS H>D & PA9FUL P]IOD1 ?IS WAS A G5U9E MIRACLE1 DEMON/RAT+ H[ DEEP WAS ! FAI? ( !SE WORK+ MASSES 9 ! REVOLUTION1 H[ /RONG !IR DEVOTION TO ! CAUSE :OSE IDEAS HAD WON !M OV]4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,DUR+ ! SPR+ & SUMM] ( #a#i#b1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD TO C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE1 NOT M]ELY AGA9/ DETA*M5TS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 BUT AGA9/ ! :OLE ,BOL%EVIK SY/EM1 AGA9/ ALL ITS GOV]NM5TAL =CES 9 ! ,UKRA9E & ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS IS :Y ! 9SURRECTION>Y TROOPS W]E SOMETIMES OBLIG$ -- SO AS TO AVOID 5C\NT]+ AN 5EMY ( TOO SUP]IOR NUMB]S -- TO LEAVE !IR REGION & MAKE =C$ M>*ES ( #f MILES OR MORE4 ,SOMETIMES !Y HAD TO RETREAT TO ! ,DONETS ,BAS91 SOMETIMES TO ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,KH>'KOV & ,POLTAVA4 ,!SE 9VOLUNT>Y W&]+S W]E PUT TO CONSID]ABLE USE BY ! 9SURG5TS = PROPAG&A PURPOSES1 & EV]Y VILLAGE 9 :I* !Y HALT$ = A DAY OR TWO BECAME A VA/ ,MAKHNOVI/ AUDITORIUM4 

,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS NOMADIC P]IOD1 9 ,JUNE-,JULY1 #a#i#b1 ?AT A HI<] ORGAN TO DIRECT ! ACTIVITY ( ! >MY & ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T WAS CON/RUCT$3 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5TS 7,MAKHNOVI/S71 CONSI/+ ( SEV5 MEMB]S ELECT$ OR RATIFI$ BY ! MASS ( ! 9SURG5TS4 ,?IS ,C\NCIL WAS DIVID$ 9TO ?REE SECTIONS3 MILIT>Y AFFAIRS & OP]ATIONS1 ORGANIZATION & G5]AL CONTROL1 $UCATION & CULTURE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibb 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/