,H[ ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ,LO/8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I 

,?IS YE> M>KS ! #i? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE ! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? APPE>S TO BE ON ! DECL9E1 SOME RADICALS >E SOME 9FATUAT$ ) IT & SO1 UN=TUNATELY1 AN>*I/S /ILL NE$ TO EXPLA9 :Y ,L59ISM LEAD TO ,/AL9ISM4 ,AN EFFECTIVE WAY ( DO+ SO IS TO CONTRA/ ! CLAIMS ( ,L59I/S ) REALITY4 ,*RIS ,H>MAN'S 0,H[ ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ,LO/0 IS AN ATTEMPT BY ! ,BRITI% ,S,W,P TO EXPLA9 ! RISE ( ,/AL9ISM :ILE EXON]AT+ ! POLITICS ( ,BOL%EVISM AT ! SAME TIME4.<#a.> ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #aifg TO M>K ! #e? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! REVOLUTION1 ?IS ESSAY IS /ILL US$ BY ! P>TY & CONTA9S ALL ! BASIC !MES !Y1 & O!R ,L59I/S1 USE TO DEF5D ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!RE=E1 IT IS WOR? LOOK+ AT 9 ORD] TO SEE H[ ITS CLAIMS HAVE SURVIV$ REC5T RESE>* & :E!R ! ORIG9AL ASS]TIONS BE> UP TO ANALYSIS4 ,!Y DO NOT4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,H>MAN PLACES ! BLAME ON ! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION ON ! CIVIL W> & ! ISOLATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES FAC+ ! REVOLUTION W]E ! S\RCE ( ! DEVIATIONS ( ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES FROM SOCIALI/ IDEAS4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,L59 HIMSELF ACKN[L$G$ 9 #a#i#a#g1 0REVOLUTION 4441 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 W\LD GIVE RISE TO EXCEPTIONALLY COMPLICAT$ CIRCUM/ANCES0 & 0REVOLUTION IS ! %>PE/1 MO/ FURI\S1 DESP]ATE CLASS W> & CIVIL W>4 ,NOT A S+LE GREAT REVOLUTION 9 HI/ORY HAS ESCAP$ CIVIL W>4 ,NO ONE :O DOES NOT LIVE 9 A %ELL C\LD IMAG9E ?AT CIVIL W> IS CONCEIVABLE )\T EXCEPTIONALLY COMPLICAT$ CIRCUM/ANCES40 .<#b.> ,AS SU*1 IT SEEMS DIFFICULT TO BLAME ! 9ESCAPABLE RESI/ANCE BY ! RUL+ CLASS = ! PROBLEMS ( A REVOLUTION4 ,IF IT CANNOT H&LE ! 9EVITABLE1 !N ,BOL%EVISM IS CLE>LY TO BE AVOID$4 

,GOT NO CLASS8 

,H>MAN SEES ! KEY AS 0! DISLOCATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT WAS R$UC$ TO #dc P] C5T ( ITS =M] NUMB]S4 ,! O!RS W]E RETURN$ TO !IR VILLAGES OR DEAD ON ! BATTLEFIELD4 ,9 PURELY QUANTITATIVE T]MS1 ! CLASS ?AT HAD L$ ! REVOLUTION1 ! CLASS :OSE DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES HAD CON/ITUT$ ! LIV+ CORE ( ,SOVIET P[]1 WAS HALV$ 9 IMPORTANCE444 ,:AT REMA9$ WAS NOT EV5 HALF ( ?AT CLASS0 AS :AT WAS LEFT WAS ATOMIZ$4 ,?US ! 0DECIMATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS0 MEANT ?AT 0( NECESSITY ! ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS TOOK ON A LIFE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! CLASS !Y HAD >IS5 FROM40 

,! MAJOR PROBLEM ) ?IS ASS]TION IS SIMPLY ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS WAS MORE ?AN CAPABLE ( COLLECTIVE ACTION ?R\<\T ! ,CIVIL ,W> P]IOD -- AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 ! ,MOSC[ >EA1 :ILE IT IS 0IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY :AT PROPORTION ( WORK]S W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! V>I\S DI/URBANCES10 FOLL[+ ! LULL AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! WORK]S' CONF]5CE MOVEM5T 9 MID-#a#i#a#h 0EA* WAVE ( UNRE/ WAS MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! LA/1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! MASS MOVEM5T FROM LATE #a#i#b40 ,= EXAMPLE1 AT ! 5D ( ,JUNE #a#i#a#i1 0A ,MOSC[ COMMITTEE ( DEF5SE 7,K,O,M7 WAS =M$ TO DEAL ) ! RIS+ TIDE ( DI/URBANCES 444 ,K,O,M CONC5TRAT$ EM]G5CY P[] 9 ITS H&S1 OV]RID+ ! ,MOSC[ ,SOVIET1 & DEM&+ OB$I5CE FROM ! POPULATION4 ,! DI/URBANCES DI$ D[N UND] ! PRESSURE ( REPRESSION40 ,9 E>LY #a#i#b#a1 0MILIT>Y UNITS CALL$ 90 AGA9/ /RIK+ WORK]S 0REFUS$ TO OP5 FIRE1 & !Y W]E REPLAC$ BY ! >M$ COMMUNI/ DETA*M5TS0 :O DID4 0,! FOLL[+ DAY SEV]AL FACTORIES W5T ON /RIKE0 & TROOPS 0DIS>M$ & LOCK$ 9 AS A PRECAUTION0 BY ! GOV]NM5T AGA9/ POSSIBLE FRAT]NIZ+4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#cRD1 0,MOSC[ WAS PLAC$ UND] M>TIAL LAW ) A #b#d-H\R WAT* ON FACTORIES BY ! COMMUNI/ DETA*M5TS & TRU/WOR?Y >MY UNITS40 .<#c.> 

,NOR WAS ?IS COLLECTIVE /RUGGLE LIMIT$ TO ,MOSC[4 0,/RIKE ACTION REMA9$ 5DEMIC 9 ! FIR/ N9E MON?S ( #a#i#b0 & 09 ! FIR/ SIX MON?S ( #aib /RIKES HAD OCCURR$ 9 SEV5TY-SEV5 P] C5T ( MIDDLE-SIZ$ & L>GE WORKS40 ,= ! ,PETROGRAD PROV9CE1 SOVIET FIGURES /ATE ?AT 9 #aiai !RE W]E #eb /RIKES ) #f#e1#f#b#e P>TICIPANTS & 9 #aib #gc /RIKES ) #h#e1#f#d#e1 BO? HI< FIGURES AS ACCORD+ TO ONE SET ( FIGURES1 :I* >E BY NO MEANS ! L[E/1 !RE W]E #a#i1#a WORK]S !RE4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y & ,M>* #aiba 09DU/RIAL UNRE/ BROKE \T 9 A NATION-WIDE WAVE ( DISCONT5T 444 ,G5]AL /RIKES1 OR V]Y WIDESPREAD UNRE/1 HIT ,PETROGRAD1 ,MOSC[1 ,S>ATOV & ,EKAT]9OSLAVL40 ,ONLY ONE MAJOR 9DU/RIAL REGION WAS UNAFFECT$4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS REPLI$ ) A 0MILIT>Y CLAMP-D[N1 MASS >RE/S & O!R CO]CIVE MEASURES1 SU* AS ! CLOSURE ( 5T]PRISES1 ! PURG+ ( ! WORK=CE & /OPP+ ( RATIONS :I* ACCOMPANI$ !M40 .<#d.> 

,GIV5 ?IS COLLECTIVE REBELLION ALL ACROSS ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ,RUSSIA ?R\<\T ! ,CIVIL ,W> & AFT]1 IT H>D TO TAKE ,H>MAN S]I\SLY :5 HE >GUES ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS HAD 0CEAS$ TO EXI/ 9 ANY MEAN+FUL S5SE40.<#e.> ,CLE>LY IT HAD & WAS CAPABLE ( COLLECTIVE ACTION & ORGANIZATION -- UNTIL IT WAS REPRESS$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,?IS IMPLIES ?AT A KEY FACTOR 9 RISE ( ,/AL9ISM WAS POLITICAL -- ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT ! WORK]S W\LD NOT VOTE ,BOL%EVIK 9 FREE SOVIET & UNION ELECTIONS & SO !Y W]E NOT ALL[$ TO4 ,AS ONE ,SOVIET ,HI/ORIAN PUT IT1 0TAK+ ! ACC\NT ( ! MOOD ( ! WORK]S1 ! DEM& = FREE ELECTIONS TO ! SOVIETS .<RAIS$ 9 E>LY #a#i#b#a.> MEANT ! IMPLEM5TATION 9 PRACTICE ( ! 9FAM\S SLOGAN ( SOVIETS )\T COMMUNI/S10 AL?\< !RE IS LITTLE EVID5CE ?AT ! /RIK]S ACTUALLY RAIS$ ?AT 09FAM\S0 SLOGAN4.<#f.> ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ,BOL%EVIK OR?ODOXY AT ! TIME /RESS$ ?AT1 TO QUOTE ,L591 ?AT 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BE EX]CIS$ ?R\< AN ORGANIZATION EMBRAC+ ! :OLE ( ! CLASS 444 ,IT CAN BE EX]CIS$ ONLY BY A VANGU>D40.<#g.> ,Z9OVIEV CL>IFI$ :AT ?IS MEANT3 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS AT ! SAME TIME ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40.<#h.> 

,H>MAN PRES5TS A SOME:AT CONTRADICTORY ACC\NT ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ?IS P]IOD1 >GU+ ?AT MANY WORK]S FL$ 0RETURN$ TO !IR VILLAGES0 & ?AT 0RAW PEASANTS FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE1 )\T SOCIALI/ TRADITIONS OR ASPIRATIONS1 TOOK !IR PLACE40.<#i.> ,:Y W\LD PEASANTS COME TO ! />V+ T[NS :5 WORK]S W]E FLEE+ !M8 ,LOOK+ AT ! /RIKE WAVE ( E>LY #a#i#b#a1 ! 0/RONGE/ REASON0 = ACCEPT+ ?AT IT WAS E/ABLI%$ WORK]S :O W]E BEH9D IT WAS 0! =M & C\RSE ( PROTE/0 :I* REA*$ 0BACK ?R\< ! SPR+ ( #aiag & BEYOND .<&.> W]E AN IMPORTANT FACTOR0 9 ITS ORGANIZATION4.<#a.> 

,CLE>LY1 ,H>MAN'S >GUM5T CAN BE FAULT$4 ,NOR IS IT P>TICUL>LY ORIG9AL1 AS IT DATES BACK TO ,L59 & WAS FIR/ =MULAT$ 0TO JU/IFY A POLITICAL CLAMP-D[N0 9 RESPONSE TO RIS+ WORK+ CLASS PROTE/ RA!R ?AN ITS LACK3 0,AS DISCONT5T AMONG WORK]S BECAME MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO IGNORE1 ,L59 444 BEGAN TO >GUE ?AT ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD DET]IORAT$ 444 WORK]S HAD BECOME 'DECLASS$4'0 ,H[EV]1 !RE 0IS LITTLE EVID5CE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! DEM&S ?AT WORK]S MADE AT ! 5D ( #aib 444 REPRES5T$ A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE 9 ASPIRATIONS S9CE #a#i#a#g40 .<#a#a.> ,SO :ILE ! 0 WORK+ CLASS HAD DECREAS$ 9 SIZE & *ANG$ 9 COMPOSITION1444 ! PROTE/ MOVEM5T FROM LATE #aib MADE CLE> ?AT IT WAS NOT A NEGLIGIBLE =CE & ?AT 9 AN 9*OATE WAY IT RETA9$ A VISION ( SOCIALISM :I* WAS NOT ID5TIFI$ 5TIRELY ) ,BOL%EVIK P[] 444 ,L59'S >GUM5TS ON ! DECLASS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS MORE A WAY ( AVOID+ ?IS UNPLEASANT TRU? ?AN A REAL REFLECTION ( :AT REMA9$1 9 ,MOSC[ AT LEA/1 A SUB/ANTIAL PHYSICAL & IDEOLOGICAL =CE40.<#a#b.> 

,?IS EXPLA9S :Y WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE DUR+ ?IS P]IOD G5]ALLY FAILS TO GET M5TION$ BY ! LIKES ( ! ,S,W,P4 ,IT SIMPLY UND]M9ES !IR JU/IFICATIONS = ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP4 

,DIVIDE & ,RULE8 

,H>MAN >GUES ?AT 0TO KEEP ALIVE0 MANY WORK]S 0RESORT$ TO DIRECT B>T] ( !IR PRODUCTS - OR EV5 P>TS ( !IR MA*9ES - ) PEASANTS = FOOD4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! LEAD+ CLASS ( ! REVOLUTION DECIMAT$1 BUT ! TIES L9K+ ITS MEMB]S TOGE!R W]E FA/ DIS9TEGRAT+40 ,?IS SEEMS IRONIC1 = TWO REASONS4 

,FIR/LY1 9 #aiah ,L59 HAD >GU$ ?AT 0?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT SOCIALISM WILL BE BUILT AT A TIME ( PEACE & TRANQUILITY >E PR(\NDLY MI/AK53 IT WILL EV]Y:]E BE BUILT AT A TIME ( DISRUPTION1 AT A TIME ( FAM9E40.<#a#c.> ,AGA91 IF ,BOL%EVISM BECOMES UN/UCK BY ! 9EVITABLE SIDE EFFECTS ( REVOLUTION1 !N IT %\LD BE AVOID$4.<#a#d.> 

,SECONDLY1 !RE IS ! ISSUE ( ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES BANN+ TRADE HELP$ UND]M9E A COLLECTIVE RESPONSE TO ! PROBLEMS ( EX*ANGE BETWE5 CITY & C\NTRY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A DELEGATION ( WORK]S FROM ! ,MA9 ,WORK%OPS ( ! ,NIKOLAEV ,RAILROAD TO ,MOSC[ REPORT$ TO A WELL-ATT5D$ MEET+ ?AT 0! GOV]NM5T HAD REJECT$ !IR REQUE/ .<TO OBTA9 P]MISSION TO BUY FOOD COLLECTIVELY.> >GU+ ?AT TO P]MIT ! FREE PUR*ASE ( FOOD W\LD DE/ROY ITS EF=TS TO COME TO GRIPS ) HUNG] BY E/ABLI%+ A 'FOOD DICTATOR%IP4'0.<#a#e.> ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY REPLAC$ COLLECTIVE WORK+ CLASS ACTION ) AN AB/RACT 0COLLECTIVE0 RESPONSE VIA ! /ATE1 :I* TURN$ ! WORK]S 9TO ISOLAT$ & ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS4.<#a#f.> ,O!R POLICIES UND]M9$ WORK+ CLASS COLLECTIVITY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 E>LY #aiah ,L59 /AT$ ?AT 0WE MU/ RAISE ! QUE/ION ( PIECE-WORK & APPLY IT 444 9 PRACTICE40.<#a#g.> ,AS ,TONY ,CLIFF 7( ALL PEOPLE7 NOT$1 0! EMPLOY]S HAVE AT !IR DISPOSAL A NUMB] ( EFFECTIVE ME?ODS ( DISRUPT+ ?.<E.> UNITY .<( WORK]S AS A CLASS.>4 ,ONCE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE IS ! FO/]+ ( COMPETITION BETWE5 WORK]S BY MEANS ( PIECE-WORK SY/EMS40 ,HE NOTES ?AT !SE W]E US$ BY ! ,NAZIS & ! ,/AL9I/S 0= ! SAME PURPOSE40.<#a#h.> ,OBVI\SLY PIECE-WORK HAS DIFF]5T CONSEQU5CES 7& AIMS87 :5 ,L59 9TRODUCES IT6 

,COMB9E !SE ) ! TURN+ ( ! SOVIETS & UNIONS 9TO RUBB]-/AMPS = ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 ! UND]M9+ ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ! DISB&+ ( SOLID] COMMITTEES & ! ELIM9ATION ( FRE$OM ( ASSEMBLY1 PRESS & ORGANIZATION = WORK]S1 LITTLE WOND] ! MASSES CEAS$ TO PLAY A ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION6 

,FROM SOVIETS TO /ATE 

,WE MU/ /RESS ?AT ?IS PROCESS />T$ BE=E ! />T ( ! ,CIVIL W> ?AT ,H>MAN BLAMES = ALL ! PROBLEMS ( ,BOL%EVISM 9 P[]4 ,HE /ATES ?AT 0UNTIL ! ,CIVIL ,W> WAS WELL UND] WAY0 ! 0DEMOCRATIC DIALECTIC ( P>TY & CLASS C\LD CONT9UE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HELD P[] AS ! MAJORITY P>TY 9 ! ,SOVIETS4 ,BUT O!R P>TIES CONT9U$ TO EXI/ !RE TOO4 ,! ,M5%EVIKS CONT9U$ TO OP]ATE LEGALLY & COMPETE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS = SUPPORT UNTIL ,JUNE #a#i#a#h40 

,GIV5 ?AT ! ,CIVIL ,W> />T$ ON ! #b#e? ( ,MAY & ! ,M5%EVIKS W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,SOVIETS ON ! #a#d? ( ,JUNE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ,H>MAN IS BE+ LESS ?AN HONE/ 9 HIS ACC\NT4 ,9DE$1 EXT5SIVE EVID5CE EXI/S TO DISPROVE HIS ASS]TIONS4 ,LOOK+ AT ,GETZL]'S ,M>TOV 7:I* ,H>MAN QUOTES TO PROVE ,BOL%EVIK POPUL>ITY 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g71 WE DISCOV] ?AT 0,M5%EVIK NEWSPAP]S & ACTIVI/S 9 ! TRADE UNIONS1 ! ,SOVIETS1 & ! FACTORIES HAD MADE A CONSID]ABLE IMPACT ON A WORK+ CLASS :I* WAS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY DISILLUSION$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 SO MU* SO ?AT 9 MANY PLACES ! ,BOL%EVIKS FELT CON/RA9$ TO DISSOLVE ,SOVIETS OR PREV5T REELECTIONS :]E ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES HAD GA9$ MAJORITIES40.<#a#i.> 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS EXPELL$ ! ,M5%EVIKS 9 ! CONTEXT ( POLITICAL LOSES BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,AS ,GETZL] NOTES ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0DROVE !M UND]GR\ND1 JU/ ON ! EVE ( ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,FIF? ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS 9 :I* ! ,M5%EVIKS W]E EXPECT$ TO MAKE SIGNIFICANT GA9S40.<#b.> ,REC5T RESE>* DISPROVES ,H>MAN'S CLAIM & CONFIRMS ,GETZL]4 0,! ,BOL%EVIK'S SOVIET ELECTORAL HEGEMONY BEGAN TO SIGNIFICANTLY ]ODE0 BY ! SPR+ ( #aiah ) 0BIG GA9S BY ! ,S,RS & P>TICUL>LY BY ! ,M5%EVIKS40 ,9 ALL ! PROV9CIAL CAPITALS ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA :]E ELECTIONS W]E HELD ON :I* DATA EXI/S1 ! ,M5%EVIKS & ! ,S,RS WON MAJORITIES & 0,BOL%EVIK >M$ =CE USUALLY OV]?REW ! RESULTS0 ( !SE ELECTIONS 7AS WELL AS ! RESULT+ WORK]S' PROTE/S74.<#b#a.> 

,9 ,PETROGRAD1 ! ELECTIONS ( ,JUNE #aiah SAW ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0LO/ ! ABSOLUTE MAJORITY 9 ! SOVIET !Y HAD PREVI\SLY 5JOY$0 BUT REMA9$ ! L>GE/ P>TY4 ,H[EV]1 ! RESULTS ( !SE ELECTIONS :]E IRRELEVANT AS A 0,BOL%EVIK VICTORY WAS ASSUR$ BY ! NUM]ICALLY QUITE SIGNIFICANT REPRES5TATION N[ GIV5 TO TRADE UNIONS1 DI/RICT SOVIETS1 FACTORY-%OP COMMITTEES1 DI/RICT WORK]S CONF]5CES1 & ,R$ ,>MY & NAVAL UNITS1 9 :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD OV]:ELM+ /R5G?40.<#b#b.> ,SIMIL> 0PACK+0 ( SOVIETS WAS EVID5T 9 ! ,MOSC[ ELECTIONS ( E>LY #a#i#b4 .<#b#c.> 

,RA!R ?AN ! ,CIVIL ,W> DISRUPT+ ! 0DEMOCRATIC DIALECTIC ( P>TY & CLASS10 IT WAS 9 FACT ! ,BOL%EVIKS :O DID SO 9 FACE ( RIS+ WORK+ CLASS DISS5T & DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h4 ,9 FACT1 0AFT] ! 9ITIAL WEEKS ( 'TRIUMPH' 444 ,BOL%EVIK LABOR RELATIONS AFT] ,OCTOB]0 *ANG$ & 0SOON LEAD TO OP5 CONFLICT1 REPRESSION1 & ! CONSOLIDATION ( ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT 9 PLACE ( PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP ITSELF40 ,= EXAMPLE1 ON ,JUNE #b? ! ,OBUKHOV WORKS ISSU$ AN APPEAL TO ! UN(FICIAL 7& ,M5%EVIK 9FLU5C$7 ,CONF]5CE ( ,FACTORY & ,PLANT ,REPRES5TATIVES 0TO DECL>E A ONE-DAY /RIKE ( PROTE/ ON ,JUNE #b#e?0 AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK REPRISALS AGA9/ ! ASSASS9ATION ( A LEAD+ ,BOL%EVIK4 0,! ,BOL%EVIKS RESPOND$ BY '9VAD+' ! :OLE ,NEVSKII DI/RICT ) TROOPS & %UTT+ D[N ,OBUKHOV COMPLETELY4 ,MEET+S EV]Y:]E W]E =BIDD540 ,FAC$ ) A G5]AL /RIKE CALL$ = ,JULY #bND1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SET UP 0MA*9E GUNS 444 AT MA9 PO9TS ?R\<\T ! ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[ RAILROAD JUNCTIONS1 & ELSE:]E 9 BO? CITIES AS WELL4 ,CONTROLS W]E TI<T5$ 9 FACTORIES4 ,MEET+S W]E =CEFULLY DISP]S$40.<#b#d.> ,! E>LY MON?S ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE W]E M>K$ BY 0WORK] PROTE/S1 :I* !N PRECIPITAT$ VIOL5T REPRESSIONS AGA9/ HO/ILE WORK]S4 ,SU* TREATM5T FUR!R 9T5SIFI$ ! DIS5*ANTM5T ( SIGNIFICANT SEGM5TS ( ,PETROGRAD LABOR ) ,BOL%EVIK-DOM9AT$ ,SOVIET RULE40 .<#b#e.> 

,:ILE ,H>MAN >GUES 79 HIS DISCUSSION ON ,KRON/ADT1 IRONICALLY 5\<7 ?AT 0= ALL ITS FAULTS1 IT WAS PRECISELY ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY ?AT HAD ALONE :OLE-HE>T$LY SUPPORT$ ,SOVIET P[]10 ! FACTS >E ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS ONLY SUPPORT$ 0,SOVIET P[]0 :5 ! SOVIETS W]E ,BOL%EVIK4.<#b#f.> ,IF ! WORK]S VOT$ = O!RS1 0SOVIET P[]0 WAS QUICKLY REPLAC$ BY P>TY P[] 7! REAL AIM74 ,H>MAN IS CORRECT TO /ATE ?AT 0! ,SOVIETS ?AT REMA9$ .<BY ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W>.> W]E 9CREAS+LY JU/ A FRONT = ,BOL%EVIK P[]0 BUT ?IS HAD BE5 ! SITUATION BE=E ITS />T1 NOT AFT] ITS 5D6 ,AS SU*1 HIS ASS]TION ?AT 0! ,SOVIET ,/ATE ( #aiag HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! S+LE-P>TY ,/ATE ( #aib ONW>DS0 IS SIMPLY UNSUPPORTABLE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD CONSOLIDAT$ !IR POSITION 9 E>LY #a#i#a#h1 TURN+ ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE 9TO A DE FACTO ONE P>TY /ATE BY G]RYM&]+ & DISB&+ ( SOVIETS BE=E ! />T ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,?US1 :5 ,H>MAN ?AT >GUES ?AT 0( NECESSITY ! ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS TOOK ON A LIFE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! CLASS !Y HAD >IS5 FROM10 ! 0NECESSITY0 9 QUE/ION WAS NOT ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 BUT RA!R ! NECESSITY TO MA9TA9 ,BOL%EVIK P[] 7:I* ,L59 CONT9UALLY ID5TIFI$ ) WORK+ CLASS P[]74 

,H>MAN MA9TA9S ?AT 0?OSE WORK]S & PEASANTS :O F\<T ! ,CIVIL ,W> C\LD NOT GOV]N !MSELVES COLLECTIVELY FROM !IR PLACES 9 ! FACTORIES40 ,! OBVI\S QUE/ION >ISES AS TO :Y !SE WORK]S & PEASANTS C\LD NOT 0GOV]N !MSELVES COLLECTIVELY0 :ILE 9 ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,! ANSW] IS SIMPLE -- ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ELIM9AT$ SOLDI] DEMOCRACY 9 ,M>* #aiah 7AGA91 BE=E ! />T ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>74 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,TROTSKY1 0! PR9CIPLE ( ELECTION IS POLITICALLY PURPOSELESS & TE*NICALLY 9EXP$I5T1 & IT HAS BE51 9 PRACTICE1 ABOLI%$ BY DECREE40.<#b#g.> ,AN >MY ) APPO9T$ COMM&]S IS H>DLY AN 5VIRONM5T = COLLECTIVE SELF-GOV]NM5T & SO IT IS LITTLE WOND] HE DOES NOT M5TION ?IS4 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,SAMUEL ,F>B] NOTES ?AT 0!RE IS NO EVID5CE 9DICAT+ ?AT ,L59 OR ANY ( ! MA9/REAM ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S LAM5T$ ! LOSS ( WORK]S' CONTROL OR ( DEMOCRACY 9 ! SOVIETS1 OR AT LEA/ REF]R$ TO !SE LOSSES AS A RETREAT1 AS ,L59 DECL>$ ) ! REPLACEM5T ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM BY ,N,E,P 9 #a#i#b#a40.<#b#h.> 

,TOP-D[N DEMOCRACY IS NO DEMOCRACY 

,ANO!R PROBLEM WAS ! ,BOL%EVIK VISION ( 7C5TRALIZ$7 DEMOCRACY4 ,TROTSKY IS TYPICAL4 ,9 ,APRIL #aiah HE >GU$ ?AT ! KEY FACTOR 9 DEMOCRACY WAS ?AT ! C5TRAL P[] WAS ELECT$ BY ! MASSES1 MEAN+ ?AT FUNCTIONAL DEMOCRACY FROM BEL[ C\LD BE REPLAC$ BY DECISIONS & APPO9TM5TS FROM ABOVE AS ! GOV]NM5T WAS 0BETT] ABLE TO JUDGE 9 ! MATT] ?AN0 ! MASSES4 ,! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE W]E EXPECT$ TO SIMPLY OBEY !IR PUBLIC S]VANTS UNTIL SU* TIME AS !Y C\LD 0DISMISS ?AT GOV]NM5T & APPO9T ANO!R40 ,TROTSKY RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( :E!R IT WAS POSSIBLE = ! GOV]NM5T TO ACT 0AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! LABOR+ & PEASANT MASSES80 ,HE ANSW]$ NO6 ,YET IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ,TROTSKY'S CLAIM ?AT 0!RE CAN BE NO ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! MASS ( ! WORK]S1 JU/ AS !RE IS NO ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! UNION & ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ITS MEMB]S0 IS JU/ NONS5SE4.<#b#i.> ,! HI/ORY ( TRADE UNIONISM IS FULL ( EXAMPLES ( COMMITTEES BETRAY+ !IR MEMB]%IP4 ,! SUBSEQU5T HI/ORY ,L59'S GOV]NM5T %[S ?AT !RE CAN BE 0ANTAGONISM0 BETWE5 RUL]S & RUL$ & ?AT APPO9TM5TS >E ALWAYS A KEY WAY TO FUR!R ELITE 9T]E/S4 

,?IS VISION ( TOP-D[N 0DEMOCRACY0 CAN1 ( C\RSE1 BE TRAC$ BACK TO ,M>X'S >GUM5TS ( #ahe & ,L59'S COMM5TS ?AT ! 0ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY0 WAS 0TO PROCE$ FROM ! TOP D[NW>D40.<#c.> ,BY EQUAT+ C5TRALIZ$1 TOP-D[N DECISION MAK+ BY AN ELECT$ GOV]NM5T ) 0DEMOCRACY10 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ! IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION TO ELIM9ATE ! FUNCTIONAL DEMOCRACY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! SOVIETS1 FACTORY COMMITTEES & SOLDI]S COMMITTEES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK VISION ( DEMOCRACY BECAME ! MEANS BY :I* REAL DEMOCRACY WAS ELIM9AT$ 9 >EA AFT] >EA ( ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS LIFE4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 A /ATE :I* ELIM9ATES FUNCTIONAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! GRASSROOTS WILL NOT /AY DEMOCRATIC 9 ANY MEAN+FUL S5SE = LONG4 

,NOR DOES IT COME AS TOO GREAT A SURPRISE TO DISCOV] ?AT A GOV]NM5T :I* CONSID]S ITSELF AS 0BETT] ABLE TO JUDGE0 ?+S ?AN ! PEOPLE F9ALLY DECIDES TO ANNUL ANY ELECTION RESULTS IT DISLIKES4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE IS AT ! HE>T ( VANGU>DISM1 = 9 ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY ! P>TY1 NOT ! CLASS1 IS 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS ! REPOSITORY ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ONCE 9 P[] IT HAS A BUILT-9 T5D5CY TO OV]RIDE ! DECISIONS ( ! MASSES IT CLAIM$ TO REPRES5T & JU/IFY ?IS 9 T]MS ( ! ADVANC$ POSITION ( ! P>TY4 ,COMB9E ?IS ) A VISION ( 0DEMOCRACY0 :I* IS HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ & :I* UND]M9ES LOCAL P>TICIPATION !N WE HAVE ! NECESS>Y F\NDATIONS = ! TURN+ ( P>TY P[] 9TO P>TY DICTATOR%IP4 

,& IT MU/ BE /RESS$ ?AT 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK IDEAL WAS ?AT ! P>TY %\LD SEIZE P[]1 NOT ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,L59 9 #aiag CONT9UALLY REPEAT+ ! BASIC IDEA ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0CAN & MU/ TAKE /ATE P[] 9TO !IR [N H&S40.<#c#a.> ,HE EQUAT$ P>TY P[] ) POPUL> P[] & >GU$ ?AT ,RUSSIA W\LD BE GOV]N$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,! QUE/ION 9/ANTLY >ISES ( :AT HAPP5S IF ! MASSES TURN AGA9/ ! P>TY8 ,! DE/RUCTION ( SOVIET DEMOCRACY 9 ! SPR+ & SUMM] ( #aiah ANSW]S ?AT QUE/ION4 ,9 A CLA% BETWE5 SOVIET DEMOCRACY & P>TY P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS CONSI/5TLY FAVOR$ ! LATT] -- AS W\LD BE EXPECT$ GIV5 !IR IDEOLOGY & SO IT IS NOT A GREAT /EP TO P>TY DICTATOR%IP GIV5 ! PREMISES ( ,BOL%EVISM4 

,C5TRALIZATION EMP[]S ! FEW1 NOT ! MANY 

,LONG BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 ,L59 HAD >GU$ ?AT )9 ! P>TY IT WAS A CASE ( 0! TRANS=MATION ( ! P[] ( IDEAS 9TO ! P[] ( AU?ORITY1 ! SUBORD9ATION ( L[] ,P>TY BODIES TO HI<] ONES40.<#c#b.> ,SU* VISIONS ( C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION W]E ! MODEL = ! REVOLUTION>Y /ATE4 ,YET BY ITS V]Y NATURE C5TRALISM PLACES P[] 9TO A FEW H&S & EFFECTIVELY ELIM9ATES ! POPUL> P>TICIPATION REQUIR$ = ANY SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION TO DEVELOP4 ,! P[] PLAC$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! N9ETE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY'S C5TRAL COMMITTEE WAS AUTOMATICALLY NO LONG] 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,AS SU*1 :5 ,L59I/S >GUE ?AT 0OBJECTIVE0 CIRCUM/ANCES =C$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO SUB/ITUTE !IR P[] = ?AT ( ! MASSES1 AN>*I/S REPLY ?AT ?IS SUB/ITUTION HAD OCCURR$ ! MOVEM5T ! ,BOL%EVIKS C5TRALIZ$ P[] & PLAC$ IT 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,AS A RESULT1 POPUL> P>TICIPATION & 9/ITUTIONS HAD TO WI!R & DIE4 ,MOREOV]1 ONCE 9 P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E %AP$ BY !IR NEW POSITION & ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS IT CREAT$ &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IMPLEM5T$ POLICIES 9FLU5C$ & CON/RA9$ BY ! HI]>*ICAL & C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES !Y HAD CREAT$4 

,?IS WAS NOT ! ONLY NEGATIVE IMPACT ( ,BOL%EVIK C5TRALISM4 ,IT ALSO SPAWN$ A BUREAUCRACY4 ,9/EAD ( ! /ATE />T+ TO WI!R AWAY 0A NEW BUREAUCRATIC & C5TRALIZ$ SY/EM EM]G$ ) EXTRAORD9>Y RAPIDITY 444 ,AS ! FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE EXP&$ SO DID ! BUREAUCRACY40.<#c#c.> ,?IS WAS A /RIK+ CONFIRMATION ( ! AN>*I/ ANALYSIS1 :I* >GUES ?AT A NEW BUREAUCRATIC CLASS DEVELOPS >\ND ! C5TRALIZ$ BODIES4 ,?IS BODY W\LD SOON BECOME RIDDL$ ) P]SONAL 9FLU5CES & FAVORS1 SO 5SUR+ ?AT MEMB]S C\LD BE %ELT]$ FROM POPUL> CONTROL :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 EXPLOIT+ ITS P[] TO FEA!R ITS [N NE/4 

,P>T ,I,I 

,W>6 ,:AT IS IT GOOD =8 

,! ,BOL%EVIK TRADITION HAS F\ND A USE = W>1 NAMELY AS JU/IFICATION = ! DEG5]ATION ( ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES4 ,H>MAN >GUES ?AT 0! TASKS AT H& 9 ,RUSSIA W]E DET]M9$1 NOT BY ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S1 BUT BY ! 9T]NATIONAL IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,!SE HAD BEGUN A 'CRUSADE' AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC4 ,:ITE & =EIGN >MIES HAD TO BE DRIV5 BACK BE=E ANY O!R QUE/IONS C\LD BE CONSID]$40 ,IT IS EASY TO REFUTE ?IS CLAIM BY NOT+ ?AT FUNDAM5TAL DECISIONS ON IMPORTANT 0QUE/IONS0 HAD ALREADY BE5 =MULAT$ BE=E ?IS 0CRUSADE0 TOOK PLACE4 ,AS WELL AS ! G]RYM&]+ & DISB&+ ( SOVIETS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ALREADY PRES5T$ ECONOMIC VISIONS4 ,L591 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#h1 WAS >GU+ = ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T & 0.<O.>B$I5CE1 & UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE AT ?AT1 DUR+ WORK TO ! ONE-MAN DECISIONS ( ,SOVIET DIRECTORS1 ( ! DICTATORS ELECT$ OR APPO9T$ BY ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS1 VE/$ ) DICTATORIAL P[]S40.<#c#d.> ,! FIR/ GR\P ( WORK]S SUBJECT$ TO ?IS POLICY W]E ! RAILWAY WORK]S4 ,AS SU*1 0! TASKS AT H&0 W]E DET]M9$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S1 :O HAD ANSW]$ NUM]\S 0QUE/IONS0 BE=E ! ,:ITE & =EIGN >MIES APPE>$ 7:I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 WAS 9EVITABLE ANYWAY74 

,?IS MAKES ,H>MAN'S COMM5T ?AT AFT] #aiba 0! 'R$ 9DU/RIALI/S' BEGAN TO EM]GE AS A PRIVILEG$ GR\P1 ) HI< SAL>IES1 & ?R\< 'ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T' 9 ! FACTORIES1 ABLE TO HIRE & FIRE AT WILL0 SEEM 9ADEQUATE4 ,IF1 AS ,H>MAN IMPLIES1 ?IS WAS A KEY FACTOR 9 ! RISE ( ,/AL9ISM & /ATE-CAPITALISM1 !N1 CLE>LY1 ,L59'S 9PUT 9 !SE DEVELOPM5TS CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,AFT] ADVOCAT+ 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T0 & 0/ATE CAPITALISM0 9 E>LY #a#i#a#h1 HE REMA9$ A FIRM SUPPORT] ( !M4 ,9 E>LY #aib 0! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LEAD]%IP WAS NO LONG] DI/RACT$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,W> FROM CONC5TRAT+ ITS ?\<TS & EF=TS ON ! =MULATION & IMPLEM5TATION ( ITS LABOR POLICIES 444 ,! APOGEE ( ! ,W> ,COMMUNISM ECONOMY OCCURR$ AFT] ! ,CIVIL ,W> WAS EFFECTIVELY OV]40 ,9DE$1 ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T ONLY BECAME COMMONPLACE 9 #a#i#b4.<#c#e.> 

,CLE>LY1 Y\ CANNOT BLAME AN EV5T 7! CIVIL W>7 = POLICIES ADVOCAT$ & IMPLEM5T$ BE=E IT TOOK PLACE4 ,9DE$1 ! POLICIES PURSU$ BE=E1 DUR+ & AFT] ! ,CIVIL ,W> W]E ID5TICAL1 SUGGE/+ ?AT ,BOL%EVIK POLICY WAS DET]M9$ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY 0CRUSADE40 

,SOCIALISM AS ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 

,!N !RE IS ! ,BOL%EVIK VISION ( SOCIALISM4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS SAW ! SOCIALI/ ECONOMY AS BE+ BUILT UPON ! C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATIONS CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM4 ,!Y CONFUS$ /ATE CAPITALISM ) SOCIALISM4 0,/ATE CAPITALISM10 ,L59 WROTE 9 ,MAY #a#i#a#g1 0IS A COMPLETE MAT]IAL PREP>ATION = SOCIALISM1 ! ?RE%OLD ( SOCIALISM0 & SO SOCIALISM 0IS NO?+ BUT ! NEXT /EP =W>D FROM /ATE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY40 ,IT IS 0M]ELY /ATE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY MADE TO B5EFIT ! :OLE PEOPLE2 BY ?IS TOK5 IT CEASES TO BE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY40.<#c#f.> ,A FEW MON?S LAT]1 HE WAS TALK+ AB\T H[ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( /ATE CAPITALISM C\LD BE TAK5 OV] & US$ TO CREATE SOCIALISM4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 :5 DEF5D+ ! NE$ = /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! SPR+ ( #aiah AGA9/ ! 0,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S10 ,L59 /RESS$ ?AT HE GAVE HIS 0'HI<' APPRECIATION ( /ATE CAPITALISM0 0BE=E ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEIZ$ P[]40.<#c#g.> ,&1 AS ,L59 NOT$1 HIS PRAISE = /ATE CAPITALISM CAN BE F\ND 9 HIS ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 

,GIV5 ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 IT IS UNSURPRIS+ ?AT WORK]S' CONTROL WAS NOT GIV5 A HI< PRIORITY ONCE ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEIZ$ P[]4 ,:ILE 9 ORD] TO GA9 SUPPORT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD PAID LIP-S]VICE TO ! IDEA ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 ! P>TY HAD ALWAYS GIV5 ?AT SLOGAN A RADICALLY DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATION ?AN ! FACTORY COMMITTEES HAD4 ,:ILE ! FACTORY COMMITTEES HAD SE5 WORK]S' CONTROL AS BE+ EX]CIS$ DIRECTLY BY ! WORK]S & !IR CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP SAW IT 9 T]MS ( /ATE CONTROL 9 :I* ! FACTORY COMMITTEES W\LD PLAY1 AT BE/1 A M9OR ROLE4 ,IT IS UNSURPRIS+ TO DISCOV] :I* VISION ( SOCIALISM WAS ACTUALLY 9TRODUC$3 0,ON ?REE OCCASIONS 9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( ,SOVIET P[]1 ! .<FACTORY.> COMMITTEE LEAD]S S\<T TO BR+ !IR MODEL 9TO BE+4 ,AT EA* PO9T ! P>TY LEAD]%IP OV]RUL$ !M4 ,! RESULT WAS TO VE/ BO? MANAG]IAL & CONTROL P[]S 9 ORGANS ( ! /ATE :I* W]E SUBORD9ATE TO ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES1 & =M$ BY !M40.<#c#h.> 

,GIV5 HIS VISION ( SOCIALISM1 ,L59'S REJECTION ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES & !IR VISION ( SOCIALISM COMES AS NO SURPRISE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 AS ,L59 HAD PROMIS$1 BUILT FROM ! TOP-D[N !IR SY/EM ( UNIFI$ ADM9I/RATION BAS$ ON ! ,CZ>I/ SY/EM ( C5TRAL BODIES :I* GOV]N$ & REGULAT$ C]TA9 9DU/RIES DUR+ ! W> 7&1 MOREOV]1 SY/EMATICALLY /OPP$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEE ORGANIZ+ TOGE!R74.<#c#i.> ,?IS WAS V]Y C5TRALIZ$ & V]Y 9EFFICI5T3 

0IT SEEMS APP>5T ?AT MANY WORK]S !MSELVES 444 HAD N[ COME TO BELIEVE 444 ?AT CONFUSION & AN>*Y .<SIC6.> AT ! TOP W]E ! MAJOR CAUSES ( !IR DIFFICULTIES1 & ) SOME JU/IFICATION4 ,! FACT WAS ?AT ,BOL%EVIK ADM9I/RATION WAS *AOTIC 444 ,SCORES ( COMPETITIVE & CONFLICT+ ,BOL%EVIK & ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES ISSU$ CONTRADICTORY ORD]S1 (T5 BR\<T TO FACTORIES BY >M$ ,*EKI/S4 ,! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL444 ISSU.<$.> DOZ5S ( ORD]S & PASS.<$.> C\NTLESS DIRECTIVES ) VIRTUALLY NO REAL KN[L$GE ( AFFAIRS40.<#d.> 

,FAC$ ) ! *AOS ?AT !IR [N POLITICS1 9 P>T1 HAD CREAT$1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7LIKE ALL BOSSES7 BLAM$ ! WORK]S = ! FAIL+S ( !IR [N POLICIES & TURN$ TO ONE-MANAGEM5T 9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#a#h4 ,?IS WAS APPLI$ FIR/ ON ! RAILWAY WORK]S4 ,! ABOLI%+ ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES1 H[EV]1 RESULT$ 9 0A T]RIFY+ PROLIF]ATION ( COMPETITIVE & CONTRADICTORY ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES1 EA* ) A CLAIM ( LIFE OR DEA? IMPORTANCE 444 ,RAILROAD J\RNALS >GU$ PLA9TIVELY AB\T ! CORRELATION BETWE5 FAIL+ LABOR PRODUCTIVITY & ! PROLIF]ATION ( COMPET+ ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES40 ,RA!R ?AN IMPROV+ ?+S1 ,L59'S ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T DID ! OPPOSITE1 0LEAD+ 9 MANY PLACES 444 TO A GREAT] DEGREE ( CONFUSION & 9DECISION0 & 0?IS PROBLEM ( CONTRADICTORY AU?ORITIES CLE>LY 9T5SIFI$1 RA!R ?AN LESS5$40 ,9DE$1 ! 0RESULT ( REPLAC+ WORK]S' COMMITTEES ) ONE MAN RULE 444 ON ! RAILWAYS 444 WAS NOT DIRECTIV5ESS1 BUT DI/ANCE1 & 9CREAS+ 9ABILITY TO MAKE DECISIONS APPROPRIATE TO LOCAL CONDITIONS4 ,DESPITE CO]CION1 ORD]S ON ! RAILROADS W]E (T5 IGNOR$ AS UNWORKABLE40 ,IT GOT SO BAD ?AT 0A NUMB] ( LOCAL ,BOL%EVIK (FICIALS 444 BEGAN 9 ! FALL ( #aiah TO CALL = ! RE/ORATION ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 NOT = IDEOLOGICAL REASONS1 BUT BECAUSE WORK]S !MSELVES KNEW BE/ H[ TO RUN ! L9E EFFICI5TLY1 & MI<T OBEY !IR [N C5TRAL COMMITTEE'S DIRECTIVES IF !Y W]E NOT BE+ CON/ANTLY C\NT]M&$40.<#d#a.> 

,?AT IT WAS ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES & NOT WORK]S' CONTROL :I* WAS TO BLAME = ! /ATE ( ! RAILWAYS CAN BE SE5 FROM :AT HAPP5$ AFT] ,L59'S ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T WAS IMPOS$4 

,! SAME T]RIBLE RESULTS REAPPE>$ AS ,BOL%EVIK POLICY WAS IMPOS$ 9 O!R 9DU/RIES4 ,! C5TRALIZ$ ,BOL%EVIK ECONOMIC SY/EM QUICKLY DEMON/RAT$ H[ TO REALLY MISMANAGE AN ECONOMY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ONSLAU<T AGA9/ WORK]S' CONTROL 9 FAVOR ( A C5TRALIZ$1 TOP-D[N ECONOMIC REGIME 5SUR$ ?AT ! ECONOMY WAS H&ICAPP$ BY AN UNRESPONSIVE SY/EM :I* WA/$ ! LOCAL KN[L$GE 9 ! GRASSROOTS 9 FAVOR ( ORD]S FROM ABOVE :I* W]E ISSU$ 9 IGNORANCE ( LOCAL CONDITIONS4 ,?IS LEAD TO UNUS$ /OCK COEXI/+ ) ACUTE SC>CITY & ! C5T] UNABLE TO DET]M9E ! CORRECT PROPORTIONS REQUIR$ AT ! BASE4 ,UNF9I%$ PRODUCTS W]E TRANSF]R$ TO O!R REGIONS :ILE LOCAL FACTORIES W]E %UT D[N1 WA/$ BO? TIME & RES\RCES 7& GIV5 ! /ATE ( ! TRANSPORT NETWORK1 ?IS WAS A D\BLY 9EFFICI5T74 ,! 9EFFICI5CY ( C5TRAL F9ANC+ S]I\SLY JEOP>DIZ$ LOCAL ACTIVITY & ! C5T] HAD DISPLAY$ A GREAT DEAL ( CONS]VATISM & R\T9E ?9K+4 ,9 SPITE ( ! COMPLA9TS FROM BEL[1 ! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]%IP CONT9U$ ON ITS POLICY ( C5TRALIZATION 79 FACT1 ! IDEOLOGY ( C5TRALIZATION WAS RE9=C$74.<#d#b.> 

,A CLE>] EXAMPLE ( ! IMPACT ( ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY ON ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION W\LD BE H>D TO F9D4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 :ILE ! SITUATION WAS PRETTY *AOTIC 9 E>LY #a#i#a#h1 ?IS DOES NOT PROVE ?AT ! FACTORY COMMITTEE'S SOCIALISM WAS NOT ! MO/ EFFICI5T WAY ( RUNN+ ?+S UND] ! 7DIFFICULT7 CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,AFT] ALL1 RATES ( 0\TPUT & PRODUCTIVITY BEGAN TO CLIMB /EADILY AFT]0 ,JANU>Y #aiah & 0.<I.>N SOME FACTORIES1 PRODUCTION D\BL$ OR TRIPL$ 9 ! E>LY MON?S ( #aiah 444 ,MANY ( ! REPORTS EXPLICITLY CR$IT$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEES = !SE 9CREASES40.<#d#c.> 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,L59 NEV] WAV]$ 9 HIS SUPPORT = ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T NOR 9 HIS BELIEF 9 ! EFFICI5CY ( C5TRALISM TO SOLVE ALL PROBLEMS1 P>TICUL>LY ! PROBLEMS IT ITSELF CREAT$ 9 ABUNDANCE4 ,NOR DID HIS EXPLICIT CALL TO REPRODUCE CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 PRODUCTION CAUSE HIM ANY CONC]N =1 9 ,L59'S EYES1 IF ! PRIM>Y ISSUE WAS PROP]TY & NOT :O MANAGES ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 !N FACTORY COMMITTEES >E IRRELEVANT 9 DET]M9+ ! SOCIALI/ NATURE ( ! ECONOMY4 

,PO/-,OCTOB] ,BOL%EVIK POLICY IS A /RIK+ CONFIRMATION ( ! AN>*I/ >GUM5T ?AT A C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE W\LD /IFLE ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! MASSES & !IR [N ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,NOT ONLY WAS IT DISA/R\S FROM A REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE1 IT WAS HOPELESSLY 9EFFICI5T4 ,! CON/RUCTIVE SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! PEOPLE WAS REPLAC$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC MA*9]Y ( ! /ATE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ONSLAU<T ON WORK]S' CONTROL1 LIKE !IR ATTACKS ON SOVIET DEMOCRACY & WORK]S' PROTE/1 UND\BT$LY 5G5D]$ APA?Y & CYNICISM 9 ! WORK=CE1 ALI5AT+ EV5 MORE ! POSITIVE P>TICIPATION REQUIR$ = BUILD+ SOCIALISM :I* ! ,BOL%EVIK MANIA = C5TRALISM HAD ALREADY M>G9ALIZ$4 

,! PRE-REVOLUTION ,BOL%EVIK VISION ( A SOCIALI/ SY/EM WAS FUNDAM5TALLY C5TRALIZ$ &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 TOP-D[N4 ,?IS WAS :AT WAS IMPLEM5T$ PO/-,OCTOB]1 ) DISA/R\S RESULTS4 ,AT EA* TURN+ PO9T1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS IMPLEM5T$ POLICIES :I* REFLECT$ !IR PREJUDICES 9 FAVOR ( C5TRALISM1 NATIONALIZATION & P>TY P[]4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ?IS ALSO UND]M9$ ! G5U9E SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES :I* EXI/$ AT ! TIME4 ,!RE=E1 ! ,L59I/ IDEA ?AT ! POLITICS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NO 9FLU5CE ON ! \TCOME ( ! REVOLUTION1 ?AT !IR POLICIES DUR+ ! REVOLUTION W]E A PRODUCT PURELY ( OBJECTIVE =CES1 IS UNCONV9C+4 

,! ,OPPOSITION 

,AS ,H>MAN REC\NTS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SUPPRESS$ ! OPPOSITION 79 ! CASE ( ! AN>*I/S1 BE=E ! />T ( ! CIVIL W> AL?\< HE DOES NOT M5TION ?IS74 ,AS REG>DS ! ,M5%EVIKS1 HE >GUES ?AT 0!IR POLICY WAS ONE ( SUPPORT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 ) ! DEM& ?AT ! LATT] H& OV] P[] TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 444 ,9 PRACTICE ?IS MEANT ?AT ! P>TY CONTA9$ BO? SUPPORT]S & OPPON5TS ( ! ,SOVIET P[]4 ,MANY ( ITS MEMB]S W5T OV] TO ! SIDE ( ! ,:ITES 7E4G4 ,M5%EVIK ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,VOLGA >EA W]E SYMPA!TIC TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ,SAM>A GOV]NM5T1 & ONE MEMB] ( ! ,M5%EVIK C5TRAL COMMITTEE 444 JO9$ IT740 ,HE QUOTES FROM ,ISRAEL ,GETZL]'S BOOK ,M>TOV 7PAGE #a#h#c7 AS EVID5CE4 ,:AT HE FAILS TO M5TION IS ?AT !SE PEOPLE W]E 0EXPELL$ FROM ! P>TY0 7& ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE MEMB] W5T 0)\T ITS KN[L$GE0 TO ,SAM>A74 ,! ,VOLGA ,M5%EVIKS W]E 0%>PLY REPROV$ BY ,M>TOV & ! ,M5%EVIK ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & 9/RUCT$ ?AT NEI!R P>TY ORGANIZATIONS NOR MEMB]S C\LD TAKE P>T 9 444 SU* ADV5TURES40 ,!SE QUOTES1 IT %\LD BE /RESS$1 >E ON ! SAME PAGE AS ! ONE ,H>MAN REF]5CES6 ,MOREOV]1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#h1 0! P>TY DROPP$1 TEMPOR>ILY AT LEA/1 ITS DEM& = A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY40.<#d#d.> ,IT W\LD BE H>D] TO JU/IFY ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,M5%EVIKS IF !SE FACTS W]E M5TION$4 ,LITTLE WOND] HE DI/ORTS ! S\RCE MAT]IAL = HIS [N 5DS4 

,! (FICIAL ,M5%EVIK POSITION WAS ONE ( LEGAL OPPOSITION TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS 0ANY >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE P[] 444 CAN BE ( B5EFIT ONLY TO C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 & ANY MEMB] :O IGNOR$ ?IS WAS EXPELL$4.<#d#e.> ,!Y DEVELOP$ A POLICY ( 0LEGAL OPPOSITION P>TY0 :I* WAS1 AS NOT$ ABOVE1 SUCCESSFUL 9 P]IOD RUNN+ UP TO ,JUNE #a#i#a#h4 ,H>MAN >GUES ?AT 0! RESPONSE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS TO ALL[ ! P>TY'S MEMB]S !IR FRE$OM 7AT LEA/1 MO/ ( ! TIME71 BUT TO PREV5T !M ACT+ AS AN EFFECTIVE POLITICAL =CE40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 EV5 ?OSE :O LEGALLY OPPOS$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E CRU%$4 ,LITTLE WOND] WORK+ CLASS COLLECTIVE P[] 9 ! SOVIETS EVAPORAT$4 

,H>MAN PRODUCES AN IMPRESSIVE PIECE ( D\BLE?9K TO JU/IFY ALL ?IS4 ,HE >GUES ?AT 09 ALL ?IS ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NO *OICE4 ,!Y C\LD NOT GIVE UP P[] JU/ BECAUSE ! CLASS !Y REPRES5T$ HAD DISSOLV$ ITSELF :ILE FI<T+ TO DEF5D ?AT P[]4 ,NOR C\LD !Y TOL]ATE ! PROPAGATION ( IDEAS ?AT UND]M9$ ! BASIS ( ITS P[] - PRECISELY BECAUSE ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF NO LONG] EXI/$ AS AN AG5CY COLLECTIVELY ORGANIZ$ SO AS TO BE ABLE TO DET]M9E ITS [N 9T]E/S40 ,IF ! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT EXI/1 NOR C\LD EXPRESS ITSELF COLLECTIVELY1 !N :Y W\LD ,M5%EVIK PROPAG&A BE H>MFUL8 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ,H>MAN DOES NOT M5TION ! FACT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS G5]ALLY BLAM$ /RIKES & O!R =MS ( WORK]S PROTE/ ON OPPOSITION P>TIES4 ,NOR DOES HE M5TION ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS REFUS$ TO 0GIVE UP P[]0 BE=E ! />T ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> :5 !Y LO/ SOVIET ELECTIONS4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 OPPOSITION IDEAS HAD TO BE SUPPRESS$ BECAUSE ! WORK]S W]E CAPABLE ( COLLECTIVELY DET]M9+ ITS [N 9T]E/S & TAK+ COLLECTIVE ACTION TO REALIZE !M4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,PETROGRAD :I* 9SPIR$ ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT IS PRO( 5\< ( ?AT4 

,KRON/ADT 

,TURN+ TO ?AT REVOLT1 ,H>MAN >GUES ?AT 0,KRON/ADT 9 #aib WAS NOT ,KRON/ADT ( #a#i#a#g4 ,! CLASS COMPOSITION ( ITS SAILORS HAD *ANG$4 ,! BE/ SOCIALI/ ELEM5TS HAD LONG AGO GONE (F TO FI<T 9 ! >MY 9 ! FRONT L9E4 ,!Y W]E REPLAC$ 9 ! MA9 BY PEASANTS :OSE DEVOTION TO ! REVOLUTION WAS ?AT ( !IR CLASS40 ,?IS POPUL> ASS]TION ( ,L59I/S HAS BE5 REFUT$4 ,ISRAEL ,GETZL] HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ( ?OSE S]V+ 9 ! ,BALTIC FLEET ON #a/ ,JANU>Y #aiba AT LEA/ #g#e4#e.0 W]E DRAFT$ BE=E #aiah & SO ! 0VET]AN POLITICIZ$ ,R$ SAILOR /ILL PR$OM9AT$ 9 ,KRON/ADT AT ! 5D ( #a#i#b40 ,FUR!R1 HE 9VE/IGAT$ ! CREWS ( ! TWO MAJOR BATTLE%IPS :I* W]E ! FOCUS ( ! RIS+ 7& R5[N = !IR REVOLUTION>Y ZEAL 9 #a#i#a#g74 ,HIS F9D+S >E CONCLUSIVE1 %[+ ?AT ( ! #b1#b#h SAILORS :]E YE>S ( 5LI/M5T >E KN[N1 #i#c4#i.0 W]E RECRUIT$ 9TO ! NAVY BE=E & DUR+ ! #aiag REVOLUTION 7! L>GE/ GR\P1 #a1#a#i#e1 JO9$ 9 ! YE>S #a#i#a#d-#a#f74 ,ONLY #f4#h.0 ( ! SAILORS W]E RECRUIT$ 9 ! YE>S #a#i#a#h-#b#a 79CLUD+ ?REE :O W]E CONSCRIPT$ 9 #a#i#b#a7 & !Y W]E ! ONLY ONES :O HAD NOT BE5 !RE DUR+ ! #aiag REVOLUTION4.<#d#f.> 

,H>MAN >GUES ?AT ?IS *ANGE 9 0CLASS COMPOSITION0 WAS 0REFLECT$ 9 ! DEM&S ( ! UPRIS+3 ,SOVIETS )\T ,BOL%EVIKS & A FREE M>KET 9 AGRICULTURE40 ,H[EV]1 ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION DID NOT RAISE EI!R ( ?OSE DEM&S4 ,AS ,PAUL ,AVRI* NOTES1 0',SOVIETS )\T ,COMMUNI/S' WAS NOT1 AS IS (T5 MA9TA9$ BY BO? ,SOVIET & NON-,SOVIET WRIT]S1 A ,KRON/ADT SLOGAN40.<#d#g.> ,AS = AGRICULTURE1 ,KRON/ADT DEM&$ 0! GRANT+ TO ! PEASANTS ( FRE$OM ( ACTION ON !IR [N SOIL1 & ( ! RI<T TO [N CATTLE1 PROVID$ !Y LOOK AFT] !M !MSELVES & DO NOT EMPLOY HIR$ LABOR40.<#d#h.> ,?IS WAS PO9T #aa ( #a#e1 9DICAT+ ITS IMPORTANCE 9 !IR EYES4 ,IRONICALLY1 MO/ WORK]S' /RIKES DUR+ ! CIVIL W> P]IOD RAIS$ ! DEM& = FREE TRADE 79CLUD+ ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,PETROGRAD :I* ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS REBELL$ 9 SOLID>ITY )74 

,9 REALITY1 :AT ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION DEM&$ FIR/ & =EMO/ WAS FREE ELECTIONS TO ! SOVIETS1 FRE$OM ( ASSEMBLY1 ORGANIZATION SPEE* & PRESS = WORK+ PEOPLE & ! 5D ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP3 0,9 EFFECT1 ! ,PETROPAVLOVSK RESOLUTION WAS AN APPEAL TO ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T TO LIVE UP TO ITS [N CON/ITUTION1 A BOLD /ATEM5T ( ?OSE V]Y RI<TS & FRE$OM :I* ,L59 HIMSELF HAD PR(ESS$ 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,9 SPIRIT1 IT WAS A ?R[BACK TO ,OCTOB]1 EVOK+ ! OLD ,L59I/ WAT*WORD ( ',ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS4'0.<#d#i.> 

,LITTLE WOND] ,H>MAN DI/ORTS ITS DEM&S4 

,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION 

,H>MAN QUOTES ,L59 FROM #g? ,M>* #a#i#a#h3 0,! ABSOLUTE TRU? IS ?AT )\T A REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY WE %ALL P]I%40 ,! IDEA ?AT 0ISOLATION0 WAS ! ROOT ( ,RUSSIA'S PROBLEMS IS COMMONPLACE4 ,H[EV]1 ON CLOS] 9SPECTION ! IDEA ?AT A ,G]MAN REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE SAV$ ! ,RUSSIAN ONE IS FLAW$4 

,AS1 ACCORD+ TO ,H>MAN1 0DIRECT WORK]S' P[] HAD NOT EXI/$ S9CE #a#i#a#h10 WE NE$ TO COMP>E ,G]MANY 9 ! P]IOD #a#i#a#h-#a#i TO ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#h4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 ,G]MANY WAS 9 AS BAD A /ATE AS ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ! YE> ! REVOLUTION />T$1 PRODUCTION HAD FALL5 BY #b#c.0 9 ,RUSSIA 7FROM #aiac TO #a#i#a#g7 & BY #d#c.0 9 ,G]MANY 7FROM #aiac TO #a#i#a#h74 ,ONCE REVOLUTION HAD EFFECTIVELY />T$1 PRODUCTION FELL EV5 MORE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 IT FELL TO #f#e.0 ( ITS PRE-W> LEVEL 9 #a#i#a#h1 9 ,G]MANY IT FELL TO #f#b.0 ( ITS PRE-W> LEVEL 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,?US1 9 #a#i#a#i1 ! 09DU/RIAL PRODUCTION REA*$ AN ALL-TIME L[0 & IT 0TOOK UNTIL ! LATE #a#i#bS = .<FOOD.> PRODUCTION TO RECOV] ITS #aiab LEVEL 444 ,9 #aiba GRA9 PRODUCTION WAS /ILL 444 SOME #c P] C5T BEL[ ! #aiab FIGURE40 ,( C\RSE1 9 ,G]MANY REVOLUTION DID NOT GO AS F> AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 & SO PRODUCTION DID RISE SOME:AT 9 #aib & AFT]W>DS4 ,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT IS ?AT 9 #a#i#b#c1 PRODUCTION FELL DRAMATICALLY BY #c#d.0 7FROM >\ND #g.0 ( ITS PRE-W> LEVEL TO >\ND #d#e.0 ( ?AT LEVEL74 ,?IS ECONOMIC COLLAPSE DID NOT DET] ! ,COMMUNI/S FROM TRY+ TO PROVOKE A REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY ?AT YE>1 SO IT SEEMS /RANGE ?AT :ILE ECONOMIC COLLAPSE UND] CAPITALISM EQUATES TO A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 A SIMIL> COLLAPSE UND] ! ,BOL%EVIKS EQUATES TO A SITUATION :]E REVOLUTION IS UND]M9$4.<#e.> 

,?US1 IF A COMB9ATION ( CIVIL W> & ECONOMIC DISRUPTION CAUS$ ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 !N :Y W\LD A SIMIL>LY AFFLICT$ ,G]MANY HELP ,RUSSIA8 ,EQUALLY1 ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY BO? PROVE ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5T ?AT A REVOLUTION MEANS 0! UNAVOIDABLE /OPPAGE ( AT LEA/ HALF ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS10 ! 0COMPLETE DISORGANIZATION0 ( CAPITALISM & ?AT 0EX*ANGE & 9DU/RY SUFF] MO/ FROM ! G5]AL UPHEAVAL40 ,ULTIMATELY1 IT SEEMS /RANGE ?AT ,H>MAN BLAMES ! SIDE EFFECTS ( EV]Y REVOLUTION = ! FAILURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ONE4.<#e#a.> 

,P>T ,I,I,I 

,BOL%EVISM & ,P>TY ,DICTATOR%IP 

,:ILE ,H>MAN NOTES ?AT ! IDEA ( EXT5D+ ! REVOLUTION ABROAD WAS 0,BOL%EVIK OR?ODOXY 9 #a#i#b#c10 YET HE FAILS TO COMM5T ON ?AT O!R ,BOL%EVIK OR?ODOXY AT ! TIME1 NAMELY DICTATOR%IP BY ! P>TY4 

,H>MAN NOTES ?AT 09 #aibc :5 ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION DEVELOP$1 IT WAS /ILL POSSIBLE = IT TO EXPRESS ITS VIEWS 9 ,PRAVDA1 AL?\< !RE W]E T5 >TICLES DEF5D+ ! LEAD]%IP TO EV]Y ONE OPPOS+ IT40 ,HE CLAIMS 0!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT 9 T]MS ( ITS IDEAS0 IT WAS 0! FACTION 9 ! ,P>TY ?AT ADH]$ MO/ CLOSELY TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ TRADITION ( ,BOL%EVISM 444 ,IT RETA9$ ! VIEW ( WORK]S' DEMOCRACY AS C5TRAL TO SOCIALISM40 ,ONE ( !IR 0?REE 9T]L9K$ C5TRAL PLANKS0 WAS ?AT 09DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T HAD TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY 9CREAS$ WORK]S' DEMOCRACY1 SO AS TO 5D BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES 9 ! ,P>TY & ,/ATE40 

,! ONLY PROBLEM ) ?IS IS ?AT IT IS NOT TRUE4 ,HE FAILS TO M5TION ?AT 9 #a#i#b#c1 ,TROTSKY 7LEAD] ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION7 WAS >GU+ ?AT 0IF !RE IS ONE QUE/ION :I* BASICALLY NOT ONLY DOES NOT REQUIRE REVISION BUT DOES NOT SO MU* AS ADMIT ! ?\<T ( REVISION1 IT IS ! QUE/ION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,P>TY1 & ITS LEAD]%IP 9 ALL SPH]ES ( \R WORK40 ,HE /RESS$ ?AT 0\R P>TY IS ! RUL+ P>TY 444 ,TO ALL[ ANY *ANGES :ATEV] 9 ?IS FIELD1 TO ALL[ ! IDEA ( A P>TIAL 444 CURTAILM5T ( ! LEAD+ ROLE ( \R P>TY W\LD MEAN TO BR+ 9TO QUE/ION ALL ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION & ITS FUTURE40.<#e#b.> 

,TROTSKY WAS JU/ /AT+ MA9/REAM ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY1 E*O+ A /ATEM5T MADE 9 ,M>* #aibc BY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE 7( :I* HE & ,L59 W]E MEMB]S7 TO M>K ! #b#e? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! F\ND+ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT SUMS UP ! LESSONS GA9$ FROM ! REVOLUTION & /ATES ?AT 0! P>TY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS PROV$ ABLE TO /& \T FE>LESSLY AGA9/ ! VACILLATIONS )9 ITS [N CLASS1 VACILLATIONS :I*1 ) ! SLI<TE/ WEAKNESS 9 ! VANGU>D1 C\LD TURN 9TO AN UNPREC$5T$ DEFEAT = ! PROLET>IAT40 ,VACILLATIONS1 ( C\RSE1 >E EXPRESS$ BY WORK]S' DEMOCRACY4 ,LITTLE WOND] ! /ATEM5T REJECTS IT3 0,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS F9DS ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY40 .<#e#c.> 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,H>MAN FAILS TO M5TION ?IS P>TICUL> ,BOL%EVIK OR?ODOXY 7:I* DATES BACK TO AT LEA/ #a#i#a#i74 ,HE ALSO FAILS TO M5TION ?AT ! #aibg ,PLAT=M ( ! ,OPPOSITION 7A M]G] ( ! ,LEFT & ,Z9OVIEV ,OPPOSITIONS7 %>$ ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 IRONICALLY ATTACK+ ,/AL9 = WEAK5+ ! P>TY'S DICTATOR%IP3 0.<!.> GR[+ REPLACEM5T ( ! P>TY BY ITS [N APP>ATUS IS PROMOT$ BY A '!ORY' ( ,/AL9'S :I* D5IES ! ,L59I/ PR9CIPLE1 9VIOLABLE = EV]Y ,BOL%EVIK1 ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS & CAN BE REALIZ$ ONLY ?R\< ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY40 ,AS ,H>MAN DOES NOT BO!R TO M5TION ?IS P>TICUL> 0PR9CIPLE10 WE CANNOT DISCOV] H[ P>TY DICTATOR%IP & WORK]S' DEMOCRACY CAN BE RECONCIL$4.<#e#d.> 

,GIV5 ?IS ,BOL%EVIK OR?ODOXY1 IT SEEMS 9CR$UL\S ?AT ,H>MAN /ATES ?AT 0IF AT HOME OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS MADE WORK]S' DEMOCRACY NON-EXI/5T1 AT LEA/ !RE WAS ! POSSIBILITY ( ?OSE MOTIVAT$ BY ! ,P>TY'S TRADITIONS BR++ AB\T ITS RE/ORATION GIV5 9DU/RIAL RECOV]Y AT HOME & REVOLUTION ABROAD40 ,AFT] ALL1 P>TY DICTATOR%IP WAS ! PREVAIL+ ,BOL%EVIK OR?ODOXY4 ,?OSE ,BOL%EVIKS1 LIKE ,MIASNIKOV'S ,WORK]S' ,GR\P1 :O /OOD = REAL WORK]S DEMOCRACY HAD BE5 EXPELL$ & REPRESS$4.<#e#e.> ,IDA ,METT %[S A GREAT] APPRECIATION ( REALITY3 0W\LD NOT A REVOLUTION 9 ANO!R C\NTRY HAVE BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ! SPIRIT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION8 ,:5 ONE CONSID]S ! 5ORM\S MORAL AU?ORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ?R\<\T ! WORLD ONE MAY ASK ONESELF :E!R ! DEVIATIONS ( ?IS ,REVOLUTION W\LD NOT EV5TUALLY HAVE LEFT AN IMPR9T ON O!R C\NTRIES4 ,MANY HI/ORICAL FACTS ALL[ SU* A JUDGM5T4 ,ONE MAY 444 HAVE D\BTS AS TO :E!R ! BUREAUCRATIC DE=MATIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME W\LD HAVE BE5 /RAI<T5$ \T BY ! W9DS COM+ FROM REVOLUTIONS 9 O!R C\NTRIES40.<#e#f.> 

,A 0NEW0 CLASS8 

,H>MAN'S >TICLE IS AN ATTEMPT TO %[ H[ ,L59ISM & ,/AL9ISM W]E DIFF]5T1 ?AT ! =M] WAS A NEW CLASS 7/ATE CAPITALI/7 SY/EM4 ,H[EV]1 HE FAILS TO PROVE HIS >GUM5T4 ,AS ,H>MAN HIMSELF ACKN[L$GES1 ! CLASS /RUCTURE ( 0/ATE CAPITALISM0 ALREADY EXI/$ UND] ,L594 ,9 #aiba 0IT WAS OBJECTIVELY ! CASE ?AT P[] 9 ! ,P>TY & ,/ATE LAY 9 ! H&S ( A SMALL GR\P ( FUNCTION>IES40 ,HE >GUES ?AT 0!SE W]E BY NO MEANS A COHESIVE RUL+ CLASS0 & 0W]E F> FROM BE+ AW>E ( %>+ A COMMON 9T5T40 ,H[EV]1 !SE GR\PS W]E 0COHESIVE0 5\< TO RESI/ WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT REVOLT 9 ORD] TO DEF5D !IR RULE4 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#bS1 HE >GUES1 ?IS *ANG$3 0! BUREAUCRACY WAS DEVELOP+ FROM BE+ A CLASS 9 ITSELF TO BE+ A CLASS = ITSELF40 ,?US ! CLASS /RUCTURE DID NOT *ANGE DUR+ ?IS TIME4 

,SO WE HAVE A P>ADOX4 ,:ILE 70OBJECTIVELY07 ,L59'S REGIME WAS /ATE CAPITALI/1 ,H>MAN >GUES ?AT IT WAS NOT4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! 0POLICIES !Y .<! BUREAUCRACY.> IMPLEM5T$ W]E %AP$ BY ELEM5TS 9 ! ,P>TY /ILL /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! TRADITIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM40 ,?US ,L59'S REGIME WAS NOT /ATE CAPITALI/ BECAUSE1 WELL1 ,L59 WAS A 0REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/0 & HE WAS 9 *>GE ( IT6 ,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT A CAPITALI/ /ATE BECOMES LESS SO :5 A ,LABOR GOV]NM5T HOLDS (FICE8 ,?US ,H>MAN'S >GUM5T RE/S ON ! GOOD 9T5TIONS ( ?OSE 9 P[]4 ,ES*EW+ ANY DISCUSSION ( *ANG+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & CLASS /RUCTURES1 WE >E LEFT ) AN EXAMPLE ( PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM AT ITS WORSE1 I4E4 ?AT IDEAS SOMEH[ DET]M9E ! NATURE ( A REGIME4 

,H>MAN >GUES ?AT IT IS 0(T5 SAID ?AT ! RISE ( ,/AL9ISM 9 ,RUSSIAN CANNOT BE CALL$ 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION' BECAUSE IT WAS A GRADUAL PROCESS 444 ,BUT ?IS IS TO MISCON/RUE ! ,M>XI/ ME?OD4 ,IT IS NOT ! CASE ?AT ! TRANSITION FROM ONE SORT ( SOCIETY TO ANO!R ALWAYS 9VOLVES A S+LE SUDD5 *ANGE40 ,:ILE ?IS IS ! CASE 0= ! TRANSITION FROM A CAPITALI/ ,/ATE TO A WORK]S' ,/ATE10 IT IS NOT ! CASE 9 ! TRANSITION FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM1 !RE >E 0A :OLE S]IES ( DIFF]5T 9T5SITIES & AT DIFF]5T LEVELS1 AS ! DECISIVE ECONOMIC CLASS 7! B\RGEOISIE7 =CES POLITICAL CONCESSIONS 9 ITS FAVOR40 ,HE >GUES ?AT ! 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA PROCE$$ ALONG ! SECOND PA? RA!R ?AN ! FIR/40 ,( C\RSE1 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS FI<T+ AGA9/ AN EXI/+ RUL+ CLASS & ITS CLASS POSITION WAS ALREADY WELL DEF9$4 ,?US1 ,H>MAN'S ANALOGY UND]M9ES HIS >GUM5T AS ! BUREAUCRACY ALSO BUILT ON ITS EXI/+ CLASS POSITION4 

,H>MAN ACKN[L$GES ?IS BY >GU+ ?AT ! 0BUREAUCRACY DID NOT HAVE TO SEIZE P[] FROM ! WORK]S ALL AT ONCE0 DUE TO ! 0DECIMATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS0 & SO ITS 0MEMB]S CONTROLL$ 9DU/RY & ! POLICE & ! >MY40 ,AS SU*1 IT WAS ALREADY ! RUL+ CLASS 70,IT DID NOT EV5 HAVE TO WRE/ CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS TO BR+ IT 9TO L9E ) ITS ECONOMIC P[]0 9 ,H>MAN'S WORDS74 ,?US1 ! 0NEW0 RUL+ CLASS 0M]ELY HAD TO BR+ A POLITICAL & 9DU/RIAL /RUCTURE ?AT IT ALREADY CONTROLL$ 9TO L9E ) ITS [N 9T]E/S0 & DID SO BY *ANG+ 0! MODE ( OP]ATION ( ! ,P>TY0 TO BR+ IT 09TO L9E ) ! DEM&S ( ! C5TRAL BUREAUCRACY40 ,?IS C\LD BE A*IEV$ 0ONLY 444 BY A DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ?OSE ELEM5TS 9 ! ,P>TY :I* 444 /ILL ADH]$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ TRADITION40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! BUREAUCRACY WAS ALREADY 7OBJECTIVELY7 ! RUL+ CLASS & SO #aibh DID NOT M>K ANY *ANGE AT ALL 9 ! CLASS /RUCTURE ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY & SO DOES NOT1 OBVI\SLY1 SIGNIFY ANY *ANGE 9 ! NATURE ( ! REGIME4 ,IF ,RUSSIA WAS /ATE CAPITALI/ 9 #a#i#b#h1 IT HAD ALREADY BE5 SO UND] ,L59 & ,TROTSKY4 

,?US ,H>MAN'S 0ANALYSIS0 ( ! RISE ( ,/AL9ISM CONC5TRATES ON ! RHETORIC ( ?OSE 9 *>GE1 NOT ! CLASS /RUCTURE )9 SOCIETY 7:I* HE ADMITS HAD NOT *ANG$74 ,9 #a#i#b#h1 NO?+ *ANG$ BEYOND A *ANGE 9 SOME ( ! MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ,H>MAN'S ASS]TION ?AT ,/AL9 0HAD A SOCIAL BASIS ( HIS [N4 ,HE C\LD SURVIVE :5 NEI!R ! PROLET>IAT NOR ! PEASANTRY EX]CIS$ P[]40 ,YET ?IS WAS TRUE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS UND] ,L59 7TO RE-QUOTE ,H>MAN1 0DIRECT WORK]S' P[] HAD NOT EXI/$ S9CE #a#i#a#h074 ,?US HIS ATTEMPT TO JU/IFY ! ,S,W,P'S >GUM5T ?AT ,/AL9ISM REPRES5T$ A NEW CLASS SY/EM FAILS4.<#e#g.> 

,H>MAN 5DS BY >GU+ ?AT 0!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT BY #aibh A NEW CLASS HAD TAK5 P[] 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT DID NOT HAVE TO 5GAGE 9 DIRECT MILIT>Y CONFLICT ) ! WORK]S TO GA9 P[]1 BECAUSE DIRECT WORK]S' P[] HAD NOT EXI/$ S9CE #a#i#a#h40 ,9DE$1 0DIRECT WORK]S' P[]0 HAD BE5 BROK5 BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS LONG BE=E #a#i#b#h4 ,9 E>LY #a#i#a#h1 0DIRECT MILIT>Y CONFLICT ) ! WORK]S0 HAD TAK5 PLACE TO MA9TA9 ,BOL%EVIK P[]1 :I* HAD RAIS$ ! 0PR9CIPLE0 ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP TO AN IDEOLOGICAL TRUISM 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,NOT ?AT Y\ W\LD KN[ ?IS FROM ,H>MAN'S ACC\NT4 ,AS SU*1 :5 HE >GUES ?AT 0! ONE CLASS ) ! CAPACITY = EX]CIS+ G5U9ELY SOCIALI/ PRESSURES - ! WORK+ CLASS - WAS ! WEAKE/1 ! MO/ DISORGANIZ$1 ! LEA/ ABLE TO EX]T SU* PRESSURES0 WE >E NOT SURPRIS$ AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO REPRESS IT TO REMA9 9 P[]6 

,DISCUSS+ ! TACTICS US$ AGA9/ ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 ,H>MAN /ATES ?AT !Y W]E 0LIKELY TO F9D !MSELVES ASSIGN$ TO M9OR POSITIONS 9 REMOTE >EAS0 & 9 #aibh ,/AL9 0BEGAN TO IMITATE ! ,CZ>S DIRECTLY & DEPORT REVOLUTION>IES TO ,SIB]IA4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 EV5 ?IS WAS NOT TO BE 5\<4 ,HE WAS TO DO :AT EV5 ! ,ROMAN(FS HAD BE5 UNABLE TO DO3 SY/EMATICALLY MURD] ?OSE :O HAD CON/ITUT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY ( #a#i#a#g40 ,H[EV]1 ALL ?IS ALSO OCCURR$ UND] ,L594 ,= EXAMPLE1 0,AN>*I/ PRISON]S 444 W]E S5T TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS NE> ,>*ANGEL 9 ! FROZ5 NOR?0 AFT] ,KRON/ADT4.<#e#h.> ,M5%EVIKS W]E ALSO BANI%$ TO REMOTE LOCATIONS1 9CLUD+ ,SIB]IA4 ,DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 0,YUR5EV 444 SPOKE AT ! .<,BOL%EVIK'S.> ,N9? ,CONGRESS 7,APRIL #a#i#b7 ( ! ME?ODS US$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE TO SUPPRESS CRITICISM1 9CLUD+ VIRTUAL EXILE ( CRITICS3 ',ONE GOES TO ,*RI/IANA1 ANO!R S5T TO ! ,URALS1 A ?IRD -- TO ,SIB]IA4'0.<#e#i.> ,GIV5 ?AT ! MURD] ( AN>*I/S & O!R OPPOSITION SOCIALI/S BY ! ,*EKA UND] ,L59 WAS COMMONPLACE1 ,H>MAN SEEMS TO BE COMPLA9+ ?AT ,/AL9 IMPLEM5T$ )9 ! P>TY POLICIES :I* HAD BE5 US$ \TSIDE ! P>TY BY ,L594 

,!RE=E1 A NEW CLASS HAD TAK5 P[] 9 ,RUSSIA LONG BE=E #a#i#b#h1 A CLASS ( P>TY LEAD]S & BUREAUCRATS :O REPRESS$ ! WORK]S TO MA9TA9 !IR [N P[] & PRIVILEGES4 ,:AT %\LD BE EXPLA9$ IS NOT ! RISE ( ,/AL9ISM UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES BUT RA!R H[ ,TROTSKY C\LD /ILL >GUE = P>TY DICTATOR%IP 9 #a#i#c#g1 NEV] M9D 9 #a#i#b#g1 & :Y ! ,S,W,P CONSID] HIM A LEAD+ EXPON5T ( 0SOCIALISM FROM BEL[06 

,CONCLUSION 

,ALL 9 ALL1 ,H>MAN'S ACC\NT ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION LEAVES MU* TO BE DESIR$4 ,HE MISUSES S\RCE MAT]IAL1 FAILS TO M5TION ?AT ! APP>5TLY 0DEMOCRATIC0 ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION SUPPORT$ ! ,BOL%EVIK 0PR9CIPLE0 ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP & ?AT ,L59 HAD ADVOCAT$ 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T0 S9CE E>LY #a#i#a#h4 ,HIS ACC\NTS ( ,KRON/ADT & ! DEA? ( SOVIET DEMOCRACY HAVE FAIL$ TO SURVIVE MORE REC5T RESE>* 7UNLIKE AN>*I/ ACC\NTS74 ,! ATTEMPT TO EXON]ATE ,BOL%EVIK POLITICS = ! RISE ( ,/AL9ISM SIMPLY FAILS4 ,BOL%EVIK POLITICS PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,RA!R ?AN SEE+ 0WORK]S' DEMOCRACY AS C5TRAL TO SOCIALISM0 ,BOL%EVISM 79CLUD+ ITS ANTI-,/AL9I/ FACTIONS7 RAIS$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY OV] WORK]S' DEMOCRACY 9TO AN IDEOLOGICAL TRUISM 7&1 ( C\RSE1 PRACTIC$ IT74 

,ONCE ! DI/ORTIONS ( ,H>MAN'S ACC\NT >E CORRECT$ & SUPPLEM5T$ BY FUR!R RESE>*1 IT IS NOT H>D TO AGREE ) ,MAURICE ,BR9TON'S CONCLUSION ?AT 0!RE IS A CLE>-CUT & 9CONTROV]TIBLE L9K BETWE5 :AT HAPP5$ UND] ,L59 & ,TROTSKY & ! LAT] PRACTICES ( ,/AL9ISM 444 ,! MORE ONE UNE>?S AB\T ?IS P]IOD ! MORE DIFFICULT IT BECOMES TO DEF9E -- OR EV5 TO SEE -- ! 'GULF' ALLEG$LY SEP>AT+ :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,L59'S TIME FROM :AT HAPP5$ LAT]4 ,REAL KN[L$GE ( ! FACTS ALSO MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ACCEPT 444 ?AT ! :OLE C\RSE ( EV5TS WAS 'HI/ORICALLY 9EVITABLE' & 'OBJECTIVELY DET]M9$'4 ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE W]E !MSELVES IMPORTANT & SOMETIMES DECISIVE FACTORS 9 ! EQUATION1 AT EV]Y CRITICAL /AGE ( ?IS CRITICAL P]IOD40.<#f.> 

,P>T ( ! PROBLEM IS ?AT ,H>MAN CONSID]S AS 0! ESS5CE ( SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY10 NAMELY 0! DEMOCRATIC 9T]ACTION ( LEAD]S & L$40 .<#f#a.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 A VISION ( 0SOCIALISM0 BAS$ ON ! DIVISION BETWE5 LEAD]S 7ORD] GIV]S7 & L$ 7ORD] TAK]S74 ,RA!R ?AN SEE+ SOCIALISM AS BE+ BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T1 ! ,BOL%EVIK TRADITION EQUATES RULE BY ! P>TY ) RULE BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,COMB9E ?IS ) A P]SPECTIVE :I* SEES CLASS CONSCI\SNESS AS RE/+ 9 ! P>TY1 WE >E LEFT ) A V]Y SMALL JUMP TO ! ,BOL%EVIK OR?ODOXY ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF ! WORK]S REJECT ! P>TY !N1 CLE>LY1 !IR CONSCI\SNESS HAS DROPP$1 SO NECESSITAT+ P>TY DICTATOR%IP OV] A 0DECLASS$0 PROLET>IAT4 ,:I*1 ( C\RSE1 IS EXACTLY :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID DO & JU/IFY IDEOLOGICALLY4 ,AS ,NOAM ,*OMSKY SUMM>IZES3 

0,9 ! /AGES LEAD+ UP TO ! ,BOL%EVIK C\P 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 !RE W]E 9CIPI5T SOCIALI/ 9/ITUTIONS DEVELOP+ 9 ,RUSSIA -- WORK]S' C\NCILS1 COLLECTIVES1 ?+S LIKE ?AT4 ,& !Y SURVIV$ TO AN EXT5T ONCE ! ,BOL%EVIKS TOOK OV] -- BUT NOT = V]Y LONG2 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY PRETTY MU* ELIM9AT$ !M AS !Y CONSOLIDAT$ !IR P[]4 ,I MEAN1 Y\ CAN >GUE AB\T ! JU/IFICATION = ELIM9AT+ !M1 BUT ! FACT IS ?AT ! SOCIALI/ 9ITIATIVES W]E PRETTY QUICKLY ELIM9AT$4 

0,N[1 PEOPLE :O WANT TO JU/IFY IT SAY1 ',! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO DO IT' -- ?AT'S ! /&>D JU/IFICATION3 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY HAD TO DO IT1 BECAUSE ( ! CONT+5CIES ( ! CIVIL W>1 = SURVIVAL1 !RE W\LDN'T HAVE BE5 FOOD O!RWISE1 ?IS & ?AT4 ,WELL1 OBVI\SLY ! QUE/ION IS1 WAS ?AT TRUE4 ,TO ANSW] ?AT1 Y\'VE GOT TO LOOK AT ! HI/ORICAL FACTS3 ,I DON'T ?9K IT WAS TRUE4 ,9 FACT1 ,I ?9K ! 9CIPI5T SOCIALI/ /RUCTURES 9 ,RUSSIA W]E DISMANTL$ BE=E ! REALLY DIRE CONDITIONS >OSE 444 ,BUT READ+ !IR [N WRIT+S1 MY FEEL+ IS ?AT ,L59 & ,TROTSKY KNEW :AT !Y W]E DO+1 IT WAS CONSCI\S & UND]/&ABLE40.<#f#b.> 

,*OMSKY IS RI<T ON BO? C\NTS4 ,! ATTACK ON ! BASIC BUILD+ BLOCKS ( G5U9E SOCIALISM />T$ BE=E ! CIVIL W>4 ,MOREOV]1 IT DID NOT HAPP5 BY ACCID5T4 ,IT WAS ROOT$ 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK VISION ( SOCIALISM4 

,= AN>*I/S1 ! LESSONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION >E CLE>4 ,WORK+ CLASS P[] CANNOT BE ID5TIFI$ OR EQUAT$ ) ! P[] ( ! ,P>TY -- AS IT REPEAT$LY WAS BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,:AT 'TAK+ P[]' REALLY IMPLIES IS ?AT ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS AT LA/ REALIZES ITS ABILITY TO MANAGE BO? PRODUCTION & SOCIETY & ORGANIZES TO ?IS 5D4 ,AS ,RUSSIA %[S1 ANY ATTEMPT TO REPLACE SELF-MANAGEM5T ) P>TY RULE 0OBJECTIVELY0 CREATES ! CLASS /RUCTURE ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,F9ALLY1 WE MU/ /RESS ?AT !RE IS A C\NT]-EXAMPLE :I* %[S ! IMPACT ( ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY ON ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION & ?AT ALT]NATIVE POLICIES C\LD EXI/4 ,?IS IS ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5C$ ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T4.<#f#c.> ,DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E AGA9/ ALL GR\PS AIM+ TO IMPOSE !IR WILL ON ! MASSES1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E OP]AT+ 9 ! SAME OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS FAC+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS -- CIVIL W>1 ECONOMIC DISRUPTION1 ISOLATION & SO =?4 ,H[EV]1 ! POLICIES ! ,MAKHNOVI/S IMPLEM5T$ W]E RADICALLY DIFF]5T ?AN ?OSE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,:ILE ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CALL$ SOVIET CONGRESSES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DISB&$ !M4 ,! =M] 5C\RAG$ FREE SPEE* & ORGANIZATION1 ! LATT] CRU%$ BO?4 ,:ILE ! ,BOL%EVIKS RAIS$ P>TY DICTATOR%IP & ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T TO IDEOLOGICAL TRUISMS1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S !Y /OOD = & IMPLEM5T$ WORKPLACE1 >MY1 VILLAGE & SOVIET SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS %[S ! FAILURE ( ,BOL%EVISM CANNOT BE PUT D[N TO PURELY OBJECTIVE FACTORS LIKE ! CIVIL W>1 ! POLITICS ( ,M>XISM PLAY$ !IR P>T4 

,ONLY :5 WORK+ PEOPLE ACTUALLY RUN !MSELVES SOCIETY WILL A REVOLUTION BE SUCCESSFUL4 ,= AN>*I/S1 ?IS MEANT ?AT 0EFFECTIVE EMANCIPATION CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY ! DIRECT1 WIDESPREAD1 & 9DEP5D5T ACTION 444 ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 GR\P$ 444 9 !IR [N CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 444 ON ! BASIS ( CONCRETE ACTION & SELF-GOV]NM5T1 HELP$ BUT NOT GOV]N$1 BY REVOLUTION>IES WORK+ 9 ! V]Y MID/ (1 & NOT ABOVE ! MASS & ! PR(ESSIONAL1 TE*NICAL1 DEF5SE & O!R BRAN*ES40.<#f#d.> ,BY CREAT+ A 7SO-CALL$7 WORK]S' /ATE & SO SUB/ITUT+ P>TY P[] = WORK]S P[]1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD MADE ITS FIR/ FATAL /EP T[>DS ,/AL9ISM4 

.<#a.> ,*RIS ,H>MAN1 0,RUSSIA - ,H[ ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ,LO/10 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM #c1 ,AUTUMN #aifg & SUBSEQU5TLY REPR9T$ AS A PAMPHLET & 9CLUD$ 9 ,RUSSIA3 ,FROM ,WORK]S' ,/ATE TO ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM4 

.<#b.> ,L591 ,WILL ! ,BOL%EVIKS ,MA9TA9 ,P[]8 7,SUTTON ,PUBLI%+ ,LTD1 ,/R\D1 #a#i#i#g71 P4 #h1 P4 #ha 

.<#c.> ,RI*>D ,SAKWA1 ,SOVIET ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,P[]3 A /UDY ( ,MOSC[ DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 #a#i#a#h-#b#a 7,MACMILLAN1 ,BAS+/OKE1 #a#i#h#g71 P4 #i#d1 PP4 #i#d-#e1 P4 #bde 

.<#d.> ,J4 ,AVES1 ,WORK]S ,AGA9/ ,L593 ,LABOR ,PROTE/ & ! ,BOL%EVIK ,DICTATOR%IP 7,TAURIS ,ACADEMIC ,/UDIES1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#i#f71 P4 #f#i1 P4 #a#i1 P4 #ab 

.<#e.> ,! FACT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS WAS CAPABLE ( COLLECTIVE ACTION WAS KN[N 9 #a#i#f#g4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,IDA ,METT3 0,& IF ! PROLET>IAT WAS ?AT EXHAU/$ H[ COME IT WAS /ILL CAPABLE ( WAG+ VIRTUALLY TOTAL G5]AL /RIKES 9 ! L>GE/ & MO/ HEAVILY 9DU/RIALIZ$ CITIES80 .<,IDA ,METT1 ,! ,KRON/ADT ,REBELLION 7,SOLID>ITY1 ,LONDON1 DATE UNKN[N71 P4 #h#a.> ,AS SU*1 IDEOLOGICAL REASONS EXPLA9 ,H>MAN'S ASS]TIONS4 

.<#f.> QUOT$ BY ,AVES1 P4 #abc 

.<#g.> ,L59 /RESS$ ?AT ?IS =MULA WAS APPLICABLE 09 ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES0 AS 0! PROLET>IAT IS /ILL SO DIVID$1 SO DEGRAD$1 & SO CORRUPT$ 9 P>TS40 .<,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #c#b1 P4 #b#a.> 

.<#h.> ,PROCE$+S & ,DOCUM5TS ( ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS #aib 7,PA?F9D]1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#i#a71 VOL4 #a1 P4 #aeb 

.<#i.> ,IRONICALLY1 ! ,M5%EVIKS BLAM$ ! RISE ( ,BOL%EVIK POPUL>ITY BE=E ! W> & 9 #aiag PRECISELY ON ITS APPEAL TO ! 0NEW PROLET>IAT10 I4E4 ?OSE NEW TO ! CITIES & /ILL TI$ TO ITS VILLAGE ORIG94 

.<#a.> ,AVES1 P4 #abf 

.<#a#a.> ,AVES1 P4 #a#h1 P4 #i & P4 #i#a4 

.<#a#b.> ,SAKWA1 P4 #bfa 

.<#a#c.> ,L591 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4#b#g P4 #eag 

.<#a#d.> ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION CONFIRM$ ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5T ?AT ANY REVOLUTION W\LD SEE ECONOMIC DISRUPTION & DISLOCATION 7SEE ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD & ,ACT = ,Y\RSELVES74 ,LEAD+ ,BOL%EVIKS LIKE ,L591 ,TROTSKY & ,BUKH>9 CAME TO REALIZE ?IS DECADES LAT] &1 UNLIKE !IR FOLL[]S1 SAW IT AS A 0LAW0 ( REVOLUTIONS4 

.<#a#e.> ,DAVID ,M&EL1 ,! ,PETROGRAD ,WORK]S & ! ,SOVIET ,SEIZURE ( ,P[]3 FROM ! ,JULY DAYS #aiag TO ,JULY #aiah 7,MAC,MILLAN1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#d71 P4 #cib 

.<#a#f.> ,AS SU*1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS PROVID$ A GOOD EXAMPLE TO SUPPORT ,MALATE/A'S >GUM5T ?AT 0IF 444 ONE MEANS GOV]NM5T ACTION :5 ONE TALKS ( SOCIAL ACTION1 !N ?IS IS /ILL ! RESULTANT ( 9DIVIDUAL =CES1 BUT ONLY ( ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS :O =M ! GOV]NM5T 444 IT FOLL[S444 ?AT F> FROM RESULT+ 9 AN 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTIVE1 ORGANIZ+ & PROTECTIVE =CES 9 SOCIETY1 IT W\LD GREATLY R$UCE !M1 LIMIT+ 9ITIATIVE TO A FEW1 & GIV+ !M ! RI<T TO DO EV]Y?+ )\T1 ( C\RSE1 BE+ ABLE TO PROVIDE !M ) ! GIFT ( BE+ ALL-KN[+40 .<,AN>*Y 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#d71 PP4 #c#f-#g.> ,CAN IT BE SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES AID$ ! ATOMIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY REPLAC+ COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION & ACTION BY /ATE BUREAUCRACY8 

.<#a#g.> ,! ,IMM$IATE ,TASKS ,( ,! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T 7,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#g71 P4 #bc 

.<#a#h.> ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA 7,BOOKM>KS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#h71 PP4 #a#h-#i 

.<#a#i.> ,ISRAEL ,GETZL]1 ,M>TOV3 ,A ,POLITICAL ,BIOGRAPHY ( A ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT 7,MELB\RNE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,C>LTON1 #a#i#f#g71 P4 #agi 

.<#b.> ,:ILE ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0(F]$ SOME =MIDABLE FICTIONS TO JU/IFY ! EXPULSIONS0 !RE WAS 0( C\RSE NO SUB/ANCE 9 ! *>GE ?AT ! ,M5%EVIKS HAD BE5 MIX$ 9 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES ON ! ,DON1 9 ! ,URALS1 9 ,SIB]IA1 ) ! ,CZE*OSLOVAKS1 OR ?AT !Y HAD JO9$ ! WOR/ ,BLACK ,HUNDR$S40 .<,ISRAEL ,GETZL]1 ,M>TOV1 P4 #a#h#a.> 

.<#b#a.> ,SAMUEL ,F>B]1 ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM3 ,! ,RISE & ,FALL ( ,SOVIET ,DEMOCRACY 7,POLITY ,PRESS1 ,OX=D1 #a#i#i71 PP4 #b#b-#d 

.<#b#b.> ,ALEX&] ,RAB9[IT*1 0,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,LOCAL ,SOVIETS 9 ,PETROGRAD01 PP4 #b-#c#g1 ,SLAVIC ,REVIEW1 ,VOL4 #c#f1 ,NO4 #a1 P4 #c#fF 

.<#b#c.> ,SAKWA1 P4 #agg 

.<#b#d.> ,WILLIAM ,ROS5B]G1 0,RUSSIAN LABOR & ,BOL%EVIK ,P[]10 PP4 #i#h-#a#c#a1 ,! ,WORK]S' REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 #a#i#a#g1 ,DANIEL ,H4 ,KAIS] 7$471 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#h#g71 P4 #a#a#g1 PP4 #a#b#f-#g & P4 #abg 

.<#b#e.> ,ALEX&] ,RAB9[IT*1 0,E>LY ,DIS5*ANTM5T ) ,BOL%EVIK ,RULE3 ,NEW ,DATA =M ! ,>*IVES ( ! ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES FROM ,PETROGRAD ,FACTORIES01 ,POLITICS & ,SOCIETY UND] ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,D]MOTT1 ,KEV9 & ,MORISON1 ,JOHN 7$S47 7,MACMILLAN1 ,BAS+/OKE1 #a#i#i#i71 P4 #cg 

.<#b#f.> ,AS RECOGNIZ$ BY ,M>TOV1 :O >GU$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS LOV$ ,SOVIETS ONLY :5 !Y W]E 09 ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY40 .<,GETZL]1 P4 #a#g#d.> 

.<#b#g.> QUOT$ BY ,BR9T91 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL #aiag TO #a#i#b#a3 ! ,/ATE & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION1 7,SOLID>ITY & ,BLACK & ,R$1 ,LONDON & ,DETROIT1 #a#i#g#e71 PP4 #c#g-#h4 

.<#b#h.> ,F>B]1 P4 #dd 

.<#b#i.> ,LEON ,TROTSKY ,SPEAKS 7,PA?F9D]1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#b71 P4 #aac 

.<#c.> ,= ?OSE1 LIKE ! ,S,W,P1 :O MA9TA9 ?AT ,L59ISM IS 0SOCIALISM FROM BEL[0 ,L59 EXPLICITLY D5I$ ?IS3 0,BUREAUCRACY V]SUS DEMOCRACY IS 9 FACT C5TRALISM V]SUS AUTONOMISM2 IT IS ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY AS OPPOS$ TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE ( OPPORTUNI/ ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,! LATT] /RIVES TO PROCE$ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D1 &1 !RE=E1 :]EV] POSSIBLE 444 UPHOLDS AUTONOMISM & 'DEMOCRACY1' C>RI$ 7BY ! OV]ZEAL\S7 TO ! PO9T ( AN>*ISM4 ,! =M] /RIVES TO PROCE$ FROM ! TOP D[NW>D40 .<,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #g1 PP4 #c#i#f-#g.> 

.<#c#a.> ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b1 P4 #cbi 

.<#c#b.> ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #g1 P4 #cfg 

.<#c#c.> ,RI*>D ,SAKWA1 0,! ,COMMUNE ,/ATE 9 ,MOSC[ 9 #a#i#a#h10 PP4 #d#b#i-#d#d#i1 ,SLAVIC ,REVIEW1 VOL4 #d#f1 NO4 #c_/#d1 PP4 #d#c#g-#h 

.<#c#d.> ,SIX ,!SES ON ! ,IMM$IATE ,TASKS ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T1 CONTA9$ 9 ,! ,IMM$IATE ,TASKS ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T1 7,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#g71 P4 #dd 

.<#c#e.> ,AVES1 P4 #ag & P4 #c 

.<#c#f.> ,! ,?REAT5+ ,CATA/ROPHE & H[ TO AVOID IT 7,M>T9 ,LAWR5CE ,LTD41 UNDAT$71 P4 #* & P4 #cg 

.<#c#g.> ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b1 P4 #fcf 

.<#c#h.> ,?OMAS ,F4 ,REM+TON1 ,BUILD+ ,SOCIALISM 9 ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA3 ,IDEOLOGY & ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,PITTSBUR< ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#d71 P4 #* 

.<#c#i.> ,BR9TON1 P4 #cf & PP4 #a#h-#i 

.<#d.> ,WILLIAM ,G4 ,ROS5B]G1 ,RUSSIAN ,LABOR & ,BOL%EVIK ,P[]1 P4 #aaf 

.<#d#a.> ,WILLIAM ,G4 ,ROS5B]G1 0,WORK]S' ,CONTROL ON ! ,RAILROADS & ,SOME ,SUGGE/IONS ,CONC]N+ ,SOCIAL ,ASPECTS ( ,LABOR ,POLITICS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION01 PP4 ,D#a#a#h#a-,D#a#b#a#i1 ,! ,J\RNAL ( ,MOD]N ,HI/ORY1 VOL4 #d#i1 NO4 #b1 P4 ,D#a#b#h1 P4 ,D#a#b#g1 P4 ,D#a#b#a#c & PP4 ,D#a#b#h-#i 

.<#d#b.> ,SILVANA ,MALLE1 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,ORGANIZATION ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM1 #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#h#e71 P4 #b#c#b-#c & PP4 #b#f#i-#g#e 

.<#d#c.> ,C>M5 ,SIRIANNI1 ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL & ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY 7,V]SO_/,N,L,B1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#b71 P4 #ai 

.<#d#d.> ,GETZL]1 P4 #ahe 

.<#d#e.> QUOT$ BY ,GETZL]1 P4 #ahc 

.<#d#f.> ,GETZL]1 ,KRON/ADT #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a3 ,! ,FATE ( A ,SOVIET ,DEMOCRACY 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#h#c71 PP4 #b#g-#h 

.<#d#g.> ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,KRON/ADT #aiba 7,W4,W4 ,NORTON & ,COMPANY ,9C41 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g71 P4 #aha 

.<#d#h.> ,UNLIKE ,L59'S CAPITALI/ ,N,E,P1 ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS DEM&$ NO M>KET = LABOR 9 AGRICULTURE & SO !IR VISION = AGRICULTURE WAS SOCIALI/ 9 NATURE4 

.<#d#i.> ,AVRI*1 PP4 #g#e-#f 

.<#e.> ,TONY ,CLIFF1 ,L593 ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BESIEG$1 VOL4 #c 7,PLUTO ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#h72 ,V4 ,R4 ,B]<AHN1 ,MOD]N ,G]MANY3 SOCIETY1 ECONOMY & POLITICS 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 #bND $4 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#e#a.> ,KROPOTK91 ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD 7,ELEPHANT ,$ITIONS1 ,CATANIA1 #a#i#h#e71 P4 #g 

.<#e#b.> ,LEON ,TROTSKY ,SPEAKS1 P4 #a#e#h1 P4 #af 

.<#e#c.> 0,TO ! ,WORK]S ( ! ,U,S,S,R0 9 ,G4 ,Z9OVIEV1 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY3 ,A ,POPUL> ,\TL9E 7,NEW ,P>K ,PUBLICATIONS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#c71 P4 #b#a#c1 P4 #b#a#d4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,TROTSKY HAD MADE ID5TICAL COMM5TS 9 #aiba AT ! ,T5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 7SEE ,BR9TON1 P4 #g#h74 

.<#e#d.> ,GIV5 ?AT ,TROTSKY WAS /ILL TALK+ AB\T ! 0OBJECTIVE NECESSITY0 ( ! 0REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( A PROLET>IAN P>TY0 9 #a#i#c#g1 ,H>MAN'S COMM5T ?AT ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION 0ADH]$0 TO ! ,BOL%EVIK TRADITION TAKES ON A NEW MEAN+6 ,TROTSKY'S COMM5T ?AT ! 0REVOLUTION>Y P>TY 7VANGU>D7 :I* R5\NCES ITS [N DICTATOR%IP SURR5D]S ! MASSES TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 FITS 9 WELL ) ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY 9 ! RUN UP TO ,/AL9ISM4 .<,WRIT+S #a#i#c#f-#c#g 7,PA?F9D] ,PRESS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#h71 PP4 #e#a#c-#d.> 

.<#e#e.> ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 0,BOL%EVIK ,OPPOSITION TO ,L593 ,G4 ,T4 ,MIASNIKOV & ! ,WORK]S' ,GR\P01 ,RUSSIAN ,REVIEW1 ,VOL4 #d#c1 ,NO4 #a2 ,G4 ,P4 ,MAXIM(F1 ,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK3 TW5TY YE>S ( T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA 7DATA & DOCUM5TS71 7,*ICAGO ,SECTION ( ! ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN ,FUND1 ,*ICAGO1 #a#i#d71 PP4 #b#f#h-#g#a4 ,! RESPONSE ( ,TROTSKY TO ! /ATE REPRESSION ( ! ,WORK]S' ,GR\P IS SIGNIFICANT1 GIV5 ?AT = MO/ MOD]N ,L59I/S HE RAIS$ ! BANN] ( 0AU!NTIC0 ,L59ISM AGA9/ ! OBVI\S EVILS ( ,/AL9ISM4 ,TONY ,CLIFF NOTES ?AT 9 ,JULY & ,AUGU/ #aibc ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD 0W]E %AK5 BY 9DU/RIAL UNRE/ 444 ,UN(FICIAL /RIKES BROKE \T 9 MANY PLACES 444 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#c1 RUMORS ( A G5]AL /RIKE CIRCULAT$ ?R\<\T ,MOSC[1 & ! MOVEM5T SEEMS AT ! PO9T ( TURN+ 9TO A POLITICAL REVOLT4 ,NOT S9CE ! ,KRON/ADT RIS+ ( #aiba HAD !RE BE5 SO MU* T5SION 9 ! WORK+ CLASS & SO MU* AL>M 9 ! RUL+ CIRCLES40 ,! RUL+ ELITE1 9CLUD+ ,TROTSKY1 ACT$ TO MA9TA9 !IR POSITION & ! SECRET POLICE TURN$ ON ANY POLITICAL GR\P :I* C\LD 9FLU5CE ! MOVEM5T4 ,AS ! 0/RIKE WAVE GAVE A NEW LEASE ( LIFE TO ! ,M5%EVIKS 444 ! ,G,P,U C>RI$ \T A MASSIVE R\ND UP ( ,M5%EVIKS1 & AS MANY AS ONE ?\S& W]E >RE/$ 9 ,MOSC[ ALONE40 ,:5 IT WAS ! TURN ( ! ,WORK]S ,GR\P1 ,TROTSKY 0DID NOT CONDEMN !IR P]SECUTION0 & 0DID NOT SUPPORT !IR 9CITEM5T ( WORK]S TO 9DU/RIAL UNRE/40 ,MOREOV]1 0.<N.>OR WAS ,TROTSKY READY TO SUPPORT ! DEM& = WORK]S' DEMOCRACY 9 ! EXTREME =M07I4E41 G5U9E =M7  !Y HAD RAIS$ IT .<,TROTSKY1 VOL4 #c 7,BOOKM>KS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#i#a71 PP4 #b#e-#g.> 

.<#e#f.> ,! ,KRON/ADT ,REVOLT1 P4 #hb 

.<#e#g.> ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,TONY ,CLIFF1 ! ,S,W,P'S F\ND] & MA9 IDEOLOGUE1 CONSID]$ ,/AL9ISM TO BE 0/ATE CAPITALISM0 NOT BECAUSE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS )9 PRODUCTION BUT BECAUSE IT WAS 9 MILIT>Y 7&1 TO A LESS] DEGREE1 ECONOMIC7 COMPETITION ) ! CAPITALI/ ,WE/4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ?IS MAKES AS MU* S5SE AS CALL+ ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN TRIBES 0CAPITALI/0 :5 !Y W]E FI<T+ = SURVIVAL AGA9/ ! ,U,S ,>MY1 IT ALSO SUGGE/S ?AT ,L59'S REGIME WAS ALSO /ATE CAPITALI/ AS IT1 TOO1 WAS 9 7DIRECT & 9DIRECT7 MILIT>Y COMPETITION ) ! ,IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,SOMEONE %\LD HAVE EXPLA9$ TO HIM :AT 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 MEANS4 

.<#e#h.> ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S 7,W4,W4 ,NORTON @& ,COMPANY1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#h71 P4 #bcd 

.<#e#i.> ,E4,H4 ,C>R1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 VOL4 #a 7,PELICAN ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#f71 P4 #ahd 

.<#f.> ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 P4 #hd 

.<#f#a.> 0,P>TY & ,CLASS01 CONTA9$ 9 ,TONY ,CLIFF1 ,DUNCAN ,HALLAS1 ,*RIS ,H>MAN & ,LEON ,TROTSKY1 ,P>TY & ,CLASS1 7,BOOKM>KS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#i#f71 P4 #ff 

.<#f#b.> ,UND]/&+ ,P[]3 ,! ,9DISP5SABLE ,*OMSKY 7 ,! ,NEW ,PRESS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #b#b71 P4 #bbf 

.<#f#c.> ,PET] ,>%9OV1 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#g72 ,ALEX&RE ,SKIRDA11 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO ,AN>*Y'S ,COSSACK3 ,! /RUGGLE = FREE SOVIETS 9 ! ,UKRA9E #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a 7,A,K ,PRESS1 ,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&1 #b#d72 ,MI*AEL ,MALET1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W> 7,MAC,MILLAN ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#b74 

.<#f#d.> ,VOL9E1 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION 7,BLACK @& ,R$_/,SOLID>ITY1 ,DETROIT_/,*ICAGO1 #a#i#g#d7 P4 #aig 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,H[ ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ,LO/8 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,H[ ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ,LO/8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/