,H[ ,DEEP IS ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,WATSON 

,TEXT 3 

,=EWORD 

,I FIR/ CAME ACROSS ! ,FIF? ,E/ATE CONTA9+ 0,H[ ,DEEP IS ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY80 9 AN AN>*I/ BOOK/ORE ON A VISIT TO ,SYDNEY1 ,AU/RALIA4 ,I KNEW V]Y LITTLE ( DEEP ECOLOGY1 BUT ,I HAD ATT5D$ SOME ,E>? ,FIR/6 MEET+S1 HAD B\<T ! NEWSPAP]1 & HAD BE5 MO/LY 9SPIR$ BUT OCCASIONALLY UPSET BY :AT ,I'D HE>D & READ4 

,BRAD=D'S ESSAY PLAC$ !SE MIX$ REACTIONS 9 P]SPECTIVE & GAVE ME 5\< 9SI<T 9TO DEEP ECOLOGY TO SEE ?AT BO? ! POSITIVE & NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 MI<T BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO A PHILOSOPHICAL PO9T ( VIEW RA!R ?AN BE+ M]ELY EXPRESSIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL P]SONALITIES4 ,I ?\<T IT WAS A VALUABLE CRITIQUE ( A PHILOSOPHY & A MOVEM5T ?AT >E 9 MANY WAYS P]CEPTIVE & ADMIRABLE & :I* HAVE ?US CAPTUR$ ! IMAG9ATION & LOYALTY ( MANY 5]GETIC & C>+ HUMAN BE+S4 ,IT IS ?IS V]Y SUCCESS ?AT R5D]S ANY S]I\S %ORTCOM+S ( PHILOSOPHY SO DI/RESSFUL & EV5 DANG]\S1 9 A WORLD ?AT IS 9 DESP]ATE NE$ ( SU* 9SI<TS AS DEEP ECOLOGY HAS FO/]$ & ( ! K9D ( BRAVE EXAMPLES MANY ( ITS PEOPLE HAVE SET4 

,IT WAS OBVI\S TO ME ?AT ,BRAD=D WAS WRIT+ FROM JU/ SU* CONC]N1 & ?AT ! ESSAY HAD 9 SOME WAYS BE5 A PA9FUL UND]TAK+ = HIM4 ,I ?\<T ?AT HE HAD SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ CLE> HIS %>+ ( P]SPECTIVE ) MU* ?AT DEEP ECOLOGY IS SUPPOS$ TO BE AB\T1 & ?AT MANY :O USE ! DEEP-ECOLOGY LABEL C\LD READ IT PR(ITABLY )\T ANY FEEL+ ( BE+ PUT D[N4 

,AS ! NEW $ITOR ( ,TIMES ,*ANGE ,PRESS1 ,I HAD BE5 EAG] TO RESUME ITS PUBLICATION ( NEW TITLES4 ,I SOON DECID$ ?AT !SE ESSAYS AF=D$ A F9E OPPORTUNITY TO BR+ TO A L>G] AUDI5CE SOME?+ ,I F\ND IMPORTANT4 ,?IS IS ! FIR/ NEW TITLE \R PRESS HAS BR\<T \T S9CE #a#i#g#g4 

,BRAD=D1 :O CONT9UES TO WRITE ON ! !ME ( RADICAL ECOLOGY = ! ,FIF? ,E/ATE1 FELT ?AT ! ESSAY-REVIEW ON 0,WOMAN'S ,FRE$OM3 ,KEY TO ! ,POPULATION ,QUE/ION0 %\LD BE 9CLUD$ AS WELL1 S9CE IT ADDRESSES AN ASPECT ( ! POPULATION PROBLEM ?AT T5DS TO BE SLI<T$ BY DEEP ECOLOGI/S & O!RS :O EXPRESS GRAVE CONC]N AB\T OV]POPULATION4 

,! ,FIF? ,E/ATE IS ADDRESS$ TO ACTIVI/S1 & ?AT MEANS ?AT IT HAS A SOME:AT SPECIAL VOCABUL>Y & T5DS T[>D /]NNESS 9 ITS CRITIQUES4 ,! ,FIF? ,E/ATE GR\P >GU$ ?AT SOME ( ITS SPECIAL WORDS %\LD BE RETA9$1 AS !Y M]IT WID] USE1 RELAT+1 AS !Y DO1 TO SIGNIFICANT PH5OM5A & ATTITUDES ?AT CANNOT BE SUCC9CTLY EXPRESS$ )\T !M4 

,I HOPE ?AT ! SOMETIMES =CEFUL OP9IONS WILL BE SE5 9 CONTEXT1 & NOT AS AN ATTACK ON :AT IS WOR?:ILE 9 DEEP ECOLOGY4 ,I HAVE1 = EXAMPLE1 A LITTLE KN[L$GE ( PUBLIC POSITIONS TAK5 BY ,>NE ,NAESS1 :O MAY HAVE CO9$ ! PHRASE 0DEEP ECOLOGY40 ,9 MY OP9ION1 !SE POSITIONS CLE>LY DEMON/RATE ?AT HE -- &1 BY EXT5SION1 O!R LESS-WELL-KN[N DEEP ECOLOGI/S -- HAVE LITTLE SYMPA?Y = MISAN?ROPY OR RACISM4 ,BY ! TIME ?IS SEES PR9T ,NAESS'S [N BOOK1 ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY & ,LIFE/YLE3 ,\TL9E ( AN ,ECOSOPHY 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS71 WILL F9ALLY BE 9 PR9T 9 ,5GLI%1 & READ]S CAN JUDGE HIS WRIT+S = !MSELVES4 

,TRUE DEF5D]S ( ,MO!R ,E>? WILL SEE EASILY 5\< ?AT ,BRAD=D IS ON !IR SIDE4 ,HE & HIS COMRADES' PURPOSE1 CLE>LY1 IS TO 5C\RAGE HUMAN 5DEAVOR T[>D CREAT+ A SOCIETY ?AT WILL 5RI* & EXT5D HUMANK9D'S /AY ON ?IS PLANET1 AMID ! C\NTLESS WOND]S ( NATURE & ! VITAL CREATIVITY ( \R FELL[S4 

-- ,LAM> ,HOOV] 

,TIMES ,*ANGE ,PRESS 

,PREFACE 

,DESCRIB+ A 0PLANET>Y DIM5SION0 ( CONTEMPOR>Y CULTURE ?AT L9K$ ! DESIRE = AN AU!NTIC LIFE TO ! HEAL? ( ! NATURAL WORLD ITSELF1 ,!ODORE ,ROSZAK WROTE 9 HIS 9SPIR$ BOOK ,P]SON_/,PLANET ( HIS C]TA9TY ?AT 0)9 ! NEXT G5]ATION1 !RE WILL EM]GE A WELL-DEVELOP$ BODY ( ECOLOGICAL !ORY ?AT ILLUM9ATES ?IS SUBTLE 9T]RELATION & GIVES IT 5\< POLITICAL =CE TO DISPLACE ! 9H]IT$ IDEOLOGIES ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY40 ,?AT WAS 9 #a#i#g#h4 ,?\< WE DID NOT COME TO READ HIS PR$ICTION UNTIL MU* LAT]1 ! EXPANSION & DISSEM9ATION ( JU/ SU* !ORY HAS BE5 ! PROJECT ( ! RADICAL ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN J\RNAL ,FIF? ,E/ATE1 9 :I* ! FOLL[+ ESSAYS APPE>$1 S9CE AB\T ! SAME TIME ?AT ,ROSZAK'S BOOK WAS PUBLI%$4 ,!SE P>TICUL> ESSAYS ON DEEP ECOLOGY & ! POPULATION QUE/ION1 :I* APPE>$ 9 LATE #aihg & E>LY #a#i#h#h1 W]E 9 FACT AN ATTEMPT TO BR+ RADICAL SOCIAL CRITIQUE TO BE> ON ! GR[+1 YET AMORPH\S1 ECOLOGICAL CONSCI5CE4 

,N[ ?AT ,GEORGE ,BU% HAS DECL>$ HIMSELF AN 5VIRONM5TALI/ & ,TIME MAGAZ9E HAS NAM$ ?IS PLUND]$ ,E>? 0PLANET ( ! YE>10 N[ ?AT EV]YONE EXPRESSES ECOLOGICAL CONC]N1 FROM ! PEOPLE LIV+ 9 CONTAM9AT$ COMMUNITIES TO ! BUS9ESSES ?AT CONTAM9ATE !M1 IT IS TIME TO REG>D 5VIRONM5TALISM AS A MOVEM5T :OSE REAL PROMISE REMA9S UNFULFILL$4 ,! 9SI<TS ( ECOLOGY HAVE BE5 DEBAS$ TO EV]YDAY CLI*ES :ILE ! ACTUAL PLUND] & POISON+ >E ACCEL]AT+4 ,! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T ITSELF HAS TO A GREAT DEGREE BE5 9TEGRAT$ AS A K9D ( CORRECTIVE ME*ANISM 9TO ! OP]ATIONAL LOGIC ( ! 9DU/RIAL-CAPITALI/ MA*9E PRES5TLY /RIP-M9+ ! BIOSPH]E4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! 5VIRONM5TALI/S HAVE FOCUS$ NOT ON ! ROOT-CAUSES ( ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION BUT ON ! SYMPTOMS4 ,?US ! RADICAL CRITIQUE :I* 9=MS !SE ESSAYS IS V]Y APPROPRIATE1 S9CE RADICAL MEANS GO+ TO ! ROOT4 

,BUT IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! ESSAYS W]E NOT ACADEMIC EVALUATIONS4 ,!IR PURPOSE WAS RA!R TO BEG9 A DIALOGUE ) ?OSE PEOPLE 9 ! MORE 9TRANSIG5T1 0NO-COMPROMISE10 DIRECT-ACTION W+ ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T :O MI<T %>E \R VISION4 ,!Y W]E A *ALL5GE FROM ONE GR\P ( ACTIVI/S TO ANO!R TO DEBATE & DISCUSS P]SPECTIVES & GOALS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! *ALL5GE WAS TAK5 UP1 & WE MADE MANY POSITIVE CONNECTIONS ?R\< ! 5SU+ DISCUSSIONS4 ,MANY !MES ONLY T\*$ ON H]E W]E EXPLOR$ FUR!R 9 SUBSEQU5T ISSUES ( ,FIF? ,E/ATE & ELSE:]E4 ,! READ] MAY WRITE US AT ,P4 ,O4 ,BOX #b#e#d#h1 ,DETROIT1 ,MI*IGAN #dhbb TO 9QUIRE AB\T FUR!R WORK ON !SE MATT]S4 

,!SE ESSAYS DO NOT PRESUME TO DISCUSS EV]Y ASPECT OR EV]Y REPRES5TATIVE ( DEEP ECOLOGY4 ,NOR DO !Y ATTEMPT TO JUDGE ! 5TIRE GRE5_/ECOLOGY PH5OM5ON1 BUT !Y >E NEV]!LESS RELEVANT TO ITS FUNDAM5TAL CONC]NS4 ,BECAUSE !Y EXAM9E ! T5SION BETWE5 CAUSES & SYMPTOMS1 BETWE5 CIVILIZATION'S P[] COMPLEX & ! RESULT+ ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION1 BETWE5 OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5TS & !IR REABSORPTION BY ! SY/EM !Y OPPOSE1 BETWE5 IDEOLOGY & !ORY1 !Y WILL PROVE VALUABLE TO ?AT DISC\RSE ANTICIPAT$ BY ,ROSZAK & TO ! WORLDWIDE MOVEM5T ?AT WILL MAKE USE ( IT TO ADVANCE A VISION>Y SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,I USE ! FIR/-P]SON PLURAL H]E TO DESCRIBE ! PRODUCTION ( !SE ESSAYS BECAUSE ,FIF? ,E/ATE HAS ALWAYS BE5 A COLLECTIVE !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL PROJECT1 ) P>TICUL> AU?OR%IP ONLY A FUNCTION ( CIRCUM/ANCES OR 9DIVIDUAL MANIA4 ,I WANT TO ?ANK & ACKN[L$GE MY COMRADES AT ! ,F,E = READ+ & $IT+1 & = ! 5TIRE SPECTRUM ( ACTIVITIES ?AT HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE4 ,I EXT5D !SE ?ANKS AS WELL TO ,FR$DIE ,BA] & DANIEL G1 ( ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 :O COLLABORAT$ ) US 9 $IT+1 LAY\T1 & GRAPHICS4 

,LAM> ,HOOV] ( ,TIMES ,*ANGE ,PRESS HAS CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO /REAML9+1 CL>IFY+1 & IMPROV+ ! TEXT = ?IS BOOK $ITION4 ,HE HAS W>N$ ME ?AT READ]S MAY HAVE DIFFICULTIES ) SOME ( ! SOME:AT IDIOSYNCRATIC LANGUAGE ( ! RADICAL POLITICAL DISC\RSE 9 :I* WE P>TICIPATE4 ,I CAN ONLY HOPE ?AT MO/ ( ! T]MS >E RELATIVELY SELF- EXPLANATORY1 & HAVE 9SI/$ ON MA9TA9+ ?OSE ?AT ,I ?9K C\LD NOT BE REPLAC$ BY MORE COMMON WORDS )\T ALT]+ !IR MEAN+4 ,! MOD]N WORLD IS A TOTALIT>IAN AFFAIR 9 :I* WORDS OCCASIONALLY HAVE BE5 RECON/ITUT$1 /OL51 OR AL*EMIZ$ TO DESCRIBE COMPLEX PH5OM5A4 ,MY USE ( WORDS REFLECTS NOT ONLY MY 9FLU5CES BUT ALSO MY DESIRES4 ,9 L+UI/ICS1 AS 9 SOCIAL MATT]S1 AN>*I/ CREATIVITY & RISK-TAK+ >E ! BE/ APPROA*4 

  

-- ,GEORGE ,BRAD=D 

,H[ ,DEEP ,IS ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY8 -- ,A ,*ALL5GE TO ,RADICAL ,5VIRONM5TALISM 

0,9 EV]Y P]CEPTION ( NATURE !RE IS ACTUALLY PRES5T ! :OLE ( SOCIETY40 -- ,!ODOR ,ADORNO1 ,ES!TIC ,!ORY 

0,! HUMAN RACE C\LD GO EXT9CT1 & ,I1 = ONE1 W\LD NOT %$ ANY TE>S40 -- ,DAVE ,=EMAN ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 A DEEP-ECOLOGY 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATION 

,BOOKS & PUBLICATIONS REVIEW$ 9 ?IS ESSAY3 

,OV]%OOT3 ,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,BASIS ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,*ANGE1 BY ,WILLIAM ,R4 ,CATTON1 ,JR41 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 ,URBANA1 #a#i#h4 

,DEEP ,ECOLOGY3 ,LIV+ ,AS ,IF ,NATURE ,MATT]$1 BY ,BILL ,DEVALL & ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS1 ,GIBBS ,M4 ,SMI?1 ,9C4_/,P]EGR9E ,SMI? ,BOOKS1 ,SALT ,LAKE ,CITY1 #a#i#h#e4 

,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 $IT$ BY ,MI*AEL ,TOBIAS1 ,AVANT ,BOOKS1 ,SAN ,DIEGO1 #a#i#h#e4 

,FOOD ,FIR/3 ,BEYOND ! ,MY? ( ,SC>CITY1 REVIS$ & UPDAT$1 BY ,FRANCES ,MOORE ,LAPPE & ,JOSEPH ,COLL9S1 ,BALLANT9E ,BOOKS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#h2 ,9/ITUTE = ,FOOD & ,DEVELOP-M5T ,POLICY1 #ade ,N9? ,/REET1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 ,CALI=NIA #i#d#a#c4 

,9SIDE ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 BY ,PAUL ,H>RISON1 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#a4 

,E>? ,FIR/61 PUBLI%$ EI<T TIMES A YE> BY ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 MOVEM5T1 FROM ,P4,O4 ,BOX #b#c#e#h1 ,LEWI/ON1 ,M,E #d#b#d#a4 

,ECOLOGY & ! ,NECESSITY = ,SOCIAL ,CRITIQUE 

,! PRES5T RU9ATION ( ! E>? 9 ! WAKE ( WID5+ 9DU/RIAL PLAGUES IS A SITUATION :I* APPE>S TO HAVE NO MEAN+FUL OR COMP>ABLE PREC$5T4 ,MASS EXT9CTIONS ( SPECIES1 9DU/RIAL CONTAM9ATION1 RUNAWAY DEVELOPM5T1 W>1 />VATION1 & MEGATE*NIC CATA/ROPHES HAVE L$ TO A S5SE ( DEEP DISQUIET & M\NT+ T]ROR AB\T ! FATE ( ! PLANET & ( ALL LIFE4 ,!RE IS ALSO A GR[+ RECOGNITION ?AT ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS IS ! CRISIS ( A CIVILIZATION DE/RUCTIVE 9 ITS ESS5CE TO NATURE & HUMANITY4 

0,ALL ?9K+ WOR?Y ( ! NAME10 WRITES ,LEWIS ,MUM=D 9 ,! ,MY? ( ! ,MA*9E1 0MU/ BECOME ECOLOGICAL40 ,9DE$1 ECOLOGY1 ! WORD ?AT SEES NATURE AS A H\SEHOLD1 HAS BECOME A H\SEHOLD WORD4 ,5VISION+ ! WORLD AS AN 9T]LOCK+1 ORGANIC :OLE1 ECOLOGY ATTEMPTS TO TRANSC5D ME*ANI/IC1 FRAGM5T>Y1 & 9/RUM5TAL P]SPECTIVES4 ,BUT ECOLOGY AS A SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E IS ITSELF FRAGM5T>Y2 ! NOTION ( NATURE AS A SY/EM CAN BE AS ME*ANI/IC & 9/RUM5TAL AS PREVI\S SCI5TIFIC MODES EMPLOY$ BY 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION1 AS ! CONTEMPOR>Y CONV]G5CE ( CYB]NETICS1 SY/EMS !ORY1 & BIOTE*NOLOGY ATTE/S4 

,ECOLOGY AS SCI5CE SPECULATES1 (T5 ) PR(\ND 9SI<T1 AB\T NATURE'S MOVEM5T & ! IMPACT ( HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON IT4 ,BUT IT IS AMBIGU\S1 OR SIL5T1 AB\T ! SOCIAL CONTEXT ?AT G5]ATES ?OSE ACTIVITIES & H[ IT MI<T *ANGE4 ,9 & ( ITSELF1 ECOLOGY (F]S NO SOCIAL CRITIQUE1 SO :]E CRITIQUE FL[S DIRECTLY FROM ECOLOGICAL DISC\RSE1 SUBSUM+ ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! SOCIAL 9TO A PICTURE ( UNDIFF]5TIAT$ HUMANITY AS A SPECIES1 IT GOES A/RAY & IS FREQU5TLY VAPID4 ,(T5 IT IS EMPLOY$ ONLY TO JU/IFY DIFF]5T POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES1 MASK+ SOCIAL CONFLICTS 9 PSEUDOSCI5TIFIC G5]ALIZATIONS4 ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 ) ITS ,MAL?USIAN LEGITIMATION ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & HUMAN IMMIS]ATION DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IS A TR5*ANT EXAMPLE ( ! IDEOLOGICAL UTILIZATION ( SCI5TIFIC DISC\RSE -- AN EXAMPLE :I* UN=TUNATELY REMA9S1 LIKE ALL FRAGM5T>Y IDEOLOGIES 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 TO PLAGUE US TODAY4 

,:E!R OR NOT AN 5TIRELY COH]5T NATURE PHILOSOPHY IS EV5 POSSIBLE1 ! NAGG+ QUE/ION ( HUMANITY'S RELATION TO ! NATURAL WORLD & ITS P>ALLEL SIGNIFICANCE TO \R RELATIONS AMONG \RSELVES HAS BECOME A MAJOR ISSUE 7& ! MO/ IMPORTANT ONE7 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S4 ,A DEEP5+ REVULSION AGA9/ ! 9DU/RIAL-WORK CULTURE & ! %OCK AT ! OBLIT]ATION ( ECOSY/EMS1 SPECIES1 CULTURES1 & PEOPLES HAVE 9SPIR$ AN EM]G+ ANTI-9DU/RIAL C\NT]CULTURE & A R$ISCOV]Y ( ! LIFEWAYS ( \R PRIMAL ROOTS4 ,?IS HAS L$ TO SOME DEGREE TO A CONV]G5CE ( 5VIRONM5TAL & ANTIW> MOVEM5TS2 ) IT HAS COME A SIGNIFICANT RADICALIZATION & DEVELOP+ /RATEGY ( MASS DIRECT ACTION & SABOTAGE AGA9/ MEGATE*NIC PROJECTS & ! W> MA*9E4 ,AN>*ISM1 TOO1 & ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS 9 G5]AL1 HAVE HAD NO SMALL 9FLU5CE ON ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,DEEP5+ CRITIQUES ( 9DU/RIAL-CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATION 79 ITS PRIVATE ,WE/]N =M1 & ITS BUREAUCRATIC ,EA/]N =M1 BO? ( !M /ATI/71 TE*NOLOGY1 SCI5CE1 & ! MY/IQUE ( PROGRESS HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO A NEW1 IF DIV]SE1 PHILOSOPHICAL ORI5TATION4 

,AMONG ECOLOGICAL ?9K]S !RE HAS BE5 AN ATTEMPT TO MOVE BEYOND ! LIMITATIONS ( ECOLOGICAL SCI5CE T[>D A NATURE PHILOSOPHY & E>?-BAS$ CULTURE4 ,SOME HAVE PRO-POS$ A NEW P]SPECTIVE1 DEEP ECOLOGY1 AS AN EM]G+ SOCIAL MODEL OR 0NEW P>ADIGM0 = HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) NATURE4 ,DEEP ECOLOGY IS A RA!R ECLECTIC MIXTURE ( WRIT+S & 9FLU5CES1 DRAW+ ON ! ONE H& FROM ROMANTIC & TRANSC5D5TALI/ WRIT+S1 NATURE POETRY1 ,EA/]N MY/ICISM1 & ! L& WISDOM ( PRIMAL PEOPLES1 & ON ! O!R H& FROM G5]AL ECOLOGICAL SCI5CE1 9CLUD+ MOD]N ,MAL?USIANISM4 ,?IS F>-FROM-COH]5T MIXTURE IS NOT 5TIRELY SEP>ATE FROM ECOLOGY 9 G5]AL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN ORGANIZ$ DEEP-ECOLOGY ACTION MOVEM5T HAS APPE>$1 ) A NEWSPAP] & MANY LOCAL *APT]S & CONTACTS1 AS WELL AS ITS [N MY?OS1 HI/ORY1 9TELLECTUAL LUM9>IES1 & MILITANT *IEFTA9S4 

,?IS GR\P1 ,E>? ,FIR/61 WAS F\ND$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS AS A RADICAL ALT]NATIVE TO ! MA9/REAM 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS1 0A TRUE ,E>?-RADICAL GR\P0 ?AT SAW WILD]NESS PRES]VATION AS ITS KEY/ONE4 0,9 ANY DECISION1 CONSID]ATION = ! HEAL? ( ! ,E>? MU/ COME FIR/10 WROTE A F\ND]1 ,DAVE ,=EMAN1 9 ! ,OCTOB] #aiha ,PROGRESSIVE MAGAZ9E4 ,WILD]NESS PRES]VATION MEANS NOT ONLY TO PROTECT REMA9+ WILD]NESS BUT TO 0)DRAW HUGE >EAS AS 9VIOLATE NATURAL SANCTU>IES FROM ! DEPR$ATIONS ( MOD]N 9DU/RY & TE*NOLOGY40 

,E>? ,FIR/6 CLAIMS TO BE NONHI]>*IC1 NONBUREAUCRATIC1 & DEC5TRALIZ$2 MANY ( ITS ADH]5TS CONSID] !MSELVES AN>*I/S4 ,IT PRACTICES & 5C\RAGES AN EXPLICITLY ,LUDDITE =M ( DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ ! MA*9]Y ( DEVELOP]S1 & FAVORS TREE-SPIK+ & O!R TACTICS TO /OP DE=E/ATION BY LUMB] CORPORATIONS -- ALL !SE DESCRIB$ AS 0MONKEY WR5*+10 AFT] ,$W>D ,ABBEY'S NOVEL AB\T ECO-SABOTEURS1  ,! ,MONKEYWR5* ,GANG4 ,ITS PEOPLE HAVE DONE MU* TO OPPOSE DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS & PROTECT NATIONAL P>KS1 US+ DEMON/RATIONS1 GU]RILLA !AT]1 & CIVIL DISOB$I5CE4 ,!IR NEWSPAP] IS ALSO AN EXCELL5T S\RCE = 9=MATION ON RA9=E/ DE/RUCTION1 BATTLES OV] WILD]NESS & OLD-GR[? =E/S1 DEF5SE ( HABITAT = BE>S & O!RS SPECIES -- 9 %ORT1 = 5VIRONM5TAL CONFRONTATIONS ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,!Y HAVE DEF9ITELY PLAY$ A POSITIVE & CREATIVE ROLE 9 5C\RAG+ & PUBLICIZ+ A MORE 9TRANSIG5T 5VIRONM5TALISM ?AT IS WILL+ TO GO BEYOND LETT]-WRIT+ & LOBBY+4 ,9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 !RE IS LITTLE 9=MATION ON /RUGGLES AGA9/ TOXIC WA/ES OR MEGATE*NIC DEVELOPM5T 9 ! CITIES1 OR ( ANTIMILIT>I/ /RUGGLES4 ,/>T+ FROM :AT !Y CALL DEEP-ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES1 !Y SEE !IR EF=TS AT WILD]NESS PRES]VATION AS C5TRAL4 

,DOES DEEP ECOLOGY REPRES5T AN EM]G5T P>ADIGM = AN E>?-BAS$ CULTURE8 ,IS IT ! COH]5T CULM9ATION ( ! ANTI- 9DU/RIAL TRADITION8 

0,BIOC5TRISM0 ,V]SUS 0,AN?ROPOC5TRISM0 

,DEEP ECOLOGY AS A P]SPECTIVE WAS ORIG9AT$ BY ,NORWEGIAN WRIT] ,>NE ,NAESS 9 ! #a#i#gS & REMA9S AN ECLECTIC & AMBIGU\S CURR5T4 ,TO DATE1 ! TWO MO/ 9FLU5TIAL BOOKS 9 ,5GLI% DEAL+ EXPLICITLY ) ! SUBJECT >E AN?OLOGIES CONTA9+ A MIXTURE ( WRIT+S1 SOMETIMES COMPLEM5T>Y1 SOMETIMES CONTRADICTORY4 ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY 7,AVANT ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#d71 $IT$ BY ,MI*AEL ,TOBIAS1 IS A COLLECTION ( POETRY & ESSAYS FROM WRIT]S LIKE ,WILLIAM ,CATTON1 ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 & ,G>RETT ,H>D94 ,! ESSAYI/S >E WIDELY DIV]G5T1 ! POETRY A MIX ( G5]AL NATURE & ECOLOGICAL !MES4 ,ANO!R COLLECTION1 ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY3 ,LIV+ ,AS ,IF ,NATURE ,MATT]$ 7,P]EGR9E ,SMI? ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#e71 IS WRITT5 & $IT$ BY ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS & ,BILL ,DEVALL & IS PROBABLY ! MORE COMPLETE BOOK1 MADE UP ( ESSAYS BY ! $ITORS & QUOTES FROM A MYRIAD ( S\RCES4 ,! ,TOBIAS VOLUME1 NEV]!LESS1 HAS SEV]AL USEFUL ESSAYS = UND]/&+ ! P]SPECTIVE 79CLUD+ A LONG PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAY BY ,BOOK*9 ANTICIPAT+ SOME ( ! PROBLEMS 9 IT74 

,IT WAS ,>NE ,NAESS :O 9 #aigc DESCRIB$ DEEP ECOLOGY AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO ASK DEEP] QUE/IONS40 ,?IS 0ECOSOPHY10 AS HE CALL$ IT1 CONSCI\SLY %IFT$ 0FROM SCI5CE TO WISDOM0 BY ADDRESS+ HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) NATURE1 S9CE 0ECOLOGY AS A SCI5CE DOES NOT ASK :AT K9D ( SOCIETY W\LD BE BE/ = MA9TA9+ A P>TICUL> ECOSY/EM40 ,SESSIONS SEES IT AS A 0NEW PHILOSOPHY ( NATURE10 & ONE TEXT FROM A GRE5 NETWORK1 QUOT$ 9 HIS AN?OLOGY1 DESCRIBES SU* ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS AS 0A PROP] UND]/&+ ( ! PURPOSES & WORK+S ( NATURE0 ?AT DOES NOT 0IMPOSE AN IDEOLOGY ON IT40 

,! PHILOSOPHY HAS AS ITS BASIC PREMISES ! 9T]RELAT$NESS ( ALL LIFE1 A BIOTIC EQUALITY = ALL ORGANISMS 79CLUD+ ?OSE = :I* HUMAN BE+S HAVE NO 0USE0 OR :I* MI<T EV5 BE H>MFUL TO US71 & A REJECTION ( 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM0 7! BELIEF ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E SEP>ATE FROM1 SUP]IOR TO1 & MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! RE/ ( NATURE74 ,AN?ROPOC5TRISM1 !Y FEEL1 UND]LIES HUMAN >ROGANCE T[>D & EXPLOITATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,!Y CALL = A NEW 0L& E?IC10 AFT] 5VIRONM5TALI/ WRIT] ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD1 NOT ONLY TO RE/ORE A H>MONI\S BALANCE 9 NATURE1 BUT TO ANSW] A FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN NE$ TO EXP]I5CE UNTRAMMEL$ WILD]NESS & TO LIVE 9 H>MONY ) ! PLANET4 ,MANY ( !SE CONC]NS >E NOT UNIQUE TO DEEP ECOLOGY2 AT ! ,FIF? ,E/ATE NEWSPAP]1 = EXAMPLE1 WE HAVE MADE SU* A RECONCILIATION ) ! NATURAL WORLD A C5TRAL FOCUS = ! LA/ DECADE4 

,! APPEAL ( A BIOC5TRIC ORI5TATION & ITS CRITIQUE ( ! CONQUE/ ( NATURE ?AT HAS *>ACT]IZ$ ALL /ATE CIVILIZATIONS 7P>TICUL>LY ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION & CAPITALISM7 IS UND5IABLE4 ,SEE+ HUMAN BE+S AS MEMB]S ( A BIOTIC COMMUNITY MAY AT LEA/ SUGGE/ ! QUE/ION ( 0:AT K9D ( SOCIETY W\LD BE BE/0 = LIV+ 9 H>MONY ) ! E>?4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS ! VISION ( PRIMAL PEOPLES1 ! ANIMI/ MUTUALISM & ROOT$NESS ?AT IS 9 EV]YONE'S PA/4 ,AS ,LU!R ,/&+ ,BE> SAID ( HIS PEOPLE 9 HIS BOOK ,L& ( ! ,SPOTT$ ,EAGLE1 0,! ,LAKOTA WAS A TRUE NATURI/ -- A LOV] ( ,NATURE40 ,HIS PEOPLE 0LOV$ ! E>?1 ! ATTA*M5T GR[+ ) AGE444 ,K9%IP ) ALL CREATURES ( ! E>?1 SKY1 & WAT] WAS A REAL & ACTIVE PR9CIPLE444 & SO CLOSE DID SOME ( ! ,LAKOTA COME TO !IR FEA!R$ & FURR$ FRI5DS ?AT 9 TRUE BRO!RHOOD !Y SPOKE A COMMON TONGUE40 

,! REJECTION ( 0HUMAN *AUV9ISM10 AS DEEP ECOLOGI/ ,JOHN ,SE$ PUTS IT 9 HIS ESSAY1 0,AN?ROPOC5TRISM0 79 ! ,DEVALL_/,SESSIONS AN?OLOGY71 IS A R$ISCOV]Y ( ?IS VIEW4 0',I AM PROTECT+ ! RA9=E/1'0 ,SE$ WRITES1 0DEVELOPS TO ',I AM P>T ( ! RA9=E/ PROTECT+ MYSELF4 ,I AM ?AT P>T ( ! RA9=E/ REC5TLY EM]G$ 9TO ?9K+4'0 

,! WISDOM ( ?IS VISION IS CLE>2 ! PRES5T APOCALYPSE ?AT WE >E EXP]I5C+ IS ! CULM9ATION ( ! HUBRIS :I* WANTS TO BR+ ALL ( NATURE UND] HUMAN CONTROL1 EI!R ?R\< RAPACI\S DEVA/ATION OR 0B5IGN0 M$DL+4 ,:5 ONE CONSID]S H[ PEOPLE LIVE 9 ?IS HI<-5]GY-CONSUMPTION SOCIETY1 ) ITS HATR$ & CONTEMPT = LIFE & NATURE1 ) ITS DEMONIC DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS ?AT G\GE ! E>? & DE/ROY MYRIAD LIFE =MS TO CREATE ! EMPTY1 ALI5AT$ CIVILIZATION ( COMPUT]IZ$ NIHILISM1 EV5 ! RESPONSE ( MISAN?ROPY IS UND]/&ABLE -- SU* AS NATURALI/ ,JOHN ,MUIR'S COMM5T ?AT 0IF A W> ( RACES %\LD OCCUR BETWE5 ! WILD BEA/ & ,LORD ,MAN1 ,I W\LD BE TEMPT$ TO SYMPA?IZE ) ! BE>S4440 ,DEEP ECOLOGY CLAIMS ?AT ?AT TIME HAS COME4 

,AS POETIC COMM5T>Y1 ,MUIR'S MISAN?ROPY IS COMM5DABLE4 ,BUT IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E ANIMALS TOO1 & ! SAME =CES ?AT >E DE/ROY+ ! BE>S HAVE DE/ROY$ MANY HUMAN BE+S & CULTURES1 & >E UND]M9+ ALL HUMAN LIFE AS WELL4 ,! REJECTION ( BIOTIC HI]>*Y1 & ( 0MAN0 AS ! P9NACLE & LORD ( CREATION 7! MODEL = ALL HI]>*IES71 IS CRUCIAL TO A RECONCILIATION ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 BUT ! DEEP-ECOLOGY CRITIQUE ( AN?ROPOC5TRISM IS ITSELF MIR$ 9 IDEOLOGY4 

,9 OPPOSITION TO 0HUMANISM0 7DEF9$ RA!R SIMPLI/ICALLY AS ! IDEOLOGY ( HUMAN SUP]IORITY & ! LEGITIMACY TO EXPLOIT NATURE = HUMAN PURPOSES71 DEEP ECOLOGY CLAIMS TO BE A P]SPECTIVE TAK5 FROM \TSIDE HUMAN DISC\RSE & POLITICS1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( NATURE AS A :OLE4 ,( C\RSE1 IT IS A PROBLEMATIC CLAIM1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 S9CE DEEP ECOLOGI/S HAVE DEVELOP$ A VIEWPO9T BAS$ ON HUMAN1 SOCIALLY G5]AT$1 & HI/ORICALLY EVOLV$ 9SI<TS 9TO NATURE1 9 ORD] TO DESIGN AN ORI5TATION T[>D HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ANY VISION ( NATURE & HUMANITY'S PLACE 9 IT ?AT IS ! PRODUCTION ( HUMAN DISC\RSE IS BY DEF9ITION GO+ TO BE TO SOME DEGREE 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC10 IMPOS+ AS IT DOES A HUMAN1 SYMBOLIC DISC\RSE ON ! NONHUMAN4 

,DEEP ECOLOGI/S REJECT O!R =MS ( 5VIRONM5TALISM1 SU* AS TE*NOCRATIC RES\RCE CONS]VATION1 AS AN?ROPOC5TRIC BECAUSE !Y >E FRAM$ 9 T]MS ( UTILITY TO HUMAN BE+S4 ,&1 CRITICIZ+ ANIMAL LIB]ATION1 ,SESSIONS & ,DEVALL >GUE ?AT IT SIMPLY EXT5DS MORAL & POLITICAL CATEGORIES ( LEGAL RI<TS FROM ! HUMAN WORLD TO NATURE1 ?US FUR!R+ ! HUMAN CONQUE/ ( NATURE4 

,BUT DEEP ECOLOGY'S 09TUITION444 ?AT ALL ?+S 9 ?IS BIOSPH]E HAVE AN EQUAL RI<T TO LIVE & BLOSSOM0 IS ! SAME PROJECTION ( HUMAN SOCIAL-POLITICAL CATEGORIES ONTO NATURE -- A LEGALI/IC & B\RGEOIS-HUMANI/ AN?ROPOC5TRISM ITSELF4 ,ECOLOGY CONFIRMS ! ANIMI/ VISION ( 9T]RELAT$NESS1 BUT :5 EXPRESS$ 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL T]MS ( ?IS SOCIETY1 IT D5ATURES & COLONIZES ANIMISM1 R$UC+ IT TO A K9D ( ECONOMICS OR JURIDICAL1 LEGAL =MALISM4 ,NEI!R ANIMALS NOR PRIMAL PEOPLES RECOGNIZ$ OR CONF]R$ AB/RACT LEGAL RI<TS1 BUT LIV$ 9 H>MONY & MUTUALISM1 9CLUD+ A MUTUALISM ( PR$ATION ( O!R SPECIES TO FULFILL !IR NE$S & DESIRES4 ,HUMAN SUBSI/5CE WAS B\ND UP ) NATURAL CYCLES & NOT 9 OPPOSITION TO !M2 PEOPLE DID NOT 5VISION AN ALI5AT$ 0HUMANITY V]SUS NATURE0 DUALISM 7:I*1 :E!R ONE TAKES 0NATURE'S SIDE0 OR 0HUMANITY'S10 IS AN IDEOLOGY ( ?IS CIVILIZATION71 BUT RA!R 0HUMANIZ$0 NATURE BY 9T]ACT+ MY?ICALLY & SYMBOLICALLY ) IT4 

,:5 ECOLOGICAL 0ANTIHUMANISM0 7JU/LY7 REJECTS TE*NOCRATIC RES\RCE MANAGEM5T1 IT DOES SO = ! WRONG REASONS4 ,! DUALISM ( ITS =MULATION TAKES ! TE*NOCRATIC R$UCTION ( NATURE TO RES\RCES = AN UNDIFF]5TIAT$ SPECIES ACTIVITY BAS$ ON SUPPOS$ BIOLOGICAL NE$4 ,:ILE HUMAN BE+S & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT ACTIVELY 5GAGE 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( NATURE MU/ BE /OPP$ BY ANY MEANS NECESS>Y & AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 IT %\LD NOT AUTOMATICALLY BE ASSUM$ ?AT !Y >E ACT+ \T ! BIOLOGICAL DE/9Y ( ! SPECIES2 ?AT W\LD BE TO TAKE AT FACE VALUE ! CORPORATE & /ATE RATIONALIZATIONS = EXPLOITATION 70WE DO IT ALL = Y\074 ,! HUMAN SOCIAL CONTEXT ?AT PRODUCES ?IS AB]RANT DE/RUCTIV5ESS IS NOT READILY EXPLA9$ BY ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS4 

,DEEP ECOLOGI/S ]R :5 !Y SEE ! PA?OLOGICAL OP]ATIONALISM ( 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION AS A SPECIES-G5]AT$ PROBLEM RA!R ?AN AS ONE G5]AT$ BY SOCIAL PH5OM5A ?AT MU/ BE /UDI$ 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,CONCEAL+ SOCIALLY G5]AT$ CONFLICTS BEH9D AN IDEOLOGY ( 0NATURAL LAW10 !Y CONTRADICTORILY 9SI/ ON & D5Y A UNIQUE POSITION = HUMAN BE+S :ILE NEGLECT+ ! C5TRALITY ( ! SOCIAL 9 5VIRONM5TAL DEVA/ATION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !Y HAVE NO REALLY 0DEEP0 CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE1 EMPIRE1 TE*NOLOGY1 OR CAPITAL1 R$UC+ ! COMPLEX WEB ( HUMAN RELATIONS TO A SIMPLI/IC1 AB/RACT1 SCI5TI/IC C>ICATURE4 

,?US HUMANITY AS A SPECIES1 OR A VORACI\S HUMAN SELF-9T]E/ ACT+ ?R\< 0HUMANISM10 IS BLAM$ = ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION BY MO/ 7IF NOT NECESS>ILY ALL7 DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,AM]ICAN ADH]5TS CLOSE TO ,E>? ,FIR/64 ,?IS =MULATION1 %>$ BY MANY PEOPLE 9 ! ,U4,S4 CONS]VATION MOVEM5T1 T5DS TO OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT PRES]VATION ( WILD]NESS & DEF5SE ( NATURAL 9TEGRITY & DIV]SITY IS ESS5TIAL TO HUMAN SURVIVAL ALSO4 ,!RE IS NO ISOLAT$ 09TR9SIC WOR?0 BUT AN 9T]RELAT$ DEP5D5CY ?AT 9CLUDES US ALL4 

,! ,PROBLEM ( ,HUMAN ,9T]V5TION 

,ANO!R CONFUSION 9 ! CRITIQUE ( AN?ROPOC5TRISM IS ! REJECTION ( HUMAN /EW>D%IP ( NATURE4 ,! NOTION ( 9T]V5TION IS AN?ROPOC5TRIC TO !SE DEEP ECOLOGI/S2 !Y ASSOCIATE IT ) G5ETIC MANIPULATION1 SCI5TIFIC =E/RY MANAGEM5T1 & RES\RCE DEVELOPM5T 7ACTUALLY EXTRACTION7 = 0HUMAN NE$S40 ,BUT !Y (F] ONLY AN ALT]NATIVE =M ( MANAGEM5T4 ,AS ,SESSIONS & ,DEVALL WRITE1 0,\R FIR/ PR9CIPLE IS TO 5C\RAGE AG5CIES1 LEGISLATORS1 PROP]TY [N]S & MANAG]S TO CONSID] FL[+ ) RA!R ?AN =C+ NATURAL RES\RCES40 ,!Y CALL = 09T]IM MANAGEM5T0 & TE*NOLOGICAL 9T]V5TION4 ,?IS AMBIGUITY 7& +5U\SNESS AB\T AG5CIES1 LEGISLATORS1 & ! RE/7 9=MS ?IS 5TIRE DISCUSSION4 ,!IR DESCRIPTION ( POLICY DECISIONS 0BAS$ ON S\ND ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES0 S\NDS LIKE A PICTURE ( PRES5T AG5CIES & !IR SELF-JU/IFICATIONS4 ,! DETAIL$ WILD]NESS PROPOSALS 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 >E ALSO AN EXAMPLE ( A NOTION ( HUMAN /EW>D%IP4 

,& DESPITE !IR LACK ( SYMPA?Y = MASS TE*NICS1 !Y HAVE NO CRITIQUE ( TE*NOLOGY AS A SY/EM OR ( ITS RELATION TO CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 ?IS SAME AN?OLOGY1 WE READ ?AT :ILE HUMANS 0HAVE NO RI<T TO R$UCE RI*NESS & DIV]SITY EXCEPT TO SATISFY VITAL NE$S0 7A RA!R AMBIGU\S QUALIFICATION71 SN[MOBILES >E DEEM$ 0NECESS>Y TODAY TO SATISFY VITAL NE$S0 ( NOR!RN PEOPLES SU* AS ! ,9NUIT4 ,SO1 9 ) ! SN[MOBILES MU/ SLIP ! 9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS & PETROLEUM-BAS$ 5]GY ECONOMY ?AT >E NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE & USE !M4 ,9 FACT1 !Y >GUE1 CULTURE ITSELF 0REQUIRES ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY10 SO WE 5D UP ) A SOMEH[ 0GRE5$0 V]SION ( ! PRES5T WORLD1 ) 9DU/RIALISM & A TE*NICIZ$ CULTURE 9TACT -- PRESUMABLY ) ?OSE QUA9T NATIVE DANCES ON TELEVISION TO PRES]VE 0DIV]SITY40 

,CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS >E B>ELY LOOK$ AT AS ! MAJOR P]PETRATORS ( 5VIRONM5TAL DEVA/ATION !Y >E1 EV5 ?\< !SE AU?ORS DO RECOGNIZE 0! POSSIBLE DE/RUCTION ( UP TO TW5TY-FIVE P]C5T ( ALL SPECIES ON ,E>? DUE TO 'BUS9ESS-AS-USUAL' ECONOMIC GR[? & DEVELOPM5T DUR+ ! NEXT =TY TO SIXTY YE>S40 ,SPEAK+ ( ! UN9T5D$ CONSEQU5CES ( TE*NOLOGY1 !Y REF] TO ! AGRICULTURAL CRISIS 9 ,CALI=NIA'S ,C5TRAL ,VALLEY1 :]E ! AGRIBUS9ESS 0:I* CLAIMS AS ITS GOAL1 'FE$+ ! HUNGRY ( ! WORLD1' IS N[ CREAT+ AN UNHEAL?Y1 ALMO/ UNFIT 5VIRONM5T = MANY HUMAN 9HABITANTS ( ! ,VALLEY40 ,H]E !Y SEEM TO TAKE CORPORATE PROPAG&A AT FACE VALUE1 SO ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL %ORT-SI<T$NESS & ! 0HUMANI/0 GOAL ( 0FE$+ ! WORLD0 BECOME ! CAUSE ( ! PROBLEM1 RA!R ?AN CAPITALI/ LOOT+1 :I* DEGRADES ! NATURAL 9TEGRITY ( ! VALLEY NOT TO FE$ PEOPLE BUT TO L9E ! 9VE/ORS' POCKETS4 

,!SE DEEP ECOLOGI/S CLAIM TO ASK DEEP] QUE/IONS1 BUT !Y DO NOT RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS MI<T REQUIRE DEEP] ANALYSIS ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,SO ! 0NONIDEOLOGICAL0 P]SPECTIVE 5DS UP TAK+ POLITICS 9 A CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACY = GRANT$1 RECOMM5D+ A RA!R CONFUS$ K9D ( 0DIRECT ACTION 9 POLITICS OR LOBBY+0 7,SESSIONS & ,DEVALL74 ,= !SE DEEP-ECOLOGY !ORI/S1 DIRECT ACTION IS R$UC$ TO LOBBY+1 & PRESUMA-BLY TO ELECTORAL POLITICS 7H[ MANY TREES GOT *OPP$ D[N :5 ,J]RY ,BR[N WAS GOV]NOR ( ,CALI=NIA & ! 5VIRONM5TALI/S COZI$ UP TO HIM874 ,NO:]E IS ?IS 0WORK+-)9-!-SY/EM0 C5TRISM QUE/ION$2 IT IS SIMPLY ASSUM$4 ,WE ALSO GET A FETI% ( NONVIOL5CE FROM ,SESSIONS & ,DEVALL1 & A RE=MISM ?AT C5T]S ON SEEK+ WILD]NESS PROPOSALS & ?AT WI%ES TO 0SECURE0 NATURE 0AGA9/ DEGRADATION CAUS$ BY W>F>E & O!R HO/ILE ACTS40 ,!IR NAIVETE AB\T SECUR+ NATURE AGA9/ W> IS EQUAL$ BY !IR SIMPLI/IC VIEW ( 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS & ! GLOBAL ECONOMY1 P>TICUL>LY ! RELATIONS BETWE5 9DU/RIAL NATIONS & ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 

,! DEEP-ECOLOGY P]SPECTIVE 9SI/S ?AT EV]Y?+ IS 9T]RELAT$ & SEES ?IS RECOGNITION AS 0SUBV]SIVE TO AN EXPLOITIVE ATTITUDE & CULTURE0 7,SESSIONS1 9 ! ,TOBIAS AN?OLOGY74 ,BUT ECOLOGICAL R$UCTIONISM FAILS TO SEE ! 9T]RELAT$NESS ( ! GLOBAL CORPORATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM & EMPIRE ON ! ONE H&1 & 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE ON ! O!R4 ,?IS IS F> FROM SUBV]SIVE -- DESPITE ! C\RAGE\S & IMAG9ATIVE ACTS ( MANY MILITANTS :O ACT AGA9/ ! T5TACLES ( ! PLANET>Y MA*9E 9 ! NAME ( DEEP ECOLOGY4 ,9 FACT1 ! ABS5CE ( A CRITIQUE ( CAPITAL IS A REAL IMP$IM5T TO ! G5]ALIZATION ( AU!NTIC RESI/ANCE TO ! EXPLOITIVE-EXTRACTIVE EMPIRE :I* IS PRES5TLY DEV\R+ ! E>?1 BECAUSE IT MY/IFIES ! P[] RELATIONS ( ?IS SOCIETY & SQU&]S ! POSSIBILITY = L9K+ ! HUMAN VICTIMS ( ! MA*9E 9 DIFF]5T SECTORS4 ,AN?ROPOC5TRISM OR NOT1 HUMANS >E ! ONLY BE+S 9 A POSITION TO WAGE EFFECTIVE W> AGA9/ ! EMPIRES & >TICULATE AN E>?-BAS$ CULTURE & A R5EWAL ( ! L&4 .<#a.> 

0,MAL?US ,WAS ,RI<T0 

,:ILE DEEP ECOLOGI/S MAY CONSID] !IR P]SPECTIVE A 0NEW P>ADIGM10 ITS ,MAL?USIAN COMPON5T IS A COMMONPLACE ( CURR5T IDEOLOGY4 ,9 FACT1 0TOO MANY PEOPLE0 IS ONE ( ! AUTOMATIC RESPONSES MADE TO ANY CRITICISM ( 9DU/RIALISM & ! /ATE3 PRES5T NUMB]S1 WE >E ALWAYS ASSUR$ BY ECOLOGI/1 CORPORATE DEVELOP]1 ,M>XI/ & CAPITALI/ ALIKE1 C\LD NEV] BE SUPPORT$ 9 A NON9DU/RIAL1 SU/A9ABLE SOCIETY4 

,MO/ DEEP ECOLOGI/S ACCEPT ,MAL?US' PROPOSITION -- ?AT HUMAN POPULATION EXPON5TIALLY \T/RIPS FOOD PRODUCTION -- AS AN ESS5TIAL SUPPORT = !IR ORI5TATION 7?\< IT IS C]TA9LY >GUABLE ?AT DEEP-ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ NE$ NOT BE ,MAL?USIAN74 ,! SLOGAN 0,MAL?US ,WAS ,RI<T0 IS EV5 P$DL$ AS A BUMP]/ICK] BY ,E>? ,FIR/64 ,WILLIAM ,J4 ,CATTON1 ,JR41 :O IS QUOT$ & PUBLI%$ 9 BO? AN?OLOGIES1 IS A LEAD+ MOD]NIZ] ( ,MAL?US1 & HIS BOOK ,OV]%OOT3 ,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,BASIS = ,REVOLUTION>Y ,*ANGE 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 #a#i#h7 HAS BECOME A BIBLE ( SORTS TO ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S 7EV5 ?OSE1 ONE W\LD SURMISE1 :O HAV5'T READ IT74 

,POPULATION GR[? IS C]TA9LY A CAUSE = CONC]N1 P]HAPS EV5 AL>M4 ,MORE ?AN #i MILLION PEOPLE >E PRES5TLY MALN\RI%$ OR />V+1 & HUNG] SPREADS ) ! RIS+ NUMB]S4 ,BUT ,MAL?USIAN EMPIRICISM SEES MANY HUNGRY M\?S & CONCLUDES ?AT !RE >E TOO MANY PEOPLE & NOT 5\< RES\RCES TO KEEP !M ALIVE4 ,SC>CITY & FAM9E >E ?US EXPLA9$ AS NATURAL PH5OM5A1 9EVITABLE1 IRREVOCABLE1 EV5 B5IGN4 ,! PSEUDO-OBJECTIVITY ( SCI5TIFIC IDEOLOGY IS PROBABLY NO:]E MORE PR(\NDLY EXPRESS$ ?AN 9 ?IS ,MAL?USIAN MODEL4 ,IF1 A/ONI%+LY1 IT IS /ILL NECESS>Y TO >GUE AGA9/ ,MAL?US A C5TURY & A HALF LAT]1 IT IS BECAUSE PEOPLE KN[ SO LITTLE HI/ORY4 

,MAL?USIAN IDEOLOGY EM]G$ FROM ! CRUCIBLE ( E>LY 9DU/RIALISM & ! IMMIS]ATION & CLASS CONFLICT ?AT CAME 9 ITS WAKE4 ,AS PEOPLE W]E DRIV5 FROM !IR L&S & CRAFT WORK]S W]E DISPOSSESS$ BY 9DU/RY1 MASSES ( DISPLAC$ PEOPLE W]E %OVEL$ 9TO MILLS & M9ES1 GR\ND UP TO ACCUMULATE PR(IT1 & REPLAC$ BY ! HUNGRY UNEMPLOY$ :O FOLL[$ !M4 ,AS ! ,5GLI% COMMONS 7:]E RURAL PEOPLE MI<T GR[ !IR [N FOOD7 W]E SEIZ$ BY WEAL?Y L&[N]S & %EEP F>M]S1 EV5 ! FOOD & HELP TO :I* !Y HAD TRADITIONALLY BE5 5TITL$ DUR+ H>D TIMES 9 FEUDAL SOCIETY CAME UND] ATTACK4 

,MAL?US WAS ONLY ! MO/ CELEBRAT$ ( ! MANY PSEUDO-PHILOSOPH]S :O SANCTION$ CLASS BRUTALITY BY APPLY+ ! ECONOMICS ( ,ADAM ,SMI? & ITS NOTION ( A 0NATURAL0 & SELF-REGULAT+ POLITICAL ECONOMY TO 0NATURAL LAW40 ,) ! ADV5T ( CLASSICAL ECONOMICS1 ! PREVI\SLY HELD NOTION ( A 0JU/ WAGE0 HAD DISAPPE>$2 N[ ! OBLIGATION TO HELP ! POOR W5T ) IT4 ,! SURPLUS ( WORK]S ?AT WAS SO GOOD = BUS9ESS & KEPT WAGES D[N CAME TO BE SE5 AS A SURPLUS 9 POPULATION4 ,FROM HIS PULPIT & 9 HIS ESSAYS1 ! GOOD P>SON ,?OMAS ,MAL?US >GU$ ?AT PEOPLE'S ANIMAL P[] ( MULTIPLICATION W\LD EV5TUALLY RUN UP AGA9/ ! CON/RICT+ WALLS ( SC>CITY1 & CONCLUD$ ?AT FE$+ PEOPLE :O MI<T O!RWISE />VE W\LD ONLY LEAD !M TO PROCREATE & 9CREASE G5]ALIZ$ MIS]Y4 

,AGA9/ ! RIS+ REVOLUTION>Y TIDE 9 ,FRANCE & ! WRIT+S ( ,UTOPIAN DISCIPLES ( ,R\SSEAU1 :O ATTRIBUT$ VICE & MIS]Y TO ! CORRUPTION ( HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS & CIVILIZATION1 HE POS$ 0DEEP] SEAT$ CAUSES ( IMPURITY10 NAMELY HIS 0PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION40 ,9 ANSW] TO ! AN>*I/ ,UTOPIAN ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 :O >GU$ AFT] ,R\SSEAU ?AT 9 A SOCIETY :]E PEOPLE LIV$ 09 ! MID/ ( PL5TY & :]E ALL %>$ ALIKE ! B\NTIES ( NATURE10 MIS]Y1 OPPRESSION1 S]VILITY1 & O!R VICES W\LD DISAPPE>1 ,MAL?US SOLEMNLY DECL>$3 0,MAN CANNOT LIVE 9 ! MID/ ( PL5TY4 ,ALL CANNOT %>E ALIKE ! B\NTIES ( NATURE40 ,CONTR>Y TO ! VISION ( HUMANITY'S NATURAL /ATE AS ONE ( 0EASE1 HAPP9ESS1 & COMP>ATIVE LEISURE10 HE >GU$1 9 ! D\R VE9 ( ,?OMAS ,HOBBES'S VISION ( A /ATE ( W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL1 ?AT POPULATION WAS ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E PRESS+ AGA9/ AVAILABLE FOOD SUPPLY4 ,SO IF SUBSI/5CE %\LD IMPROVE1 POPULATION W\LD RISE ) IT1 & PRESSURE ON ! FOOD SUPPLY W\LD BEG9 ANEW4 ,= ! SAKE ( CIVILIZATION & HUMAN PROGRESS1 !RE WAS NO ALT]NATIVE4 0,MAN AS HE REALLY IS10 HE PRON\NC$1 0IS 9]T1 SLUGGI%1 & AV]SE FROM LABOR1 UNLESS COMPELL$ BY NECESSITY40 ,!RE=E1 9/EAD ( AID+ ! POOR1 0WE %\LD444 C\RT ! RETURN ( ! PLAGUE40 

,MAL?US'S NUM]ICAL =MULA1 :I* HE WORK$ \T AS-SIDU\SLY 9 HIS BOOK1 ELABORATELY CONTRA/+ ! AB/RACT DIFF]5TIAL BETWE5 GEOMETRIC & >I?METICAL GR[?1 WAS ! MO/ COMPELL+ P>T ( HIS PROPOSITION4 ,BUT HIS >GUM5T WAS ESS5TIALLY CIRCUL> & REFLECT$ 9 ,NEWTONIAN FA%ION ONLY A T5D5CY OR CAPACITY = EXPON5TIAL POPULATION GR[? 9 A HYPO!TICAL SITUATION 9 :I* NO *ECKS ON POPULATION W]E PRES5T4 ,TOO MANY IMPOND]ABLE FACTORS W]E 9VOLV$ 9 HIS CALCULATIONS1 & AS ,G]TRUDE ,HIMMELF>B WRYLY OBS]V$ 9 H] 9TRODUCTION TO ! #aif $ITION ( ,ON ,POPULATION1 ',! DIFFICULTIES1 AS ,MAL?US MI<T HAVE SAID1 9CREAS$ GEOMETRICALLY40 .<#b.> 

,IF1 AS ,J]EMY ,RIFK9 >GUES 9 HIS IMPORTANT1 ?\< FLAW$1 BOOK ,ALG5Y1 0!RE IS NO NEUTRAL NATURALISM10 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ACCEPTANCE ( ,MAL?US'S PROPOSITION HAD LITTLE TO DO ) ITS ACTUAL M]ITS4 ,)9 ITS [N T]MS & FRAMEWORK IT WAS IRREFUTABLE1 BUT ,MAL?US'S S*EMA WAS AS AN?ROPOC5TRIC AS IT WAS IDEOLOGICAL4 ,\TSIDE ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT1 IT W\LD HAVE REMA9$ M]ELY SPECULATION4 ,AS IT WAS1 IT LEGITIMAT$ BRUTAL OPPRESSION & DISPOSSESSION ( 5TIRE CLASSES ( PEOPLE4 ,AS ,HIMMELF>B REM>KS1 ITS LOGIC 0WAS ! LOGIC ( ,ADAM ,SMI? & !RE WAS NO?+ 9 ! PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION ?AT WAS NOT IMPLI$ 9 ! N[ 'CLASSICAL' PR9CIPLES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY444 ,MAL?US ONLY MADE MORE DRAMATIC :AT ,SMI? HAD E>LI] HAD 9SI/$ UPON3 ?AT M5 W]E AS MU* SUBJECT TO ! LAWS ( SUPPLY & DEM& AS W]E COMMODITIES4440 

,A ,/RUGGLE = ,SURVIVAL 

,D>W9'S !ORETICAL =MULATIONS CAME FROM ! SAME SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,& IF ,MAL?US'S PROPOSITION APPEAL$ TO ,D>W9 = ITS SUGGE/ION ( NATURAL SELECTION ?R\< A 0/RUGGLE = LIFE0 7A T]M ?AT ,MAL?US HIMSELF HAD US$71 IT APPEAL$ TO ! ,5GLI% RUL+ CLASSES = ! SAME REASON4 ,D>W9'S !ORY1 DESPITE A WEAL? ( KE5 OBS]VATION1 WAS1 9 ,RIFK9'S WORDS1 0A REFLECTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL /ATE ( M9D0 ?AT AN?ROPOC5TRIZ$ NATURE BY IMPOS+ ECONOMIC CATEGORIES ON IT4 ,AS ,MUM=D WRITES1 0,D>W9 WAS 9 FACT IMPUT+ TO NATURE ! UGLY *>ACT]I/ICS ( ,VICTORIAN CAPITALISM & COLONIALISM4 ,SO F> FROM (FSETT+ ! EFFECTS ( ! ME*ANICAL WORLD PICTURE1 ?IS DOCTR9E ONLY UNHAPPILY (F]$ A T\* ( COLD-BLOOD$ BRUTALITY4440 

,! /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL 7A P>ALLEL ( ! HUMAN /RUGGLE7 WAS ! MOTOR =CE ( PROGRESS & EVOLUTION4 0,ALL ORGANIC BE+S10 ,D>W9 >GU$ 9 ,! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 W]E 0/RIV+ TO SEIZE UPON EA* PLACE 9 ! ECONOMY ( NATURE40 ,YIELD1 \TPUT1 & ! MOTIVE ( EFFICI5CY 9=M ALL HIS WORK4 0,H>D CA% PAID D[N OV] & OV] AGA90 WAS ! 0TE/ ( 9H]IT$ SUP]IORITY40 ,9 AN >GUM5T D]IVATIVE ( ,ADAM ,SMI?'S NOTION ( ECONOMIC PROGRESS1 EV5 ! EVOLUTION ( SIMPLE TO MORE COMPLEX ORGANISMS REPRES5T$ A K9D ( PHYSIOLOGICAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,& ,EUROPEAN COLONIALISM WAS LEGITIMAT$ TOO1 AS IT JU/IFI$1 9 ,D>W9'S WORDS1 ! 0EXT]M9ATION ( 'LESS 9TELLECTUAL L[] RACES' BY ! MORE 9TELLIG5T HI<] RACES40 ,!RE WAS 0ONE G5]AL LAW10 HE >GU$1 0LEAD+ TO ! ADVANCEM5T ( ALL ORGANIC BE+S1 NAMELY1 MULTIPLY1 V>Y1 LET ! /RONGE/ LIVE & ! WEAKE/ DIE40 

,IT W\LD BE C>ELESS & 9ACCURATE TO >GUE ?AT ,D>W9'S 9SI<TS W]E 5TIRELY ! PRODUCT ( B\RGEOIS MY/IFICATION & SCI5TISM4 ,!RE WAS EV5 ! IMPLICIT 9SI<T 9 ,MAL?US ?AT 9F9ITE TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS & POPULATION GR[? W\LD ULTIMATELY CRA% AGA9/ NATURAL F9ITE LIMITS -- A PO9T OV]LOOK$ BY ! ,UTOPIANS & !IR B\RGEOIS1 ,M>XI/ & SYNDICALI/ DESC5DANTS4 ,BUT IF 9 ,D>W91 P>TICUL>LY1 !RE WAS AN AMBIGUITY BETWE5 ! ORGANIC UND]/&+ HE DEVELOP$ & ! ME*ANI/IC1 ECONOMI/IC T]MS 9 :I* IT WAS (T5 EXPRESS$1 !RE WAS NO SU* AMBIGUITY 9 ! ,D>W9ISM1 & ITS (FSPR+1 ! ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 ?AT FOLL[$4 

,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM & ,MAL?USIANISM BECAME 5%R9$ 9 MOD]N IDEOLOGY1 9 ! VIEWPO9TS ( ! P[]FUL CLASSES & ! P[]FUL NATIONS4 ,AS ,D>W9'S CONTEMPOR>Y ,H]B]T ,SP5C] PUT IT1 HUMANITY'S V]Y WELL-BE+ DEP5D$ ON ?IS /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL3 0,! POV]TY ( ! 9CAPABLE1 ! DI/RESSES ?AT COME UPON ! IMPRUD5T1 ! />VATION ( ! IDLE1 & ?OSE %\LD]+S ASIDE ( ! WEAK BY ! /RONG1 :I* LEAVE SO MANY '9 %ALL[S & 9 MIS]IES1' >E ! DECREES ( A L>GE1 F>-SEE+ B5EVOL5CE40 ,BY WAY ( ?IS 0CONJUR]'S TRICK10 AS ,5GELS CALL$ !IR =MULATIONS 7?\< HE TOO SUFF]$ FROM ITS DET]M9I/1 PRODUCTIVI/ ME?ODOLOGY71 B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC DOCTR9E WAS TRANSF]R$ TO NATURE1 & !N BACK AGA9 TO HUMAN SOCIETY & HI/ORY TO PROVE ITS VALIDITY AS ET]NAL NATURAL LAW4 .<#c.> 

,MOD]NIZ+ ,MAL?USIANISM 

,SO ! DEEP-ECOLOGY POSITION ON OV]POPULATION1 RA!R ?AN BE+ P>T ( A 0NEW P>ADIGM10 IS P>T ( AN OLD ONE1 ! ECONOMI/IC ,MAL?USIAN !ORY4 ,IT HAS ALSO BE5 PRETTY /&>D F>E 9 ECOLOGICAL WRIT+S S9CE ,D>W94 .<#d.> ,NEV]!LESS1 ! OV]POPULATION !SIS IS /ILL COMPELL+1 ESPECIALLY :5 ONE LOOKS AT A GRAPH ( HUMAN POPULATION GR[? S9CE PREHI/ORY1 ) ! RI<T-H& SIDE %OOT+ UP PRECIPIT\SLY 9 ! LA/ TWO OR ?REE C5TURIES4 ,! POPULATION QUE/ION1 AS NEO-,MAL?USIAN ECOLOGI/ ,PAUL ,EHRLI* 7AU?OR ( ,! ,POPULATION ,BOMB7 REM>KS1 IS 0A NUMB]S GAME10 BUT IMAG9E A C\NTRY LIKE ,BANGLADE%1 ) ITS L>GE POPULATION & ALL ! PROBLEMS ( PRIVATE L& T5URE1 PEONAGE1 & 9/ITUTIONAL SC>CITY ?AT IT FACES1 D\BL+ 9 SIZE 9 ! SPAN ( A G5]ATION4 ,AS HUMAN NUMB]S CLIMB TO SIX1 SEV51 EI<T BILLION 9 ! NEW FEW DECADES1 IT IS FAIR TO ASK :AT POSSIBILITY !RE WILL BE = LIB]ATORY SOCIETIES LIV+ 9 H>MONY ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,& TE*NO-FIX RESPONSES -- FROM FUSION P[] TO SUP]-BIO5G9E]$ AGRICULTURE TO SPACE COLONIES -- >E EI!R ABSURD FANTASIES OR 0SOLUTIONS0 ?AT >E WORSE ?AN ! PROBLEM ITSELF4 

,AT SOME PO9T 9 POPULATION GR[?1 NEI!R NATURAL 9TEGRITY NOR HUMAN FRE$OM IS POSSIBLE4 ,BUT DESPITE ,MAL?USIAN NUM]OLOGY1 ?AT PO9T IS NOT SELF-EVID5T4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 OV]POPULATION MAY BE ONE S\RCE ( ! PRES5T WORLD HUNG] CRISIS1 BUT IT TAKES A LEAP ( FAI? TO CONCLUDE AUTOMATICALLY ?AT FAM9E IS PURELY ! RESULT ( 0NATURAL LAWS0 :5 IT OCCURS 9 A CLASS SOCIETY ) A M>KET ECONOMY & PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L&4 ,ECOLOGY R$UC$ TO IDEOLOGY T5DS TO SIMPLIFY :AT IS COMPLEX :5 ITS ANALYSIS IGNORES ! 9T]-RELATIONS )9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,BUT ! 9T]PRETATION ( HUNG] IS DEADLY S]I\S BECAUSE ON IT DEP5DS H[ ECOLOGI/S1 & ALL ( US1 RESPOND TO A :OLE COMPLEX ( ASSOCIAT$ PROBLEMS4 ,IDEAS HAVE MAT]IAL CONSEQU5CES1 SO IT IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( DEEP ECOLOGI/S TO EXAM9E !IR PREMISES C>EFULLY4 ,!SE PREMISES F9D !IR MO/ ?OR\< EXPRESSION 9 ,WILLIAM ,CATTON'S BOOK1 ,OV]%OOT4 

,:ILE ,CATTON'S BOOK DOES NOT />T FROM AN EXPLICITLY DEEP-ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ! ,MAL?USIAN PREMISES IT %>ES ) DEEP ECOLOGY & ! WAY IT HAS BE5 EMPLOY$ 9 BO? DEEP-ECOLOGY AN?OLOGIES MAKE IT AN IMPORTANT TEXT = ?IS DISCUSSION4 ,BAS$ ON ! ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( 0C>RY+ CAPACITY0 7! CAPACITY ( AN ECOSY/EM TO SUPPORT A GIV5 POPULATION ( A SPECIES 9 A SU/A9ABLE & R5EWABLE MANN]71 ,CATTON'S !SIS IS ?AT 0HUMAN POPULATION HAS LONG AGO MOV$ 9TO A DANG]\S PHASE ( ! 'BOOM-BU/' CYCLE ( POPULATION GR[? & DECL9E40 ,HE EXPLA9S 9 ! ,TOBIAS AN?OLOGY1 0,C>RY+ CAPACITY1 ?\< V>IABLE & NOT EASILY OR ALWAYS MEASURABLE1 MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT TO UND]/& ! HUMAN PR$ICAM5T40 

,( C\RSE ,CATTON DOES F> MORE ?AN TAKE ?IS ECOLOGICAL CONC]N 9TO ACC\NT4 ,HE CREATES A !ORY ( HI/ORY >\ND IT1 ATTRIBUT+ ! RISE ( /ATE CIVILIZATIONS1 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 W> & IMP]IAL RIVALRY1 ECONOMIC CRISIS & UNEMPLOYM5T1 POLITICAL IDEOLOGY & CULTURAL MORES1 REVOLT & REVOLUTION ALL TO POPULATION PRESSURES4 ,IT IS AN AMBITI\S !ORY1 BUT IT FOLL[S ! SAME ECONOMI/IC LOGIC & MA!MATICAL MY/IFICATION AS ?AT ( ,MAL?US4 ,CATTON'S BOOK REVEALS H[ SCI5TISM1 ! LACK ( A SOCIAL CRITIQUE1 & CAPTIVITY TO A P>ADIGM OR MODEL CAN LEAD TO MIS9T]PRETATION4 

,CATTON'S VIEW />TS FROM A ,D>W9IAN P]SPECTIVE ( A COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL BETWE5 SPECIES4 ,HUMAN BE+S HAVE HI/ORICALLY FOLL[$ A PROCESS ( 0TAKEOV]0 ( C>RY+ CAPACITY 70DIV]T+0 RES\RCES FROM O!R SPECIES TO !MSELVES71 0ESS5TIALLY AT ! EXP5SE ( .<! E>?'S.> O!R 9HABITANTS40 ,BUT HUMAN EXPANSION 9EVITABLY HAD TO COME UP AGA9/ ! LIMITS ( SC>CITY1 ( ! L&'S C>RY+ CAPACITY4 ,ONLY ! DISCOV]Y ( NEW T]RITORIES & NEW =MS ( EXTRACTION W\LD =E/ALL POPULATION CRA%4 ,! FIR/ LEAP WAS ! 0HORTICULTURAL REVOLUTION10 :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE = 0A M9USCULE BUT 9CREAS+ FRACTION ( ANY HUMAN TRIBE TO DEVOTE ITS TIME TO ACTIVITIES O!R ?AN OBTA9+ SU/5ANCE40 ,) ?IS 9CREAS$ HUMAN 0MANAGEM5T0 ( ! BIOSPH]E1 C>RY+ CAPACITY WAS 9CREAS$1 & ) IT1 HUMAN POPULATION4 

,! NEXT SIGNIFICANT /AGE 9 DEVELOPM5T OCCURS AT ! 5D ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES 7& ?IS BOOK HAS A V]Y ,EURAM]ICAN FOCUS71 :5 ! KN[N WORLD WAS 0SATURAT$ ) POPULATION10 MAK+ LIFE 9TOL]ABLE & ?REAT5+ A POPULATION CRA%4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( ! ,AM]ICAS1 H[EV]1 *ANG$ EV]Y?+4 0,?IS SUDD5 & IMPRESSIVE SURPLUS ( C>RY+ CAPACITY0 %ATT]$ ! M$IEVAL VISION ( *ANGELESSNESS1 & LAID ! F\NDATIONS = AN 0,AGE ( ,EXUB]ANCE10 ) ITS 0CORNUCOPIAN P>ADIGM40 0,9 A HABITAT ?AT N[ SEEM$ LIMITLESS1 LIFE W\LD BE LIV$ ABUNDANTLY40 ,NEW BELIEFS & NEW HUMAN RELATION%IPS W]E BORN FROM ! 9CREAS$ C>RY+ CAPACITY1 9CLUD+ A REVOLUTION 9 9V5TION & TE*NOLOGY 7?\< ELSE:]E HE >GUES ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY IS A RESULT ( POPULATION PRESSURE RA!R ?AN ( ?IS 0EXUB]ANCE07 & A DEMOCRATIC WORLD VIEW4 

,BUT AS POPULATION QUICKLY EXP&$1 ! NEXT /AGE ( EXPANSION ( C>RY+ CAPACITY WAS ! DEVELOPM5T ( 0PHANTOM C>RY+ CAPACITY10 EXTRACT+ ONLY TEMPOR>ILY AVAILABLE1 NONR5EWABLE RES\RCES TO SUPPORT BURGEON+ NUMB]S1 A 0DRAWD[N0 =M ( TAKEOV] :I* RELIES ON PETROLEUM1 M9]ALS1 ETC4 ,?IS DEP5D5CE L$ TO 0OV]%OOT0 & ! PRES5T 0PO/-EXUB]ANT AGE10 9 :I* HUMAN NUMB]S HAVE LONG EXCE$$ ! LONG-T]M1 R5EWABLE C>RY+ CAPACITY ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 BR++ AB\T 9EVITABLE 0CRA%0 OR 0DIE-(F0 ( ! POPULATION4 0,!RE >E ALREADY MORE HUMAN BE+S ALIVE ?AN ! WORLD'S R5EWABLE RES\RCES CAN P]PETUALLY SUPPORT10 HE >GUES4 ,C>RY+ CAPACITY IS ALSO BE+ DIM9I%$ BY TOXIC 9DU/RIALISM1 0UNAVOIDABLY CREAT$ BY \R LIFE PROCESSES40 

,:ILE !RE >E MANY POSSIBLE RESPONSES TO ?IS CRISIS1 9CLUD+ REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL OR FAI? 9 TE*NOLOGY1 HE ASS]TS ?AT ONLY AN ECOLOGICAL P>ADIGM1 :I* RECOGNIZES C>RY+ CAPACITY LIMITS & ! NE$ TO R$UCE HUMAN NUMB]S1 WILL WORK4 0,! CUMULATIVE POT5TIAL ( ! HUMAN SPECIES10 HE WRITES1 REPEAT+ ,MAL?US1 0EXCE$S ! C>RY+ CAPACITY ( ITS HABITAT40 ,HAV+ /AT$ ?IS 9CORPOREAL TRUISM REG>D+ A POT5TIALITY1 HE CONCLUDES1 0,NO 9T]PRETATION ( REC5T HI/ORY CAN BE VALID UNLESS IT TAKES !SE TWO FACTORS & ?IS RELATION BETWE5 !M 9TO ACC\NT40 

,CATTON'S BOOK IS NOT )\T ITS 9SI<TS & ?\<TFUL OBS]VATIONS1 & HIS >GUM5TS >E (T5 P]SUASIVE1 RELY+ AS !Y DO ON ! OBVI\S -- ! DE/RUCTION ( NATURE BY CIVILIZATION1 ! 9CREASE ( HUMAN NUMB]S1 ! F9ITE LIMITS ( ! E>?4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 HIS !SIS IS ONLY A REHA% ( ,MAL?US3 SCI5TIFICALLY R$UCTIONI/1 SIMPLI/IC1 & HI<LY IDEOLOGICAL4 ,ATTEMPT+ TO TURN 0ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES 9TO SOCIOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES10 HE TURNS SOCIOLOGICAL DI/ORTIONS 9TO NATURAL LAW4 

,SCI5TIFIC ,R$UCTIONISM 

,!RE IS A K9D ( 9V]T$ AN?ROPOC5TRISM SUGGE/$ 9 ,CATTON'S IDEA ( TAKEOV] & 9T]SPECIES COMPETITION = RES\RCES ?AT1 ONE SUSPECTS1 SECRETLY WI%ES TO ELIM9ATE HUMANS ALTOGE!R FROM NATURE 9 ORD] TO IMPOSE SOME HYPO!TICAL BALANCE 7A VIEW HELD )\T IRONY BY SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S74 ,?IS IS ! /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL & LAW ( ! JUNGLE LEFT OV] FROM ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO PO/ULATE A MUTUALI/ EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 HUMANS & ! RE/ ( NATURE ?R\<\T ! VA/ MAJORITY ( \R SOJ\RN ON ?IS PLANET1 9 :I* HUMAN SUBSI/5CE HAS EV5 NURTUR$ & 5C\RAG$ ! LIFE ( O!R SPECIES4 .<#e.> ,CATTON'S PALEONTOLOGY IS ALSO SKEW$1 ) ITS IMPLICIT ,HOBBESIAN PICTURE ( PRIMITIVE LIFE AS A MIS]ABLE /RUGGLE = SUBSI/5CE & ITS FACILE DESCRIPTION ( ! ORIG9S ( AGRICULTURE & ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*IES4 ,HIS HI/ORICAL !ORY ( /AGES IS PATT]N$ AFT] ! /&>D TEXTBOOK MODEL ( PROGRESS4 

,! REAL %ORTCOM+S ( ,CATTON'S !SIS >E MO/ APP>5T 9 HIS HI/ORIOGRAPHY & ANALYSIS ( ! MOD]N EPO*4 ,HIS SCI5TIFIC R$UCTIONISM MIS9T]PRETS ! RISE ( CAPITALISM & PRES5T CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,HIS SIMPLIFICATION ( ! :OLE CONV]G5CE ( CULTURAL-HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5TS -- RIS+ M]CANTILISM & 9DU/RIALISM1 ! SPREAD ( 9V5TION1 /ATIFICATION & NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION1 EXPLORATION & CONQUE/1 ! SLAVE TRADE1 & MORE -- TO A SPECIES 0EXUB]ANCE0 7LIKE BACT]IA 9 A PETRI DI%7 DUE TO 9CREAS$ C>RY+ CAPACITY1 IS BIOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM AT ITS CRUDE/4 ,HE PA9TS A ROSY PICTURE ( ,EUROPE AS IT WAS DEPOPULAT$ 9 ! MASS FLI<T TO ! ,AM]ICAS1 OV]LOOK+ ! FACT ?AT DESPITE 09CREAS$ C>RY+ CAPACITY0 !RE1 CONDITIONS 9 ,EUROPE WORS5$ = MO/ PEOPLE DUR+ ! CONQUE/4 

,?AT ! RI*ES 9 ,AM]ICA & ! *EAP LABOR ( H] 9DIG5\S & IMPORT$ SLAVES PROVID$ RAW MAT]IAL & 09CREAS$ C>RY+ CAPACITY0 = EM]G5T CAPITALISM GOES )\T SAY+4 ,BUT !RE IS LITTLE OR NO?+ 9 ,CATTON'S HI/ORY AB\T ?IS 0ORIG9AL ACCUMULATION0 ?AT PAID = 9DU/RIALIZATION1 :I* IS :Y HE FAILS AS WELL TO UND]/& ! *>ACT] ( ,U4,S4 CIVILIZATION4 ,! 0ABUNDANCE & LIB]TY10 HE WRITES1 HAD 0ECOLOGICAL PR]EQUISITES0 -- ?\< HE DOESN'T EXPLA9 :AT W]E ! PR]EQUISITES ( ! SLAVOCRATIC1 EXT]M9I/1 REPRESSIVE SIDE ( ! CIVILIZATION4 7,NOR DOES HIS MODEL ILLUM9ATE ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 :I* HAD ! SAME 0ECOLOGICAL PR]EQUISITES10 YET AN EXCE$+LY DIFF]5T SOCIAL *>ACT]1 LEAD+ TO ?AT OPPRESSIVE & UNEV5 RELATION%IP BETWE5 !M ) :I* WE %\LD ALL BE ?OR\<LY FAMILI>47 

,CATTON'S PORTRAYAL ( ,U4,S4 DEVELOPM5T IS AN ODDLY =MULAT$ APOLOGY = EMPIRE4 ,EXTOLL+ ! FRONTI]1 HE ATTRIBUTES ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY TO A SIMPLE SURPLUS C>RY+ CAPACITY 7AN >GUM5T1 CO9CID5TALLY1 :I* IMPLIES ?AT CURR5T SC>CITY MU/ 9EVITABLY LEAD TO AU?ORIT>IAN RULE74 0,A C>RY+ CAPACITY SURPLUS FACILITATES DEVELOPM5T & MA9T5ANCE ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS10 HE DECL>ES1 :ILE 0A C>RY+ CAPACITY DEFICIT WEAK5S & UND]M9ES !M40 ,?US POLITICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,U4,S4 & ,EUROPE W]E ECOLOGICAL3 0,EUROPE WAS FULL ( PEOPLE2 ,AM]ICA WAS FULL ( POT5TIAL40 ,SU* SLOPP9ESS NOT ONLY EFFACES ,5GLI% & ,FR5* 7REVOLUTION>Y7 DEMOCRACY & O!R LIB]T>IAN =MS FROM ! PICTURE1 IT OV]LOOKS A C\NTRY LIKE ,RUSSIA1 ALSO RELATIVELY EMPTY ( PEOPLE & 0FULL ( POT5TIAL10 :I* SUFF]$ UND] DESPOTISM & AUTOCRACY4 

,?IS PSEUDOHI/ORY IS MIX$ ) SOCIOLOGICAL-ECOLOGICAL CLI*ES1 & 5DS 9 PATRIOTIC F]VOR4 ,L[ POPULATION D5SITY1 HE TELLS US1 R5D]S 0HUMAN EQUALITY444 FEASIBLE1 EV5 PROBABLE40 7,SAUDI ,>ABIA87 ,U4,S4 HI/ORY1 !RE=E1 0HAS ?US EXEMPLIFI$ ! DEP5D5CE ( POLITICAL LIB]TY UPON ECOLOGICAL F\NDATIONS40 ,HE MAKES NO REF]5CE H]E TO SLAV]Y1 ! CONQUE/ ( NOR!RN ,MEXICO1 ! EXT]M9ATION ( ! ,9DIANS1 ! 9T]V5TIONS 9TO ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 ! BITT] CLASS CONFLICTS 9 M9ES & MILLS4 ,& HE LEAVES US ) A HI< S*OOL TEXTBOOK PICTURE ( ! C\NTRY3 0,SETTL]S 9 ! ,NEW ,WORLD DID CREATE A NEW & 9SPIR$ =M ( GOV]NM5T 9 A L& ( OPPORTUNITY444 ,AM]ICANS DID W9 ! WE/444 ,A GREAT NATION WAS BUILT 9 ! WILD]NESS4440 

,\R ,YANKEE ,DOODLE ,D&Y CONCLUDES 9 AN \TBUR/ ( POLITICAL CANT WE'VE HE>D FROM ,DANIEL ,BOONE TO ,RONALD ,REAGAN3 ,AM]ICA 0TRI$ HONE/LY & G5]\SLY TO %>E ! FRUITS ( ITS FRONTI] EXP]I5CE ) PEOPLE 9 O!R SOCIETIES OV]SEAS4440 7LIKE ,VIETNAM & ,NIC>AGUA674 ,BUT AS ! EMPIRE EXT5D$ ITS DOM9ATION OV]SEAS1 ?IS %>+ CAME TO NO?+1 S9CE 0,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM WAS ESS5TIALLY FRUITLESS4440 ,ONE CANNOT RESI/ ?9K+ H]E ( ! 0FRUITLESS0 ,U4,S4 IMP]IALISM 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN 0BANANA REPUBLICS40 ,HE PAYS HOMAGE1 COMM5DABLY1 TO N9ETE5?-C5TURY ANTI-IMP]IALI/S :O W>N$ AGA9/ ,AM]ICAN CONQUE/ 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN & ! ,PHILIPP9ES & C\NSELS ?AT ECOLOGICAL LIMITS HAVE BR\<T ! ,U4,S4 EMPIRE 9TO DECL9E1 SADLY ACKN[L$G+1 0,WE DID NOT RECOGNIZE PREC$5TS 9 TIME TO AVOID ! FRU/RATION ( ILL-F\ND$ ASPIRATIONS40 

,BUT !RE >E ?OSE AMONG US :O CELEBRATE & W\LD LIKE TO P>TICIPATE MORE FULLY 9 ! COLLAPSE ( ?IS & EV]Y EMPIRE1 9 ORD] TO F9D \R WAY BACK TO ! H>MONI\S RELATION ) NATURE SO LONG$ = BY DEEP ECOLOGI/S4 ,?AT ?IS BOOK HAS ELICIT$ SU* AN 5?USIA/IC RESPONSE FROM !M IS DISAPPO9T+1 REFLECT+ !IR S]I\S POLITICAL IGNORANCE & CONS]VATIVE REACTION TO IMP]IAL DECL9E4 ,IF ANY?+1 !Y %\LD HAVE NOTIC$ ! CONNECTION BETWE5 EMPIRE & HABITAT DEVA/ATION1 FROM ANCI5T TIMES TO ! C>PET-BOMB+ & DEFOLIATION ( ,9DO*9A4 ,:Y IS DEEP ECOLOGY SO SUP]FICIAL :5 IT COMES TO AN ANALYSIS ( CONTEMPOR>Y EMPIRE1 ITS ORIG9S & HI/ORY8 

,AN ,ECONOMI/IC ,ANALYSIS 

,9 ! ECONOMI/IC MANN] ( ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 ,CATTON TURNS ! NATURAL WORLD 9TO A SAV+S BANK1 YET HE IGNORES GLOBAL CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,SO1 = EXAMPLE1 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,G]MAN ECONOMY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 & EV5 ! OIL %ORTAGES ( ! #a#i#gS W]E ! RESULT ( NATURAL SC>CITY & 0C>RY+ CAPACITY DEFICIT10 RA!R ?AN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS 7?\< ULTIMATELY REAL %ORTAGES ( NONR5EWABLE MAT]IALS >E 9EVITABLE74 ,MANIPULAT+ A HO/ ( /ATI/ICS1 HE EXPLA9S ?AT IF CURR5T AGRICULTURE W]E TO REV]T TO PRE9DU/RIAL =MS1 0F\R E>?S W\LD BE NE$$0 TO SUPPORT ! PRES5T POPULATION4 ,! RIS+ USE ( COPP]1 /EEL1 & ALUM9UM >E ALSO EXAMPLES ( 0DRAW D[N0 TO EXTRACT NE$$ PHANTOM C>RY+ CAPACITY TO SUPPORT ! POPULATION4 ,9 ANO!R TORTUR$ MA!MATICAL >GUM5T1 WE >E TOLD ?AT 9 #aig ,U4,S4 5]GY USE AM\NT$ TO #eh B>RELS ( OIL P] CAPITA ANNUALLY4 ,BY /R5U\S CALCULATION1 HE DEMON/RATES ?AT W]E WE TO TRY TO GET ?IS 5]GY FROM R5EWABLE1 AGRICULTURAL S\RCES1 RA!R ?AN 0PHANTOM C>RY+ CAPACITY0 ( FOSSIL FUELS1 WE C\LD GET ONLY #a4#b#g P]C5T ( CURR5T ,U4,S4 5]GY CONSUMPTION4 ,AFT] ?IS LONG EXEGESIS1 HE CONCLUDES1 0,IT %\LD BE CLE>1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! ACTUAL POPULATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES .<HAS.> ALREADY OV]%OT ITS C>RY+ CAPACITY MEASUR$ BY ! 5]GY-PRODUC+ CAPABILITY ( VISIBLE ,AM]ICAN ACREAGE40 

,BUT ( C\RSE IT IS NOT SO CLE> AT ALL4 ,IF C>RY+ CAPACITY HAS BE5 EXCE$$ & !RE ISN'T 5\< TO GO >\ND1 :Y >E CROPS SY/EMATICALLY DUMP$ & DE/ROY$8 ,ONLY A CRITIQUE ( ! SY/EM ?AT TURNS FOOD 9TO A COMMODITY CAN MAKE S5SE 9 SU* A CONTEXT4 ,& HIS NUM]ICAL MY/IFICATION FAILS TO NOTE ?AT 0P] CAPITA0 5]GY CONSUMPTION 9CLUDES ! URBAN MEGALOPOLISES1 ! GLUT ( 9DU/RY1 TRANSPORT1 ! MILIT>Y1 & ! FR5ETIC =M ( LIFE SPECIFIC TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,TO ID5TIFY BIOLOGICAL C>RY+ CAPACITY ) SU* FIGURES IS PAT5TLY ABSURD4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! PRES5T =M ( EXI/5CE IS DE/RUCTIVE1 & 9CREAS+LY DE/RUCTIVE AS POPULATION GR[S4 ,BUT TO >GUE ?AT 0EV5 \R MO/ NORMAL & NON-REPREH5SIBLE WAYS ( US+ RES\RCES TO SUPPORT HUMAN LIFE & PURSUE HUMAN HAPP9ESS0 >E DE/ROY+ ! 5VIRONM5T IS TO =GET ?AT IT IS ! =M ( CULTURE 9 9DU/RIALISM & ! MANN] 9 :I* PURSU+ 0LIFE & HAPP9ESS0 IS ORGANIZ$ ?AT IS DE/ROY+ LIFE1 NOT NECESS>ILY %E] POPULATION NUMB]S4 ,! TOXIC WA/ES PRODUC$ BY 9DU/RIALISM >E NOT 0UNAVOIDABLY CREAT$ BY \R LIFE PROCESSES10 !Y >E ! RESULT ( CAPITALI/ LOOT+ & A PA?OLOGICAL CULTURE4 ,PEOPLE NE$ NEI!R VA/ 5]GY CONSUMPTION NOR TOXIC-WA/E PRODUCTION TO BE KEPT ALIVE2 9 FACT1 WE >E BE+ /EADILY POISON$ BY !M4 

,! NOTION ( C>RY+ CAPACITY IS TRIVIALIZ$ BY R$UCTION TO ABSURD /ATI/ICS4 ,NO ONE REALLY KN[S :AT ! E>?'S ACTUAL C>RY+ CAPACITY IS1 OR H[ MU* L& WE NE$ 9 ORD] TO LIVE 9 A R5EWABLE MANN]4 ,:AT HAVE MEGATE*NIC PROJECTS1 FREEWAYS1 ASBE/OS1 NUCLE> P[]1 >MAM5TS PRODUCTION1 OR ! AUTOMOBILE TO DO ) BIOLOGICAL C>RY+ CAPACITY8 ,:AT HAVE !Y TO DO ) ANY?+ EXCEPT ! 9]TIA ( 9VE/M5T1 TE*NOLOGICAL DRIFT1 & CAPITAL ACCUMULATION8 ,CATTON'S ECOLOGICAL P>ADIGM R$UCES EV]Y?+ TO NUMB]S & ME*ANI/ICALLY APPLIES ITS ANALYSIS TO SOCIETY1 R5D]+ IT BL9D TO ! ACTUAL =CES LEAD+ TO EXT9CTION4 ,:5 ?IS ME?ODOLOGY COMP>ES1 = EXAMPLE1 /ATI/ W>S & IMP]IAL RIVALRY TO ! T]RITORIALISM ( ANIMALS1 IT IMPOSES ! 7CURR5T7 SCI5TIFIC DESCRIPTION ( ONE HI<LY COMPLEX ORD] ONTO ANO!R1 UNRELAT$ ONE4 ,?IS IS PSEUDOZOOLOGY AT ITS WOR/4 

,TE*NOLOGY & ,ALI5ATION 

,CATTON'S DISCUSSION ALSO MISAPPREH5DS ! CRITICAL ROLE ( TE*NOLOGY 9 ! PRES5T CRISIS = ALL ! SAME REASONS 7?\< IT IS NOT 5TIRELY DEVOID ( 9SI<T OR ?\<TFUL OBS]VATION74 ,CATTON FOLL[S ! /&>D L9E ( REASON+ 7SO BRILLIANTLY DISCR$IT$ BY ,LEWIS ,MUM=D 9 ! E>LY *APT]S ( ,! ,MY? ( ! ,MA*9E7 ?AT SEES HUMAN SPECIES-ESS5CE AS ?AT ( A TOOL-US+ OR 0PROS!TIC0 ANIMAL4 ,9 G5]AL1 HE CONFUSES TOOLS & TOOL USE ) ! TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EM4 ,SO1 = EXAMPLE1 SEE+ CLO?+ 7LIKE ALL TOOLS7 AS A PROS!SIS1 HE DECIDES ?AT C5TRAL HEAT+ & AIR CONDITION+ 9 MOD]N BUILD+S >E SIMPLY EXT5SIONS ( CLO?+4 ,HIS CONCLUSION IS ?US PR$ICTABLE1 & CON=MS TO ! /&>D IDEOLOGY ( TE*NOLOGY3 0,IF ! DIGG+ /ICK WAS A PROS!TIC DEVICE1 SO WAS ! MOD]N P[] %OVEL40 

,?IS MYOPIA DISC]NS NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 LIV+ 9 A HUT OR PUEBLO & A MEGA-HI<-RISE1 OR BETWE5 A SPE> & A MISSILE1 CONFUS+ ! SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 SU* PH5OM5A & !IR F> MORE IMPORTANT DI/9CTIONS4 ,IT IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS ESSAY TO DISCUSS ! FALLACY 9 DETAIL1 .<#f.> BUT ! METAPHOR ( ALL TE*NICS AS PROS!SES MISSES ! QUALITATIVE TRANS=MATION ?AT OCCURS AS TE*NOLOGY BECOMES A SY/EM ?AT 5VELOPS HUMAN BE+S & SOCIETY1 MODIFY+ !IR NATURES TO CON=M TO ITS OP]ATIONAL DEM&S4 

,:51 = EXAMPLE1 HE EMPLOYS ! PROS!SIS METAPHOR TO DESCRIBE A PILOT /RAPP+ A JET AIRPLANE TO HIS WAI/1 ,CATTON =GETS ?AT ! PILOT BECOMES TOTALLY 5CLOS$ 9 AN >TIFICIAL 5VIRONM5T & UTT]LY DEP5D5T UPON A TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EM -- ALL ( IT ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( CO]C$ LABOR1 HI]>*IC DOM9ATION1 REMOTE CONTROL1 & ALI5ATION4 ,= ! SAME REASON HE MISUND]/&S WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! TE*NOLOGICAL & ECONOMIC DIVISION ( LABOR 79 AN UNCANNY 9V]SION ( ,D>W9'S 9DU/RIALIZ$ MODEL ( COMPLEX ORGANISMS7 AS 0FUNCTIONALLY EQUIVAL5T TO ! 9T]ACTIONS ( DIV]SE SPECIES40 ,BUT !SE 0BIOTIC NI*ES0 >E ONLY POSITIONS 9 A SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 A WORK PYRAMID -- ! P]FECT DEF9ITION ( CIVILIZATION4 

,BECAUSE ITS DEVA/ATION IS SELF-EVID5T1 ,CATTON UND]/&S PROGRESS AS 0A DISEASE40 ,BUT HE ONLY SEEMS TO ?9K SO BECAUSE IT CONTAM9ATES ! HABITAT1 =GETT+ ?AT IT CONTAM9ATES ! HUMAN SPIRIT AS WELL4 0,! MORE COLOSSAL MAN'S TOOL KIT BECAME10 HE WRITES1 0! L>G] MAN BECAME1 & ! MORE DE/RUCTIVE ( HIS [N FUTURE40 ,!RE IS NO RECOGNITION 9 ?IS =MULATION ( ALI5ATION & ! FUNDAM5TAL DESIRE TO CEASE BE+ A ?+ AMONG ?+S1 TO BECOME ONCE MORE AN 9TEGRAT$ LIV+ BE+ 9 AN ANIMATE WORLD4 ,! MORE COLOSSAL TE*NOLOGY HAS BECOME1 ! SMALL] ! 9DIVIDUALS IMPRISON$ )9 IT1 & ! MORE SUFFOCAT$ & CRU%$ BY ! >TIFICIAL WORLD BUILT BY !IR =C$ LABOR4 ,?IS ANGUI%$ CONDITION IS ! AU!NTIC S\RCE ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE ?AT WILL PUT AN 5D TO 9DU/RIALISM1 RA!R ?AN A SCI5TIFIC P>ADIGM ( 5]GY EX*ANGES BETWE5 ORGANISMS & 5VIRONM5T 7:I* 9 ANY CASE HAS N[ BE5 RECOGNIZ$ BY BIOTE*NOLOGICAL CAPITAL AS ! BASIS = ITS FUR!R CONQUE/ ( NATURE74 

,SCI5TIFIC ,IDEOLOGY AS ,MAT]IAL ,=CE 

,IT FOLL[S ?AT ,CATTON'S VIEW ( RADICAL REVOLT IS V]Y NEGATIVE4 ,HE HAS LITTLE SYMPA?Y = ANTICOLONIAL MOVEM5TS1 & EV5 ?\< IT WAS DUR+ ! #a#i#fS 7?AT 0CRESC5DO ( UGLY1 M9DLESS1 & MALICI\S BEHAVIOR07 ?AT AN 5VIRONM5TAL & ANTI-9DU/RIAL AW>5ESS WAS R5EW$1 HE CAN ONLY COMP>E ! RADICALISM ( ! P]IOD TO 0QUEUE-JUMP+10 A PANIC RESPONSE1 EV5 TO ,NAZISM4 ,HIS MONOLI?IC 9T]PRETATION ATTRIBUTES ALL ( !SE RESPONSES1 ( C\RSE1 TO POPULATION PRESSURE4 ,REJECTION ( ! CORPORATE /ATE & A REORI5TATION T[>D NATURE >E CRITICIZ$ AS SUP]FICIAL UNLESS !Y >E F\ND$ ON AN UND]/&+ ( 0GEO*EMICAL PROCESSES0 & RES\RCE LIMITS4 ,RADICALS SEEK A 0MAGIC RECIPE = AVOID+ CRA%10 HE >GUES1 & SLOGANS LIKE 0,/OP ! BOMB+ N[601 0,FRE$OM N[601 & 0,5D AP>!ID N[60 7HIS LI/71 AS WELL AS ! 0!FT & PUBLICATION ( SECRET DOCUM5TS0 7PRESUMABLY ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S7 & 0! BURN+ ( FLAGS & EMBASSIES0 >E ONLY DE/RUCTIVE PANIC RESPONSES & 0QUEUE-JUMP+40 ,EV5 PEACE MOVEM5TS >E TO BLAME = MISS+ 0! 5VIRONM5TAL S\RCES ( ANTAGONISM40 

,HIS ALT]NATIVE IS ONE ( 05LI<T5$ SELF-RE/RA9T0 & FUR!R 9QUIRY 7PRESUMABLY 9 ORD]LY L9ES BEH9D POLITICIANS1 SCI5TI/S1 & ACADEMICS74 ,HE REJECTS 0RAMPANT COMPETITIV5ESS0 :ILE =GETT+ ?AT ! IMAGE ( SU* COMPETITIV5ESS P]VADES HIS :OLE PORTRAYAL ( NATURE4 ,HIS PROPOSALS >E FEW & TAME3 0ECOLOGICAL MODE/Y10 PHAS+ \T FOSSIL FUELS1 A RE=M ( ! MASS M$IA1 & A DEF5SE ( EXI/+ 5VIRONM5TAL LAWS4 ,SOCIETY MU/ ACT 0AS IF444 WE HAD ALREADY OV]%OT10 HE WRITES1 9 A SUBTLE S(T5+ ( HIS !SIS1 & ! CRA% MU/ BE AMELIORAT$ TO SAVE AS MANY HUMAN LIVES AS POSSIBLE BY A CONSCI\S R5UNCIATION ( DE/RUCTIVE 9DU/RIALISM & ITS CULTURE4 

,HIS CONCLUSIONS AVOID ADVOCAT+ ! DIE-(F ?AT HIS !SIS SUGGE/S IS 9EVITABLE4 0,BANKRUPTCY PROCE$+S0 MU/ BE HELD 0AGA9/ 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION1 & P]HAPS AGA9/ ! /&+ CROP ( HUMAN FLE%10 HE >GUES1 & 9 ANO!R MODIFICATION HE SAYS1 0,!RE MI<T BE ALREADY TOO MANY ( US0 TO RETURN TO A SIMPL]1 R5EWABLE LIFE 7MY EMPHASIS 9 BO? QUOTES -- ,G4,B474 ,HE EV5 W>NS ?AT HIS ME?OD WILL NOT PO9T TO 0OBVI\S SOLUTIONS TO ! PR$ICAM5T40 ,P]HAPS HE P]CEIVES1 IF DIMLY1 ?AT SCI5TIFIC IDEOLOGY BECOMES A MAT]IAL =CE ) CONSEQU5CES4 ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 COMB9$ ) EUG5ICS 7! G5ETIC 0CONTROL0 & 0IMPROVEM5T0 ( BRE$S71 WAS EMPLOY$ TO JU/IFY COLONIAL CONQUE/ & TO LEGITIMATE REACTION>Y IMMIGRATION POLICIES >\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 & EV5 L$ ULTIMATELY TO EUG5ICS-BAS$ EXT]M9ATION ( PSY*IATRIC 9MATES1 ,JEWS1 ,GYPSIES1 & O!R 0SUBHUMAN BRE$S0 BY ,NAZI TE*NOCRATS 9 !IR DEA? CAMPS4 ,TODAY1 OV]POPULATION !ORIES >E US$ BY DEVELOPM5T-BANK BUREAUCRATS TO JU/IFY 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( S5SITIVE WILD]NESS >EAS 7AS 9 NOR!RN ,BRAZIL71 & ECONOMIC PLANN]S >E CURR5TLY UTILIZ+ 0TRIAGE0 ANALYSIS 7A BATTLEFIELD M$ICAL OP]ATION 9 :I* C]TA9 ( ! W\ND$ >E LEFT TO DIE 9 ORD] TO CONC5TRATE ON ?OSE ) A BETT] *ANCE ( SURVIV+7 TO CONSIGN MASSES ( ,?IRD ,WORLD PEOPLES TO />VATION = ! PURPOSES ( RE/RUCTUR+ CAPITAL & PAY+ (F ! NATIONAL DEBTS ( C\NTRIES LIKE ,MEXICO & ,*ILI4 

,! ,GRAS%OPP] & ! ,ANT 

,CATTON AT LEA/ HAS ! DEC5CY TO DI/ANCE HIMSELF A BIT 9 HIS CONCLUSIONS1 SEEK+ TO AVOID ! 0CRUEL G5OCIDE0 ?AT !Y IMPLY BY SE>*+ = AN ECOLOGICAL REORI5TATION & ATTEMPT+ TO SP>E HUMAN LIFE4 ,!RE >E O!RS 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T :O %>E ! ,MAL?USIAN PREMISES ( HIS FLIMSY 0OV]%OOT0 !SIS & :O EMBRACE SU* G5OCIDE -- = O!RS1 ?AT IS4 ,ONE PROM95T EXAMPLE IS RI<T-W+ BIOLOGI/ ,G>RETT ,H>D9 7PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,TOBIAS AN?OLOGY1 ?\< HE IS NOT 9 AGREEM5T ) RADICAL 5VIRONM5TALISM74 ,H>D9'S Z]O-SUM VIEW ( NATURE ID5TIFIES B\RGEOIS PROP]TY RI<TS ) NATURAL LAW3 ONLY PRIVATE-PROP]TY RI<TS WILL PROTECT ! 5VIRONM5T S9CE TREAT+ NATURE AS A %>$ 0COMMONS0 WILL LEAD SOME TO ACT IRRESPONSIBLY & O!RS TO SUFF] = IT4 ,HE >GUES1 9 TRUE ,MAL?USIAN NEOCONS]VATIVE =M1 ?AT 0EXCESSIVE ALTRUISM0 7ID5TIFI$ ) LIB]ALISM & ,M>XISM1 ( C\RSE7 WILL PLUNGE ALL1 RI* & POOR1 P[]FUL & WEAK1 09TO ! ,MAL?USIAN DEP?S40 

,PROPOS+ 9/EAD A 0LIFEBOAT E?ICS10 ,H>D9'S !ORY IS M]ELY A REPEAT ( ! FABLE ( ! GRAS%OPP] & ! ANT1 ) A T+E ( IMP]IAL HUBRIS4 ,:ILE PR(LIGATE & 0OV]-F]TILE0 ,?IRD ,WORLD GRAS%OPP]S HAVE 0RU9\SLY EXPLOIT$0 !IR 5VIRONM5T1 H>D-WORK+ ,EURAM]ICAN ANTS HAVE BUILT !IR =TUNE & FUTURE4 ,N[ ! HAPLESS GRAS%OPP]S >E SWIMM+ >\ND ! LIFEBOATS ( ! WEAL?Y NATIONS1 BEGG+ = ADMITTANCE OR A H&\T4 ,BUT HELP+ !M WILL ONLY EV5TUALLY SWAMP ! BOATS4 0,COMP>ABLE JU/ICE1 COMPLETE CATA/ROPHE40 ,AN ELEGANT P>ABLE4 ,H>D9 PREF]S 9/EAD 0POPULATION CONTROL ! CRUDE WAY10 & 0RELUCTANTLY0 SUGGE/S BORD]S BE CLOS$1 S9CE 0,AM]ICAN WOM50 W\LD BE RAPIDLY SURPASS$ 9 REPRODUCTION BY IMMIGRANTS4 .<#g.> ,9 ! ,TOBIAS AN?OLOGY ,H>D9 >GUES ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( 9T]NATIONALISM1 PROPOS+ NATIONAL PATRIOTISM AS AN ALT]NATIVE1 /AT+1 0!RE MU/ BE ! PATRIOTIC WILL TO PROTECT :AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ AGA9/ DEM&S = A WORLD-WIDE1 PROMISCU\S %>+40 ,! NATION 0MU/ DEF5D ! 9TEGRITY ( ITS BORD]S OR SUCCUMB 9TO *AOS40 

,( C\RSE ,H>D9'S 0!ORY0 ONLY DI/ILLS ! DIM9I%$1 CRACKPOT \TLOOK ( FREE-M>KET IDEOLOGY & IMP]IAL >ROGANCE1 S9CE ! WEAL?Y NATIONS MADE !MSELVES SO BY SY/EMATICALLY LOOT+ NOT ONLY ! H]ITAGE ( !IR [N PEOPLES BUT P>TICUL>LY ! RI*ES ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,HIS 0SOLUTIONS0 >E ! VIRUS ITSELF4 ,BUT !Y >E ACCEPTABLE TO MANY ECOLOGI/S1 :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS1 0>GUE ?AT IT IS SOMETIMES TACTICALLY WISE TO USE ! !MES ( NATIONALISM OR 5]GY SECURITY TO W9 POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS40 ,IT IS A VIEW HELD AS WELL BY ! ,K,K,K1 :I* 7LESS RELUCTANTLY7 HAS S5T >M$ PATROLS TO ! ,U4,S4-,MEXICO BORD] TO PREV5T ,LAT9 ,AM]ICANS FROM 5T]+ 0ILLEGALLY40 

,?IS PATRIOTIC NATIONALI/ F]VOR & AV]SION TO ,HISPANICS WAS ALSO %>$ BY ! LATE NOVELI/ ,$W>D ,ABBEY 7EM95CE GRIZE & GURU ( ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 GR\P71 :O 7FROM ! =M]LY ,MEXICAN T]RITORY ( S\!RN ,>IZONA7 WROTE 9 A LETT] PR9T$ 9 ! ,APRIL-,MAY #aihf ISSUE ( ,! ,BLOOMSBURY ,REVIEW4 0,9 FACT1 ! IMMIGRATION ISSUE REALLY IS A MATT] ( 'WE' V]SUS '!Y' OR 'US' V]SUS '!M4' ,:AT ELSE CAN IT BE8 ,!RE >E MANY GOOD REASONS1 ANY ONE SUFFICI5T1 TO CALL A HALT TO FUR!R IMMIGRATION 7:E!R LEGAL OR ILLEGAL7 9TO ! ,U4,S4 ,ONE SELDOM M5TION$1 H[EV]1 IS CULTURAL3 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AT WE LIVE 9 TODAY1 ) ITS TRADITIONS & IDEALS1 H[EV] IMP]FECTLY REALIZ$1 IS A PRODUCT ( NOR!RN ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION4 ,IF WE ALL[ \R C\NTRY --  \R C\NTRY -- TO BECOME ,LAT9IZ$1 9 :OLE OR 9 P>T1 WE %ALL SEE IT T5D T[>D A CULTURE MORE LIKE ?AT ( ,MEXICO4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE WILL BE =C$ TO ACCEPT A MORE RIGID CLASS SY/EM1 A PATRON /YLE ( POLITICS1 LESS DEMOCRACY & MORE OLIG>*Y1 A FE> & HATR$ ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 A D5SELY OV]POPULAT$ L& BASE1 A LESS EFFICI5T & F> MORE CORRUPT ECONOMY1 & A GREAT] RELIANCE ON CRIME & VIOL5CE AS NORMAL 9/RUM5TS ( SOCIAL *ANGE40 ,! CONTRA/ DRAWN BETWE5 ! ,U4,S4 & ,MEXICO BY ?IS SELF-PROCLAIM$ 0AN>*I/0 IS A/ONI%+ ON SEV]AL C\NTS1 ANY ONE SUFFICI5T TO REVEAL HIS UTT] RACISM & HI/ORICAL /UPIDITY4 ,ONE MI<T M5TION 9 PASS+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! CORRUPTION ( ! ,MEXICAN ECONOMY & ,U4,S4 ECONOMIC DOM9ATION 7:Y1 = ONE SMALL EXAMPLE1 ,U4,S4 COMPANIES & !IR SUBSIDI>IES CAN POLLUTE & RAVAGE ! L& & PEOPLE ) IMPUNITY !RE74 ,OR P]HAPS WE %\LD CONSID] ! GREAT LOVE ( NATURE HE ATTRIBUTES TO ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICANS1 ! ABS5CE H]E ( OLIG>*IC CONTROL1 ! 0EFFICI5T ECONOMY40 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 0WE0 DON'T RELY ON CRIME & VIOL5CE TO EFFECT POLITICAL POLICY 7AS 9 ,NIC>AGUA1 ,EL ,SALVADOR1 ,GUATEMALA74 ,ABBEY %\LD HAVE BE5 A%AM$1 BUT HE WASN'T2 HE HAD A FOLL[+4 

,A ,DEEP ,ECOLOGI/ ,:O ,ADVOCATES ,G5OCIDE 

,AMONG HIS FOLL[+ >E MANY ( ! ECO-ACTIVI/S & DEEP ECOLOGI/S ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 9CLUD+ !IR APP>5T LEAD]1 ,DAVE ,=EMAN1 :O 9 AN 9T]VIEW ) ,BILL ,DEVALL 9 ! ,AU/RALIAN MAGAZ9E ,SIMPLY ,LIV+ SAID1 REG>D+ />VATION 9 ,E?IOPIA1 ?AT 0! BE/ ?+ W\LD BE TO JU/ LET NATURE SEEK ITS [N BALANCE1 TO LET ! PEOPLE !RE JU/ />VE4440 ,GIV+ AID W\LD ( C\RSE ONLY SPUR ! ,MAL?USIAN CYCLE1 ?US 0:AT'S GO+ TO HAPP5 9 T5 YE>S TIME IS ?AT TWICE AS MANY PEOPLE WILL SUFF] & DIE40 ,NOTICE H[ ,MAL?USIAN BRUTALITY IS C\*$ 9 ! T]MS ( HUMANIT>IAN CONC]N4 

0,LIKEWISE10 HE SAID1 0LETT+ ! ,U,S,A BE AN OV]FL[ VALVE = PROBLEMS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA IS NOT SOLV+ A ?+4 ,IT'S JU/ PUTT+ MORE PRESSURE ON ! RES\RCES WE HAVE 9 ! ,U,S,A444 & IT ISN'T HELP+ ! PROBLEMS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA40 ,NOTICE H]E H[ RAPIDLY ! 0ANTI-AN?ROPOC5TRI/0 REV]TS TO A NATIONALI/ RES\RCE MANAG]4 ,BUT HIS 5TIRE =MULATION1 LIKE ?OSE ( ,ABBEY & ,H>D91 REV]SES SOCIAL REALITY & CONCEALS ! REAL S\RCES ( HUNG]1 RES\RCE PRESSURES1 & REFUGEES4 

,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA IS BE+ DEVA/AT$ BY ,U4,S4 CORPORATE EXPLOITATION & A G5OCIDAL W> TO MAKE SURE ! PLUND] CONT9UES4 ,ONE HORRIBLE EXAMPLE IS ! ,U4,S4-CAUS$ W> 9 ,EL ,SALVADOR1 DEF5D+ A DEA?-SQUAD GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD LIKELY COLLAPSE 9 WEEKS )\T ,U4,S4 BACK+4 ,! W> HAS =C$ ONE QU>T] ( ! ,SALVADORAN POPULATION TO BECOME REFUGEES1 & A HALF-MILLION ( !M HAVE FL$ TO ! ,U4,S4 ,COMM5TS LIKE ,=EMAN'S MI<T NOT BE QUITE SO OBSC5E IF !RE W]E CONSI/5T COV]AGE 9 HIS NEWSPAP] ( ,U4,S4 EXPLOITATION 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA 7AP>T FROM ! OCCASIONAL MAT]IAL ON RA9=E/S1 USUALLY 9 A ,RA9=E/ ,ACTION ,NETWORK SUPPLEM5T7 & D5UNCIATIONS ( ! ,U4,S4 ANNIHILATION ( ! ,SALVADORAN PEOPLE1 CULTURES1 & L&S1 BUT !RE IS NO ANTIW> COMPON5T 9 ! PAP] & LITTLE AB\T !SE 9T]RELAT$ PROBLEMS 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA4 ,=EMAN1 TOO1 \<T TO BE UTT]LY A%AM$1 BUT ,=EMAN1 TOO1 HAS A FOLL[+4 

,:5 ,DEVALL ASK$ ,=EMAN :Y ! MA9/REAM 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T HAD NOT ADDRESS$ ! POPULATION ISSUE1 ! REPLY WAS1 0Y\ CAN'T GET ANY REACTION40 ,=EMAN APPE>$ TO BE IMPLY+ ?AT NO S]I\S DIALOGUE C\LD BE G5]AT$ ON IT1 BUT IF SO1 HE WAS BE+ LESS ?AN C&ID4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #aihf ,I S5T A FRI5DLY BUT CRITICAL LETT] TO ,E>? ,FIR/6 :I* CRITICIZ$ CONTEMPOR>Y ,MAL?USIANISM & W>N$ !M TO 0NOT MAKE ! MI/AKE ( ADVOCAT+ ! G5OCIDE ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM IS ALREADY C>RY+ \T40 ,IT WAS NEV] PR9T$1 NOR DID IT RECEIVE ANY RESPONSE1 ?\< 9 SUBSEQU5T ISSUES ,=EMAN /RESS$ ! NE$ = AN EX*ANGE ( IDEAS & DIV]SE PO9TS ( VIEW1 DESCRIB+ ! PAP] AS 0A =UM ( ! DEEP ECOLOGY_/ ,E>? ,FIR/6 MOVEM5T40 .<#h.> 

,I S5T ANO!R LETT] QUE/ION+ :Y M9E WAS NEV] PR9T$1 PO9T+ \T ! PROBLEMS ) ,=EMAN'S COMM5TS ON IMMIGRATION & ,E?IOPIA1 & W>N+ ,E>? ,FIR/6 TO AVOID BECOM+ 0VANGU>DI/0 BY SUPPRESS+ ! DIV]SE VIEWS IT CLAIMS TO WANT & :I* UND\BT$LY EXI/ )9 ! DEEP-ECOLOGY CURR5T4 ,I F9ALLY RECEIV$ A NOTE FROM ,=EMAN HIMSELF1 GROAN+1 0,GAWD1 ,I'M BOR$ ) LEFT-W+ HUMANI/ RHETORIC40 ,9 ANSW] TO MY QUE/ION AB\T OP5 DISCUSSION ON ! POPULATION ISSUE1 HE REPLI$1 0,MY HONE/ FEEL+ IS ?AT ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O CONSID] !MSELVES ,E>? ,FIR/6]S AGREE ) MY POSITION4 444 ,I AM ALL = COOP]ATION ) O!R GR\PS :]E IT FITS1 BUT WE HAVE A P>TICUL> PO9T ( VIEW :I* WE >E TRY+ TO >TICULATE4 ,CALL IT FASCI/ IF Y\ LIKE1 BUT ,I AM MORE 9T]E/$ 9 BE>S1 RA9-=E/S1 & :ALES ?AN 9 PEOPLE40 

,WELL1 ITS C]TA9LY ,=EMAN'S BUS9ESS TO PR9T1 OR NOT PR9T1 :ATEV] HE LIKES4 ,& S9CE ,I HAVE ACCESS TO PUBLICATIONS MYSELF1 ,I GAVE UP ATTEMPT+ AN OP5 & EGALIT>IAN DISCUSSION ) HIM & DECID$ TO RESE>* DEEP ECOLOGY & ! HUNG] QUE/ION FUR!R4 ,IT WAS LAT] ?AT HIS COMM5TS ON ,E?IOPIA & RELAT$ ISSUES CAME TO MY ATT5TION1 BUT !Y HEI<T5$ MY S5SE ( UNEASE ) ! DIRECT-ACTION 5VIRONM5TAL GR\P ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY E>N$ MY RESPECT & PRAISE 9 ! ,FIF? ,E/ATE4 

,:ILE ,=EMAN'S PRESUMPTU\SNESS AB\T SPEAK+ = ! 0VA/ MAJORITY0 ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 7& BY EXT5SION1 DEEP ECOLOGI/S & EV5 O!R SPECIES7 IS ONLY MANIPULATION1 HIS ACCEPTANCE ( ! FASCI/ LABEL IS TELL+4 ,!RE IS A DEF9ITE CONNECTION BETWE5 FASCISM & HIS P]CEPTION ( WORLD CORPORATE G5OCIDE AS NATURE TAK+ ITS C\RSE4 ,IT IS ALSO FASCI/IC TO CALL = AN 5D TO IMMIGRATION & ! CLOS+ ( BORD]S1 ESPECIALLY TO EXCLUDE ?OSE :O >E FLEE+ A W> WAG$ BY ONE'S [N C\NTRY4 7,P]HAPS ,E>? ,FIR/6 WILL VOLUNTE] TO HELP R\ND UP ?OSE C\RAGE\S PEOPLE 9 ! ,SANCTU>Y MOVEM5T :O1 9 ! BE/ TRADITION ( ! ANTISLAV]Y UND]GR\ND RAILROAD1 >E AID+ ! REFUGEES4 ,OR !Y CAN HELP ! ,K,K,K APPREH5D ,GUATEMALAN ,9DIANS1 AN ANIMI/1 L&-BAS$ PEOPLE1 FLEE+ A HOLOCAU/ P]PETRAT$ ) ! ACTIVE 9VOLVEM5T ( ! ,U4,S47 ,&1 F9ALLY1 SME>+ ALL ANTICAPITALISM OR CRITIQUES ( GLOBAL CORPORATE EMPIRE AS 0AN OSSIFI$ LEFTI/ WORLDVIEW ?AT BLAMES EV]Y?+ ON ! CORPORATIONS0 7AS ,=EMAN DOES 9 ! ,M>* #aihg ,E>? ,FIR/67 IS REM9ISC5T ( ! ANTICOMMUNI/ PSEUDORADICALISM ( ! ,NAZIS !MSELVES4 ,C]TA9LY1 0CAPITALI/S >E NOT ! ONLY PROBLEM0 7,=EMAN1 9 ! ,JUNE #aihg ,E>? ,FIR/674 ,BUT ,=EMAN %\LD REALIZE ?AT ! PROBLEM WON'T BE RESOLV$ AS LONG AS CAPITAL EXI/S4 ,TO D5Y ! CONNECTION BETWE5 *OPP+ D[N TREES & *OPP+ D[N PEASANTS IS TO %[ WILLFUL IGNORANCE & TO ACT 9 SIL5T COMPLICITY ) MURD]]S4 .<#i.> 

,! ,TATT]$ ,FOOD-,WEB 

,! 5TIRE QUE/ION ( FOOD IS 9TEGRAL TO DEEP ECOLOGY BECAUSE FOOD IS ESS5TIAL TO LIFE4 ,AS ,G>Y ,SNYD] WRITES 9 ! ,SESSIONS_/,DEVALL AN?OLOGY1 0,! %IMM]+ FOOD-*A91 FOOD-WEB1 IS ! SC>Y1 BEAUTIFUL CONDITION ( ! BIOSPH]E444 ,EAT+ IS TRULY A SACRAM5T40 ,ANTI-,MAL?USIAN & ,MAL?USIAN WILL AGREE ?AT ! FOOD-WEB IS N[ 9 TATT]S4 ,AGRICULTURE IS N[ A DE/RUCTIVE 9DU/RY1 & PEOPLE >E GO+ HUNGRY 9 5ORM\S NUMB]S4 ,EV]YONE AGREES ?AT FUNDAM5TAL IMBALANCES UND]LIE ?IS SITUATION4 ,BUT :AT >E !Y8 

,=EMAN >GUES 79 HIS 9T]VIEW ) ,DEVALL7 ?AT 0DOME/ICAT+ PLANTS & ANIMALS IS VIOL5CE ( ! WOR/ K9D BECAUSE IT TWI/S !IR NATURAL EVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL40 ,ONLY A RETURN TO HUNT+-GA!R+ & ! DIE-(F ( ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE WILL BR+ ?+S BACK 9TO BALANCE4 ,EV5 G>D5+ IS A 0VIOL5T ACTIVITY40 ,?IS VIEWPO9T IS NOT MU* ( AN OPTION = ! MAJORITY ( US1 & IT'S H>DLY GO+ TO BE PURSU$4 7,9 ANY CASE IT IS ! OLD ALI5AT$ DUALISM OP]AT+1 ?AT D5IES HUMANS ANY PLACE 9 NATURE1 D5IES :AT WE HAVE EVOLV$ 9TO2 IT'S LIKE DECRY+ ! MAMMALS = EAT+ D9OSAUR EGGS4 ,I AM REM9D$ ( ,KIRKPATRICK ,SALE'S DROLL COMM5T 9 ,HUMAN ,SCALE ?AT 0ONE MU/ NOT1 AFT] ALL1 CONFUSE ! ECOLOGICAL IDEAL ( LIV+ )9 NATURE ) ! MORE ,EA/]N NOTION1 REC5TLY POPUL> H]E AMONG ! HAIR-%IRT W+ ( ! BACK-TO-NATURE PEOPLE1 ( LIV+ UND] IT40 

,! DEEP-ECOLOGI/ >GUM5T1 BAS$ ON ,CATTON'S C>RY+-CAPACITY !ORY1 IS ?AT !RE IS NO LONG] 5\< TO GO >\ND 9 ANY?+ RESEMBL+ A R5EWABLE1 SU/A9ABLE MANN]4 ,ANY SUSPICION ?AT />VATION MI<T PRES5TLY BE ! RESULT ( DI/RIBUTION & O!R SOCIAL CONFLICTS ALONE1 RA!R ?AN NATURAL LIMITS1 IS CONSID]$ A 0HUMANI/10 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC0 7& PROBABLY ,M>XI/7 FANTASY4 7,P]HAPS O!R DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 SU* AS ,>NE ,NAESS1 W\LD NOT AGREE ) SU* VIEWS1 BUT FEW IF ANY HAVE CRITICIZ$ !M OR EXPLICITLY & =CEFULLY DI/ANC$ !MSELVES FROM !M47 

,! POPULATION QUE/ION IS A NUMB]S GAME1 ) MANY V>IABLES & MANY POSSIBLE 9T]PRETATIONS1 AS A P]USAL ( ! LIT]ATURE WILL CONFIRM4 ,POPULATION HAS SKYROCKET$ 9 ! LA/ FEW C5TURIES4 ,9 ! LA/ C5TURY WORLD POPULATION HAS MORE ?AN D\BL$ & HAS JU/ HIT ! FIVE-BILLION M>K4 ,! GR[? 9 ! BIR? RATE PEAK$ BETWE5 #aif & #aife & HAS BE5 SL[LY FALL+4 ,9 #aih IT WAS AB\T #b4#a#g P]C5T & IS EXPECT$ TO DECL9E TO AB\T #a4#h#d P]C5T BY ! YE> #b4 ,GR[? 9 DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES HAS BE5 SL[LY GR9D+ TO A HALT1 :I* MEANS ?AT BY ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 :5 WE REA* SIX BILLION1 FIVE BILLION WILL BE 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 

,! WORLD-POPULATION GR[? RATE HAS BE5 DECL9+ EV5 MORE ?AN WAS PREVI\SLY EXPECT$1 BUT NEV]!LESS1 POPULATION IS /ILL RIS+ 9 OV]ALL NUMB]S1 FROM AB\T #gf MILLION A YE> AT ! PRES5T TIME TO AN EXPECT$ #ic MILLION AT ! C5TURY'S 5D4 ,ONE DEMOGRAPHIC =ECA/ IS ?AT 0IF ! WORLD C\LD REA* REPLACEM5T-LEVEL F]TILITY BY ! YE> #b1 ! WORLD'S POPULATION W\LD /ABILIZE AT >\ND EI<T & A HALF BILLION T[>DS ! YE> #b#a40 ,AS ,PAUL ,H>RISON OBS]VES 9 HIS BOOK ,9SIDE ! ,?IRD ,WORLD 7,P5GU91 #a#i#h#b71 ?IS MEANS 0?AT TIM+1 9 ! BATTLE TO BEAT POPULATION GR[?1 IS ( ! ESS5CE10 S9CE ! LONG] POPULATION /ABILIZATION TAKES1 ! HI<] POPULATION WILL BE D[N ! L9E4 

,H>RISON DESCRIBES ! POPULATION GR[? AS A RESULT ( ! DECL9E 9 ! DEA? RATE RA!R ?AN ( A BOOM 9 ! BIR? RATE1 :I* IS ACTUALLY DECL9+ OV]ALL1 ?\< MU* MORE SL[LY ?AN ! DEA? RATE4 ,AS ! BIR? RATE SL[S1 IT %\LD EV5TUALLY CAT* UP ) ! DEA?-RATE DECL9E1 BUT IT C\LD TAKE A GOOD C5TURY OR MORE 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,!RE IS SOME HOPE 9 ! FACT ?AT ! BIR? RATE IS SL[+ D[N EV5 :ILE ! POPULATION 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD IS ACTUALLY MU* Y\NG] ?AN BE=E1 BUT ! OV]ALL PICTURE IS NOT 5C\RAG+4 

0,ALL ! ?REATS TO ! L&1 ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( SAL9IZATION1 >E CAUS$ BY POV]TY & OV]POPULATION10 WRITES ,H>RISON1 0&1 9 TURN1 !Y ACC5TUATE POV]TY40 ,HIS BOOK IS A BLEAK PICTURE ( ! /ATE ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD & ITS IMPLICATIONS = ALL ( US4 0,MAN & ! L& 9 POOR C\NTRIES >E LOCK$ 9 A DE/RUCTIVE & SEEM+LY 9ESCAPABLE RELATION%IP1 9 :I* !Y >E SPIRAL+ D[N1 9 SELF-FUEL+ MOTION1 T[>DS MUTUAL DE/RUCTION40 ,! LOSS ( L& APPE>S TO BE ! MA9 CAUSE = ! UND]M9+ ( OV]ALL WELL-BE+ -- 0! DISPOSSESSION ( SMALL HOLD]S1 9CREAS+ L&LESSNESS1 ME*ANIZATION1 9CREAS+ POPULATION0 ALL GO TOGE!R4 ,:AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD TODAY SEEMS TO P>ALLEL ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,EUROPE1 :I* W5T ?R\< DISPOSSESSION1 L&LESSNESS1 & POPULATION GR[?4 ,BUT ?IS TIME ! CONSEQU5CES >E FUR!R D[N ! SPIRAL = ! :OLE WORLD4 

,& YET ,H>RISON /ILL MA9TA9S ?AT ! 5TIRE CRISIS C\LD AT LEA/ HAVE BE5 LESS5$1 0FIR/ & =EMO/ BY RADICAL L& RE=M & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COOP]ATIVES1 GIV+ EV]YONE :O LIVES ON ! L& ACCESS TO ! L& & ITS PRODUCE40 ,H>RISON IS NO  ,ZAPATI/A OR AGR>IAN REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT HE RECOGNIZES ! NE$ TO PROMOTE SUBSI/5CE1 EQUITY 9 RES\RCES1 & BASIC HEAL?4 ,9 MO/ C\NTRIES1 ?\<1 0GOV]NM5T POLICIES HAVE BE5 ! DIRECT OPPOSITE10 & L& RE=M HAS BE5 EI!R CORRUPT$ OR A COV] = ! ACTUAL UND]M9+ ( SUBSI/5CE4 

0,!RE IS REALLY NO SU* ?+ AS WORLD HUNG]10 ,H>RISON OBS]VES1 0BUT ONLY HUNG] ( P>TICUL> SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,! TOTAL FOOD RES\RCES AVAILABLE 9 ! WORLD W\LD BE P]FECTLY ADEQUATE TO FE$ EV]YONE PROP]LY IF !Y W]E FAIRLY DI/RIBUT$ AMONG NATIONS & SOCIAL GR\PS40 ,?IS IS ,KIRKPATRICK ,SALE'S >GUM5T 9 ,HUMAN ,SCALE1 ?AT !RE IS MORE ?AN 5\< TO GO >\ND1 & ?AT 0!RE IS NOT A S+LE C\NTRY TO :I* ! ,U4,S4 EXPORTS GRA9S ?AT C\LD NOT GR[ ?OSE GRA9S ITSELF40 ,?IS VIEW IS ALSO HELD BY ,FRANCES ,MOORE ,LAPPE & ,JOSEPH ,COLL9S1 :OSE #ai< BOOK ,FOOD ,FIR/3 ,BEYOND ! ,MY? ( ,SC>CITY 7DISMISS$ AS 0ABSURD0 9 A ONE-L9] BY ,=EMAN7 IS P]HAPS ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ ANTI-,MAL?USIAN >GUM5T AVAILABLE4 

,DESPITE SOME %ORTCOM+S 9 !IR VIEWS 7A M>K$ SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC1 PRO-DEVELOPM5T /ANCE1 & A LACK ( CRITICALITY CONC]N+ 9DU/RIALISM AS A SY/EM & SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES LIKE ,*9A1 9 P>TICUL>71 !IR >GUM5TS >E V]Y P]SUASIVE & BR+ TOGE!R A CRITIQUE ( 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE & ! GLOBAL M>KET ?AT W\LD HELP DEEP ECOLOGI/S TO ASK DEEP] QUE/IONS AB\T HUNG]4 .<#a.> ,! NOTION ?AT PRES5T SC>CITY IS G5]AT$ BY OV]POPULATION CANNOT BE SUB/ANTIAT$1 !Y >GUE2 NOT ?AT !RE >E NO NATURAL LIMITS1 BUT ?AT 0! E>?'S NATURAL LIMITS >E NOT TO BLAME40 ,! WORLD IS PRES5TLY PRODUC+ 5\< GRA9 TO SUPPLY EV]YONE'S CALORIC & PROTE9 NE$S4 7,A ?IRD ( IT GOES TO LIVE/OCK47 ,& !SE FIGURES DO NOT 9CLUDE ! MANY O!R NUTRITI\S FOODS AVAILABLE1 SU* AS BEANS1 NUTS1 FRUITS1 VEGETABLES1 ROOT CROPS1 & GRASS-F$ MEAT4 ,! ,MAL?USIAN >GUM5T 0IS WORSE ?AN A DI/ORTION10 !Y >GUE1 S9CE IT %IFTS ! BLAME TO 0NATURAL LIMITS0 & TO ! HUNGRY 9 A WORLD :]E 0SURPLUS0 FOOD /OCKS >E DUMP$ LIKE ANY O!R COMMODITY TO 9CREASE !IR PR(ITABILITY4 ,BOR+1 LEFT-W+ HUMANISM NOT)/&+1 ! REFUSAL TO UND]/& ?AT FOOD HAS BECOME A COMMODITY IS TO MY/IFY ! MOD]N %R$D+ ( ! SACR$ FOOD-WEB4 

,! ,GLOBAL ,SUP]M>KET 

,:AT >E ! CAUSES ( HUNG]8 ,WE %\LD REMEMB] ?AT1 HI/ORICALLY1 COLONIALISM1 BR++ ) IT AN EM]G+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & ! WAGE SY/EM1 DE/ROY$ ! TRADITIONAL ECONOMIES 9 MO/ C\NTRIES4 ,BY SUB/ITUT+ CA% CROPS & MONOCULTURE = =MS ( SU/A9ABLE AGRICULTURE1 IT DE/ROY$ ! BASIC L& SKILLS ( ! PEOPLE :OM IT R$UC$ TO PLANTATION WORK]S4 ,) ! TRAUMATIC DE/RUCTION ( 9DIG5\S CULTURES CAME A DESP]ATE ACCEPTANCE ( & DESIRE = ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ GOODS ( ,WE/]N COMMODITY SOCIETY4 ,CONTRIV$ BY COLONIALISM1 ?IS RECIPE = DISA/] ACC\NTS = ! WORLD CRISIS WE >E N[ WITNESS+4 

,TODAY1 P[]LESSNESS OV] !IR LIVES & L& IS LEAD+ ! PEOPLE ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD TO HUNG] & DESPAIR4 ,L>GE L&HOLD]S CONTROL ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! L& 9 POOR C\NTRIES 7& RI* ONES AS WELL74 ,!Y >E ALSO ! LEA/ PRODUCTIVE F>M]S4 ,9 #hc C\NTRIES SOME ?REE P]C5T ( L&HOLD]S CONTROL #gi P]C5T ( ALL F>ML&4 ,!IR YIELDS >E L[]1 CONSI/5TLY SO1 ?AN ?OSE ( SMALL L&[N]S4 ,MU* ( !IR L& IS LEFT UNPLANT$ & IS HELD TO KEEP O!RS FROM US+ IT TO COMPETE ON ! M>KET4 ,A ,COLOMBIAN /UDY 9 #aif %[$ ?AT ! L>GE/ L&HOLD]S1 9 CONTROL ( #g P]C5T ( ! L&1 PLANT$ ONLY SIX P]C5T ( !IR L&4 ,PEASANTS DRIV5 FROM ! L& BY L>GE L&HOLD]S1 AS 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA & P>TICUL>LY ,EL ,SALVADOR1 >E DRIV5 UP ! M\NTA9 SIDES ONTO 9F]TILE L&S :]E1 TO EKE \T A LIV+1 !Y CAUSE ]OSION & G5]ALIZ$ DEGRADATION ( ! L&4 ,:5 !Y TRY TO REGA9 !IR L&S1 !Y >E %OT D[N EI!R BY PAID M]C5>IES OR ! (FICIAL >MY & POLICE4 ,OR !Y FLEE TO ! CITIES & ?US AGGRAVATE ! PROBLEM ( URBANIZATION4 

,9 ,K5YA 9 #a#i#g1 0#c1#a#g#e L>GE F>MS [N$ BY ,EUROPEANS1 9DIVIDUAL ,AFRICANS1 CORPORATIONS1 & SOME COOP]ATIVES1 OCCUPI$ #b4#f#i MILLION HECT>ES ( ! BE/ L&1 :ILE ! C\NTRY'S #g#g#g1 SMALLHOLD]S W]E CR[D$ 9TO ONLY #b4#f#e MILLION HECT>ES10 ,H>RISON REPORTS4 0,EV5 AMONG ! LATT] !RE W]E GREAT DISP>ITIES3 ! #eb P]C5T ) F>MS BEL[ TWO HECT>ES OCCUPI$ ONLY #ae P]C5T ( ! L&1 :ILE ! TOP #g P]C5T TOOK UP MORE ?AN A ?IRD ( ! TOTAL40 ,K5YA EXPORTS COTTON1 TEA1 TOBACCO1 C(FEE1 & 7,DEL ,MONTE7 P9EAPPLES1 :ILE ITS PEOPLE GO HUNGRY4 ,PRIVATIZ+ L& HOLD+ & DE/ROY+ OLD] TRADITIONS ( COMMUNITY MUTUALISM HAS UND]M9$ SUBSI/5CE ?R\<\T ,AFRICA & ,ASIA4 ,AS A ,U4,N4 REPORT ON ! CONDITIONS ( ! ,SAHEL 7,MAURITANIA1 ,MALI1 ,NIG]1 & ,*AD7 /ATES1 0,ALL IT N[ TAKES IS A YE> OR TWO ( %ORT RA9 & :AT IS LEFT L&S 9 ! H&S ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS40 ,DR\<T 9 ,AFRICA WAS P>T ( A MILL5NIA-LONG CYCLE4 ,BUT IT WAS CA%-CROP EXPLOITATION1 A M>KET ECONOMY1 & TAXATION ?AT L$ TO />VATION !RE RA!R ?AN DR\<T4 0,%IPS 9 ! ,DAK> PORT BR++ 9 'RELIEF' FOOD 7DUR+ ! HUNG] CRISIS 9 ! #a#i#gS7 DEP>T$ ) /ORES ( PEANUTS1 COTTON1 VEGETABLES1 & MEATS10 WRITE ,LAPPE & ,COLL9S4 0,( ! HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( DOLL>S' WOR? ( AGRICULTURAL GOODS ! ,SAHEL EXPORT$ DUR+ ! DR\<T1 OV] #f P]C5T W5T TO CONSUM-]S 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ! RE/ TO ! ELITES 9 O!R ,AFRICAN C\NTRIES40 ,9 ,*AD AN 9CREASE 9 COTTON PRODUC-TION W5T H& 9 H& ) MASS HUNG]4 ,! 9CREASE 9 COTTON PRODUCTION ?R\<\T ! ,SAHEL L$ A ,FR5* NUTRITIONI/ TO REM>K1 0,IF PEOPLE W]E />V+1 IT WAS NOT = LACK ( COTTON40 

,H>RISON'S /UDY CONFIRMS ,LAPPE & ,COLL9S'S >GUM5T4 0,MU* ( ! BE/ L& ?AT %\LD BE US$ = DOME/IC FOOD PRODUCTION 9 ! DEVELOP+ C\NTRIES IS GR[+ CA% CROPS = ! ,WE/10 HE WRITES1 & 0FIVE ( ! MO/ COMMON1 SUG>1 TOBACCO1 C(FEE1 COCOA1 & TEA1 >E NOT DO+ ! ,WE/ MU* GOOD EI!R40 ,CATTLE PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION BY ! IMP]IAL METROPOLISES ALSO UND]M9ES LOCAL SUBSI/5CE1 ,H>RISON OBS]VES4 0',%EEP EAT M51' ! PEASANTS DISPLAC$ BY 5CLOSURES ( COMMON L& 9 ,5GL& US$ TO COMPLA94 ,CA% CROPS EAT M5 9 MU* ( ! DEVELOP+ WORLD40 

,EV5 DUR+ ! #a#i#g#c-#g#d HUNG] CRISIS !RE WAS NO %ORTAGE ( FOOD1 ACCORD+ TO ,SALE4 ,9 ,BANGLADE%1 FREQU5TLY REF]R$ TO AS ! MODEL = ! ,MAL?USIAN OV]POPULATION >GUM5T 7& :]E #i P]C5T ( ! L& IS WORK$ BY %>ECROPP]S & LABOR]S71 MANY PEOPLE />V$ AFT] ! #aigd FLOODS :ILE HO>D]S /ACK$ UP F\R MILLION TONS ( RICE BECAUSE ! MAJORITY WAS TOO POOR TO BUY IT4 ,! CA% CROPS !MSELVES BR+ CURR5CY OR GOODS 9TO AGRO-EXPORT+ C\NTRIES1 BUT ?IS MONEY GOES TO BUY 9DU/RIAL-CONSUM] GOODS LIKE REFRIG]ATORS1 AIR CONDITION]S1 C>S1 & REF9$ FOODS = ! ELITES1 AS WELL AS TO PAY = A BOOM+ >MS RACE 7MO/LY TO REPRESS !IR [N POPULATIONS74 ,MULT9ATIONALS1 MEAN:ILE1 >E N[ TAK+ AT LEA/ SEV5 BILLION DOLL>S A YE> MORE FROM ! ,?IRD ,WORLD 9 (FICIAL PAYM5TS ?AN !Y >E PUTT+ BACK 91 0& PROBABLY A GOOD DEAL MORE VIA TRANSF] PAYM5TS40 NOTES ,H>RISON4 .<#a#a.> 

,CA% CROPS GO TO FE$ ! GLOBAL SUP]M>KET1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! METROPOLIS1 & YIELD HUGE PR(ITS = 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL TO 9DU/RIALIZE ! PLANET4 .<#a#b.> ,MEXICAN SOIL & LABOR >E ALREADY SUPPLY+ ONE-HALF TO TWO-?IRDS ( ! ,U4,S4 M>KET = MANY W9T] & E>LY-SPR+ VEGETABLES4 ,! %IFT FROM LOCAL CONSUMPTION TO PRODUCTION = EXPORT TO ! ,U4,S4 IS A/ONI%+4 ,9 OP]ATIONS MO/LY F9ANC$ & CONTRACT$ BY ,U4,S4 CORPORATIONS1 FROM #aif TO #aigf ONION IMPORTS TO ! ,U4,S4 9CREAS$ OV] FIVE TIMES TO #ie MILLION P\NDS2 CUCUMB] IMPORTS W5T FROM UND] N9E MILLION P\NDS TO #aif MILLION P\NDS4 ,FROM #aif TO #aigb EGGPLANT IMPORTS MULTIPLI$ T5 TIMES1 SQUA% #dc TIMES4 ,FROZ5 /RAWB]RIES & CANTAL\PE FROM ,MEXICO REPRES5T A ?IRD ( ,U4,S4 ANNUAL CONSUMPTION1 & AB\T HALF ( ! W9T] TOMATOES SOLD H]E >E ,MEXICAN4 ,MEAN:ILE1 AGRICULTURE = LOCAL CONSUMPTION IS BE+ SQUEEZ$ \T1 RAIS+ PRICES ( BASIC /APLES4 

,ONE ?IRD TO ONE HALF ( TOTAL MEAT PRODUCTION 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA & ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC IS EXPORT$1 PR9CIPALLY TO ! ,U4,S4 ,9 ,CO/A ,RICA MEAT CONSUMPTION DECL9$ AS EXPORTS TO ! ,U4,S4 GREW1 MU* ( IT GO+ TO FA/-FOOD HAMBURG]S4 .<#a#c.> ,GUATEMALA1 ,ECUADOR1 & TO SOME EXT5T ,MEXICO >E BE+ TURN$ 9TO MAJOR FL[] EXPORT]S = ! GLOBAL SUP]M>KET4 ,BRAZIL HAS 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION ( SOYBEANS 7TO BE F$ TO ,AM]ICAN & ,JAPANESE LIVE/OCK7 BY MORE ?AN TW5TYFOLD 9 ! LA/ DECADE1 ,SALE REPORTS1 0:ILE ITS PRODUCTION ( FOOD CROPS HAS ALREADY DECL9$40 ,9 NOR!A/ ,BRAZIL1 ACCORD+ TO ,H>RISON1 0D5SE /&S ( ?ICK GRE5 SUG> CANE WAVE !IR SILV]Y TASSELS 9 ! BREEZE1 :ILE ! LABOR]S :O PLANT & CUT IT >E SQUEEZ$ ONTO ! ROADSIDES 9 !IR LITTLE HUTS & HAVE NO ROOM = EV5 A FEW VEGETABLES4 .<#a#d.> 

,9 ?IS SC5>IO NOT EV5 9CREAS$ FOOD PRODUCTION S]VES TO HELP ! HUNGRY4 ,AS ,LAPPE & ,COLL9S DEMON/RATE1 0! 9CREASE 9 POV]TY HAS BE5 ASSOCIAT$ NOT ) A FALL BUT ) A RISE 9 C]EAL PRODUCTION P] HEAD1 ! MA9 COMPON5T ( ! DIET ( ! POOR40 ,SO ! IMAGE ( ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION TE*NOLOGY 7DRAWN = EXAMPLE BY ,CATTON7 AS CAUS+ A POPULATION 9CREASE & SUBSEQU5T DE/RUCTION ( C>RY+ CAPACITY IS A FICTION4 ,! ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION IS UTILIZ$ BY L>GE L&HOLD]S TO PRODUCE = ! GLOBAL SUP]M>KET1 NOT TO FE$ PEOPLE LOCALLY4 ,IT 9CREASES HUNG] BY BR++ ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION TO AGRICULTURE1 ?US DE/ROY+ SUBSI/5CE AS WELL AS AGRICULTURAL & G5ETIC DIV]SITY1 & BY CREAT+ DEP5D5CE ON *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S1 PE/ICIDES1 & MA*9]Y -- & ! CORPORATIONS ?AT PRODUCE !M4 

,NOR IS TOXIC-*EMICAL AGRICULTURE A RESULT ( POPULATION PRESSURE4 ,! ,U4,S4 USES ONE BILLION P\NDS ( TOXIC PE/ICIDES1 H]BICIDES1 & FUNGICIDES ANNUALLY -- SOME #c P]C5T ( WORLD CONSUMPTION4 ,A GOOD P>T ( ! APPLICATIONS >E SIMPLY = COSMETIC PURPOSES1 ) AS MU* AS A ?IRD GO+ TO GOLF C\RSES1 LAWNS1 P>KS1 & G>D5S4 ,LAPPE & ,COLL9S E/IMATE ?AT1 DESPITE A T5FOLD 9CREASE 9 ! USE ( SU* AG5TS1 ! CROP LOSS TO PE/S 9 ?IS C\NTRY HAS REMA9$ AT >\ND #c P]C5T S9CE ! #a#i#dS4 ,!Y >GUE ?AT IF SU* *EMICALS W]E ELIM9AT$ ALTOGE!R1 LOSSES W\LD 9CREASE BY AB\T ONLY #g P]C5T4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 9 ADDITION TO ! ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION PE/ICIDES BR+ AB\T1 !IR RESIDUES >E CONSID]$ BY ! ,5VIRONM5TAL ,PROTECTION ,AG5CY TO BE 0! NATION'S ?IRD WOR/ 5VIRONM5TAL CANC] RISK AFT] TOXIC *EMICALS 9 ! WORKPLACE & RADON GAS 9 ! HOME40 .<#a#e.> ,HALF ( ALL PE/ICIDES PRODUC$1 SOME ( !M ILLEGAL 9 ! ,U4,S41 GO TO ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 BUT !Y COME BACK TO HAUNT US ) \R MORN+ C(FEE & CANTAL\PE4 

,SO TOXIC AGRICULTURE IS NOT A FUNCTION ( SUBSI/5CE BUT ( CORPORATE PR(ITS4 ,TO L9K ! TWO 9 A ,MAL?USIAN >GUM5T IS TO L9E UP 9DIRECTLY ) ! ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL1 :I* >GU$ ?AT ! DISA/] AT ,BHOPAL WAS UN=TUNATE BUT A NECESS>Y RISK 9 ORD] TO FE$ PEOPLE4 ,BHOPAL WASN'T ONLY A HORRIFY+ EXAMPLE ( A TE*NOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION COMPLETELY \T ( CONTROL1 IT WAS A CORPORATE CRIME4 ,IT IS ?OSE SORC]]'S APPR5TICES1 ! CAPITALI/ CORPORATIONS1 WE MI<T REM9D !SE C>ELESS DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 :O TURN SC>CITY & />VATION 9 ONE PLACE 9TO LUXURIES SOME:]E ELSE4 ,& :]E PEOPLE RESI/ ! OP]ATIONS ( ?IS 0ECONOMIC FRE$OM10 ! >M$ MI<T ( ! /ATE1 COMPLETE ) COV]T & OV]T OP]ATORS1 /EPS 9 TO MAKE SURE ?AT ?+S REMA9 JU/ AS !Y >E & ?AT BUS9ESS GOES ON AS USUAL4 

,UND] 9CREAS+ ATTACK1 SQUEEZ$ FROM ALL SIDES1 ! WORLD'S POOR >E HAV+ L>GE FAMILIES 9 A DESP]ATE ATTEMPT TO GET SUPPORT 9 !IR OLD AGE1 TO OBTA9 *EAP LABOR P[] ON !IR PLOTS OR 9 ! LABOR M>KET1 & TO OV]COME HI< 9FANT-MORTALITY RATES4 ,9 MU* ( ! WORLD1 ANO!R *ILD IS AN ECONOMIC B5EFIT & WILL BR+ MORE 9COME TO ! FAMILY ?AN WILL BE EXP5D$ 9 ! *ILD'S UPKEEP4 .<#a#f.> ,YET !RE >E ALSO MANY 9DICATIONS ?AT L>GE FAMILIES HAVE AN ADV]SE EFFECT ON !IR MEMB]S1 :O T5D TO BE LESS N\RI%$ & 9 WORSE HEAL? ?AN ?OSE ( SMALL] FAMILIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AS ,H>RISON OBS]VES1 ?IS %ORT-T]M SURVIVAL /RATEGY HAS LONG-T]M SOCIAL CO/S = ! COMMUNITY & ! C\NTRY 9 L& FRAGM5TATION1 ]OSION1 POV]TY1 & URBANIZATION4 ,! POOR ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD >E C\RT+ 0LONG-T]M RU9 TO AVOID IMM$IATE DISA/]40 

,! ,WORLD ,GO+ TO ,HELL 

,:ATEV] ! BASIS ( ANALYSIS1 ! PROSPECTS >E 9DE$ GRIM4 ,ONE CANNOT HELP BUT AGREE ) ,CATTON'S /ATEM5T1 0,! TIME MAY BE NE> :5 IT WILL TAKE AN OPTIMI/ TO BELIEVE ! FUTURE IS UNC]TA940 ,! WORLD IS GO+ TO HELL4 ,& ! OPTIMISM ?AT MI<T BE F\ND AMONG C]TA9 9VE/M5T /RATEGI/S & TE*NOCRATS IS ANY?+ BUT REASSUR+4 ,9DU/RIALIZATION CONT9UES UNABAT$ 9 ITS FR5ZI$ OBLIT]ATION ( LIFE4 ,H>RISON SEES OV]POPULATION AS ONE ( SEV]AL 9T]LOCK+ FACTORS CAUS+ ! PRES5T GR[+ WORLD CRISIS1 & REM>KS ?AT ,MAL?US MAY YET HAVE HIS SAY4 0,IF A NON-OIL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE IS NOT DEVELOP$ FA/10 HE WRITES1 0AVAILABLE FOOD P] CAPITA WILL />T TO DECL9E4 444 ,IF MAN DOES NOT CONQU] ! POPULATION PROBLEM1 NATURE WILL /EP 9 & DO IT = HIM40 ,! ,FOOD ,FIR/ !SIS SUPPORTS ! GOAL ( A /ABILIZ$ POPULATION BUT SEES ! POPULATION PRESSURE MORE AS A 0SYMPTOM & AGGRAVAT+ FACTOR0 9 ! CRISIS4 ,:ILE !SE 9T]PRETATIONS V>Y1 !IR RECOMM5DATIONS >E SIMIL>4 

,BO? VIEWS SEE A R5EWAL ( LOCAL SUBSI/5CE & SELF-RELIANCE AS KEY1 & BO? CALL = RADICAL1 SWEEP+ L& RE=M4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN A SIMPLE R$I/RIBUTION1 H[EV]1 BUT ! CREATION ( COOP]ATIVE1 P>TICIPATORY1 & EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES AIM$ AT HELP+ ! PEOPLE AT ! V]Y BOTTOM4 ,LAPPE & ,COLL9S WRITE ?AT !IR P]SPECTIVE 0IS NOT A SIMPLE CALL TO PUT FOOD 9TO HUNGRY M\?S40 ,9 FACT1 !Y OPPOSE FOOD AID BECAUSE IT DOES NOT REA* ! HUNGRY1 UND]M9ES REVOLT1 & DE/ROYS LOCAL FOOD PRODUCTION4 ,!Y 9SI/1 RA!R1 ?AT 0IF 5ABL+ PEOPLE TO FE$ !MSELVES IS TO BE ! PRIORITY1 !N ALL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS MU/ BE RECON/RUCT$40 ,?IS AM\NTS TO A CALL = AGR>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,FIR/ & =EMO/1 SU* A REVOLUTION MU/ LIB]ATE WOM54 ,!Y >E 0! POORE/ ( ! POOR10 AS ,H>RISON SAYS4 ,!Y CON/ITUTE 0! L>GE/ GR\P ( L&LESS LABOR]S 9 ! WORLD10 S9CE EV5 9 COOP]ATIVES & L& R$I/RIBUTIONS1 !Y >E FREQU5TLY %UT \T4 ,9DU/RIALIZATION & URBANIZATION ALSO HURT !M ! MO/1 DE/ROY+ !IR H&ICRAFTS & WORS5+ ! UNJU/ DIVISION ( LABOR TO 0! NOTORI\S D\BLE DAY0 ( WAGE WORK & H\SEHOLD WORK4 ,IF !Y HAVE FEW] *ILDR51 !Y SUFF] = LACK ( LABOR P[]2 IF !Y HAVE MORE1 !Y >E OV]BURD5$ & !IR HEAL? UND]M9$4 

,! POPULATION QUE/ION CAN NEV] BE ADDRESS$ UNTIL HAV+ FEW] *ILDR5 CAN BECOME A REASONABLE OPTION4 ,?AT MEANS FRE$OM = WOM5 FROM MALE DOM9ATION1 & AN AGR>IAN SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ?AT REUNITES AGRICULTURE & NUTRITION1 R5EWS SELF-RELIANCE & SUBSI/5CE1 & CREATES EQUALITY4 ,IF DEEP ECOLOGI/S CAN RECOGNIZE ?AT !SE SOCIAL QUE/IONS MU/ BE RESOLV$ 9 ORD] TO RECONCILE HUMANITY ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 ?AT A :OLE E>? VISION MU/ BE GR\ND$ 9 ! SOCIAL1 !Y WILL MAKE ! LEAP ?AT !Y DESIRE 9 !IR UND]/&+ & PRACTICE4 ,HUMAN LIB]ATION IS 9TEGRALLY B\ND UP ) ! LIB]ATION ( NATURE1 & !RE=E IS TRULY 0DEEP ECOLOGICAL40 

,IT IS A T5ET ( DEEP ECOLOGY ?AT NATURE IS 0MORE COMPLEX ?AN WE CAN POSSIBLY KN[0 7,SESSIONS & ,DEVALL74 ,9 ?AT CASE1 DEEP ECOLOGI/S %\LD REFRA9 FROM BLANKET /ATEM5TS AB\T HUMAN POPULATIONS1 S9CE NO 9T]PRETATION CAN PRES5TLY BE SUB/ANTIAT$ 9 ANY ABSOLUTE T]MS4 7,SO GLIB REM>KS AB\T SOMEONE ELSE'S 0DIE-(F0 ONLY COME FROM A PREF]5CE1 NOT A RECOGNITION ( NATURAL NECESSITY4 ,9 SU* A CASE 0!ORY0 IS NO?+ BUT MEAN-SPIRIT$ IDEOLOGY1 ) FASCI/ IMPLICATIONS -- & HELPS1 BY ! WAY1 NEI!R BE>S NOR :ALES NOR RA9=E/S47 ,CATTON SAYS !RE >E ALREADY TOO MANY PEOPLE2 ,SALE1 ON ! O!R H&1 >GUES ?AT ! 5TIRE WORLD'S POPULATION C\LD FIT 9TO ! ,U4,S4 ) A D5SITY LESS ?AN ,5GL&'S1 & 9 ! F]TILE AGRICULTURAL REGIONS ) A D5SITY LIKE ?AT ( ,MALTA4 ,! /ATI/ICS1 TO BACK UP >GUM5TS1 GR[ EXPON5TIALLY4 

,MEAN:ILE1 PRACTICAL /EPS MU/ BE TAK5 TO /OP ! PROCESS BY :I* ! WORLD & EV]Y?+ 9 IT >E BE+ R$UC$ TO MONEY1 & F9ALLY1 TO TOXIC WA/E4 0,LETT+ NATURE TAKE ITS C\RSE0 BY CONSIGN+ PEOPLE TO />VATION IS NOT A SOLUTION EV5 )9 ITS [N T]MS1 S9CE ! DET]IORAT+ SITUATION DESCRIB$ SO VIVIDLY BY ,H>RISON & O!RS WON'T GO AWAY :5 A FEW MILLION -- OR MANY MILLIONS -- DIE4 ,! E>? WILL CONT9UE TO BE G\G$ & ! =E/S LEVEL$1 & SOCIETY'S CAPACITY TO BR+ AB\T *ANGE WILL BE DIM9I%$4 ,SU* ,MAL?USIANISM EV5 VIOLATES DEEP ECOLOGY1 S9CE IT NEGLECTS ! TOTALITY ( ! HABITAT DE/ROY$ = ALL SPECIES 9 ! WAKE ( ! FAM9E & DOESN'T RECOGNIZE ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL DESOLATION 9 ONE PLACE AFFECTS NATURAL 9TEGRITY EV]Y:]E4 

,9 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 RAIS$ ! ISSUE ?AT REMA9S C5TRAL TODAY = SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL TRANS=MATION4 ,BREAD1 HE SAID1 0MU/ BE F\ND = ! PEOPLE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & ! QUE/ION ( BREAD MU/ TAKE PREC$5CE ( ALL O!R QUE/IONS4 ,IF IT IS SETTL$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE1 ! ,REVOLUTION WILL BE ON ! RI<T ROAD2 = 9 SOLV+ ! QUE/ION ( ,BREAD WE MU/ ACCEPT ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY1 :I* WILL =CE ITSELF UPON US TO ! EXCLUSION ( EV]Y O!R SOLUTION40 ,9 ANSW] TO ,KROPOTK9'S PR(\ND OBS]VATION1 SOME AMONG ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S W\LD PREF] TO RESPOND ) A SIMPLE PROGRAM3 LET !M />VE4 

,& P]HAPS !Y HAVE A PO9T4 ,P]HAPS !RE >E TOO MANY PEOPLE TO LIVE 9 A R5EWABLE MANN]4 ,P]HAPS ! />VATION ( SOME IS UNAVOIDABLE4 ,BUT AS LONG AS POOR & TRIBAL PEOPLE >\ND ! GLOBE />VE :ILE OV]F$1 HI<-5]GY-CONSUM+ BANK]S SIT 9 AIR-CONDITION$ HI<-RISES 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,P>IS1 OR ,DAK>1 SOME?+ IS WRONG4 ,BE=E ! POOR ( ! WORLD DIE ( HUNG] -- ?OSE LITTLE COMMUNITIES :I* >E ALSO SMALL & UNIQUE P>TS ( ! :OLE PICTURE1 AS ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD MI<T HAVE SAID -- LET'S DEAL ) ! NECKTIES 9 ! HI<-RISES4 ,IT'S NATURE'S WAY TOO1 AFT] ALL1 = PEOPLE TO POOL !IR IMAG9ATIONS & !IR DESIRES TO COOP]ATE 9 MAK+ REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 

,SESSIONS & ,DEVALL WRITE ?AT 0,C]TA9 \TLOOKS ON POLITICS & PUBLIC POLICY FL[ NATURALLY0 FROM ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS IS MANIFE/LY UNTRUE4 ,ECOLOGY1 AS ,I HAVE %[N1 IS AN AMBIGU\S \TLOOK1 & CAN LEAD 9 MANY DIRECTIONS4 ,DEEP ECOLOGY IS LAY]$1 AS IS ALL SCI5TIFIC ?9K+ AB\T ! SOCIAL1 ) ALL ! IDEOLOGICAL COMPO/ & DECAY ( A CRUMBL+ CIVILIZATION AB\T TO COLLAPSE OR DEVOLVE 9TO SOME?+ EV5 MORE HORRIBLE4 ,DEEP ECOLOGY -- />T+ FROM AN 9TUITION AB\T ! UNITY ( LIFE1 AN 9TUITION ( PRIMAL TRADITIONS PRES5T 9 ! UND]CURR5TS ( ?IS CIVILIZATION -- CLAIMS TO BE A NEW P>ADIGM1 A PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,?IS \TLOOK 5JOYS 9CREAS+ LEGITIMACY 9 RADICAL 5VIRONM5TALI/ CIRCLES AS A COH]5T POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,YET :ILE DEEP ECOLOGY MAY DRAW FROM MANY PR(\ND S\RCES 9 ! LONG ORAL & WRITT5 TRADITIONS ( NATURAL OBS]VATION1 !RE >E MANY DEEP PROBLEMS ) ! MOVEM5T IT HAS 9SPIR$4 

,DEEP ECOLOGY LOVES ALL ?AT IS WILD & FREE1 SO ,I %>E AN AFF9ITY ) DEEP ECOLOGI/S ?AT HAS MADE ?IS ESSAY DIFFICULT TO WRITE4 ,I HAVE WRITT5 ?IS DETAIL$ CRITIQUE BECAUSE ,I F9D IT TR\BL+ & DEPRESS+ ?AT A MOVEM5T SO C\RAGE\SLY & P]SI/5TLY 9VOLV$ ) DIRECT ACTION TO DEF5D ! E>? CAN SIMULTANE\SLY EXHIBIT REACTION>Y1 9HUMAN POLITICS1 & SURVIVALI/ PO/UR+4 ,DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 P>TICUL>LY ,E>? ,FIR/61 HAVE COME TO RECOGNIZE ! C5TRALITY ( TE*NOLOGY 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! E>?4 ,BUT IF !Y REMA9 BL9D TO ! 9T]RELAT$NESS ( CAPITAL & ! /ATE ) ! PLANET>Y MEGATE*NIC WORK PYRAMID ?AT IS DEV\R+ NATURE1 !Y WILL BECOME MIR$ 9 AN ELITI/ W>RIOR SURVIVALISM ?AT WILL LEAD NO:]E4 

,AS LONG AS DEEP ECOLOGI/S DISC]N ! PRES5T APOCALYPTIC P]IOD AS A RESULT ( A SPECIES-WIDE 0BIOTIC EXUB]ANCE0 9 ! IMAG]Y ( BACT]IA1 !Y WILL REMA9 9 A MY/ICAL DOMA9 ( ORIG9AL S91 MISAN?ROPY1 & ,MAL?USIAN 9DIFF]5CE TO HUMAN SUFF]+4 ,?IS FATAL ]ROR WILL NOT ONLY S]VE TO CONCEAL ! REAL /RUCTURAL S\RCES ( ! PRES5T DEVA/ATION -- ! SY/EM BY :I* WE ALL1 DISPOSSESS$ PEASANTS & DEEP ECOLOGI/S ALIKE1 C\RT DISA/] BY SIMPLY SURVIV+ 9 AN 9CREAS+LY CON/RICT$1 DEAD5$ WORLD -- BUT WILL ALSO UND]M9E ! *ANCES = ! HUMAN SOLID>ITY ?AT MI<T OV]COME IT4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT LITTLE BY LITTLE 7& P]HAPS ALREADY TOO LATE71 PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD >E BEG9N+ TO SEE !SE CONNECTIONS1 TO RECOGNIZE ?AT CAPITAL1 TE*NOLOGY1 & ! /ATE >E AN 9T]LOCK+1 >MOR$ JUGG]NAUT ?AT MU/ BE DISMANTL$ & OV]?R[N IF WE >E TO R5EW A LIFE 9 H>MONY ) NATURE & HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,!Y >E ALSO 9CREAS+LY AW>E ?AT WE CANNOT GO ON 0LIV+0 LIKE ?IS1 ?AT WE >E SAW+ ! BRAN* \T FROM UND]NEA? \RSELVES4 ,! MY/IQUE ( TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS MU/ BE F\<T 9 CITY & C\NTRY1 DEF5D+ HABITAT & HALT+ ! TOXIC PRODUCTION PROCESS4 

,WE CANNOT ISOLATE ONE BIOREGION OR WAT]%$ FROM ANO!R -- !Y >E ALL P>T ( ONE LIV+ ORGANISM4 ,& WE CANNOT SEP>ATE FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN NE$S FROM ?OSE ( ! PLANET BECAUSE !Y >E CONSONANT ) ONE ANO!R1 NOT OPPOS$4 ,SO ! *ANGES ?AT WE ALL DESIRE MU/ OCCUR DEEP D[N1 AT ! LEVEL ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 OR NO?+ WILL PREV5T CAPITAL FROM UTT]LY DE/ROY+ NATURE AS WE KN[ IT4 ,IF AN 9TRANSIG5TLY RADICAL1 VISION>Y1 E>?-C5T]$ CULTURE ?AT FI<TS = ! E>? IS TO FL\RI%1 RADICAL 5VIRONM5TALISM MU/ CONFRONT ITS [N IDEOLOGICAL CONTRADICTIONS BE=E !Y CRY/ALLIZE 9TO A RELIGION1 COMPLETE ) HI< PRIE/S & LEAD]S1 & SQU&] :AT MAY BE \R LA/ DW9DL+ OPPORTUNITIES TO /OP ?IS GLOBAL MEGAMA*9E & R5EW LIFE4 

,WOMAN'S ,FRE$OM3 ,KEY TO ! ,POPULATION ,QUE/ION 

,A ,REVIEW ( ,REPRODUCTIVE ,RI<TS & ,WRONGS3 ,! ,GLOBAL ,POLITICS ( ,POPULATION ,CONTROL & ,CONTRACEPTIVE ,*OICE1 BY ,BETSY ,H>TMANN1 ,H>P] @& ,R[1 ,NEW ,YORK #aihg  

,?IS IMPASSION$ 9QUIRY IS BO? IMPORTANT & TIMELY4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT SYN!SIZES VALUABLE RESE>* TO REVEAL ! 9T]LOCK+ CONNECTIONS BETWE5 WORLD POPULATION GR[? & ! RELAT$ QUE/IONS ( HUNG]1 ECOLOGICAL DEVA/ATION1 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 HUMAN HEAL?1 & HUMAN RI<TS4 ,IT IS TIMELY BECAUSE IT ADDS A MU*-NE$$ DIM5SION TO ! CRITIQUE ( ! ,MAL?USIAN OR?ODOXY ?AT OV]POPULATION IS ! UND]LY+ CAUSE ( HUNG] & ?AT POPULATION CONTROL IS ! SOLUTION4 ,IT FOCUSES ON ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT UND]LIE BO? ! POPULATION EXPLOSION & ! GLOBAL /RATEGIES TO CONFRONT IT1 & TIES TOGE!R ! DISCUSSIONS ( WORLD ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 ! CONTEMPOR>Y BATTLE OV] REPRODUCTIVE RI<TS 79CLUD+ ABORTION71 ! QUE/ION ( POPULATION CONTROL1 & HUMAN RI<TS 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,MU* ( ?IS IS ADDRESS$ 9 ,LAPPE & ,COLL9S'S BOOK ,FOOD ,FIR/1 BUT BY EXPLOR+ ! >EAS ( POPULATION CONTROL1 WOM5'S REPRODUCTIVE RI<TS1 & ALL HUMAN RI<TS1 ,H>TMANN ADDS MU* TO ! 5TIRE DISCUSSION4 

,! BOOK REFLECTS :AT ,H>TMANN DESCRIBES AS 0AN ONGO+ PROCESS0 ( ?9K+ AB\T ! POPULATION QUE/ION1 & IS BAS$ ON SEV]AL YE>S ( RESE>* AS WELL AS DIRECT EXP]I5CE LIV+ 9 A RURAL VILLAGE 9 ,BANGLADE% DUR+ ! MID-#a#i#gS4 ,IT IS A VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO :AT %\LD BE AN ONGO+ PROCESS ( 9QUIRY = US ALL4 ,H] MESSAGE IS ?AT ! WAY \T ( ! CURR5T IMPASSE & DRIFT T[>D GREAT] CATA/ROPHE1 ! WAY T[>D /ABLE POPULATION LEVELS & ECOLOGICAL & HUMAN WELL-BE+1 IS ! SAME4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT IS DI/9CTLY LIB]ATORY1 C5T]+ AS IT DOES ON ! RI<TS ( WOM5 NOT ONLY TO !IR [N REPRODUCTIVE DE/9Y1 BUT TO P>TICIPATE FULLY 9 SOCIETY4 ,?US IT MOVES DRAMATICALLY AWAY FROM AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 BUREAUCRATIC-TE*NOLOGICAL DOMA9 T[>D A P>TICIPATORY1 LIB]ATORY VISION ( HUMAN EMP[]M5T & HEAL?4 

,?AT ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 IS ! KEY TO ! CRISIS IS AN IMPORTANT & COMPELL+ 9SI<T1 & SUGGE/S V]Y /RONGLY ! CONNECTION BETWE5 EMPIRE1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 ! HUMAN_/NATURE SPLIT1 & ! ORIG9AL EM]G5CE ( 9/ITUTIONS ( DOM9ATION OV] WOM54 ,SU* A DISCUSSION AFFIRMS TWO AN>*I/ & ECO-FEM9I/ P]SPECTIVES4 ,FIR/LY1 ! FUNDAM5TAL CAUSES ( \R PRES5T CRISIS 9 NATURE & CULTURE LIE 9 ! ORIG9S & CONSOLIDATION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( HUMAN 7P>TICUL>LY MALE7 DOM9ATION4 ,SECONDLY ! WAY \T ( ! CRISIS LIES 9 ! PRACTICAL OP5+ T[>D FRE$OM ( SELF-EXPRESSION & SELFHOOD = WOM5 ?AT IS ! KEY TO ! DE/RUCTION ( HI]>*Y1 ! RE-EMP[]M5T ( HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 ACCESS TO & PROP] RELATIONS ) ! L&1 & HUMAN HEAL?4 

,?IS V]Y CLE> PICTURE ELABORATES A TRAGICALLY OBSCUR$ DIM5SION3 H[ EXACTLY1 0,! NE$S ( ! PLANET >E ! NE$S ( ! P]SON10 & 0,! RI<TS ( ! P]SON >E ! RI<TS ( ! PLANET10 TO USE ,!ODORE ,ROSZAK'S EXCELL5T =MULATION4 ,! SALVATION ( ! M>VEL\S GRE5 PLANET1 \R ,MO!R ,E>?1 DEP5DS ON ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 -- & *ILDR51 & M5 -- FROM SOCIAL DOM9ATION1 EXPLOITATION & HI]>*Y4 ,!Y MU/ GO TOGE!R4 ,NEI!R A RADICAL POLITICAL VISION NOR A PR(\ND ECOLOGICAL VISION CAN EXI/ )\T ?IS FUNDAM5TAL DIM5SION4 

,! ,TWO ,SIDES ( ,BIR? ,CONTROL 

,H>TMANN'S BOOK IS REFRE%+ 9 ?AT1 9/EAD ( GO+ 9TO A LONG DESCRIPTION ( POPULATION GR[? ITSELF1 %E PROVIDES A HI/ORY ( F]TILITY CONTROL4 ,MANY TRADITIONS1 SU* AS AB-/95CE & )DRAWAL1 & TE*NIQUES1 SU* AS ABORTION & B>RI] ME?ODS ( CONTRACEPTION 7LIKE A C]VICAL SPONGE OR DIAPHRAGM71 >E ?\S&S ( YE>S OLD4 ,SOME #d SPECIES ( FL[]+ PLANTS GR[N 9 #aaa C\NTRIES HAVE BE5 US$ TRADITIONALLY = F]TILITY CONTROL4 ,CONDOMS1 TOO1 >E QUITE OLD1 & BY ! #a#hS ! PROCESS ( VULCANIZATION MADE POSSIBLE MU*-IMPROV$ CONDOMS & DIAPHRAGMS4 

,F]TILITY CONTROL H>DLY />TS ) ,MAL?US1 :O 9 FACT HAD OPPOS$ CONTRACEPTION AS IMMORAL1 PREF]R+ TO LET ! POOR />VE AS A 0NATURAL0 ME?OD ( KEEP+ NUMB]S D[N4 ,= HIM1 ONLY MIS]Y1 POV]TY1 FAM9E1 DISEASE1 & W> W\LD KEEP POPULATION FROM EXP&+ BEYOND ! C>RY+ CAPACITY ( ! L&4 

,MANY WORK+-CLASS RADICALS ACCEPT$ ! LOGIC ?AT EXCESSIVE NUMB]S W]E :AT KEPT ! POOR 9 !IR MIS]Y4 ,DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !RE W]E C\RAGE\S ATTEMPTS TO DISSEM9ATE BIR?-CONTROL 9=MATION BO? TO PROMOTE L[] POPULATION & TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE = WOM5 TO CONTROL !IR [N REPRODUCTIVITY & ESCAPE MALE DOM9ATION4 ,BIR? CONTROL WAS ! PROV9CE ( FEM9ISM1 RADICAL SOCIALISM1 & AN>*ISM4 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS >RE/$ & JAIL$ = DI/RIBUT+ A PAMPHLET1 ,:Y & ,H[ ! ,POOR ,%\LD ,NOT ,HAVE ,MANY ,*ILDR51 :I* DESCRIB$ CONDOMS1 C]VICAL CAPS1 & DIAPHRAGMS4 ,BIR?-CONTROL CL9ICS W]E OP5$ BY SOCIALI/S 9 ,EUROPE1 & 9 ,G]MANY FEMALE MEMB]S =C$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY TO REV]SE ITS OPPOSITION TO BIR? CONTROL4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 A Y\NG SOCIAL ACTIVI/1 ,M>G>ET ,SANG]1 F\ND$ ,! ,WOMAN ,REBEL1 A PAP] ) A SOCIALI/-FEM9I/ & PRO-REPRODUCTIVE-*OICE P]SPECTIVE1 :I* WAS %UT D[N BY ! PO/ (FICE4 ,SANG] HAD TO FLEE TO ,EUROPE AFT] BE+ 9DICT$ ON TWO C\NTS ( OBSC5ITY4 ,LAT] ! *>GES W]E DROPP$1 BUT %E WAS >RE/$ = OP5+ A BIR?-CONTROL CL9IC 9 ,BROOKLYN4 

,! KEY TO ! BREAKD[N 9 ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 RADICALS & ! BIR?-CONTROL MOVEM5T T[>D ! 5D ( ! SECOND DECADE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS SUGGE/$ BY ,H>TMANN'S COMM5T ?AT ! BIR?-CONTROL MOVEM5T HAD 0C>RI$ )9 IT ! SE$S ( BIR? CONTROL AS A LIB]AT+ =CE AS WELL AS A MEANS ( CO]CIVE POPULATION CONTROL40 ,TWO O!R S\RCES ( ! BIR?-CONTROL MOVEM5T HAD ALSO EM]G$1 ! EUG5ICS MOVEM5T1 :I* >GU$ = ! 0IMPROVEM5T ( BRE$S0 ?R\< G5ETIC MANIPULATION1 & ! DESIRE BY ! PR(ESSIONAL M$ICAL E/ABLI%M5T TO BR+ BIR? CONTROL & REPRODUCTIVE DECISIONS UND] ITS [N SUP]VISION4 ,AS REPRESSION SET 9 & ! RADICAL MOVEM5T WAN$ 9 ! LATE TE5S & E>LY #a#i#bS1 ,SANG] H]SELF MOV$ TO ! RI<T1 SEEK+ RESPECTABILITY & AN ALLIANCE ) ELITI/ M$ICAL PR(ESSIONALS4 7,?OSE READ]S FAMILI> ) ,IVAN ,ILLI*'S ?\<TFUL DESCRIPTIONS ( ! PR(ESSIONAL MONOPOLIZATION & 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( HEAL? & !IR SUBSEQU5T DE/RUCTION ( HUMAN COMMUNITY1 SUBSI/5CE VALUES1 & ! POSSIBILITY = MORE LIB]ATORY MODES ( HEAL?1 WILL RECOGNIZE ?IS PROCESS 9 ! BIR?-CONTROL MOVEM5T'S EVOLUTION4 ,SEE ,M$ICAL ,NEMESIS & ,T[>D A ,HI/ORY ( ,NE$S47 

,) ! HI]>*ICIZATION ( BIR? CONTROL1 & ! RETREAT BY ANTICAPITALI/ RADICALS FROM FEM9I/ ISSUES1 ! MOVEM5T BECAME 9CREAS+LY REACTION>Y1 ) RACI/1 NATIONALI/1 & FASCI/ ELEM5TS CREEP+ 94 ,BY #aiai ,SANG] WAS WRIT+ ?AT ! 0DEG5]ATE0 MASSES MI<T DE/ROY 0\R WAY ( LIFE10 & >GU+1 0,MORE *ILDR5 FROM ! FIT & LESS FROM ! UNFIT -- ?AT IS ! *IEF ISSUE ( BIR? CONTROL40 ,BY #aicb %E WAS CALL+ = /]ILIZATION & SEGREGATION BY SEX ( ! 0DYSG5IC POPULATION10 A PROGRAM :I* W\LD SOON BE C>RI$ \T ) A V5GEANCE BY ! ,NAZIS1 :O 9 #aicc PASS$ !IR FIR/ /]ILIZATION LAWS = PEOPLE DEEM$ 0UNFIT40 ,?IS SLIPP]Y SLOPE 5D$ 9 MASS EXT]M9ATION PRACTICES & MASS />VATION ( PSY*IATRIC 9MATES & O!RS4 ,AL?\< ,NAZI BRUTALITY DISCR$IT$ EUG5I/ IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,U4,S41 ,H>TMANN OBS]VES1 0?AT IDEOLOGY NEV] COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$40 

,) ! ,NEW ,DEAL & ! REORGANIZATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#dS1 BIR? CONTROL WAS ONCE MORE L9K$ IDEOLOGICALLY ) SOCIAL RE=M4 ,?IS P]IOD WAS M>K$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( ! REAL 7AS OPPOS$ TO =MAL7 DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL & ! 9TEGRATION ( PROLET>IAN MOVEM5TS & !IR PROGRAM 9TO ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A MOD]NIZ$ CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,) ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! CONSOLIDATION ( :AT ,LEWIS ,MUM=D HAS DESCRIB$ AS ! NUCLE>-CYB]NETIC MEGAMA*9E WAS COMPLETE2 ! ,NAZI VISION ( ! SUP]/ATE HAD WON ! W> 9 ! NEWLY EM]G$ G>RISON /ATES ?AT HAD DEFEAT$ ! ,AXIS P[]S4 ,9 ! >EA ( BIR? CONTROL1 ! SAME AMBIVAL5T *>ACT] REMA9$4 ,PLANN$ ,P>5?OOD MADE CONTRACEPTIVE TE*NIQUES AVAILABLE = MILLIONS ( WOM54 ,AS A RESULT1 CAPITAL WAS ABLE TO 9TEGRATE WOM5 9TO 9DU/RY & BR+ AB\T FUR!R TRANS=MATION ( ! PROLET>IAT = ITS [N PURPOSES ( RATIONALIZATION4 

,POPULATION ,CONTROL & ! ,COLD ,W> 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ 9T]E/+ SECTION ( ?IS HI/ORY IS ! ORIG9 ( MOD]N BIR? & POPULATION CONTROL AS A COMPON5T ( ! ,COLD ,W>4 ,! DESIRE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO 0CONTA9 COMMUNISM0 & CONTROL ! RES\RCES & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS ( ! SO-CALL$ 0,GR& ,>EA0 7ESS5TIALLY EV]Y:]E \TSIDE ! ,EA/]N ,BLOC71 L$ TO A P]SPECTIVE ( POPULATION CONTROL TO ?W>T NATIONALI/ REVOLT 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,! ,*9ESE & ,VIETNAMESE REVOLUTIONS FRI<T5$ ,U4,S4 RUL+ CIRCLES1 AS DID ,9DIAN & ,9DONESIAN 9DEP5D5CE & NONALIGNM5T4 ,! CONC]N1 ( C\RSE1 WAS ! 0SECURITY0 ( RAW MAT]IALS TO FE$ ! ,G>RISON ,/ATE4 ,GOV]NM5TS 9 ,IRAN1 ,GUATEMALA1 ,9DONESIA1 & ,BRAZIL1 AMONG O!RS1 HAD TO BE OV]?R[N TO PROTECT ! 0,GR& ,>EA0 FROM 9T]NAL AGGRESSION 7?AT IS1 FROM !IR [N POPULATIONS71 & ,9DO*9A WAS MILIT>ILY ATTACK$ = SEV]AL DECADES TO /EM ! TIDE ( NATIONALI/ REVOLT & W> AGA9/ ! L&LORDS & CORPORATE PUPPETS1 UNTIL ! REGION WAS EFFECTIVELY %ATT]$ SOCIALLY & ECOLOGICALLY4 

,NATIONALI/ 9DEP5D5CE & REALIGNM5T W]E SE5 BY =EIGN-POLICY CIRCLES AS DIRECT RESULTS ( POPULATION PRESSURE AS F> BACK AS ! E>LY #a#i#eS1 & SU* PRESSURE WAS !RE=E A PRIORITY = ! ,U4,S4 POLICY E/ABLI%M5T4 ,! #aieg ,AD ,HOC ,COMMITTEE REPORT 0DEPICT$ POPULATION GR[? AS A MAJOR ?REAT TO POLITICAL /ABILITY BO? AT HOME & ABROAD10 WRITES ,H>TMANN4 ,BY #a#i#f#g1 ADV]TISEM5TS FROM ! POPULATION-CONTROL LOBBY 7HEAVILY F9ANC$ & PROMOT$ BY ,DIXIE ,CUP MAGNATE ,HU< ,MOORE7 ASS]T$1 0,! EV]-M\NT+ TIDAL WAVE ( HUMANITY N[ *ALL5GES US TO CONTROL IT OR BE SUBM]G$ ALONG ) ALL \R CIVILIZ$ VALUES10 &1 0,A WORLD ) MASS />VATION 9 UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES WILL BE A WORLD ( *AOS1 RIOTS & W>4 ,& A P]FECT BRE$+ GR\ND = ,COMMUNISM444 ,WE CANNOT AF=D A HALF DOZ5 ,VIETNAMS OR EV5 ONE MORE444 ,\R [N NATIONAL 9T]E/ DEM&S ?AT WE GO ALL \T TO HELP ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES CONTROL !IR POPULATION40 

,SU* CONTROL WAS ALWAYS SE5 AS A PROCESS ( COLLABORATION ) LOCAL ELITES ?R\< MILIT>Y AID & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( /ATE-DOM9AT$ 9/ITUTIONS = POPULATION CONTROL4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,U4,S4 ,AG5CY = ,9T]NATIONAL ,DEVELOPM5T 7,A,I,D7 IS PRES5TLY ! L>GE/ S+LE FUND] ( POPULATION ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,LOCAL REVOLTS1 AS 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 W]E & >E CONSI/5TLY BLAM$ ON POPULATION PRESSURE RA!R ?AN ON CLASS W> & DOM9ATION4 ,?IS EXPLA9S VIVIDLY ! CONTEMPOR>Y CONFIGURATION ( ! POPULATION E/ABLI%M5T & ITS TE*NOCRATIC VISION ( POPULATION CONTROL L9K$ TO 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 URBANIZATION1 & ! WORLD COMMODITY M>KET1 EXEMPLIFI$ BY TE*NOCRATS LIKE ,ROB]T ,MC,NAM>A1 =M] ,U4,S4 ,SECRET>Y ( ,DEF5SE & HEAD ( ! ,WORLD ,BANK4 ,IT ALSO APTLY REVEALS H[ ! ,REAGANITE POSITION AGA9/ ABORTION RI<TS 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 BAS$ ON ! ABSURD 0CORNUCOPIA !SIS0 ( CONSULTANTS LIKE ,H]B]T ,KAHN 7?AT D5IES ANY NECESS>Y LIMITATIONS TO POPULATION GR[?71 IS ONLY AN AB]RATION 9 AN OV]ALL GLOBAL /RATEGY1 A SOP TO ,REAGAN'S RI<T-W+1 FUNDAM5TALI/ SUPPORT]S 9SIDE ! ,U4,S4 ,! ANTI-POPULATION-CONTROL /ATEM5T ( ! ,U4,S4 AT ! ,AUGU/ #aihd ,MEXICO ,CITY ,CONF]5CE ON ,POPULATION1 9 FACT1 WAS DESIGN$ = DOME/IC CONSUMPTION1 & 0S]V$ TO LEGITIMIZE ! POSITION ( ! POPULATION E/ABLI%M5T BY CA/+ !M 9 ! ROLE ( ! DEF5D]S ( REPRODUCTIVE RI<TS10 & MASK+ !IR REAL ROLE AS 9/ITUTIONS ( AU?ORIT>IAN-/ATI/ CONTROL4 

,AU?ORIT>IAN & ,TE*NOCRATIC 

,! CONTEMPOR>Y POPULATION-CONTROL E/ABLI%M5T IS1 9DE$1 A COMPON5T ( ! SAME =CES ( PLUND] & OPPRESSION ?AT HAVE BR\<T ! WORLD TO ! BR9K ( AN ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL ABYSS4 ,ITS FOCUS IS AU?ORIT>IAN & TE*NOCRATIC4 ,IT FOLL[S A 0MA*9E MODEL0 P]SPECTIVE ( HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE DECISION-MAK+ & HAS A HI<-TE* PREF]5CE = /]ILIZATION1 ,I,U,D'S1 ! PILL1 & O!R RISKY =MS ( F]TILITY CONTROL1 OV] TRADITIONAL ME?ODS & B>RI] TE*NIQUES4 ,IT AVOIDS ANY DISCUSSION ( ! SOCIAL CONTEXT )9 :I* REPRODUCTIVE DECISIONS >E MADE 7OR NOT MADE71 DEF5DS ! /ATUS QUO ( /RATIFI$1 CLASS SOCIETIES & ! CAPITALI/ M>KET1 & ACTUALLY DISC\RAGES AN OV]ALL APPROA* TO WOM5'S & *ILDR5'S PRIM>Y HEAL? AS A C5TRAL FACTOR 9 POPULATION /ABILIZATION4 ,POPULATION BUREAUCRATS DEAL ) PEOPLE 9 A PURELY 9/RUM5TAL FA%ION AS /ATI/ICS1 & 09C5TIVE0 PROGRAMS >E FOLL[$ TO /]ILIZE AS MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE1 NO MATT] :AT4 

,! IDEOLOGY ( POPULATION CONTROL IS SUMM$ UP BY ,H>TMANN AS BAS$ ON ?REE T5ETS3 

,RAPID POPULATION GR[? IS A PRIM>Y CAUSE ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD'S DEVELOPM5T PROBLEMS1 NOTABLY HUNG]1 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION1 ECONOMIC /AGNATION1 & POLITICAL 9/ABILITY40 ,NOTICE ?AT IT IS DEVELOPM5T ITSELF 7:I* MEANS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION71 & NOT 5VIRONM5TAL & HUMAN WELL-BE+1 :I* IS ! C5TRAL CONC]N4 ,PEOPLE >E 0UNITS40 

,PEOPLE MU/ BE P]SUAD$ -- OR =C$1 IF NECESS>Y -- TO HAVE FEW] *ILDR5 )\T FUNDAM5TALLY IMPROV+ ! IMPOV]I%$ CONDITIONS 9 :I* !Y LIVE40 ,SU* IMPROVEM5T1 ( C\RSE1 W\LD DEM& AGR>IAN & SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* W\LD UND]M9E BO? ! LOCAL ELITES & ULTIMATELY1 P]HAPS1 ! 5TIRE DEVELOPM5T MODEL ( 9DU/RIAL- CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATION4 

,GIV5 ! RI<T COMB9ATION ( F9ANCE1 P]SONNEL1 TE*NOLOGY1 & ,WE/]N MANAGEM5T TE*NIQUES1 BIR?-CONTROL S]VICES CAN BE 'DELIV]$' TO ,?IRD ,WORLD WOM5 9 A TOP-D[N FA%ION & 9 ! ABS5CE ( BASIC HEAL?-C>E SY/EMS4 ,9 BO? ! DEVELOPM5T & PROMOTION ( CONTRACEPTIVES1 EFFICACY 9 PREV5T+ PREGNANCY %\LD TAKE PREC$5CE OV] HEAL? & SAFETY CONC]NS40 ,ONE CAN SEE ! 5TIRE OP]ATIONALISM ( MASS TE*NOLOGY & ! DISABL+ PR(ESSIONS AT WORK 9 ?IS ASSUMPTION4 

,UND]LY+ ! 5TIRE POPULATION CONTROL IDEOLOGY IS ,MAL?USIAN OR?ODOXY1 :I* >GUES ?AT ! E>? HAS REA*$ ! LIMITS ( ITS C>RY+ CAPACITY DUE TO EXCESSIVE HUMAN NUMB]S US+ RES\RCES EXCESSIVELY4 ,! IMAGE ( A D>K-SK9N$ WOMAN F> ALONG 9 H] PREGNANCY IS SUPPOS$ TO BR+ TO M9D ! S\RCE ( ! WORLD'S MIS]IES4 ,H>TMANN DOES A GOOD JOB ( PUTT+ ?IS OR?ODOXY 9TO A PROP] P]SPECTIVE4 ,?OSE :O SEE ! PROBLEM 0AS AN 9EVITABLE RACE BETWE5 MAN & NATURE0 HAVE A PO9T1 %E WRITES4 0,NO ONE WANTS A WORLD ( /&+ ROOM ONLY1 :]E EV]Y BIT ( L&1 DROP ( WAT]1 & UNIT ( 5]GY IS PRESS$ 9TO PRODUC+ SU/5ANCE = AN 5DLESSLY EXP&+ HUMAN MASS4 ,O!R SPECIES HAVE A RI<T TO 9HABIT ! E>?1 & \R [N QUALITY ( LIFE IS 5HANC$ BY RESPECT = ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE LIMIT+ HUMAN NUMB]S MAKES S5SE 9 ! LONG RUN1 IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT 9 ! %ORT RUN OV]POPULATION IS ! MA9 CAUSE ( 5VIRONM5TAL DEPLETION40 

,YET IT IS NOT SO MU* ! POPULATION GR[? ?AT PUTS PRESSURE ON ! E>? AS IT IS 0! CONSUMPTION EXPLOSION 9 ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ WORLD10 %E >GUES4 0,MOREOV]444 MANY ( ! MA9 ECOLOGICAL CRIMES BE+ P]PETRAT$ ON ! E>?0 >E CAUS$ BY 0UNREGULAT$ & 9APPROPRIATE PATT]NS ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T0 RA!R ?AN ! POPULATION GR[? ( PEASANTS4 ,H>TMANN LOOKS AT ! >GUM5TS = 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION AS AN \TCOME ( POPULATION PRESSURE & F9DS !M S]I\SLY FLAW$4 

,MAL?USIAN ,FATALISM 

,ONE 9/ANCE IS ! S]I\S PROBLEM ( DE=E/ATION1 :I* ACCORD+ TO ! (FICIAL VIEW ( ! ,9DIAN GOV]NM5T1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS CAUS$ PRIM>ILY BY POPULATION PRESSURE4 ,YET :5 ! ,C5T] = ,SCI5CE & ! ,5VIRONM5T 9 ,NEW ,DELHI 9VE/IGAT$ DE=E/ATION !RE1 :]E MILLIONS ( HECT>ES ( =E/ >E DISAPPE>+ ANNUALLY1 IT F\ND ?AT PRIVATE COMPANIES HAD 0ILLEGALLY FELL$ HUGE SECTIONS ( ,9DIA'S =E/S1 AT ! SAME TIME AS !Y W]E DECL>$ (F LIMITS TO ! LOCAL COMMUNITIES :O HAVE LONG DEP5D$ ON !M = A LIVELIHOOD4 ,MEAN:ILE1 '(FICIAL' =E/RY PROJECTS1 AID$ BY 9T]NATIONAL AG5CIES SU* AS ! ,WORLD ,BANK1 >E 5C\RAG+ ! EXPORT ( ,9DIA'S H>DWOODS & ! DE/RUCTION ( MIX$1 ECOLOGICALLY S\ND =E/S 9 FAVOR ( MONOCULTURE PLANTATIONS ( P9E1 EUCALYPTUS1 & TEAK40 ,! SAME PROCESS IS GO+ ON ?R\<\T ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 AS 9 ,BRAZIL1 :]E CORPORATIONS LIKE ,GOODYE>1 ,VOLKSWAG51 ,NE/LE & ,MITSUBI%I HAVE /RIPP$ MILLIONS ( ACRES ( RA9=E/ = LUMB] & CATTLE RAN*+4 ,:ILE DICTATOR ( ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 ,F]D9& ,M>COS 0GAVE ILLEGAL LOGG+ CONCESSIONS WOR? OV] A BILLION DOLL>S TO RELATIVES & POLITICAL CRONIES1 DEPLET+ ! C\NTRY'S =E/ RES]VES FROM #c#d4#f MILLION ACRES 9 #a#i#f#e1 :5 ,M>COS TOOK P[]1 TO ONLY #e4#d MILLION ACRES .<9 #a#i#h#g.>40 

,DES]TIFICATION1 LIKE DE=E/ATION1 IS L>GELY A RESULT ( 9EQUITIES ON & EXPLOITATION ( ! L&4 ,A WORLD L& C5SUS 9 #aif REVEAL$ ?AT #b4#e P]C5T ( L&[N]S CONTROLL$ #ge P]C5T ( >ABLE L& 9 ! WORLD1 & ! TOP 4#b#c P]C5T CONTROLL$ OV] HALF4 ,& :]E />VATION RAV-AG$ ! POOR1 ?OSE REGIONS1 AS 9 ! FAMI%$ ,SAHEL ( ,AFRICA1 ACTUALLY 9CREAS$ AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS4 ,9 ,BURK9A ,FASO 7=M]LY ,UPP] ,VOLTA7 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA1 ,H>TMANN REPORTS ?AT COTTON PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ TW5TY TIMES S9CE #a#i#f#a1 :ILE /APLE CROPS LIKE MILLET & SOR<UM REMA9$ AT #aif LEVELS4 ,! SAME SITUATION IS OCCURR+ 9 ,EL ,SALVADOR1 :]E #gg P]C5T ( ! L& FACES ACCEL]AT$ ]OSION2 MO/ ( ! POOR >E M>G9ALIZ$ ON HI<] SLOPES1 CAUS+ ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE1 & ! GOOD L&S >E MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! DEA?-SQUAD OLIG>*Y TO RAISE EXPORTS LIKE COTTON1 C(FEE1 SUG>1 & CATTLE4 0,9 SU* A SITUATION10 ,H>TMANN WRITES1 0MORE PEOPLE DO MEAN MORE ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION1 S9CE !Y >E CR[D$ 9TO A LIMIT$ L& SPACE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 RAPID POPULATION GR[? IS A FACTOR 9 DES]TIFICATION1 BUT TO CALL IT ! PRIM>Y CAUSE IS TO SIMPLIFY A MU* MORE COMPLEX PROCESS4 ,EL ,SALVADOR'S PEASANTS >E PUTT+ PRESSURE ON M>G9AL L&S BECAUSE !Y !MSELVES HAVE BE5 MADE M>G9AL BY AN AGRICULTURAL SY/EM CONTROLL$ BY ! RI*40 

,H>TMANN COMES TO ! SAME CONCLUSIONS AS ,LAPPE & ,COLL9S3 0,DESPITE ! POPUL> ,WE/]N IMAGE ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD AS A BOTTOMLESS BEGG+ B[L10 %E OBS]VES1 0IT TODAY GIVES MORE TO ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ WORLD ?AN IT TAKES4 ,9FL[S ( (FICIAL 'AID' & PRIVATE LOANS & 9VE/M5TS >E EXCE$$ BY \TFL[S 9 ! =M ( REPATRIAT$ PR(ITS1 9T]E/ PAYM5TS1 & PRIVATE CAPITAL S5T ABROAD BY ,?IRD ,WORLD ELITES40 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE BANK+ /UDY1 MORE ?AN A ?IRD ( ! REGION'S 9CREASE 9 BORR[+ BETWE5 #ai< & #aihc WAS 0SPIRIT$ AWAY OV]SEAS0 BY RI* ,LAT9 ,AM]ICANS4 

,:5 ! ,MAL?USIANS DO ASK :Y PEOPLE >E GO+ HUNGRY1 :Y !Y LACK LIVELIHOODS1 :Y !Y >E DRIV5 FROM !IR L&1 !Y DO NOT CONSID] ! QUE/IONS ( L& [N]%IP1 ! HI/ORY ( COLONIALISM1 & :]E SOCIAL P[] LIES4 ,SO :5 ! POOR DEM& !IR RI<TS1 ! ,MAL?USIANS SEE 0POLITICAL 9/ABILITY0 GR[+ FROM POPULATION PRESSURE4 0,!IR IDEOLOGICAL F]VOR MASKS A PR(\ND FATALISM3 ! POOR >E BORN TO !IR LOT1 & ! ONLY WAY \T = !M IS TO /OP BE+ BORN40 0,POPULATION CONTROL IS SUB/ITUT$ = SOCIAL JU/ICE1 & ! PROBLEM IS ACTUALLY AGGRAVAT$ BY ! ,MAL?USIAN 'CURE4'0 ,FAMILY PLANN+ & HEAL? >E SUBORD9AT$ TO CO]CIVE & REPRESSIVE POPULATION CONTROL1 & MILLIONS ( WOM5 >E NEGATIVELY AFFECT$4 

,BO? ! FAILURES & ! 0SUCCESSES0 ( AU?ORIT>IAN POPULATION CONTROL >E EXPLOR$ AT L5G? BY ,H>TMANN4 ,9 ,BANGLADE%1 = EXAMPLE1 0,SP5D+ ON POPULATION CONTROL N[ ABSORBS OV] ONE ?IRD ( ! C\NTRY'S ANNUAL HEAL? BUDGET1 & ITS %>E IS GR[+40 ,HEAL? C>E = MO!RS & *ILDR5 IS BE+ SLA%$ TO PAY = POPULATION PROGRAMS4 ,POPULATION-CONTROL EF=TS >E BE+ ACCEL]AT$ AS ! QUALITY ( LIFE DET]IORATES1 ?R\< L&LESSNESS1 PLUMMET+ WAGES1 DECREAS+ FOOD CONSUMPTION4 ,MORE ?AN #f P]C5T ( ! POPULATION N[ HAS AN 9ADEQUATE DIET4 ,AMAZ+LY1 0,DESPITE ! MILLIONS ( DOLL>S FL[+ 9TO ! C\NTRY = POPULATION CONTROL1 WOM5'S NE$ = CONTRACEPTION IS /ILL NOT BE+ MET444 ,:]EAS BE=E VILLAGE WOM5 W]E NEGLECT$ BY ,BANGLADE%'S FAMILY PLANN+ PROGRAM1 N[ !Y >E ! T>GETS ( AN AGGRESSIVE /]ILIZATION DRIVE ?AT USES 9C5TIVES & 9TIMIDATION TO PRODUCE RESULTS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ACCESS TO SAFE & REV]SIBLE ME?ODS ( F]TILITY CONTROL IS /ILL V]Y LIMIT$40 ,/]ILIZATIONS1 = :I* A P]SON MI<T BE PAID A SMALL SUM & GIV5 SOME NEW CLO!S1 09CREASE DRAMATICALLY DUR+ ! LEAN AUTUMN MON?S BE=E ! RICE H>VE/1 :5 MANY L&LESS PEASANTS >E UNEMPLOY$ & DE/ITUTE40 ,! /]ILIZATION ME?ODS !MSELVES >E BRUTAL & IMP]SONAL1 & FREQU5TLY LEAD TO COMPLICATIONS1 ILLNESS & EV5 DEA?1 S9CE FOLL[-UP M$ICAL AID IS UNAVAILABLE4 

,POPULATION ,CONTROL AS ,G5OCIDE 

,! G5OCIDAL *>ACT] ( POPULATION CONTROL IS DIZZY+4 ,/]ILIZATION HAS BE5 FOCUS$ ON ,9DIA'S TRIBAL M9ORITIES1 ?\< !Y >E NUM]ICALLY SMALL4 ,9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 POPULATION CONTROL IS = BLACKS1 :ILE :ITES >E REW>D$ = HAV+ *ILDR54 ,! ONLY FREE M$ICAL S]VICE = BLACKS IS BIR? CONTROL4 ,!RE1 ! >GUM5T IS US$ WIDELY ?AT BLACK 0OV]POPULATION0 IS PUTT+ PRESSURE ON ! ECOLOGY ( ! REGION4 ,9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 A ,U4,S4 COLONY ECOLOGICALLY DEVA/AT$ BY ,U4,S4 CORPORATE EXPLOITATION 7& :]E MA9L& ,U4,S4 5VIRONM5TAL LAWS DO NOT APPLY71 ONE ?IRD ( ! WOM5 W]E /]ILIZ$ BY #a#i#f#h4 ,9SIDE ! ,U4,S41 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN WOM5 HAVE BE5 ! T>GET ( =C$ /]ILIZATION4 ,*9A1 :I* HAS REC5TLY BE5 GO+ ?R\< ECONOMIC TRANS=MATIONS ALONG A ,WE/]N DEVELOPM5T MODEL1 HAS IMPLEM5T$ DRACONIAN ANTIPOPULATION MEASURES1 ) =C$ ABORTIONS & /]ILIZATIONS TO IMPOSE A ONE-*ILD-FAMILY POLICY4 ,AS NEW 9C5TIVE PROGRAMS ALONG PRIVATE CAPITALI/ L9ES HAVE BE5 IMPLEM5T$1 ,MAL?US HAS SLIPP$ 9 ) !M4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9T]E/+LY1 ,*9A'S GREATE/ /RIDES 9 /ABILIZ+ POPULATION CAME BE=E ! ONE-*ILD POLICY WAS 9/ITUT$1 ACCORD+ TO ,H>TMANN1 & !RE HAS EV5 BE5 A SLI<T POPULATION TR5D UPW>D S9CE ! NEW POLICY1 ALONG ) ! PRIVATIZATION ( L&S1 WAS IMPLEM5T$4 

,IT %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE ?AT ?IS 0PR(\NDLY TE*NOCRATIC EX]CISE0 %\LD AGGRAVATE ! PROBLEM & BACKFIRE4 ,! NOTION ?AT TOP-D[N TE*NIQUES & 0RATIONAL0 $UCATION ( ! POOR1 ADM9I/]$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN1 PRIVILEG$ ELITES OV] ! PEASANTS :O >E !IR SUBJECTS1 )\T REF]5CE TO ! SOCIAL CONTEXT ( L& [N]%IP1 SOCIAL P[]1 & HEAL?1 IS A SCI5TI/IC & ME*ANI/IC FANTASY4 ,BUT IT IS ! /RATEGY FOLL[$ BY MO/ ,?IRD ,WORLD /ATES & ,WE/]N POPULATION & FAMILY-PLANN+ AG5CIES4 ,K5YA IS CONSID]$ ONE ( ! WOR/ FAILURES ( SU* POLICY1 YET IT WAS ! FIR/ ,AFRICAN NATION S\? ( ! ,SAH>A TO IMPLEM5T AN (FICIAL POPULATION-CONTROL PROGRAM1 9 #a#i#f#g4 ,BECAUSE IT IGNOR$ SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 & FOCUS$ ON POPULATION CONTROL RA!R ?AN FAMILY PLANN+ & HEAL?1 IT WAS RESI/$ BY ! PEOPLE1 & N[ ,K5YA HAS ONE ( ! HI<E/ BIR? RATES 9 ! WORLD4 ,NONE ( ! S\RCES ( HI< F]TILITY -- HI< 9FANT MORTALITY1 L&LESSNESS1 LACK ( P[]1 PATRI>*AL DOM9ATION -- WAS ADDRESS$4 ,ONE ( ! L>GE/ CAUSES ( HI< DROP\T RATES 9 FAMILY PLANN+ WAS CONTRACEPTIVE SIDE EFFECTS1 YET RISKI] HI<-TE* ME?ODS W]E FAVOR$1 & LOCAL CU/OM & HEAL? DEVALU$1 SO WOM5 DID NOT RESPOND4 

,! 0MA*9E MODEL ( FAMILY PLANN+10 BAS$ ON EFFICI5CY MODELS1 9C5TIVES1 & 0T>GET ORI5TATION10 5DS 9 \TRI<T CO]CION4 ,9 ,9DONESIA1 :I* IS RUL$ BY A RI<T- W+ DICTATOR%IP1 0WOM5 >E DRAGOON$ T[>D CONTRACEPTION AS1 ONCE1 !Y W]E DOOM$ TO UNCONTROLL$ F]TILITY40 

,*OICE IS ACTUALLY LIMIT$ TO ! WOR/ TE*NIQUES1 & TRADITIONAL ME?ODS & L[-TE* ME?ODS DEM&+ WOM5'S EMP[]M5T & P>TICIPATION AS WELL AS A FOCUS ON !IR HEAL?1 >E ACTIVELY DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/4 ,EV5 ! MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES HAVE BE5 DIRECTLY 9VOLV$1 =C+ ,I,U,D'S ON VILLAG]S AT GUNPO9T4 0,! TOP-D[N APPROA* T[>D BIR?- CONTROL MEANS IT IS NOT POPUL>LY P]CEIV$ AS A TOOL ( REPRODUCTIVE *OICE10 WRITES ,H>TMANN ALMO/ EUPHEMI/ICALLY1 0BUT AS A MEANS ( SOCIAL CONTROL40 ,ONE CAN SEE ?IS PROCESS BACKFIR+ AS IT DID 9 ,K5YA & MAY BE />T+ TO DO 9 ,*9A4 ,YET1 />TL+LY1 0,9DONESIA HAS BECOME ! FAMILY PLANN+ %[CASE ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD40 

,IRONICALLY1 ! WOM5 ( ! WORLD WANT BIR?-CONTROL4 ,H>TMANN DISCUSSES SEV]AL /UDIES1 9CLUD+ A SURVEY DONE 9 #bg ,?IRD ,WORLD C\NTRIES1 ?AT F\ND ?AT 0ALMO/ HALF ! M>RI$ WOM5 QUE/ION$ WANT$ NO MORE *ILDR51 & ?AT Y\NG] WOM5 ESPECIALLY T5D$ TO DESIRE A SMALL] FAMILY SIZE40 ,WOM5 ACTUALLY LACK ACCESS TO BIR? CONTROL & 9=MATION4 ,! #c TO #e MILLION 9DUC$ ABORTIONS A YE> -- ONE HALF ( !M ILLEGAL -- ALSO SUGGE/ ?AT WOM5 WANT BIR? CONTROL4 7,9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 UP TO ONE HALF ( ALL MAT]NAL DEA?S >E DUE TO ILLEGAL ABORTIONS47 

,AN ,EXPANSION ( ,RI<TS 

,?US ! ,MAL?USIANS HAVE ! PROBLEM BACKW>D1 %E >GUES4 0,! SOLUTION TO ! POPULATION PROBLEM LIES NOT 9 ! DIM9UTION ( RI<TS1 BUT 9 !IR EXPANSION4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! POPULATION PROBLEM IS NOT REALLY AB\T A SURPLUS ( HUMAN NUMB]S1 BUT A LACK ( BASIC HUMAN RI<TS40 ,ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS = HI< BIR? RATES IS A TOTAL LACK ( SECURITY1 :I* MEANS ?AT PEOPLE GAMBLE ON HAV+ L>GE FAMILIES1 P>TICUL>LY SONS1 ) !IR OLD AGE1 ILLNESS1 & ECONOMIC DISLOCATION 9 M9D4 ,HI< 9FANT-MORTALITY RATES >E ALSO A CAUSE ( HI< F]TILITY4 ,ONE W\LD ?9K1 AS DO MANY CONTEMPOR>Y ,MAL?USIANS1 0?AT R$UCTIONS ( 9FANT MORTALITY W\LD ACTUALLY 9CREASE ! RATE ( POPULATION GR[?1 S9CE !RE W\LD BE MORE SURVIV+ *ILDR5 TO GR[ UP 9TO F]TILE ADULTS40 7,ONE ,A,I,D BUREAUCRAT EV5 >GU$ ?AT PRIM>Y-HEAL?-C>E PROGRAMS %\LD BE DISC\RAG$1 S9CE !Y MI<T AGGRAVATE ! POPULATION PROBLEM BY L[]+ DEA? RATES47 0,EXP]I5CE HAS %[N10 ,H>TMANN ASS]TS1 0?AT ONCE MORTALITY RATES FALL TO >\ND #ae P] #a PEOPLE P] YE>1 ! AV]AGE = ! ,?IRD ,WORLD TODAY1 EA* FUR!R DECL9E 9 ! MORTALITY RATE IS G5]ALLY ACCOMPANI$ BY AN EV5 GREAT] DECL9E 9 ! BIR? RATE1 AS PEOPLE ADJU/ !IR F]TILITY TO IMPROV$ SURVIVAL POSSIBILITIES40 ,HI< BIR? RATES FL[ DIRECTLY FROM HI< 9FANT-MORTALITY RATES1 & ! LATT] >E 0PRIM>ILY CAUS$ BY POOR NUTRITION1 BO? ( ! MO!R & ! *ILD40 ,NUTRITION IS CRUCIAL1 EV5 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN PRIM>Y HEAL? C>E ITSELF1 S9CE IT UND]LIES ! :OLE *A9 ( CAUSES ( 9FANT MORTALITY1 FROM UNHEAL?Y MO!RS TO L[ BIR? WEI<T TO POOR BREA/ MILK4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 :AT ONE ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS (FICIAL HAS CALL$ A 0SURVIVAL REVOLUTION10 HALV+ ! 9FANT-&-*ILD MORTALITY RATE & PREV5T+ ! DEA?S ( SIX OR SEV5 MILLION 9FANTS EA* YE> BY ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 C\LD ALSO PREV5T BETWE5 #ab & #b MILLION BIR?S ANNUALLY4 ,H>TMANN REM>KS1 0,TO DATE NO C\NTRY HAS A*IEV$ A L[ BIR? RATE AS LONG AS IT HAS HAD A HI< 9FANT MORTALITY RATE40 

,9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,SRI ,LANKA1 ,CUBA1 & ! ,9DIAN /ATE ( ,K]ALA1 :]E ! BIR? RATES HAVE BE5 DRAMATICALLY L[]$1 IT IS NOT SO MU* ?AT 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 MEASUR$ 9 T]MS ( 9CREAS$ 5]GY CONSUMPTION & P]SONAL 9COME P] CAPITA1 HAS IMPROV$ ! /&>D ( LIV+1 BUT ?AT BASIC NUTRITION & ACCESS TO PRIM>Y HEAL? C>E & REPRODUCTIVE *OICE HAVE BE5 EMPHASIZ$4 ,IRONICALLY1 IF ! ,MAL?USIANS HAVE !IR WAY & HEAL? & NUTRITION 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD >E ALL[$ TO DECL9E EV5 FUR!R AS ! ,MAL?USIAN 0*ECKS0 TAKE !IR TOLL1 ! POPULATION EXPLOSION WILL ONLY BE EXAC]BAT$4 ,BY IDEOLOGIZ+ ! POPULATION QUE/ION TO ! DETRIM5T ( SOCIAL CRITIQUE1 !Y WORK TO PROMOTE ! V]Y SC5>IO !Y CLAIM TO FE> MO/4 

,! QUE/ION1 ( C\RSE1 GOES BEYOND POPULATION CONTROL & FAMILY PLANN+4 ,WOM5'S REPRODUCTIVE *OICE DEP5DS ON !IR ROLE 9 SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 & !IR LACK ( *OICE IS DIRECTLY L9K$ TO !IR LACK ( AUTONOMY & P]SONHOOD AS WELL AS TO !IR ECONOMIC DOM9ATION4 ,WOM5 >E 9VISIBLE 9 (FICIAL LABOR /ATI/ICS1 BUT RESE>* %[S ?AT 0WOM5 PRODUCE ALMO/ HALF ! FOOD CROPS GR[N 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 ,AFRICA WOM5 CONTRIBUTE TWO-?IRDS ( ALL H\RS SP5T 9 TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE & ?REE-FIF?S ( ! TIME SP5T 9 M>KET+4 ,9 ,ASIA1 !Y CON/ITUTE OV] HALF ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR =CE2 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA AT LEA/ #d P]C5T40 ,MOD]NIZATION1 ( C\RSE1 HAS WORS5$ WOM5'S LOT4 ,COMM]CIAL F>M+ HAS FAVOR$ M5 AT EV]Y LEVEL1 & 9DU/RIALIZATION ONLY D\BLES WOM5'S WORKLOAD4 ,TODAY #h TO #i P]C5T ( L[-SKILL$ ASSEMBLY JOBS 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD >E HELD BY WOM54 

,WOM5'S FRE$OM & WELL-BE+ >E AT ! C5T] ( ! RESOLUTION TO ! POPULATION PROBLEM1 & ?AT CAN ONLY BE FAC$ )9 ! L>G] SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,EV5 HEAL? & FAMILY-PLANN+ PROGRAMS WILL NOT SUFFICE IF !Y >E IMPLEM5T$ FROM ABOVE & ADM9I/]$ AS A TE*NOLOGICAL PROC$URE4 ,IF PRIM>Y HEAL? C>E IS TO BE US$ EFFECTIVELY1 IT MU/ TAKE PLACE )9 0FUNDAM5TAL P[] /RUGGLES10 :I* MEANS REAL P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIAL DECISION-MAK+1 REAL HEAL? CONC]NS1 ACCESS TO L&1 & ! OV]?R[ ( PATRI>*AL DOM9ATION4 0,!RE IS NO 9TR9SIC REASON :Y WOM5'S HEAL? & SAFETY HAVE TO BE SACRIFIC$ TO CONTRACEPTIVE EFFICACY OR :Y FRE$OM ( *OICE HAS TO BE SUBORD9AT$ TO POPULATION CONTROL10 WRITES ,H>TMANN4 0,IF !RE IS TO BE A SECOND CONTRACEPTIVE REVOLUTION1 LET IT />T ) A REVOLUTION 9 VALUES40 

,P]SONAL1 ,POLITICAL1 ,PLANET>Y 

,:AT W\LD BE ! FOCUS ( SU* VALUES8 ,WOMAN MU/ BE AT ! C5T] ( CONC]N -- H] AUTONOMY & H] WELL-BE+ & ! WELL-BE+ ( H] *ILDR51 )9 ! L>G] SOCIAL CONTEXT ( ACCESS TO L& & P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIETY4 ,IF ! ORIG9S ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION AS WELL AS HUMANITY'S ANGUI%$ CLEFT ) ! NATURAL WORLD >E TO BE F\ND 9 WOMAN'S PRIMORDIAL 5SLAVEM5T & ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( PATRI>*Y1 !N ! NECESSITY ( H] LIB]ATION IS AN ELEGANT TE/IMONIAL TO ! WORK+-\T ( A HI/ORICAL DIALECTIC1 A RETURN TO ORIG9S1 A COMPLETION ( A CYCLE4 ,?IS CAN ONLY COME AB\T BY ABOLI%+ ! /RUCTURES ( DOM9ATION :I* >E GLOBALLY UND]M9+ WOM5'S FRE$OM & HEAL?1 & LEAD+ ! PLANET TO CATA/ROPHE4 ,! POLITICAL1 ! P]SONAL1 & ! PLANET>Y ALL F9D EXPRESSION 9 ?IS PROCESS ( LIB]ATION4 

,SOME CRITICISMS CAN BE MADE ( ,H>TMANN'S BOOK4 ,%E APPE>S AT TIMES TO BE IMPRESS$ ) 9DU/RIAL GR[? AS A SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( DOM9ATION & HUNG]4 ,%E IS ALSO TOO WILL+ TO MAKE USE ( >GUM5TS AGA9/ ,MAL?USIANISM ?AT DEP5D ON 9DU/RIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL MODELS ( DEVELOPM5T & BEG ! QUE/ION ( C>RY+ CAPACITY4 ,ONE NE$ NOT REPEAT ! >GUM5TS ( SOME HI/ORIANS ?AT POPULATION GR[? IS ! CAUSE ( IMPROVEM5TS 9 CONDITIONS2 IT ONLY LEGITIMATES 9DU/RIALISM :ILE EVAD+ ! C5TRAL QUE/ION ( MASSIVE POPULATION GR[? AS A RESULT ( ! DISRUPTION ( TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES & NATURAL ECONOMIES4 ,! DISCUSSION ( ,AFRICA IS AN EXAMPLE1 9 :I* ,H>TMANN >GUES ?AT ,AFRICA WAS TO SOME DEGREE DEPOPULAT$ BY ! SLAVE TRADE1 & :ILE IT WAS #b P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 BY ! YE> #b IT WILL BE LESS ?AN #ac P]C5T4 ,!SE FIGURES >E MEAN+LESS4 ,! SLAVE TRADE HAD LITTLE OR NO EFFECT AT ALL ON NUMB]S 9 ,AFRICA1 AS ANY POPULATION ATLAS WILL ATTE/1 EXCEPT TO DISRUPT ! LOCAL SOCIETIES 5\< TO CAUSE FUR!R POPULATION GR[?4 ,AFRICA IS NOT 9 NE$ ( MORE H&S TO PROMOTE DEVELOPM5T4 ,& ,AFRICA NE$S1 = ITS LONG-T]M HEAL? & BIOTIC DIV]SITY1 TO LEAVE MO/ ( ITS UNCULTIVAT$ L&S AS !Y >E4 ,IF ! POPULATION QUE/ION IS AN ONGO+ PROCESS ( 9QUIRY1 ,H>TMANN %\LD GO ON TO PURSUE A CRITIQUE ( 9DU/RIALISM1 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! DISEMP[]M5T & COMMODITIZATION ( HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 & ! CREATION ( MASS SOCIETY4 ,A REVOLUTION 9 VALUES DEM&S A CRITIQUE ( 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION & AN ATTEMPT TO LIVE 9 H>MONY ) ! NATURAL 9TEGRITY ( ! PLANET1 NOT MASS 9DU/RIAL COMPLEXES TO BUILD TRACTORS OR PRODUCE *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S4 

,?IS IS NOT ! FOCUS ( ,H>TMANN'S BOOK1 :I* IS1 RA!R1 ! QUE/ION ( WOM5'S REPRODUCTIVE RI<TS AS A C5TRAL FACTOR 9 !IR HUMAN RI<TS1 AS 9TEGRAL TO ! 5TIRE PROJECT ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,H] DEVA/AT+ CRITIQUE ( AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NOCRATIC POPULATION CONTROL SUGGE/S A DEEP] CRITIQUE ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION1 RATIONALIZATION1 & MOD]NIZATION1 EV5 IF IT IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ! BOOK TO EXPLORE ?OSE !MES FUR!R4 ,P]HAPS IT IS BEYOND ANY S+LE BOOK TO PROVIDE SU* A CRITIQUE4 ,READ]S CAN DO ?AT ON !IR [N BY SIFT+ ?R\< A :OLE BODY ( LIT]ATURE & P]SONAL EXP]I5CE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,H>TMANN HAS MADE AN EXTREMELY VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO ! CRITIQUE ( ,MAL?USIAN IDEOLOGY & HAS ADD$ IMPORTANT 9SI<TS BY L9K+ ! RESOLUTION ( ! POPULATION PROBLEM & ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS TO ! PROJECT ( HUMAN LIB]ATION -- = ?AT %E DES]VES \R PRAISE & GRATITUDE4 

  

.<#a.> ,! ME*ANI/IC APPLICATION ( SO-CALL$ NATURAL LAWS TO SOCIETY IMPOV]I%ES SOCIAL CRITIQUE4 ,DEEP-ECOLOGY >TICLES >E FREQU5TLY RIFE ) GLIB COMP>ISONS BETWE5 HUMANITY & 0GRAY FUZZ10 LEMM+S1 ALGAE1 & O!R SPECIES1 FOLL[$ BY SIMPLI/IC1 ALMO/ ,AESOPIAN COMM5TS ON COMPLEX ISSUES SPECIFIC TO HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,ONE EXAMPLE IS AN >TICLE1 0,ON ,HORNS & ,NUKES0 7,E>? ,FIR/61 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#h#f71 9 :I* ! AU?OR1 ,GEORGE ,WU]?N]1 BLI!LY COMP>ES ! CURR5T NUCLE>->MS RACE TO ! RIVALRY & 0DOM9ANCE HI]>*Y0 ( BI<ORN RAMS BAS$ ON HORN SIZE4 ,I'LL LEAVE ASIDE HIS ZOOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATIONS1 BUT GIV5 ECOLOGICAL SCI5CE1 !RE IS MU* ROOM = DIFF]5CES EV5 !RE4 ,! >TICLE'S REAL ABSURDITY IS ! IDEA ?AT 0NUCLE> WEAPONS MAY NOT FUNCTION PRIM>ILY AS (F5SIVE WEAPONS1 BUT LIKE ! HORNS ( ! ,BI<ORN RAM1 MAY REPRES5T A NATION'S RANK )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY40 ,NO?+ H]E AB\T ! COMPLEX SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT UND]LIE NUCLE>ISM & ! >MS RACE1 SU* AS ! ORIG9AL 7(F5SIVE7 USE ( NUKES & !IR CONT9U+ USE AS A ?REAT 9 MAK+ GEOPOLITICAL POLICY4 7,SEE ,DANIEL ,ELLSB]G'S 5LI<T5+ 9TRODUCTION TO ,?OMPSON & ,SMI?'S ,PROTE/ & ,SURVIVE = A BRIEF HI/ORY ( ! USES ( ! BOMB47 ,NO?+ AB\T ! MASSIVE TE*NOLOGICAL BUREAUCRACY1 ! P]MAN5T W> ECONOMY1 & ! TE*NOLOGICAL DRIFT SO BRILLIANTLY DESCRIB$ BY ,C4,W4 ,MILLS1 9 ,! ,CAUSES ( ,WORLD ,W> ,?REE1 BACK 9 ! #a#i#eS4 ,NO?+ AB\T ! ,COLD ,W> & ! MILIT>IZATION ( CULTURE1 DESPITE ! WEAL? ( 9=MATION & ! HI<-LEVEL SOPHI/ICATION ( MU* ( ! ANTIW> & ANT9UCLE> MOVEM5TS 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,NO1 BECAUSE NUCLE> WEAPONS SY/EMS 7& !IR CIVILIZATION7 >E JU/ ! HORNS ( %EEP 7& NATION-/ATES ! MEMB]S ( A BI<ORN 0COMMUNITY074 ,WU]?N] WI%ES TO AVOID ANY 0SIMPLI/IC SOLUTION0 TO ! PROBLEM1 >GU+3 0,LIKE ! BULL ,ELK :O HAS LO/ HIS ANTL]S1 A DIRECT R$UCTION ( NUCLE> /OCKPILES C\LD DE/ABILIZE ! WORLD'S T5U\SLY RECOGNIZ$ HI]>*Y ( MILIT>Y P[]444 ,SU* A R$UCTION MAY 9ADV]T5TLY BR+ US CLOS] TO NUCLE> W>1 RA!R ?AN FUR!R AWAY40 ,?IS IS ,REAGAN TALK+ TO ! DIS>MAM5T MOVEM5T1 OR ,JAMES ,WATT1 ) PEUDOSCI5CE TO BACK HIM UP4 ,:AT DOES \R PHILOSOPH] RECOMM5D8 ,IF HORN-DISPLAY IS P>T ( ! PROBLEM1 HE SAYS1 0RESE>* BY ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T 9 HUMAN P]CEPTIONS ( /ATUS1 RANK1 & P[] MI<T REVEAL A P>TIAL SOLUTION TO ! >MS RACE40 ,P]HAPS ! GOV]NM5T WILL F>M ?AT /UDY \T TO ! ,R& ,CORPORATION OR ONE ( ! O!R ?9K-TANKS & LET US KN[ H[ IT TURNS \T4 ,MEAN:ILE1 SU* WILLFUL IGNORANCE ON ?IS NATURALI/'S P>T NOT ONLY REFLECTS ! LIMITATIONS ( ECOLOGICAL IDEOLOGY1 BUT ALMO/ BR+S TE>S TO ONE'S EYES OV] ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! 5VIRONM5TALI/ CONC]N = NATURE & ITS LEGITIMATION ( ! NUCLE> EMPIRE -- ?IS K9D ( SILL9ESS FROM A J\RNAL CLAIM+ TO BE AT 0! CUTT+ $GE0 ( ?IS 0NEW ECOLOGICAL P>ADIGM40 

.<#b.> ,AS ,D5NIS ,WRONG >GUES 9 ,POPULATION & ,SOCIETY 7#a#i#f#f71 ! CAPACITY = POPULATION TO SURPASS SUBSI/5CE IS UND5IABLE1 0BUT IT LEAVES 5TIRELY OP5 ! QUE/ION ( ! DEGREE TO :I* AT A GIV5 TIME ! CAPACITY IS ACTUALLY BE+ REALIZ$ 444 = :5EV] A CASE IS F\ND 9 :I* ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE >E ABUNDANT & POPULATION GR[? FALLS %ORT ( ,MAL?US' MAXIMUM RATE1 BY DEF9ITION1 ! *ECKS >E AT WORK PREV5T+ A MORE RAPID 9CREASE40   
  ,AMONG MANY NATURALI/S1 ! ,MAL?USIAN PROPOSITION IS NOT CONSID]$ APPLICABLE TO EI!R HUMAN OR ANIMAL POPULATIONS4 ,AS ,D4 ,H4 ,/OTT WRITES 79 0,CULTURAL & ,NATURAL ,*ECKS ON ,POPULATION ,GR[?10 9 ,&REW ,P4 ,VAYDA1 ,5VIRONM5T & ,CULTURAL ,BEHAVIOR1 #a#i#f#i71 0,?AT ! AM\NT ( FOOD AVAILABLE SETS ! ULTIMATE LIMIT TO ! GR[? ( ALL ANIMAL & HUMAN POPULATIONS CANNOT BE DISPUT$4 ,BUT ?IS APP>5TLY SELF-EVID5T PROPOSITION ONLY HOLDS GOOD 9 A V]Y R\< WAY OV] A LONG P]IOD4 ,! POPUL> ,MAL?USIAN NOTION ?AT ! NUMB] SURVIV+ FROM YE> TO YE> IS DET]M9$ BY ! CURR5T SUPPLY ( FOOD1 ) ! EXCESS DY+ FROM />VATION1 IS NO LONG] SUPPORT$ BY ANY /UD5T ( NATURAL POPULATION40 ,UTILIZ+ MANY ANIMAL-POPULATION /UDIES1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( LEMM+S P]5NIALLY US$ BY ,MAL?USIANS1 ,/OTT DEMON/RATES ?AT O!R BUILT-9 POPULATION-LIMIT+ FACTORS OCCUR ?AT REFUTE ! ,MAL?USIAN HYPO!SIS1 SU* AS DECREAS$ VIABILITY ( ! Y\NG & 9F]TILITY1 EV5 :5 FOOD IS AVAILABLE4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE ?AT HUMAN POPULATIONS FUNCTION SIMIL>LY1 ACCORD+ TO ,/OTT1 H5CE ! ,MAL?USIAN CATA/ROPHE IS 0UNLIKELY TO OCCUR10 & WILL BE AVOID$ BY COMPLEX LIMIT+ FACTORS IF NOT BY CONSCI\S HUMAN 9T]V5TION4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! TOXIC CONTAM9ATION ( HUMAN BE+S APPE>S TO BE LAY+ ! BASIS = A POPULATION DECL9E 9 ! UGLIE/ ( T]MS4   
  ,! ,MAL?USIANS MI<T >GUE ?AT :ILE 9CREAS$ 9F]TILITY & 9VIABILITY ( (FSPR+ IS OCCURR+ AMONG HUMANS1 M$ICAL TE*NOLOGY IS KEEP+ ALIVE PEOPLE ?AT W\LD HAVE DI$ UND] NATURAL CONDITIONS4 ,!Y >E C]TA9LY CORRECT ON ?IS SCORE1 BUT !Y HAVE MISS$ ! PO9T4 ,WE MU/ RESI/ ! M$ICALIZATION ( \R LIVES BECAUSE IT IS UND]M9+ \R HUMANITY ) ITS 9SANE PREMISE TO OV]COME ALL DEA? & DISEASE4 ,WE >E GO+ TO HAVE TO RELE>N TO LIVE ) DEA?1 :I* MAY MEAN LETT+ DIE PEOPLE :OM TE*NOLOGY KEEPS ALIVE1 IF WE >E TO AVOID BE+ DRAWN 9TO A DEEP5+ TE*NOLOGICAL CONTROL ( LIFE4 ,M$ICALIZATION & ITS PROMISE ( OV]COM+ DEA? LEAD DIRECTLY TO BIO5G9E]+ & ! UND]M9+ & RE/RUCTUR+ ( HUMAN BE+S1 :I* WILL BR+ US EI!R TO M$ICO-TE*NOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE ?AT WIPES EV]Y?+ \T1 OR AN 5G9E]$ ,BRAVE ,NEW ,WORLD4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! M$ICAL 9DU/RY IS ITSELF A TREM5D\S POLLUT]1 AS ! REC5T CONTROV]SY OV] ! L[-LEVEL-RADIATION L&FILL TO BE CON/RUCT$ 9 ,MI*IGAN ATTE/S4 ,AN 5ORM\S L&FILL MU/ BE BUILT TO /ORE RADIOACTIVE WA/ES -- MANY ( !M M$ICALLY G5]AT$ -- = SEV]AL HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,SO WE SEE ! IRONY ( M$ICAL NUCLE> TE*NOLOGY1 US$ TO CURE DISEASES LIKE CANC] 7:51 9 FACT1 LITTLE PROGRESS HAS BE5 MADE ON ANY ( !SE FRONTS ANYWAY71 CAUS+ CANC]1 BIR? DEFECTS1 & SO ON AS IT BECOMES A M\NTA9 ( TOXIC RESIDUE4 ,?IS MU/ /OP2 ) IT1 ( C\RSE1 WILL 5D C]TA9 %ORT-T]M M$ICAL B5EFITS 7& A LOT ( M$ICAL EXPLOITATION ( SICK PEOPLE & M$ICALLY 9DUC$ DISEASE1 AS WELL74 ,! FEW %ORT-T]M B5EFITS ?AT M$ICAL HI< TE*NOLOGY BR+S >E \T-WEI<$ BY ITS LONG-T]M DELET]I\S EFFECTS ON NATURE & HUMAN HEAL?4 ,! DEA? RATE1 9CLUD+ ?AT ( 9FANTS1 MAY RISE AS ?IS %IFT OCCURS1 :I* W\LD WORK ) O!R FACTORS TO BR+ D[N POPULATION1 BUT ?IS IS /ILL NOT AT ALL A CONFIRMATION ( ! ,MAL?USIAN VIEW ?AT !RE >E TOO MANY PEOPLE N[ ON E>?4 ,?IS DISCUSSION DEM&S MORE ATT5TION ?AN A FOOTNOTE2 ,I AM ONLY RAIS+ ! ISSUE1 NOT PROPOS+ TO ID5TIFY ! EXACT PO9T TO :I* M$ICALIZATION MU/ BE DISMANTL$4   
  ,AS AN ELEM5T ( A RI<TW>D %IFT AMONG SOME UNIV]SITY CIRCLES1 ,MAL?USIANISM C\LD BE DU/$ (F & RELEGITIMAT$ BY SCI5TI/S1 BUT PRES5TLY ONE CAN AT LEA/ SEE ?AT ! POPULATION QUE/ION1 EV5 AMONG ANIMAL POPULATIONS1 IS NOT CLE>-CUT1 & ?AT !RE >E /ILL MANY DIFF]5CES ( 9T]PRETATION4 ,WRONG NOTES ?AT ! DECL9E 9 ! RATE ( GR[? 9 ! DEVELOP$ WORLD SEV]ELY UND]M9ES ,MAL?USIANISM1 & ADDS1 0,! NATURAL SCI5CES CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO ! /UDY ( POPULATION4 ,BUT ! MA9 CAUSES ( POPULATION TR5DS1 & ! CONSEQU5CES ( !M ?AT >\SE GREAT 9T]E/1 >E SOCIAL40 ,:ILE AN UNLIMIT$ GR[? 9 POPULATION IS 9DISPUTABLY A CAUSE ( HUMAN SUFF]+1 ,WRONG >GUES1 0,MAL?US' VIEW ( HUMAN NATURE WAS ?AT ( A BIOLOGICAL DET]M9I/40 

.<#c.> ,BILL ,MC,CORMICK >GUES 9 0,T[>DS AN ,9TEGRAT$ ,APPROA* TO ,POPULATION & ,JU/ICE10 9 ! ,AUGU/ #aihf ,E>? ,FIR/61 ?AT 0A DUAL APPROA*0 TO POPULATION MU/ BE TAK51 REV]S+ POPULATION TR5DS :ILE FI<T+ ECONOMIC 9JU/ICE4 ,YET HIS >GUM5T RE/S ON AN ATTACK ON ,FRANCES ,MOORE ,LAPPE & ,JOSEPH ,COLL9S'S ,FOOD ,FIR/ & ITS DEMON/RATION ?AT ONLY A /RUGGLE = ECONOMIC JU/ICE WILL BE EFFECTIVE 9 /ABILIZ+ POPULATIONS4 ,MC,CORMICK'S APPROA* />TS FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT 0ANY MOD]N SOCIAL PROBLEM0 MU/ BE CONSID]$ BY ALSO 0CONSID]+ POPULATION D5SITY AS A S]I\S FACTOR1 NOT AN 9SIGNIFICANT ONE4440   
  ,NO:]E DOES HE REFUTE ,FOOD ,FIR/'S >GUM5T ?AT POPULATION D5SITY IS NOT A FACTOR 9 PRES5T />VATION 7MANY />V+ C\NTRIES HAVE RELATIVELY L[ POPULATION D5SITIES1 :ILE C\NTRIES ) GREAT] D5SITIES >E SELF-SUFFICI5T OR POT5TIALLY SELF-SUFFICI5T7 OR ?AT PRES5T HUNG] IS NOT CAUS$ BY OV]POPULATION4 ,:ILE HE AGREES ?AT A /RUGGLE = JU/ICE IS KEY1 HIS SOLUTION IS A HOMILY ?AT 0WE0 />T HAV+ FEW] *ILDR54 ,9 0,E>? ,FIR/ V]SUS ,FOOD ,FIR/10 9 ! ,SUMM] #aihg ,KICK ,IT ,OV] 7,P4 ,O4 ,BOX #e#h#a#a1 ,/ATION ,A1 ,TORONTO1 ,ONT>IO ,M#e,W #a,P#b ,CANADA71 HE REPEATS HIS >GUM5T1 NOT+ ?AT ! ,U4,S4 POSITION UND] ,REAGANISM FOLL[$ ! 0RES\RCEFUL E>?0 HYPO!SIS ( ,JULIAN ,SIMON & ,H]MAN ,KAHN ?AT IS HO/ILE TO BIR?-CONTROL POLICIES BECAUSE1 IT >GUES1 0CONT9U\S GR[? IS GOOD = ! PLANET40 ,:ILE 0,REAGAN ,]A0 REACTION>IES DO OPPOSE BIR? CONTROL & ABORTION RI<TS 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ) ABSURD ECONOMI/IC1 TE*NOCRATIC1 & MORALI/IC >GUM5TS1 !Y ACTUALLY REPRES5T A V>IANT ( MOD]N ,MAL?USIANISM 7,MAL?US ALSO OPPOS$ BIR? CONTROL AS IMMORAL71 S9CE !IR >GUM5TS >E L9K$ TO ! OPPOSITION TO SOCIAL-WELF>E PROGRAMS AS WELL1 BAS$ ON >GUM5TS AB\T ! RESOLUTION ( POPULATION & DEVELOPM5T CRISES BY 0FREE M>KET0 CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS4 ,= A CRITIQUE ( NEOCONS]VATIVE ,MAL?USIANS ?AT SUFF]S FROM A LIB]AL TE*N(IX P]SPECTIVE ON ! PROBLEM ( HUNG]1 SEE 0,MAL?US ,!N & ,N[0 BY ,JOHN ,L4 ,HESS1 9 ! ,APRIL #a#h1 #aihg ISSUE ( ,! ,NATION4 ,JONA?AN ,KIEB]SON'S >TICLE1 0,TOO ,MANY ,PEOPLE801 9 ! ,JUNE #b#f1 #aihf ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS1 ALSO TREATS SOME REC5T NEOCONS]VATIVE >GUM5TS4 ,HE NOTES AS WELL ?AT 9 MANY POOR C\NTRIES1 0POLICIES TO ALT] REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR DO NOT WORK WELL40 ,:ILE MANY FACTORS MAY BE 9VOLV$1 A C5TRAL FACTOR APPE>S TO BE ?AT 0PEOPLE DO NOT WI% TO *ANGE !IR DECISIONS TO HAVE MANY *ILDR540 ,CLE>LY1 SOCIAL FACTORS1 MANY ( !M DISCUSS$ 9 GREAT DETAIL BY ,LAPPE & ,COLL9S1 UND]LIE SU* DECISIONS1 SO >GUM5TS LIKE ,MC,CORMICK'S >E LITTLE BETT] ?AN S]MONS -- S]MONS ?AT T5D TO AFFIRM ! ,MAL?USIAN LEGITIMATION ( />VATION EV5 AS !Y >GUE = SOCIAL JU/ICE4 

.<#d.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,WILLIAM ,VOGT'S #aidh ,ROAD TO ,SURVIVAL CALL$ = /RICT POPULATION CONTROLS S9CE !RE W\LD BE NO TIME1 AS SOME >GU$1 = POPULATIONS TO /ABILIZE ON !IR [N4 ,:Y 0%IP FOOD TO KEEP ALIVE T5 MILLION ,9DIANS & ,*9ESE ?IS YE>1 SO ?AT FIFTY MILLION MAY DIE FIVE YE>S H5CE10 HE MUS$4 0,*9A QUITE LIT]ALLY CANNOT FE$ MORE PEOPLE444 ,!RE CAN BE NO WAY \T4 ,!SE M5 & WOM51 BOYS & GIRLS1 MU/ />VE AS TRAGIC SACRIFICES ON ! TW9 ALT>S ( UNCONTROLL$ HUMAN REPRODUCTION & UNCONTROLL$ ABUSE ( ! L&'S RE-S\RCES40   
  ,?IS SAME K9D ( >GUM5T WAS ADVANC$ BY ANO!R ECOLOGICAL WRIT]1 ,JOHN ,/EW>D ,COLLIS1 9 ,! ,TRIUMPH ( ! ,TREE 7#a#i#e#d74 ,?IS EM95TLY CIVILIZ$ BIOC5TRIC ?9K] WRITES ( ! 0DREAD SUBJECT1 ?IS ( POPULATION10 ?AT 0,9 #agg ! VA/LY OV]POPULAT$ CONT95T ( ,9DIA WAS ! VICTIM ( A FAM9E 9 :I* T5 MILLION PEOPLE DI$4 ,?AT WAS EXCELL5T -- AS SE5 FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! ANIMALS444 ,BUT \R APPROA* IS SO EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,WE REALLY SEEM TO ?9K ?AT HUMAN BE+S %\LD BE EXEMPT FROM NATURAL LAWS40 

.<#e.> ,NATURALI/ ,G>Y ,PAUL ,NABHAN RELATES SOME EXAMPLES 9 AN 9T]VIEW 9 ! ,JULY_/,AUGU/ #aihf ISSUE ( ! ,COLORADO LIT]>Y MAGAZ9E1 ! ,BLOOMSBURY ,REVIEW1 DESCRIB+ ! GA!R+ ( 0S&FOOD0 7A DUNE PLANT 5DEMIC TO ! DELTA ( ! ,COLORADO ,RIV]7 BY ! ,S& ,PAPAGO ,9DIANS4 ,?IS HUMAN 0TAKEOV]0 REFLECTS A NATURAL 9T]ACTION :I* PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ! G]M9ATION ( ! PLANT2 9 FACT AS GA!R+ HAS DECL9$1 SO HAVE ! PLANT'S NUMB]S4 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE IS ! P>SNIP ( ! ,NOR?WE/3 0,! WAY IT WAS GA!R$ ACTUALLY 9CREAS$ ITS VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION40 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE IS SIMIL> TO ,KROPOTK9'S CRITIQUE1 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY IDEOLOGY & TO MANY ( ! WRIT+S ( R5[N$ ,AM]ICAN NATURALI/ ,C>L ,O4 ,SAU]1 :O POS$ 0ECOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUM0 AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,MAL?USIAN PROPOSITION :I*1 AS HE >GU$1 HAS NEV] BE5 PROV54 7,SEE HIS ,SELECT$ ,ESSAYS3 #a#i#f#d-#a#i#g#e1 FROM ! ,TURTLE ,ISL& ,F\NDATION1 #a#i#h#a47 

.<#f.> ,I HAVE WRITT5 AB\T IT ALREADY 9 0,TE*NOLOGY3 ,A ,SY/EM ( ,DOM9ATION10 ! ,FIF? ,E/ATE1 ,W9T] #a#i#h#d4 7,SEE ALSO ! RELAT$ >TICLES ON TE*NOLOGY 9 ! ,SUMM] #aiha & ,FALL #aiha ISSUES47 

.<#g.> ,9 RESPONSE TO ! SUGGE/ION ?AT HIS RECOMM5DATIONS MI<T BE RACI/1 HE C\NT]S ) AN EXAMPLE ( ,JAPANESE-,AM]ICANS TRY+ TO /OP IMMIGRATION TO ! ,HAWAIIAN ,ISL&S BECAUSE ( ! SEV]E LIMITATIONS ON L&4 ,?IS >GUM5T REPELL$ ME P]SONALLY1 = ,I HAVE SP5T MU* TIME 9 ! ISL&S & HAVE SE5 ) MY [N EYES :AT ! PRIVATE PROP]TY SO HALL[$ 9 ,H>D9'S VIEW HAS DONE4 ,IT IS NOT AN AB/RACT POPULATION QUE/ION !RE2 IT IS ! RUNAWAY T\RISM DEVELOPM5T & ! AGRO-9DU/RIAL CONTAM9ATION ?AT >E ,HAWAII'S PROBLEMS4 ,H>D9'S >TICLE IS 0,LIFEBOAT ,E?ICS3 ,! ,CASE ,AGA9/ ,HELP+ ! ,POOR10 9 ,PSY*OLOGY ,TODAY1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#g#d4 

.<#h.> ,ACTUALLY1 A T9Y SLICE ( MY FRI5DLY COV] LETT] WAS PR9T$1 :]E ,I TOOK ISSUE ) ,=EMAN'S (FH& COMM5T 9 A PREVI\S ISSUE ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGI/ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 0W\LD DO WELL TO GET \T ( HIS /UFFY LIBR>IES & 5C\NT] ! WILD]NESS10 CALL+ IT AN IRRELEVANT & UNJU/ P]SONAL ATTACK4 ,=EMAN PR9T$ ?IS ONE REM>K1 RESPOND+ ?AT HIS COMM5T WAS 0A FUNDAM5TAL CRITIQUE ( ,BOOK*9 & ANYONE ELSE :O RELIES EXCESSIVELY ON S*OL>%IP 9/EAD ( DIRECT WILD]NESS EXP]I5CE = WISDOM40 ,HE ADD$ ?AT 09 VIRTUALLY EV]Y >EA :]E ,I DISAGREE ) HIM1 HIS LACK ( DIRECT WILD]NESS EXP]I5CE IS ! KEY4 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ANYONE1 NO MATT] H[ LE>N$ OR ?\<TFUL1 CAN FULLY UND]/& HUMAN SOCIETY OR ! RELATION%IP ( HUMANS TO ! NATURAL WORLD )\T REGUL>LY 5C\NT]+ ! WILD]NESS & F9D+ 9/RUCTION !RE40 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS NO?+ BUT MY/ICAL DEMAGOGY4 ,=EMAN DIDN'T GET HIS IDEAS ON ,E?IOPIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 DEEP ECOLOGY1 OR ANY?+ ELSE DIRECTLY FROM ! WILD]NESS1 BUT FROM READ+ BOOKS & >TICLES LIKE EV]YONE ELSE -- P>TICUL>LY1 = ONE EXAMPLE1 FROM ,PAUL ,%EPH>D'S /RANGE & TE*NOCRATIC BOOK1 ,! ,T5D] ,C>NIVORE & ! ,SACR$ ,GAME1 & = ANO!R1 FROM ,DAVID ,EHR5FELD'S ,! ,>ROGANCE ( ,HUMANISM1 :I* >E BO? BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS ESSAY TO REVIEW4 ,IT IS DEMAGOGY AS WELL BECAUSE ,=EMAN DOESN'T KN[ AB\T ,BOOK*9'S EXP]I5CE & BECAUSE IT IMPLIES ?AT IT IS HIS [N 7PRESUMABLY CORRECT7 WILD]NESS 09/RUCTION0 ?AT TELLS HIM EXACTLY :]E ,BOOK*9'S IDEAS GO WRONG4 ,=EMAN IS CLAIM+ A SPECIAL RELATION%IP ) NATURE & US+ IT TO PONTIFICATE ON POLITICAL QUE/IONS 7LIKE LETT+ O!RS />VE74 ,:E!R ANY WILD]NESS EXP]I5CE1 EV5 ?AT ( PRIMAL PEOPLE1 CAN BE CALL$ 0DIRECT0 IS QUE/IONABLE4 ,BUT ! WILD]NESS EXP]I5CE ( ANYONE GR[N UP 9 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION IS ALWAYS M$IAT$ BY IDEOLOGY & CULTURE4 0,DIRECT WILD]NESS EXP]I5CE0 IS ALSO A MIDDLE-CLASS FAD1 ) AN 5ORM\S 9DU/RY 9 NYLON & ALUM9UM & PLA/IC PRODUCTS TO MAKE IT ALL POSSIBLE4 ,=EMAN1 AFT] ALL1 IS NO PRIMAL P]SON COM+ FROM A CULTURE EMB$D$ 9 ! NATURAL WORLD2 HE IS A FRONTI]SMAN1 A SETTL]1 :O =GETS ?AT BE+ 9 NATURE PHYSICALLY DOES NOT 9 & ( ITSELF PROMISE ANY 9SI<T4 ,AS ,HEGEL SAID ( NOMADS1 !Y BR+ !IR WORLD ) !M4 7,SIMPLY ,LIV+1 9 :I* ! ,=EMAN-,DEVALL 9T]VIEW APPE>$1 IS A GRE5-ORI5T$ MAGAZ9E AVAILABLE FROM ,P4 ,O4 ,BOX #g#d1 ,MANLY #b#i#e1 ,N4 ,S4 ,W41 ,AU/RALIA47 

.<#i.> ,=EMAN'S VIEWS MAY HAVE *ANG$ SOME:AT S9CE ?IS ESSAY WAS WRITT54 ,:5 ASK$ AB\T ! ,MAL?USIAN POSITION AT A SPEAK+ 5GAGEM5T 9 ,ANN ,>BOR1 ,MI*IGAN 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#h#i1 HE RESPOND$ ?AT ,MAL?US WAS NOT 5TIRELY RI<T1 & ?AT HE HIMSELF HAD 0NO ANSW]S0 TO ! POPULATION QUE/ION4 ,HE IS NO LONG] $ITOR ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 ?\< HE REMA9S ITS PUBLI%] & ! PAP] CONT9UES TO PUBLI% ,MAL?USIAN >TICLES & TO PU% ,CATTON'S BOOK4 7,ON ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 BOOK/ORE PAGE1 ALWAYS 0ANNOTAT$ & 9TRODUC$0 BY ,=EMAN1 HE WRITES 9 ! ,JUNE #aihh & SUBSEQU5T ISSUES ?AT ,CATTON DEMON/RATES ?AT 0WE HAVE 9DE$ SURPASS$ \R C>RY+ CAPACITY10 &1 0,IF Y\ BELIEVE ! HUMANI/ BUNK ?AT ,MAL?US IS WRONG1 Y\ DEF9ITELY NE$ TO READ IT60   
  ,A DEBATE ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 OV] ! QUE/ION ( AN>*Y ALSO PO9TS TO ! ACTUAL CONS]VATIVE DISC\RSE UND]LY+ MU* ( ! RADICAL PO/UR+ ( ACTIVI/S 9FLU5C$ BY DEEP ECOLOGY4 ,IT BEGAN ) AN ATTACK ON AN>*ISM 9 ! ,MAY #aihf ISSUE BY WRIT] ,&REW ,S*MOOKL]1 AU?OR ( ,! ,P>ABLE ( ! ,TRIBES1 & DESCRIB$ BY $ITOR ,=EMAN AS 0ONE ( ! BE/ ECOLOGICAL ?9K]S 9 ! ,U4,S40 ,S*MOOKL]'S ESSAY1 SPR9KL$ ) P>5!TICAL PRAISE & ADV]TISEM5TS = HIS BOOK BY ! $ITOR1 >GUES AGA9/ A MORE AN>*I/-ORI5T$ WRIT]1 ,AU/RALOPI!CUS1 ?AT ! 0UNNATURAL CONDITION ( AN>*Y1 F> FROM BE+ \R SALVATION1 HAS BE5 AT ! ROOT ( ! TORM5T ( CIVILIZATION40 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE1 9 ,S*MOOKL]'S TIR$ LOGIC1 IS REASON 5\< = AN>*Y TO BE REJECT$4 0,AN>*I/S WANT US TO BREAK UP POLITICAL P[]S1 BACK TO A MULTITUDE ( SMALL & SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITIES10 HE WRITES4 0,BUT ! HUMAN SPECIES TRI$ ?AT EXP]IM5T -- UP UNTIL #a1 YE>S AGO4 ,& ! RE/ IS444 HI/ORY40 ,! RE/ IS HI/ORY1 ( C\RSE1 AS IT IS COMMONLY DEF9$1 BUT ,S*MOOKL] FAILS TO NOTICE ?AT ! 0EXP]IM5T0 LA/$ = #ii P]C5T ( HUMAN EXI/5CE4   
  ,GIV5 ,S*MOOKL]'S DEF9ITION ( AN>*Y AS 0ACTION UNGOV]N$ BY ANY LAWFUL ORD]0 7*AOS1 9 O!R WORDS71 HIS CONCLUSIONS >E =EORDA9$4 ,:AT EXI/$ BE=E CIVILIZATION'S LIQUIDATION ( ! 0EXP]IM5T0 ( SMALL1 SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITIES WAS NOT AN>*Y1 HE SAYS4 0,TRUE1 !RE WAS NO HI]>*ICAL P[] /RUCTURE1 BUT !RE WAS GOV]N+ ORD]444 ,!RE IS NO RUL] 9 ?IS LAWFUL ORD]444 ,EA* FOLL[S ONLY ITS [N LAW -- PURSU+ ITS [N 5DS -- BUT ?IS LAW & !SE 5DS >E P>T ( A H>MONI\S NATURAL ORD]40 ,S*MOOKL] IS AN IGNORAMUS :O HASN'T EV5 READ A BASIC AN?OLOGY ( AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY S9CE HE HAS MORE OR LESS DESCRIB$ AN>*Y AS ITS CLASSICAL PROPON5TS DEF9$ IT4 ,NO HI]>*1 NO LEAD] 7OR >*ON71 NO >*Y OR /ATE3 AN>*Y4 ,HE DOES NOT HAVE ! SLI<TE/ IDEA :AT HE IS TALK+ AB\T4 ,= HIM1 AN>*Y IS H[ ! /ATE & ITS IDEOLOGUES1 H[ HANG+ JUDGES & NEWSPAP] HEADL9ES DEF9E IT4   
  ,H5CE HIS CONCLUSION ?AT 0! /ATE IS BUT A SYMPTOM ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM10 :I* IS P[]4 ,!RE=E1 CONTRADICTORILY1 0P[] IS NECESS>Y = SOCIAL SURVIVAL444 WE HAD BETT] CREATE SUFFICI5T GOV]NM5T TO CONTROL ! FREE PLAY ( P[]444 !RE %\LD BE A WORLD ORD] SUFFICI5T0 TO C>RY \T ?IS TASK4 ,! /ATE1 A SYMPTOM ( ! PROBLEM ( P[]1 BECOMES ! SOLUTION4 ,9 ANSW] TO ! OBVI\S RESPONSE1 :O WILL GU>D ! GU>DIAN1 HE SOLEMNIZES1 0,GOV]NM5T IS A P>ADOX1 BUT !RE IS NO ESCAP+ IT40 ,?IS ECCLESIA/ICAL L9E EVOKES AN IMAGE ( ,W9/ON ,SMI? FLEE+ FROM ! GAZE ( ,BIG ,BRO!R1 OR ,GUY ,DEBORD'S REM>K ?AT ?IS CIVILIZATION 0'NO LONG] PROMISES ANY?+4 ,IT NO LONG] SAYS1 ,:AT APPE>S IS GOOD1 :AT IS GOOD APPE>S4' ,IT SIMPLY SAYS3 ',IT IS SO4'0   
  ,SMUGLY EXTOLL+ SLAVE-[N+ COLONIAL CONQU]ORS SU* AS ,MADISON & ! FRAM]S ( ! ,U4,S4 ,CON/ITUTION1 ,S*MOOKL] ASKS1 0,:Y DO WE S5D \T ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D :5 A DISA/] DISRUPTS SOCIETY'S ORD]80 ,SOCIETY'S 0ORD]0 9CLUDES ! BUS9ESS-AS-USUAL ( WORK SLAV]Y & ECOLOGICAL DEVA/ATION ?AT ,E>? ,FIR/6 & MANY O!RS SP5D !IR TIME FI<T+1 BUT NO MATT]4 ,& HE POSITS ! HORRIBLE SITUATION 9 ,LEBANON AS AN EXAMPLE ( :AT HAPP5S 9 ! ABS5CE ( A /RONG1 C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,!RE W]E MANY RESPONSES TO ,S*MOOKL] FROM ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 RANKS & ELSE:]E2 MO/ W]E SUPPRESS$ BY ! $ITORS1 ?\< ,S*MOOKL] HAD A *ANCE TO QUOTE FROM SOME ( !M 9 ORD] TO ANSW] HIS 9VISIBLE CRITICS4 ,?REE DIFF]5T PEOPLE TOLD US ?AT !Y HAD RESPOND$1 TWO ( !M ,E>? ,FIR/6]S1 BUT !IR LETT]S NEV] SAW ! LI<T ( DAY4 ,ONE1 ,JACK ,/RAW 7C_/O ,! ,DAILY ,BATTLE1 #b ,C5T] ,/REET _?#a#b1 ,B]KELEY1 ,C,A #i#d#g#d71 REPLI$ TO ,S*MOOKL] ?AT 0,GOV]NORS & PRESID5TS 7NOT ! AB/RACT 'WE' Y\ REF] TO7 S5D \T ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D NOT TO PROTECT ! MANY AGA9/ ! T]RORI/ FEW1 BUT TO GU>D PRIVATE PROP]TY4440 ,ALL ( ?IS WAS LO/ ON ,S*MOOKL]1 BUT ! RANK-&-FILE SUBSCRIB]S NEV] GOT A *ANCE TO MAKE UP !IR [N M9DS BY READ+ DIFF]5T PO9TS ( VIEW4   
  ,! PO9TS ( VIEW !Y READ W]E ?OSE ( LUM9>IES APPROV$ BY ! $ITOR1 P>TICUL>LY ,$W>D ,ABBEY1 :O BLAM$ ! SLAU<T] 9 ,LEBANON ON OV]POPULATION & :OSE DEF5SE ( AN>*Y S\ND$ MORE LIKE A PORTRAIT ( VIGILANTISM4 ,EV5 REGUL> CONTRIBUTOR ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES1 :O ACCURATELY BLAM$ ! CRISIS 9 ,LEBANON NOT ON /ATELESSNESS BUT ON ! /ATE1 FAIL$ TO PO9T \T ! PATT]NS ( 9T]IMP]IAL RIVALRY & ! PRES5T ROLE ( ! ,U4,S4 EMPIRE & ITS CLI5T /ATE ,ISRAEL 9 ! UNRAVEL+ & SLAU<T] OCCURR+ ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,AGA91 ! LACK ( AN UND]/&+ 7OR AT LEA/ AN >TICULATION7 ( ! SOCIAL-POLITICAL CONTEXT1 EV5 FROM ! AN>*I/-ORI5T$ W+ ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 IS />TL+4   
  ,AS = ,S*MOOKL]1 HE IS ONLY A ,U4,S4 NATIONALI/ & A %ILL = AU?ORIT>IAN P[]4 ,ON ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 = EXAMPLE1 ,S*MOOKL] WROTE 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #aihe ISSUE ( ,NEW ,OPTIONS 79 A PIECE 5TITL$ 0,REMEMB] ,U4,S4 ,9T]E/S07 ?AT 0NATIONS444 DO NOT HAVE ! LUXURY ( BE+ COMPLETELY UNSELFI%444 ,& IT IS NOT DESIRABLE = PEOPLE ( GOODWILL TO DEBATE ,U4,S4 =EIGN POLICY )\T REG>D TO ,AM]ICAN 9T]E/S40 ,HE ADMITS ?AT HE DOES NOT KN[ 0:AT VITAL ,AM]ICAN 9T]E/S >E AT /AKE 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA10 BUT HE HYPOCRITICALLY ASS]TS ?AT ! ,U4,S4 0PLAYS AN OV]ALL POSITIVE ROLE0 NOT ONLY 9 ! WORLD1 BUT 09 ! EVOLUTION ( \R SPECIES40 ,H]E1 AGA91 IS ! IMP]IALI/ ,D>W9 7& ,SP5C]76 0,! WORLD W\LD BE A WORSE PLACE10 WE >E LECTUR$1 0IF ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DISAPPE>$ OV]NI<T40 ,HE MI<T ASK ! OP9ION ( ! #a1 ,GUATEMALANS MURD]$ BY ,U4,S4-BACK$ DICTATOR%IPS S9CE ! ,C4,I4,A4 OV]?R[ ( !IR GOV]NM5T 9 #a#i#e#d1 OR ! #e1 ,SALVADORANS BUT*]$ BY ANO!R ,U4,S4 CLI5T1 ) ,U4,S4 SUPPORT1 S9CE #a#i#h1 & ON & ON4 ,BUT ( C\RSE !Y CAN'T REPLY4 ,S*MOOKL] DECIDES ?AT S9CE ! ,U4,S4 %\LDN'T DISAPPE>1 WE MU/ UND]/& ?AT SOMETIMES 0\R VITAL 9T]E/S & ! RI<TS ( O!RS0 MAY CONFLICT1 MAK+ NECESS>Y 0AGONIZ+ MORAL *OICES40 ,?IS IS AN APOLOGY = SY/EMATIC G5OCIDE4   
  ,=EMAN'S T\T+ ( ?IS 0ECOLOGICAL ?9K]0 SEEMS TO 9DICATE NOT ONLY A CONS]VATIVE1 IMP]IALI/ ELEM5T AMONG CONTEMPOR>Y 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 BUT A DESIRE TO HEAD (F ! HEAL?Y1 ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN CURR5TS 9 ! GR\P ?AT RECOGNIZE ! L9K BETWE5 ,U4,S4 CORPORATE EMPIRE1 9T]NATIONAL IMP]IALI/ CONFLICT1 ! /ATE1 & ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,BUT ! 0BIG GUNS0 HE EMPLOY$ W]E RA!R PITIFUL4 

.<#a.> ,ONE ( ! BOOK'S GREATE/ %ORTCOM+S IS PROBABLY ITS FAILURE TO ADDRESS ! PROBLEM ( ! RIS+ ASPIRATIONS 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD = A HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON ! SAME POSITIVI/IC-SCI5TI/IC RELIGION ?AT HAS L$ ! ,WE/]N WORLD TO ! TE*NOLOGICAL IMPASSE IT PRES5TLY FACES4 ,P]HAPS ?IS WAS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( A BOOK :I* FOCUS$ ON DISCR$IT+ ! MY?S ( WORLD HUNG]1 BUT 9DU/RIALIZATION & ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( CULTURE1 FROM A SOCIAL AS WELL AS AN ECOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 >E AS S]I\S ?REATS AS ANY O!R FAC$ 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,AS ,RUDOLF ,BAHRO WRITES 9 ,SOCIALISM & ,SURVIVAL1 0,ON A WORLD SCALE 9DU/RIALIZATION CANNOT BE A*IEV$ ANY LONG]10 S9CE ! E>?'S NATURAL LIMITS WILL NOT ALL[ ! GR[+ WORLD POPULATION TO LIVE LIKE ! CURR5T ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN MIDDLE CLASS4 0,& AT ! NATIONAL LEVEL 9DU/RIALIZATION CAN NO LONG] SOLVE ANY PROBLEMS ( G5]AL 9T]E/4 ,AS HAS BE5 %[N 9 ! LA/ DECADE -- ! SO-CALL$ DECADE ( DEVELOPM5T -- 9DU/RIALIZATION WILL ONLY 9CREASE ! SUM ( ABSOLUTE IMPOV]I%M5T4 ,! CONCLUSION IS TO DIS5GAGE1 NOT = A BETT] 9DU/RIALIZATION1 BUT = A DIFF]5T TYPE ( CIVILIZATION4440 ,:AT %\LD 0! WRET*$ ( ! E>?444 DIRECT !MSELVES T[>DS80 ,BAHRO ASKS4 0,%\LDN'T ! 9HABITANTS ( ! RAN*OS ORGANIZE = SOME?+ V]Y SIMIL> TO ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T EXODUS FROM ,EGYPT3 AN \TBREAK BACK TO ! C\NTRYSIDE80 ,! MON/] WE FACE1 !RE=E1 IS NOT SIMPLY PLUND] & 9EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION4 0,! MON/] IS \R 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 \R 9DU/RIAL WAY ( LIFE ITSELF40 7,SOCIALISM & ,SURVIVAL1 ,H]ETIC ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#b47 

.<#a#a.> ,H>RISON COMM5TS ?AT IF ONE W]E TO CONSID] ! IDEA ( REP>ATIONS TO ! ,?IRD ,WORLD = EXPLOITATION & DAMAGE DONE1 ! TOTAL 0W\LD PROBABLY BE A/RONOMICAL40 ,TO GIVE AN IDEA1 HE M5TIONS ,*ILI4 ,!RE1 UND] ! GOV]NM5T ( ,SALVADOR ,ALL5DE1 ECONOMI/S1 DECID+ ON COMP5SATION CO/S ?AT W\LD BE PAID TO MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS = NATIONALIZ+ COPP] HOLD+S1 0E/IMAT$ ?AT ! COMPANIES HAD MADE EXCESS PR(ITS ( @s#g#g#d MILLION & ?AT F> FROM HAV+ A RI<T TO ANY COMP5SATION1 ! COMPANIES ACTUALLY [$ ,*ILI @s#c#g#h MILLION40 ,( C\RSE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES QUICKLY PUT AN 5D TO ?IS K9D ( ECONOMIC SPECULATION4 

.<#a#b.> ,ACTUALLY1 MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS >E ATTEMPT+ TO %IFT ! GLOBAL SUP]M>KET 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD AS WELL4 ,9DIA1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS A SIZABLE MOD]N ECONOMY & MIDDLE CLASS ) P]HAPS AS MANY AS #e MILLION PEOPLE 0:O CAN CONSUME ON ! LEVEL ) MO/ ,AM]ICANS & ,WE/]N ,EUROPEANS10 ACCORD+ TO ONE CORPORATE ADVIS] QUOT$ BY ,LAPPE & ,COLL9S4 ,MANY MULT9ATIONALS >E RAPIDLY BUY+ \T & WRECK+ LOCAL FOOD-PRODUC+ CONC]NS & PU%+ !IR HI<-5]GY-CONSUM+1 LESS NUTRITI\S PRODUCTS ON ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD )9 ,?IRD ,WORLD C\NTRIES IS AS UNEV5 AS ! DISCREPANCIES BETWE5 !M & ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ NATIONS1 & IT IS GETT+ WORSE1 AS ! FIGURES 9 ,H>RISON'S BOOK %[4 

.<#a#c.> ,9 ,CO/A ,RICA1 BEEF PRODUCTION NE>LY QUADRUPL$ BETWE5 #aif & #a#i#h1 BUT LOCAL CONSUMPTION DECL9$ BY ALMO/ #d P]C5T4 0,GUATEMALA & ,HONDURAS FOLL[$ ! SAME PATT]N10 WRITES ,ALB]T ,L4 ,HUEBN]4 0,SO DID ,NIC>AGUA UNTIL #a#i#g#i1 :5 ! ,SOMOZA DICTATOR%IP WAS OV]?R[N4 ,UND] ?AT PLUND]+ REGIME1 BEEF PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ ?REEFOLD AFT] #a#i#f1 BUT BEEF EXPORTS 9CREAS$ NE>LY SIX-FOLD4 ,! ,SOMOZA FAMILY [N$ ONE-F\R? ( ! C\NTRY'S F>ML&1 AS WELL AS SIX BEEF-IMPORT+ COMPANIES 9 ,MIAMI40 7,SEE 0,WORLD ,HUNG] ,MY?S3 ,TAK+ ,FOOD ,FROM ! ,POOR'S ,M\?S10 ,ALB]T ,L4 ,HUEBN]1 ,! ,NATION1 ,JUNE #b#b1#a#i#h#e47 ,9 LI<T ( SU* LOOT+1 IT %\LD BECOME CLE>]1 EV5 TO ! DIMME/ DEEP ECOLOGI/1 :Y NATIONALI/ REGIMES ?AT CEASE TO S]VE AS SIMPLE CONDUITS = MASSIVE ,U4,S4 CORPORATE EXPLOITATION COME UND] SU* P[]FUL ATTACK -- ,GUATEMALA 9 #a#i#e#d1 ,*ILI 9 #a#i#g#c1 & N[ ,NIC>AGUA1 TO NAME JU/ A FEW4 ,IRONICALLY1 9 CONTRA/ TO ,DAVE ,=EMAN'S P>ANOID DESIRE TO PROTECT 0! RES\RCES WE HAVE0 9 ! ,U4,S4 FROM FAMI%$ ,LAT9 ,AM]ICANS1 ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T PHILOSOPHY S9CE ! #a#i#eS HAS BE5 TO RELY ON V>I\S POLICE /ATES & TO HOLD BACK 0NATIONALI/IC REGIMES0 ?AT MI<T BE MORE RESPONSIVE TO 09CREAS+ POPUL> DEM& = IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5T 9 ! L[ LIV+ /&>DS ( ! MASSES10 9 ORD] TO 0PROTECT \R RES\RCES0 -- 9 !IR C\NTRIES6 ,H5CE ! CURR5T G5OCIDAL W> AGA9/ ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA4 7,SEE 0,! ,SC&ALS ( #a#i#h#f10 BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 9 ! ,SPR+_/,SUMM] #aihg ,\R ,G5]ATION4 ,ALSO HIS  ,TURN+ ! ,TIDE3 ,U4,S4 ,9T]V5TION 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA & ! ,/RUGGLE = ,PEACE1 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e1 :I* %\LD BE READ BY EV]Y DEEP ECOLOGI/47   
  ,DESPITE MANY 9=MATIVE >TICLES1 & MU* ACTIVITY 9 BEHALF ( RA9=E/S1 ! CONNECTION BETWE5 HUMAN SUFF]+ & HABITAT DE/RUCTION IS R>ELY MADE 9 ,E>? ,FIR/6 ,= 9=MATION ON RA9=E/S WRITE TO ! ,RA9=E/ ,ACTION ,NETWORK1 #ca ,BROADWAY1 ,SUITE ,A1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 ,C,A #i#d#a#c#c4 ,! ,WORLD ,RA9=E/ ,REPORT =M]LY APPE>$ AS A SUPPLEM5T 9 ,E>? ,FIR/61 BUT HAD A SOME:AT DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVE1 AS F> AS ,I C\LD TELL1 ON ! POPULATION QUE/ION4 ,ONE SU* SUPPLEM5T CONTA9$ AN >TICLE ON DE=E/ATION 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES /RESS+ ?AT :ILE POPULATION PRESSURE 0HAS BE5 ! COMMON SCAPEGOAT = MANY ILLS 9 DEVELOP+ C\NTRIES10 & :ILE SU* PRESSURE 0WILL HAVE A DIRECT IMPACT ON =E/ DE/RUCTION 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES10 IT IS POV]TY ?AT UND]LIES ! PROBLEM4 ,! WAY TO PROMOTE SMALL] FAMILIES1 ! AU?OR >GU$1 IS 0TO PROVIDE LIVELIHOODS ALL[+ = A LIFE ( DIGNITY40 ,DESPITE S]I\S POPULATION 9CREASE1 0EXI/+ S\RCES W\LD HAVE SUFFIC$0 9 MANY SITUATIONS 0HAD !RE BE5 EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION40 ,HE GAVE AS AN EXAMPLE ! ISL& ( ,PALAWAN1 :]E ! UPL& =E/S >E BE+ DE/ROY$ BY POOR F>M]S :ILE ! L[L&S1 HELD BY ABS5TEE L&-LORDS1 SIT IDLE4 

.<#a#d.> ,?IS IS NOT ! IMAGE ( WORLD HUNG] HELD BY MO/ ,NOR? ,AM]ICANS4 ,RA!R1 ! ,U4,S4 IS SE5 AS ! 0BREADBASKET ( ! WORLD10 FE$+ ! POOR NATIONS & KEEP+ !M FROM EV5 MORE SEV]E MIS]Y ?AN !Y >E CURR5TLY UND]GO+4 0,! TRU?10 WRITES ,HUEBN] 9 ! >TICLE CIT$ ABOVE1 0IS QUITE DIFF]5T40 ,9 #a#i#g#h1 = EXAMPLE1 0A REPRES5TATIVE YE> BETWE5 P]IODS ( FAM9E1 MO/ ,U4,S4 AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS W5T TO WELL-F$ NATIONS1 NOT TO ?OSE :]E MALNUTRITION IS P]VASIVE4 ,& = ALL ! IMPORTANCE PLAC$ ON BREADBASKETS1 ONLY ONE FIF? ( ! GRA9 9 9T]NATIONAL TRADE GOES TO LESS-DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES40 ,IF WE LOOK AT PROTE9 DEFICI5CY1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO WORLD HUNG] ANALY/ ,GEORGE ,BORG/ROM1 0MU/ BE REG>D$ AS ! *IEF NUTRITIONAL DEFICI5CY ( ! WORLD10 PROTE9 IS FL[+ FROM ! POOR TO ! RI* NATIONS4 0,RA!R ?AN ! RI* FE$+ ! POOR10 WRITE ,HUEBN]1 0! POOR FE$ ! RI*40   
  ,! ,U4,S41 = EXAMPLE1 IMPORTS MORE MEAT ?AN IT EXPORTS2 9 #a#i#g#g1 IT EXPORT$ AB\T @s#f BILLION1 BUT IMPORT$ TWICE ?AT AM\NT4 ,U4,S4 IMPORTS ( FI% HAVE RIS5 AS WELL1 D\BL+ S9CE ! #a#i#eS4 ,DUR+ #a#i#g#a1 :5 A PREVI\S FAM9E WRACK$ ,AFRICA1 #ef MILLION P\NDS ( FI% W]E EXPORT$ FROM ! H>DE/-HIT REGIONS4 ,9 ,MALAYSIA1 DESPITE A 0SUB/ANTIAL 9CREASE 9 ! TOTAL CAT*0 BETWE5 #aifg & #a#i#g#e1 0P] CAPITA FI% CONSUMPTION DROPP$ BY #c P]C5T4 ,9 ,?AIL& & ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 SEAFOOD EXPORTS HAVE ALSO 9CREAS$ RAPIDLY :ILE LOCAL CONSUMPTION HAS DECL9$40   
  0,BECAUSE ! POOR >E FE$+ ! RI*10 ,HUEBN] CONCLUDES1 0FAM9E 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD WILL 9CREASE40 ,& 9CREAS+ EXPORTS1 :I* IS ! /ATI/ /RATEGY1 WILL ONLY EXAC]BATE ! PROBLEM4 ,AFRICA (F]S 0A /RIK+ ILLU/RATION10 ACCORD+ TO ,HUEBN]4 0,M$IA ACC\NTS PORTRAY ! CONT95T'S FOOD PROBLEM AS A BL5D ( DR\<T1 DISEASE1 OV]POPULATION1 POLITICAL 9/ABILITY1 & 9EFFICI5T PEASANT F>M+4 ,! PREVAIL+ S5SE IS ?AT ,AFRICA IS A BASKET CASE :I* WILL SURVIVE ONLY ?R\< MASSIVE1 OP5-5D$ AID4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS A RI* & /EADY S\RCE ( CROPS CONSUM$ DAILY 9 ! ADVANC$ NATIONS -- MEAT1 VEGETABLES1 TEA1 C(FEE1 COCOA1 SUG> -- & EV5 ( FRE% FL[]S = ! D9N] TABLE4 ,9CREAS$ EXPORTS WILL PR(IT 9T]NATIONAL AGRIBUS9ESS1 :I* DOM9ATES ,?IRD ,WORLD AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION1 & WILL MA9TA9 ! L>GE L&HOLD]S !RE1 BUT IT WON'T FE$ HUNGRY ,AFRICANS40   
  ,! /RATEGY ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 :ILE A 0MORE PROMIS+0 ONE1 HE EXPLA9S1 IS ALSO FLAW$3 0,SELF-SUFFICI5CY 9 LESS-DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES CAN'T HAPP5 UNTIL IT IS PRACTIC$ BY ! DEVELOP$ NATIONS1 & !Y REL9QUI% !IR CONTROL ( ! WORLD FOOD SY/EM444 ,! QUE/ION1 ,:AT CAN POOR C\NTRIES DO TO BECOME SELF-SUFFICI5T8 REQUIRES A SMALL1 BUT CRITICAL *ANGE TO ,:AT CAN RI* C\NTRIES DO TO BECOME SELF-SUFFICI5T80 

.<#a#e.> ,GREG ,KAZA 9 0,! ,POISON+ ( ,AM]ICA10 ,DETROIT ,METRO ,TIMES1 ,JANU>Y #f-#a#b1#a#i#h#h4 

.<#a#f.> ,9 SOME C\NTRIES ! LACK ( L&1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 & PLUMMET+ WAGES HAVE REV]S$ ?IS T5D5CY1 & POPULATION GR[? MAY BE />T+ TO BOTTOM \T4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,H>RISON1 ,BALI1 ,?AIL&1 ,9DONESIA1 & ,EGYPT HAVE SE5 SIGNIFICANT DROPS 9 !IR GR[? RATES DUE TO A COMB9ATION ( L&LESSNESS1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 & VIGOR\S FAMILY-PLANN+ PROGRAMS4 ,LAPPE & ,COLL9S >GUE1 0,9 C\NTRIES :]E ! DECL9E 9 BIR? RATE HAS BE5 SIGNIFICANT1 ! CAUSAL FACTORS DO NOT APPE> TO BE DIRECT BIR? CONTROL PROGRAMS SO MU* AS A %IFT 9 RES\RCES T[>D ! POORE/ GR\PS40 ,9 C\NTRIES SU* AS ,SRI ,LANKA1 ,S+APORE1 ,HONG ,KONG1 ,TAIWAN1 ,EGYPT1 ,>G5T9A1 ,URUGUAY1 ,CO/A ,RICA1 & ,CUBA1 0MO/ HAVE1 OR ONCE HAD1 SOME NATIONAL POLICIES FAVOR+ ! L[-9COME GR\PS1 :]EAS 9 C\NTRIES SU* AS ,BRAZIL1 ,V5EZUELA1 ! ,PHILIPP9ES & ,MEXICO1 ! WELL-BE+ ( L[-9COME GR\PS IS DIM9I%+1 & BIR? RATES >E NOT DECL9+ SIGNIFICANTLY40 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bba 3 ,H[ ,DEEP IS ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY8 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,H[ ,DEEP IS ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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