,HI/ORY ( ! ,MOVEM5T ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI3 ,SELECT$ ,>TICLES & ,SPEE*ES1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#h#d2 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 9 ,A4 ,KOLLONTAI1 ,ON ! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MOVEM5T ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA1 
,KH>KOV #a#i#b1 P4 #c#a#a2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 ,SALLY ,RYAN = M>XI/S4ORG1 #b2 
,PRO($3 & CORRECT$ BY ,*RIS ,CLAYTON #b#f4 

,:AT YE> C\LD BE SAID TO M>K ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORK+ 
WOM5'S MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA8 ,9 ITS ESS5TIAL NATURE1 ! 
MOVEM5T ( WOM5 WORK]S IS 9SEP>ABLY L9K$ ) ! 
5TIRE PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T AS ONE 9DIVISIBLE :OLE4 ,! 
WOMAN WORK]1 AS A MEMB] ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 AS SOMEONE 
SELL+ H] LABOR1 ALSO ROSE 9 REVOLT ) ! WORK]S 
EV]Y TIME !Y OPPOS$ ! VIOLATION ( !IR HUMAN 
RI<TS1 P>TICIPAT$ TOGE!R & ON AN EQUAL FOOT+ ) ! 
WORK]S 9 ALL WORK] UPRIS+S1 9 ALL ! FACTORY REVOLTS 
SO HAT$ BY CZ>ISM4 

,= ?IS REASON1 ! BEG9N+ ( ! MOVEM5T ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA CO9CIDES ) ! FIR/ SIGNS ( ! AWAK5+ ( CLASS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 & ) ITS FIR/ ATTEMPTS1 BY MEANS ( COMB9$ PRESSURE1 /RIKES & WALK-\TS1 TO A*IEVE MORE TOL]ABLE1 LESS HUMILIAT+ & MIS]LY CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 

,WOM5 WORK]S TOOK ACTIVE P>T 9 ! WORK] REVOLTS AT ! 
,KR5HOLM FACTORY 9 #ahgb & AT ! ,LAZ]YEV TEXTILE FACTORY 
9 ,MOSC[ 9 #a#h#g#d4 ,!Y W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! /RIKE 9 #ah< AT 
! ,NEW ,COTTON-,SP9N+ ,PLANT 9 ,PETROGRAD & L$ ! 
WEAV]S' /RIKE 9 ! FAM\S WORK]S' DEMON/RATION 9 
,OREKHOVO-,ZUYEVO1 DUR+ :I* FACTORY BUILD+S W]E 
WRECK$4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T WAS COMPELL$ TO 
HURRY ?R\< ITS LEGISLATION PROHIBIT+ NI<T WORK = WOM5 
& *ILDR51 :I* CAME 9TO =CE ON #c ,JUNE1 #a#h#h#e4 

,IT IS 9DICATIVE ?AT ! SPONTANE\S WAVE ( /RIKES ?AT %OOK PROLET>IAN ,RUSSIA 9 ! #a#h#g'S & ! E>LY #a#h#h'S AFFECT$ MA9LY ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 9 :I* ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK =CE IS MADE UP ( *EAP FEMALE LABOR4 ,! DI/URBANCES ( ! #a#h#g'S & E>LY #a#h#h'S OCCURR$ = PURELY ECONOMIC REASONS1 PROVOK$ BY UNEMPLOYM5T & ! CONT9U+ CRISIS 9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY4 ,H[EV]1 IS IT NOT REM>KABLE ?AT ?IS D[NTRODD5 'FACTORY GIRL'1 )\T RI<TS1 OPPRESS$ BY LABOR BEYOND H] /R5G? & POLITICALLY IGNORANT1 DESPIS$ EV5 BY ! FEMALE HALF ( ! 
URBAN PETTY B\RGEOISIE & HELD AT >M'S L5G? BY PEASANT WOM5 :O CLUNG T5ACI\SLY TO OLD TRADITIONS1 %\LD BE 9 ! FRONT RANKS ( ?OSE FI<T+ = ! RI<TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 = ! EMANCIPATION ( WOM58 ,! H>% CONDITIONS ( LIFE ITSELF COMPELL$ ! FACTORY GIRL TO OPPOSE OP5LY ! 
P[] ( ! BOSSES & ! 5SLAVEM5T ( CAPITAL4 ,H[EV]1 9 FI<T+ = ! RI<TS & 9T]E/S ( H] CLASS1 ! WOMAN WORK] WAS UNWITT+LY ALSO PREP>+ ! WAY = ! EMANCIPATION ( WOM5 FROM ?OSE *A9S ?AT /ILL WEI<$ UPON !M 9 P>TICUL> & CREAT$ 9EQUALITY ( /ATUS & CONDITIONS AMONG M5 & WOM5 WORK]S1 EV5 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ONE S+LE WORK+ CLASS4 

,DUR+ ! NEW & 9T5SIFI$ WAVE ( WORK] 
DI/URBANCES 9 ! MID- & ! LATE #a#h#i'S1 WORK+ WOM5 
W]E ONCE AGA9 9V>IABLY ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS 9 WORK] 
REVOLTS4 ,! ,APRIL REVOLT AT ! ,Y>OSLAVL FACTORY 9 #ahie 
RECEIV$ VIGOR\S SUPPORT FROM ! WOM5 WEAV]S4 ,NOR W]E 
WOM5 WORK]S LESS ACTIVE ?AN !IR MALE COMRADES DUR+ ! 
ECONOMIC /RIKES ( #a#h#i#d-#a#h#i#e 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG4 ,:51 9 ! 
SUMM] ( #a#h#i#f1 ,/ ,PET]SBURG BECAME ! SC5E ( ! HI/ORIC 
/RIKE BY TEXTILE WORK]S1 ! WOM5 WEAV]S C\RAGE\SLY & 
UNANIM\SLY WALK$ \T ( ! WORK%OPS TOGE!R ) ! M5 
WEAV]S4 ,:AT DIFF]5CE DOES IT MAKE ?AT AT HOME HUNGRY 
*ILDR5 >E WAIT+ = !IR WORK+ MO!R8 ,:AT DIFF]5CE 
DOES IT MAKE ?AT ?IS /RIKE BR+S ) IT ! ?REAT 
( DISMISSAL1 ( EXILE OR PRISON8 ,! COMMON CLASS CAUSE IS 
MORE IMPORTANT1 MORE SACR$ ?AN MAT]NAL FEEL+S1 CONC]N 
= ! FAMILY1 = P]SONAL & FAMILY WELL-BE+6 

,AT A TIME ( DI/URBANCES & /RIKES ! WOMAN WORK]1 OPPRESS$1 TIMID1 )\T RI<TS1 /RAI<T5S UP TO H] FULL HEI<T & BECOMES EQUAL AS A FI<T] & COMRADE4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION TAKES PLACE UNCONSCI\SLY1 SPONTANE\SLY1 BUT IT IS IMPORTANT & SIGNIFICANT4 ,IT IS ! PA? ALONG :I* ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T IS LEAD+ ! WOMAN WORK] TO LIB]ATION1 NOT ONLY AS ONE :O SELLS H] LABOR1 BUT ALSO AS A WOMAN1 A WIFE1 A MO!R & A H\SEWIFE4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#i'S & ! BEG9N+ ( ! #b? C5TURY 
!RE W]E A NUMB] ( DI/URBANCES & /RIKES AT FACTORIES 
EMPLOY+ MA9LY WOM53 AT TOBACCO-PROCESS+ FACTORIES 
7,%AN%AI71 AT SP9N+ & WEAV+ MILLS 7,MAXWELL7 9 
,PETROGRAD1 ETC4 ,! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA IS 
GA9+ /R5G?1 ORGANIZ+ ITSELF1 TAK+ %APE4 ,SO ALSO IS 
CLASS RESI/ANCE AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 

,NONE!LESS1 UNTIL ! MOM5T\S YE> ( ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ! MOVEM5T WAS BASICALLY ECONOMIC 9 NATURE4 ,POLITICAL SLOGANS HAD TO BE CONCEAL$ OR ADVANC$ 9 DISGUIS$ =M4 ,A HEAL?Y CLASS 9/9CT PROMPTS ! WOMAN WORK] TO SUPPORT /RIKES1 & NOT 9FREQU5TLY ! WOM5 !MSELVES ORGANIZE & C>RY ?R\< 'FACTORY REVOLTS'4 ,H[EV]1 NO SOON] HAD ! WAVE ( BITT] /RIKE /RUGGLE PASS$1 NO SOON] HAD ! WORK]S RETURN$ TO WORK1 VICTORI\S OR DEFEAT$1 ?AN ! WOM5 W]E ONCE AGA9 ISOLAT$ FROM ONE ANO!R1 /ILL UNCONSCI\S ( ! NE$ = ORGANIZATION1 = CON/ANT COMRADELY CONTACT4 ,9 ?OSE YE>S IT WAS /ILL EXCEPTIONAL TO F9D A WOMAN WORK] 9 ! ILLEGAL P>TY ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! BROAD OBJECTIVES ( ! SOCIALI/ WORK]S' P>TY HAD /ILL NOT SEIZ$ HOLD ( ! WORK+ WOMAN1 & %E REMA9$ UNRESPONSIVE TO UNIV]SAL POLITICAL SLOGANS4 ,! LIFE L$ BY SIX MILLION PROLET>IAN WOM5 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #b? C5TURY WAS /ILL TOO D>K1 TOO UN5LI<T5$1 & !IR EXI/5CE TOO MU* 9 ! GRIP ( HUNG]1 DEPRIVATION & HUMILIATION4 ,A #a#b-H\R1 OR AT BE/ AN #a#a-H\R WORK+ DAY1 A />VATION WAGE ( #a#b-#a#e RUBLES A MON?1 ACCOMMODATION 9 OV]CR[D$ B>RACKS1 ! ABS5CE ( ANY =M ( ASSI/ANCE FROM ! /ATE OR SOCIETY 9 CASE ( ILLNESS1 PREGNANCY OR UNEMPLOYM5T1 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ORGANIZ+ SELF-HELP AS ! CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T SAVAGELY P]SECUT$ ANY ATTEMPTS AT ORGANIZATION BY ! WORK]S - !SE W]E ! CONDITIONS SURR\ND+ ! WOMAN WORK]4 ,H] BACK WAS B5T BY ! 9TOL]ABLE BURD5 ( OPPRESSION1 & H] S\L1 T]RIFI$ BY ! SPECT] ( POV]TY & />VATION1 REFUS$ TO BELIEVE 9 A BRI<T] FUTURE & ! POSSIBILITY ( FI<T+ TO CA/ (F ! YOKE ( CZ>ISM & CAPITAL4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #b? C5TURY1 WOM5 WORK]S AVOID$ 
POLITICS & REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 
,RUSSIA CAN1 IT IS TRUE1 TAKE PRIDE 9 AN ABUNDANCE ( *>M+ 
& H]OIC WOM5 :O1 BY !IR 5]GETIC WORK & 
SELFLESSNESS1 HELP$ TO CONSOLIDATE ! UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T 
& PREP>$ ! WAY = ! REVOLUTION>Y EXPLOSION ?AT 
OCCURR$ 9 ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[$4 ,H[EV] NONE ( !SE 
WOM51 FROM ! FIR/ WOM5 SOCIALI/S SU* AS ,S(IA ,B>D9A 
OR ! ,LE%]N SI/]S1 FULL ( *>M & 9N] BEAUTY1 TO ! 
IRON-WILL$ ,S(IA ,P]OVSKAYA1 W]E REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 
FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES !SE W]E ! 
Y\NG GIRLS TO :I* ,TURG5EV D$ICAT$ HIS PROSE POEM ',! 
,?RE%OLD'1 
GIRLS FROM A WEAL?Y1 >I/OCRATIC BACKGR\ND :O LEFT !IR P>5TAL HOMES1 BROKE ) !IR PROSP]\S PA/ & 'W5T TO ! PEOPLE' TO SPREAD REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A & FI<T AGA9/ SOCIAL 9JU/ICE1 /RIV+ TO R$EEM ! 'S9S ( !IR FA!RS'4 ,EV5 MU* LAT]1 9 ! #a#h#i'S & ! BEG9N+ ( ! #b? C5TURY1 :5 ,M>XISM HAD ALREADY PUT D[N DEEP ROOTS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ! NUMB] ( WOM5 WORK]S 9VOLV$ 9 ! MOVEM5T WAS V]Y SMALL4 ,! ACTIVE WOM5 MEMB]S ( ! UND]GR\ND ORGANIZATIONS 9 ?OSE YE>S W]E NOT WOM5 WORK]S BUT WOM5 FROM ! 9TELLIG5TSIA - /UD5TS1 TEA*]S1 M$ICAL ASSI/ANTS & WRIT]S4 ,IT WAS R>E TO F9D A 'FACTORY GIRL' AT AN ILLEGAL MEET+4 ,NOR DID ! WOM5 WORK]S ATT5D ! ,SUNDAY EV5+ CLASSES HELD JU/ \TSIDE ! CITY LIMITS ( ,PETROGRAD1 :I* W]E !N ! ONLY LEGAL ME?OD ( SPREAD+1 UND] ! 9NOC5T GUISE ( GEOGRAPHY OR >I?METIC1 ! IDEAS ( ,M>XISM & SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM AMONG ! BROAD WORK+ MASSES4 ,WORK+ WOM5 /ILL F\<T %Y ( LIFE1 AVOID$ COMBAT 444 /ILL BELIEV$ ?AT !IR LOT WAS ! OV51 ! WA%-TUB & ! CRADLE4 

,! ,F,I,R,/ ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N ,( #aie 

,! PICTURE *ANGES RADICALLY FROM ! MOM5T :5 ! R$ SPECT] ( REVOLUTION FIR/ OV]%AD[$ ,RUSSIA ) ITS FI]Y W+S4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y YE> ( #aie S5T DEEP %OCK WAVES ?R\< ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN WORK] S5S$ HIS /R5G? = ! FIR/ TIME1 = ! FIR/ TIME REALIZ$ ?AT HE WAS BE>+ ON HIS %\LD]S ! :OLE NATIONAL WEAL?4 ,! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAN WOMAN WORK]1 ! UNFAIL+ COLLABORATOR 9 ALL ! POLITICAL DEMON/RATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y YE>S ( #a#i#e-#a#i#f1 WAS ALSO AWOK5 FROM H] SLUMB]S4 ,%E WAS TO BE F\ND EV]Y:]E4 ,IF WE WANT$ TO RELATE ! FACTS ( ! MASS P>TICIPATION ( WOM5 9 ! MOVEM5T ( ! TIME1 5UM]ATE ALL ! ACTIVE MANIFE/ATIONS ( PROTE/ & /RUGGLE BY WOM5 WORK]S1 RECALL ALL ! SELFLESS ACTIONS UND]TAK5 BY PROLET>IAN WOM51 !IR LOYALTY TO ! IDEALS ( SOCIALISM1 !N WE W\LD HAVE TO RECON/RUCT SC5E BY SC5E ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e4 

,MANY /ILL REMEMB] ?OSE YE>S FULL ( ROMANTICISM4 ,! IMAGE 
( ! WOMAN WORK]1 /ILL '9COMPLETE'1 BUT ALREADY /IRR+ 
9TO LIFE1 ) H] SE>*+1 HOPE-FILL$ EYES TURN$ ON ! 
SPEAK] AT CR[D$ MEET+S *>G$ ) 9FECTI\S 
5?USIASM1 LIVES ONCE AGA9 9 ! MEMORY4 ,! FACES ( 
WOM51 FILL$ ) CONC5TRAT$ 5]GY & UN%AKABLE RESOLUTION1 CAN BE SE5 AMONG ! S]RI$ RANKS ( ! WORK]S' PROCESSION ON ! MEMORIAL ON ! MEMORABLE #i ,JANU>Y1 BLOODY ,SUNDAY4 ,A SUN1 UNUSUALLY BRI<T 
= ,/ ,PET]SBURG1 
ILLUM9ATES ?IS PURPOSEFUL1 SOLEMN & SIL5T PROCESSION1 HI<LI<T+ ! WOM5'S FACES1 SO NUM]\S AMONG ! CR[D4 ,! P5ALTY = NAIVE ILLUSIONS & *ILDI% TRU/FULNESS /RIKES ! WOM52 ! WOMAN WORK]1 Y\NG GIRL1 WORK+ WIFE1 IS A COMMON FIGURE AMONG ! MASS VICTIMS ( ?AT ,JANU>Y DAY4 ,! SLOGAN ',G5]AL ,/RIKE' ?AT FLIES FROM WORK%OP TO WORK%OP IS PICK$ UP BY !SE WOM51 YE/]DAY /ILL LACK+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 & COMPELS SOME ( !M TO BE ! FIR/ TO WALK \T4 

,! WOM5 WORK]S 9 ! PROV9CES DID NOT LAG BEH9D !IR 
COMRADES 9 ! CAPITAL4 ,9 ! ,OCTOB] DAYS1 EXHAU/$ BY 
WORK & !IR H>% EXI/5CE ON ! $GE ( />VATION1 
WOM5 LEAVE ! FACTORIES &1 9 ! NAME ( ! COMMON 
CAUSE1 C\RAGE\SLY DEPRIVE !IR *ILDR5 ( !IR LA/ PIECE 
( BREAD444 ,) SIMPLE1 MOV+ WORDS ! WOMAN WORK] APPEALS 
TO H] MALE COMRADES1 SUGGE/+ ?AT !Y TOO LEAVE !IR 
WORK2 %E KEEPS UP ! SPIRITS ( ?OSE ON /RIKE1 BREA?+ 
5]GY 9TO ?OSE :O WAV]444 ,! WOMAN WORK] /RUGGL$ 
TIRELESSLY1 PROTE/$ C\RAGE\SLY1 SACRIFIC$ H]SELF 
H]OICALLY = ! COMMON CAUSE1 & ! MORE ACTIVE %E 
BECAME1 ! MORE RAPIDLY WAS ! PROCESS ( H] M5TAL 
AWAK5+ A*IEV$4 ,! WOMAN WORK] BEGAN TO TAKE NOTE ( ! 
WORLD >\ND H]1 ( ! 9JU/ICES /EMM+ FROM ! 
CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,%E BECAME MORE PA9FULLY & ACUTELY 
AW>E ( ! BITT]NESS ( ALL H] SUFF]+S & 
SORR[S4 ,ALONGSIDE COMMON PROLET>IAN DEM&S ONE CAN HE> 
EV] MORE DI/9CTLY ! VOICES ( ! WOM5 ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS RECALL+ ! NE$S & REQUIREM5TS ( WOM5 
WORK]S4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,%IDLOVSKY 
COMMISSION 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#e1 ! REFUSAL TO ADMIT WOM5 AS 
WORK] DELEGATES PROVOK$ MURMURS ( DISCONT5T AMONG WOM53 
! SUFF]+S & SACRIFICES ?AT !Y HAD ONLY REC5TLY 
PASS$ ?R\< HAD BR\<T ! M5 & WOM5 ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS CLOS] TOGE!R1 PUT !M ON AN EQUAL FOOT+4 ,IT 
APPE>$ P>TICUL>LY UNJU/ AT ?AT MOM5T TO TURN TO ! 
WOMAN FI<T] & CITIZ5 & UND]L9E H] AGE-OLD LACK ( 
RI<TS4 ,:5 ! ,%IDLOVSKY COMMISSION REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE 
! WOMAN *OS5 AS ONE ( ! SEV5 DELEGATES FROM ! 
,SAMPSONIYEVSKY TEXTILE WORKS1 ! 9DIGNANT WOM5 WORK]S 
REPRES5T+ SEV]AL TEXTILE WORKS DECID$ TO PRES5T TO ! COMMISSION ! FOLL[+ PROTE/ DECL>ATION3 ',WOM5 DEPUTIES REPRES5T+ WOM5 WORK]S >E NOT ALL[$ ONTO ! COMMISSION UND] Y\R *AIRMAN%IP4 ,WE BELIEVE SU* A DECISION TO BE UNJU/4 ,WOM5 WORK]S PR$OM9ATE 9 ! FACTORIES & MILLS ( ,/ ,PET]SBURG4 ,! NUMB] ( WOM5 EMPLOY$ 9 SP9N+ & WEAV+ MILLS IS 9CREAS+ EV]Y YE> BECAUSE ! M5 >E MOV+ TO FACTORIES ?AT (F] BETT] PAY4 ,WE1 ! WOM5 WORK]S1 BE> A HEAVI] BURD5 ( WORK4 ,BECAUSE ( \R HELPLESSNESS & LACK ( RI<TS1 WE >E KEPT D[N MORE BY \R COMRADES1 & PAID LESS4 ,:5 ?IS COMMISSION WAS ANN\NC$1 \R HE>TS FILL$ ) HOPE2 AT LA/ ! TIME IS COM+ - WE ?\<T - :5 ! WOMAN WORK] 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG WILL BE ABLE TO SPEAK \T TO ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA 9 ! NAME ( ALL H] SI/] WORK]S AB\T ! OPPRESSION1 WRONGS & HUMILIATIONS ( :I* ! MALE WORK] CAN KN[ NO?+4 ,& !N1 :5 WE HAD ALREADY *OS5 \R DEPUTIES1 WE W]E 9=M$ ?AT ONLY M5 CAN BE DEPUTIES4 ,H[EV]1 WE HOPE ?AT ?IS IS NOT Y\R F9AL DECISION444 

,! REFUSAL TO ALL[ WOM5 WORK]S ! RI<T ( REPRES5TATION 
& !IR EXPULSION FROM POLITICAL LIFE CON/ITUT$ A 
BLATANT 9JU/ICE = ALL ?AT SECTION ( ! FEMALE 
POPULATION ?AT HAD C>RI$ ON4ITS %\LD]S ! BURD5 ( ! 
LIB]ATION /RUGGLE4 ,WOM5 WORK]S REPEAT$LY 
ATT5D$ PRE-ELECTION MEET+S DUR+ ! ELECTION CAMPAIGNS = ! ,FIR/ & ,SECOND ,DUMAS1 & NOISILY PROTE/$ AGA9/ A LAW ?AT DEPRIV$ !M ( ANY VOICE 9 A MATT] SO IMPORTANT AS ! ELECTION ( A REPRES5TATIVE TO ! ,RUSSIAN P>LIAM5T4 ,!RE W]E 9/ANCES1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,MOSC[1 :5 WOM5 WORK]S CAME TO MEET+S ( ELECTORS1 BROKE UP ! MEET+ & PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! WAY ! ELECTIONS W]E BE+ CONDUCT$4 

,?AT WOM5 WORK]S W]E NO LONG] 9DIFF]5T TO !IR LACK ( 
RI<TS IS ALSO %[N BY ! FACT ?AT1 ( ! #d1 
SIGNATURES ON PETITIONS ADDRESS$ TO ! ,FIR/ & ,SECOND 
,/ATE ,DUMAS DEM&+ ?AT ELECTORAL RI<TS BE EXT5D$ TO 
WOM5 ALSO1 A L>GE MAJORITY W]E ?OSE ( WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! 
COLLECTION ( SIGNATURES WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,ALLIANCE = 
,FEMALE ,EQUALITY & O!R B\RGEOIS WOM5'S ORGANIZATIONS1 & 
WAS CONDUCT$ AT PLANTS & FACTORIES4 ,! FACT ?AT WOM5 
WORK]S WILL+LY SIGN$ PETITIONS DRAWN UP BY B\RGEOIS WOM5 
ALSO REVEALS ?AT ! POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( WOM5 WORK]S 
WAS ONLY JU/ AWAK5+1 ?AT !Y W]E 
TAK+ !IR FIR/1 HESITANT /EPS1 /ILL /OPP+ HALF-WAY4 ,! WOM5 WORK]S W]E BECOM+ AW>E ( !IR DEPRIVATION & LACK ( POLITICAL RI<TS1 BUT W]E /ILL UNABLE TO L9K ?IS FACT ) ! COMMON /RUGGLE ( !IR [N CLASS1 W]E UNABLE TO F9D ! CORRECT PA? ?AT W\LD LEAD PROLET>IAN WOM5 TO !IR FULL & COMPREH5SIVE EMANCIPATION4 ,! WOMAN WORK] /ILL NAIVELY ACCEPT$ ! H& HELD \T TO H] BY B\RGEOIS FEM9I/S4 ,! SUFFRAGETTES TURN$ TO ! WORK+ WOM51 HOP+ TO DRAW !M ONTO !IR SIDE1 GET !IR SUPPORT & ORGANIZE !M 9TO PURELY FEM99E1 SUPPOS$LY NON-CLASS1 BUT ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS ALLIANCES4 ,H[EV]1 A HEAL?Y CLASS 9/9CT & A DEEP MI/RU/ ( ! 'F9E LADIES' SAV$ WOM5 WORK]S FROM BE+ ATTRACT$ TO FEM9ISM & PREV5T$ ANY LONG OR /ABLE FRAT]NIZATION ) B\RGEOIS SUFFRAGETTES4 

,! YE>S #aie & #aif W]E M>K$ BY A P>TICUL>LY L>GE 
NUMB] ( WOM5'S MEET+S EAG]LY ATT5D$ BY WOM5 
WORK]S4 ,! WOM5 WORK]S LI/5$ C>EFULLY TO ! VOICE ( 
! B\RGEOIS SUFFRAGETTES1 BUT :AT WAS (F]$ TO !M DID 
NOT SATISFY ! URG5T NE$S ( ?OSE 5SLAV$ TO CAPITAL1 & 
DID NOT EVOKE ANY :OLE-HE>T$ RESPONSE4 ,! WOM5 ( ! 
WORK+ CLASS W]E EXHAU/$ BY ! BURD5 ( 9TOL]ABLE 
WORK+ CONDITIONS1 HUNG] & ! MAT]IAL 9SECURITY ( 
!IR FAMILIES2 !IR IMM$IATE DEM&S W]E3 A %ORT] 
WORK+ DAY1 HI<] PAY1 A MORE HUMANE ATTITUDE ON ! P>T ( 
! FACTORY ADM9I/RATION1 LESS POLICE SURVEILLANCE1 MORE 
FRE$OM ( ACTION4 ,ALL !SE DEM&S W]E ALI5 TO B\RGEOIS 
FEM9ISM4 ,! SUFFRAGETTES APPROA*$ ! WOM5 WORK]S ) 
N>R[LY FEM99E CAUSES & ASPIRATIONS4 ,!Y DID NOT & 
C\LD NOT UND]/& ! CLASS NATURE ( ! EM]G+ WOM5 
WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,!Y 
W]E P>TICUL>LY DISAPPO9T$ BY ! DOME/IC S]VANTS4 ,ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! B\RGEOIS FEM9I/S1 ! FIR/ MEET+S ( DOME/IC S]VANTS W]E HELD 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ 9 #a#i#e4 ,! DOME/IC S]VANTS EAG]LY RESPOND$ TO ?IS CALL TO 'ORGANIZE' & TURN$ UP AT ! E>LY MEET+S 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 ,H[EV]1 :5 ! ,ALLIANCE = ,FEMALE ,EQUALITY TRI$ TO ORGANIZE !M TO ITS [N TA/E1 I4E4 TO SET UP AN IDYLLIC1 MIX$ ALLIANCE BETWE5 LADY EMPLOY]S & DOME/IC EMPLOYES1 ! DOME/IC S]VANTS TURN$ AWAY FROM ! SUFFRAGETTES &1 TO ! DISAPPO9TM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS LADIES1 'HA/5$ TO JO9 !IR [N CLASS P>TY1 ORGANIZ+ !IR [N SPECIAL TRADE UNIONS'4 ,SU* IS ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS 9 ,MOSC[1 ,VLADIMIR1 ,P5ZA1 ,KH>KOV & A NUMB] ( O!R CITIES4 ,! 
SAME FATE BEFELL ATTEMPTS BY ANO!R POLITICAL WOM5'S ORGANIZATION EV5 MORE TO ! RI<T1 ! ,WOM5'S ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY1 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO ORGANIZE DOME/IC EMPLOYES UND] ! WAT*FUL EYE ( !IR MI/RESSES4 ,! DOME/IC S]VANTS' MOVEM5T OV]FL[$ ! B\ND>IES PR$ET]M9$ = IT BY ! FEM9I/S4 ,LOOK AT ! NEWSPAP]S FROM #aie & Y\ WILL SEE ?AT !Y AB\ND 9 REPORTS ( DIRECT ACTION BY DOME/IC S]VANTS1 EV5 9 ! MO/ REMOTE REGIONS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS ACTION TOOK ! =M EI!R ( MASS /RIKE ACTION1 OR ( /REET DEMON/RATIONS4 ,! /RIKES 9VOLV$ COOKS1 LAUNDRESSES & MAIDS2 !RE W]E /RIKES ACCORD+ TO PR(ESSION1 & /RIKES ?AT UNIT$ ALL 'DOME/IC S]VANTS'4 ,?IS PROTE/ BY DOME/IC EMPLOYES SPREAD LIKE AN 9FECTION FROM PLACE TO PLACE4 ,! DEM&S MADE BY ! DOME/IC S]VANTS W]E USUALLY LIMIT$ TO AN #h-H\R WORK+ DAY1 A M9IMUM WAGE1 MORE TOL]ABLE LIV+ CONDITIONS 7A SEP>ATE ROOM71 POLITE TREATM5T BY ! EMPLOY]1 ETC4 

,?IS POLITICAL AWAK5+ ( WOM5 WAS1 MOREOV]1 NOT LIMIT$ 
TO ! URBAN POOR4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,RUSSIAN 
PEASANT WOMAN ALSO RAIS$ H] VOICE P]SI/5TLY & 
RESOLUTELY4 ,! 5D ( #aid & ! :OLE ( #aie IS A P]IOD 
( CONT9U\S 'PETTICOAT REBELLIONS'1 SP>K$ (F BY ! W> 
AGA9/ ,JAPAN4 ,ALL ! HORRORS & DEPRIVATIONS1 ALL ! 
SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ILLS ?AT /EMM$ FROM ?IS ILL-FAT$ W>1 
WEI<$ D[N ON ! PEASANT WOMAN1 WIFE & MO!R4 ,! 
CONSCRIPTION ( RES]VES PLAC$ A D\BLE BURD5 ( WORK & 
WORRY ON H] ALREADY OV]LOAD$ %\LD]S1 & =C$ H]1 
HI!RTO DEP5D5T & FE>FUL ( EV]Y?+ ?AT LAY BEYOND 
! CIRCLE ( H] DOME/IC 9T]E/S1 TO MEET FACE TO FACE 
PREVI\SLY UNSUSPECT$ HO/ILE =CES1 & TO BECOME 
CONSCI\SLY AW>E ( ALL H] HUMILIATION & DEPRIVATION1 
DRA9 TO ! LA/ DROP ! :OLE BITT] CUP ( UNM]IT$ 
WRONGS444 ,ILLIT]ATE1 D[NTRODD5 PEASANT WOM5 LEFT !IR 
HOMES & VILLAGES = ! FIR/ TIME & HURRI$ 9TO T[N TO 
WE> D[N ! /EPS ( GOV]NM5T (FICES 9 ! ATTEMPT TO 
OBTA9 SOME NEWS ( !IR HUSB&S1 SONS1 & FA!RS1 TO 
PETITION = F9ANCIAL ASSI/ANCE & DEF5D !IR 
9T]E/S444 ,! TOTAL LACK ( RI<TS ?AT WAS ! PEASANT'S 
LOT1 ! LIES & 9JU/ICE ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 
/OOD 9 ALL !IR NAK$ UGL9ESS BE=E ! BEWILD]$ 
PEASANT WOMAN444 ,%E RETURN$ FROM T[N SOB] & H>D5$1 
BE>+ 9 H] HE>T AN 9EXHAU/IBLE SUPPLY ( BITT]NESS1 
HATR$ & ANG]444 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #aie A :OLE S]IES ( 
'PETTICOAT REBELLIONS' BROKE \T 9 ! S\?4 ,FILL$ ) 
ANG] & ) A BOLDNESS SURPRIS+ = WOM51 ! PEASANT 
WOM5 ATTACK$ MILIT>Y & POLICE HEADQU>T]S :]E ! >MY 
RECRUITS W]E /ATION$1 SEIZ$ !IR M5FOLK & TOOK !M 
HOME4 ,>M$ ) RAKES1 PIT*=KS & BROOMS1 PEASANT WOM5 
DROVE ! >M$ GU>DS FROM ! VILLAGES4 ,!Y >E PROTE/+ 
9 !IR [N WAY AGA9/ ! 9TOL]ABLE BURD5 ( W>4 ,!Y 
>E1 ( C\RSE1 >RE/$1 TRI$ & GIV5 SEV]E PUNI%M5TS1 
BUT ! 'PETTICOAT REBELLIONS' CONT9UE4 ,9 ?IS PROTE/1 
DEF5SE ( PEASANT 9T]E/S & ( PURELY 'FEMALE' 9T]E/S 
>E SO CLOSELY 9T]WOV5 ?AT !RE >E NO GR\NDS = 
DIVID+ !M & CLASS+ ! 'PETTICOAT REBELLIONS' AS P>T 
( ! 'FEM9I/ MOVEM5T'4 

,FOLL[+ ! 'POLITICAL DEMON/RATIONS' BY ! PEASANT WOM5 !RE COME A S]IES ( 'PETTICOAT REBELLIONS' ON ECONOMIC GR\NDS4 ,?IS IS ! P]IOD ( UNIV]SAL PEASANT UNRE/ & AGRICULTURAL /RIKES4 ,! 'PETTICOATS' SOMETIMES 9ITIAT$ !SE DI/URBANCES1 DRAW+ ! M5 AFT] !M4 ,!RE W]E CASES :51 HAV+ FAIL$ TO 9VOLVE ! M51 ! WOM5 M>*$ TO ! MANORS BY !MSELVES TO PRES5T !IR DEM&S & ULTIMATA4 ,>M+ !MSELVES ) :ATEV] CAME TO H&1 !Y W5T AHEAD ( ! M5 TO MEET ! PUNITIVE DETA*M5TS4 ,! D[NTRODD5 PEASANT WOMAN1 OPPRESS$ = C5TURIES1 SUDD5LY BECAME ONE ( ! C5TRAL FIGURES 9 ! POLITICAL DRAMA4 ,DUR+ ! :OLE REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ! PEASANT WOM51 /&+ ALWAYS UNIT$ ) !IR M5FOLK1 GU>D$ & DEF5D$ PEASANT 9T]E/S1 & ) AMAZ+ TACT & S5SITIVITY REF]R$ TO !IR SPECIAL1 WOM5'S NE$S ONLY :5 ?AT DID NOT 5DANG] ! COMMON PEASANT CAUSE4 

,?IS DID NOT MEAN ?AT ! PEASANT WOM5 W]E 9DIFF]5T TO 
!IR NE$S AS WOM51 ?AT !Y IGNOR$ !M4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 
! MASS EM]G5CE ( PEASANT WOM5 ONTO ! POLITICAL >5A1 
!IR MASS P>TICIPATION 9 ! COMMON /RUGGLE1 
RE9=C$ & DEVELOP$ !IR FEM99E SELF 
AW>5ESS4 ,BY ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#e1 ! PEASANT WOM5 ( ! 
,VORONEZH PROV9CE S5T TWO ( !IR [N DEPUTIES TO ! 
PEASANT CONGRESS ) 9/RUCTIONS FROM ! WOM5'S 
GA!R+ TO DEM& 'POLITICAL RI<TS' & 'FRE$OM' = WOM5 
ON AN EQUAL BASIS ) M54 .<#a.> 

,! FEMALE PEASANT POPULATION ( ! ,CAUCASUS DEF5D$ !IR 
RI<TS ) P>TICUL> VIGOR4 ,! ,GURIA PEASANT WOM5 AT 
VILLAGE MEET+S 9 ! ,KUTAISI PROV9CE ADOPT$ 
RESOLUTIONS DEM&+ POLITICAL EQUALITY ) M54 ,AT RURAL 
& URBAN MEET+S HELD TO DISCUSS ! 9TRODUCTION ( 
,ZEM/VOS 9 ,TRANSCAUCASIA1 ! DEPUTIES REPRES5T+ ! LOCAL 
POPULATION 9CLUD$ ,GEORGIAN WOM5 :O 9SI/$ UPON !IR 
RI<TS AS WOM54 

,:ILE DEM&+ POLITICAL EQUALITY1 ! PEASANT WOM5 NATURALLY ALWAYS RAIS$ !IR VOICES 9 DEF5SE ( !IR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S2 ! QUE/ION ( 'ALLOTM5TS' ( L&1 CONC]N$ ! PEASANT WOMAN AS MU* AS IT DID ! PEASANT MAN4 ,9 SOME REGIONS1 PEASANT WOM5 :O HAD 5?USIA/ICALLY SUPPORT$ ! IDEA ( EXPROPRIAT+ PRIVATE L&1 COOL$ 9 !IR SUPPORT = ?IS MEASURE :5 ! QUE/ION >OSE AS TO :E!R ! WOM5 W\LD BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! C\NT TO DET]M9E ! SIZE ( ! L& ALLOTM5T4 ',IF ! L& IS TAK5 FROM ! L&[N]S & GIV5 ONLY TO ! M51' ! WOM5 >GU$ ANXI\SLY1 '!N WE WILL FACE REAL SLAV]Y4 ,AT PRES5T WE CAN AT LEA/ E>N A FEW KOPECKS ON \R [N ACC\NT1 :]EAS IF ?AT W]E TO HAPP51 WE WILL SIMPLY BE WORK+ = ! M54' ,H[EV]1 ! FE>S ( ! PEASANT WOM5 PROV$ TO BE COMPLETELY UNF\ND$2 SIMPLE ECONOMIC CALCULATION OBLIG$ ! PEASANTRY TO 9SI/ ?AT L& ALSO BE GIV5 TO ! WOM54 ,! AGR>IAN 9T]E/S ( ! MALE & FEMALE SECTIONS ( ! PEASANTRY W]E SO CLOSELY 9T]WOV5 ?AT ! M51 9 FI<T+ TO ABOLI% ! EXI/+ AGRICULTURAL BONDAGE = !MSELVES1 9EVITABLY DEF5D$ AT ! SAME TIME ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( !IR WOM5FOLK4 

,H[EV]1 9 FI<T+ = ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9T]E/S 
( ! PEASANTRY AS A :OLE1 ! PEASANT WOMAN ALSO LE>N$ 
H[ TO FI<T = H] [N SPECIFIC NE$S & 
REQUIREM5TS AS A WOMAN4 ,! SAME HELD TRUE = ! WOMAN 
WORK]2 ) H] UNFAIL+ P>TICIPATION 9 ! :OLE 
LIB]ATION MOVEM5T %E1 EV5 MORE ?AN ! PEASANT 
WOMAN1 PREP>$ PUBLIC OP9ION TO ACCEPT ! PR9CIPLE ( FEMALE EQUALITY4 ,! IDEA ( CIVIC EQUALITY = WOM51 N[ IMPLEM5T$ 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 WAS SPREAD ?R\< SOCIETY NOT BY ! H]OIC EF=TS ( 9DIVIDUAL WOM5 ) =CEFUL P]SONALITIES1 NOT BY ! /RUGGLE ( ! B\RGEOIS FEM9I/S1 BUT BY ! SPONTANE\S PRESSURE ( BROAD MASSES ( WORK+ & PEASANT WOM51 :O HAD BE5 R\S$ 9TO LIFE BY ! ?UND] ( ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#e4 

,9 #a#i#i1 9 MY BOOK ,! ,SOCIAL ,BASIS ( ! ,WOM5'S 
,QUE/ION1 ,I SAID1 >GU+ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS 
FEM9I/S1 AGA9/ :OM ! :OLE ( MY BOOK IS DIRECT$3 ',IF 
! PEASANT WOMAN DOES SUCCE$ 9 A*IEV+ 9 ! NE> FUTURE 
AN IMPROVEM5T 9 H] DOME/IC1 ECONOMIC & LEGAL POSITION1 
?IS WILL NATURALLY BE ?ANKS ONLY TO ! COMB9$1 UNIT$ 
EF=TS ( PEASANT DEMOCRACY DIRECT$ AT OBTA9+ ! 
FULFILLM5T ( ?OSE PEASANT DEM&S :I*1 9 ONE =M OR 
ANO!R1 CONT9UE TO BE HE>D 9 ! PEASANT MILIEU4 ,ATTEMPTS 
BY ! FEM9I/S TO 0CLE> ! WAY = WOM501 >E H]E 
IRRELEVANT444 ,IF ! PEASANT WOMAN DOES FREE H]SELF FROM ! 
PRES5T AGR>IAN BONDAGE1 %E WILL RECEIVE MORE ?AN ALL ! 
FEM9I/ ORGANIZATIONS PUT TOGE!R C\LD GIVE H]4' 

,!SE WORDS1 WRITT5 T5 YE>S AGO1 HAVE N[ BE5 FULLY V9DICAT$4 ,! ,GREAT ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION HAS NOT ONLY FULFILL$ ! BASIC1 URG5T DEM& ( ! PEASANTRY ( BO? SEXES ?AT ! L& BE TRANSF]R$ 9TO ! H&S ( ?OSE :O WORK IT1 BUT HAS ALSO RAIS$ ! PEASANT WOMAN TO ! HONORABLE POSITION ( A FREE CITIZ5 EQUAL 9 EV]Y RESPECT1 & N[ 5SLAV$ ONLY BY OLD ME?ODS ( AGRICULTURAL WORK & BY /ILL P]SI/+ FAMILY TRADITIONS & MORES4 

,?AT ( :I* ! WORK+ & PEASANT WOM5 C\LD ONLY DREAM 
9 ! DAYS ( ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 9 #aie HAS BE5 
TRANSLAT$ 9TO REALITY BY ! ,GREAT ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION ( 
#a#i#a#g4 

,WOMAN 9 ,RUSSIA HAS A*IEV$ POLITICAL EQUALITY4 ,H[EV] %E [ES ?IS A*IEVEM5T NOT TO COOP]ATION ) B\RGEOIS SUFFRAGETTES1 BUT TO A JO9T1 UNIT$ /RUGGLE ) H] COMRADE WORK]S 9 ! RANKS ( H] [N WORK+ CLASS4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a4 
,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO RECALL ! HI/ORIC WRITT5 REQUE/S S5T BY ! PEASANT WOM5 ( ! ,VORONEZH & ,TV] PROV9CES TO ! ,FIR/ ,/ATE ,DUMA1 OR ! TELEGRAM S5T BY ! PEASANT WOM5 FROM ! VILLAGE ( ,NOGATK9O TO ! DEPUTY ,ALADY93 

',AT ?IS GREAT MOM5T 9 ! BATTLE BETWE5 RI<T & MI<T1 WE1 
! PEASANT WOM5 ( ! VILLAGE ( ,NOGATK9O1 GREET ! ELECT$ DELEGATES ( ! PEOPLE :O HAVE EXPRESS$ !IR LACK ( CONFID5CE 9 ! GOV]NM5T BY DEM&+ ! RESIGNATION ( ! M9I/RY4 ,WE HOPE ?AT ! REPRES5TATIVES :O HAVE ! SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE WILL GIVE ?AT PEOPLE L& & FRE$OM1 WILL OP5 ! DOORS ( ! PRISONS & RELEASE ?OSE :O F\<T = ! FRE$OM & HAPP9ESS ( ! PEOPLE1 & ?AT !Y WILL W9 CIVIL & POLITICAL RI<TS BO? = !MSELVES & = US1 ,RUSSIAN WOM51 :O >E )\T RI<TS EV5 9 \R [N FAMILIES4 ,REMEMB] ?AT A WOMAN SLAVE CANNOT BE ! MO!R ( A FREE CITIZ54' 7,SIGN$ - ! SPOKESWOMAN = #ge ,NOGATK9O WOM547 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #d1 #bba 3 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MOVEM5T ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MOVEM5T ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/