,H[ TO *ANGE ! C\RSE ( HUMAN HI/ORY 
7AT LEA/1 ! P>T ?AT'S ALREADY HAPP5$7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,! /ORY WE HAVE BE5 TELL+ \RSELVES AB\T \R ORIG9S IS WRONG1 & P]PETUATES ! IDEA ( 9EVITABLE SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] & ,DAVID ,W5GR[ ASK :Y ! MY? ( 'AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION' REMA9S SO P]SI/5T1 & >GUE ?AT !RE IS A :OLE LOT MORE WE CAN LE>N FROM \R ANCE/ORS4 

#a4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ WAS ! WORD 

,= C5TURIES1 WE HAVE BE5 TELL+ \RSELVES A SIMPLE /ORY AB\T ! ORIG9S ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 ,= MO/ ( !IR HI/ORY1 HUMANS LIV$ 9 T9Y EGALIT>IAN B&S ( HUNT]-GA!R]S4 ,!N CAME F>M+1 :I* BR\<T ) IT PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & !N ! RISE ( CITIES :I* MEANT ! EM]G5CE ( CIVILIZATION PROP]LY SPEAK+4 ,CIVILIZATION MEANT MANY BAD ?+S 7W>S1 TAXES1 BUREAUCRACY1 PATRI>*Y1 SLAV]Y4447 BUT ALSO MADE POSSIBLE WRITT5 LIT]ATURE1 SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 & MO/ O!R GREAT HUMAN A*IEVEM5TS4 

,ALMO/ EV]YONE KN[S ?IS /ORY 9 ITS BROADE/ \TL9ES4 ,S9CE AT LEA/ ! DAYS ( ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 IT HAS FRAM$ :AT WE ?9K ! OV]ALL %APE & DIRECTION ( HUMAN HI/ORY TO BE4 ,?IS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE ! N>RATIVE ALSO DEF9ES \R S5SE ( POLITICAL POSSIBILITY4 ,MO/ SEE CIVILIZATION1 H5CE 9EQUALITY1 AS A TRAGIC NECESSITY4 ,SOME DREAM ( RETURN+ TO A PA/ UTOPIA1 ( F9D+ AN 9DU/RIAL EQUIVAL5T TO 'PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM'1 OR EV51 9 EXTREME CASES1 ( DE/ROY+ EV]Y?+1 & GO+ BACK TO BE+ =AG]S AGA94 ,BUT NO ONE *ALL5GES ! BASIC /RUCTURE ( ! /ORY4 

,!RE IS A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ) ?IS N>RATIVE4 

,IT ISN'T TRUE4 

,OV]:ELM+ EVID5CE FROM >*AEOLOGY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 & K9DR$ DISCIPL9ES IS BEG9N+ TO GIVE US A FAIRLY CLE> IDEA ( :AT ! LA/ #d1 YE>S ( HUMAN HI/ORY REALLY LOOK$ LIKE1 & 9 ALMO/ NO WAY DOES IT RESEMBLE ! CONV5TIONAL N>RATIVE4 ,\R SPECIES DID NOT1 9 FACT1 SP5D MO/ ( ITS HI/ORY 9 T9Y B&S2 AGRICULTURE DID NOT M>K AN IRREV]SIBLE ?RE%OLD 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION2 ! FIR/ CITIES W]E (T5 ROBU/LY EGALIT>IAN4 ,/ILL1 EV5 AS RESE>*]S HAVE GRADUALLY COME TO A CONS5SUS ON SU* QUE/IONS1 !Y REMA9 /RANGELY RELUCTANT TO ANN\NCE !IR F9D+S TO ! PUBLIC- OR EV5 S*OL>S 9 O!R DISCIPL9ES - LET ALONE REFLECT ON ! L>G] POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ?OSE WRIT]S :O >E REFLECT+ ON ! 'BIG QUE/IONS' ( HUMAN HI/ORY - ,J>$ ,DIAMOND1 ,FRANCIS ,FUKUYAMA1 ,IAN ,MORRIS1 & O!RS - /ILL TAKE ,R\SSEAU'S QUE/ION 7':AT IS ! ORIG9 ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY8'7 AS !IR />T+ PO9T1 & ASSUME ! L>G] /ORY WILL BEG9 ) SOME K9D ( FALL FROM PRIMORDIAL 9NOC5CE4 

,SIMPLY FRAM+ ! QUE/ION ?IS WAY MEANS MAK+ A S]IES ( ASSUMPTIONS1 ?AT #a4 !RE IS A ?+ CALL$ '9EQUALITY1'#b4 ?AT IT IS A PROBLEM1 & #c4 ?AT !RE WAS A TIME IT DID NOT EXI/4 ,S9CE ! F9ANCIAL CRA% ( #b#h1 ( C\RSE1 & ! UPHEAVALS ?AT FOLL[$1 ! 'PROBLEM ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY' HAS BE5 AT ! C5T] ( POLITICAL DEBATE4 ,!RE SEEMS TO BE A CONS5SUS1 AMONG ! 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL CLASSES1 ?AT LEVELS ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY HAVE SPIRAL$ \T ( CONTROL1 & ?AT MO/ ( ! WORLD'S PROBLEMS RESULT FROM ?IS1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,PO9T+ ?IS \T IS SE5 AS A *ALL5GE TO GLOBAL P[] /RUCTURES1 BUT COMP>E ?IS TO ! WAY SIMIL> ISSUES MI<T HAVE BE5 DISCUSS$ A G5]ATION E>LI]4 ,UNLIKE T]MS SU* AS 'CAPITAL' OR 'CLASS P[]'1 ! WORD 'EQUALITY' IS PRACTICALLY DESIGN$ TO LEAD TO HALF-MEASURES & COMPROMISE4 ,ONE CAN IMAG9E OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM OR BREAK+ ! P[] ( ! /ATE1 BUT IT'S V]Y DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E ELIM9AT+ '9EQUALITY'4 ,9 FACT1 IT'S NOT OBVI\S :AT DO+ SO W\LD EV5 MEAN1 S9CE PEOPLE >E NOT ALL ! SAME & NOBODY W\LD P>TICUL>LY WANT !M TO BE4 

',9EQUALITY' IS A WAY ( FRAM+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS APPROPRIATE TO TE*NOCRATIC RE=M]S1 ! K9D ( PEOPLE :O ASSUME FROM ! \TSET ?AT ANY REAL VISION ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION HAS LONG S9CE BE5 TAK5 (F ! POLITICAL TABLE4 ,IT ALL[S ONE TO T9K] ) ! NUMB]S1 >GUE AB\T ,G9I COEFFICI5TS & ?RE%OLDS ( DYSFUNCTION1 READJU/ TAX REGIMES OR SOCIAL WELF>E ME*ANISMS1 EV5 %OCK ! PUBLIC ) FIGURES %[+ JU/ H[ BAD ?+S HAVE BECOME 7'CAN Y\ IMAG9E8 4#a.0 ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION CONTROLS OV] #e.0 ( ! WEAL?6'71 ALL )\T ADDRESS+ ANY ( ! FACTORS ?AT PEOPLE ACTUALLY OBJECT TO AB\T SU* 'UNEQUAL' SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS3 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT SOME MANAGE TO TURN !IR WEAL? 9TO P[] OV] O!RS2 OR ?AT O!R PEOPLE 5D UP BE+ TOLD !IR NE$S >E NOT IMPORTANT1 & !IR LIVES HAVE NO 9TR9SIC WOR?4 ,! LATT]1 WE >E SUPPOS$ TO BELIEVE1 IS JU/ ! 9EVITABLE EFFECT ( 9EQUALITY1 & 9EQUALITY1 ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( LIV+ 9 ANY L>GE1 COMPLEX1 URBAN1 TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ SOCIETY4 ,?AT IS ! REAL POLITICAL MESSAGE CONVEY$ BY 5DLESS 9VOCATIONS ( AN IMAG9>Y AGE ( 9NOC5CE1 BE=E ! 9V5TION ( 9EQUALITY3 ?AT IF WE WANT TO GET RID ( SU* PROBLEMS 5TIRELY1 WE'D HAVE TO SOMEH[ GET RID ( #i#i4#i.0 ( ! ,E>?'S POPULATION & GO BACK TO BE+ T9Y B&S ( =AG]S AGA94 ,O!RWISE1 ! BE/ WE CAN HOPE = IS TO ADJU/ ! SIZE ( ! BOOT ?AT WILL BE /OMP+ ON \R FACES1 =EV]1 OR P]HAPS TO WRANGLE A BIT MORE WIGGLE ROOM 9 :I* SOME ( US CAN AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY DUCK \T ( ITS WAY4 

,MA9/REAM SOCIAL SCI5CE N[ SEEMS MOBILIZ$ TO RE9=CE ?IS S5SE ( HOPELESSNESS4 ,ALMO/ ON A MON?LY BASIS WE >E CONFRONT$ ) PUBLICATIONS TRY+ TO PROJECT ! CURR5T OBSESSION ) PROP]TY DI/RIBUTION BACK 9TO ! ,/ONE ,AGE1 SETT+ US ON A FALSE QUE/ = 'EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES' DEF9$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !Y C\LD NOT POSSIBLY EXI/ \TSIDE SOME T9Y B& ( =AG]S 7& POSSIBLY1 NOT EV5 !N74 ,:AT WE'RE GO+ TO DO 9 ?IS ESSAY1 !N1 IS TWO ?+S4 ,FIR/1 WE WILL SP5D A BIT ( TIME PICK+ ?R\< :AT PASSES = 9=M$ OP9ION ON SU* MATT]S1 TO REVEAL H[ ! GAME IS PLAY$1 H[ EV5 ! MO/ APP>5TLY SOPHI/ICAT$ CONTEMPOR>Y S*OL>S 5D UP REPRODUC+ CONV5TIONAL WISDOM AS IT /OOD 9 ,FRANCE OR ,SCOTL& 91 SAY1 #a#g#f4 ,!N WE WILL ATTEMPT TO LAY D[N ! 9ITIAL F\NDATIONS ( AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T N>RATIVE4 ,?IS IS MO/LY GR\ND-CLE>+ WORK4 ,! QUE/IONS WE >E DEAL+ ) >E SO 5ORM\S1 & ! ISSUES SO IMPORTANT1 ?AT IT WILL TAKE YE>S ( RESE>* & DEBATE TO EV5 BEG9 UND]/&+ ! FULL IMPLICATIONS4 ,BUT ON ONE ?+ WE 9SI/4 ,AB&ON+ ! /ORY ( A FALL FROM PRIMORDIAL 9NOC5CE DOES NOT MEAN AB&ON+ DREAMS ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION - ?AT IS1 ( A SOCIETY :]E NO ONE CAN TURN !IR RI<TS 9 PROP]TY 9TO A MEANS ( 5SLAV+ O!RS1 & :]E NO ONE CAN BE TOLD !IR LIVES & NE$S DON'T MATT]4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,HUMAN HI/ORY BECOMES A F> MORE 9T]E/+ PLACE1 CONTA9+ MANY MORE HOPEFUL MOM5TS ?AN WE'VE BE5 L$ TO IMAG9E1 ONCE WE LE>N TO ?R[ (F \R CONCEPTUAL %ACKLES & P]CEIVE :AT'S REALLY !RE4 

#b4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y AU?ORS ON ! ORIG9S ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY2 OR1 ! ET]NAL RETURN ( ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU 

,LET US BEG9 BY \TL9+ RECEIV$ WISDOM ON ! OV]ALL C\RSE ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,IT GOES SOME?+ A LITTLE LIKE ?IS3 

,AS ! CURTA9 GOES UP ON HUMAN HI/ORY - SAY1 R\<LY TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& YE>S AGO1 ) ! APPE>ANCE ( ANATOMICALLY MOD]N ,HOMO SAPI5S - WE F9D \R SPECIES LIV+ 9 SMALL & MOBILE B&S RANG+ FROM TW5TY TO =TY 9DIVIDUALS4 ,!Y SEEK \T OPTIMAL HUNT+ & =AG+ T]RITORIES1 FOLL[+ H]DS1 GA!R+ NUTS & B]RIES4 ,IF RES\RCES BECOME SC>CE1 OR SOCIAL T5SIONS >ISE1 !Y RESPOND BY MOV+ ON1 & GO+ SOMEPLACE ELSE4 ,LIFE = !SE E>LY HUMANS - WE CAN ?9K ( IT AS HUMANITY'S *ILDHOOD - IS FULL ( DANG]S1 BUT ALSO POSSIBILITIES4 ,MAT]IAL POSSESSIONS >E FEW1 BUT ! WORLD IS AN UNSPOIL$ & 9VIT+ PLACE4 ,MO/ WORK ONLY A FEW H\RS A DAY1 & ! SMALL SIZE ( SOCIAL GR\PS ALL[S !M TO MA9TA9 A K9D ( EASY-GO+ CAM>AD]IE1 )\T =MAL /RUCTURES ( DOM9ATION4 ,R\SSEAU1 WRIT+ 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY1 REF]R$ TO ?IS AS '! ,/ATE ( ,NATURE1' BUT N[ADAYS IT IS PRESUM$ TO HAVE 5COMPASS$ MO/ ( \R SPECIES' ACTUAL HI/ORY4 ,IT IS ALSO ASSUM$ TO BE ! ONLY ]A 9 :I* HUMANS MANAG$ TO LIVE 9 G5U9E SOCIETIES ( EQUALS1 )\T CLASSES1 CA/ES1 H]$IT>Y LEAD]S1 OR C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T4 

,ALAS ?IS HAPPY /ATE ( AFFAIRS EV5TUALLY HAD TO 5D4 ,\R CONV5TIONAL V]SION ( WORLD HI/ORY PLACES ?IS MOM5T >\ND #a1 YE>S AGO1 AT ! CLOSE ( ! LA/ ,ICE ,AGE4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 WE F9D \R IMAG9>Y HUMAN ACTORS SCATT]$ ACROSS ! WORLD'S CONT95TS1 BEG9N+ TO F>M !IR [N CROPS & RAISE !IR [N H]DS4 ,:ATEV] ! LOCAL REASONS 7!Y >E DEBAT$71 ! EFFECTS >E MOM5T\S1 & BASICALLY ! SAME EV]Y:]E4 ,T]RITORIAL ATTA*M5TS & PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PROP]TY BECOME IMPORTANT 9 WAYS PREVI\SLY UNKN[N1 & ) !M1 SPORADIC FEUDS & W>4 ,F>M+ GRANTS A SURPLUS ( FOOD1 :I* ALL[S SOME TO ACCUMULATE WEAL? & 9FLU5CE BEYOND !IR IMM$IATE K9-GR\P4 ,O!RS USE !IR FRE$OM FROM ! FOOD-QUE/ TO DEVELOP NEW SKILLS1 LIKE ! 9V5TION ( MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ WEAPONS1 TOOLS1 VEHICLES1 & =TIFICATIONS1 OR ! PURSUIT ( POLITICS & ORGANIZ$ RELIGION4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE1 !SE ',NEOLI?IC F>M]S' QUICKLY GET ! MEASURE ( !IR HUNT]-GA!R] NEI<BORS1 & SET AB\T ELIM9AT+ OR ABSORB+ !M 9TO A NEW & SUP]IOR - ALBEIT LESS EQUAL - WAY ( LIFE4 

,TO MAKE MATT]S MORE DIFFICULT /ILL1 OR SO ! /ORY GOES1 F>M+ 5SURES A GLOBAL RISE 9 POPULATION LEVELS4 ,AS PEOPLE MOVE 9TO EV]-L>G] CONC5TRATIONS1 \R UNWITT+ ANCE/ORS TAKE ANO!R IRREV]SIBLE /EP TO 9EQUALITY1 & >\ND #f1 YE>S AGO1 CITIES APPE> - & \R FATE IS SEAL$4 ,) CITIES COMES ! NE$ = C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T4 ,NEW CLASSES ( BUREAUCRATS1 PRIE/S1 & W>RIOR-POLITICIANS 9/ALL !MSELVES 9 P]MAN5T (FICE TO KEEP ORD] & 5SURE ! SMOO? FL[ ( SUPPLIES & PUBLIC S]VICES4 ,WOM51 HAV+ ONCE 5JOY$ PROM95T ROLES 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS1 >E SEQUE/]$1 OR IMPRISON$ 9 H>EMS4 ,W> CAPTIVES >E R$UC$ TO SLAVES4 ,FULL-BL[N 9EQUALITY HAS >RIV$1 & !RE IS NO GETT+ RID ( IT4 ,/ILL1 ! /ORY-TELL]S ALWAYS ASSURE US1 NOT EV]Y?+ AB\T ! RISE ( URBAN CIVILIZATION IS BAD4 ,WRIT+ IS 9V5T$1 AT FIR/ TO KEEP /ATE ACC\NTS1 BUT ?IS ALL[S T]RIFIC ADVANCES TO TAKE PLACE 9 SCI5CE1 TE*NOLOGY1 & ! >TS4 ,AT ! PRICE ( 9NOC5CE1 WE BECAME \R MOD]N SELVES1 & CAN N[ M]ELY GAZE ) PITY & JEAL\SY AT ?OSE FEW 'TRADITIONAL' OR 'PRIMITIVE' SOCIETIES ?AT SOMEH[ MISS$ ! BOAT4 

,?IS IS ! /ORY ?AT1 AS WE SAY1 =MS ! F\NDATION ( ALL CONTEMPOR>Y DEBATE ON 9EQUALITY4 ,IF SAY1 AN EXP]T 9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 OR A CL9ICAL PSY*OLOGI/1 WI%ES TO REFLECT ON SU* MATT]S1 !Y >E LIKELY TO SIMPLY TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT1 = MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 WE LIV$ 9 T9Y EGALIT>IAN B&S1 OR ?AT ! RISE ( CITIES ALSO MEANT ! RISE ( ! /ATE4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( MO/ REC5T BOOKS ?AT TRY TO LOOK AT ! BROAD SWEEP ( PREHI/ORY1 9 ORD] TO DRAW POLITICAL CONCLUSIONS RELEVANT TO CONTEMPOR>Y LIFE4 ,CONSID] ,FRANCIS ,FUKUYAMA'S ,! ,ORIG9S ( ,POLITICAL ,ORD]3 ,FROM ,PREHUMAN ,TIMES TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION3 

,9 ITS E>LY /AGES1 HUMAN POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IS SIMIL> TO ! B&-LEVEL SOCIETY OBS]V$ 9 HI<] PRIMATES LIKE *IMPANZEES4 ,?IS MAY BE REG>D$ AS A DEFAULT =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 444 ,R\SSEAU PO9T$ \T ?AT ! ORIG9 ( POLITICAL 9EQUALITY LAY 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE1 & 9 ?IS HE WAS L>GELY CORRECT4 ,S9CE B&-LEVEL SOCIETIES >E PREAGRICULTURAL1 !RE IS NO PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ANY MOD]N S5SE4 ,LIKE *IMP B&S1 HUNT]-GA!R]S 9HABIT A T]RITORIAL RANGE ?AT !Y GU>D & OCCASIONALLY FI<T OV]4 ,BUT !Y HAVE A LESS] 9C5TIVE ?AN AGRICULTURALI/S TO M>K \T A PIECE ( L& & SAY '?IS IS M9E'4 ,IF !IR T]RITORY IS 9VAD$ BY ANO!R GR\P1 OR IF IT IS 9FILTRAT$ BY DANG]\S PR$ATORS1 B&-LEVEL SOCIETIES MAY HAVE ! OPTION ( SIMPLY MOV+ SOME:]E ELSE DUE TO L[ POPULATION D5SITIES4 ,B&-LEVEL SOCIETIES >E HI<LY EGALIT>IAN 444 ,LEAD]%IP IS VE/$ 9 9DIVIDUALS BAS$ ON QUALITIES LIKE /R5G?1 9TELLIG5CE1 & TRU/WOR?9ESS1 BUT IT T5DS TO MIGRATE FROM ONE 9DIVIDUAL TO ANO!R4 

,J>$ ,DIAMOND1 9 ,WORLD ,BE=E ,YE/]DAY3 ,:AT ,CAN ,WE ,LE>N FROM ,TRADITIONAL ,SOCIETIES81 SUGGE/S SU* B&S 79 :I* HE BELIEVES HUMANS /ILL LIV$ 'AS REC5TLY AS #a#a1 YE>S AGO'7 COMPRIS$ 'JU/ A FEW DOZ5 9DIVIDUALS'1 MO/ BIOLOGICALLY RELAT$4 ,!Y L$ A FAIRLY MEAG] EXI/5CE1 'HUNT+ & GA!R+ :ATEV] WILD ANIMAL & PLANT SPECIES HAPP5 TO LIVE 9 AN ACRE ( =E/'4 7,:Y JU/ AN ACRE1 HE NEV] EXPLA9S74 ,& !IR SOCIAL LIVES1 ACCORD+ TO ,DIAMOND1 W]E 5VIABLY SIMPLE4 ,DECISIONS W]E REA*$ ?R\< 'FACE-TO-FACE DISCUSSION'2 !RE W]E 'FEW P]SONAL POSSESSIONS'1 & 'NO =MAL POLITICAL LEAD]%IP OR /RONG ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION'4 ,DIAMOND CONCLUDES ?AT1 SADLY1 IT IS ONLY )9 SU* PRIMORDIAL GR\P+S ?AT HUMANS HAVE EV] A*IEV$ A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE ( SOCIAL EQUALITY4 

,= ,DIAMOND & ,FUKUYAMA1 AS = ,R\SSEAU SOME C5TURIES E>LI]1 :AT PUT AN 5D TO ?AT EQUALITY - EV]Y:]E & =EV] - WAS ! 9V5TION ( AGRICULTURE & ! HI<] POPULATION LEVELS IT SU/A9$4 ,AGRICULTURE BR\<T AB\T A TRANSITION FROM 'B&S' TO 'TRIBES'4 ,ACCUMULATION ( FOOD SURPLUS F$ POPULATION GR[?1 LEAD+ SOME 'TRIBES' TO DEVELOP 9TO RANK$ SOCIETIES KN[N AS '*IEFDOMS'4 ,FUKUYAMA PA9TS AN ALMO/ BIBLICAL PICTURE1 A DEP>TURE FROM ,$53 ',AS LITTLE B&S ( HUMAN BE+S MIGRAT$ & ADAPT$ TO DIFF]5T 5VIRONM5TS1 !Y BEGAN !IR EXIT \T ( ! /ATE ( NATURE BY DEVELOP+ NEW SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS'4 ,!Y F\<T W>S OV] RES\RCES4 ,GANGLY & PUBESC5T1 !SE SOCIETIES W]E HEAD$ = TR\BLE4 

,IT WAS TIME TO GR[ UP1 TIME TO APPO9T SOME PROP] LEAD]%IP4 ,BE=E LONG1 *IEFS HAD DECL>$ !MSELVES K+S1 EV5 EMP]ORS4 ,!RE WAS NO PO9T 9 RESI/+4 ,ALL ?IS WAS 9EVITABLE ONCE HUMANS ADOPT$ L>GE1 COMPLEX =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,EV5 :5 ! LEAD]S BEGAN ACT+ BADLY - CREAM+ (F AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS TO PROMOTE !IR FLUNKIES & RELATIVES1 MAK+ /ATUS P]MAN5T & H]$IT>Y1 COLLECT+ TROPHY SKULLS & H>EMS ( SLAVE-GIRLS1 OR TE>+ \T RIVAL'S HE>TS ) OBSIDIAN KNIVES - !RE C\LD BE NO GO+ BACK4 ',L>GE POPULATIONS'1 ,DIAMOND OP9ES1 'CAN'T FUNCTION )\T LEAD]S :O MAKE ! DECISIONS1 EXECUTIVES :O C>RY \T ! DECISIONS1 & BUREAUCRATS :O ADM9I/] ! DECISIONS & LAWS4 ,ALAS = ALL ( Y\ READ]S :O >E AN>*I/S & DREAM ( LIV+ )\T ANY /ATE GOV]NM5T1 ?OSE >E ! REASONS :Y Y\R DREAM IS UNREALI/IC3 Y\'LL HAVE TO F9D SOME T9Y B& OR TRIBE WILL+ TO ACCEPT Y\1 :]E NO ONE IS A /RANG]1 & :]E K+S1 PRESID5TS1 & BUREAUCRATS >E UNNECESS>Y'4 

,A DISMAL CONCLUSION1 NOT JU/ = AN>*I/S1 BUT = ANYBODY :O EV] WOND]$ IF !RE MI<T BE SOME VIABLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! /ATUS QUO4 ,BUT ! REM>KABLE ?+ IS ?AT1 DESPITE ! SMUG TONE1 SU* PRON\NCEM5TS >E NOT ACTUALLY BAS$ ON ANY K9D ( SCI5TIFIC EVID5CE4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT SMALL-SCALE GR\PS >E ESPECIALLY LIKELY TO BE EGALIT>IAN1 OR ?AT L>GE ONES MU/ NECESS>ILY HAVE K+S1 PRESID5TS1 OR BUREAUCRACIES4 ,!SE >E JU/ PREJUDICES /AT$ AS FACTS4 

,9 ! CASE ( ,FUKUYAMA & ,DIAMOND ONE CAN1 AT LEA/1 NOTE !Y W]E NEV] TRA9$ 9 ! RELEVANT DISCIPL9ES 7! FIR/ IS A POLITICAL SCI5TI/1 ! O!R HAS A ,PH,D ON ! PHYSIOLOGY ( ! GALL BLADD]74 ,/ILL1 EV5 :5 AN?ROPOLOGI/S & >*AEOLOGI/S TRY !IR H& AT 'BIG PICTURE' N>RATIVES1 !Y HAVE AN ODD T5D5CY TO 5D UP ) SOME SIMIL>LY M9OR V>IATION ON ,R\SSEAU4 ,9 ,! ,CREATION ( ,9EQUALITY3 ,H[ \R ,PREHI/ORIC ,ANCE/ORS ,SET ! ,/AGE = ,MON>*Y1 ,SLAV]Y1 & ,EMPIRE1 ,K5T ,FLANN]Y & ,JOYCE ,M>CUS1 TWO EM95TLY QUALIFI$ S*OL>S1 LAY \T SOME FIVE HUNDR$ PAGES ( E?NOGRAPHIC & >*AEOLOGICAL CASE /UDIES TO TRY & SOLVE ! PUZZLE4 ,!Y ADMIT \R ,ICE ,AGE =BE>S W]E NOT 5TIRELY UNFAMILI> ) 9/ITUTIONS ( HI]>*Y & S]VITUDE1 BUT 9SI/ !Y EXP]I5C$ !SE MA9LY 9 !IR DEAL+S ) ! SUP]NATURAL 7ANCE/RAL SPIRITS1 & ! LIKE74 ,! 9V5TION ( F>M+1 !Y PROPOSE1 L$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( DEMOGRAPHICALLY EXT5D$ 'CLANS' OR 'DESC5T GR\PS'1 & AS IT DID SO1 ACCESS TO SPIRITS & ! DEAD BECAME A R\TE TO E>?LY P[] 7H[1 EXACTLY1 IS NOT MADE CLE>74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,FLANN]Y & ,M>CUS1 ! NEXT MAJOR /EP ON ! ROAD TO 9EQUALITY CAME :5 C]TA9 CLANSM5 ( UNUSUAL TAL5T OR R5[N - EXP]T HEAL]S1 W>RIORS1 & O!R OV]-A*IEV]S - W]E GRANT$ ! RI<T TO TRANSMIT /ATUS TO !IR DESC5DANTS1 REG>DLESS ( ! LATT]'S TAL5TS OR ABILITIES4 ,?AT PRETTY MU* S[$ ! SE$S1 & MEANT FROM !N ON1 IT WAS JU/ A MATT] ( TIME BE=E ! >RIVAL ( CITIES1 MON>*Y1 SLAV]Y & EMPIRE4 

,! CURI\S ?+ AB\T ,FLANN]Y & ,M>CUS' BOOK IS ?AT ONLY ) ! BIR? ( /ATES & EMPIRES DO !Y REALLY BR+ 9 ANY >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE4 ,ALL ! REALLY KEY MOM5TS 9 !IR ACC\NT ( ! 'CREATION ( 9EQUALITY' RELY 9/EAD ON RELATIVELY REC5T DESCRIPTIONS ( SMALL-SCALE =AG]S1 H]D]S1 & CULTIVATORS LIKE ! ,HADZA ( ! ,EA/ ,AFRICAN ,RIFT1 OR ,NAMBIKW>A ( ! ,AMAZONIAN RA9=E/4 ,ACC\NTS ( SU* 'TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES' >E TREAT$ AS IF !Y W]E W9D[S ONTO ! ,PALEOLI?IC OR ,NEOLI?IC PA/4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT !Y >E NO?+ ( ! K9D4 ,! ,HADZA OR ,NAMBIKW>A >E NOT LIV+ FOSSILS4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 9 CONTACT ) AGR>IAN /ATES & EMPIRES1 RAID]S & TRAD]S1 = MILL5NIA1 & !IR SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E DECISIVELY %AP$ ?R\< ATTEMPTS TO 5GAGE )1 OR AVOID !M4 ,ONLY >*AEOLOGY CAN TELL US :AT1 IF ANY?+1 !Y HAVE 9 COMMON ) PREHI/ORIC SOCIETIES4 ,SO1 :ILE ,FLANN]Y & ,M>CUS PROVIDE ALL SORTS ( 9T]E/+ 9SI<TS 9TO H[ 9EQUALITIES MI<T EM]GE 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES1 !Y GIVE US LITTLE REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ?IS WAS H[ !Y ACTUALLY DID4 

,F9ALLY1 LET US CONSID] ,IAN ,MORRIS'S ,=AG]S1 ,F>M]S1 & ,FOSSIL ,FUELS3 ,H[ ,HUMAN ,VALUES ,EVOLVE4 ,MORRIS IS PURSU+ A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T 9TELLECTUAL PROJECT3 TO BR+ ! F9D+S ( >*AEOLOGY1 ANCI5T HI/ORY1 & AN?ROPOLOGY 9TO DIALOGUE ) ! WORK ( ECONOMI/S1 SU* AS ,?OMAS ,PIKETTY ON ! CAUSES ( 9EQUALITY 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 OR ,SIR ,TONY ,ATK9SON'S MORE POLICY-ORI5T$ ,9EQUALITY3 ,:AT CAN BE ,DONE8 ,! 'DEEP TIME' ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 ,MORRIS 9=MS US1 HAS SOME?+ IMPORTANT TO TELL US AB\T SU* QUE/IONS - BUT ONLY IF WE FIR/ E/ABLI% A UNI=M MEASURE ( 9EQUALITY APPLICABLE ACROSS ITS 5TIRE SPAN4 ,?IS HE A*IEVES BY TRANSLAT+ ! 'VALUES' ( ,ICE ,AGE HUNT]-GA!R]S & ,NEOLI?IC F>M]S 9TO T]MS FAMILI> TO MOD]N-DAY ECONOMI/S1 & !N US+ ?OSE TO E/ABLI% ,G9I COEFFICI5TS1 OR =MAL 9EQUALITY RATES4 ,9/EAD ( ! SPIRITUAL 9EQUITIES ?AT ,FLANN]Y & ,M>CUS HI<LI<T1 ,MORRIS GIVES US AN UNAPOLOGETICALLY MAT]IALI/ VIEW1 DIVID+ HUMAN HI/ORY 9TO ! ?REE BIG ',FS' ( HIS TITLE1 DEP5D+ ON H[ !Y *ANNEL HEAT4 ,ALL SOCIETIES1 HE SUGGE/S1 HAVE AN 'OPTIMAL' LEVEL ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY - A BUILT-9 'SPIRIT-LEVEL' TO USE ,PICKETT & ,WILK9SON'S T]M - ?AT IS APPROPRIATE TO !IR PREVAIL+ MODE ( 5]GY EXTRACTION4 

,9 A #bae PIECE = ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES ,MORRIS ACTUALLY GIVES US NUMB]S1 QUANTIFI$ PRIMORDIAL 9COMES 9 ,U,S,D & FIX$ TO #aii CURR5CY VALUES4.<#a.> ,HE TOO ASSUMES ?AT HUNT]-GA!R]S ( ! LA/ ,ICE ,AGE LIV$ MO/LY 9 T9Y MOBILE B&S4 ,AS A RESULT1 !Y CONSUM$ V]Y LITTLE1 ! EQUIVAL5T1 HE SUGGE/S1 ( AB\T @s#a4#a_/DAY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !Y ALSO 5JOY$ A ,G9I COEFFICI5T ( >\ND 4#b#e - ?AT IS1 AB\T AS L[ AS SU* RATES CAN GO - S9CE !RE WAS LITTLE SURPLUS OR CAPITAL = ANY W\LD-BE ELITE TO GRAB4 ,AGR>IAN SOCIETIES - & = ,MORRIS ?IS 9CLUDES EV]Y?+ FROM ! #i1-YE>-OLD ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE ( ,CATALHOYUK TO ,KUBLAI ,KHAN'S ,*9A OR ! ,FRANCE ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V - W]E MORE POPUL\S & BETT] (F1 ) AN AV]AGE CONSUMPTION ( @s#a4#e-@s#b4#b_/DAY P] P]SON1 & A PROP5SITY TO ACCUMULATE SURPLUSES ( WEAL?4 ,BUT MO/ PEOPLE ALSO WORK$ H>D]1 & UND] M>K$LY 9F]IOR CONDITIONS1 SO F>M+ SOCIETIES T5D$ T[>DS MU* HI<] LEVELS ( 9EQUALITY4 

,FOSSIL-FUEL$ SOCIETIES %\LD REALLY HAVE *ANG$ ALL ?AT BY LIB]AT+ US FROM ! DRUDG]Y ( MANUAL WORK1 & BR++ US BACK T[>DS MORE REASONABLE ,G9I COEFFICI5TS1 CLOS] TO ?OSE ( \R HUNT]-=AG] ANCE/ORS - & = A :ILE IT SEEM$ LIKE ?IS WAS BEG9N+ TO HAPP51 BUT = SOME ODD REASON1 :I* ,MORRIS DOESN'T COMPLETELY UND]/&1 MATT]S HAVE GONE 9TO REV]SE AGA9 & WEAL? IS ONCE AGA9 SUCK$ UP 9TO ! H&S ( A T9Y GLOBAL ELITE3 

,IF ! TWI/S & TURNS ( ECONOMIC HI/ORY OV] ! LA/ #a#e1 YE>S & POPUL> WILL >E ANY GUIDE1 ! 'RI<T' LEVEL ( PO/-TAX 9COME 9EQUALITY SEEMS TO LIE BETWE5 AB\T 4#b#e & 4#c#e1 & ?AT ( WEAL? 9EQUALITY BETWE5 AB\T 4#g & 4#h4 ,MANY C\NTRIES >E N[ AT OR ABOVE ! UPP] B\NDS ( !SE RANGES1 :I* SUGGE/S ?AT ,MR4 ,PIKETTY IS 9DE$ RI<T TO =ESEE TR\BLE4 

,SOME MAJOR TE*NOCRATIC T9K]+ IS CLE>LY 9 ORD]6 

,LET US LEAVE ,MORRIS' PRESCRIPTIONS ASIDE BUT JU/ FOCUS ON ONE FIGURE3 ! ,PALEOLI?IC 9COME ( @s#a4#a A DAY4 ,:]E EXACTLY DOES IT COME FROM8 ,PRESUMABLY ! CALCULATIONS HAVE SOME?+ TO DO ) ! CALORIFIC VALUE ( DAILY FOOD 9TAKE4 ,BUT IF WE'RE COMP>+ ?IS TO DAILY 9COMES TODAY1 W\LDN'T WE ALSO HAVE TO FACTOR 9 ALL ! O!R ?+S ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S GOT = FREE1 BUT :I* WE \RSELVES W\LD EXPECT TO PAY =3 FREE SECURITY1 FREE DISPUTE RESOLUTION1 FREE PRIM>Y $UCATION1 FREE C>E ( ! ELD]LY1 FREE M$IC9E1 NOT TO M5TION 5T]TA9M5T CO/S1 MUSIC1 /ORYTELL+1 & RELIGI\S S]VICES8 ,EV5 :5 IT COMES TO FOOD1 WE MU/ CONSID] QUALITY3 AFT] ALL1 WE'RE TALK+ AB\T #a.0 ORGANIC FREE-RANGE PRODUCE H]E1 WA%$ D[N ) PURE/ NATURAL SPR+ WAT]4 ,MU* CONTEMPOR>Y 9COME GOES TO MORTGAGES & R5TS4 ,BUT CONSID] ! CAMP+ FEES = PRIME ,PALEOLI?IC LOCATIONS ALONG ! ,DORDOGNE OR ! ,VEZ]E1 NOT TO M5TION ! HI<-5D EV5+ CLASSES 9 NATURALI/IC ROCK PA9T+ & IVORY C>V+ - & ALL ?OSE FUR COATS4 ,SURELY ALL ?IS MU/ CO/ WILDLY 9 EXCESS ( @s#a4#a_/DAY1 EV5 9 #aii DOLL>S4 ,IT'S NOT = NO?+ ?AT ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S REF]R$ TO =AG]S AS '! ORIG9AL AFFLU5T SOCIETY4' ,SU* A LIFE TODAY W\LD NOT COME *EAP4 

,?IS IS ALL ADMITT$LY A BIT SILLY1 BUT ?AT'S K9D ( \R PO9T3 IF ONE R$UCES WORLD HI/ORY TO ,G9I COEFFICI5TS1 SILLY ?+S WILL1 NECESS>ILY1 FOLL[4 ,ALSO DEPRESS+ ONES4 ,MORRIS AT LEA/ FEELS SOME?+ IS ASKEW ) ! REC5T GALLOP+ 9CREASES ( GLOBAL 9EQUALITY4 ,BY CONTRA/1 HI/ORIAN ,WALT] ,S*EIDEL HAS TAK5 ,PIKETTY-/YLE READ+S ( HUMAN HI/ORY TO !IR ULTIMATE MIS]ABLE CONCLUSION 9 HIS #bag BOOK ,! ,GREAT ,LEVEL]3 ,VIOL5CE & ! ,HI/ORY ( ,9EQUALITY FROM ! ,/ONE ,AGE TO ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY1 CONCLUD+ !RE'S REALLY NO?+ WE CAN DO AB\T 9EQUALITY4 ,CIVILIZATION 9V>IABLY PUTS 9 *>GE A SMALL ELITE :O GRAB MORE & MORE ( ! PIE4 ,! ONLY ?+ ?AT HAS EV] BE5 SUCCESSFUL 9 DISLODG+ !M IS CATA/ROPHE3 W>1 PLAGUE1 MASS CONSCRIPTION1 :OLESALE SUFF]+ & DEA?4 ,HALF MEASURES NEV] WORK4 ,SO1 IF Y\ DON'T WANT TO GO BACK TO LIV+ 9 A CAVE1 OR DIE 9 A NUCLE> HOLOCAU/ 7:I* PRESUMABLY ALSO 5DS UP ) ! SURVIVORS LIV+ 9 CAVES71 Y\'RE GO+ TO JU/ HAVE TO ACCEPT ! EXI/5CE ( ,W>R5 ,BUFFETT & ,BILL ,GATES4 

,! LIB]AL ALT]NATIVE8 ,FLANN]Y & ,M>CUS1 :O OP5LY ID5TIFY ) ! TRADITION ( ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 5D !IR SURVEY ) ! FOLL[+ HELPFUL SUGGE/ION3 

,WE ONCE BROA*$ ?IS SUBJECT ) ,SCOTTY ,MAC,NEI%1 AN >*AEOLOGI/ :O HAD SP5T #d YE>S /UDY+ SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,H[1 WE WOND]$1 C\LD SOCIETY BE MADE MORE EGALIT>IAN8 ,AFT] BRIEFLY CONSULT+ HIS OLD FRI5D ,JACK ,DANIELS1 ,MAC,NEI% REPLI$1 ',PUT HUNT]S & GA!R]S 9 *>GE4' 

#c4 ,BUT DID WE REALLY RUN HEADLONG = \R *A9S8 

,! REALLY ODD ?+ AB\T !SE 5DLESS EVOCATIONS ( ,R\SSEAU'S 9NOC5T ,/ATE ( ,NATURE1 & ! FALL FROM GRACE1 IS ?AT ,R\SSEAU HIMSELF NEV] CLAIM$ ! ,/ATE ( ,NATURE REALLY HAPP5$4 ,IT WAS ALL A ?\<T-EXP]IM5T4 ,9 HIS ,DISC\RSE ON ! ,ORIG9 & ! ,F\NDATION ( ,9EQUALITY ,AMONG ,MANK9D 7#a#g#e#d71 :]E MO/ ( ! /ORY WE'VE BE5 TELL+ 7& RETELL+7 ORIG9ATES1 HE WROTE3 

444 ! RESE>*ES1 9 :I* WE MAY 5GAGE ON ?IS OCCASION1 >E NOT TO BE TAK5 = HI/ORICAL TRU?S1 BUT M]ELY AS HYPO!TICAL & CONDITIONAL REASON+S1 FITT] TO ILLU/RATE ! NATURE ( ?+S1 ?AN TO %[ !IR TRUE ORIG94 

,R\SSEAU'S ',/ATE ( ,NATURE' WAS NEV] 9T5D$ AS A /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT WAS NOT SUPPOS$ TO BE AN EQUIVAL5T TO ! PHASE ( ',SAVAG]Y'1 :I* OP5S ! EVOLUTION>Y S*EMES ( ,SCOTTI% PHILOSOPH]S SU* AS ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,F]GUSON1 ,MILL>1 OR LAT]1 ,LEWIS ,H5RY ,MORGAN4 ,!SE O!RS W]E 9T]E/$ 9 DEF9+ LEVELS ( SOCIAL & MORAL DEVELOPM5T1 CORRESPOND+ TO HI/ORICAL *ANGES 9 MODES ( PRODUCTION3 =AG+1 PA/ORALISM1 F>M+1 9DU/RY4 ,:AT ,R\SSEAU PRES5T$ IS1 BY CONTRA/1 MORE ( A P>ABLE4 ,AS EMPHASIZ$ BY ,JUDI? ,%KL>1 ! R5[N$ ,H>V>D POLITICAL !ORI/1 ,R\SSEAU WAS REALLY TRY+ TO EXPLORE :AT HE CONSID]$ ! FUNDAM5TAL P>ADOX ( HUMAN POLITICS3 ?AT \R 9NATE DRIVE = FRE$OM SOMEH[ LEADS US1 TIME & AGA91 ON A 'SPONTANE\S M>* TO 9EQUALITY'4 ,9 ,R\SSEAU'S [N WORDS3 ',ALL RAN HEADLONG = !IR *A9S 9 ! BELIEF ?AT !Y W]E SECUR+ !IR LIB]TY2 = AL?\< !Y HAD 5\< REASON TO SEE ! ADVANTAGES ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 !Y DID NOT HAVE 5\< EXP]I5CE TO =ESEE ! DANG]S'4 ,! IMAG9>Y ,/ATE ( ,NATURE IS JU/ A WAY ( ILLU/RAT+ ! PO9T4 

,R\SSEAU WASN'T A FATALI/4 ,:AT HUMANS MAKE1 HE BELIEV$1 !Y C\LD UNMAKE4 ,WE C\LD FREE \RSELVES FROM ! *A9S2 IT JU/ WASN'T GO+ TO BE EASY4 ,%KL> SUGGE/S ?AT ! T5SION BETWE5 'POSSIBILITY & PROBABILITY' 7! POSSIBILITY ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 ! LIKELIHOOD WE'LL ALL JU/ PLACE \RSELVES 9 SOME =M ( VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE AGA97 WAS ! C5TRAL ANIMAT+ =CE ( ,R\SSEAU'S WRIT+S ON 9EQUALITY4 ,ALL ?IS MI<T SEEM A BIT IRONIC S9CE1 AFT] ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 MANY CONS]VATIVE CRITICS HELD ,R\SSEAU P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! GUILLOT9E4 ,:AT BR\<T ! ,T]ROR1 !Y 9SI/$1 WAS PRECISELY HIS NAIVE FAI? 9 ! 9NATE GOODNESS ( HUMANITY1 & HIS BELIEF ?AT A MORE EQUAL SOCIAL ORD] C\LD SIMPLY BE IMAG9$ BY 9TELLECTUALS & !N IMPOS$ BY ! 'G5]AL WILL'4 ,BUT V]Y FEW ( ?OSE PA/ FIGURES N[ PILLORI$ AS ROMANTICS & UTOPIANS W]E REALLY SO NAIVE4 ,K>L ,M>X1 = 9/ANCE1 HELD ?AT :AT MAKES US HUMAN IS \R P[] ( IMAG9ATIVE REFLECTION - UNLIKE BEES1 WE IMAG9E ! H\SES WE'D LIKE TO LIVE 91 & ONLY !N SET AB\T CON/RUCT+ !M - BUT HE ALSO BELIEV$ ?AT ONE C\LDN'T JU/ PROCE$ 9 ! SAME WAY ) SOCIETY1 & TRY TO IMPOSE AN >*ITECT'S MODEL4 ,TO DO SO W\LD BE TO COMMIT ! S9 ( 'UTOPIAN SOCIALISM'1 = :I* HE HAD NO?+ BUT CONTEMPT4 ,9/EAD1 REVOLUTION>IES HAD TO GET A S5SE ( ! L>G] /RUCTURAL =CES ?AT %AP$ ! C\RSE ( WORLD HI/ORY1 & TAKE ADVANTAGE ( UND]LY+ CONTRADICTIONS3 = 9/ANCE1 ! FACT ?AT 9DIVIDUAL FACTORY-[N]S NE$ TO /IFF !IR WORK]S TO COMPETE1 BUT IF ALL >E TOO SUCCESSFUL 9 DO+ SO1 NO ONE WILL BE ABLE TO AF=D :AT !IR FACTORIES PRODUCE4 ,YET SU* IS ! P[] ( TWO ?\S& YE>S ( SCRIPTURE1 ?AT EV5 :5 H>D-HEAD$ REALI/S />T TALK+ AB\T ! VA/ SWEEP ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 !Y FALL BACK ON SOME V>IATION ( ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 - ! ,FALL FROM ,GRACE 7USUALLY1 AS 9 ,G5ESIS1 [+ TO AN UNWISE PURSUIT ( ,KN[L$GE72 ! POSSIBILITY ( FUTURE ,R$EMPTION4 ,M>XI/ POLITICAL P>TIES QUICKLY DEVELOP$ !IR [N V]SION ( ! /ORY1 FUS+ TOGE!R ,R\SSEAU'S ,/ATE ( ,NATURE & ! ,SCOTTI% ,5LI<T5M5T IDEA ( DEVELOPM5TAL /AGES4 ,! RESULT WAS A =MULA = WORLD HI/ORY ?AT BEGAN ) ORIG9AL 'PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM'1 OV]COME BY ! DAWN ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BUT SOM$AY DE/9$ TO RETURN4 

,WE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT REVOLUTION>IES1 = ALL !IR VISION>Y IDEALS1 HAVE NOT T5D$ TO BE P>TICUL>LY IMAG9ATIVE1 ESPECIALLY :5 IT COMES TO L9K+ PA/1 PRES5T1 & FUTURE4 ,EV]YONE KEEPS TELL+ ! SAME /ORY4 ,IT'S PROBABLY NO CO9CID5CE ?AT TODAY1 ! MO/ VITAL & CREATIVE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS AT ! DAWN ( ?IS NEW MILL5NIUM - ! ,ZAPATI/AS ( ,*IAPAS1 & ,KURDS ( ,ROJAVA BE+ ONLY ! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLES - >E ?OSE ?AT SIMULTANE\SLY ROOT !MSELVES 9 A DEEP TRADITIONAL PA/4 ,9/EAD ( IMAG9+ SOME PRIMORDIAL UTOPIA1 !Y CAN DRAW ON A MORE MIX$ & COMPLICAT$ N>RATIVE4 ,9DE$1 !RE SEEMS TO BE A GR[+ RECOGNITION1 9 REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES1 ?AT FRE$OM1 TRADITION1 & ! IMAG9ATION HAVE ALWAYS1 & WILL ALWAYS BE 5TANGL$1 9 WAYS WE DO NOT COMPLETELY UND]/&4 ,IT'S AB\T TIME ! RE/ ( US CAT* UP1 & />T TO CONSID] :AT A NON-,BIBLICAL V]SION ( HUMAN HI/ORY MI<T BE LIKE4 

#d4 ,H[ ! C\RSE ( 7PA/7 HI/ORY CAN N[ *ANGE 

,SO1 :AT HAS >*AEOLOGICAL & AN?ROPOLOGICAL RESE>* REALLY TAU<T US1 S9CE ! TIME ( ,R\SSEAU8 

,WELL1 ! FIR/ ?+ IS ?AT ASK+ AB\T ! 'ORIG9S ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY' IS PROBABLY ! WRONG PLACE TO />T4 ,TRUE1 BE=E ! BEG9N+ ( :AT'S CALL$ ! ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC WE REALLY HAVE NO IDEA :AT MO/ HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE WAS LIKE4 ,MU* ( \R EVID5CE COMPRISES SCATT]$ FRAGM5TS ( WORK$ /ONE1 BONE1 & A FEW O!R DURABLE MAT]IALS4 ,DIFF]5T HOM99 SPECIES COEXI/$2 IT'S NOT CLE> IF ANY E?NOGRAPHIC ANALOGY MI<T APPLY4 ,?+S ONLY BEG9 TO COME 9TO ANY K9D ( FOCUS 9 ! ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC ITSELF1 :I* BEG9S >\ND #d#e1 YE>S AGO1 & 5COMPASSES ! PEAK ( GLACIATION & GLOBAL COOL+ 7C4 #b1 YE>S AGO7 KN[N AS ! ,LA/ ,GLACIAL ,MAXIMUM4 ,?IS LA/ GREAT ,ICE ,AGE WAS !N FOLL[$ BY ! ONSET ( W>M] CONDITIONS & GRADUAL RETREAT ( ! ICE %EETS1 LEAD+ TO \R CURR5T GEOLOGICAL EPO*1 ! ,HOLOC5E4 ,MORE CLEM5T CONDITIONS FOLL[$1 CREAT+ ! /AGE ON :I* ,HOMO SAPI5S - HAV+ ALREADY COLONIZ$ MU* ( ! ,OLD ,WORLD - COMPLET$ ITS M>* 9TO ! ,NEW1 REA*+ ! S\!RN %ORES ( ! ,AM]ICAS BY >\ND #a#e1 YE>S AGO4 

,SO1 :AT DO WE ACTUALLY KN[ AB\T ?IS P]IOD ( HUMAN HI/ORY8 ,MU* ( ! E>LIE/ SUB/ANTIAL EVID5CE = HUMAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,PALEOLI?IC D]IVES FROM ,EUROPE1 :]E \R SPECIES BECAME E/ABLI%$ ALONGSIDE ,HOMO NE&]?AL5SIS1 PRIOR TO ! LATT]'S EXT9CTION >\ND #d1 ,B,C4 7,! CONC5TRATION ( DATA 9 ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD MO/ LIKELY REFLECTS A HI/ORICAL BIAS ( >*AEOLOGICAL 9VE/IGATION1 RA!R ?AN ANY?+ UNUSUAL AB\T ,EUROPE ITSELF74 ,AT ?AT TIME1 & ?R\< ! ,LA/ ,GLACIAL ,MAXIMUM1 ! HABITABLE P>TS ( ,ICE ,AGE ,EUROPE LOOK$ MORE LIKE ,S]5GETI ,P>K 9 ,TANZANIA ?AN ANY PRES5T-DAY ,EUROPEAN HABITAT4 ,S\? ( ! ICE %EETS1 BETWE5 ! TUNDRA & ! =E/$ %OREL9ES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 ! CONT95T WAS DIVID$ 9TO GAME-RI* VALLEYS & /EPPE1 SEASONALLY TRAV]S$ BY MIGRAT+ H]DS ( DE]1 BISON1 & WOOLLY MAMMO?4 ,PREHI/ORIANS HAVE PO9T$ \T = SOME DECADES - TO LITTLE APP>5T EFFECT - ?AT ! HUMAN GR\PS 9HABIT+ !SE 5VIRONM5TS HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ?OSE BLISSFULLY SIMPLE1 EGALIT>IAN B&S ( HUNT]-GA!R]S1 /ILL R\T9ELY IMAG9$ TO BE \R REMOTE ANCE/ORS4 

,TO BEG9 )1 !RE IS ! UNDISPUT$ EXI/5CE ( RI* BURIALS1 EXT5D+ BACK 9 TIME TO ! DEP?S ( ! ,ICE ,AGE4 ,SOME ( !SE1 SU* AS ! #b#e1-YE>-OLD GRAVES FROM ,SUNGIR1 EA/ ( ,MOSC[1 HAVE BE5 KN[N = MANY DECADES & >E JU/LY FAM\S4 ,FELIPE ,F]N&EZ-,>ME/O1 :O REVIEW$ ,CREATION ( ,9EQUALITY = ,! ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL1.<#b.> EXPRESSES HIS REASONABLE AMAZEM5T AT !IR OMISSION3 ',?\< !Y KN[ ?AT ! H]$IT>Y PR9CIPLE PR$AT$ AGRICULTURE1 ,MR4 ,FLANN]Y & ,MS4 ,M>CUS CANNOT QUITE %$ ! ,R\SSEAUIAN ILLUSION ?AT IT />T$ ) S$5T>Y LIFE4 ,!RE=E !Y DEPICT A WORLD )\T 9H]IT$ P[] UNTIL AB\T #a#e1 ,B4,C4 :ILE IGNOR+ ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT >*AEOLOGICAL SITES = !IR PURPOSE'4 ,= DUG 9TO ! P]MAFRO/ B5EA? ! ,PALEOLI?IC SETTLEM5T AT ,SUNGIR WAS ! GRAVE ( A MIDDLE-AG$ MAN BURI$1 AS ,F]N&EZ-,>ME/O OBS]VES1 ) '/UNN+ SIGNS ( HONOR3 BRACELETS ( POLI%$ MAMMO?-IVORY1 A DIADEM OR CAP ( FOX'S TEE?1 & NE>LY #c1 LABORI\SLY C>V$ & POLI%$ IVORY BEADS'4 ,& A FEW FEET AWAY1 9 AN ID5TICAL GRAVE1 'LAY TWO *ILDR51 ( AB\T #a & #ac YE>S RESPECTIVELY1 ADORN$ ) COMP>ABLE GRAVE-GIFTS - 9CLUD+1 9 ! CASE ( ! ELD]1 SOME #e1 BEADS AS F9E AS ! ADULT'S 7AL?\< SLI<TLY SMALL]7 & A MASSIVE LANCE C>V$ FROM IVORY'4 

,SU* F9D+S APPE> TO HAVE NO SIGNIFICANT PLACE 9 ANY ( ! BOOKS SO F> CONSID]$4 ,D[NPLAY+ !M1 OR R$UC+ !M TO FOOTNOTES1 MI<T BE MORE EASY TO =GIVE W]E ,SUNGIR AN ISOLAT$ F9D4 ,IT IS NOT4 ,COMP>ABLY RI* BURIALS >E BY N[ ATTE/$ FROM ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC ROCK %ELT]S & OP5-AIR SETTLEM5TS ACROSS MU* ( WE/]N ,EURASIA1 FROM ! ,DON TO ! ,DORDOGNE4 ,AMONG !M WE F9D1 = EXAMPLE1 ! #a#f1-YE>-OLD ',LADY ( ,SA9T-,G]MA9-LA-,RIVI]E'1 B$ECK$ ) ORNAM5TS MADE ON ! TEE? ( Y\NG /AGS HUNT$ #c KM AWAY1 9 ! ,SPANI% ,BASQUE C\NTRY2 & ! BURIALS ( ! ,LIGURIAN COA/ - AS ANCI5T AS ,SUNGIR - 9CLUD+ ',IL ,PR9CIPE'1 A Y\NG MAN :OSE REGALIA 9CLUD$ A SCEPT] ( EXOTIC FL9T1 ELK ANTL] BATONS1 & AN ORNATE HEADDRESS ( P]=AT$ %ELLS & DE] TEE?4 ,SU* F9D+S POSE /IMULAT+ *ALL5GES ( 9T]PRETATION4 ,IS ,F]N&EZ-,>ME/O RI<T TO SAY !SE >E PRO(S ( '9H]IT$ P[]'8 ,:AT WAS ! /ATUS ( SU* 9DIVIDUALS 9 LIFE8 

,NO LESS 9TRIGU+ IS ! SPORADIC BUT COMPELL+ EVID5CE = MONUM5TAL >*ITECTURE1 /RET*+ BACK TO ! ,LA/ ,GLACIAL ,MAXIMUM4 ,! IDEA ?AT ONE C\LD MEASURE 'MONUM5TALITY' 9 ABSOLUTE T]MS IS ( C\RSE AS SILLY AS ! IDEA ( QUANTIFY+ ,ICE ,AGE EXP5DITURE 9 DOLL>S & C5TS4 ,IT IS A RELATIVE CONCEPT1 :I* MAKES S5SE ONLY )9 A P>TICUL> SCALE ( VALUES & PRIOR EXP]I5CES4 ,! ,PLEI/OC5E HAS NO DIRECT EQUIVAL5TS 9 SCALE TO ! ,PYRAMIDS ( ,GIZA OR ! ,ROMAN ,COLLOSEUM4 ,BUT IT DOES HAVE BUILD+S ?AT1 BY ! /&>DS ( ! TIME1 C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ PUBLIC WORKS1 IMPLY+ SOPHI/ICAT$ DESIGN & ! COORD9ATION ( LABOR ON AN IMPRESSIVE SCALE4 ,AMONG !M >E ! />TL+ 'MAMMO? H\SES'1 BUILT ( HIDES /RET*$ OV] A FRAME ( TUSKS1 EXAMPLES ( :I* - DAT+ TO >\ND #a#e1 YE>S AGO - CAN BE F\ND ALONG A TRANSECT ( ! GLACIAL FR+E REA*+ FROM MOD]N-DAY ,KRAK[ ALL ! WAY TO ,KIEV4 

,/ILL MORE A/ONI%+ >E ! /ONE TEMPLES ( ,GOBEKLI ,TEPE1 EXCAVAT$ OV] TW5TY YE>S AGO ON ! ,TURKI%-,SYRIAN BORD]1 & /ILL ! SUBJECT ( VOCIF]\S SCI5TIFIC DEBATE4 ,DAT+ TO >\ND #a#a1 YE>S AGO1 ! V]Y 5D ( ! LA/ ,ICE ,AGE1 !Y COMPRISE AT LEA/ TW5TY MEGALI?IC 5CLOSURES RAIS$ HI< ABOVE ! N[-B>R5 FLANKS ( ! ,H>RAN ,PLA94 ,EA* WAS MADE UP ( LIME/ONE PILL>S OV] #eM 9 HEI<T & WEI<+ UP TO A TON 7RESPECTABLE BY ,/ONEH5GE /&>DS1 & SOME #f1 YE>S BE=E IT74 ,ALMO/ EV]Y PILL> AT ,GOBEKLI ,TEPE IS A REM>KABLE WORK ( >T1 ) RELIEF C>V+S ( M5AC+ ANIMALS PROJECT+ FROM ! SURFACE1 !IR MALE G5ITALIA FI]CELY DISPLAY$4 ,SCULPT$ RAPTORS APPE> 9 COMB9ATION ) IMAGES ( SEV]$ HUMAN HEADS4 ,! C>V+S ATTE/ TO SCULPTURAL SKILLS1 NO D\BT HON$ 9 ! MORE PLIABLE M$IUM ( WOOD 7ONCE WIDELY AVAILABLE ON ! FOO?ILLS ( ! ,TAURUS ,M\NTA9S71 BE=E BE+ APPLI$ TO ! B$ROCK ( ! ,H>RAN4 ,9TRIGU+LY1 & DESPITE !IR SIZE1 EA* ( !SE MASSIVE /RUCTURES HAD A RELATIVELY %ORT LIFESPAN1 5D+ ) A GREAT FEA/ & ! RAPID 9FILL+ ( ITS WALLS3 HI]>*IES RAIS$ TO ! SKY1 ONLY TO BE SWIFTLY TORN D[N AGA94 ,& ! PROTAGONI/S 9 ?IS PREHI/ORIC PAGEANT-PLAY ( FEA/+1 BUILD+1 & DE/RUCTION W]E1 TO ! BE/ ( \R KN[L$GE1 HUNT]-=AG]S1 LIV+ BY WILD RES\RCES ALONE4 

,:AT1 !N1 >E WE TO MAKE ( ALL ( ?IS8 ,ONE S*OL>LY RESPONSE HAS BE5 TO AB&ON ! IDEA ( AN EGALIT>IAN ,GOLD5 ,AGE 5TIRELY1 & CONCLUDE ?AT RATIONAL SELF-9T]E/ & ACCUMULATION ( P[] >E ! 5DUR+ =CES BEH9D HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ?IS DOESN'T REALLY WORK EI!R4 ,EVID5CE = 9/ITUTIONAL 9EQUALITY 9 ,ICE ,AGE SOCIETIES1 :E!R 9 ! =M ( GR& BURIALS OR MONUM5TAL BUILD+S1 IS NO?+ IF NOT SPORADIC4 ,BURIALS APPE> LIT]ALLY C5TURIES1 & (T5 HUNDR$S ( KILOMET]S1 AP>T4 ,EV5 IF WE PUT ?IS D[N TO ! PAT*9ESS ( ! EVID5CE1 WE /ILL HAVE TO ASK :Y ! EVID5CE IS SO PAT*Y3 AFT] ALL1 IF ANY ( !SE ,ICE ,AGE 'PR9CES' HAD BEHAV$ ANY?+ LIKE1 SAY1 ,BRONZE ,AGE PR9CES1 WE'D ALSO BE F9D+ =TIFICATIONS1 /OREH\SES1 PALACES - ALL ! USUAL TRAPP+S ( EM]G5T /ATES4 ,9/EAD1 OV] T5S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S1 WE SEE MONUM5TS & MAGNIFIC5T BURIALS1 BUT LITTLE ELSE TO 9DICATE ! GR[? ( RANK$ SOCIETIES4 ,!N !RE >E O!R1 EV5 /RANG] FACTORS1 SU* AS ! FACT ?AT MO/ ( ! 'PR9CELY' BURIALS CONSI/ ( 9DIVIDUALS ) /RIK+ PHYSICAL ANOMALIES1 :O TODAY W\LD BE CONSID]$ GIANTS1 HUN*BACKS1 OR DW>FS4 

,A WID] LOOK AT ! >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE SUGGE/S A KEY TO RESOLV+ ! DILEMMA4 ,IT LIES 9 ! SEASONAL RHY?MS ( PREHI/ORIC SOCIAL LIFE4 ,MO/ ( ! ,PALEOLI?IC SITES DISCUSS$ SO F> >E ASSOCIAT$ ) EVID5CE = ANNUAL OR BI5NIAL P]IODS ( AGGREGATION1 L9K$ TO ! MIGRATIONS ( GAME H]DS - :E!R WOOLLY MAMMO?1 /EPPE BISON1 RE9DE] OR 79 ! CASE ( ,GOBEKLI ,TEPE7 GAZELLE - AS WELL AS CYCLICAL FI%-RUNS & NUT H>VE/S4 ,AT LESS FAVORABLE TIMES ( YE>1 AT LEA/ SOME ( \R ,ICE ,AGE ANCE/ORS NO D\BT REALLY DID LIVE & =AGE 9 T9Y B&S4 ,BUT !RE IS OV]:ELM+ EVID5CE TO %[ ?AT AT O!RS !Y CONGREGAT$ 5 MASSE )9 ! K9D ( 'MICRO-CITIES' F\ND AT ,DOLNI ,VE/ONICE1 9 ! ,MORAVIAN BAS9 S\? ( ,BRNO1 FEA/+ ON A SUP]-ABUNDANCE ( WILD RES\RCES1 5GAG+ 9 COMPLEX RITUALS1 AMBITI\S >TI/IC 5T]PRISES1 & TRAD+ M9]ALS1 M>9E %ELLS1 & ANIMAL PELTS OV] /RIK+ DI/ANCES4 ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN EQUIVAL5TS ( !SE SEASONAL AGGREGATION SITES W\LD BE ! GREAT ROCK %ELT]S ( ! ,FR5* ,P]IGORD & ! ,CANTABRIAN COA/1 ) !IR FAM\S PA9T+S & C>V+S1 :I* SIMIL>LY =M$ P>T ( AN ANNUAL R\ND ( CONGREGATION & DISP]SAL4 

,SU* SEASONAL PATT]NS ( SOCIAL LIFE 5DUR$1 LONG AFT] ! '9V5TION ( AGRICULTURE' IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE *ANG$ EV]Y?+4 ,NEW EVID5CE %[S ?AT ALT]NATIONS ( ?IS K9D MAY BE KEY TO UND]/&+ ! FAM\S ,NEOLI?IC MONUM5TS ( ,SALISBURY ,PLA91 & NOT JU/ 9 T]MS ( CAL5DRIC SYMBOLISM4 ,/ONEH5GE1 IT TURNS \T1 WAS ONLY ! LATE/ 9 A V]Y LONG SEQU5CE ( RITUAL /RUCTURES1 ]ECT$ 9 TIMB] AS WELL AS /ONE1 AS PEOPLE CONV]G$ ON ! PLA9 FROM REMOTE CORN]S ( ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES1 AT SIGNIFICANT TIMES ( YE>4 ,C>EFUL EXCAVATION HAS %[N ?AT MANY ( !SE /RUCTURES - N[ PLAUSIBLY 9T]PRET$ AS MONUM5TS TO ! PROG5ITORS ( P[]FUL ,NEOLI?IC DYNA/IES - W]E DISMANTL$ JU/ A FEW G5]ATIONS AFT] !IR CON/RUCTION4 ,/ILL MORE /RIK+LY1 ?IS PRACTICE ( ]ECT+ & DISMANTL+ GR& MONUM5TS CO9CIDES ) A P]IOD :5 ! PEOPLES ( ,BRITA91 HAV+ ADOPT$ ! ,NEOLI?IC F>M+ ECONOMY FROM CONT95TAL ,EUROPE1 APPE> TO HAVE TURN$ !IR BACKS ON AT LEA/ ONE CRUCIAL ASPECT ( IT1 AB&ON+ C]EAL F>M+ & REV]T+ - >\ND #cc ,B,C - TO ! COLLECTION ( HAZELNUTS AS A /APLE FOOD S\RCE4 ,KEEP+ !IR H]DS ( CATTLE1 ON :I* !Y FEA/$ SEASONALLY AT NE>BY ,DURR+TON ,WALLS1 ! BUILD]S ( ,/ONEH5GE SEEM LIKELY TO HAVE BE5 NEI!R =AG]S NOR F>M]S1 BUT SOME?+ 9 BETWE54 ,& IF ANY?+ LIKE A ROYAL C\RT DID HOLD SWAY 9 ! FE/IVE SEASON1 :5 !Y GA!R$ 9 GREAT NUMB]S1 !N IT C\LD ONLY HAVE DISSOLV$ AWAY = MO/ ( ! YE>1 :5 ! SAME PEOPLE SCATT]$ BACK \T ACROSS ! ISL&4 

,:Y >E !SE SEASONAL V>IATIONS IMPORTANT8 ,BECAUSE !Y REVEAL ?AT FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 HUMAN BE+S W]E SELF-CONSCI\SLY EXP]IM5T+ ) DIFF]5T SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S DESCRIBE SOCIETIES ( ?IS SORT AS POSSESS+ A 'D\BLE MORPHOLOGY'4 ,M>CEL ,MAUSS1 WRIT+ 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 OBS]V$ ?AT ! CIRCUMPOL> ,9UIT1 '& LIKEWISE MANY O!R SOCIETIES 4 4 4 HAVE TWO SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 ONE 9 SUMM] & ONE 9 W9T]1 & ?AT 9 P>ALLEL !Y HAVE TWO SY/EMS ( LAW & RELIGION'4 ,9 ! SUMM] MON?S1 ,9UIT DISP]S$ 9TO SMALL PATRI>*AL B&S 9 PURSUIT ( FRE%WAT] FI%1 C>IB\1 & RE9DE]1 EA* UND] ! AU?ORITY ( A S+LE MALE ELD]4 ,PROP]TY WAS POSSESSIVELY M>K$ & PATRI>*S EX]CIS$ CO]CIVE1 SOMETIMES EV5 TYRANNICAL P[] OV] !IR K94 ,BUT 9 ! LONG W9T] MON?S1 :5 SEALS & WALRUS FLOCK$ TO ! ,>CTIC %ORE1 ANO!R SOCIAL /RUCTURE 5TIRELY TOOK OV] AS ,9UIT GA!R$ TOGE!R TO BUILD GREAT MEET+ H\SES ( WOOD1 :ALE-RIB1 & /ONE4 ,)9 !M1 ! VIRTUES ( EQUALITY1 ALTRUISM1 & COLLECTIVE LIFE PREVAIL$2 WEAL? WAS %>$2 HUSB&S & WIVES EX*ANG$ P>TN]S UND] ! EGIS ( ,S$NA1 ! ,GODDESS ( ! ,SEALS4 

,ANO!R EXAMPLE W]E ! 9DIG5\S HUNT]-GA!R]S ( ,CANADA'S ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/1 = :OM W9T] - NOT SUMM] - WAS ! TIME :5 SOCIETY CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO ITS MO/ UNEQUAL =M1 & SPECTACUL>LY SO4 ,PLANK-BUILT PALACES SPRANG TO LIFE ALONG ! COA/L9ES ( ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA1 ) H]$IT>Y NOBLES HOLD+ C\RT OV] COMMON]S & SLAVES1 & HO/+ ! GREAT BANQUETS KN[N AS POTLAT*4 ,YET !SE >I/OCRATIC C\RTS BROKE AP>T = ! SUMM] WORK ( ! FI%+ SEASON1 REV]T+ TO SMALL] CLAN =MATIONS1 /ILL RANK$1 BUT ) AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T & LESS =MAL /RUCTURE4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 PEOPLE ACTUALLY ADOPT$ DIFF]5T NAMES 9 SUMM] & W9T]1 LIT]ALLY BECOM+ SOMEONE ELSE1 DEP5D+ ON ! TIME ( YE>4 

,P]HAPS MO/ /RIK+1 9 T]MS ( POLITICAL REV]SALS1 W]E ! SEASONAL PRACTICES ( #a#i?-C5TURY TRIBAL CONF$]ACIES ON ! ,AM]ICAN ,GREAT ,PLA9S - SOMETIME1 OR ONE-TIME F>M]S :O HAD ADOPT$ A NOMADIC HUNT+ LIFE4 ,9 ! LATE SUMM]1 SMALL & HI<LY MOBILE B&S ( ,*EY5NE & ,LAKOTA W\LD CONGREGATE 9 L>GE SETTLEM5TS TO MAKE LOGI/ICAL PREP>ATIONS = ! BUFFALO HUNT4 ,AT ?IS MO/ S5SITIVE TIME ( YE> !Y APPO9T$ A POLICE =CE ?AT EX]CIS$ FULL CO]CIVE P[]S1 9CLUD+ ! RI<T TO IMPRISON1 :IP1 OR F9E ANY (F5D] :O 5DANG]$ ! PROCE$+S4 ,YET AS ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,ROB]T ,L[IE OBS]V$1 ?IS 'UNEQUIVOCAL AU?ORIT>IANISM' OP]AT$ ON A /RICTLY SEASONAL & TEMPOR>Y BASIS1 GIV+ WAY TO MORE 'AN>*IC' =MS ( ORGANIZATION ONCE ! HUNT+ SEASON - & ! COLLECTIVE RITUALS ?AT FOLL[$ - W]E COMPLETE4 

,S*OL>%IP DOES NOT ALWAYS ADVANCE4 ,SOMETIMES IT SLIDES BACKW>DS4 ,A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S UND]/OOD ?AT ?OSE :O LIVE MA9LY FROM WILD RES\RCES W]E NOT1 NORMALLY1 RE/RICT$ TO T9Y 'B&S4' ,?AT IDEA IS REALLY A PRODUCT ( ! #a#i#fS1 :5 ,KALAH>I ,BU%M5 & ,MBUTI ,PYGMIES BECAME ! PREF]R$ IMAGE ( PRIMORDIAL HUMANITY = ,T,V AUDI5CES & RESE>*]S ALIKE4 ,AS A RESULT WE'VE SE5 A RETURN ( EVOLUTION>Y /AGES1 REALLY NOT ALL ?AT DIFF]5T FROM ! TRADITION ( ! ,SCOTTI% ,5LI<T5M5T3 ?IS IS :AT ,FUKUYAMA1 = 9/ANCE1 IS DRAW+ ON1 :5 HE WRITES ( SOCIETY EVOLV+ /EADILY FROM 'B&S' TO 'TRIBES' TO '*IEFDOMS1' !N F9ALLY1 ! K9D ( COMPLEX & /RATIFI$ '/ATES' WE LIVE 9 TODAY - USUALLY DEF9$ BY !IR MONOPOLY ( '! LEGITIMATE USE ( CO]CIVE =CE4' ,BY ?IS LOGIC1 H[EV]1 ! ,*EY5NE OR ,LAKOTA W\LD HAVE HAD TO BE 'EVOLV+' FROM B&S DIRECTLY TO /ATES R\<LY EV]Y ,NOVEMB]1 & !N 'DEVOLV+' BACK AGA9 COME SPR+4 ,MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S N[ RECOGNIZE ?AT !SE CATEGORIES >E HOPELESSLY 9ADEQUATE1 YET NOBODY HAS PROPOS$ AN ALT]NATIVE WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T WORLD HI/ORY 9 ! BROADE/ T]MS4 

,QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY1 >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT 9 ! HI<LY SEASONAL 5VIRONM5TS ( ! LA/ ,ICE ,AGE1 \R REMOTE ANCE/ORS W]E BEHAV+ 9 BROADLY SIMIL> WAYS3 %IFT+ BACK & =? BETWE5 ALT]NATIVE SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS1 P]MITT+ ! RISE ( AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES DUR+ C]TA9 TIMES ( YE>1 ON ! PROVISO ?AT !Y C\LD NOT LA/2 ON ! UND]/&+ ?AT NO P>TICUL> SOCIAL ORD] WAS EV] FIX$ OR IMMUTABLE4 ,)9 ! SAME POPULATION1 ONE C\LD LIVE SOMETIMES 9 :AT LOOKS1 FROM A DI/ANCE1 LIKE A B&1 SOMETIMES A TRIBE1 & SOMETIMES A SOCIETY ) MANY ( ! FEATURES WE N[ ID5TIFY ) /ATES4 ,) SU* 9/ITUTIONAL FLEXIBILITY COMES ! CAPACITY TO /EP \TSIDE ! B\ND>IES ( ANY GIV5 SOCIAL /RUCTURE & REFLECT2 TO BO? MAKE & UNMAKE ! POLITICAL WORLDS WE LIVE 94 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ?IS EXPLA9S ! 'PR9CES' & 'PR9CESSES' ( ! LA/ ,ICE ,AGE1 :O APPE> TO %[ UP1 9 SU* MAGNIFIC5T ISOLATION1 LIKE *>ACT]S 9 SOME K9D ( FAIRY-TALE OR CO/UME DRAMA4 ,MAYBE !Y W]E ALMO/ LIT]ALLY SO4 ,IF !Y REIGN$ AT ALL1 !N P]HAPS IT WAS1 LIKE ! K+S & QUE5S ( ,/ONEH5GE1 JU/ = A SEASON4 

#e4 ,TIME = A RE-?9K 

,MOD]N AU?ORS HAVE A T5D5CY TO USE PREHI/ORY AS A CANVAS = WORK+ \T PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS3 >E HUMANS FUNDAM5TALLY GOOD OR EVIL1 COOP]ATIVE OR COMPETITIVE1 EGALIT>IAN OR HI]>*ICAL8 ,AS A RESULT1 !Y ALSO T5D TO WRITE AS IF = #i#e.0 ( \R SPECIES HI/ORY1 HUMAN SOCIETIES W]E ALL MU* ! SAME4 ,BUT EV5 #d1 YE>S IS A V]Y1 V]Y LONG P]IOD ( TIME4 ,IT SEEMS 9H]5TLY LIKELY1 & ! EVID5CE CONFIRMS1 ?AT ?OSE SAME PIONE]+ HUMANS :O COLONIZ$ MU* ( ! PLANET ALSO EXP]IM5T$ ) AN 5ORM\S V>IETY ( SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS4 ,AS ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS (T5 PO9T$ \T1 E>LY ,HOMO SAPI5S W]E NOT JU/ PHYSICALLY ! SAME AS MOD]N HUMANS1 !Y W]E \R 9TELLECTUAL PE]S AS WELL4 ,9 FACT1 MO/ W]E PROBABLY MORE CONSCI\S ( SOCIETY'S POT5TIAL ?AN PEOPLE G5]ALLY >E TODAY1 SWIT*+ BACK & =? BETWE5 DIFF]5T =MS ( ORGANIZATION EV]Y YE>4 ,RA!R ?AN IDL+ 9 SOME PRIMORDIAL 9NOC5CE1 UNTIL ! G5IE ( 9EQUALITY WAS SOMEH[ UNCORK$1 \R PREHI/ORIC ANCE/ORS SEEM TO HAVE SUCCESSFULLY OP5$ & %UT ! BOTTLE ON A REGUL> BASIS1 CONF9+ 9EQUALITY TO RITUAL CO/UME DRAMAS1 CON/RUCT+ GODS & K+DOMS AS !Y DID !IR MONUM5TS1 !N *E]FULLY DISASSEMBL+ !M ONCE AGA94 

,IF SO1 !N ! REAL QUE/ION IS NOT ':AT >E ! ORIG9S ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY8'1 BUT1 HAV+ LIV$ SO MU* ( \R HI/ORY MOV+ BACK & =? BETWE5 DIFF]5T POLITICAL SY/EMS1 'H[ DID WE GET SO /UCK8' ,ALL ?IS IS V]Y F> FROM ! NOTION ( PREHI/ORIC SOCIETIES DRIFT+ BL9DLY T[>DS ! 9/ITUTIONAL *A9S ?AT B9D !M4 ,IT IS ALSO F> FROM ! DISMAL PROPHECIES ( ,FUKUYAMA1 ,DIAMOND1 ,MORRIS1 & ,S*EIDEL1 :]E ANY 'COMPLEX' =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION NECESS>Y MEANS ?AT T9Y ELITES TAKE *>GE ( KEY RES\RCES1 & BEG9 TO TRAMPLE EV]YONE ELSE UND]FOOT4 ,MO/ SOCIAL SCI5CE TREATS !SE GRIM PROGNO/ICATIONS AS SELF-EVID5T TRU?S4 ,BUT CLE>LY1 !Y >E BASELESS4 ,SO1 WE MI<T REASONABLY ASK1 :AT O!R *]I%$ TRU?S MU/ N[ BE CA/ ON ! DU/-HEAP ( HI/ORY8 

,QUITE A NUMB]1 ACTUALLY4 ,BACK 9 ! '#gS1 ! BRILLIANT ,CAMBRIDGE >*AEOLOGI/ ,DAVID ,CL>KE PR$ICT$ ?AT1 ) MOD]N RESE>*1 ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( ! OLD $IFICE ( HUMAN EVOLUTION1 '! EXPLANATIONS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N MAN1 DOME/ICATION1 METALLURGY1 URBANIZATION & CIVILIZATION - MAY 9 P]SPECTIVE EM]GE AS SEMANTIC SN>ES & METAPHYSICAL MIRAGES4' ,IT APPE>S HE WAS RI<T4 ,9=MATION IS N[ P\R+ 9 FROM EV]Y QU>T] ( ! GLOBE1 BAS$ ON C>EFUL EMPIRICAL FIELDWORK1 ADVANC$ TE*NIQUES ( CLIMATIC RECON/RUCTION1 *RONOMETRIC DAT+1 & SCI5TIFIC ANALYZES ( ORGANIC REMA9S4 ,RESE>*]S >E EXAM9+ E?NOGRAPHIC & HI/ORICAL MAT]IAL 9 A NEW LI<T4 ,& ALMO/ ALL ( ?IS NEW RESE>* GOES AGA9/ ! FAMILI> N>RATIVE ( WORLD HI/ORY4 ,/ILL1 ! MO/ REM>KABLE DISCOV]IES REMA9 CONF9$ TO ! WORK ( SPECIALI/S1 OR HAVE TO BE TEAS$ \T BY READ+ BETWE5 ! L9ES ( SCI5TIFIC PUBLICATIONS4 ,LET US CONCLUDE1 !N1 ) A FEW HEADL9ES ( \R [N3 JU/ A H&FUL1 TO GIVE A S5SE ( :AT ! NEW1 EM]G+ WORLD HI/ORY IS />T+ TO LOOK LIKE4 

,! FIR/ BOMB%ELL ON \R LI/ CONC]NS ! ORIG9S & SPREAD ( AGRICULTURE4 ,!RE IS NO LONG] ANY SUPPORT = ! VIEW ?AT IT M>K$ A MAJOR TRANSITION 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES4 ,9 ?OSE P>TS ( ! WORLD :]E ANIMALS & PLANTS W]E FIR/ DOME/ICAT$1 !RE ACTUALLY WAS NO DISC]NIBLE 'SWIT*' FROM ,PALEOLI?IC ,=AG] TO ,NEOLI?IC ,F>M]4 ,! 'TRANSITION' FROM LIV+ MA9LY ON WILD RES\RCES TO A LIFE BAS$ ON FOOD PRODUCTION TYPICALLY TOOK SOME?+ 9 ! ORD] ( ?REE ?\S& YE>S4 ,:ILE AGRICULTURE ALL[$ = ! POSSIBILITY ( MORE UNEQUAL CONC5TRATIONS ( WEAL?1 9 MO/ CASES ?IS ONLY BEGAN TO HAPP5 MILL5NIA AFT] ITS 9CEPTION4 ,9 ! TIME BETWE51 PEOPLE 9 >EAS AS F> REMOV$ AS ,AMAZONIA & ! ,F]TILE ,CRESC5T ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ W]E TRY+ F>M+ ON = SIZE1 'PLAY F>M+' IF Y\ LIKE1 SWIT*+ ANNUALLY BETWE5 MODES ( PRODUCTION1 MU* AS !Y SWIT*$ !IR SOCIAL /RUCTURES BACK & =?4 ,MOREOV]1 ! 'SPREAD ( F>M+' TO SECOND>Y >EAS1 SU* AS ,EUROPE - SO (T5 DESCRIB$ 9 TRIUMPHALI/ T]MS1 AS ! />T ( AN 9EVITABLE DECL9E 9 HUNT+ & GA!R+ - TURNS \T TO HAVE BE5 A HI<LY T5U\S PROCESS1 :I* SOMETIMES FAIL$1 LEAD+ TO DEMOGRAPHIC COLLAPSE = ! F>M]S1 NOT ! =AG]S4 

,CLE>LY1 IT NO LONG] MAKES ANY S5SE TO USE PHRASES LIKE '! AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION' :5 DEAL+ ) PROCESSES ( SU* 9ORD9ATE L5G? & COMPLEXITY4 ,S9CE !RE WAS NO ,$5-LIKE /ATE1 FROM :I* ! FIR/ F>M]S C\LD TAKE !IR FIR/ /EPS ON ! ROAD TO 9EQUALITY1 IT MAKES EV5 LESS S5SE TO TALK AB\T AGRICULTURE AS M>K+ ! ORIG9S ( RANK OR PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,IF ANY?+1 IT IS AMONG ?OSE POPULATIONS - ! ',MESOLI?IC' PEOPLES - :O REFUS$ F>M+ ?R\< ! W>M+ C5TURIES ( ! E>LY ,HOLOC5E1 ?AT WE F9D /RATIFICATION BECOM+ MORE 5TR5*$2 AT LEA/1 IF OPUL5T BURIAL1 PR$ATORY W>F>E1 & MONUM5TAL BUILD+S >E ANY?+ TO GO BY4 ,9 AT LEA/ SOME CASES1 LIKE ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ! FIR/ F>M]S SEEM TO HAVE CONSCI\SLY DEVELOP$ ALT]NATIVE =MS ( COMMUNITY1 TO GO ALONG ) !IR MORE LABOR-9T5SIVE WAY ( LIFE4 ,!SE ,NEOLI?IC SOCIETIES LOOK /RIK+LY EGALIT>IAN :5 COMP>$ TO !IR HUNT]-GA!R] NEI<BORS1 ) A DRAMATIC 9CREASE 9 ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL IMPORTANCE ( WOM51 CLE>LY REFLECT$ 9 !IR >T & RITUAL LIFE 7CONTRA/ H]E ! FEMALE FIGUR9ES ( ,J]I*O OR ,CATALHOYUK ) ! HYP]-MASCUL9E SCULPTURE ( ,GOBEKLI ,TEPE74 

,ANO!R BOMB%ELL3 'CIVILIZATION' DOES NOT COME AS A PACKAGE4 ,! WORLD'S FIR/ CITIES DID NOT JU/ EM]GE 9 A H&FUL ( LOCATIONS1 TOGE!R ) SY/EMS ( C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T & BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL4 ,9 ,*9A1 = 9/ANCE1 WE >E N[ AW>E ?AT BY #be ,B,C1 SETTLEM5TS ( #c HECT>ES OR MORE EXI/$ ON ! L[] REA*ES ( ! ,YELL[ ,RIV]1 OV] A ?\S& YE>S BE=E ! F\NDATION ( ! E>LIE/ 7,%ANG7 ROYAL DYNA/Y4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,PACIFIC1 & AT >\ND ! SAME TIME1 C]EMONIAL C5T]S ( /RIK+ MAGNITUDE HAVE BE5 DISCOV]$ 9 ! VALLEY ( ,P]U'S ,RIO ,SUPE1 NOTABLY AT ! SITE ( ,C>AL3 5IGMATIC REMA9S ( SUNK5 PLAZAS & MONUM5TAL PLAT=MS1 F\R MILL5NIA OLD] ?AN ! ,9CA ,EMPIRE4 ,SU* REC5T DISCOV]IES 9DICATE H[ LITTLE IS YET TRULY KN[N AB\T ! DI/RIBUTION & ORIG9 ( ! FIR/ CITIES1 & JU/ H[ MU* OLD] !SE CITIES MAY BE ?AN ! SY/EMS ( AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5T & LIT]ATE ADM9I/RATION ?AT W]E ONCE ASSUM$ NECESS>Y = !IR F\NDATION4 ,& 9 ! MORE E/ABLI%$ HE>TL&S ( URBANIZATION - ,MESOPOTAMIA1 ! ,9DUS ,VALLEY1 ! ,BAS9 ( ,MEXICO - !RE IS M\NT+ EVID5CE ?AT ! FIR/ CITIES W]E ORGANIZ$ ON SELF-CONSCI\SLY EGALIT>IAN L9ES1 MUNICIPAL C\NCILS RETA9+ SIGNIFICANT AUTONOMY FROM C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ! FIR/ TWO CASES1 CITIES ) SOPHI/ICAT$ CIVIC 9FRA/RUCTURES FL\RI%$ = OV] HALF A MILL5NIUM ) NO TRACE ( ROYAL BURIALS OR MONUM5TS1 NO /&+ >MIES OR O!R MEANS ( L>GE-SCALE CO]CION1 NOR ANY H9T ( DIRECT BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL OV] MO/ CITIZ5'S LIVES4 

,J>$ ,DIAMOND NOT)/&+1 !RE IS ABSOLUTELY NO EVID5CE ?AT TOP-D[N /RUCTURES ( RULE >E ! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( L>GE-SCALE ORGANIZATION4 ,WALT] ,S*EIDEL NOT)/&+1 IT IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE ?AT RUL+ CLASSES1 ONCE E/ABLI%$1 CANNOT BE GOTT5 RID ( EXCEPT BY G5]AL CATA/ROPHE4 ,TO TAKE JU/ ONE WELL-DOCUM5T$ EXAMPLE3 >\ND #b ,A,D1 ! CITY ( ,TEOTIHUACAN 9 ! ,VALLEY ( ,MEXICO1 ) A POPULATION ( #a#b1 7ONE ( ! L>GE/ 9 ! WORLD AT ! TIME71 APPE>S TO HAVE UND]GONE A PR(\ND TRANS=MATION1 TURN+ ITS BACK ON PYRAMID-TEMPLES & HUMAN SACRIFICE1 & RECON/RUCT+ ITSELF AS A VA/ COLLECTION ( COM=TABLE VILLAS1 ALL ALMO/ EXACTLY ! SAME SIZE4 ,IT REMA9$ SO = P]HAPS #d YE>S4 ,EV5 9 ,CORTES' DAY1 ,C5TRAL ,MEXICO WAS /ILL HOME TO CITIES LIKE ,TLAXCALA1 RUN BY AN ELECT$ C\NCIL :OSE MEMB]S W]E P]IODICALLY :IPP$ BY !IR CON/ITU5TS TO REM9D !M :O WAS ULTIMATELY 9 *>GE4 

,! PIECES >E ALL !RE TO CREATE AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T WORLD HI/ORY4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 WE'RE JU/ TOO BL9D$ BY \R PREJUDICES TO SEE ! IMPLICATIONS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ALMO/ EV]YONE N[ADAYS 9SI/S ?AT P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 OR SOCIAL EQUALITY1 CAN WORK 9 A SMALL COMMUNITY OR ACTIVI/ GR\P1 BUT CANNOT POSSIBLY 'SCALE UP' TO ANY?+ LIKE A CITY1 A REGION1 OR A NATION-/ATE4 ,BUT ! EVID5CE BE=E \R EYES1 IF WE *OOSE TO LOOK AT IT1 SUGGE/S ! OPPOSITE4 ,EGALIT>IAN CITIES1 EV5 REGIONAL CONF$]ACIES1 >E HI/ORICALLY QUITE COMMONPLACE4 ,EGALIT>IAN FAMILIES & H\SEHOLDS >E NOT4 ,ONCE ! HI/ORICAL V]DICT IS 91 WE WILL SEE ?AT ! MO/ PA9FUL LOSS ( HUMAN FRE$OMS BEGAN AT ! SMALL SCALE - ! LEVEL ( G5D] RELATIONS1 AGE GR\PS1 & DOME/IC S]VITUDE - ! K9D ( RELATION%IPS ?AT CONTA9 AT ONCE ! GREATE/ 9TIMACY & ! DEEPE/ =MS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE4 ,IF WE REALLY WANT TO UND]/& H[ IT FIR/ BECAME ACCEPTABLE = SOME TO TURN WEAL? 9TO P[]1 & = O!RS TO 5D UP BE+ TOLD !IR NE$S & LIVES DON'T C\NT1 IT IS H]E ?AT WE %\LD LOOK4 ,H]E TOO1 WE PR$ICT1 IS :]E ! MO/ DIFFICULT WORK ( CREAT+ A FREE SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO TAKE PLACE4 

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