,HUNG>Y '#e#f 

#aifd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,&]SON 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,9TRODUCTION 

0,SOCIALISM IS MAN'S POSITIVE SELF-CONSCI\SNESS40 

,K4 ,M>X4 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS 7#a#h#d#d74 

,AT #c4 A4M4 ON ,NOVEMB] #d1 #a#i#e#f1 FIFTE5 ,RUSSIAN >MOR$ DIVISIONS COMPRIS+ #f1 TANKS MASS$ AT KEY PO9TS 9 ,HUNG>Y TO MAKE F9AL PREP>ATIONS = !IR SECOND ASSAULT ON A RELATIVELY DEF5SELESS PEOPLE4 ,! FIR/ ASSAULT1 LITTLE MORE ?AN A WEEK E>LI]1 HAD BE5 A CONFUS$ AFFAIR4 ,MOSC[ PRET5D$ NOT TO HAVE BE5 CONSULT$4 ,HUNG>IANS HAD NOT BE5 EXPECT$ TO FI<T ! TANKS ALMO/ ) !IR B>E H&S4 ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]S HAD NOT BE5 EXPECT$ TO GO OV] TO ! SIDE ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S 9 SU* NUMB]S4 ,?IS TIME1 !RE W]E TO BE NO MI/AKES4 ,AT #d4 A4M4 ! TANKS W5T 94 

,IT TOOK !M NE>LY TWO WEEKS TO CRU% ! MA9 C5T]S ( >M$ RESI/ANCE4 ,ONE ( ! GREATE/ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS 9 HI/ORY WAS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD4 ,IT IS BITT] IRONY 9DE$ ?AT ?OSE :O ORD]$ ?IS MASSACRE CLAIM$ TO BE ! /&>D BE>]S ( ! GLORI\S REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g4 ,?IRTY N9E YE>S E>LI]1 ,RUSSIA HAD = A :ILE BE5 ! HEADQU>T]S ( WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,FROM !RE ! CL>ION CALL HAD GONE \T TO ! TOIL+ & OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ( ! WORLD TO OV]?R[ !IR MA/]S & TO JO9 H&S ) ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S 9 BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY4 ,TODAY1 H[EV]1 IT IS NOT ! MIDWIVES ( ! ,REVOLUTION :O OCCUPY ! ,KREML91 IT IS ITS UND]TAK]S4 

,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! ,RUSSIANS SUCCE$$ 9 5=C+ !IR 'SOCIALISM' ALONG ! BANKS ( ! ,DANUBE & UP TO ! FRONTI]S ( ,AU/RIA4 ,!Y RUL$ AN >EA EXT5D+ FROM ! ,BALTIC 9 ! NOR? TO ! ,BALKANS 9 ! S\?4 ,OV] A HUNDR$ MILLION PEOPLE ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES HAD FALL5 )9 ! EMBRACE ( ! NEW ,RUSSIAN BE>4 ,= MANY YE>S !SE PEOPLE HAD BE5 BULLI$1 OPPRESS$1 MANIPULAT$1 MANAG$1 EI!R BY ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA OR ONE ( ! ,WE/]N ,/ATES4 ,UND] ,/AL9I/ RULE !Y F>$ NO BETT]4 ,!IR *A9S W]E IF ANY?+ TI<T5$4 ,TO !M ! WORD 'SOCIALISM' CAME TO MEAN ITS V]Y OPPOSITE4 

,9 ,M>* #a#i#e#c1 ,/AL9 DI$4 ,9 ,JUNE ! WORK]S ( ,EA/ ,B]L9 REBELL$4 ,! REVOLT1 REM>KABLE = ! POLITICAL *>ACT] ( ! DEM&S PUT =W>D1 WAS SOON QUELL$ BY ,RUSSIAN TANKS4 ,BY #a#i#e#f1 !SE SUBJECT NATIONS W]E BECOM+ MORE & MORE ( A POLITICAL LIABILITY TO ,RUSSIA'S RUL]S4 ,! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY RECOGNIZ$ ! DANG]3 AT ! #b? ,CONGRESS ,KRU%*EV HIMSELF DEBUNK$ ! ,/AL9 MY? & PROMIS$ TO LIB]ALIZE ,/AL9'S ME?ODS4 ,BUT ,KRU%*EV & HIS SUPPORT]S SOON F\ND !MSELVES 9 A DILEMMA4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONT9UE PRACTIC+ A RELIGION AFT] Y\ HAVE DE/ROY$ ITS GOD4 ,AL?\< ,RUSSIA'S RUL]S ATTEMPT$ TO BREAK ) SOME ( ! WOR/ EVILS ( !IR PA/1 !Y W]E 7& REMA97 9CAPABLE ( COP+ ) ! ROOT CAUSES ( !SE EVILS4 

,! WORK]S ( ,POZNAN1 9 ,POL&1 W]E ! FIR/ TO DEMON/RATE :AT !Y ?\<T ( ! '*ANG$' ROAD TO 'SOCIALISM'4 ,! ,HUNG>IANS W]E SURPRIS$ & LAT] ELAT$ TO SEE H[ L5I5TLY !SE REBELLI\S WORK]S - & EV5 !IR 'LEAD]S' - W]E TREAT$4 ,9 !IR TURN !Y ROSE4 ,!Y W]E VICTORI\S4 ,& !N !Y W]E CRU%$ BY ! V]Y ME?ODS ,KRU%*EV HAD D5\NC$ ONLY A FEW MON?S E>LI]4 ,MANY ?R\<\T ! WORLD W]E %OCK$ AT ?IS BUT*]Y4 ,MO/ ( ALL IT %OCK$ ?OSE HONE/ WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS :O S9C]ELY LOOK$ TO ,RUSSIA AS ! DEF5D] ( SOCIALISM4 ,TO !M A TREASUR$ IDEAL1 AN IDEAL = :I* !Y HAD F\<T & SUFF]$ = MANY YE>S1 & = :I* MANY ( !IR COMRADES HAD DI$1 HAD PROV$ TO BE WORM-EAT54 

,! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT EV5T 9 WORK+ CLASS HI/ORY S9CE ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g4 ,IT M>K$ ! 5D ( AN ]A & ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW ONE4 ,IT IRREVOCABLY DE/ROY$ ANY MORAL ADVANTAGE ! ,KREML9 & ?OSE :O SUPPORT IT MAY EV] HAVE HAD4 ,BUT IT WAS MU* MORE ?AN ?IS4 ,IT WAS A V]Y POSITIVE EV5T4 ,FROM ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION CAN BE DRAWN LESSONS ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE = ALL :O WI% TO BR+ AB\T ! *ANGE TO A CLASSLESS SOCIETY 9 ,BRITA9 OR ANY:]E ELSE 9 ! WORLD4 

,9 #aief ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK+ CLASS 9SCRIB$ ON ITS BANN] ! DEM& = WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT 9SI/$ ?AT ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS %\LD PLAY A DOM9ANT ROLE 9 ALL REALMS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,IT DID SO 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7& ! OLD RUL+ CLASS BAS$ ON IT7 HAD BE5 L>GELY ELIM9AT$4 ,& IT DID SO 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* POLITICAL P[] WAS HELD 'ON BEHALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS' BY A SELF-/YL$ WORK+ CLASS P>TY4 ,9 PUTT+ =W>D !SE TWO DEM&S UND] !SE P>TICUL> CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S BLAZ$ A TRAIL4 ,9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY !IR IDEAS WILL BECOME ! COMMON H]ITAGE ( ALL WORK]S1 9 ALL L&S4 

,! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION WAS F> MORE ?AN A NATIONAL UPRIS+ OR ?AN AN ATTEMPT TO *ANGE ONE SET ( RUL]S = ANO!R4 ,IT WAS A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,ITS OBJECT WAS A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE 9 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 RUL] & RUL$ 9 FACTORIES1 PITS1 & ON ! L&4 ,! ELIM9ATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAD SOLV$ NONE ( !SE PROBLEMS4 ,! CONC5TRATION ( POLITICAL P[] 9TO ! H&S ( A BUREAUCRATIC 'ELITE' HAD 9T5SIFI$ !M A ?\S&FOLD4 

,BY ITS KEY DEM&S1 BY ITS H]OIC EXAMPLE1 & DESPITE ITS TEMPOR>Y ECLIPSE1 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION UPSET ALL PREVI\S POLITICAL CLASSIFICATIONS & PROGNOSES4 ,IT CREAT$ NEW L9ES ( DEM>CATION NOT ONLY 9 ! RANKS ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T1 BUT 9 SOCIETY 9 G5]AL4 ,IT EXPOS$ ! !ORETICAL VOID 9 ! TRADITIONAL 'LEFT'4 ,A MASS ( OLD PROBLEMS HAVE N[ BECOME IRRELEVANT4 ,OLD DISCUSSIONS >E N[ SE5 TO BE MEAN+LESS4 ,! TIME IS UP = T]M9OLOGICAL SUBTLETIES1 = 9TELLECTUAL TI<T-ROPE WALK+1 = EQUIVOCATION & = SKILLFUL AVOIDANCE ( FAC+ UP TO REALITY4 ,= YE>S TO COME ALL IMPORTANT QUE/IONS = REVOLUTION>IES WILL BOIL D[N TO SIMPLE QU]IES3 ,>E Y\ = OR AGA9/ ! PROGRAM ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION8 ,>E Y\ = OR AGA9/ WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION8 ,>E Y\ = OR AGA9/ ! RULE ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS8 

,MO/ PEOPLE HAVE ONLY A V]Y SUP]FICIAL KN[L$GE ( !SE WEEKS ( ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] #a#i#e#f4 ,!Y HAVE LESS KN[L$GE /ILL ( ! EV5TS :I* L$ UP TO !M4 ,WE FEEL ?IS BOOK MAY CONTRIBUTE TO A BETT] KN[L$GE & UND]/&+ ( :AT REALLY TOOK PLACE4 

#b4 ,EA/-,WE/ ,AGREEM5T 

0444,FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T ( VICTORY1 MI/RU/ MU/ BE DIRECT$ NO LONG] AGA9/ ! CONQU]$ REACTION>Y P>TIES1 BUT AGA9/ ! WORK]S' PREVI\S ALLIES1 AGA9/ ! P>TY ?AT WI%ES TO EXPLOIT ! COMMON VICTORY = ITSELF ALONE444 ,! WORK]S MU/ PUT !MSELVES AT ! COMM& NOT ( ! ,/ATE AU?ORITY BUT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNITY C\NCILS :I* ! WORK]S WILL HAVE MANAG$ TO GET ADOPT$444 ,>MS & AMMUNITION MU/ NOT BE SURR5D]$ ON ANY PRETEXT40 

,K4 ,M>X @& ,F4 ,5GELS4 ,ADDRESS TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 7#a#h#e74 

,PRIOR TO #a#i#c#i1 ALL ! P[]FUL CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 9CLUD+ ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY1 W]E AGRE$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ! REAL VILLA9 ON ! /AGE ( HI/ORY4 ,!N ! NATURE ( !IR ECONOMIES L$ !M 9TO W> ) ONE ANO!R4 ,9 #aida ,HITL] 9VAD$ ,RUSSIA & ! WE/]N CAPITALI/ 'DEMOCRACIES' CONTRACT$ A UNION ) ! 'VILLA9'1 ) ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NO LOVE-MAT*4 ,IT WAS A M>RIAGE ( EXP$I5CY1 COLOR$ BY ! FOND HOPE ?AT ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY W\LD MUTUALLY ANNIHILATE ONE ANO!R4 ,/RATEGY WAS PLANN$ T[>DS ?IS 5D4 ,BUT ?IS /RATEGY FAIL$4 ,! GR&IOSE DREAMS ( ! RUL]S ( ,BRITA9 & ,AM]ICA ( EM]G+ FROM ! W> AS UNDISPUT$ MA/]S ( ! WORLD DID NOT MAT]IALIZE4 ,!Y HAD RECKON$ )\T ! H]OIC RESI/ANCE ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE AGA9/ ,G]MAN FASCISM4 

,RUSSIA PAID A /AGG]+ PRICE4 ,! ,NAZI 9VAD]S CAUS$ 9CALCULABLE DAMAGE TO BUILD+S & TO MA*9]Y4 ,9 ! E>LY MON?S ( ! W>1 :5 ! ,R$ ,>MY WAS 9 RETREAT1 A 'SCOR*$ E>?' POLICY WAS C>RI$ \T4 ,MILLIONS ( ,RUSSIANS GAVE ALL !Y HAD - !IR V]Y LIVES4 ,YET :ILE ! BATTLES ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I W]E /ILL BE+ F\<T ! CAUSES ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I,I W]E ALREADY MATUR+4 

,RUSSIA EM]G$ FROM ! W> ! SECOND MO/ P[]FUL NATION 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 ?R[+ BACK ! ,G]MAN >MY TO ! BORD]S ( ! ,ELBE1 IT HAD ACQUIR$ HALF A CONT95T4 ,!SE W]E SPOILS 9DE$ & H>DLY ! \TCOME B>GA9$ = BY ! ,WE/4 ,!IR FAILURE TO CONTA9 '! R$ M5ACE' L$ TO NE> PANIC 9 !IR RANKS4 

,VEIL$ ?REATS W]E MADE4 ,TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& PEOPLE W]E MURD]$ 9 ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI BY ATOM BOMBS4 ,! REAL PURPOSE ( ?IS CRIME WAS TO W>N ,RUSSIA'S RUL]S TO %[ !M !RE W\LD BE NO LIMIT TO ! RU?LESSNESS .<#a.> ( ! ,WE/]N RUL+ CLASSES %\LD !Y FEEL !IR 9T]E/S ?REAT5$4 ,BUT ! ,WE/]N P[]S W]E NOT /RONG 5\< TO *ALL5GE ! SITUATION 9 ,EUROPE ITSELF4 ,!Y W]E 9 NO POSITION TO DISPUTE ! E/ABLI%$ FACT4 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE BELONG$ TO ! ,U,S,S,R 'BY VIRTUE ( CONQUE/'4 

,=MAL RECOGNITION ( ! NEW REALITY WAS GIV5 AT ! ,YALTA ,CONF]5CE1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#d#e4 ,?OSE P>TS ( ,EUROPE 'LIB]AT$' BY ! ,R$ ,>MY 7! SATELLITE /ATES7 W\LD REMA9 9 ! ,RUSSIAN SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE4 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,GREECE W\LD BE LEFT TO ,/AL9'S ,WE/]N 'ALLIES'4 ,P]SIA WAS ALSO RECOGNIZ$ AS BE+ )9 ! ',WE/]N' SPH]E4 ,DUR+ ! W> ! ,R$ ,>MY HAD 'LIB]AT$' NOR!RN ,P]SIA4 ,AFT] HO/ILITIES 5D$1 IT )DREW4 

,) ! DEFEAT ( ,NAZI ,G]MANY1 ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE WAS SEE?+ = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,NO?+ LIKE IT HAD BE5 FELT S9CE #a#i#a#g4 ,WE %ALL LAT] SEE H[ ! ,RUSSIAN LEAD]S MA9TA9$ 'ORD]' 9 !IR [N SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE 9 ! FACE ( ?IS PROLET>IAN ?REAT TO !IR ,P[]4 ,9 ! ,WE/1 ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES 7& 9 SOME CASES1 ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TIES7 HELP$ ! RUL+ CLASSES MA9TA9 !IR K9D ( ORD]4 

,9 ,F,R,A,N,C,E1 CONSID]ABLE P[] WAS 9 ! H&S ( ,RESI/ANCE GR\PS4 ,!SE W]E DOM9AT$ BY 'COMMUNI/S' & 'SOCIALI/S'4 ,ALL ?AT REALLY /OOD BETWE5 ! ,FR5* WORK]S & EFFECTIVE P[] W]E A FEW %AKY BAYONETS 9 ! H&S ( ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN SOLDI]S1 MO/ ( :OM ONLY WANT$ TO GO HOME4 

,ON ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S1 ! ,RESI/ANCE GR\PS H&$ OV] !IR >MS TO ! SO-CALL$ ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,GOV]NM5T HEAD$ BY ,G5]AL DE ,GAULLE4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #b#a1 #a#i#d#e1 ,MAURICE ,?OREZ1 ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ANN\NC$ ?AT ! ,PATRIOTIC ,MILITIA HAD S]V$ WELL AGA9/ ! ,NAZIS4 ,BUT N[1 HE SAID1 ! SITUATION HAD *ANG$4 0,PUBLIC SECURITY %\LD BE ASSUR$ BY A REGUL> POLICE =CE4 ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEES ( ,LIB]ATION %\LD NOT SUB/ITUTE !MSELVES = ! LOCAL GOV]NM5TS40 .<#b.> ,HIS /ATEM5TS & ACTIONS CLOSELY RESEMBL$ ?OSE ( ,G5]AL DE ,GAULLE4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS 9/RUCT$ TO CONT9UE ! CAMPAIGN ( W>TIME 'UNITY'4 ,!Y AB&ON$ ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!Y PREA*$ ! VIRTUES ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y D5\NC$ WORK]S DEF5D+ !IR WAGES & CONDITIONS4 0,! /RIKE01 !Y SAID1 0WAS ! WEAPON ( ! TRU/S04 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#d#e1 !Y 5T]$ ! COALITION GOV]NM5T =M$ BY ,G5]AL DE ,GAULLE4 ,?OREZ WAS ONE ( ! FIVE ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S 9 A CAB9ET ( TW5TY-TWO MEMB]S4 ,HE WAS APPO9T$ ,M9I/] ( ,/ATE4 

,! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S PROGRAM 9 #aide CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ AS FOLL[S3 7A7 CONTROL ( ! TRU/S2 7B7 LIB]TY ( CONSCI5CE1 PRESS & ASSOCIATION2 7C7 ! RI<T TO WORK & LEISURE2 7D7 SOCIAL SECURITY = WORK]S TO BE PROVID$ BY ! /ATE2 7E7 AID TO ! PEASANTS ?R\< ! SYNDICATES & CO-OPS4 ,H>DLY ! PROGRAM ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY6 ,NO LIB]AL-M9D$ ,TORY W\LD HAVE HAD QUALMS AB\T SUPPORT+ IT4 

,9 ,I,T,A,L,Y1 ! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S PROPP$ UP ! OLD RUL+ CLASS 9 MU* ! SAME WAY4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ( :I* ,TOGLIATTI WAS ! ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y1 HAD REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,BONOMI & ( ,M>%AL ,BADOGLIO4 ,!Y 5?USIA/ICALLY PROTECT$ ! CAPITALI/ /ATE AGA9/ REVOLUTION4 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES 9 A REPORT DUR+ ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d#d1 /AT$3 0,A GOOD MANY ,ITALIAN FASCI/S SEEK REFUGE 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,COMMUNI/S TAKE OV] ! P>TY HEADQU>T]S & 9/ITUTIONS ( ! =M] REGIME LIKE ! ,BALILA4 ETC44 !REBY SOO?+ ! TRANSITION FROM ! OLD TO ! NEW40 

,NOR W]E ! 'COMMUNI/S' DET]R$ :5 UNABLE TO 5T] B\RGEOIS COALITION GOV]NM5TS4 ,9DE$1 !Y HELP$ !M AS MU* AS POSSIBLE BY CALL+ ON ! MASSES TO SUPPORT !SE W>TIME ALLIANCES4 ,PRIOR TO ! ,G5]AL ,ELECTION ( #a#i#d#e1 ! ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DECL>$ ITSELF 9 FAVOR ( A COALITION GOV]NM5T ) 'PROGRESSIVE' ,TORIES1 LIKE ,$5 & ,*UR*ILL6 

,9 ,E,A,/,],N ,E,U,R,O,P,E1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! ,COMMUNI/S W]E ABLE TO GA9 COMPLETE CONTROL4 ,?IS !Y DID BY APPO9T+ ,COMMUNI/ M9I/]S TO TAKE *>GE ( ! /ATE SECURITY =CES VIA ! ,M9I/RIES ( ! ,9T]IOR4 ,BUT 9 ! ,WE/ 7,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ,BELGIUM7 AL?\< ! ,COMMUNI/S P>TICIPAT$ 9 NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS .<#c.> ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR WAS NEV] )9 !IR GRASP4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ,DUCLOS REA*$ \T = ?IS PO/4 ,BUT ! BID FAIL$4 ,IT DID NOT HAVE ! BACK+ ( ! ,R$ ,>MY4 

,:Y DID !SE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES ACT 9 ?IS WAY8 ,:AT SOCIAL 9T]E/S DID !Y REPRES5T8 ,HAD !Y CEAS$ TO BE TRUE P>TIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,! ,HUNG>IAN EV5TS ( #aief W]E TO GIVE CLE>-CUT ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS4 ,BUT ALREADY ! ANSW]S W]E BE+ H9T$ AT4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S KNEW ?AT IF ! /ATE MA*9ES 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE W]E TO COLLAPSE1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION W\LD C]TA9LY FOLL[4 ,& )\T ! BACK+ ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 ! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD HAVE BE5 P[]LESS TO CONTROL ! WORK]S4.<#d.> ,:ILE ,COMMUNI/S HAVE FROM TIME TO TIME PROCLAIM$ 'ALL P[] TO ! WORK]S6' !Y ALWAYS ADD$ - IF ONLY UND] !IR BREA? ' 444 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'4 ',UND]' IS ! OP]ATIVE WORD4 ,H[ F> UND] WAS DEMON/RAT$ 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 FROM #aidd ON4 ,!RE !Y DID HAVE ! ,R$ ,>MY4 

#c4 ,LIB]ATION8 

0,UND] ,SOCIALISM ALL WILL GOV]N 9 TURN & WILL SOON BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO NO ONE GOV]N+04 

,V4 ,I4 ,L594 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#a#g74 

,SOME PEOPLE /ILL BELIEVE ?AT ! ,R$ ,>MY C>RI$ ! TIDE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION ) IT AS IT 5T]$ ,EA/]N ,EUROPE 9 #a#i#d#d4 ,?IS IS QUITE UNTRUE4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! REAL ESS5CE ( ! REGIMES 7SOCIAL EXPLOITATION7 LEFT UN*ANG$1 BUT = A LONG :ILE EV5 ! EXI/+ POLITICAL SET-UP WAS KEPT 9 BE+ ) ONLY A FEW SUP]FICIAL *ANGES4 ,EV5 ! SAME POLICEM5 W]E (T5 KEPT ON4 ,AS F> AS ! MASSES W]E CONC]N$ ALL WAS ! SAME AS BE=E4 ,ONLY ! LANGUAGE SPOK5 BY ! OCCUPY+ >MY HAD *ANG$4 

,! REASON = ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T'S COLLABORATION ) ! 0CLASS 5EMY0 WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,MOLOTOV1 0TO MA9TA9 LAW & ORD] & PREV5T ! RISE ( AN>*Y04 ,RUMANIA1 ,BULG>IA1 & ,HUNG>Y PROVIDE CLE> EXAMPLES ( :OSE 'LAW ' & :AT 'ORD]' WAS MA9TA9$4 

7A7 ,R,U,M,A,N,I,A 

,! FIR/ ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN /ATE TO BE OCCUPI$ BY ! ,R$ ,>MY WAS ,RUMANIA4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T IMM$IATELY ANN\NC$ ITS 9T5TION ( MA9TA9+ ! /ATUS QUO4 

0,! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T DECL>ES ?AT IT DOES NOT PURSUE ! AIM ( ACQUIR+ ANY P>T ( ,RUMANIAN T]RITORY OR ( *ANG+ ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] 9 ,RUMANIA4 ,IT EQUALLY DECL>ES ?AT ! 5TRY ( ,SOVIET TROOPS IS SOLELY ! CONSEQU5CE ( MILIT>Y NECESSITIES & ( ! CONT9UATION ( RESI/ANCE BY 5EMY =CES40 .<#e.> 

,! 05EMY =CES0 W]E NOT ,NAZI DESP]ADOES AS MI<T BE EXPECT$ FROM ! /ATEM5T1 BUT GU]RILLA >MIES :O HAD BE5 FI<T+ ! ,NAZIS4 ,!SE GU]RILLAS HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,PEASANT ,P>TY ( :I* ! LEAD] WAS ,IULIU ,MANIU4 ,MANIU BECAME A MEMB] ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,:5 HE ORD]$ HIS GU]RILLAS TO DISB& & TURN 9 !IR >MS ,MOSC[ ,RADIO COMM5T$3 0,MANIU'S DECL>ATION IS BELAT$4 ,EV5 BE=E ?IS ORD] ! ,R$ ,>MY ,COMM& HAD LIQUIDAT$ ALL B&IT GR\PS4440 

,UND] ! ,NAZIS !SE GU]RILLAS HAD BE5 'BRAVE RESI/ANCE FI<T]S'4 ,UND] ! ,KREML9 !Y W]E 'B&ITS'4 ,C\LD !IR CONT9U$ RESI/ANCE HAVE BE5 SPURR$ ON BY ! COMPOSITION ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T8 

,MOLOTOV'S GU>ANTEE NOT TO 9T]F]E ) ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] 5C\RAG$ ,K+ ,MI*AEL TO APPO9T A REACTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,G5]AL ,SANATESCU WAS MADE ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 .<#f.> AN (FICE HE WAS TO HOLD = SEV5 MON?S4 ,DUR+ ?IS TIME ! WORK]S %[$ :AT !Y FELT4 ,!RE W]E MANY UPRIS+S & REVOLTS AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,KREML91 ) AN >MY ( A MILLION M5 N[ 9 ! C\NTRY1 !N DECID$ ?AT IF ,SANATESCU C\LD NOT CONTROL ! PEOPLE1 HE %\LD GO4 

,VY%9SKI TRAVEL$ TO ,BU*>E/4 ,SOVIET >TILL]Y WAS PO/$ 9 FRONT ( ! ROYAL PALACE4 ,?IS WAS H>DLY NECESS>Y4 ,HIS ,MAJE/Y PROMPTLY COMPLI$ ) ,RUSSIAN DEM&S4 ,SANATESCU'S M9I/RY WAS DISSOLV$ & REPLAC$ ) ONE HEAD$ BY ,PETRU ,GROZA4 .<#g.> ,<EOR<E ,TAT>ESCU BECAME ,VISE-,PREMI]4 

,BO? ,GROZA & ,TAT>ESCU HAD BE5 MEMB]S ( PRE-W> RI<T-W+ GOV]NM5TS4 ,9 #aiaa ,TAT>ESCU HAD L$ ! SUPPRESSION ( A PEASANT UPRIS+ 9 :I* #a#a1 PEASANTS HAD BE5 MURD]$4 ,HE WAS ,M9I/] ( ,/ATE AT ! TIME ( ! ANTI-,JEWI% POGROMS ( #a#i#b#g4 ,HE WAS WORLD FAM\S AS AN EXPON5T ( EXTREME RI<T-W+ DOCTR9ES4 ,! ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ITSELF HAD CALL$ HIM 0! LEAD] ( ! ,RI<T PRO-,HITL] W+ ( ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]AL ,P>TY01 .<#h.> ! P>TY :I* HELP$ ,K+ ,C>OL E/ABLI% HIS FASCI/ REGIME UND] ,M>%AL ,ANTONESCU4 

,PRIME ,M9I/] ,GROZA'S GOV]NM5T WAS ASSI/$ BY TWO LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 COMRADES ,<EORGE ,<EOR<IU ,DEJ & ,LUCRETIU ,PATRASCANU4 ,!Y W]E ALLOTT$ ! RESPECTIVE PO/S ( ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,WORKS & ,COMMUNICATIONS & ( ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE4 ,PATRASCANU SOON MADE HIS 'SOCIALI/' POSITION CLE>3 0,9DU/RIALI/S1 BUS9ESSM51 & BANK]S WILL ESCAPE PUNI%M5T AS W> CRIM9ALS UND] A LAW BE+ DRAWN UP BY ,LUCRETIU ,PATRASCANU1 ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE1 & ,COMMUNI/ MEMB]S ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,RUMANIA C\LD NOT AF=D TO LOOSE ! S]VICES ( M]*ANTS & 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,M4 ,PATRASCANU SAID4 ,HE EXPRESS$ ! OP9ION ?AT ! C\NTRY W\LD PURSUE A MORE LIB]AL POLICY T[>DS ?IS CLASS ?AN ! ,FR5* HAVE04 .<#i.> 

0,PREMI] ,GROZA SAID HIS GOV]NM5T DID NOT 9T5D TO APPLY EI!R COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& OR NATIONALIZATION ( ! BANKS OR 9DU/RIES & ?AT ! M]E QUE/ION %[$ IGNORANCE ( ITS PROGRAM04.<#a.> ,/AL9 HIMSELF ADVIS$ ,GROZA 0TO KEEP ! SY/EM ( PRIVATE 5T]PRISE & PRIVATE PR(IT04.<#a#a.> 

,SO1 FACTORIES & 5T]PRISES [N$ BY =EIGN CAPITAL W]E ALSO ALL[$ TO REMA9 9TACT4 ,CAPITALI/S :O HAD WORK$ H&-9-GLOVE ) ! ,NAZIS W]E P]MITT$ TO KEEP !IR WEAL? & CONT9UE !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,?AT ?IS HAPP5$ ) ,GROZA AS ,PRIME ,M9I/] IS H>DLY SURPRIS+4 ,HE WAS A BANK] & [N$ MANY FACTORIES & A L>GE E/ATE4 ,BE=E ! W> HE HAD BE5 A M9I/] 9 TWO RI<T-W+ GOV]NM5TS UND] ,G5]AL ,AV]ESCU 7#a#i#b-#a1 #a#i#b#f-#g74 

,POLITICALLY-CONSCI\S ,RUMANIAN WORK]S DID NOT EXPECT SU* A GOV]NM5T TO REPRES5T 9T]E/S O!R ?AN ?OSE ( ! BIG L&[N]S & F9ANCI]S4 ,NOR DID !Y WOND] :Y ,GROZA WAS OP5LY OPPOS$ TO MEASURES ( SOCIAL RE=M & :Y HE /AUN*LY UPHELD ! SANCTITY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,BUT ?AT A GOV]NM5T C>RY+ \T A POLICY ( SUPPRESS+ WORK]S & PEASANTS1 ?AT HAD BE5 VIRTUALLY APPO9T$ BY ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 =C$ MANY ,RUMANIAN REVOLUTION>IES TO ?9K4 ,IT =C$ !M TO *ANGE OP9IONS & IDEALS !Y HAD HELD = YE>S4 ,EV5TUALLY1 EV5 ,MANIU & HIS SUPPORT]S )DREW FROM ,P>LIAM5T4 ,BUT SU* W]E ! RUMBL+S AMONG ! PEOPLE ?AT EV5 ?IS TRIVIAL DEMON/RATION ( 9DEP5D5CE C\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T & ITS ,COMMUNI/ SUPPORT]S4 ,MANIU WAS PROMPTLY *>G$ ) BE+ 'ANTI-MON>*I/ '1.<#a#b.> A 'FASCI/' & AN '5EMY ( ! PEOPLE'4 

,MANIU WAS TRI$ & S5T5C$ TO SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T = LIFE4.<#a#c.> ,! ,PRESID5T ( ! TRIBUNAL WAS ! W>TIME ,DIRECTOR ,G5]AL ( PRISONS & CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 ,HE [$ HIS APPO9TM5T TO ! TRIBUNAL TO A LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,PATRASCANU4 

7B7 ,B,U,L,G,>,I,A 

,:5 ! ,R$ ,>MY OCCUPI$ ,BULG>IA ! ,RUSSIAN-BACK$ ',FA!RL& ,FRONT' ,GOV]NM5T TOOK OV]4 ,IT WAS HEAD$ BY ,COLONEL ,KHIMON ,GEORGIEV1 ,COLONEL ,DEMA9 ,VEL*EV WAS ,M9I/] ( ,W>4 ,BO? HAD BE5 =M] LEAD]S ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,LEAGUE1 A FASCI/ ORGANIZATION SPONSOR$ BY ,MUSSOL9I4.<#a#d.> 

,COLONEL ,GEORGIEV HAD ALSO BE5 ! 9/IGATOR ( ! FASCI/ C\P ( #aicd :I* HAD DISMISS$ ,P>LIAM5T1 DISSOLV$ ! UNIONS & DECL>$ !M ILLEGAL4 ,HE HAD !N BECOME ,PRIME ,M9I/] & HAD BEGUN A REIGN ( T]ROR :I*1 9 ITS RU?LESS F]OCITY1 SURPASS$ EV5 ?AT ( #a#i#b#c4 ,! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR ( ! NEW ',FA!RL& ,FRONT' ,GOV]NM5T WAS ,ANTON ,YUG[2 A ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]4 ,HE CONTROLL$ ! /ATE SECURITY =CES & WAS RESPONSIBLE = MA9TA9+ 'ORD]'4 

,:5 ! ,NAZI MILIT>Y MA*9E EV5TUALLY COLLAPS$1 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! ,BULG>IAN PEOPLE W]E NATURALLY OV]JOY$4 ,AL?\< TIR$ ( W> & OPPRESSION1 !IR RELIEF DID NOT LEAD !M TO 9ACTIVITY4 ,REVOLUTION - ! OPPORTUNITY AT LA/ TO BECOME ! MA/]S ( !IR [N DE/9Y - N[ APPE>$ POSSIBLE4 ,DUR+ ! AUTUMN MON?S ( #a#i#d#d1 9 ,S(IA & O!R T[NS1 WORK]S' MILITIAS >RE/$ ! FASCI/S & CLAMP$ !M 9 JAIL4 ,!Y HELD MASS DEMON/RATIONS4 ,!Y ELECT$ FULL DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S TRIBUNALS4 ,! POLICE W]E DIS>M$ & 9 MANY CASES DISB&$4 

,! SOLDI]S' FEEL+S W]E 9 H>MONY ) ?OSE ( ! PEOPLE3 0,REPORTS ON ! ,BULG>IAN =CES ( OCCUPATION 9 ,WE/]N ,?RACE & ,MAC$ONIA VIVIDLY RECALL ! PICTURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,>MY 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,SOLDI]S' C\NCILS HAVE BE5 SET UP4 ,(FIC]S HAVE BE5 DEGRAD$1 R$ FLAGS HOI/$1 & NORMAL SALUT+ HAS BE5 ABOLI%$40.<#a#e.> ,?IS SIMIL>ITY TO #aiag WAS ANA!MA TO ! ,RUSSIAN & ,BULG>IAN ',COMMUNI/' LEAD]S4 ,BACK$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,HI< ,COMM&1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 ,COLONEL ,VEL*EV1 ISSU$ A /RICT ORD] TO HIS TROOPS4 0,RETURN IMM$IATELY TO NORMAL 7SIC7 DISCIPL9E4 ,ABOLI% ,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCILS4 ,HOI/ NO MORE R$ FLAGS40 

,S9C]E ,BULG>IAN ,COMMUNI/S D5\NC$ ! HYPOCRISY ( ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,MOLOTOV ATTEMPT$ TO QUELL ! 5SU+ FUROR3 0,IF C]TA9 ,COMMUNI/S CONT9UE !IR PRES5T CONDUCT1 WE WILL BR+ !M TO REASON4 ,BULG>IA WILL REMA9 ) H] DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T & H] PRES5T ORD] 444 ,Y\ MU/ RETA9 ALL VALUABLE >MY (FIC]S FROM BE=E ! C\P D'ETAT4 ,Y\ %\LD RE9/ATE 9 ! S]VICE ALL (FIC]S :O HAVE BE5 DISMISS$ = V>I\S REASONS40.<#a#f.> 

,! S9I/] R+ ( !SE WORDS E*O$ ?R\< ,BULG>IA4 ,9 #a#i#c#d1 ! FASCI/ ,COLONEL ,GEORGIEV HAD ATTACK$ ! WORK]S4 ,HE HAD SUPPRESS$ /RIKES ) LOSS ( LIFE & DECL>$ !M ILLEGAL4 ,9 #a#i#d#e1 ! SAME ,COLONEL ,GEORGIEV1 N[ A ,COMMUNI/ /OOGE1 ATTACK$ /RIK+ WORK]S AS 'FASCI/S4' 0,9 ,M>* #aide A NUMB] ( COAL M9]S /RUCK = HI<] WAGES4 ,!Y W]E IMM$IATELY BR&$ AS 'AN>*I/S' & 'FASCI/S'1 & RU%$ 9TO JAIL BY ! ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ /ATE MILITIA40.<#a#g.> 

7C7 ,H,U,N,G,>,Y 

,9 #a#i#a#h1 ! FEEL+ 9 ,HUNG>Y HAD BE5 /RONG = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,!SE FEEL+S HAD = A TIME BE5 PEACEFULLY *ANNEL$ ?R\< ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,C\NT ,K>OLYI1 :O HAD A REPUTATION = BE+ SOME K9D ( A ,SOCIALI/4 ,! ,K>OLYI ,GOV]NM5T MADE SOME CONCESSIONS TO ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 ! ,ALLIES BR\<T AB\T ! FALL ( ! ,K>OLYI ,GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y ISSU$ ,HUNG>Y ) AN ULTIMATUM CONC]N+ ! FRONTI] ) ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA :I* ,HUNG>IANS FELT W\LD BE 'CRIPPL+ ! CRIPPLE'4 

,PATRIOTIC & REVOLUTION>Y FEEL+S COMB9$ & ,BELA ,KUN'S .<#a#h.> ,GOV]NM5T RODE 9 ON ! CRE/ ( A NEW REVOLUTION>Y WAVE4 ,COMMUNI/S DOM9AT$ ! NEW ADM9I/RATION1 AL?\< IT CONTA9$ A NUMB] ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 

,9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 ! NEW GOV]NM5T PROCLAIM$ ! ,HUNG>IAN ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC4 ,?IS WAS NOT IMPOS$ ON ! C\NTRY BY A ,RUSSIAN >MY4 ,!RE WAS NO DIRECT CONTACT BETWE5 ,HUNG>Y & ,RUSSIA4 ,RUSSIA HAD QUITE 5\< TO CONT5D ) AT ?IS TIME4 

,PRISON]S ( W> RETURN+ FROM ,RUSSIA GAVE ACC\NTS1 EXCIT$LY & ) UNDISGUIS$ ADMIRATION1 ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 NEWS ( :I* 9SPIR$ ! PEOPLE ) HOPE = A NEW WAY ( LIFE4 ,H[ BADLY ! ,HUNG>IANS NE$$ TO CL+ TO SU* A HOPE6 

,HUNG>Y WAS A PR$OM9ANTLY PEASANT C\NTRY 9 - :I* ! DI/RIBUTION ( L& WAS MORE UNJU/ ?AN 9 ANY O!R P>T ( ,EUROPE4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! L& WAS [N$ BY >I/OCRATS & BY ! ,*UR*4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE W]E L&LESS1 UNEMPLOY$1 & CLOSE TO />VATION4 ,TO 5D ! FEUDAL L& /RUCTURE AT ?IS TIME W\LD HAVE BE5 A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y ACT4 

,BELA ,KUN'S ,GOV]NM5T LA/$ A LITTLE OV] F\R MON?S4 ,SOME >GUE !RE WAS NO TIME = SU* MEASURES4 ,BUT NOT EV5 ! PROMISE WAS MADE4 ,HAD SU* /EPS BE5 TAK51 ,BELA ,KUN'S REGIME MI<T HAVE LA/$ LONG]4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 DIFFICULT1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 = SUCCESSIVE GOV]NM5TS TO TAKE ! L& AWAY FROM ! PEASANTS AGA91 )\T FAC+ ! PROSPECT ( PROLONG$ CIVIL W>4 ,AS IT WAS1 ! ,KUN REGIME WAS OV]?R[N AS SOON AS ! ,RUMANIAN ,>MY HAD OCCUPI$ ,BUDAPE/4 ,BELA ,KUN FL$ TO ,RUSSIA ON ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#i#a#i4 .<#a.> 

,! DEMISE ( ! ,KUN ,GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 PLANN$ AT ,SZEY$ BY ,ADMIRAL ,NI*OLAS ,HOR?Y & HIS SUPPORT]S4 ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,RUMANIAN ,>MY HAD BE5 PRES5T4 ,A ,:ITE ,T]ROR WAS LET LOOSE ON ,HUNG>Y BY ,HOR?Y'S =EIGN ASSI/$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,! FIR/ FASCI/ REGIME 9 ,EUROPE WAS SET UP4 ,= ! ,HUNG>IANS1 ALL =M] HORRORS W]E N[ SURPASS$4 ,?\S&S ( ,COMMUNI/S & ,SOCIALI/S W]E R\ND$ UP BY FASCI/ GANGS1 BEAT51 TORTUR$1 KILL$4 ,! ,TRADE ,UNIONS W]E VIOL5TLY SUPPRESS$4 ,?OSE M]ELY SUSPECT$ ( SOCIALI/ SYMPA?IES W]E TORTUR$ & F9ALLY MURD]$4 ,?\S&S ( PEOPLE1 QUITE UNCONNECT$ ) SU* IDEAS1 SUFF]$ P]SECUTION & DEA?4 ,SO FRI<TFUL W]E ! REPORTS ( ATROCITIES ?AT EV5 ! ,BRITI% 7:O KNEW ALL AB\T ATROCITIES 9 ,9DIA7 W]E MOV$ TO S5D A ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMISSION TO ,BUDAPE/4 ,! ,COMMISSION REPORT$ ?AT 0! WOR/ /ORIES ( MUTILATION1 RAPE1 TORTURE & MURD]0 W]E PROV$4 

,! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AT ?IS TIME >E REF]R$ TO BY ,PET] ,FRY] 9 HIS BOOK ,HUNG>IAN ,TRAG$Y3 0,! T9Y ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY C>RI$ \T ITS WORK 9 DEEP ILLEGALITY4 ,IT MADE ! K9D ( SECT>IAN MI/AKES ?AT >E SO EASY TO MAKE UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 ) LEAD]S 9 JAIL & MURD]$0 7P4#b#i74 ,! MOVEM5T WAS 'DECAPITAT$' & FL\ND]$4 ,?IS IS 9EVITABLE UND] CONDITIONS ( CIVIL W>1 :5EV] REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS >E OBSESS$ ) ! CULT ( LEAD]%IP4 ,IT IS A PRE-REQUISITE ( SUCCESS UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 ?AT ! LEAD+ ACTIVITIES ( A MOVEM5T BE SPREAD AS F> & WIDE AS POSSIBLE ?R\<\T ITS MEMB]%IP4 ,NO ONE %\LD BE 9DISP5SABLE4 ,>RE/$ 'LEAD]S' %\LD ALWAYS BE REPLACEABLE BY O!RS4 

,= ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE ! FOLL[+ YE>S UND] ,HOR?Y'S FASCI/ TYRANNY W]E FULL ( DREAD & SUFF]+4 ,SOME PEOPLE HAVE CLAIM$ ?AT ,HOR?Y'S REGIME WAS NOT TRULY FASCI/4 ,BUT WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT FASCISM 9 P[] MAY TAKE A V>IETY ( =MS4 ,AL?\< BASICALLY SIMIL>1 ! REGIMES ( ,HITL]1 ,MUSSOL9I1 ,FRANCO1 & ,SALAZ> ALSO DIFF]$ 9 SEV]AL P>TICUL>S4 ,P]HAPS ,HOR?Y'S REGIME C\LD BE/ BE CALL$ 'RULE BY >I/OCRATIC FASCI/S'4 ,:ATEV] ITS NAME1 ITS SICK5+ BE/IALITY1 AS F> AS ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE W]E CONC]N$1 REMA9S AS A SC> ON ! BODY ( HUMANITY4 

,! ,HOR?Y REGIME TOOK P>T 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I ON ,HITL]'S SIDE4 ,H[EV]1 T[>DS ! 5D ( ?IS W> A MOVEM5T DEVELOP$ :I* S\<T TO DETA* ,HUNG>Y FROM ITS ALLIANCE ) ,NAZI ,G]MANY4 ,NAZI TROOPS !N OCCUPI$ ! C\NTRY & ! T]ROR RUL$ AGA94 ,LEFT-W+ MILITANTS W]E RU?LESSLY HUNT$ \T & EXT]M9AT$4 ,SOME #d1 ,HUNG>IAN ,JEWS W]E DEPORT$ TO AGONY & DEA? 9 ,NAZI CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 

,DESPITE ?IS LONG HI/ORY ( MIS]Y1 ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE HAD NOT GIV5 UP !IR HOPE ( A BETT] LIFE4 ,:5 9 #aidd ! ,R$ ,>MY BEGAN TO OCCUPY ! C\NTRY ! PEOPLE W]E WELL DISPOS$ T[>DS IT4 ,!Y S9C]ELY HELD ,RUSSIA TO BE A FRI5D4 ,!Y TRU/$ ! PROMISE ( LIB]ATION4 ,MANY ,RUSSIANS HAD GIV5 !IR LIVES 9 BITT] BATTLES TO DRIVE \T ! ,G]MAN ,NAZIS4 ,! GLORI\S IDEALS ( #aiag W]E NOT =GOTT54 ,SO TRU/+ W]E ! FEW ,HUNG>IAN ,COMMUNI/S ?AT !Y HELP$ TO ORGANIZE ! DIVID+ UP ( L>GE E/ATES AMONG ! PEASANTS4 

,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#d#d1 A ,HUNG>IAN GOV]NM5T WAS =M$ AT ,DEBREC5 9 ! ,RUSSIAN-OCCUPI$ >EA4 ,A %UDD] W5T ?R\< ! PEOPLE4 ,! ,FIR/ ,M9I/] WAS ! ,HUNG>IAN ,COMM&]-9-,*IEF ,G5]AL ,BELA ,MIKLOS DE ,DOLNOK4 ,BELA ,MIKLOS HAD BE5 ! FIR/ ,HUNG>IAN P]SONALLY TO RECEIVE FROM ,HITL] ! GREATE/ ,NAZI HONOR3 ,KNI<T ,GR& ,CROSS ( ! ,IRON ,CROSS4 ,ONLY A FEW MON?S E>LI]1 9 ,JULY #a#i#d#d1 ,G5]AL ,BELA ,MIKLOS HAD HELD ! HI<LY TRU/$ JOB ( MESS5G] BETWE5 ! PR9CIPAL ORGANIZ] ( ! ,:ITE ,T]ROR1 ,ADMIRAL ,HOR?Y1 & ! VILE/ ,NAZI ( !M ALL1 ,ADOLF ,HITL]4 .<#b.> 

,!RE W]E TWO O!R G5]ALS 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T3 ,VOROS & ,F>A<O4 ,G5]AL ,JANOS ,VOROS1 ,BELA ,MIKLOS'S EX-,*IEF-(-,/AFF1 BECAME ,M9I/] = ,DEF5SE4 ,IM] ,NAGY BECAME ! ,M9I/] = ,AGRICULTURE4 ,! RE/ ( ! ,GOV]NM5T WAS =M$ ( MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC1 & ,SMALLHOLD]S P>TIES4 ,! ,ECONOMI/ DESCRIB$ IT AT ! TIME AS 0A QUE] COLLECTION ( ! LOCAL D5IZ5S & ! P>TIES ( ! LEFT04 

,! NEW GOV]NM5T /ILL CONSID]$ ,ADMIRAL ,HOR?Y ! LEGITIMATE RUL] ( ,HUNG>Y4 ,! ,M9I/] = ,DEF5SE1 ,G5]AL ,VOROS1 5D$ HIS FIR/ SPEE* OV] ! ,RUSSIAN RADIO ) ! CONTRADICTORY SLOGAN3 0,LONG LIVE A FREE & DEMOCRATIC ,HUNG>Y1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,ADMIRAL ,HOR?Y604 ,! FIR/ DECL>ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN-SPONSOR$ GOV]NM5T AS BROADCA/ BY ,MOSC[ RADIO ON ,DECEMB] #b#d1 #a#i#d#d1 PROCLAIM$3 0,! ,REG5T ( \R C\NTRY1 ,NI*OLAS ,HOR?Y1 HAS BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! ,G]MANS4 ,! M]C5>IES N[ 9 ,BUDAPE/ .<#bL.> >E USURP]S4 ,! C\NTRY HAS BE5 LEFT )\T LEAD]%IP AT A MOM5T :5 ! RE9S ( GOV]NM5T MU/ BE TAK5 9 /RONG H&S 444 ,VITAL 9T]E/S ( ! NATION DEM& ?AT ! >M$ =CES ( ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLES1 TOGE!R ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES1 %\LD HELP 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ,HITL]ISM4 ,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T DECL>ES ?AT IT REG>DS PRIVATE PROP]TY AS ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC LIFE & ! SOCIAL ORD] ( ! C\NTRY & WILL GU>ANTEE ITS CONT9UITY04 

,G5]AL ,MIKLOS1 ,KNI<T ,GR& ,CROSS ( ! ,IRON ,CROSS1 HAD READ ! PROCLAMATION4 ,IT S\NDS 9CR$IBLE4 ,H[ C\LD SU* A MAN CALL = 0! DE/RUCTION ( ,HITL]ISM08 ,TO PEOPLE LIKE ,BELA ,MIKLOS1 ! PRIVILEGES1 PRE/IGE & P[] ?AT GO ) LEAD]%IP1 W]E ! P>AM\NT CONSID]ATIONS4 ,! NATURE ( ! LEAD]%IP1 ITS POLICY1 ME?ODS & AIMS1 W]E ( SECOND>Y CONSEQU5CE4 ,BUT H[ C\LD ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA PUT SU* M5 9TO LEAD+ POSITIONS8 ,! MA9 REASON WAS GIV5 BY ,MIKLOS HIMSELF 9 ! DECL>ATION QUOT$ ABOVE3 0444 ,! C\NTRY HAS BE5 LEFT )\T LEAD]%IP 44404 ,9 O!R WORDS A POLITICAL VACUUM EXI/$4 ,!RE WAS A REAL DANG] ( IT BE+ FILL$ BY ! ORGANIZATIONS ?R[N UP BY ! 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL WORK]S4 ,! WORK]S HAD TAK5 ,COMMUNI/ PROPAG&A AT ITS FACE VALUE4 ,!Y HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO ACT UPON IT4 ,?IS WAS EXTREMELY DANG]\S = ! ,SOVIET LEAD]%IP & = ALL ?OSE :O ACCEPT$ IT4 ,! ONLY PEOPLE ! ,RUSSIANS C\LD RELY ON W]E ! REMNANTS ( ! PREVI\S RUL+ GR\PS4 

,RUSSIAN BELIEFS ?AT NOBODY O!R ?AN ]/:ILE MANAG]S & ADM9I/RATORS C\LD RUN ! C\NTRY W]E NOT NEW4 ,! SE$S HAD BE5 S[N 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 %ORTLY AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION & LONG BE=E ! ,/AL9 ]A4 ,PRIOR TO ! ,REVOLUTION ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD REPEAT$LY ADVOCAT$ WORK]S' CONTROL ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT AS E>LY AS ! SPR+ ( #aiah - & LONG BE=E ! DIFFICULTIES IMPOS$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,W> - LEAD+ ,P>TY MEMB]S W]E /RESS+ ! ADVANTAGES ( 'ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T' ( 9DU/RY4 ,!Y W]E SOON ACTIVELY D5\NC+ ?OSE )9 !IR [N ,P>TY - & ?OSE \TSIDE IT - :O /ILL HELD TO ! VIEW ?AT ONLY COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T C\LD BE A G5U9E BASIS = SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION4 

,WE CANNOT H]E DEAL ) ?IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT & COMPLEX P]IOD ( WORK+ CLASS HI/ORY1 NOR ) ! EXTREMELY T5SE CONTROV]SIES :I* ?IS QUE/ION ( MANAGEM5T GAVE RISE TO4 .<#b#b.> ,!RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT IS 9 ! EV5TS1 DIFFICULTIES1 & CONFLICTS ( ?IS P]IOD ?AT ONE %\LD SEEK ! REAL ROOTS ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,MANY YE>S LAT]1 EV5 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS TO P]CEIVE ! SIGNIFICANCE ( :AT !N TOOK PLACE4 ,:5 ,! ,GU>DIAN .<#b#c.> REF]S TO ,L59'S WRIT+S ( ,M>* #aiah AS 0DEAL+ 9 P>T ) EMULAT+ CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY )9 A SOCIALI/ FRAMEWORK01 IT IS M]ELY EXPRESS+ ?IS AW>5ESS ) ITS CU/OM>Y MIXTURE ( NAIVETE & SOPHI/ICATION4 

,! DANG]S ?AT W\LD FL[ FROM SU* IDEAS HAD BE5 CLE>LY P]CEIV$ 9 ,RUSSIA BY A GR\P+ KN[N AS ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#b#a1 ONE ( ITS PROM95T MEMB]S1 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI1 HAD WRITT53 0,DI/RU/ T[>DS ! WORK+ CLASS 7NOT 9 ! SPH]E ( POLITICS1 BUT 9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMIC CREATIVE ABILITIES7 IS ! :OLE ESS5CE ( ! !SES SIGN$ BY \R ,P>TY LEAD]S4 ,!Y DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ! R\< H&S ( WORK]S1 UNTRA9$ TE*NICALLY1 CAN MOLD !SE ECONOMIC =MS :I* 9 ! PASSAGE ( TIME %ALL DEVELOP 9TO A H>MONI\S SY/EM ( ,COMMUNI/ PRODUCTION4 

0,TO ALL ( !M - ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 ,Z9OVIEV & ,BUKH>9 - IT SEEMS ?AT PRODUCTION IS SU* A 'DELICATE ?+' ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GET ALONG )\T ! ASSI/ANCE ( 'MANAG]S'4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 WE %ALL 'BR+ UP' ! WORK]S1 'TEA* !M'4 ,ONLY :5 !Y GR[ UP %ALL WE REMOVE FROM !M ALL ! TEA*]S ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY & LET ! 9DU/RIAL UNIONS TAKE CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ALL ! !SES WRITT5 BY ! ,P>TY LEAD]S CO9CIDE ON ?IS ESS5TIAL PO9T3 = ! PRES5T WE %ALL NOT GIVE ! TRADE UNIONS CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION4 ,= ! PRES5T1 'WE %ALL WAIT'4 ,!Y ALL AGREE ?AT AT PRES5T ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION MU/ BE C>RI$ ON OV] ! WORK]S' HEADS BY MEANS ( A BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/40 .<#b#d.> 

,9 ! CAPITALI/ ,WE/1 ( C\RSE1 !RE HAD NEV] BE5 ANY 'NONS5SE' AB\T ! WORK]S CONTROLL+ & MANAG+ PRODUCTION4 ,:5 ! ,WE/]N P[]S 'LIB]AT$' P>TS ( ,EUROPE 9 #a#i#d#e1 ! ,MILIT>Y ,GOV]NM5TS SET UP BY ! OCCUPY+ >MIES 5SUR$ ?AT ONLY PEOPLE ) A P>TICUL> SOCIAL BACKGR\ND OR A P>TICUL> K9D ( PREVI\S EXP]I5CE W]E PUT OR RETA9$ 9 COMM&+ MANAG]IAL OR ADM9I/RATIVE POSITIONS4 .<#b#e.> ,TO ! VICTORS IT MATT]$ LITTLE TO :AT 5DS - OR TO :OSE 5DS - ?IS EXP]I5CE HAD BE5 PUT 9 ! PA/4 ,LIKE SPOKE TO LIKE - & !Y GOT ON F9E6 ,! MY/IQUE ( MANAGEM5T CUT ACROSS NATIONAL B\ND>IES4 

,AS IT BECAME OBVI\S ?AT ! FUTURE RUL]S ( ,HUNG>Y W\LD BE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ITS RAPIDLY =M+ BUREAUCRACY1 ! PLACE-SEEK+ ELEM5TS CAME FLOCK+ 94 ,! ,P>TY BECAME ! RECRUIT+ C5T] = ! FUTURE 'LEAD]S ' & MANAG]S4 7,A SIMIL> PROCESS HAD OCCURR$ 9 ,G]MANY1 ) ! RISE ( ,HITL]'S P>TY47 ,ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION & POLITICAL RULE W]E CONC5TRAT$ 9TO FEW] & FEW] H&S4 

#d4 ,SALAMI & ,REP>ATIONS 

0,AN 9TELLIG5T VICTOR WILL1 :5EV] POSSIBLE1 PRES5T HIS DEM&S TO ! VANQUI%$ 9 9/ALLM5TS40 

,A4 ,HITL]1 ,ME9 ,KAMPF 7#a#i#b#e74 

,9 ! ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN /ATES1 ! SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,PEASANT P>TIES BEGAN G5TLY4 ,IT CONT9U$ ) 9CREAS$ TEMPO UNTIL1 BY #a#i#d#h1 !Y HAD BE5 VIRTUALLY LIQUIDAT$4 ,IT WAS ESS5TIAL ?AT NO MEANS ( OPPOSITION BE OP5 TO ! PEOPLE IF ! TOOLS ( ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY1 ! NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 W]E TO C>RY \T !IR PROGRAMS4 

,! PEOPLE W]E ALREADY BEG9N+ TO FEEL ?AT !IR TRU/ 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA WAS BE+ BETRAY$4 ,!RE IS NO MORE BITT] & PA9FUL DISAPPO9TM5T ?AN ?AT CAUS$ :5 A FRI5D BETRAYS Y\R TRU/4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN ,COMMUNI/S KNEW ?IS4 ,!Y KNEW :AT PASSIONS IT W\LD >\SE4 ,!Y W]E ONLY A M9ORITY4 ,!IR RU?LESS DET]M9ATION TO HOLD ON TO P[] HAD TO BE MADE APP>5T TO ALL4 

,!IR 9/RUM5T ( REPRESSION WAS ( C\RSE ! POLICE4 ,COMPLETE CONTROL ( ?IS =CE WAS ESS5TIAL4 ,BY GA9+ ! KEY PO/ ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR1 ?IS WAS ASSUR$ !M4 ,?R\< ?IS ,M9I/RY !Y ALSO CONTROLL$ ! ,CIVIL ,S]VICE4 ,ALL ! KEY POSITIONS W]E HELD BY !IR MEMB]S4 ,! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 F> FROM DE/ROY+ ! EXI/+ /ATE MA*9E1 UTILIZ$ IT & /R5G!N$ IT TO E/ABLI% ITS DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 LAT] DESCRIB+ !IR ME?ODS4 ,RAKOSI SAID ?AT 9 ?OSE DAYS ! V]Y IDEA ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS DISCUSS$ ONLY 9 LIMIT$ ,P>TY CIRCLES4 0,WE DID NOT BR+ 7IT7 BE=E ! ,P>TY PUBLICLY BECAUSE EV5 ! !ORETICAL DISCUSSION ( ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT AS AN OBJECTIVE1 W\LD HAVE CAUS$ AL>M AMONG \R COMPANIONS 9 ! COALITION4 ,IT W\LD HAVE MADE MORE DIFFICULT \R 5DEAVOR TO W9 OV] 444 ! MAJORITY ( ! MASS ( ! WORK]S40 .<#b#f.> 

,! W9N+ OV] ( ! WORK]S TO A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM W\LD HAVE BE5 ONLY TOO EASY4 ,BUT ! ,P>TY W\LD HAVE LO/ CONTROL ( ! WORK]S 9 ! PROCESS4 ,9 !IR FE> ( ?IS1 ! ,P>TY UNIT$ ) !IR B\RGEOIS 'COMPANIONS 9 ! COALITION'4 

,RAKOSI EXPLA9$ H[ ! ',REVOLUTION' HAD BE5 MADE FROM ABOVE & H[ IT HAD BR\<T ! ,HUNG>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO P[]4 ,HE DESCRIB$ H[1 ?R\< ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ! ,P>TY HAD BE5 ABLE TO 'UNMASK' ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SMALLHOLD]S ,P>TY1 'REVEAL' !IR CRIMES & 'REMOVE' !M4 ,RAKOSI DESCRIB$ H[ ! OPPOSITION WAS CUT 9TO SLICES 7LIKE A SALAMI SAUSAGE7 & DISC>D$4 0,9 ?OSE DAYS ?IS WAS CALL$ 'SALAMI TACTICS' 444 ,WE SLIC$ (F1 BIT BY BIT1 REACTION 9 ! ,SMALLHOLD]S ,P>TY 444 ,WE :ITTL$ AWAY ! /R5G? ( ! 5EMY40 .<#b#f.> 

,RAKOSI ALSO DESCRIB$ ! FUSION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ) ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY AS A COMPLETE VICTORY = ! ,COMMUNI/S & UTT] DEFEAT = ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 7,H[ EASY ?IS MU/ HAVE BE51 ) ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR TO REVEAL ! 'CRIMES' ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS67 ,HE !N RELAT$ H[ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 'CAPTUR$' ! >MY1 POLICE1 & /ATE SECURITY =CES 7I4E4 ! SECRET POLICE74 ,?IS WAS A*IEV$ 9 0BITT] BATTLE 444 ! MORE SO BECAUSE \R ,P>TY ALREADY HAD A /RONG FOO?OLD 9 ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS 444 ,:5 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#d#h1 \R ,P>TY TOOK OV] ! ,M9I/RY ( ,DEF5SE1 ! VIGOR\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! DEF5SE =CES C\LD />T40 .<#b#f.> 

,?AT ! ABSOLUTE CONTROL ( ! SECRET POLICE IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ?OSE :O WI% TO SUPPRESS ! PEOPLE1 WAS ALSO MADE QUITE CLE> BY ,RAKOSI HIMSELF4 0,!RE WAS ONE POSITION1 CONTROL ( :I* WAS CLAIM$ BY \R ,P>TY FROM ! FIR/ M9UTE4 ,ONE POSITION :]E ! ,P>TY WAS NOT 9CL9$ TO CONSID] ANY DI/RIBUTION ( ! PO/S ACCORD+ TO ! /R5G? ( ! P>TIES 9 ! COALITION4 ,?IS WAS ! ,/ATE ,SECURITY ,AU?ORITY 444 ,WE KEPT ?IS ORGANIZATION 9 \R H&S FROM ! FIR/ DAY ( ITS E/ABLI%M5T40 .<#b#f.> ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY KNEW EXACTLY :AT !Y W]E DO+ :5 !Y TOOK CONTROL ( ! ,A4,V4,O4 7,SECRET ,SECURITY ,POLICE74 

,! ,HUNG>IAN SECRET POLICE US$ ALL ! LATE/ TE*NIQUES ( TORTURE & MURD] KN[N TO ! ,GE/APO & ,N4,K4,V4,D4 ,SOVIET OCCUPATION TROOPS HAD BE5 IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ 9TO ,HUNG>Y BY ! 'POLITICAL EXP]TS' ( ! ,N4,K4,V4,D41 :O IMM$IATELY PROCE$$ TO 'REORGANIZE' ! SECURITY =CES4 ,!SE W]E N[ /AFF$ BY A CURI\S MIXTURE ( ! OLD V]M9 ( ! ,HOR?Y REGIME & ! NEW SCUM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,?IS HUMAN G>BAGE OCCUPI$ A PRIVILEG$ POSITION 9 ,HUNG>IAN SOCIETY4 ,! NATIONAL AV]AGE WAGE 9 #aief WAS AB\T #a1 =9TS A MON?4 ,! PAY ( ,A4,V4,O4 'RANK]S ' WAS #c1 =9TS A MON?4 ,(FIC]S W]E PAID BETWE5 #i1 & #a#b1 =9TS A MON?4 ,ALL W]E PASSIONATELY HAT$ BY ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE4 

,! 'SALAMI TACTICS' ( TAK+ OV] ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS EVOK$ CRITICISM FROM A NUMB] ( ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S4 ,! 'LEAD]%IP' DEALT ) !IR CRITICS 444 ?R\< ! POLICE4 ,! ,P>TY WAS DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE = ! T]ROR1 ! MURD]1 ! TORTURE & ! BEAT+S :I* W]E A FEATURE ( ,HUNG>IAN LIFE UND] ! ,RAKOSI REGIME4 

,ALONG ) VIOL5T POLITICAL SUPPRESSION1 ! WORK]S ALSO SUFF]$ ! SL[] AGONY ( DET]IORAT+ ECONOMIC /&>DS1 AM\NT+ AT TIMES TO />VATION4 ,! REP>ATION PAYM5TS EXTRACT$ BY ,RUSSIA ACC\NT$ = ?IS TO NO SMALL DEGREE4 

,! REP>ATIONS PLOT WAS HAT*$ AT ! ,YALTA ,CONF]5CE1 :]E ! ,WE/ HAD AGRE$ ) ,/AL9 TO C>VE UP ,EUROPE 9TO SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE4 ,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAD VIGOR\SLY CONDEMN$ ! REP>ATIONS EXACT$ FROM ,G]MANY BY ! VICTORI\S ,ALLIES ?R\< ! ,TREATY ( ,V]SAILLES4 ,IT CONT9UALLY & CORRECTLY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT !SE EXTORTIONS PLAC$ AN 9TOL]ABLE BURD5 UPON ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS :O W]E NOT RESPONSIBLE = ! W> & = ! DAMAGE IT HAD CAUS$4 ,AT ! TIME1 ! SAME OP9IONS HAD BE5 CLE>LY & FIRMLY VOIC$ BY ! V>I\S NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES4 ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 AS ! HOPES ( A ,RUSSIAN VICTORY GREW BRI<T]1 ?IS L9E WAS DROPP$4 ,IT LOOK$ AS IF ! ,RUSSIANS MI<T BE ON ! RECEIV+ 5D ( REP>ATIONS4 ,! *AMELEON IDEOLOGY ( !IR 'SOCIALISM' %[$ ITSELF4 ,:AT WAS DEEM$ 'ROBB]Y' BY ! CAPITALI/ /ATES BECAME 'JU/ICE' :5 ! ,RUSSIANS PRACTIC$ IT4 

,EXACT FIGURES AS TO ! QUANTITY ( MA*9]Y1 ETC41 DISMANTL$ & S5T TO ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 >E NOT AVAILABLE4 ,ONE E/IMATE = ,HUNG>Y PUTS IT AT #abd MILLION DOLL>S4 ,LIKE ,HITL]'S >MY1 ! ,R$ ,>MY LIV$ (F ! C\NTRY IT OCCUPI$4 ,H]E AGA9 EXACT FIGURES = !SE OCCUPATION CO/S >E LACK+4 ,H[EV]1 AN ADDITION TO ! C\NTRY'S POPULATION ( OV] A MILLION M5 MU/ HAVE US$ UP A GREAT DEAL ( ! NATION'S FOOD PRODUCE ALONE4 ,A RA!R HYPOCRITICAL ,AM]ICAN NOTE TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T1 DAT$ ,JULY #b#c1 #a#i#d#f1 /AT$ ?AT 0! ,SOVIET ,=CES HAD1 UP TO ,JUNE #a#i#d#e1 TAK5 \T ( ,HUNG>Y F\R MILLION TONS ( HEAT1 RYE1 B>LEY1 MAIZE & OATS4 7,! TOTAL PRE-W> ANNUL PRODUCTION ( !SE GRA9S WAS A LITTLE OV] #g MILLION TONS47 ,( ! FOOD/UFFS AVAILABLE = ! URBAN POPULATION 9 ! SECOND HALF ( #a#i#d#e1 ! ,SOVIET ,>MY HAD APPROPRIAT$ NE>LY ALL ! MEAT1 ONE SIX? ( ! :EAT & RYE1 ONE QU>T] ( ! LEGUMES1 NE>LY ?REE QU>T]S ( ! L>D1 A T5? ( ! VEGETABLE OILS & A FIF? ( ! MILK & DAIRY PRODUCTS4 ,EXT5SIVE REQUISITION+ ( FOOD WAS GO+ ON AS LATE AS ,APRIL #a#i#d#f40 ,! FOOD %ORTAGE DUR+ ?IS P]IOD WAS SO S]I\S ?AT EA* P]SON WAS GETT+ AT ! MO/ ONLY #he CALORIES A DAY - LESS ?AN 9 ,G]MANY OR ,AU/RIA4 ,AS ONE MI<T EXPECT1 ! 9CREASE 9 ! DEA? RATE WAS AL>M+4 

,ANO!R UNKN[N QUANTITY IS ! AM\NT ( MAT]IAL 7P]SONAL GOODS1 ETC47 :I* F\ND ITS WAY TO ,RUSSIA ?R\< LOOT+4 

,! KN[N LI/ ( REP>ATIONS EXTRACT$ FROM ,EA/]N ,EUROPE IS /AGG]+ 5\<4 ,WE CANNOT H]E GO 9TO ! DETAILS = EA* C\NTRY4 ,SOME DETAILS AB\T ,HUNG>Y %\LD GIVE A PICTURE ( ! :OLE4 

,! TOTAL-REP>ATIONS DEM&S FROM ,HUNG>Y AM\NT$ TO #c MILLION DOLL>S4 ,TWO-?IRDS ( ?IS W5T TO ,RUSSIA & ! RE/ WAS DIVID$ EQUALLY BETWE5 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA & ,YUGOSLAVIA4 ,9DU/RIAL GOODS CON/ITUT$ #h#c.0 ( ! TOTAL4 ,! REMA9+ #a#g.0 WAS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS4 ,BE=E ! W>1 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS MADE UP ONLY AB\T A QU>T] ( ALL ,HUNG>IAN EXPORTS4 ,! ,BRITI% P>LIAM5T>Y DELEGATION :I* VISIT$ ,HUNG>Y 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#d#f1 /AT$ ?AT ! COMB9$ CO/S ( REP>ATIONS & ( ! OCCUPATION AM\NT$ TO #c.0 ( ! NATIONAL 9COME 7REP>ATIONS #a#h.01 OCCUPATION #a#b.074 ,A ,U4,S4 REPRES5TATIVE AT ! ,OCTOB] #aidf SESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,PEACE ,CONF]5CE HAD PUT !SE CO/S AT #c#e.0 ( ! NATIONAL 9COME4 

,! SCALE ( !SE REP>ATIONS PLAC$ AN 5ORM\S BURD5 ON ! ,HUNG>IAN ECONOMY & H5CE ON ! PRODUC]S3 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BY #a#i#d#h1 DESPITE ! ,A4,V4,O4 & ! ,R$ ,>MY1 !IR RES5TM5T MI<T HAVE ]UPT$ 9TO ! /REETS4 ,! DANG] WAS REPORT$ TO ! ,KREML94 ,9 ,JULY #aidh ,RUSSIA DECID$ TO WAIVE HALF ! REP>ATIONS /ILL DUE4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#d#h1 ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/]1 ,]NO ,G]O1 WAS ABLE TO TELL ! ,HUNG>IAN ,P>LIAM5T ?AT1 AL?\< 9 #a#i#d#h1 #b#e4#d.0 ( ! NATIONAL EXP5DITURE W5T TO PAY ,RUSSIAN REP>ATIONS1 ONLY #i4#h.0 ( ! BUDGET = #aidi W\LD BE ALLOCAT$ TO ?IS PURPOSE4 

#e4 ,ME?ODS ( ,EXPLOITATION & ,SUBJUGATION 

0,MASSES ( LABOR]S1 CR[D$ 9TO ! FACTORY1 >E ORGANIZ$ LIKE SOLDI]S4 ,AS PRIVATES ( ! 9DU/RIAL >MY1 !Y >E PLAC$ UND] ! COMM& ( A P]FECT HI]>*Y ( (FIC]S & S]GEANTS40 

,K4 ,M>X & ,F4 ,5GELS1 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 7#a#h#d#h74 

7A7 ,T,R,A,D,E 

,!RE W]E /ILL O!R WAYS ( EXPLOIT+ ! PEOPLE4 ,TRADE1 = EXAMPLE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5TS ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE SOON SAW ?AT ,RUSSIAN HEAVY 9DU/RY WAS 9CAPABLE ( PROVID+ !M ) CAPITAL GOODS4 ,!Y KNEW ?AT MA*9]Y & RAW MAT]IALS W]E ESS5TIAL4 ,!Y W]E PREP>$ TO TRY & GET !SE FROM ! ,WE/4 ,! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN SEEM$ TO BE AN ANSW] TO ! PROBLEM4 ,AT LEA/ TWO ( !SE C\NTRIES1 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA & ,POL&1 MADE CLE> !IR DESIRE TO TAKE P>T 9 ! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN4 ,EV5 AFT] PRESSURE FROM ,MOSC[ HAD COMPELL$ !M TO DROP ! IDEA1 ATTEMPTS W]E /ILL MADE TO GET TRADE ) ! ,WE/4 

,MOSC['S PLANS 9 ?IS P]IOD W]E HELP$ BY ,WA%+TON4 ,! ,U4,S4,A4 E/ABLI%$ AN 'IRON CURTA9' TO TRADE BETWE5 ! ,WE/ & ! C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 :5 %E 9/RUCT$ O!R ,WE/]N NATIONS NOT TO EXHORT '/RATEGIC GOODS'4 ,! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T'S 'SECRET LI/' ( /RATEGIC GOODS COV]$ PRACTICALLY EV]Y K9D ( CAPITAL EQUIPM5T4 ,IT 9CLUD$ SU* ITEMS AS GRAMOPHONE RECORD+ DISCS & NE$LES = ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 .<#b#g.> ,TRADE ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 7ON ,RUSSIA'S T]MS7 WAS ASSUR$4 

,TO SOME PEOPLE1 ! T]M 'TRADE' MEANS 'A MUTUALLY AGRE$ EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES BETWE5 C\NTRIES'4 ,?OSE 9 ! ,KREML9 DID NOT ACC5T ?IS DEF9ITION4 ,!IR IDEA ( TRADE WAS BAS$ ON ! OLD IMP]IALI/ PR9CIPLE ( BUY+ *EAP & SELL+ DE> - V]Y1 V]Y DE>6 

,! SATELLITE /ATES W]E REG>D$ AS A S\RCE ( RAW MAT]IALS & ( *EAP MANUFACTUR$ GOODS4 ,EXPLOITATION WORK$ 9 TWO DIRECTIONS4 ,RUSSIA SECUR$ ! SATELLITES' EXPORTS AT BEL[ WORLD PRICES4 ,& IT EXPORT$ TO !M AT ABOVE WORLD PRICES4 ,! ,POLI%-,SOVIET AGREEM5T ( ,AUGU/ #a#f1 #a#i#d#e1 = ! ANNUAL EXPORT ( ,POLI% COAL TO ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 IS A />TL+ EXAMOLE4 0,! ROBB]Y ( ,POL& ?R\< ?IS TRANSACTION ALONE AM\NT$ TO OV] ONE HUNDR$ MILLION DOLL>S A YE>4 ,BRITI% CAPITALI/S NEV] GOT SU* A L>GE ANNUAL PR(IT \T ( !IR 9VE/M5TS 9 ,9DIA40 .<#b#h.> ,%OES MANUFACTUR$ 9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA AT A CO/ ( #c CR[NS A PAIR W]E SOLD TO ,RUSSIA AT #ag CR[NS A PAIR4 ,YET :5 ! ,CZE* GOV]NM5T1 [+ TO ! SEV]E DR\<T ( #a#i#d#g1 WAS =C$ TO IMPORT L>GE QUANTITIES ( GRA9 FROM ! ,U4,S4,S4,R41 IT HAD TO PAY MORE ?AN #d DOLL>S A BU%EL = IT4 ,AT ! TIME1 ! ,U4,S4,A4 WAS SELL+ GRA9 AT #b4#e DOLL>S P] BU%EL ON ! WORLD M>KET4 

,BULG>IA F\ND NO DIFFICULTY 9 SELL+ H] TOBACCO = BADLY NE$$ DOLL>S4 ,YET 9 #a#i#d#h1 %E HAD TO SELL NE>LY ALL H] TOBACCO CROP TO ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 AT A V]Y L[ PRICE4 ,RUSSIA WAS !N ABLE TO RE-SELL ! TOBACCO TO ,ITALY1 MAK+ A H&SOME PR(IT - 9 DOLL>S4 

,?AT ,RUSSIAN 'TRADE' ) ,HUNG>Y WAS CONSID]ABLE IS %[N BY ! #aidh LONG-T]M AGREEM5T4 ,?IS /AT$ ?AT 'TRADE' WAS TO BE TREBL$ 9 #a#i#d#i4 ,NO DETAILS W]E GIV54 ,AL?\< ,RUSSIA SUPPLI$ COTTON1 & ,HUNG>Y MANFACTUR$ GOODS1 ! QUANTITIES 9VOLV$ & !IR PRICES W]E AS JEAL\SLY GU>D$ AS MILIT>Y SECRETS4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS = ! SECRECY WAS ?AT WORK]S 9 ! FACTORIES W]E1 TO SOME EXT5T1 AW>E ( ?IS EXPLOITATION & /RONGLY RES5T$ IT4 

7B7 ,M,I,X,$ ,C,O,M,P,A,N,I,E,S 

,! AM\NT ( ,G]MAN CAPITAL 9VE/$ 9 ,BULG>IA1 ,HUNG>Y1 & ,RUMANIA1 WAS CONSID]ABLE4 ,9 ,RUMANIA1 = EXAMPLE1 IT EQUAL$ OV] A ?IRD ( ALL 9VE/M5TS 9 OIL1 BANK+1 & 9DU/RY4 ,9 ,HUNG>Y1 ,G]MAN-[N$ PROP]TY WAS E/IMAT$ AT BE+ WOR? #a1#b MILLION DOLL>S4 ,RUSSIA EX]CIS$ H] 'RI<TS' UND] ! ,POTSDAM AGREEM5T4 ,ALL ,G]MAN 9VE/M5TS W]E CONFISCAT$4 7,! ,RUSSIANS ONLY TOOK OV] ! ASSETS ( ! V>I\S 5T]PRISES4 ,!IR LIABILITIES W]E *>G$ TO ! /ATE47 ,?IS WAS DONE P>TLY BY DISMANTL+ MA*9]Y1 P>TLY BY TAK+ CONTROL ( ?OSE 9DU/RIES /ILL OP]AT+ 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,JO9TLY CONTROLL$ COMPANIES W]E SET UP4 ,!SE W]E1 AT FIR/1 OP]AT$ 9 P>TN]%IP ) PRIVATE CAPITALI/S BUT :5 !SE W]E LAT] EXPROPRIAT$1 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 HELD JO9T CONTROL ( ! COMPANIES ) ! ,HUNG>IAN ,GOV]NM5T4 .<#b#i.> ,NO 9DU/RY WAS COMPLETELY [N$ BY ! ,U4,S4,S4,R44 ,RUSSIA 9VE/$ 9 AS MANY UND]TAK+S AS POSSIBLE1 ?US GA9+ A GREAT] GRIP OV] ! :OLE ECONOMY4 ,!SE 'MIX$ COMPANIES' W]E ORGANIZ$ & CONDUCT$ ON CAPITALI/ L9ES4 ,! ONLY NOTABLE DIFF]5CE WAS ?AT ONE SIDE ( ! 'EQUAL' P>TN]%IP 7,U4,S4,S4,R47 WAS MAK+ F> GREAT] PR(ITS ?AN ! O!R 7! SATELLITE ,/ATE74 ,9 SOME CASES ! LATT] EV5 HAD TO UND]WRITE ! LOSSES6 

7C7 ,N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N 

,IT WAS NOT1 H[EV]1 UNTIL #aidh ?AT 9TEGRATION ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ECONOMY 9TO ?AT ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS S]I\SLY BEGUN4 ,?IS WAS A*IEV$ ?R\< NATIONALIZATION4 

,! T]M 'NATIONALIZATION'1 :5 US$ BY ! LEAD]S ( EI!R ,EA/ OR ,WE/1 HAS ONLY ONE MEAN+3 TO 5SURE & CONSOLIDATE !IR [N CONTROL OV] ! MEANS ( DI/RIBUTION1 PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 .<#c.> 

,9 ,HUNG>Y1 SOME 9DU/RIES HAD ALREADY BE5 NATIONALIZ$4 ,BUT UNTIL ! NATIONALIZATION LAW ( ,M>* #b#e1 #a#i#d#h1 #b#e.0 ( HEAVY 9DU/RY & #h.0 ( ALL O!R 9DU/RY WAS /ILL 9 PRIVATE H&S4 ,?IS LAW LAID D[N ?AT ALL FIRMS EMPLOY+ MORE ?AN #a PEOPLE W]E TO BE TAK5 OV] BY ! ,/ATE4 

,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! 5D ( #aidi ?AT NATIONALIZATION WAS COMPLET$4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S DID NOT DIFF] FROM ?OSE ( ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY ON ! QUE/ION ( :E!R NATIONALIZATION %\LD 9VOLVE CONTROL BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,?IS IS %[N BY ! REPORT ?AT 0,EA/] ,MONDAY1 #a#i#d#h1 WAS DECL>$ A HOLIDAY4 ,:ILE ! WORK]S W]E NOT 9 ! FACTORIES1 ,/ATE (FICIALS CAME D[N & TOOK !M OV]4 ,! NEXT DAY ! WORK]S >RIV$ TO F9D A NEW MA/]04 .<#c#a.> ,NATIONALIZATION BY ! ,LABOR ,GOV]NM5T WAS C>RI$ \T ) RA!R MORE POLITICAL SOPHI/ICATION4 ,AS F> AS ! WORK]S W]E CONC]N$1 ! NET RESULT WAS MU* ! SAME4 .<#c#b.> 

7D7 ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N 

,ANO!R ME?OD ( EXPLOIT+ ! POPULATION WAS ! ,RUSSIAN TYPE ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,:ILE 9 O!R /ATES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE ?IS WAS BEGUN AT AN E>LY /AGE1 9 ,HUNG>Y1 ! ,GOV]NM5T REMA9$1 = A LONG TIME1 %Y AT MAK+ ! ATTEMPT4 ,AFT] SOME MANEUV]+1 IT EV5TUALLY BEGAN SL[LY TO 'COLLECTIVIZE' AGRICULTURE4 

,BY ,NOVEMB] #a#i#d#i1 SOME #g.0 ( ! >ABLE L& WAS 9 ! H&S ( COOP]ATIVE OR /ATE F>MS4 ,! DIFFID5CE ( ! ,HUNG>IAN RUL]S WAS DUE MA9LY TO !IR FE> ( OP5 OPPOSITION FROM ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S4 ,! REASON1 9 ! J>GON ( ! GOV]NM5T1 WAS ?AT FA/] COLLECTIVIZATION MI<T /R5G!N ',TITOI/ T5D5CIES'4 

,9 ! PROCESS ( COMPLET+ NATIONALIZATION1 :AT FEW RI<TS ! WORK]S HAD 5JOY$ UND] PRIVATE [N]%IP W]E :ITTL$ AWAY4 ,/RIKES1 AS BE=E1 W]E ( C\RSE ILLEGAL4 ,COMPLETE CONTROL ( ! FACTORY WAS PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( A S+LE MANAG]4 ,M9I/] ,]NO ,G]O1 9 HIS ,JUNE #aie REPORT TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY1 PUT IT LIKE ?IS3 0A FACTORY 444 CAN HAVE ONLY ONE MANAG] :O 9 HIS [N P]SON IS RESPONSIBLE = EV]Y?+ ?AT HAPP5S 9 ! FACTORY04 ,! SCREW SUBJECT+ ! WORK]S TO ! WILL ( MANAGEM5T HAD BE5 GIV5 ! F9AL TURN4 ,HUNG>Y WAS A FULLY QUALIFI$ SATELLITE ( ! ,U4,S4,S4,R44 

,! DE/RUCTION ( ! GA9S :I* ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S HAD = A %ORT :ILE SECUR$ 9 #aiag HAD TAK5 RA!R LONG]4 ,TRUE1 ! ,P>TY CAMPAIGN = 'ONE MAN MANAGEM5T' ( PRODUCTION - & AGA9/ WORK]S' MANAGEM5T - HAD BEGUN AS E>LY AS ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h4 ,IT MET ) CONSID]ABLE RESI/ANCE4 ,= ! FIR/ FEW YE>S 9DU/RIES W]E RUN BY ! SO-CALL$ ,TROIKA1 I4E4 ! WORK]S' COMMITTEE1 ! ,P>TY CELL & ! MANAG]4 ,BY #aibd EV5 ?IS HAD BECOME A F>CE4 ,BY #aibi ! ,P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE FELT READY TO PASS A RESOLUTION ?AT WORK]S' FACTORY COMMITTEES 0MAY NOT 9T]V5E DIRECTLY 9 ! RUNN+ ( ! PLANT OR 5DEAVOR 9 ANY WAY TO REPLACE PLANT MANAGEM5T4 ,!Y %ALL1 BY ALL MEANS POSSIBLE1 HELP TO SECURE ONE-MAN CONTROL1 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION1 & PLANT DEVELOPM5T1 & !REBY IMPROVE ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 .<#c#c.> ,! <O/ ( ! ]/:ILE ,TROIKA WAS NOT (FICIALLY BURI$ UNTIL #a#i#c#g4 ,! (FICIAL PRESID+ AT ?IS P>TICUL> C]EMONY WAS ,/AL9'S RI<T-H& MAN1 ,ZHDANOV4 ,SPEAK+ AT ! ,PL5UM ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE HE SAID3 0444! ,TROIKA IS SOME?+ QUITE IMP]MISSIBLE 444 ! ,TROIKA IS A SORT ( ADM9I/RATIVE BO>D1 BUT \R ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION IS CONDUCT$ ALONG TOTALLY DIFF]5T L9ES40 .<#c#d.> 

,9 ! 'WORK]S' /ATES' ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ! PEOPLE W]E NOT EV5 ALL[$ TO GO ?R\< !SE LIMIT$ & DI/ORT$ =MS ( ECONOMIC SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,! ,TROIKA SY/EM WAS NEV] 9TRODUC$4 

,GIV5 ! COMPLETE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9TEGRATION ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 NO?+ SEEM$ N[ TO /& 9 ! WAY ( TOTAL EXPLOITATION4 ,NO?+8 

#f4 ,RESI/ANCE ,GR[S 

0,PIECE-WAGE IS ! =M ( WAGES MO/ 9 H>MONY ) ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 444 IT S]V$ AS A LEV] = L5G!N+ ! WORK+ DAY & ! L[]+ ( WAGES40 

,K4 ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL 7#a#h#f#g74 

0,IT HAS BE5 ! IRON PR9CIPLE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]%IP NOT TO P]MIT ANY RISE 9 ! H\RLY WAGE RATES BUT TO RAISE 9COME SOLELY BY AN 9CREASE 9 P]=MANCE40 

,A4 ,HITL]1 SPEAK+ AT ! ,P>TY ,CONGRESS ( ,HONOR4 

0,PIECE-WORK IS A REVOLUTION>Y SY/EM ?AT ELIM9ATES 9]TIA & MAKES ! LABOR] HU/LE4 ,UND] ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM LOAF+ & LAZ9ESS >E FO/]$4 ,BUT N[1 EV]YONE HAS A *ANCE TO WORK H>D] & E>N MORE40 

,SCANTEIA .<,RUMANIAN ,COMMUNI/ DAILY.>4 ,JANU>Y #a#c1 #a#i#d#i4 

,! '*ANCE TO WORK H>D]' - ?R\< PIECE-WORK - WAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ,HUNG>Y ON AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE4 ,PIECE-WORK APPEALS TO ! BAS] 9/9CTS ( MAN4 ,?IS IS APP>5T 9 \R [N SOCIETY4 ,PIECE-WORK IS MU* PRAIS$ BY ?OSE :O RULE US4 ,= ! MANAG]S ( ! PEOPLE1 H]E OR ABROAD1 IT IS AN IMPORTANT MEANS ( CONTROLL+1 MANIPULAT+1 & DOM9AT+ ! WORK]S4 ,PIECE-WORK HELPS BREAK UP !IR NATURAL T5D5CY TO UNITE & COOP]ATE4 ,IT IS A VALUABLE WEAPON 9 ! H&S ( ?OSE :O WI% TO DEMORALIZE & ATOMIZE ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! :OLE PIECE-WORK SY/EM DEP5DS UPON BASIC WAGES BE+ KEPT AT A L[ LEVEL4 ,9 ,POL&1 = EXAMPLE1 BECAUSE ( ! EXT5T ( PIECE-WORK1 BASIC WAGES ALMO/ DISAPPE>$4 ,! SY/EM WAS BOL/]$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN-/YLE ,/AKHANOVITES4 ,!SE W]E ! PIECE-WORK]S1 P> EXCELL5CE4 ,! TYPE EXI/S 9 ,BRITI% FACTORIES & !Y >E USUALLY DISLIK$4 ,! WORK]S 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE W]E QUITE HO/ILE TO !M4 ,! ,/AKHANOVITES !MSELVES CONT9UALLY COMPLA9$ ( ?IS HO/ILITY4 ,! (FICIAL P>TY ORGANS DEPLOR$ IT AS AN 0ATTACK ON ,/AKHANOVITES BY POLITICALLY IMMATURE WORK]S04 ,9 FACT1 ! #i? CONGRESS ( ! ,CZE*OSLOVAK ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CALL$ = MEASURES AGA9/ !SE WORK]S 0:O RUN D[N ! WORK ( ! ,/AKHANOVITES & :O EV5 TRY TO PUT A SPOKE 9 !IR :EEL40 

,9 ,HUNG>Y1 NOT ONLY ! WORK]S1 BUT EV5 SOME ,P>TY MEMB]S1 W]E TRY+ TO PUT A SPOKE 9 ! :EEL ( ! :OLE PIECE-WORK SY/EM4 ,9 A SPEE* ON ,NOVEMB] #b#g1 #a#i#d#h1 ,RAKOSI REF]R$ TO ?IS & TO V>I\S 'GO-SL[' MOVEM5TS AMONG ! WORK]S :5 HE SAID3 0444 ! FACTORY DIRECTORS >E CAPITULAT+ TO ! LAZY WORK]S4 ,! PRODUCTION QUOTAS >E TOO L[04 ,BUT AL?\< ! 'LAZY WORK]S' W]E BE+ CONT9UALLY ?REAT5$1 !Y DID NOT M5D !IR WAYS4 ,9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#e1 ,]NO ,G]O1 9 HIS REPORT TO ! ,P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 DECL>$3 0WAGE & NORM SW9DL+ HAVE SPREAD AMONG ! MASSES4 ,!Y CAN BE ATTRIBUT$1 TO A GREAT DEGREE1 TO ! UND]GR\ND WORK ( RI<T-W+ SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS & !IR ALLIES1 ! CL]ICAL REACTION>IES4 ,?AT SU* AN UNSAVORY SITUATION 9 ! FIELD ( NORMS C\LD >ISE IS P>TLY BECAUSE1 9 MANY CASES1 ! ECONOMIC LEAD]S ( ! FACTORIES1 ,P>TY FUNCTION>IES & TRADE UNION MEMB]S1 >E AMONG ?OSE :O SLACK5 ! NORMS 444 ,9 MORE ?AN ONE CASE !Y GO SO F> AS TO PROTECT & SUPPORT ! WAGE SW9DL]S04 ,HAV+ VIRTUALLY /AT$ ?AT ,P>TY MEMB]S W]E 9 LEAGUE ) 'RI<T-W+ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS'1 ,G]O >RANG$ = A BIG 9CREASE 9 ! BASIC NORM4 

,CONDITIONS 9 ! FACTORIES WORS5$4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #i1 #a#i#e1 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,GOV]NM5T ISSU$ A DECREE PROHIBIT+ WORK]S FROM LEAV+ !IR PLACE ( WORK )\T P]MISSION4 ,P5ALTIES = DISOBEY+ W]E SEV]E4 .<#c#e.> 

,9CREAS+ ALI5ATION & EXPLOITATION 9 ANY C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD >E 9V>IABLY MET BY 9CREAS+ RESI/ANCE4 ,SABOTAGE BECOMES WIDESPREAD4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! ECONOMIC FACTS ( LIFE4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N TO ALL 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGI/S & IS OP5LY DISCUSS$ BY ?OSE ( !M :O >E NOT DIRECTLY 9 ! PAY ( ! GIANT CORPORATIONS4 .<#c#f.> 

,?AT ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S W]E RESI/+ BECAME EV5 CLE>] ?R\< ! UTT]ANCES ( !IR 'LEAD]S'4 ,SPEAK+ AT ,DEBREC5 ON ,DECEMB] #f1 #a#i#d#h1 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,M9I/] ( ,9DU/RY1 ,I/VAN ,KOSSA1 .<#c#g.> SAID3 0,! WORK]S HAVE ASSUM$ A T]RORI/ ATTITUDE T[>DS ! DIRECTORS ( ! NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIES04 ,HE ADD$ ?AT IF !Y DIDN'T *ANGE !IR ATTITUDE1 A SPELL ( =C$ LABOR MI<T HELP4 ,WORK]S :O DIDN'T SEEM TO BE 9 LOVE ) !IR WORK W]E (T5 D5\NC$ BY ! LEAD]S AS 'CAPITALI/ AG5TS'4 

,DESPITE POLICE T]ROR1 WORK]S F\ND SEV]AL WAYS ( RESI/+4 ,! TWO MO/ IMPORTANT W]E ABS5TEEISM & TURN+ \T WORK ( POOR QUALITY4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #c#a1 #a#i#d#i1 ,RAKOSI /AT$ ?AT PRODUCTION HAD FALL5 0BY #a-#a#e.0 9 ! LA/ FEW MON?S04 ,HE ALSO CLAIM$ ?AT ! NUMB] ( DAYS LO/ DUE TO WORK]S GO+ SICK WAS #b TO #c TIMES HI<] ?AN BE=E ! W>4 .<#c#h.> ,! ,TIMES 7,SEPTEMB] #e1 #a#i#d#i7 C>RI$ A REPORT FROM ITS ,BUDAPE/ CORRESPOND5T ON ! ,CONF]5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,GREAT] ,BUDAPE/ 7AN >EA COMPRIS+ OV] #f.0 ( ,HUNG>Y'S 9DU/RY73 0,! ,CONF]5CE REPORT SAYS ?AT PRODUCTIVITY IS /AGNANT 9 MO/ 9DU/RIES & DECL9+ 9 SOME4 ,BETWE5 ,FEBRU>Y & ,JULY1 IT FELL ?R\<\T ! MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY BY #a#g.0 444 ,F> TOO MANY WORK]S W]E APPLY+ = SICK RELIEF - 9 A REC5T WEEK1 9 ONE FACTORY3 #a#a.04 ,9 ANO!R3 #a#b.04 ,9/ANCES >E GIV5 ( SELF-9FLICT$ W\NDS40 

,REF]R+ TO ! DECL9E 9 ! QUALITY ( ! GOODS PRODUC$1 ,RAKOSI ALSO /AT$ 7,AUGU/ #c#a1 #a#i#d#i7 ?AT 0WA/E 9 ! ,MANFR$ ,WEISS IRON F\NDRY 7,HUNG>Y'S SECOND L>GE/ FACTORY7 HAD RIS5 FROM #a4#d.0 TO #b#c4#e.040 

,ON PAP] MANY WORK]S /ILL REMA9$ 9 ! ,P>TY4 ,WELL1 :AT W\LD Y\ DO8 ,TO LEAVE W\LD HAVE MEANT ! RISK ( BE+ DUBB$ A 'FASCI/ SPY'4 ,!RE WAS PL5TY ( EVID5CE ( ?IS4 ,IT MADE ! 9C5TIVE TO /AY 9 P>TICUL>LY ATTRACTIVE4 ,SOME PRO( ( ! CRISIS ( CONSCI5CE ,P>TY MEMB]S W]E GO+ ?R\< WAS %[N BY ,JOZSEF ,REVAI - ! ,P>TY !ORETICIAN4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#d#h1 HE COMPLA9$ ?AT ,SZABAD ,NEP1 ! ,P>TY DAILY ( :I* HE WAS $ITOR1 WAS READ BY ONLY #a#b.0 ( ,P>TY MEMB]S4 

,MEAN:ILE A FEW LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE HAD BECOME AUDACI\S4 ,!Y HAD BEGUN TO ?9K = !MSELVES4 ,!IR ?\<TS W]E SUBV]SIVE ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]4 ,P>TY PURGES BECAME POPUL>4 

,BETWE5 #aidh & #a#i#e1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES EXPELL$3 9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA OV] #b#e1 MEMB]S2 9 ,BULG>IA #i#b1#e - AB\T A FIF? ( ! MEMB]%IP2 9 ,RUMANIA #a#i#b1 - OV] A FIF? ( ! MEMB]%IP4 ,9 ,HUNG>Y1 #d#h#c1 ,P>TY MEMB]S W]E EXPELL$4 

,?IS WAS ! P]IOD ( ! BIG ,TITO-,/AL9 EXPLOSION4 ,! 'FALL\T' CONTAM9AT$ ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,! SICKNESS WAS1 ( C\RSE1 MO/ PREVAL5T 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 :]E HUNT+ ,TITOI/S BECAME A FA%IONABLE SPORT = ! V>I\S LEAD]%IPS4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE W]E >RE/$ & ?R[N 9TO PRISON4 ,%[ TRIALS W]E HELD4 ,?\S&S ( ]/:ILE 'GOOD ,/AL9I/S' W]E F\ND GUILTY ON CLE>LY TRUMP$-UP *>GES4 ,MANY HUNDR$S W]E EXECUT$4 ,AMONG ! LEAD]S !MSELVES1 ,SLANSKY & ,CLEM5TIS 9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA4 ,KOCI ,XOXI 9 ,ALBANIA1 ,KO/OV 9 ,BULG>IA1 & ,RAJK 9 ,HUNG>Y1 ALL PAID ! SUPREME P5ALTY4 ,ONE ( ,KO/OV'S MO/ 'S]I\S' CRIMES WAS REVEAL$ BY ! ,PROSECUTION 9 DEAD-PAN-COM$IAN /YLE4 ,KO/OV WAS *>G$ ) HAV+ BE5 A FRI5D ( ,BELA ,KUN :O1 IT HAD BE5 'PROV$'1 WAS A ',TROTSKYI/ FASCI/4' 

,! MO/ TRULY FRI<T5+ ?+ WAS ,RAJK'S 'CONFESSION'4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#d#i1 & HIS TRIAL BEGAN ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#f1 ,RAJK PLEAD$ GUILTY TO ALL ! ,PROSECUTION'S *>GES & TO A NUMB] ( O!RS BESIDES4 ,?AT HE C\LD NOT POSSIBLY HAVE BE5 GUILTY ( !SE *>GES1 MU/ HAVE BE5 QUITE OBVI\S TO ?OSE :O KNEW HIM4 ,RAJK & ! O!RS W]E SACRIFIC$ TO BOL/] UP ! TOTT]+ AU?ORITY ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP4 ,!SE 'VICTORI\S' ,/AL9I/S 9T5D$ ! TRIALS TO BE %OCK+ & FRI<T5+ EXAMPLES ( !IR RU?LESSNESS4 ,!Y W]E4 ,?R\< !SE JUDICIAL MURD]S1 ,/AL91 AS *IEF SPOKESMAN = ! BUREAUCRACY1 WAS SAY+ TO ALL3 0,?9K TWICE BE=E Y\ QUE/ION \R 9FALLIBILITY40 ,9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE AT ?IS TIME1 PEOPLE MI<T WELL HAVE ?\<T ?AT ,ORWELL'S PROPHESY HAD BE5 BR\<T =W>D BY SEV]AL DECADES4 ,BUT H]E AGA9 RESI/ANCE WAS GR[+4 

#g4 ,NEW ,C\RSE8 

0444 A /RATUM ( ! OLD /ATE ?AT HAD NOT CROPP$ \T BUT BE5 UPHEAV$ TO ! SURFACE ( ! NEW /ATE BY AN E>?QUAKE2 )\T FAI? 9 ITSELF1 )\T FAI? 9 ! PEOPLE1 GRUMBL+ AT ?OSE ABOVE1 TREMBL+ BE=E ?OSE BEL[1 EGOI/IC T[>DS BO? SIDES & CONSCI\S ( ITS EGOISM1 REVOLUTION>Y 9 RELATION TO ! CONS]VATIVES & CONS]VATIVE 9 RELATION TO ! REVOLUTIONI/S 4440 

,K4 ,M>X1 ,! ,B\RGEOISIE & ! ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 7#a#h#e74 

,ON ,M>* #f1 #a#i#e#c1 ! ,KREML9 BLUNTLY ANN\NC$ ?AT ,/AL9 HAD DI$ AFT] A %ORT ILLNESS4 ,WORK]S 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE FELT ! TIME HAD N[ COME TO 5D ! OPPRESSION HIS REGIME HAD IMPOS$ ON !M4 ,!Y DID NOT WAIT LONG4 ,E>LY 9 ,JUNE1 WORK]S 9 ,PLZ5 BEGAN A MASS DEMON/RATION4 

,PLZ5 IS ONE ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA'S L>GE/ 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,! GREAT ',SKODA' >MS FACTORY IS SITUAT$ !RE4 ,! DEMON/RATION1 :I* WAS QUITE SPONTANE\S1 BEGAN AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ CURR5CY *ANGES4 ,BUT AS IT SPREAD1 POLITICAL DEM&S W]E MADE3 GREAT] P>TICIPATION 9 FACTORY MANAGEM5T1 AN 5D TO PIECE-WORK1 ! RESIGNATION ( ! ,GOV]NM5T & FREE ELECTIONS4 ,BY ! TIME ! DEMON/RATION HAD DEVELOP$ TO ! V]GE ( A REVOLT 7UNI=M$ SOLDI]S HAD JO9$ 9 & L>GE CR[DS HAD OCCUPI$ ! ,T[N ,HALL71 TROOPS >RIV$ FROM ,PRAGUE & ! RIS+ WAS SWIFTLY QUELL$4 ,FUR!R SPONTANE\S RIS+S 9 O!R P>TS ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA & 9 O!R SATELLITE C\NTRIES1 W]E QUICKLY CRU%$ )\T REA*+ ! WORLD'S HEADL9ES4 ,TWO WEEKS LAT]1 ON ,JUNE #a#g1 #a#i#e#c1 ! WORK]S ( ,EA/ ,B]L9 REBELL$4 

,! REVOLT />T$ ) 0A DEMON/RATION ( BUILD+ WORK]S ON ! ,/AL9 ,ALLEE4 .<#c#i.> ,D[N+ TOOLS1 !Y M>*$ TO ! CITY C5T] TO PRES5T !IR DEM&S4 444 ,TRANSPORT WORK]S LEFT !IR TRAMS & LORRIES TO JO9 ! DEMON/RATION4 ,FACTORY WORK]S RU%$ FROM !IR B5*ES1 /UD5TS FROM ! COLLEGES1 H\SEWIVES FROM !IR HOMES & %OPP+1 EV5 S*OOLBOYS FROM !IR LESSONS 444 ,SOON1 ! REVOLT SPREAD ?R\<\T ,EA/]N ,G]MANY40 .<#d.> 

,! WORK]S ( ,EA/ ,B]L9 W]E NOT SUBDU$ UNTIL AFT] !Y HAD WAG$ BLOODY BATTLES ) ,RUSSIAN TANKS4 ,= SEV]AL DAYS1 ?IS REVOLT DREW WORLD WIDE ATT5TION1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT 9VOLV$ WORK]S :OSE DEM&S W]E POLITICAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ,RUSSIA'S DIRECT & VIOL5T 9T]V5TION4 ,?IS 9T]V5TION EXPOS$ ! WEAKNESS ( ! ,ULBRI*T REGIME4 

,AFT] ! ,B]L9 UPRIS+1 ! ,KREML9 ADOPT$ A 'NEW C\RSE'4 ,MANY REASONS DICTAT$ ?IS *ANGE ( POLICY4 ,! M5 9 ,MOSC[ W]E C]TA9LY FRI<T5$ BY ! ,B]L9 EV5TS4 ,!IR LACKEYS 9 ! CAPITALS ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE W]E %UDD]+ AS !Y FELT ! ANGRY BREA? ( ! MASSES D[N !IR BACKS4 ,!Y W]E ALL = '*ANG+ C\RSE'1 BUT !Y KNEW ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY C\LD GRANT !M NO MAJOR DEGREE ( AUTONOMY1 = IT FE>$ !Y MI<T ATTEMPT TO GO ! ,TITO WAY4 ,! LA/ ?+ ,MOSC[ WANT$ AT ?IS /AGE WAS TO BE SE5 US+ ! TANKS & BAYONETS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY TO CRU% REVOLUTION ?R\<\T ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 

,A SLI<T RELAXATION OCCURR$ 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 ITSELF4 ,IT WAS IMM$IATELY REFLECT$ 9 ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES4 

,9 ,HUNG>Y1 E>LY 9 ,JULY #a#i#e#c1 ,MAL5KOV HIMSELF 'ADVIS$' ,RAKOSI TO MOVE 9TO ! BACKGR\ND = A :ILE4 ,IM] ,NAGY1 :O HAD BE5 ,M9I/] = ,AGRICULTURE 9 ! #aidd ,GOV]NM5T1 ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR 9 #a#i#d#f1 & HAD SOMEH[ SURVIV$ ! V>I\S PURGES1 BECAME ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,HIS FIR/ SPEE* \TL9$ ! NEW PROGRAM4 

,9 ?IS FIR/ SPEE*1 ,NAGY CRITICIZ$ ! REVIS$ PLAN ( #aiea AS TOO HEAVY A BURD5 ON ! C\NTRY4 ,GREAT] CONSID]ATION WAS TO BE GIV5 TO LI<T 9DU/RY & TO CONSUM] GOODS4 ,MORE MAT]IAL AID WAS TO BE GIV5 TO COLLECTIVE & /ATE F>MS1 & ALSO TO 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT [N]S4 ,A COLLECTIVE F>M C\LD BE DISSOLV$ ON A MAJORITY VOTE ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,! SPECIAL POLICE TRIBUNALS W]E TO BE ABOLI%$4 ,!SE W]E ONLY CONCESSIONS4 ,BUT IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT !Y W]E ! MO/ RADICAL ( ALL ?OSE MADE BY ! SATELLITE LEAD]%IPS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 

,DUR+ ! F\R MON?S ?AT FOLL[$ ,NAGY'S SPEE*1 A NUMB] ( COLLECTIVE F>MS W]E DISSOLV$ - #a.0 ACCORD+ TO A SPEE* ?AT ,RAKOSI 7:O REMA9$ ,P>TY ,SECRET>Y7 MADE TO A PL5>Y SESSION ( ! ,P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ON ,OCTOB] #c#a1 #a#i#e#c4 ,RAKOSI ALSO REPORT$ ?AT SOME LOCAL (FICIALS W]E OB/RUCT+ PEASANTS :O WI%$ TO LEAVE ! COLLECTIVES4 ,9 A FEW CASES1 =CE HAD HAD TO BE US$4 ,RAKOSI1 :O %[$ NO REAL 5?USIASM = ! CONCESSIONS1 /RESS$ ?AT IT WAS A ,P>TY DECISION ?AT MU/ BE C>RI$ \T BY MEMB]S4 ,! ,P>TY1 :E!R TORTUR+ & KILL+ PEOPLE OR JU/ ?R[+ !M A FEW CRUMBS1 IS ALWAYS RI<T4 

,! 'NEW C\RSE' WAS APPLI$ ?R\<\T #a#i#e#d4 ,! 'RELAXATION' WAS EV5 NOTICEABLE TO =EIGN VISITORS4 ,9 CONV]SATION1 PEOPLE W]E MORE READY OP5LY TO CRITICIZE ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,MANY POLITICAL PRISON]S W]E RELEAS$4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ,HUNG>IANS W]E BREA?+ A LITTLE MORE FREELY4 

,:5 A SMO!R$ PEOPLE BEG9 TO SEE DAYLI<T1 :5 !Y GET ! FIR/ :IFF ( FRE% AIR1 !Y T5D TO PRESS /RONGLY =W>DS4 ,!IR FIR/ IDEAS >E TO 5L>GE ! HOLES1 !IR SECOND TO TE> D[N ! :OLE ?ROTTL+ /RUCTURE4 ,?IS CREATES 9SOLUBLE DILEMMAS = ALL RUL+ M9ORITIES - DILEMMAS FELT ! MORE ACUTELY ! MORE TOTALIT>IAN !IR REGIMES4 

,ALL MAJOR DECISIONS AB\T ,HUNG>Y W]E TAK5 9 ,MOSC[4 ,AFT] ,MAL5KOV HAD 'RESIGN$' & ,KRU%*EV HAD TAK5 OV]1 ! ,HUNG>IANS AGA9 S5S$ *ANGE 9 ! AIR4 

,9 REAL T]MS1 ,NAGY'S CONCESSIONS HAD BE5 SMALL 5\<4 ,BUT HE WAS MOV+ TOO QUICKLY = ! ,KREML94 ,ON ,APRIL #a#h1 #a#i#e#e1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY DECID$1 BY A 'UNANIM\S' VOTE1 TO RELIEVE ,NAGY ( HIS PO/4 ,! ,HUNG>IANS T5S$ :5 ,RAKOSI WAS BR\<T BACK TO ! C5T] ( ?+S4 ,! FEEBLE LI<TS DIMM$4 ,! TRAG$Y AGA9 REV]T$ TO MACABRE F>CE4 

,! LONG /ATEM5T ISSU$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE %[$ SOME SIGNS ( ! ,P>TY'S DISCOM=T4 ,IT ACCUS$ ,NAGY ( H9D]+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( HEAVY 9DU/RY & ( COLLECTIVE F>MS1 & ( 0US+ ! ,GOV]NM5T MA*9E AS AN 9/RUM5T ( REPRESSION AGA9/ ! ,P>TY40 ,?AT ,NAGY WAS NOT IMM$IATELY 'LIQUIDAT$' REVEALS ! UNEAS9ESS & 9DECISION FELT 9 ! ,KREML9 AB\T ,HUNG>Y4 ',RECONCILIATION' NEGOTIATIONS W]E PROCE$+ BETWE5 ,TITO & ,KRU%*EV4 .<#d#a.> ,NAGY WAS NOT CALL$ A ',TITOI/' OR A ',FASCI/' :5 HE WAS LAT] EXPELL$ FROM ! ,P>TY4 ,HE WAS SIMPLY LABEL$ - 0AN 9CORRIGIBLE1 RI<T-W+1 DEVIATIONI/04 .<#d#b.> ,TO BE CALL$ A 'DEVIATIONI/' BY ,RAKOSI W\LD /& A WORSE ',/AL9I/' .<#d#c.> ?AN ,NAGY 9 GOOD /EAD ) ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE4 

,MO/ ( ! CONCESSIONS GRANT$ OV] ! TW5TY MON?S ( ,NAGY'S RULE W]E N[ SUBJECT$ TO 'SALAMI TACTICS'3 !Y W]E SL[LY :ITTL$ AWAY4 ,! ,SECRET ,POLICE1 :O = A :ILE HAD REMA9$ DISCREETLY 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 N[ FELT !Y C\LD SAFELY JU/IFY !IR HI< PAY ONCE AGA94 ,MEASURES = ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( COLLECTIVIZATION W]E 9TRODUC$4 ,PRESSURE ON WORK]S = 9CREAS$ \TPUT WAS /EPP$ UP444 TO HELP FULFILL ,MOSC['S ,FIVE ,YE> ,PLAN .<#d#d.> - A PLAN 9 :I* ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S1 9CID5TALLY1 HAD NEV] BE5 CONSULT$ 9 ANY WAY4 

,9 ! ,KREML91 ! NEW LEAD]%IP FELT FAIRLY SECURE4 ,!Y HAD COP$ ) ! IMM$IATE REP]CUSSIONS ( ,/AL9'S DEA?4 ,! ,PLAN SEEM$ TO BE WORK+4 ,LEAD]S 9 ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES BOA/$ ( 9CREAS$ \TPUTS = #a#i#e#e4 ,9 ,HUNG>Y1 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS CLAIM$ TO HAVE 9CREAS$ BY #h4#b.0 OV] ! FIGURES = #a#i#e#d4 ,! ME?ODS US$ TO EXTRACT ?IS FROM RELUCTANT WORK]S H>DLY BE> ?9K+ (4 ,! PEOPLE HAD 5DUR$ MIS]Y UP TILL #aiec - YET HAD %[N !Y C\LD RESI/4 ,! RELATIVE CLEM5CY ( ! ,NAGY REGIME FOLL[$ BY ! ABRUPT PUTT+ BACK ( ! CLOCK TO #aiec PROVOK$ A WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE GREAT] ?AN EV]4 ,EV5 H>%] MEASURES W]E NE$$ TO 'DISCIPL9E' ! MASSES4 

,BUT AS F> AS ! ,KREML9 WAS CONC]N$1 ?+S SEEM$ DEF9ITELY ON ! M5D4 ,KHRU%*EV & HIS COLLEAGUES FELT !Y HAD EV]Y?+ UND] CONTROL4 ,?IS WAS AN IMPORTANT CONSID]ATION 9 !IR MOM5T\S DECISION TO REVEAL ?AT AFT] ALL ,/AL9 HAD NOT BE5 ,GOD4 

#h4 ,POL& ,]UPTS 

0,! WORK+ CLASS C\LD NOT BE ! LEAD+ & MO/ PROGRESSIVE SECTION ( ! NATION IF REACTION>Y =CES W]E ABLE TO F9D SUPPORT 9 ITS RANKS4 ',AG5TS PROVOCATEURS' OR REACTION>IES HAVE NEV] BE5 ! 9SPIRATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 !Y >E NOT & !Y NEV] WILL BE40 

,GOMULKA1 ,POLI% ,FACTS & ,FIGURES 7,NOVEMB]1 #a1 #a#i#e#f74 

,AT ! #b? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 HELD 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#e#f1 ,KRU%*EV'S 'REVELATIONS' AB\T ,/AL9 CAUS$ A POLITICAL E>?QUAKE4 ,! F\NDATIONS ( EV]Y ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ! WORLD W]E %AK54 ,IT WILL BE DECADES BE=E !Y >E REPAIR$ - IF EV] !Y >E4 ,W]E ! 'REVELATIONS' A 'TACTICAL MI/AKE'8 ,HAD ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRATS NOT REALIZ$ ?AT1 BY DE-GODD+ ,GOD1 ! FAI?FUL MI<T BEG9 TO QUE/ION ! :OLE !OLOGY PROCLAIM$ BY HIS DISCIPLES8 

,DID ,KRU%*EV KN[ ( ! F]M5T GR[+ 9 ,POL& & ,HUNG>Y EV5 BE=E ! #b? ,CONGRESS8 ,DID HE KN[ ?AT ?IS WAS AFFECT+ ! ,POLI% ,COMMUNI/ P>TY ITSELF8 ,DID HE UND]/& ITS POT5TIAL DANG] BO? TO HIS [N REGIME & TO ?OSE ( HIS SATELLITES8 

,9 ,POL& ON ! MORN+ ( ,JUNE #b#h1 #a#i#e#f1 ! WORK]S AT ! ,ZISPO LOCOMOTIVE FACTORY 9 ,POZNAN /RUCK4 ,!Y WALK$ \T ONTO ! /REETS4 ,?IS WAS NOT DONE ON IMPULSE4 ,MANY WEEKS E>LI] A COMMITTEE HAD BE5 ELECT$4 ,IT HAD PRES5T$ ! MANAGEM5T ) A LI/ ( DEM&S4 ,SOME W]E PR$ICTABLE4 ,!Y WANT$ PAY 9CREASES1 L[] PRICES & L[] PIECE-WORK NORMS4 ,! MANAGEM5T WAS />TL$1 H[EV]1 :5 !SE 'COMMON WORK]S' CRITICIZ$ ! WAY ! FACTORY WAS BE+ RUN & DEM&$ A DIFF]5T ORGANIZATION ( WORK 9 ! V>I\S %OPS4 ,TO QUE/ION MANAG]IAL 9FALLIBILITY 9 DECID+ :AT ! WORK]S W]E TO DO1 & !N TO DEM& REORGANIZATION ( %OP FLOOR PRODUCTION1 /RUCK AT ! V]Y ROOTS ( ! SY/EM4 ,! MANAG]S DID NOT GO UP ?R\< ! RO(4 ,!Y DID :AT !IR ,WE/]N C\NT]P>TS W\LD HAVE DONE3 !Y ADOPT$ DELAY+ TACTICS & CALL$ !M 'NEGOTIATIONS'4 ,!SE DRAGG$ ON1 )\T RESULT4 ,! WORK]S EV5TUALLY SAW ?R\< !M4 ,9 !IR ?\S&S !Y TOOK TO ! /REETS4 

,AS ! NEWS SPREAD1 WORK]S ASSEMBL$ 9 O!R PLANTS4 ,!Y VOT$ TO JO9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,! POLITICAL *>ACT] ( ! DEMON/RATIONS !N BECAME APP>5T4 ,PO/]S C>RI$ 9 ! PROCESSIONS DEM&$ SU* ?+S AS 0,FRE$OM & ,BREAD601 0,\T ) ! ,RUSSIANS60 & 0,5D ,PIECEWORK60 

,O!R PEOPLE1 TAK+ !IR LEAD FROM ! WORK]S1 JO9$ 94 ,AS F> AS ,POZNAN WAS CONC]N$1 ! DEMON/RATIONS SOON %[$ ! FEATURES ( A FULL-SCALE UPRIS+4 ,RUSSIAN TANKS & TROOPS SURR\ND$ ! CITY1 BUT DID NOT MOVE 94 ,! ,GOV]NM5T BR\<T 9 ,POLI% TANKS :OSE CREWS DID AS !Y W]E TOLD4 ,WORK]S' BLOOD FL[$ 9 ! /REETS4 ,AFT] TWO DAYS1 ! REVOLT WAS CRU%$4 ,! ,ZISPO FACTORY MANAGEM5T HAD !IR 'RI<T' TO MANAGE 9SCRIB$ 9 BLOOD4 ,!RE W]E 'SYMPA!TIC' /RIKES 9 SEV]AL O!R T[NS1 BUT !Y W]E QUICKLY ISOLAT$ BY ! POLICE & DID NOT REA* SIMIL> PROPORTIONS4 

,%OCK$ & CONFUS$1 ! ,POLI% BUREAUCRACY BLAM$ ! UPRIS+ ON 'PROVOCATEURS '1 ON 'SECRET AG5TS EMPLOY$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,WE/]N ,G]MANY'4 ,BUT ON ,JULY #a#h1 AT A MEET+ ( ! ,P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 ,$W>D ,O*AB1 ! ,FIR/ ,SECRET>Y1 SAID3 0444 IT IS NECESS>Y TO LOOK FIR/ ( ALL = ! SOCIAL ROOTS ( !SE 9CID5TS 79 ,POZNAN7 :I* HAVE BECOME1 = ! :OLE ( \R ,P>TY1 A W>N+ SIGNAL TE/IFY+ TO ! EXI/5CE ( S]I\S DI/URBANCE 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,P>TY & V>I\S SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 

,O*AB W5T ON TO EXPLA9 ?AT AB\T #g#e.0 ( ! ,POZNAN WORK]S HAD SUFF]$ FROM A FALL 9 WAGES1 :ILE ! PIECEWORK NORMS HAD 9CREAS$4 ,BY GIV+ ONLY ECONOMIC REASONS = ! UPRIS+1 ,O*AB WAS SEEK+ TO PLAY D[N ITS IMPORTANT POLITICAL ASPECTS4 ,HIS /ATEM5T1 NEV]!LESS1 APPE>$ TO REFLECT A MORE POSITIVE ATTITUDE TO ! WORK]S' DEM&S4 ,IT NO D\BT PREV5T$ FUR!R IMM$IATE UPRIS+S 9 A NATION /ILL SEE?+ ) DISCONT5T4 

,AFT] ,POZNAN1 ! DEM& = *ANGE 9CREAS$4 ,! BADLY %AK5 LEAD]%IP TRI$ TO EVOLVE A NEW POLICY - A ',POLI% ROAD TO SOCIALISM'4 ,SOME ANTI-,/AL9I/S W]E GIV5 PO/S 9 ! ,P>TY4 ,GOMULKA1 EXCOMMUNICAT$ & IMPRISON$ 9 #a#i#e#a1 & UND] H\SE >RE/ S9CE #a#i#e#d1 WAS BR\<T BACK 9TO COMMUNION ) ! ,P>TY4 ,HE WAS ISSU$ A BR& NEW MEMB]%IP C>D4 

,! ATTITUDE ( ! ,POLI% LEAD]S DIFF]$ FROM ?AT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ HI]>*Y 9 ! RE/ ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 .<#d#e.> ,?IS WORRI$ ! M5 9 ! ,KREML94 ,SO1 :ILE ! ,POLI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE WAS /ILL 9 SESSION1 REVIEW+ ! ,POZNAN EV5TS1 ! ,RUSSIANS S5T !IR ,PREMI]1 ,M>%AL ,BULGAN91 TO ,W>SAW4 ,HE CAME TO 5=CE ! ,RUSSIAN L9E ?AT ,POZNAN WAS ! WORK ( 0,WE/]N AG5TS & PROVOCATEURS04 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE %[$ HIM !Y W\LD NOT /& = \TSIDE 9T]F]5CE4 ,AS SOON AS ,BULGAN9 >RIV$1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE MEET+ WAS SUSP5D$4 ,AFT] ! =MALITIES1 IT WAS POLITELY SUGGE/$ TO ,BULGAN9 ?AT HE MAKE A T\R ( ! PROV9CES4 ,HE AGRE$4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE !N RESUM$ ITS SESSION4 ,AS SOON AS ,BULGAN9 RETURN$ TO ,W>SAW1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE MEET+ WAS AGA9 SUSP5D$4 ,! SESSION WAS NOT RESUM$ UNTIL HE HAD F9ALLY LEFT = ,MOSC[4 ,BULGAN9'S VISIT ONLY SUCCE$$ 9 9CREAS+ ANTI-,RUSSIAN FEEL+ AMONG ! ,POLI% PEOPLE4 

,AT ! 5D ( ,SEPTEMB]1 ! FIR/ TRIALS BEGAN4 ,PEOPLE W]E *>G$ ) 'ANTI-,SOCIALI/' ACTIVITY DUR+ ! ,POZNAN RIOTS4 ,! TRIALS W]E LESS ( A F>CE ?AN ?OSE ( PRE-,POZNAN DAYS4 ,! DEF5SE WAS ALL[$ SOME FRE$OM4 ,! S5T5CES W]E RELATIVELY MILD4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#f1 ! ,GOV]NM5T ANN\NC$ ! PO/PONEM5T ( FUR!R TRIALS4 

,ON ,OCTOB] #a#i1 ANO!R MEET+ ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE WAS CONV5$1 PRIM>ILY TO ELECT ,GOMULKA ,P>TY LEAD]4 ,AS ! ,COMMITTEE MET1 IT WAS REPORT$ ?AT ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 ,POL& HAD BEGUN L>GE-SCALE MANEUV]S4 ,>MOR$ UNITS W]E MOV+ T[>DS ,W>SAW4 ,:ILE ! ,POLI% LEAD]S W]E ASK+ !MSELVES :E!R ?IS WAS SOME K9D ( ?REAT1 ! ANSW] WALK$ 9 ON !M - ,KRU%*EV HIMSELF ACCOMPANI$ BY A =MIDABLE DETA*M5T ( ! ,KREML9 ',OLD ,GU>D'3 ,MOLOTOV1 ,MIKOYAN1 ,KAGANOVI* & A SMATT]+ ( G5]ALS4 ,! NEWS SPREAD QUICKLY4 ,! WORK]S =M$ GR\PS & >M$ !MSELVES4 ,!IR GR\PS KEPT 9 CLOSE CONTACT ) ! ,POLI% ,>MY4 

,CRISIS PO9T HAD BE5 REA*$4 ,! AIR WAS ELECTRIC ) ! T5SION4 ,PRECISE DETAILS ( ! CLA% BETWE5 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & ! ,KRU%*EV CIRCUS >E NOT YET KN[N4 ,BUT ! MA9 REASON = ! VISIT IS KN[N4 ,ABOVE ALL ELSE1 ! ,RUSSIANS 9SI/$ ?AT1 9 ! ELECTIONS ?AT W]E AB\T TO TAKE PLACE1 ,M>%AL ,ROKOSSOVSKI %\LD RETA9 HIS PO/S ( ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE & ,COMM&]-9-,*IEF ( ! ,POLI% ,>MY4 ,GOMULKA REFUS$ & DESPITE ?REATS DID NOT GIVE WAY4 ,HE KNEW ?AT 9 /&+ UP TO ! ,KREML91 HE NOT ONLY HAD A BIG MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE ON HIS SIDE3 ! WORK]S1 PEASANTS & /UD5TS4 ,HE ALSO HAD A CONSID]ABLE PROPORTION ( ! BUREAUCRACY & ( ! ,>MY BEH9D HIM4 

,A W> BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,POL& WAS ! LA/ ?+ ! ,KREML9 WANT$4 ,! ,RUSSIANS DID NOT 9SI/4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY WAS NOT CALL$ 94 ,KRU%*EV KNEW ?AT :ATEV] ,GOMULKA'S ATTITUDE MI<T N[ BE1 HE W\LD LAT] BE COMPELL$ TO CALL ON ,RUSSIAN HELP1 BO? TO MA9TA9 ! ,OD]-,NEISSE FRONTI] & TO ASSI/ ! ,POLI% ECONOMY1 :I* WAS 9 A *AOTIC CONDITION4 ,)9 #bd H\RS1 ! ,RUSSIANS RETURN$ TO ,MOSC[4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY1 ,OCTOB] #b#a1 ! ,POLI% ,POLITBURO WAS ELECT$4 ,AS EXPECT$1 ,GOMULKA BECAME ,FIR/ ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,P>TY4 ,*ANGES 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ! ,>MY & ! ,P>TY W]E IMM$IATELY 9ITIAT$4 ,ROKOSSOVSKI RESIGN$ & RETURN$ TO ,MOSC[ 7:]E HE WAS AT ONCE GIV5 ! PO/ ( ,RUSSIAN ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE74 

,GOMULKA HAD TRIUMPH$ ONLY 9 SO F> AS HE REPRES5T$ ! NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,POLI% PEOPLE4 ,! BASE ( HIS RULE WAS /ILL EXTREMELY N>R[4 ,HE REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% BUREAUCRACY4 ,FOLL[+ ! 9DEP5D5T ACTION TAK5 BY ! ,POLI% WORK]S1 & !IR 9SI/5T DEM&S = A GREAT] %>E 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR [N AFFAIRS1 ! BASIS ( ! BUREAUCRACY - EV5 PURG$ ( ITS PRO-,RUSSIAN ELEM5TS - REMA9S BO? WEAK & UN/ABLE4 ,AN ATTEMPT TO BROAD5 ! BASIS ( ! REGIME L$ ,GOMULKA 9TO AN ALLIANCE ) ! EX-PROP]TI$ CLASS1 ?R\< ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,9 EX*ANGE = A P>TIAL RE/ORATION ( ITS =M] PROP]TY & PRIVILEGES1 ! ,*UR* ?REW ITS 9FLU5CE BEH9D ,GOMULKA4 ,GOD & ,GOMULKA W]E BR\<T TOGE!R ?R\< A JO9T FE> ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS A TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE - A MUTUAL EXP$I5T4 ,:5 ! ,POLI% WORK]S TAKE TO MANAG+ !IR [N AFFAIRS1 !Y WILL PUT ALL !SE P>ASITES RI<T \T ( BUS9ESS4 

#i4 ,NE>+ ,FLA%PO9T 

0,! TIME ( SURPRISE ATTACKS1 ( REVOLUTIONS C>RI$ ?R\< BY SMALL CONSCI\S M9ORITIES AT ! HEAD ( UNCONSCI\S MASSES1 IS PA/4 ,:]E IT IS A QUE/ION ( A COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ! MASSES !MSELVES MU/ ALSO BE 9 IT1 MU/ !MSELVES ALREADY HAVE GRASP$ :AT IS AT /AKE1 :AT !Y >E GO+ 9 =1 BODY & S\L40 

,F4 ,5GELS1 ,9TRODUCTION TO ,M>X'S ' ,! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE 9 ,FRANCE' 7#a#h#i#e74 

,FROM ! SPR+ ( #aief ON1 ! QUICK BUILDUP ( T5SION 9 ,POL& WAS P>ALLEL$ BY SIMIL> DEVELOPM5T 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,! EXPOSURE ( ,/AL9 AT ! #b? ,CONGRESS1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#e#f1 GAVE FUR!R IMPETUS TO REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,!SE1 ALREADY DISC]NIBLE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#e1 N[ CAME MORE 9TO ! OP54 

,9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#e#f1 ! ',PET(I ,CIRCLE' .<#d#f.> WAS =M$ BY ! ,Y\NG ,COMMUNI/S - MA9LY /UD5TS4 ,ASSI/$ BY ! ,WRIT]S' ,UNION1 IT SOON BECAME AN IMPORTANT & EFFECTIVE C5T] = ! DISSEM9ATION ( OP9ION1 CRITICISM1 & PROTE/ AB\T ! DEPLORABLE /ATE ( ,HUNG>IAN SOCIETY4 ,SEV]AL O!R DISCUSSION GR\PS W]E =M$1 BUT ! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE REMA9$ ! L>GE/4 7,SIMIL> DISCUSSIONS TOOK PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA1 PRIOR TO #a#i#a#g47 

,MANY PAMPHLETS W]E PRODUC$ & DI/RIBUT$ AT ?IS TIME1 MA9LY 9 ,BUDAPE/4 ,A DUPLICAT+ MA*9E AT ,P>TY ,HEADQU>T]S 9 ,BUDAPE/ IS SAID TO HAVE BE5 US$4 ,?IS C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 DONE )\T ! CONNIVANCE ( SOME MEMB]S ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,DUE TO %ORTAGES1 !RE W]E PRODUCTION DIFFICULTIES4 ,IT IS REPORT$ ?AT ONE PAMPHLET HAD BE5 PRODUC$ ON TOILET PAP]4 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS1 ! MA9 !MES ( ?IS LIT]ATURE W]E PURELY DEM&S = MORE LIT]>Y FRE$OM4 ,BUT ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS W]E CLE>4 ,LAT]1 ! WRIT]S1 ALL ,COMMUNI/S1 DEM&$ ?AT ,HUNG>Y %\LD FOLL[ H] [N ROAD TO ,COMMUNISM4 ,!Y !REBY CLE>LY IMPLI$ ?AT ! PRES5T ROAD WAS WRONG & ?AT A GREAT] 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 WAS NECESS>Y4 

,SIMIL> !MES W]E N[ BE+ DISCUSS$ AT ! LONG] & LONG] MEET+S ( ! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE4 ,! ,RAKOSI GOV]NM5T !N BANN$ !SE MEET+S4 ,?IS MADE ?+S WORSE4 

,! BAN WAS SOON LIFT$4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ WRIT]1 ,GYULA ,HAY .<#d#g.> TOOK ! DISCUSSION A /AGE FUR!R4 ,9 AN >TICLE 9 ,IRODALMI ,UJSAG 7,LIT]>Y ,GAZETTE71 HE %>PLY ATTACK$ ! BUREAUCRATIC 9T]F]5CE ) WRIT]S' FRE$OM4 ,SOON1 ! MEET+S ( ! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE W]E ATTRACT+ ?\S&S ( PEOPLE4 ,!SE GA!R+S1 ALREADY UNANIM\S 9 !IR DEM&S = 9TELLECTUAL LIB]TY & TRU?1 BEGAN TO HE> VOICES OP5LY CALL+ = POLITICAL FRE$OM4 

,ONE ( !SE MEET+S WAS NOTEWOR?Y = A PASSIONATE SPEE* MADE BY ,MRS4 ,JULIA ,RAJK1 WID[ ( ,LASZLO ,RAJK1 :O HAD BE5 EXECUT$ AS A 0,TITOI/ ,FASCI/0 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#d#i4 ,SEV]AL ?\S& PEOPLE ATT5D$ ?IS MEET+4 ,IT OV]FL[$ 9TO ! /REETS1 :]E ! SPEE*ES W]E RELAY$ BY L\DSPEAK]S4 ,MRS4 ,RAJK CALL$ = JU/ICE TO H] HUSB&'S MEMORY2 AN HONORABLE PLACE 9 ! ,P>TY'S HI/ORY4 ,%E SEV]ELY CRITICIZ$ ! (FH& WAY 9 :I* A FEW MON?S E>LI] H] HUSB& HAD BE5 0REHABILITAT$04 ,9 A SPEE* AT ,EG] ON ,M>* #b#g1 #a#i#e#f1 ,RAKOSI HAD CASUALLY ANN\NC$ ?AT ! ,P>TY HAD PASS$ A RESOLUTION TO REHABILITATE ,LASZLO ,RAJK & O!RS4 ,?IS HAD BE5 DONE (FICIALLY ?R\< ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT4 ,9 A COLD VOICE1 ,RAKOSI HAD ADD$ ?AT ! 5TIRE ,RAJK TRIAL HAD BE5 BAS$ ON A PROVOCATION4 0,IT WAS A MISC>RIAGE ( JU/ICE10 HE SAID4 ,JULIA ,RAJK !N DEM&$ ?AT ?OSE GUILTY ( HIS MURD] %\LD BE PUNI%$4 ,?IS ELECTRIFI$ ! AUDI5CE4 ,AL?\< !RE WAS NO M5TION ( ,RAKOSI1 EV]YBODY PRES5T KNEW EXACTLY :OM ,JULIA ,RAJK MEANT4 

,BY ,JUNE1 #a#i#e#f4 ! 9TELLECTUAL AGITATION WAS 9 FULL SW+4 ,! >TICLES 9 ,IRODALMI ,UJSAG W]E BECOM+ MORE & MORE BLUNTLY CRITICAL ( ! REGIME4 ,AL?\<1 E>LI] 9 ! YE>1 AN ISSUE ( ! PAP] HAD BE5 CONFISCAT$1 PEOPLE W]E N[ QUITE SURPRIS$ ?AT ! 'LEAD]%IP' DID NOT SUPPRESS IT4 ,AS ! TITLE SUGGE/S1 ! PAP] WAS PRIM>ILY 9T5D$ = PEOPLE ) LIT]>Y 9T]E/S4 ,BUT MANY O!RS W]E N[ READ+ IT4 ,ODD COPIES C\LD BE SE5 9 ! H&S ( FACTORY WORK]S1 ON ! %OP FLOOR4 ,9 FACT1 DEM& = SOME ISSUES SO \T/RIPP$ SUPPLY ?AT A 'BLACK M>KET' DEVELOP$4 ,COPIES W]E SELL+ AT #f =9TS - AB\T #cS4 EA*4 

,! >TICLES BY ,GYULA ,HAY SUGGE/$ HE WAS ! C5T] ( A CAMPAIGN = FRE$OM ( ! WRITT5 WORD4 ,DUR+ ,JUNE ?IS WAS SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS ! 'WRIT]S' REVOLT'4 ,(FICIALDOM RELUCTANTLY C\NT5ANC$ ! SITUATION4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,JUNE #bh ISSUE ( ,SZABAD ,NEP .<#d#h.> SURPRIS$ MANY ( ITS READ]S BY WELCOM+ ?IS HI!RTO FR[N$-UPON USE ( ! HUMAN 9TELLECT4 ,PRAVDA IMM$IATELY C\NT]$ ! MOVE4 

,IT VEHEM5TLY D5\NC$ ! ,HUNG>IAN WRIT]S4 ,ON ,JUNE #c ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE BR\<T ,SZABAD ,NEP BACK TO ! ,P>TY L9E1 ) A RESOLUTION CONDEMN+ ! 0DEMAGOGIC BEHAVIOR0 & 0ANTI-P>TY VIEWS0 ( 0VACILLAT+ ELEM5TS40 ,IT ACCUS$ ! WRIT]S ( 0ATTEMPT+ TO SPREAD CONFUSION0 ) 0! PROVOCATIVE CONT5T0 ( !IR >TICLES4 ,= ONCE1 P>T ( ! /]EOTYP$ P>TY J>GON WAS QUITE CORRECT4 ,?IS WAS 9DE$ ! PRECISE 9T5TION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WRIT]S3 TO PROVOKE ?\<T1 IDEAS1 & DISCUSSION AB\T ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE RESOLUTION WAS C>RI$ & HA/ILY PROPAGAT$ AT EXACTLY ! TIME :5 NEWS ( ! WORK]S' REVOLT 9 ,POZNAN WAS REA*+ 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLES 9 ,HUNG>Y & 9SPIR+ !M TO 9T5SIFY !IR CAMPAIGN4 

,! FEEL+ ( GUILT AMONG HONE/ ,COMMUNI/ 9TELLECTUALS - MEMB]S ( LONG /&+ - BECAME APP>5T4 ,!IR CONSCI5CES NO LONG] ALL[$ ! GULF BETWE5 MY? & REALITY TO BE BRIDG$4 ,AT A L>GE MEET+ ( ! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE ON ,JUNE #b#g1 ! NOVELI/ ,TIBOR ,D]Y HAD ASK$ :Y !Y F\ND !MSELVES 9 SU* A CRISIS4 0,!RE IS NO FRE$OM10 HE SAID4 0,I HOPE !RE WILL BE NO MORE ,POLICE T]ROR4 ,I AM OPTIMI/IC4 ,I HOPE WE %ALL BE ABLE TO GET RID ( \R PRES5T LEAD]S4 ,LET US BE> 9 M9D ?AT WE >E ALL[$ TO DISCUSS !SE ?+S ONLY ) P]MISSION FROM ABOVE4 ,!Y ?9K IT'S A GOOD IDEA TO LET SOME /EAM (F AN OV]HEAT$ BOIL]4 ,WE WANT DE$S & WE WANT ! OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK FREELY40 

,9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,JULY1 >TICLES 9 ,IRODALMI ,UJSAG BEGAN DEM&+ ,RAKOSI'S RESIGNATION4 ,! SAME DEM& WAS CLE>LY VOIC$ AT ! MEET+S ( ! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE4 ,IT WAS EV5 SUGGE/$ BY SOME SPEAK]S ?AT ,IM] ,NAGY %\LD BE BR\<T BACK 9TO ! ,P>TY1 AL?\< ,NAGY'S NAME WAS ONLY M5TION$ CASUALLY1 EV5 GU>D$LY4 ,RAKOSI1 :O WAS 9 ,MOSC[1 RETURN$ SUDD5LY TO ,BUDAPE/4 ,HE S\<T TO SUPPRESS ! H]ETICAL MOVEM5T4 ,HE KNEW ( ONLY ONE WAY TO DO ?IS3 A PURGE4 ,A LI/ ( PROM95T NAMES AMONG ! POLITICIANS & WRIT]S WAS DRAWN UP4 ,BUT BE=E ! FIR/ /AGE 7! >RE/S7 C\LD BE C>RI$ \T1 ,SUSLOV1 ,RUSSIAN ,M9I/] = ! AFFAIRS ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACIES1 UNEXPECT$LY >RIV$ 9 ,BUDAPE/4 ,HE WAS IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ BY ,MIKOYAN4 ,!Y TOLD ,RAKOSI ?AT HIS PLAN W\LD IGNITE AN ALREADY EXPLOSIVE SITUATION4 ,! ,KREML9 HAD DECID$ ?AT ,RAKOSI %\LD GO4 

,! SMOLD]+ CRISIS 9 ,HUNG>Y WAS NOT ! ONLY REASON = ! ,KREML9'S DECISION4 ,TITO HAT$ ,RAKOSI4 ,HE HAD = SOME TIME BE5 AGITAT+ = HIS REMOVAL4 ,TITO REFUS$ TO MEET ,RAKOSI1 OR EV5 TO TRAVEL ?R\< ! C\NTRY :]E HE HELD P[]4 ,! ,RUSSO-,YUGOSLAV RAPPRO*EM5T 9FLU5C$ ! DECISION TO GET RID ( ,RAKOSI4 

,ALL ?IS WAS CLE>LY A ,KREML9-9SPIR$ COMPROMISE4 ,= ,RAKOSI'S CLOSE FRI5D & COLLABORATOR1 ,]NO ,G]O1 WAS TO SUCCE$ HIM AS ,FIR/ ,SECRET>Y4 ,&1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,G5]AL ,F>KAS1 :O WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,P>TY1 MO/ ( ,RAKOSI'S FOLL[]S RETA9$ !IR POSITIONS4 

,HUNG>IANS HE>D ( ,RAKOSI'S RESIGNATION ON ,JULY #a#h4 ,!Y ALSO HE>D ?AT ! REC5TLY REHABILITAT$ ,JANOS ,KAD> & ,GYORGY ,M>OSAN1 .<#d#i.> ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT1 HAD BE5 MADE MEMB]S ( ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU4 ,!SE W]E ! FIR/ ( A FEW M9OR CONCESSIONS MADE DUR+ ! MON? ( ,AUGU/4 ,9 ! TUMULTU\S SITUATION1 !SE CONCESSIONS W]E TO PROVE 9SIGNIFICANT & :OLLY 9ADEQUATE4 ,! SUFF]+ ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE HAD BE5 TOO LONG & TOO GREAT = !M TO H>BOR ILLUSIONS AB\T *ANGES 9 ! ,LEAD]%IP OR TO BE B\<T (F BY A FEW EXTRA COPP]S 9 !IR PAY PACKETS4 

,?R\< ! LONG SUMM] DAYS ! DEBATE SMOLD]$ ON4 ,:ILE ! FIREFLIES DANC$ ANIMAT$LY AMONG ! TREES ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 FASC9AT+ IDEAS AB\T FRE$OM FLEW AB\T ! MEET+S 9 ! T[NS4 ,T5SION MIX$ /RANGELY ) A HOLIDAY MOOD4 ,! :OLE MON? WAS LIKE A HEAVY SUMM] EV5+3 ! SUN /ILL GL[+ E]ILY ?R\< ! D>K PURPLE CL\DS ( A ?REAT5+ /ORM4 ,FAMILI> OBJECTS SEEM$ \T ( P]SPECTIVE & TOOK ON A DIFF]5T %APE & COLOR4 ,9 PRIVATE ROOMS & PUBLIC MEET+ PLACES AN OM9\S FEEL+ ( DE/9Y P]VAD$ ! AIR4 ,! 9TELLECTUALS SEEM$ TO S5SE ! 'DANG]S' 9H]5T 9 !IR IDEAS4 ,YET !Y FELT COMPELL$ TO C>RY ON1 ON TO :ATEV] 5DS FREE EXPRESSION MI<T LEAD !M TO4 

,WE HAVE F\ND NO EVID5CE ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ?IS RE/IVE P]IOD ( ANY CONSCI\S ATTEMPT MADE BY ! 9TELLECTUALS .<#e.> TO CO-OP]ATE ) ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ON A MASS SCALE1 TO %>E ) !M ! EXP]I5CES ( ?IS CULTURAL & POLITICAL AWAK5+1 & ?US TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! WORK]S' /RUGGLES W]E B\ND UP ) ! >TICULATE DEM&S = FRE$OM1 = TRU?1 ETC4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE HAD BECOME1 ALBEIT NOT 9 A COMPLETELY CONSCI\S MANN]1 ! >TICULATE VOICE ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE ( ,HUNG>Y4 ,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT1 HAD SU* COOP]ATION OCCURR$1 ! ,P>TY LEAD]S W\LD HAVE ACT$ TO SUPPRESS ! MOVEM5T SOON] ?AN !Y DID4 ,BUT !Y W\LD HAVE HAD TO DO SO 9 ! FACE ( EV5 GREAT] SOLID>ITY ?AN WAS TO DEVELOP AT ! HEI<T ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! EV5T1 ! DEGREE ( COOP]ATION1 LIAISON1 & SOLID>ITY BETWE5 WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS WAS REM>KABLY GREAT4 ,BUT CLOS] COOP]ATION ) ! WORK]S E>LI] ON W\LD MO/ C]TA9LY HAVE BROAD5$ ! BASE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,! MORE PRACTICAL & RADICAL APPROA* ( ! WORK]S W\LD HAVE CLE>$ ! AIR ( AT LEA/ SOME ( ! CRAMP+ ILLUSIONS HELD BY MANY ( ! 9TELLECTUALS - = EXAMPLE !IR GREAT 5?USIASM = A ,NAGY ,GOV]NM5T1 APPEALS TO ,WE/]N LEAD]S1 TO ,U4,N4,O41 ETC4 

,IT WAS ! VET]AN ,COMMUNI/ WRIT]1 ,GYULA ,HAY1 :O AGA9 BR\<T ! CAULDRON TO ! BOIL ) AN >TICLE 9 ! ,SEPTEMB] #h ISSUE ( ,IRODALMI ,UJSAG4 ,IT POETICALLY DEM&$ 0ABSOLUTE & UNFETT]$ FRE$OM0 = WRIT]S4 

,! >TICLE /AT$ ?AT 0IT %\LD BE ! WRIT]'S PR]OGATIVE TO TELL ! TRU?2 TO CRITICIZE ANYBODY & ANY?+2 TO BE SAD2 TO BE 9 LOVE2 TO ?9K ( DEA?2 NOT TO POND] :E!R LI<T & %AD[ >E 9 BALANCE 9 HIS WORK2 TO BELIEVE 9 ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ,GOD2 TO D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD2 TO D\BT ! CORRECTNESS ( C]TA9 FIGURES 9 ! ,FIVE ,YE> ,PLAN2 TO ?9K 9 A NON-,M>XI/ MANN] EV5 IF ! ?\<T ?US BORN IS NOT YET AMONG ! TRU?S PROCLAIM$ TO BE ( B9D+ =CE2 TO F9D ! /&>D ( LIFE L[ EV5 ( PEOPLE :OSE WAGES DO NOT YET FIGURE AMONG ?OSE TO BE RAIS$2 TO BELIEVE UNJU/ SOME?+ ?AT IS /ILL (FICIALLY MA9TA9$ TO BE JU/2 TO DISLIKE C]TA9 LEAD]S2 TO DESCRIBE PROBLEMS )\T CONCLUD+ H[ !Y MAY BE SOLV$2 TO CONSID] UGLY ! ,NEW ,YORK ,PALAIS1 .<#e#a.> DECL>$ A HI/ORIC BUILD+1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT MILLIONS HAVE REC5TLY BE5 SP5T ON IT2 TO NOTICE ?AT ! CITY IS FALL+ 9TO RU9S S9CE !RE IS NO MONEY TO REPAIR ! BUILD+S2 TO CRITICIZE ! WAY ( LIFE1 ! WAY ( SPEAK+1 & WAY ( WORK+ ( C]TA9 LEAD]S2 444 TO LIKE ,SZTAL9V>OS2 TO DISLIKE ,SZTAL9V>OS2 TO WRITE 9 AN UNUSUAL /YLE2 TO OPPOSE ! ,>I/OTELIAN DRAMATURGY2 444 ETC41 ETC4 ,:O W\LD D5Y ?AT A %ORT :ILE AGO MANY ( ?OSE ?+S W]E /RICTLY =BIDD5 & W\LD HAVE 5TAIL$ PUNI%M5T 444 BUT TODAY1 TOO1 !Y >E JU/ TOL]AT$ & NOT REALLY ALL[$40 

,AB\T A WEEK AFT] ,HAY'S >TICLE WAS PUBLI%$1 ! CONGRESS ( ! ,WRIT]S' ,UNION OP5$ 9 ,BUDAPE/4 ,! DEP? ( ! REVOLT REVEAL$ ITSELF 9 ! ELECTIONS = ! NEW ,PRESIDIUM4 ,ALL ?OSE :O HAD SUPPORT$ ! ,RAKOSI REGIME1 IF ONLY PASSIVELY1 W]E \/$4 ,COMMUNI/ 'REBELS' & SOME NON-,COMMUNI/ WRIT]S W]E ELECT$4 ,ALL ! SPEE*ES %>PLY CRITICIZ$ ! 0REGIME ( TYRANNY40 ,! REHABILITATION ( ,NAGY WAS DEM&$4 ,GYULA ,HAY ADMITT$ ?AT ,COMMUNI/ WRIT]S1 0HAV+ SUBMITT$ TO ! SPIRITUAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY ,SECRET>IAT1 LET !MSELVES BE L$ A/RAY ON TO ! PA? ( M5DACITY40 ,HE ADD$ ?AT ! MO/ HONE/ WRIT]S HAD F\ND !MSELVES 9 A FRI<TFUL DILEMMA & 0SUFF]$ HORRIBLY 9 ?IS ATMOSPH]E ( LY+ 444 & PAID DE>LY = ! LIE 444 ) ! L[]+ ( ! /&>D ( \R WORK 4440 ,KONYA1 ! POET1 TOOK UP ! !ME 9 AN IMPASSION$ SPEE* AB\T WRIT+ ONLY ! TRU?4 ,HE 5D$ ) ! RHETORICAL QUE/IONS3 0,9 ! NAME ( :AT MORALITY DO ! ,COMMUNI/S CONSID] !MSELVES JU/IFI$ 9 COMMITT+ >BITR>Y ACTS AGA9/ !IR =M] ALLIES1 9 /AG+ WIT*-TRIALS1 9 P]SECUT+ 9NOC5T PEOPLE1 9 TREAT+ G5U9E REVOLUTION>IES AS IF !Y W]E TRAITORS1 9 JAIL+ & KILL+ !M8 ,9 ! NAME ( :AT MORALITY80 

,?US1 ! 9TELLECTUALS EXPOS$ !IR CRISIS ( CONSCI5CE4 ,YET ?IS RESOLUTE SE>* = TRU?1 AM\NT+ AT TIMES ALMO/ TO MY/ICISM1 HELP$ TO GIVE ! EV5TS ?AT FOLL[$ AN ESS5TIAL !ME ( SOCIALI/ MORALITY4 

#a4 ,! ,FIR/ ,DEM&S 

0,M5 MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY1 :ATEV] ITS \TCOME MAY BE1 9 ?AT EA* P]SON FOLL[S HIS [N CONSCI\SLY DESIR$ 5D1 & IT IS PRECISELY ! RESULTANT ( !SE MANY WILLS OP]AT+ 9 DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS & ( !IR MANIFOLD EFFECTS UPON ! \T] WORLD ?AT CON/ITUTES HI/ORY4 ,?US IT IS ALSO A QUE/ION ( :AT ! MANY 9DIVIDUALS DESIRE04 

,F4 ,5GELS1 ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA* & ! ,5D ( ,CLASSICAL ,G]MAN ,PHILOSOPHY 7#a#h#h#h74 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( ,SEPTEMB] ! FIR/ ( ! ,POZNAN TRIALS BEGAN 9 ,POL&4 ,PUBLIC SYMPA?Y ) ! ACCUS$ WAS APP>5T4 ,EV]Y POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITY WAS TAK51 BO? BY ?OSE ON TRIAL & ! PUBLIC1 TO CONDEMN ! VIOL5CE & 9JU/ICE ( ! REGIME4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T SQUIRM$4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! ACCUS$ W]E ORD9>Y WORK]S4 ,! S5T5CES W]E COMP>ATIVELY MILD4 

,:5 ?IS NEWS REA*$ ! ,HUNG>IANS !Y W]E ELAT$4 ,! T5SION & ! PRESSURE ON ! ,GOV]NM5T 9CREAS$4 

,! RUL+ GR\P1 FEEL+ !MSELVES MORE \T ( T\* ?AN USUAL1 TRI$ TO W9 SYMPA?Y ) A /AGE-MANAG$ FUN]AL = ,LASZLO ,RAJK4 ,MANY ( ?OSE :O HAD /AGE-MANAG$ HIS TRIAL & EXECUTION AS A 0,TITOI/ ,FASCI/0 N[ 9DIGNANTLY DEPLOR$ ! 0SL&]0 ( ,COMRADE ,RAJK :O HAD BE5 09NOC5TLY CONDEMN$ & EXECUT$40 ,!IR BELIEF ?AT !Y C\LD DECEIVE ! PEOPLE ) SU* A MACABRE EXHIBITION PROV$ !IR COMPLETE TO DEG5]ACY4 ,OV] #b1 PEOPLE TURN$ \T = ! FUN]AL4 .<#e#b.> ,EV5 !N ! 'LEAD]S' DID NOT SEE ! LI<T4 ,!Y DID NOT SEE ?AT ! DEM& = ,RAJK'S COMPLETE REHABILITATION WAS PURELY SYMBOLIC4 ,! PEOPLE HAD NOT =GOTT5 ! BRUTALITY ( ,RAJK'S SECRET POLICE4 0,ONE ( ! JOKES CURR5T 9 ,BUDAPE/ AT ! TIME WAS3 ',:AT IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A ,*RI/IAN & A ,M>XI/8 ,! ,*RI/IAN BELIEVES 9 A H]EAFT]2 ! ,M>XI/ BELIEVES 9 A REHABILITATION H]EAFT]'40 .<#e#c.> 

,RAJK'S EXHUM$ CORPSE WAS RE-BURI$ ON ,M>TYRS' ,DAY - ,OCTOB] #f4 ,?IS WAS ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! EXECUTION BY ! ,AU/RIANS1 ON ,OCTOB] #f1 #a#h#d#i1 ( ! FIR/ CON/ITUTIONAL ,PRIME ,M9I/] ( ,HUNG>Y1 ,C\NT ,BAT?YANY1 & ( ?IRTE5 O!RS4 ,AB\T ?REE HUNDR$ Y\NG M5 DISCOV]$ SOME CONNECTION BETWE5 ?IS & ! DAY'S EV5T4 ,!Y BEGAN ! FIR/ UN(FICIAL DEMON/RATION4 ,!Y M>*$ TO ! ,BAT?YANY MONUM5T C>RY+ PO/]S & %\T+ SLOGANS AB\T 9DEP5D5CE & FRE$OM4 ,SEV]AL ONLOOK]S JO9$ !M BELIEV+ ?AT SU* A DEMON/RATION1 H[EV] 9CR$IBLE1 MU/ HAVE (FICIAL SANCTION4 

,DUR+ ,SEPTEMB] & E>LY ,OCTOB] ! WORK]S HAD BECOME ACTIVE4 ,!Y W]E DEM&+ 'G5U9E WORK]S' SELF-GOV]NM5T'.<#e#d.> 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,! ,TRADE ,UNION ,C\NCIL1 /ILL CONTROLL$ BY ! ,P>TY1 GAVE !SE DEM&S ! UNIV]SAL 'LEAD]%IP' TWI/4 ,IT 'MOD]AT$' !M4 ,! DEM&S W]E REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES3 BROAD5+ ( TRADE UNION DEMOCRACY2 E/ABLI%M5T ( WORK]S' CONTROL2.<#e#e.> A PROM95T ROLE = ! UNIONS 9 SOLV+ PROBLEMS ( PRODUCTION & MANAGEM5T2 ! MANAG] TO KEEP HIS 0FULL RI<T0 TO MAKE DECISIONS1 BUT TO CONSULT ! UNION COMMITTEE ON QUE/IONS ( WAGES & WELF>E4 ,H]E WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEVELOPM5T 9 ! :OLE ( ! CAMPAIGN SO F>4 

,?IS REM>KABLE POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S HAD ITS CORE 9 ! CONC5TRAT$ 9DU/RIAL >EA ( ,CZEPEL ,ISL&1 .<#e#f.> 9 ! ,DANUBE BETWE5 ,BUDA & ,PE/4 ,IT IMM$IATELY TRANS=M$ ! :OLE SITUATION4 ,UNTIL N[ ! CAMPAIGN HAD BE5 ONE ( AGITATIONAL F]M5T & PROTE/4 ,! WORK]S' DEM& = 'SELF-GOV]NM5T ' 9 ! FACTORIES GAVE IT A REVOLUTION>Y $GE 9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,! WORK]S W]E PREP>+ = ! PSY*OLOGICAL MOM5T :5 !IR RADICAL ACTION W\LD *ANGE ! :OLE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,NO WOND] ?AT1 LAT] ON1 ! SPOKESM5 ( ! ,WE/ W]E TO PROVE SO UN9=MATIVE6 

,! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE TOOK UP ! WORK]S' DEM&S4 ,BUT !Y W]E /ILL UNAW>E ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS4 ,9 A S]IES ( NEW DEM&S1 ! ,GOV]NM5T WAS REQUE/$ TO H& OV] ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! FACTORIES TO ! WORK]S4 ,?IS MU/ SURELY HAVE APPE>$ NAIVE TO ANYONE AW>E ( ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,IT T5D$ TO P]PETUATE ! ILLUSION ?AT ANY GOV]NM5T CAN ACT 9 ! 9T]E/S & ON BEHALF ( WORK+ PEOPLE4 

,! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE ALSO CALL$ = ! EXPULSION ( ,RAKOSI FROM ! ,P>TY2 = A PUBLIC TRIAL ( ,G5]AL ,F>KAS2 = A REVISION ( ! SECOND ,FIVE ,YE> ,PLAN2 = EQUALITY 9 ALL RELATIONS BETWE5 ,HUNG>Y & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION2 = FULL PUBLICATION ( ALL TRADE AGREEM5TS 7! TRADE PACT ) ,MOSC[ = ! EXPLOITATION ( ! RI* URANIUM DEPOSITS F\ND A FEW MON?S E>LI] AT ,PECS WAS /RESS$72 & = ! RE-ADMITTANCE ( ,NAGY TO ! ,P>TY4 ,A CONCESSION TO ! PRESSURE CAME A FEW DAYS LAT]4 ,NAGY WAS GIV5 A NEW ,P>TY C>D6 

,9 MID-,OCTOB]1 ,G]O LEFT TO MEET ,TITO 9 ,BELGRADE4 ,AT PRECISELY ?IS TIME1 MOM5T\S EV5TS W]E TAK+ PLACE 9 ,POL&4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN 9TELLECTUALS W]E FUR!R 9SPIR$ :5 !Y LE>N$ ?AT ! ,KREML9 & ! OLD ,POLI% LEAD]%IP HAD BE5 DEFEAT$1 ?AT ,GOMULKA HAD BE5 ELECT$ AS ,FIR/ ,SECRET>Y1 ?AT ,ROKOSSOVSKI HAD RESIGN$4 

,! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE CALL$ = A MASS DEMON/RATION ON ,OCTOB] #b#c1 0TO EXPRESS ! DEEP SYMPA?Y & SOLID>ITY ) \R ,POLI% BRO!RS0 9 !IR /RUGGLE = FRE$OM4 ,!Y APPLI$ TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR = P]MISSION TO HOLD ! DEMON/RATION4 ,IT WAS GRANT$6 ,ALL HELL W\LD HAVE BROK5 LOOSE HAD IT BE5 REFUS$4 

,BY ,OCTOB] #b#b1 GR\PS 9 ! ,HUNG>IAN UNIV]SITIES & ! V>I\S DISCUSSION CIRCLES W]E MEET+4 ,!Y CONSID]$ ! =M ( ! DEMON/RATION4 ,!RE WAS BROAD AGREEM5T ?AT !RE %\LD BE A M>* TO ! /ATUE ( ,G5]AL ,JOSEF ,B]N1 ON ! BANK ( ! ,DANUBE4 ,?IS SEEM$ APPROPRIATE4 ,BEM WAS A ,POLE :O WON FAME :5 HE F\<T ) ! ,HUNG>IANS AGA9/ ! ,HAPSBURG 7,AU/RIAN7 OPPRESSION 9 ! SO-CALL$ 'UMBRELLA REVOLUTION' ( #a#h#d#h-#d#i4 ,BUT !RE WAS SOME DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 TWO ( ! L>GE/ ,BUDAPE/ UNIV]SITIES4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,UNIV]SITY WANT$ SLOGANS & BANN]S TO MAKE ! PURPOSE ( ! DEMON/RATION CLE> BEYOND D\BT4 ,! ,POLYTE*NIC WANT$ A MORE 'ES!TIC' DEMON/RATION - NO %\T+1 NO BANN]S1 JU/ A QUIET M>* TO ! /ATUE & BACK4 ,A SURPRIS+ DEVELOPM5T OCCURR$ AT ,SZEG$ ,UNIV]SITY1 9 ,HUNG>Y'S SECOND L>GE/ CITY4 ,A SEP>ATE /UD5TS' ORGANIZATION1 CALL$ ,M,E,F,E,S,Z1 WAS =M$4 ,MANY MEMB]S ( ,D,I,S,Z1 ! (FICIAL ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION1 JO9$4 ,! ,P>TY DECID$ IT WAS NO USE TRY+ TO OPPOSE ! REGR\P+4 ,TO RETA9 SOME 9FLU5CE1 ,D,I,S,Z WAS 9/RUCT$ TO WELCOME ! NEW =MATION4 ,!N ,D,I,S,Z W5T FUR!R4 ,IT DECID$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! NEXT DAY'S DEMON/RATION4 

,BY ! 5D ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#f1 MANY YE>S ( MIS]Y1 ( BE+ BULLI$ & OPPRESS$1 MANIPULAT$ & MANAG$1 HAD BR\<T ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE TO ! BR9K ( REVOLUTION4 ,YET ! PEOPLE W]E NOT FULLY AW>E ( IT4 ,NO PLANS HAD BE5 LAID1 NO CONSCI\S /EPS TAK5 T[>DS FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 ,NO LEAD]%IP1 9 ! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ S5SE1 HAD EM]G$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! CLASSICAL CONDITIONS = REVOLUTION W]E !RE4 ,! BUILDUP HAD OCCURR$ OV] A P]IOD ( YE>S4 ,! CULM9AT+ EV5TS W]E TO BE COMPRESS$ 9TO DAYS - EV5 H\RS4 

#a#a4 ,! ,OCTOB] #bc ,DEMON/RATIONS 

0,DO NOT BE AFRAID ( ! 9ITIATIVE & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! MASSES2 5TRU/ Y\RSELVES TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS ( ! MASSES40 

,V4 ,I4 ,L591 ,ONE ( ! ,FUNDAM5TAL ,QUE/IONS ( ! ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#a#g74 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( ,G]O1 N[ RETURN+ FROM ,BELGRADE1 ! ,P>TY WAS UNDECID$ AB\T :AT %\LD BE DONE4 ,SOME1 BELIEV+ !Y W]E EXPRESS+ ,G]O'S WI%ES1 WANT$ ! M>* BANN$4 ,O!RS PREF]R$ ! OLD TACTIC ( 9FILTRATION & TAKE-OV]4 ,BO? VIEWS SPRANG FROM A DEG5]ATE & BUREAUCRATIC ATTITUDE TO EV5TS4 ,LASZLO ,PIROS1 ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR & A CLOSE ASSOCIATE ( ,G]O1 HAD ! F9AL WORD4 ,ON ! MORN+ ( ,TUESDAY1 ,OCTOB] #b#c1 P]MISSION TO HOLD ! M>* WAS )DRAWN 

,DELEGATIONS FROM ! V>I\S GR\P+S & UNIV]SITIES BEGAN TO >RIVE AT ,P>TY ,HEADQU>T]S 9 ,ACADEMY ,SQU>E4 ,A FEW W]E ALL[$ 94 ,!Y ASK$ (FICIALS TO USE !IR 9FLU5CE TO GET ! BAN )DRAWN4 ,GYULA ,HAY1 & A SMALL DELEGATION FROM ! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE1 >GU$ = ! LIFT+ ( ! BAN4 ,!Y EXPLA9$ ?AT MANY /UD5TS & WRIT]S 9T5D$ TO M>*1 P]MISSION OR NO P]MISSION4 ,! BUREAUCRATS PREV>ICAT$4 

,BY ! AFT]NOON1 M>*]S W]E =M+ UP 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! ,CITY4 ,AS IS SO (T5 ! CASE1 RANK-&-FILE ACTION CAUS$ A SUDD5 *ANGE ( M9D AT ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR4 ,DEPUTY ,M9I/] ,MIHALY ,FEKETE SUDD5LY ANN\NC$ ON ! RADIO ?AT ! BAN HAD BE5 LIFT$4 ,! '9FILTRATION' FACTION HAD APP>5TLY WON4 ,FEKETE PATRONIZ+LY ADD$3 0,! EMPLOYES & ALL ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR HAVE RALLI$ TO ! SIDE ( HONE/ ,HUNG>IANS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( *ANGE40 

,! DEMON/RATION WAS SOON UND] WAY4 ,M>*]S W]E CONV]G+ ON ! ,BEM /ATUE FROM NUM]\S PO9TS 9 ,BUDAPE/4 ,A CR[D ( SEV]AL ?\S&S HAD ASSEMBL$ AT ! ,PET(I /ATUE & N[ JO9$ ! M>*4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN NATIONAL COLORS ( R$1 :ITE & GRE5 W]E MU* 9 EVID5CE4 ,IMPROVIS$ BANN]S & PO/]S APPE>$4 ,SOME W]E SIMPLY 9SCRIB$ 0,FRE$OM40 ,O!RS ADD$ 0,9DEP5D5CE - ,TRU?40 ,O!RS /ILL CALL$ = 0,POLI%-,HUNG>IAN ,FRI5D%IP40 ,AMONG ! MANY & DIV]SE SLOGANS1 :I* %[$ ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( ! DEMON/RATORS1 NONE WAS DIRECTLY ANTI-,RUSSIAN4 ,ONLY ONE CAME ANY:]E NE> TO IT3 0,LET EA* NATION KEEP ITS >MY TO ITS [N SOIL60 .<#e#g.> 

,! V>I\S COLUMNS ( M>*]S >RIV$ AT ! ,BEM /ATUE ONE AFT] ! O!R4 ,!Y !RE FUZ$ 9TO ONE GREAT CR[D4 ,! L>GE MAJORITY W]E Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,ON ! WAY !IR RANKS HAD GR[N AS PEOPLE 9 ! /REETS1 WOM51 & *ILDR51 HAD JO9$4 ,A SMALL NUMB] ( WORK]S LEFT !IR JOBS & TAGG$ ON1 A LITTLE SELF-CONSCI\SLY4 ,EV5 BE=E ALL ! M>*]S HAD >RIV$1 SPONTANE\S SPEE*ES W]E BE+ MADE4 ,! G5]AL !ME WAS SOLID>ITY4 ,SOLID>ITY AT HOME4 ,9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 ,SOLID>ITY ) ! PEOPLE ( ,POL& WAS MU* /RESS$4 

,CONSID]ABLE PA?OS WAS ADD$ :5 A /UD5T REM9D$ ! CR[D ( ! #ahdi REVOLUTION BY RECIT+ ! WORDS ( ,PET(I3 

0,\R BATTALIONS HAVE COMB9$ TWO NATIONS 

,& :AT NATIONS6 ,POLI% & ,MAGY>6 

,IS !RE ANY DE/9Y ?AT IS /RONG] 

,?AN ?OSE TWO :5 !Y >E UNIT$80 

,:5 NE>LY #e1 PEOPLE A HAD ASSEMBL$1 ,PET] ,V]ES MOV$ UP TO ! FOOT ( ! /ATUE TO READ A RESOLUTION FROM ! ,WRIT]S' ,UNION4 ,ITS SEV5 PO9TS CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ AS FOLL[S 

0,WE WANT 

#a4 ,AN 9DEP5D5T NATIONAL POLICY BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM4 

#b4 ,EQUALITY 9 RELATIONS ) ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 & ! ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACIES4 

#c4 ,A REVISION ( ECONOMIC AGREEM5TS 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! EQUALITY ( NATIONAL RI<TS4 

#d4 ,! RUNN+ ( ! FACTORIES BY WORK]S & SPECIALI/S4 

#e4 ,! RI<T ( PEASANTS FREELY TO DECIDE !IR [N FATE4 

#f4 ,! REMOVAL ( ! ,RAKOSI CLIQUE1 A PO/ 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T = ,IM] ,NAGY1 & A RESOLUTE /& AGA9/ ALL C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS & ASPIRATIONS4 

#g4 ,COMPLETE POLITICAL REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS - FREE & SECRET BALLOT 9 ELECTIONS TO ,P>LIAM5T & TO ALL AUTONOM\S ORGANS ( ADM9I/RATION40.<#e#h.> 

,AS ,PET] ,V]ES /EPP$ D[N1 ! CR[D APPLAUD$4 ,!Y HAD LI/5$ 9 ALMO/ TOTAL SIL5CE4 ,9DE$1 :Y %\LD !Y HAVE BECOME P>TICUL>LY EXCIT$8 ,9 SOME RESPECTS1 ! RESOLUTION WAS REM>KABLY VAGUE4 ,!RE WAS REALLY V]Y LITTLE 9 IT ?AT ,KRU%*EV HIMSELF HAD NOT ADVOCAT$ AT SOME TIME OR O!R4 ,! DEM&S C\LD1 IT IS TRUE1 HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 ,NO M5TION WAS MADE ( H[ ALL ?IS MI<T BE A*IEV$1 EV5 AS IT /OOD4 

,! DEMON/RATION WAS OV]4 ,! CR[DS BEGAN TO MOVE AWAY1 BUT NOT TO DISP]SE4 ,= SOME UNKN[N REASON !Y M>*$ T[>DS ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E4 ,ANO!R CR[D ( SEV]AL ?\S&S JO9$ !M ON ! WAY4 ,:5 !Y REA*$ ! ,SQU>E !Y JU/ /OOD !RE1 9 SIL5CE4 ,PEOPLE W]E N[ CONV]G+ ON ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E 9 !IR HUNDR$S4 ,MANY ( ! LAT] >RIVALS HAD HE>D ,G]O MAKE HIS EXPECT$ SPEE* ON ! RADIO4 ,SNAT*ES FROM ! SPEE* W]E PASS$ ON1 9 L[1 ANGRY VOICES4 ,FACES AT ! W9D[S ( ! ,P>LIAM5T BUILD+ />$ \T AT ! CR[D1 :I* MU/ N[ HAVE NUMB]$ AB\T A HUNDR$ ?\S&4 ,P]HAPS ?OSE AT ! W9D[S BECAME AFRAID4 ,SUDD5LY ALL ! LI<TS 9 ! BUILD+ & 9 ! SQU>E W5T \T4 ,! CR[D REMA9$ :]E IT WAS4 ,SOMEONE /RUCK A MAT* & LIT A NEWSPAP]4 ,NEWSPAP]S FL>$ UP ALL OV] ! SQU>E4 ,! PEOPLE WAT*$ ! BUILD+ TAKE ON A GAUNT1 M5AC+ LOOK 9 ! FLICK]+ YELL[ LI<T4 ,P]HAPS !Y W]E ?9K+ ( :AT ,G]O HAD JU/ SAID3 ! /UD5TS' DEMON/RATION HAD BE5 AN ATTEMPT TO DE/ROY DEMOCRACY 444 TO UND]M9E ! P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS 444 TO LOOS5 ! FRI5DLY TIES BETWE5 ,HUNG>Y & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 444 :OEV] ATTACKS \R A*IEVEM5TS WILL BE REPELL$ 444 ! 9TELLECTUALS HAD HEAP$ SL&]S ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION2 !Y HAD ASS]T$ ?AT ,HUNG>Y WAS TRAD+ ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ON AN UNEQUAL FOOT+1 ?AT 9DEP5D5CE MU/ ALLEG$LY BE DEF5D$1 NOT AGA9/ ! IMP]IALI/S1 BUT AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,ALL ?IS WAS AN IMPUD5T LIE - HO/ILE PROPAG&A :I* DID NOT CONTA9 A TRA9 ( TRU?4 ,AFT] MORE SU* ACCUSATIONS4 ,G]O HAD SAID ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE W\LD NOT MEET = EI<T DAYS4 

,WAS ?IS :Y ! PEOPLE N[ /OOD SIL5TLY 9 ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E8 ,OR W]E !Y JU/ DUMBF\ND$ & EXASP]AT$ BY ,G]O'S 9TRANSIG5T /UPIDITY8 ,WAS IT REALLY POSSIBLE ?AT HYPOCRISY C\LD BE TAK5 SO F>8 ,! %E] M5DACITY LEFT ONE SPEE*LESS4 ,:Y D5Y SO VEHEM5TLY :AT EV]YBODY KNEW TO BE FACT8 

,A DISCUSSION BEGAN 9 ONE CORN] ( ! ,SQU>E4 ,AFT] A :ILE1 VOICES FROM ! D>KNESS SUGGE/$ ?AT A DELEGATION %\LD GO TO ! ,RADIO /ATION1 9 ,S&OR ,/REET1 ) ! REQUE/ ?AT !IR DEM&S BE BROADCA/4 ,!RE W]E CRIES ( AGREEM5T FROM ! CR[D4 ,!N MORE DISCUSSION4 ,EV5TUALLY A DEPUTATION MOV$ (F 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,S&OR ,/REET 444 FOLL[$ BY #a1 PEOPLE6 ,!Y N[ WANT$ TO SEE SOME ACTION1 IF ONLY A BROADCA/1 RESULT FROM !IR SIL5T VIGIL 9 ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E4 ,AS ?IS MASS ( PEOPLE MOV$ ?R\< ! /REETS1 !Y W]E JO9$ BY SEV]AL ?\S& MORE1 MANY ( !M 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ON !IR WAY HOME4 

,FUR!R ALONG ! ROAD1 A GR\P 9 ! CR[D DECID$ TO VISIT ! ,CITY ,P>K :]E /OOD A #bf FOOT1 BRONZE /ATUE ( ,/AL91 ! ',MAN ( ,/EEL'4 ,TWO OR ?REE ?\S& PEOPLE PEEL$ (F FROM ! BODY ( M>*]S & JO9$ !M4 ,!Y W]E 9 GREAT SPIRITS1 S++ & LAU<+4 ,:5 !Y REA*$ ! /ATUE1 A LADD] & A T\< ROPE W]E PASS$ UP ONTO ! MASSIVE PL9?4 ,! LADD] WAS PUT AGA9/ ! P$E/AL4 ,UP CLIMB$ TWO M54 ,A ROPE WAS PLAC$ >\ND ',/AL9'S' NECK4 ,IT WAS GRABB$ BY HUNDR$S ( EAG] H&S4 ,IT TAUT5$4 ,! /ATUE GRAT$ & CREAK$ AS IT B[$1 SL[LY1 TO ! CR[D4 ,) A F9AL SCREE*1 IT FELL FROM ITS P$E/AL4 ,!RE WAS AN E>-SPLITT+ CLANG AS IT HIT ! PL9?4 ,A GREAT *E] WAS FOLL[$ BY A RO> ( HIL>I\S LAU<T]4 ,! :OLE ?+ WAS LUDICR\S4 ,IT WAS ABSURD4 ,! PL9? N[ LOOK$ EV5 MORE GROTESQUE4 ,/ILL FIRMLY PLANT$ ON ! P$E/AL W]E ',/AL9'S' #f-FOOT-HI< JACK-BOOTS4 ,! RE/ ( ! /ATUE WAS TAK5 AWAY BY LORRY & DUMP$ 9 FRONT ( ! ,NATIONAL ,!AT]1 :]E A LAU<+ CR[D SOON SMA%$ IT TO PIECES4 

,/AL9'S BOOTS1 H[EV]1 /ILL /OOD !RE4 ,:AT AN OM5 = ?OSE :O BELIEV$ 9 SU* ?+S6 ,IT IS NOT MU* USE GETT+ RID ( ONE MAN4 ,ANO!R WILL ALWAYS FILL HIS BOOTS4 ,Y\ MU/ GET RID ( ! NE$ = RUL]S4 ,P]HAPS SOMEBODY ?\<T AB\T ?IS1 = LAT] A ,HUNG>IAN FLAG APPE>$ 9 ONE ( ! BOOTS4 ,?IS R$1 :ITE1 & GRE5 TRICOLOR1 ) ! ,COMMUNI/ HAMM] & :EAT%EAF EMBLEM RAGG$LY CUT FROM ITS C5T]1 WAS ! ONLY SYMBOL ( REVOLUTION ! PEOPLE KNEW4 

,! MA9 CR[D M>*+ FROM ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E HAD 9 ! MEANTIME >RIV$ AT ! 5TRANCE TO ,S&OR ,/REET4 ,IT HAD BE5 JO9$ BY MANY ?\S&S MORE1 MO/LY WORK]S4 ,MANY HAD RU%$ !RE FROM ALL OV] ,BUDAPE/4 ,!Y HAD HE>D ,G]O'S SPEE* 7:I* HAD BE5 BROADCA/ AT #f P4M4 & AGA9 AT #g74 ,! SPONTANE\S DECISION ( ! DEMON/RATORS TO GO TO ! ,RADIO ,/ATION P>TICUL>LY APPEAL$ TO ! WORK]S4 ,TRAFFIC 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY HAD COME TO A /&/ILL4 ,! MUNICIPAL POLICE1 ?\< SOME:AT P]PLEX$1 MADE NO ATTEMPT TO 9T]F]E ) ! 'UN(FICIAL' M>*]S4 ,BUT ! 5TRANCE TO ,S&OR ,/REET WAS B>R$ BY A %\LD]-TO-%\LD] L9E ( ! DREAD$ ,A4,V4,O4 M54 ,!Y HAD ALSO OCCUPI$ ! ,RADIO ,BUILD+4 ,A MA*9E-GUN-C>RY+ DETA*M5T /OOD ON GU>D \TSIDE4 ,! M>*]S /OPP$4 ,!RE HAD OBVI\SLY BE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,A4,V4,O4 AMONG ! CR[D 9 ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E4 ,ON HE>+ ! 9T5TION ( ! CR[D TO M>* TO ! ,RADIO ,/ATION1 !Y HAD 9=M$ !IR LEAD]S4 

,! DEMON/RATORS CRAN$ !IR NECKS TO SEE :Y ! M>* HAD HALT$4 ,!Y SAW ! GL9T ( >MS HELD BY ! GRIM-FAC$ ,SECURITY ,POLICE4 ,AL?\< UN>M$1 !Y NO LONG] FELT FE>4 ,9 !IR SOLID>ITY1 !Y RECOGNIZ$ !IR /R5G?4 ,!Y GLIMPS$ ! POSSIBILITY ( FRE$OM4 ,!IR DE/9Y WAS 9 !IR H&S ALONE4 ,YET NONE ADVOCAT$ VIOL5CE AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS4 

0,LET US PASS60 - 0,! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE MU/ HE> \R PROPOSALS60 - 0,S5D 9 A DELEGATION604 ,!SE DEM&S W]E %\T$ FROM V>I\S PO9TS 9 ! CR[D4 ,EA* DEM& WAS GREET$ ) GREAT APPLAUSE4 ,!RE WAS SOME DISCUSSION AMONG ! FRONT RANKS4 ,A DELEGATION WAS =M$4 ,AFT] A FUR!R DISCUSSION ) ! ,A4,V4,O41 ?IS SMALL GR\P ( PEOPLE WAS LET ?R\< ! CORDON & !N 9TO ! ,RADIO ,BUILD+4 

,! CR[D WAIT$4 ,! AIR RUMBL$ ) CONV]SATIONS4 ,OCCASIONAL LAU<T] WAS HE>D1 EV5 ! SNAT* ( A SONG4 ,!Y W]E /ILL 9 GOOD MOOD4 ,AN H\R PASS$4 ,NO SIGN ( ! DELEGATION4 ,! CR[D'S GAIETY GAVE WAY TO MORE S]I\S DET]M9ATION4 ,SOME PEOPLE W]E GR[+ RE/LESS4 ,! FRONT RANKS W]E N[ T\*+ ! ,A4,V4,O4 CORDON4 ,ANO!R HALF-H\R4 ,/ILL NO WORD FROM !IR COMRADES 9 ! BUILD+4 ,! MOOD *ANG$ RAPIDLY4 ,ANGRY %\TS FLEW UP FROM ALL P>TS ( ! CR[D4 ,! >M$ CORDON BEGAN TO BULGE A LITTLE4 ,! ,A4,V4,O4 M5 W]E CLE>LY WORRI$4 ,AFT] ALL1 ACCORD+ TO (FICIAL RULES & REGULATIONS1 ! PEOPLE %\LDN'T REALLY BE !RE AT ALL4 ,& !RE W]E SO MANY ( !M6 ,PEOPLE ACROSS ! :OLE WID? ( ! ROAD4 ,PEOPLE AS F> AS ! EYE C\LD SEE6 

0,:]E'S \R DELEGATION 80 - 0,LET !M \T60 - 0,FREE \R DELEGATES60 - RO>$ ! CR[D IMPATI5TLY4 ,A SPONTANE\S SURGE =W>D SWEPT ! ,A4,V4,O4 CORDON ASIDE4 ,! PEOPLE HALT$ 9 FRONT ( ANO!R L9E ( ,A4,V4,O4 M5 GU>D+ ! ,RADIO ,BUILD+4 ,POLICEM5 ?R\<\T ! WORLD >E NOT NOT$ = EI!R 9TELLIG5CE OR UND]/&+4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN ,SECURITY ,POLICE W]E NO EXCEPTION4 ,:AT %\LD !Y DO8 ,! DEMON/RATORS W]E UN>M$ - BUT !RE W]E ?\S&S ( !M & !Y W]E ANGRY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 DEMON/RATIONS ( ?IS SORT W]E ILLEGAL4 ,= !IR PROTECTION1 RUL+ M9ORITIES ALWAYS /AFF !IR POLICE =CES ) M5 :OSE M9DS ONLY WORK ONE WAY4 ,! ,A4,V4,O4 M5 KNEW ONLY ONE ANSW]4 ,MA*9E-GUNS FIR$4 

,AGONIZ$ %RIEKS >OSE AS ! FRONT RANKS ( ! PEACEFUL DEMON/RATORS CRUMPL$ TO ! GR\ND4 ,! CR[D BECAME 9FURIAT$4 ,! POLICE W]E QUICKLY OV]:ELM$1 !IR >MS US$ TO FIRE AT ! W9D[S ( ! ,RADIO ,BUILD+ FROM :I* LEAD N[ /REAK$ 9TO ! ?RONGS BEL[4 

,! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BEGUN4 

#a#b4 ,NAGY ,CALLS 9 ,RUSSIAN ,TANKS 

0,! ,P>TY FI<TS = A MORE DEMOCRATIC ,WORK]S & ,PEASANTS ,REPUBLIC1 :]E9 ! POLICE & ! /&+ >MY W\LD BE COMPLETELY ELIM9AT$ & REPLAC$ BY A G5]AL >M+ ( ! PEOPLE1 BY A UNIV]SAL MILITIA2 ALL ! (FICES W\LD BE NOT ONLY ELECTIVE BUT ALSO SUBJECT TO 9/ANT RECALL BY A MAJORITY ( ELECTORS2 ALL (FICES )\T EXCEPTION W\LD BE PAID AT ! RATE ( ! AV]AGE WAGE ( A SKILL$ WORK]2 ALL REPRES5TATIVE P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS W\LD GRADUALLY GIVE PLACE TO ,SOVIETS 444 FUNCTION+ BO? AS LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE BODIES40 

,V4 ,I4 ,L594 ,MAT]IALS RELAT+ TO ! ,REVISION ( ! ,P>TY ,PROGRAM 7,MAY #a#i#a#g74 

,! NEWS SPREAD FA/4 ,)9 HALF AN H\R ( ! FIR/ %OTS 9 ,S&OR ,/REET 7& :ILE ,RADIO ,BUDAPE/ WAS CONT9UALLY BROADCA/+ MESSAGES TO ! EFFECT ?AT 0>M$ FASCI/ & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y B&S W]E ATTACK+ PUBLIC BUILD+S 9 ! CITY07 ! TRU? AB\T ! EV5TS AT ! ,RADIO ,BUILD+ WAS KN[N BY ALMO/ EV]YONE 9 T[N4 ,! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY KNEW SOON AFT]4 

,DUR+ ! MON?S ( 9TELLECTUAL F]M5T1 LITTLE HAD BE5 HE>D ( WORK]S' OP9IONS4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #b#a1 A WORK] FROM A FACTORY 9 ,CZEPEL HAD SAID3 0,RE/ ASSUR$1 WE TOO %ALL SPEAK40 .<#e#i.> ,N[ ! WORK]S SPOKE ) DE$S4 ,?OSE :O HAD E>LI] LEFT ! >MS FACTORIES RETURN$ !RE4 ,!IR COMRADES ( ! NI<T %IFT HELP$ LOAD LORRIES ) COMM&E]$ >MS3 REVOLV]S1 RIFLES1 LI<T MA*9E GUNS1 & AMMUNITION4 ,MANY ON ! NI<T-%IFT !N LEFT ! FACTORIES & W5T TO ,S&OR ,/REET TO HELP DI/RIBUTE ! WEAPONS & JO9 ! EV]-9CREAS+ CR[DS4 ,! POLICE MADE NO ATTEMPT TO DISP]SE ! DEMON/RATORS4 ,MANY H&$ OV] !IR WEAPONS TO ! WORK]S & /UD5TS1 !N /OOD ASIDE2 SOME POLICEM5 JO9$ ! DEMON/RATION4 ,?IS ALSO APPLI$ TO ! SOLDI]S4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( SOLDI]S H&$ OV] !IR >MS4 ,AL?\< ! MAJORITY DID NOT FI<T ALONGSIDE ! REVOLUTION>IES1 PRACTICALLY NONE F\<T AGA9/ !M4 ,?IS IS EASILY EXPLA9$4 ,! MAJORITY ( SOLDI]S W]E Y\NG PEASANTS4 ,! PEASANTS HAD BE5 LESS AFFECT$ BY ! G5]AL F]M5T4 

,:ILE FI<T+ CONT9U$ 9 ,S&OR ,/REET & EF=TS W]E BE+ MADE TO OCCUPY ! ,RADIO ,/ATION1 ?\S&S ( WORK]S & /UD5TS BEGAN TO =M GR\PS 9 ! SURR\ND+ /REETS4 ,!SE GR\PS SPREAD \T 9TO ! CITY4 ,!Y SET UP ROAD CONTROLS & OCCUPI$ SOME ( ! MA9 SQU>ES4 ,ALL C>S W]E /OPP$4 ,IF MEMB]S ( ! ,A4,V4,O4 W]E F\ND 9SIDE1 ! C> WAS COMM&E]$ & ! OCCUPANTS S5T (F ON FOOT4 ,!RE WAS NO G5]AL ATTACK ON ! ,A4,V4,O4 AT ?IS /AGE4 

,BY #a A4M41 ALL ! MA9 /REETS & SQU>ES 79CLUD+ ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E7 HAD BE5 'OCCUPI$' BY VA/ CR[DS4 ,L>GE GR\PS C>RY+ AN ASSORTM5T ( SMALL >MS /ATION$ !MSELVES AT VANTAGE PO9TS4 

,G]O'S LIES W]E /ILL COM+ FROM ! RADIO2 OV] ! 9CONGRU\S SIGNATURE ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,M9I/]S ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,PEOPLES ,REPUBLIC4 0,FASCI/S & REACTION>Y ELEM5TS HAVE LAUN*$ AN >M$ ATTACK ON \R PUBLIC BUILD+S & ON \R SECURITY UNITS4 ,TO RE/ORE ORD]1 & UNTIL FUR!R MEASURES >E TAK51 ALL MEET+S1 GA!R+S & M>*ES >E BANN$4 ,! >M$ SECURITY ORGANS HAVE BE5 ORD]$ TO APPLY ! FULL VIGOR ( ! LAW AGA9/ ANYONE :O BREAKS ?IS ORD]40 ,LAT] 9 ! NI<T1 ! T]M ',FASCI/S' WAS ALT]$ TO 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4' ,( C\RSE1 NO M5TION WAS MADE ( ! MA*9E-GUNN+ BY ! ,A4,V4,O41 NOR ( ! KILL+ ( MANY ( ! UN>M$ PEOPLE TAK+ P>T 9 A PEACEFUL DEMON/RATION4 

,IT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT AL?\< ! SITUATION HAD N[ REA*$ ! PROPORTIONS ( AN >M$ UPRIS+1 IT HAD NOT 9 ANY WAY BE5 PLANN$ OR ORGANIZ$4 ,MANY COMM5TATORS ?R\<\T ! WORLD EI!R CLAIM$ ! :OLE ?+ HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY ORGANIZ$ OR SIMPLY FAIL$ TO M5TION ITS SPONTANEITY4 ,:E!R !IR ALLEGIANCE WAS TO ,EA/ OR ,WE/1 !Y W]E UNABLE TO UND]/& ?AT ORD9>Y PEOPLE C\LD TAKE EFFECTIVE ACTION AGA9/ ! ,/ATE )\T HI]>*ICAL & TOP-HEAVY ORGANIZATION4 

,AS WE HAVE PREVI\SLY %[N1 BO? ! ,RUSSIAN RUL]S & ! ,WE/]N ,P[]S HAD KEPT MANY ,NAZI ADM9I/RATORS 9 POSITION AFT] ! W>4 ,A HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION1 BAS$ ON PRIVILEGE1 & RE9=C$ BY A RIGID *A9 ( COMM& FROM ABOVE D[N1 WAS = !M !1 V]Y ESS5CE ( 'EFFICI5CY'4 ,!IR M9DS HAD BE5 CONDITION$ TO SEE ?IS /RUCTURE AS ! ONLY ONE POSSIBLE4 ,UND]/&ABLY1 BUT WRONGLY1 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! EFFICI5CY ( ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION>IES MU/ DEP5D ON SOME =M ( ORGANIZATION SIMIL> TO !IR [N4 ,H[ ELSE1 !Y >GU$1 C\LD ORD9>Y WORK]S1 /UD5TS1 & O!RS HAVE HAD SU* AN EXCELL5T SY/EM ( COMMUNICATION8 ,H[ ELSE C\LD !Y HAVE >M$ !MSELVES ) SU* SPE$ & SMOO?NESS8 ,! EV5TS 9 ,HUNG>Y DUR+ ! LA/ WEEK ( ,OCTOB] #aief %[ CLE>LY ?AT ! WORK]S RELI$ ON QUITE DIFF]5T ME?ODS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,IF REVOLUTION>IES ORGANIZE LIKE ?OSE :OSE RULE !Y SEEK TO OV]?R[1 !Y >E DEFEAT$ BE=E ! BATTLE IS 5GAG$4 

,DUR+ ! E>LY H\RS ( ,W$NESDAY ,OCTOB] #b#d1 WORK]S & /UD5TS W]E DY+ 9 ! /REETS = ! ULTIMATE FRE$OM TO DECIDE H[ TO RUN !IR SOCIETY4 ,! ,P>TY LEAD]S MEAN:ILE W]E 5GAG$ 9 V>I\S MANEUV]S4 ,G]O >RANG$ = ! ,PREMI] TO BE RELIEV$ ( HIS PO/4 ,&RAS ,HEG$US1 AN OB$I5T /OOGE ( ,RAKOSI1 HAD BE5 LITTLE HE>D ( EV5 BE=E HE HAD BE5 MADE ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,N[ HE WAS \T4 ,G]O 9VIT$ ,NAGY TO TAKE OV]4 ,!RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT ,NAGY NE$$ ANY P]SUASION OR ?AT HE MADE ANY CONDITIONS4 ,NO (FICIAL ANN\NCEM5T WAS MADE ( ?IS RE-%UFFLE4 ,! FIR/ ! PEOPLE KNEW ( IT WAS :51 AT #g4#c ?AT MORN+1 ! RADIO REF]R$ TO ,NAGY AS ! 0,*AIRMAN ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,M9I/]S0 - ! (FICIAL T]M = ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 

,AT #g4#d#e A4M4 ! RADIO ANN\NC$ ?AT ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR HAD PROCLAIM$ M>TIAL LAW 0AS MOPP+-UP OP]ATIONS AGA9/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS 5GAG$ 9 LOOT+ .<#f.> >E /ILL 9 PROGRESS04 ,AT #h A4M4 CAME ! %OCK+ ANN\NCEM5T ?AT1 UND] ! T]MS ( ! ,W>SAW ,TREATY1 ! ,GOV]NM5T HAD ASK$ = HELP FROM ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y UNITS /ATION$ 9 ,HUNG>Y - 0,! ,SOVIET =MATIONS1 9 COMPLIANCE ) ! ,GOV]NM5T'S REQUE/1 >E TAK+ P>T 9 ! RE/ORATION ( ORD]40 .<#f#a.> 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,IM] ,NAGY WAS ,PRIME ,M9I/] ( ! ,GOV]NM5T :I* CALL$ 9 ,RUSSIAN TROOPS4 ,!RE IS SOME D\BT AB\T :E!R HE WAS TRICK$ 9TO DO+ SO4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( /UD5TS & 9TELLECTUALS FELT ,NAGY HAD 'BETRAY$' !M4 ,!IR E/EEM = HIM DROPP$4 ,AT A CRUCIAL /AGE 9 ! /RUGGLE1 !IR MORALE TOOK A SEV]E JOLT4 ,BUT :Y %\LD SO MANY 9TELLECTUALS HAVE HAD ILLUSIONS AB\T ,NAGY8 ,NAGY WAS CONC]N$ ) 'ORD]'4 ,HE HAD NEV] %[N ?AT HIS IDEA ( 'ORD]' WAS ANY MORE ?AN A LIB]ALIZ$ =M ( ! 'ORD]' ?AT HAD PREVAIL$ 9 SATELLITE ,HUNG>Y4 ,& 9 ! SITUATION PREVAIL+ ON ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#e#f1 ANY DEM& = ?IS K9D ( ORD] HAD LONG AGO BE5 ECLIPS$ BY ! PEOPLE'S DESIRE & ALL-\T /RUGGLE = F> MORE FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 ,A MAN ( ,NAGY'S BACKGR\ND WAS B\ND TO BELIEVE1 LIKE ,G]O ?AT ! MASSIVE =CE ( ,RUSSIAN TANKS W\LD SOON RE/ORE 'ORD]'4 ,HE HAD BE5 9 ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN PUPPET GOV]NM5T4 ,HE HAD1 9 TURN1 BE5 ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE1 ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,M9I/] ( ,FOOD1 ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURAL ,DELIV]IES1 & ,DEPUTY ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,HE KNEW ! ROPES & :]E P[] LAY4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS = ! NAIVETY ( ! 9TELLECTUALS WAS !IR LACK ( CONTACT ) 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,!RE WAS1 TO SOME EXT5T1 A MUTUAL EMB>RASSM5T & SUSPICION4 ,BUT ACTION1 ! REVOLT ITSELF1 HAD BR\<T !M TOGE!R AS NO?+ ELSE C\LD HAVE DONE4 ,IT WAS ! WORK]S :O1 ON ! MORN+ ( ,W$NESDAY1 ,OCTOB] #b#d1 SAV$ ! /RUGGLE FROM COMPLETE COLLAPSE4 ,!Y SAW ! ,NAGY ISSUE AS L>GELY IRRELEVANT4 ,9 ! SOCIETY !Y W]E GLIMPS+ ?R\< ! DU/ & SMOKE ( ! BATTLE 9 ! /REETS1 !RE W\LD BE NO ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 NO GOV]NM5T ( PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS1 & NO (FICIALS OR BOSSES ORD]+ !M AB\T4 ,! DECISION TO CALL 9 ,RUSSIAN TROOPS ONLY /R5G!N$ ! MORALE & RESOLVE ( ! WORK]S4 ,!Y W]E N[ MORE DET]M9$ ?AN EV] TO FI<T TO ! 5D1 :ATEV] ?AT 5D MI<T BE4 

,?\S&S HAD SP5T ! E>LY H\RS ( ,W$NESDAY 9 ! /REETS OR AT MEET+S4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL ( WORK]S & /UD5TS WAS =M$ 9 ,BUDAPE/ & REMA9$ 9 P]MAN5T SESSION4 ,RADIO ,BUDAPE/ CONT9U$ TO P\R \T LIES3 0,! REVOLT IS AB\T TO COLLAPSE2 ?\S&S HAVE SURR5D]$ TO ! AU?ORITIES2 ?OSE :O DON'T SURR5D] WILL BE SEV]ELY PUNI%$2 NO ACTION WILL BE TAK5 AGA9/ ?OSE :O SURR5D]40 0,FASCI/S1 MISGUID$ PATRIOTS1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES1 B\RGEOIS1 B&ITS04 ,P]SUASION1 ?REATS1 CAJOL+1 RANT+4 ,! PURPOSE ( PROPAG&A IS NOT TO CONV9CE1 BUT TO CONFUSE4 ,IT FAIL$ AS F> AS ! ,HUNG>IANS W]E CONC]N$4 ,!Y KNEW IT WAS ALL LIES4 

,9 ,S&OR ,/REET1 ! ,RADIO ,BUILD+ WAS REPEAT$LY & FURI\SLY ATTACK$4 ,LAT]1 ! 'BOYS' 7ONE ( ! NAMES ,HUNG>IANS AFFECTIONATELY GAVE TO ! FI<T]S7 SUCCE$$ 9 OCCUPY+ IT4 ,BUT ! TRANSMITT]S REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ! ,A4,V4,O4 :O CONC5TRAT$ ALL !IR EF=T 9 HOLD+ !M4 ,HEAD+ ! SMALL GR\P ( ANN\NC]S :O KEPT ! /ATION OP]AT+ WAS ONE ,GYORGY ,SZEPESI1 A SPORTS COMM5TATOR4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,NOVEMB]1 A GR\P ( WORK]S SE>*$ ! :OLE ( ,BUDAPE/ = ,SZEPESI1 BUT HE HAD DISAPPE>$4 

#a#c4 ,! ,BATTLE IS ,JO9$ 

0,A REVOLUTION IS C]TA9LY ! MO/ AU?ORIT>IAN ?+ !RE IS4 ,IT IS ! ACT :]EBY ONE P>T ( ! POPULATION IMPOSES ITS WILL UPON ! O!R P>T BY MEANS ( RIFLES1 BAYONETS & CANNONS - AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS1 IF SU* !RE W]E4440 

,F4 ,5GELS1 ,ON ,AU?ORITY 7#a#h#g#b74 

,BY #h4#c A4M41 REPORTS W]E CIRCULAT+ 9 ,BUDAPE/ ?AT WORK]S HAD ALREADY BE5 9VOLV$ 9 BATTLES ) ,RUSSIAN TANKS ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITY4 ,ANO!R REPORT1 LESS WIDELY CIRCULAT$1 WAS ?AT ,SUSLOV & ,MIKOYAN HAD >RIV$ 9 ,BUDAPE/ AT DAWN4 ,!Y HAD APP>5TLY FL[N DIRECT FROM ,MOSC[1 :]E ! ,KREML9 WAS GETT+ WORRI$ AT ! MESS !IR M5 9 ,BUDAPE/ W]E MAK+ ( ?+S4 ,MIKOYAN1 IT WAS ALLEG$1 HAD BECOME V]Y ANGRY ) ,G]O4 ,:E!R ?IS WAS TRUE OR NOT1 IT SOON BECAME KN[N ?AT ,G]O HAD BE5 'RELIEV$ ( HIS PO/' AS ,FIR/ ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,JANOS ,KAD> WAS GIV5 ! JOB4 ,MANY AMONG ! ,COMMUNI/ HI]>*Y ?\<T ?IS A MA/] MOVE4 ,KAD> WAS ( WORK+-CLASS ORIG94 ,HE HAD SP5T A LONG TIME 9 PRISON AS A ,TITOI/4 ,HE HAD SUFF]$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,HE HAD BE5 TORTUR$ - MISS+ F+]NAILS & SC>S ON V>I\S P>TS ( HIS BODY W]E PRO( ( ?IS4 ,IT IS SAID HE WAS A FRI<T5$ MAN - FRI<T5$ ( PA94 ,UND]/&ABLY SO4 ,HE WAS TO PROVE S(T CLAY 9 ! H&S ( A RU?LESS 'LEAD]%IP'6 

,JU/ AFT] #i A4M41 ,NAGY BROADCA/ A P]SONAL APPEAL AS ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,HE CALL$ = AN 5D TO ! FI<T+4 ,HE ASK$ ?AT ORD] BE RE/OR$4 

0,PEOPLE ( ,BUDAPE/6 ,I ANN\NCE ?AT ALL ?OSE :O1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( AVOID+ FUR!R BLOOD%$1 /OP FI<T+ BE=E #a#c3 H\RS TODAY & LAY D[N !IR >MS1 WILL BE EXEMPT$ FROM SUMM>Y JURISDICTION4 ,WE %ALL REALIZE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 BY ALL MEANS AT \R DISPOSAL & ON ! BASIS ( ! ,JUNE #aiec ,GOV]NM5T ,PROGRAM1 AS ,I EXP\ND$ IT AT ?AT TIME 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 ! SY/EMATIC DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! C\NTRY 9 EV]Y SPH]E ( ,P>TY1 ,/ATE1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,EV]Y POSSIBILITY EXI/S = ! ,GOV]NM5T TO REALIZE MY POLITICAL PROGRAM BY RELY+ ON ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,HE$ \R APPEAL4 ,CEASE FI<T+ & SECURE ! RE/ORATION ( CALM & ORD] 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! FUTURE ( \R PEOPLE & C\NTRY4 ,RETURN TO PEACEFUL & CREATIVE WORK40 

,DOES ?IS S\ND LIKE ! SPEE* ( A MAN 9CAPABLE ( CALL+ 9 ,RUSSIAN TROOPS8 ,FIR/1 ! IMPLI$ ?REAT1 CLO!D AS A CONCESSION3 0,IF Y\ /OP FI<T+ BY #a P4M41 Y\'LL ONLY BE SUBJECT TO NORMAL 787 LEGAL PROCE$+S4 ,IF Y\ DON'T !N SUMM>Y JURISDICTION40 ,ALL KNEW :AT SUMM>Y JURISDICTION MEANT4 ,& :AT AB\T 0LAY+ D[N >MS08 ,?IS MEANT SURR5D]+ !IR NEWLY ACQUIR$ WEAPONS TO ! AU?ORITIES4 

,:Y %\LD ,NAGY HAVE HOP$ ?AT WORK]S FI<T+ ,RUSSIAN TANKS1 ! ,A4,V4,O41 & ! :OLE ROTT5 BUREAUCRATIC SET-UP1 %\LD SUDD5LY H& 9 !IR >MS ?AT ,W$NESDAY MORN+8 ,AT ?AT V]Y TIME1 ! WORK]S & /UD5TS HAD EV]Y REASON1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO 9T5SIFY !IR /RUGGLE4 ,& :AT ( 0! ,JUNE #aiec ,GOV]NM5T ,PROGRAM08 ,SU* A PROGRAM HAD BE5 MADE R$UNDANT BY ! EV5TS ( ! LA/ FEW DAYS4 ,IT MI<T HAVE WORK$ 9 ,APRIL4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #b#d1 IT APPE>$ RIDICUL\S4 ,IT MAY BE TRUE ?AT ,NAGY WAS ! MO/ HUMANE & LIB]AL 9 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,COMMUNI/ HI]>*Y4 ,BUT HE WAS A PRISON] ( C]TA9 IDEAS :I* CLA%$ ) ! PEOPLE'S DESIRE = FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC *ANGE4 ,IT WAS BEYOND ,NAGY'S COMPREH5SION TO GRASP :AT ! PEOPLE REALLY WANT$ - :AT !Y W]E N[ /RIV+ T[>DS4 

,EV5 IF WE ACCEPT ?AT ,NAGY WAS HONE/ & S9C]E1 HE MU/ HAVE %[N AN 9CR$IBLE NAIVETY TO TALK1 AT ?IS /AGE1 ( 0! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/S04 ,LEAD]%IP8 ,?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT ! PEOPLE W]E AGA9/4 ,?IS SEEM+LY NEGATIVE APPROA* IMPLI$ A V]Y POSITIVE ONE3 TO MAKE & C>RY \T !IR [N DECISIONS4 ,! ONLY EFFECT ( ,PREMI] ,NAGY'S FIR/ SPEE* WAS TO /R5G!N ! RESOLVE ( MO/ REVOLUTION>IES TO FI<T ON4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE LAT]1 ! PEOPLE HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO BUILD !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AS E>LY AS ! FIR/ MORN+ ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE1 LEAFLETS W]E BE+ DI/RIBUT$ 9 ,BUDAPE/ CALL+ = A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! IMPR9T ON !SE LEAFLETS WAS3 0,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S & ,/UD5TS40 

,RUSSIAN TANKS HAD BEGUN TO 5T] ! CITY AT V>I\S PO9TS DUR+ ! MORN+ ( ,OCTOB] #b#d4 ,SOME UNITS W]E IMM$IATELY ATTACK$ BY WORK]S & /UD5TS4 ,O!RS W]E ATTACK$ AFT] !Y HAD TAK5 UP /RATEGIC POSITIONS & OP5$ FIRE4 ,9 SOME PLACES1 NEI!R SIDE OP5$ FIRE4 ,H]E1 /UD5TS :O HAD LE>N$ ,RUSSIAN AT S*OOL1 W]E 9 CONV]SATION ) ! SOLDI]S4 ,IT WAS EXPLA9$ ?AT !Y W]E ORD9>Y ,HUNG>IANS - WORK]S4 ,A NUMB] ( ! Y\NG ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]S SEEM$ QUITE EMB>RASS$4 ,P]HAPS !Y REMEMB]$ SOME ( ! ?+S !Y HAD BE5 TAU<T AT S*OOL4 ,P]HAPS P>TS ( ',M>XISM-,L59ISM' DID NOT QUITE ACCORD ) :AT WAS N[ REQUIR$ ( !M4 

,9CREAS+LY BITT] BATTLES W]E N[ RAG+ ?R\<\T ,BUDAPE/3 AT ,B>OSS ,SQU>E \TSIDE ! ,EA/]N ,RAILWAY ,/ATION1 BY ! ,F]5CV>OS RAILWAY FREI<T /ATION1 >\ND ! ,P>TY ,BUILD+S ( ! #a#c? ,DI/RICT1 & 9 ! /REETS >\ND ! /ATUE ( ,G5]AL ,BEM1 SC5E ( ! PEACEFUL DEMON/RATIONS ( ! PREVI\S AFT]NOON4 ,TANKS ( ! ',UNION ( ,SOVIET ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLICS'1 'WORK]S' TANKS'1 W]E FIR+ 'WORK]S' %ELLS'4 ,! BODIES ( ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S W]E BE+ TORN TO PIECES4 

,TWO ( ! BIGGE/ BATTLES W]E AT ,SZ5A ,SQU>E & AT ! ,KILLIAN ,B>RACKS4 ,AT ,SZ5A ,SQU>E1 9 ,BUDA1 MANY ?\S&S ( PEOPLE WAIT$ NOT KN[+ EXACTLY :AT TO EXPECT OR :AT TO DO4 ,! MAJORITY W]E 9DU/RIAL WORK]S2 BUT !RE W]E ALSO MANY /UD5TS1 SOME ( !M Y\NG WOM54 ,?IS WAS ! G5]AL SOCIAL COMPOSITION ( ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,!RE W]E ALSO S*OOLBOYS & EV5 SOME S*OOLGIRLS4 ,MO/ ( !M W]E >M$4 

,! MA9 IDEA WAS TO /OP ALL C>S & SEE :O WAS 9 !M4 ,!Y HAD F\ND ?AT BY US+ HUNDR$S ( B>RELS TO B>RICADE ! MIDDLE ( ! ROADS LEAD+ 9TO ! SQU>E1 !Y C\LD DO ?IS ) EASE4 ,!RE W]E SEV]AL GUNFI<TS ) ! OCCUPANTS ( C>S :O OP5$ FIRE AS SOON AS !Y SAW ! B>REL B>RICADE & ITS >M$ DEF5D]S4 ,SEV]AL PEOPLE W]E KILL$ & W\ND$4 ,LAT] ! B>RICADES W]E /R5G!N$ :5 WORK]S BR\<T ONTO ! /REETS RAILWAY COA*ES & WAGONS FROM A NE>BY GOODS Y>D4 ,AL?\< SOME WAGONS W]E LOAD$ ) GOODS1 NO?+ WAS TAK5 AT ANY TIME - A FUR!R 9DICATION ( ! PEOPLE'S AW>5ESS ( ! NATURE ( !IR REVOLUTION4 

,SOON1 ALL 5TRANCES TO ! ,SQU>E W]E B>RICAD$4 ,! ?ROB ( P[]FUL 5G9ES WAS HE>D & ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN TANK RUMBL$ 9TO SI<T4 ,IT PICK$ A WEAK SPOT 9 ! B>RICADE & W5T RI<T ?R\< ! C5T] ( ! ,SQU>E4 ,IT WAS ONLY ATTACK$ ) A FEW ODD RIFLE %OTS4 ,WORK]S RU%$ TO REPAIR ! BREA*4 ,!N CAME TWO MORE TANKS & TWO >MOR$ C>S4 ,! WAS A HEAVY BUR/ ( MA*9E GUN & RIFLE FIRE FROM ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! FIR/ TANK SWUNG R\ND & RETREAT$ D[N ! ROAD4 ,! SECOND RAMM$ ! B>RICADE &1 PU%+ A WAGON ALONG 9 FRONT ( IT1 MOV$ SL[LY ACROSS ! ,SQU>E4 ,AL?\< ATTACK$ ) ,MOLOTOV COCKTAILS1 IT RUMBL$ ON4 ,! >MOR$ C>S W]E PUT \T ( ACTION4 ,ALL EI<T OCCUPANTS W]E KILL$4 

,IT HAD N[ BECOME CLE> ?AT ! B>RICADES HAD NOT BE5 BUILT TO ! BE/ ADVANTAGE4 ,!Y W]E AGA9 /R5G!N$4 ,?IS TIME1 ! T\<E/ OB/ACLES W]E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! ROAD1 ?US =C+ ! TANKS TO PASS NE> TO OR ON ! PAVEM5TS4 ,MOLOTOV COCKTAILS C\LD !N BE DROPP$ ON TO !M ) F> GREAT] SUCCESS FROM ! W9D[S ( BUILD+S L9+ ! ROAD4 

,A ',MOLOTOV COCKTAIL' IS A HOME-MADE PETROL BOMB4 ,IT CAN BE A V]Y EFFECTIVE WEAPON1 EV5 AGA9/ HEAVY >MOR4 ,! ,HUNG>IANS F\ND !M EASY TO MAKE & FAIRLY EASY TO USE4 ,SCREW-TOP BE] OR LEMONADE BOTTLES W]E US$4 ,! BOTTLES W]E FILL$ ) PETROL & ! TOP V]Y TI<TLY SCREW$ ON4 ,IF NON-SCREW-TOP BOTTLES W]E US$1 IT WAS IMP]ATIVE = !M TO BE V]Y SECURELY SEAL$4 ,A PIECE ( DRY RAG 7:I* WAS SOMETIMES SOAK$ 9 ME?YLAT$ SPIRIT7 WAS !N FIRMLY ATTA*$ TO ! BOTTLE BY1 A WIRE >\ND A RIDGE 9 ITS NECK1 OR BY /RONG ELA/IC B&S4 ,BE=E ?R[+1 ! RAG WAS LIT4 ,AS ! BOTTLES HIT ! ,RUSSIAN TANKS ! GLASS W\LD BREAK & ! PETROL W\LD IGNITE1 (T5 ) DEVA/AT+ EFFECT4 

,AS ! BATTLE PROGRESS$1 ! WORK]S & /UD5TS 9 ,SZ5A ,SQU>E IMPROV$ !IR FI<T+ ME?ODS4 ,!Y W]E QUITE UNDISCIPL9$ 9 ! MILIT>Y S5SE4 ,!RE WAS NO SALUT+1 NO BAWL+ ( ORD]S4 ,9 !IR MOTLEY DRESS1 !IR SMALL >MS LOOK+ LIKE TOYS AGA9/ ! ?ICK >MOR & BIG CANNONS ( ! TANKS1 !Y NO D\BT APPE>$ PA!TIC TO ! 'ORD]LY' MILIT>Y M9D4 ,BUT BE=E ,SATURDAY1 !SE FEW ?\S&S ( UNDISCIPL9$ WORK]S & /UD5TS HAD PUT SOME ?IRTY ,RUSSIAN TANKS \T ( ACTION4 ,!Y W]E A TRUE VANGU>D ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!Y F\<T ) GREAT C\RAGE1 >DOR1 9ITIATIVE1 & EV5 HUMOR4 ,:5 A ,RUSSIAN TANK CAU<T FIRE1 !IR *E]S E*O$ FROM ! BUILD+S >\ND ! SQU>E4 ,:5 A TANK RETREAT$1 ! ,SQU>E WAS FILL$ ) *E]S & LAU<T]4 

,IT WAS ! SAME 9 ! /REETS >\ND ! ,KILLIAN ,B>RACKS4 ,A GR\P ( WORK]S HAD GOT HOLD ( A SMALL FIELD GUN :I* !Y OP]AT$ FROM ! FRONT ( ! ,CORV9 ,C9EMA1 ON ! ,B\LEV>D4 ,! C9EMA1 ,BUDAPE/'S L>GE/1 /OOD BACK FROM ! O!R BUILD+S 9 ! /REET TO =M A 'BAY'4 ,:5 UND] EXTRA-HEAVY FIRE1 ! GUN WAS RUN BACK 9TO ! %ELT] ( ?IS BAY4 ,A TRAM CONDUCTOR WAS PUT 9 *>GE ( ! AIM+ & FIR+ ( ! GUN4 ,HE & ! O!RS SOMETIMES PULL$ !IR >TILL]Y UP ! /REET1 TO ! ,B>RACKS AT ! JUNCTION ( ,ULLOI ,ROAD & ! ,B\LEV>D4 ,FROM !RE !Y C\LD %ELL T>GETS 9 ,ULLOI ,ROAD UNTIL =C$ BACK TO ! ,CORV9 ,C9EMA4 ,DUR+ LULLS 9 ! FI<T+1 ! GUN CREW W\LD SIT SMOK+ & TALK+ %OP - REVOLUTION WAS !IR BUS9ESS4 0,AT ONE TIME ! DISCUSSION BECAME SO ABSORB+ ?AT A C\PLE ( ,RUSSIAN TANKS HAD GOT 9TO ! ,B\LEV>D & W]E GETT+ P]IL\SLY CLOSE TO ! ,C9EMA4 ,!RE WAS A CONC]T$ RU% TO MAN ! GUN4 ,SOME WAY BEH9D !M CAME AN ODD FIGURE 9 A FURI\S %UFFLE TO GET TO ! GUN4 ,UND] HIS >M WAS A CRUMPL$ NEWSPAP]1 HIS H&S S\<T FRANTICALLY TO PULL HIS TR\S]S UP FROM >\ND HIS ANKLES4 ',CAU<T ) Y\R TR\S]S D[N1 EH8' CAME ! 9EVITABLE JIBE4 ,! LAU<T] CONT9U$ AS !Y MADE ! GUN READY4 ,!Y FIR$ ! FIR/ R\ND ALMO/ AT PO9T-BLANK RANGE4 ,IT HIT ! FIR/ TANK :I* EXPLOD$4 ,! SECOND TANK IMM$IATELY TURN$ & RETREAT$1 BUT WAS CAU<T 9 A CRESC5DO ( CROSS FIRE AT ! ROAD JUNCTION4 ,IT /OPP$ DEAD4 ,FIR+ CEAS$4 ,?\S&S ( EYES WAT*$ ! TANK4 ,SUDD5LY1 ! ,RUSSIAN CREW CLAMB]$ \T ) !IR H&S HELD HI<4 ,A GR\P ( WORK]S ESCORT$ !M TO ! ,KILLIAN ,B>RACKS40 .<#f#b.> 

,! ,B>RACKS HAD BE5 TAK5 OV] BY A ,HUNG>IAN >MY UNIT L$ BY ,COLONEL ,PAL ,MALET]1 :I* HAD SID$ ) ! PEOPLE4 ,MALET]'S M5 W]E SUPPORT$ BY A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S & /UD5TS4 ,ONCE 9SIDE ! ,B>RACKS1 ! CIVILIANS >M$ !MSELVES4 ,?R\<\T ! ,?URSDAY !Y W]E UND] HEAVY FIRE FROM ,RUSSIAN GUNS4 ,T[>DS EV5+ ?REE ,HUNG>IAN TANKS APPE>$ ON ! SC5E & TOOK UP /RATEGIC POSITIONS NE> ! ,B>RACKS4 ,!Y W5T 9TO ACTION ! NEXT MORN+4 ,EA* DAY & ALL DAY1 ! BATTLE RAG$ >\ND ! ,KILLIAN ,B>RACKS & 9 ! ADJO9+ SIDE /REETS4 ,AT NI<T1 ?+S W]E RELATIVELY QUIET1 = ! ,RUSSIAN TANKS ALWAYS )DREW4 

,= NE>LY ?REE DAYS ! /RUGGLE 9 ,BUDAPE/ HAD CONT9U$ REL5TLESSLY4 ,ON ,FRIDAY ! ,RUSSIANS BR\<T 9 F\R BIG FIELD GUNS TO P\ND ! ,KILLIAN ,B>RACKS 9TO SUBMISSION4 ,PAL ,MALET] & ! SOLDI]S & CIVILIANS OCCUPY+ ! B>RACKS HAD NO HEAVY WEAPONS O!R ?AN !IR FAI? 9 !MSELVES & 9 :AT !Y W]E DO+4 ,!Y F\<T4 ,! WORK]S 9 ! /REETS F\<T4 ,! TRAM CONDUCTOR & HIS 'BOYS' AT ! ,CORV9 ,C9EMA F\<T 444 ) !IR ONE SMALL GUN4 ,?R\< DET]M9ATION1 C\RAGE1 & A FLAIR = DO+ ! UNEXPECT$1 !Y NOT ONLY KEPT ! ,RUSSIAN GUN CREWS ON !IR TOES1 BUT CAUS$ !M FIR/ DRA/ICALLY TO RE/RICT !IR FIRE & )9 TWO H\RS ALL F\R GUNS HAD BE5 R5D]$ USELESS4 

,?R\<\T ! FI<T+1 ,RADIO ,BUDAPE/ ALT]NAT$ BETWE5 CALLS TO ! FRE$OM FI<T]S 79VOLV$ 9 ?IS1 ?AT1 OR ! O!R BIG BATTLE7 TO SURR5D]1 & REPORTS ?AT ONE OR O!R GR\P ( FRE$OM FI<T]S HAD OR WAS AB\T TO CAPITULATE4 ,?IS 9CR$IBLE RADIO /ATION WAS N[ LI/5$ TO /RICTLY = LAU<S4 

#a#d4 ,! ,MASSACRES 

0,WORK+ M5'S ,P>IS1 ) ITS ,COMMUNE1 WILL BE =EV] CELEBRAT$ AS ! GLORI\S H>B+] ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,ITS M>TYRS >E 5%R9$ 9 ! GREAT HE>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ITS EXT]M9ATORS1 HI/ORY HAS ALREADY NAIL$ TO ?AT ET]NAL PILLORY FROM :I* ALL ! PRAY]S ( !IR PRIE/S WILL NOT AVAIL TO R$EEM !M40 

,K4 ,M>X1 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE 7#a#h#g#a74 

,AT A MEET+ ( /UD5TS & WORK]S 9 ,MAGY>OV> ON ,W$NESDAY1 ,OCTOB] #b#d1 IT WAS DECID$ TO S5D A DELEGATION ! FOLL[+ MORN+ TO ,A4,V4,O4 HEADQU>T]S TO ASK !M TO REMOVE ! ,SOVIET /> FROM ! FRONT ( ! BUILD+4 ,SOON AFT] #a A4M4 ON ! #b#e? A L>GE CR[D ( /UD5TS & WORK]S1 9CLUD+ MANY WOM5 & *ILDR51 MET 9 ! P>K4 ,AB\T TWO ?\S& PEOPLE !N BEGAN TO M>* TO ! ,A4,V4,O4 BUILD+S4 ,!Y W]E UN>M$4 ,! DEMON/RATION HAD BE5 OP5LY PLANN$1 & ! ,A4,V4,O4 HAD BE5 BUSY DUR+ ! NI<T DIGG+ TWO TR5*ES 9 FRONT ( !IR HEADQU>T]S4 ,EA* TR5* N[ HELD TWO MA*9E GUNS1 MANN$ BY ,A4,V4,O4 (FIC]S4 ,! CR[D /OPP$4 ,F\R WORK]S WALK$ ! HUNDR$ Y>DS OR SO & SPOKE TO !SE (FIC]S4 0,WE REQUE/ Y\ NOT TO %OOT4 ,WE >E PEACEFUL DEMON/RATORS40 0,ALL RI<T10 SAID ONE ( ! (FIC]S1 0COME NE>]60 ,! CR[D MOV$ =W>D4 ,ALL ! MA*9E GUNS !N OP5$ FIRE4 ,MANY PEOPLE CRUMPL$ TO ! GR\ND4 ,AT FIR/1 PEOPLE AT ! BACK DIDN'T BELIEVE !Y W]E BE+ FIR$ AT4 ,!N1 />T+ FROM ! FRONT R[S1 FROM :]E - ! BLOODY CORPSES C\LD BE SE51.<#f#c.> PEOPLE BEGAN ?R[+ !MSELVES TO ! GR\ND4 ,FROM ! RO(S ( ! BUILD+S1 ,A4,V4,O4 M5 BEGAN ?R[+ GR5ADES 9TO ! CR[D4 #aa PEOPLE W]E KILL$ & OV] #ae S]I\SLY W\ND$1 9CLUD+ WOM5 & *ILDR54 

,:5 ?IS DREADFUL NEWS REA*$ ,GYOR1 A LITTLE LAT]1 A L>GE NUMB] ( 'FRE$OM FI<T]S' SET \T 9 LORRIES = ,MAGY>OV>4 ,!Y >RIV$ 9 ! AFT]NOON & JO9$ ! N[->M$ BATTALIONS ( WORK]S & /UD5TS ( ,MAGY>OV> & ( ! NEI<BOR+ T[N ( ,MOSON4 ,! ,A4,V4,O4 B>RACKS W]E SURR\ND$4 ,! PEOPLE WANT$ ! GUN CREWS4 ,!Y GOT !M4 ,SOME W]E JU/ BEAT5 TO DEA?4 ,O!RS W]E HANG$ UPSIDE D[N1 BEAT5 TO DEA? & !IR BODIES SLA%$4 ,?IS WAS DONE BY A GRIM1 SIL5T CR[D4 

,9 ,BUDAPE/ ON ! #b#e?1 AN UN>M$ CR[D HAD BEGUN TO M>* SL[LY TO ! ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E FROM ,RAKOCZI UT4 ,!Y C>RI$ NATIONAL FLAGS ) ! 'COMMUNI/' EMBLEM TORN FROM ! C5T]4 ,!Y ALSO BORE BLACK FLAGS 9 HONOR ( ?OSE KILL$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,*>LES ,C\TTS .<#f#d.>1 !Y MET A ,RUSSIAN TANK ON ! WAY3 0,! TANK /OPP$4 ,A SOLDI] PUT HIS HEAD \T & ! PEOPLE 9 ! FRONT ( ! CR[D BEGAN TO EXPLA9 !Y W]E UN>M$ & W]E 5GAG$ 9 A PEACEFUL DEMON/RATION4 ,! SOLDI] TOLD !M TO JUMP ON ! TANK3 A NUMB] ( !M DID SO1 & ! TANK SET (F 9 ! DEMON/RATION4 ,I HAVE A PHOTOGRAPH ( ?IS40 

0,5T]+ ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E !Y MET ANO!R ,SOVIET TANK :I* HAD BE5 S5T TO FIRE ON !M4 ,?IS TANK1 TOO1 TURN$ & JO9$ ! DEMON/RATION4 ,9 ! ,SQU>E W]E ?REE MORE ,SOVIET TANKS & TWO >MOR$ C>S4 ,! CR[D W5T RI<T UP TO !M & BEGAN TO TALK TO ! SOLDI]S4 ,! ,SOVIET COMM&ANT WAS SAY+ 3 ',I HAVE A WIFE & *ILDR5 WAIT+ = ME 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,I DON'T WANT TO /AY 9 ,HUNG>Y AT ALL'1 :5 SUDD5LY FROM ! RO( TOPS !RE W]E ?REE SALVOES ( GUN-FIRE4 ,SOME ( ! PEOPLE RAN TO ! SIDES ( ! ,SQU>E = %ELT]4 ,O!RS W]E TOLD BY ! ,RUSSIANS TO %ELT] BEH9D !IR TANKS4 ,SOME ?IRTY PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ A ,SOVIET (FIC]1 W]E LEFT LY+ ON ! ,SQU>E EI!R DEAD OR W\ND$40 .<#f#e.> 

,:O FIR$ FROM ! RO(S8 ,C\TTS ?\<T IT WAS ! ,A4,V4,O4 ,:O ELSE C\LD IT HAVE BE58 ,!IR REASON WAS OBVI\S - TO PROVOKE ! FRAT]NIZ+ ,RUSSIANS 9TO ACTION1 TO H>D5 !IR SEEM+ S(TNESS4 ,! FRI5D%IP ( ! 9SURG5TS T[>DS ! ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]S :O REFUS$ TO %OOT !M WAS LAT] %[N 9 A RESOLUTION ( ! ,BUDAPE/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL :I* DEM&$ 0?AT !Y BE ACCORD$ RI<T ( ASYLUM 9 ,HUNG>Y40 

#a#e4 ,! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 

0,?OSE M9]S W]E NOT CONC]N$ ) ! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R OR NOT !Y %\LD HAVE A ,PRESID5T4 ,!Y SEIZ$ ! M9E1 & ! IMPORTANT QUE/ION TO !M WAS H[ TO KEEP ! CABLES 9TACT SO ?AT PRODUCTION MI<T NOT BE 9T]RUPT$4 ,!N CAME ! QUE/ION ( BREAD1 ( :I* !RE WAS A SC>CITY4 ,ALL ! M9]S AGA9 AGRE$ ON ! ME?OD ( OBTA9+ IT4 ,N[ ?IS IS A REAL PROGRAM ( ! REVOLUTION1 NOT D]IV$ FROM BOOKS4 ,?IS IS A REAL SEIZURE ( P[]1 LOCALLY40 

,V4 ,I4 ,L591 ,! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,APRIL ,CONF]5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,MAY #a#i#a#g74 

,9 ! ?ICK ( ! FI<T+ ON ,?URSDAY #b#e1 ,NAGY CAME AGA9 TO ! MICROPHONE ( ,BUDAPE/ ,RADIO4 

0,AS ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,M9I/]S1 ,I H]EBY ANN\NCE ?AT ! ,HUNG>IAN ,GOV]NM5T IS 9ITIAT+ NEGOTIATIONS ON RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 CONC]N+ AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! )DRAWAL ( ,SOVIET =CES /ATION$ 9 ,HUNG>Y4 444 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ,HUNG>IAN-,SOVIET RELATIONS BUILT ON ?AT BASIS WILL PROVIDE A FIRM F\NDATION = A S9C]E & TRUE FRI5D%IP BETWE5 \R PEOPLES40 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! /RUGGLE 9 ! /REETS ( ,BUDAPE/ W5T ON MORE FI]CELY ?AN EV]4 ,AS IT DEVELOP$1 SO DID ! /RIKE4 

,! /RIKE BEGAN ON ! MORN+ ( ,W$NESDAY #b#d4 ,IT SPREAD QUICKLY ?R\< ! 9DU/RIAL SUBURBS ( ,BUDAPE/ - ,CZEPEL1 ,RADA ,UTCA1 ,GANZ1 ,LUNZ1 ,R$ ,/> - !N \T 9TO ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ! C\NTRY - ,MISKOLC1 ,GYOR1 ,SZOLNOK1 ,PECS1 ,DEBREC54 ,9 ,BUDAPE/1 ALMO/ ! :OLE POPULATION HAD RIS54 ,9 ! 9DU/RIAL >EAS1 ! REVOLUTION WAS C>RI$ \T EXCLUSIVELY BY WORK]S4 ,EV]Y:]E ! WORK]S =M$ 'C\NCILS'3 9 ! FACTORIES1 9 ! /EEL MILLS1 9 ! P[] /ATIONS1 9 ! COAL M9ES1 9 ! RAILWAY DEPOTS4 ,EV]Y:]E !Y ?RA%$ \T !IR PROGRAMS & DEM&S4 ,EV]Y:]E !Y >M$ !MSELVES4 ,9 A NUMB] ( PLACES !Y F\<T4 ,HUB]T ,RIPKA .<#f#f.> COMM5TS ?AT1 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! FI<T+1 WORK]S PROCLAIM$ 0A PROGRAM ( RADICAL & POLITICAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,?IS WAS A SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE W]E NO GOV]NM5TAL DIRECTIVES OR ANY C5TRAL LEAD]%IP 444 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS TOOK OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORIES444 ,9 ,HUNG>Y !Y W]E BORN ( A SPONTANE\S POPUL> MOVEM5T1 & !Y SOON BECAME ! LIV+ ORGANS ( A RIS+ DEMOCRACY & ! EFFECTIVE 9/RUM5TS ( A FI<T+ REVOLUTION40 .<#f#g.> 

,RADIO ,BUDAPE/'S NEWS BROADCA/S REF]R$ TO ! /RIKE & TO ! =MATION ( WORK]S' C\NCILS AS 09DU/RIAL DI/URBANCES04 0,PUBLIC DEMON/RATIONS0 9 ! T[NS & CITIES ( ! V>I\S 9DU/RIAL REGIONS1 W]E CON/ANTLY REF]R$ TO4 ,!RE W]E ALSO REPEAT$ ANN\NCEM5TS ?AT1 9 SU*-&-SU* A CITY1 0CALM0 HAD RETURN$ & ?AT WORK]S %\LD !RE=E RETURN TO 0NORMAL WORK0 ! FOLL[+ MORN+4 ,BUT 9 ! PROV9CES ! WORK]S HAD TAK5 OV] A NUMB] ( RADIO /ATIONS1 & NEWS ( A V]Y DIFF]5T K9D WAS BE+ BEAM$ FROM !M4 

,!RE W]E N[ HUNDR$S ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,! NUMB] ( PEOPLE 9 ! ,C\NCILS V>I$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,SO DID !IR PROGRAMS4 ,BUT ALL 9CLUD$ DEM&S = ! ABOLITION ( ! ,A4,V4,O41 = ! COMPLETE )DRAWAL ( ,RUSSIAN TROOPS1 = POLITICAL & CIVIL LIB]TY1 = WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( FACTORIES & 9DU/RIES1 = 9DEP5D5T TRADE UNIONS & FRE$OM = ALL POLITICAL P>TIES1 & = A G5]AL AMNE/Y = ALL ! 9SURRECTIONI/S4 

,! V>I\S PROGRAMS ALSO CALL$ = IMPROVEM5TS 9 WAGES & P5SIONS1 BUT NO:]E W]E !SE ! FIR/ ITEMS ON ! LI/4 ,MANY 9CLUD$ DEM&S = 'P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY'4 ,A NUMB] EXPRESS$ !IR CONFID5CE 9 ,NAGY4 

,BE=E 'REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S' RAISE !IR H&S 9 PURITAN HORROR1 LET !M REMEMB] ?AT 9 RELATION TO ! SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,HUNG>Y PRIOR TO ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#f1 EV5 A ,LIB]AL PROGRAM W\LD APPE> REVOLUTION>Y4 ,9 SU* CONDITIONS1 DEMOCRATIC SLOGANS HAVE AN EXPLOSIVE EFFECT4 ,!Y W]E A GREAT /EP =W>D4 ,!Y RESULT$ 9 ! SMA%+ ( ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE MA*9E4 ,!SE DEM&S HAD NEV] BE5 REALIZ$ UND] ! ,HOR?Y REGIME4 ,! ,HUNG>IANS TURN$ !IR BACKS ON BO? ! FEUDAL-CAPITALI/ DICTATOR%IP & ON ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,! WORK]S W]E NOT BL9D$ BY B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY3 :ILE !Y SUPPORT$ BROAD DEMOCRATIC CLAIMS1 !Y ALSO F\<T = CLAIMS ( !IR [N4 ,! WORK]S WANT$ NO MORE ELECTIONS 9 :I* ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IMPOS$ A S+LE LI/ ( C&IDATES & :]E ! RESULT HAD BE5 DECID$ 9 ADVANCE4 ,!Y WANT$ TO *OOSE !IR REPRES5TATIVES !MSELVES4 ,!Y WANT$ ! ONE-P>TY SY/EM ABOLI%$4 ,!Y HAD SE5 IT RESULT 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL OP9IONS & ALL GR\P+S :I* DID NOT CON=M TO ! VIEWS DISSEM9AT$ BY ?OSE :O CONTROLL$ ! ,/ATE4 ,!Y WANT$ FRE$OM TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES4 ,IT CANNOT BE D\BT$ ?AT SU* FRE$OM W\LD HAVE L$ !M TO MAKE CONSCI\S *OICES BETWE5 A NUMB] ( REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES OR GR\PS1 & TO REJECT BO? B\RGEOIS & BUREAUCRATIC P>TIES :I* C\LD HAVE ?REAT5$ !IR FRE$OM4 ,!IR REACTIONS W]E FUNDAM5TALLY S\ND4 ,EV5 !IR DEM& = FRE$OM ( ! PRESS WAS AIM$ AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ORGANS [+ ALLEGIANCE TO ! ,/ATE4 

,A REVOLUTION IS NEV] 'PURE'4 ,DIFF]5T T5D5CIES %[ !MSELVES4 ,! GREAT REVOLUTION ( #aiag WAS NOT PURE - SIDE BY SIDE ) ! WORK]S & POOR PEASANTS !RE F\<T SECTIONS ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE 444 & EV5 SOME ELEM5TS :O FELT 9DIGNANT AT ! ,CZ>'S 9ABILITY TO EFFECTIVELY WAGE ! W> AGA9/ ,G]MANY4 ,:5 REVOLUTION BREAKS \T 9 ! SO-CALL$ ,PEOPLES' ,DEMOCRACIES OR 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R41 ! =CES AT WORK WILL BE P>TICUL>LY COMPLEX4 ,TOTALIT>IANISM GIVES RISE TO UNIV]SAL FEEL+S ( REVOLT4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION WILL SOME DAY L9E UP AGA9/ IT1 B\ND AT LU/ BY A COMMON OBJECTIVE3 FRE$OM4 ,AFT] ?IS FIR/ /AGE1 SOME WILL D\BTLESS WANT TO REVIVE ! RELIGION ( !IR ANCE/ORS1 >*AIC NATIONAL CU/OMS1 ! LITTLE PRIVATE PR(ITS !Y HAD ONCE MADE4 ,O!RS WILL WANT RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE & WILL SEEK TO BR+ AB\T ! SOCIETY TO :I* !IR RUL]S HAD PAID LIP S]VICE 7:ILE !Y W5T AB\T DE/ROY+ ANY ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE IT74 ,%OPKEEP]S WILL ?ANK ,GOD = L[] TAXES4 ,!Y MAY EV5 SEEK TO RAISE !IR PRICES4 ,! WORK]S MEAN:ILE WILL BE =M+ !IR ,C\NCILS & WILL TAKE OV] ! FACTORIES4 

,! LEVEL ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS A*IEV$ BY ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S WAS QUITE A/ONI%+4 ,= TWELVE YE>S EV]Y MEANS ( PROPAG&A HAD BE5 US$ TO /UD !IR M9DS ) ! MY?S & DOGMAS ( ! ,P>TY'S 9FALLIBILITY1 ( ITS RI<T TO RULE 'ON BEHALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS'4 ,BUT ! WORK]S KNEW !Y HAD REMA9$ A SUBJECT CLASS4 ,!Y HAD REMA9$ ?OSE :O M]ELY C>RI$ \T ! SELF-9T]E/$ DECISIONS TAK5 BY A MANAG]IAL & BUREAUCRATIC HI]>*Y4 ,! MO/ 'REVOLUTION>Y' WORDS W]E NO SUB/ITUTE = ! REALITY ( !IR EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE BO? 9 PRODUCTION & 9 SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,REALITY1 H[EV] FOGG$ BY 9CESSANT PROPAG&A1 KEPT !IR CLASS 9/9CT UNBLUNT$4 

,ON ,?URSDAY1 ! ,C\NCILS HAD BEGUN TO L9K UP4 ,9 ! CITIES1 ! MA9 ,C\NCILS 7USUALLY SIMPLY CALL$ ',REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS'7 CONSI/$ ( DELEGATES FROM ALL ! C\NCILS 9 ! >EA4 ,SOME ( !SE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS 9CLUD$ REPRES5TATIVES FROM :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 FROM ! LOCAL PEASANTS & FROM ! >MY4 ,PEASANTS WILL+LY SUPPLI$ ! REBELS ) FOOD4 ,9 SOME AGRICULTURAL >EAS1 DESPITE !IR ALLEG$LY 9TR9SIC CONS]VATISM1 ! PEASANTS =M$ !IR [N C\NCILS - = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ( ! BIG /ATE F>M AT ,BABOLNA4 .<#f#h.> 

,ON ,?URSDAY AFT]NOON1 :ILE ,NAGY & ,KAD> W]E PROMIS+ !Y W\LD NEGOTIATE = ! )DRAWAL ( ! ,RUSSIANS1 IT HAD BECOME CLE> ?AT NO?+ C\LD /OP ! GR[? ( ! ,C\NCILS & ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE4 ,BY ! EV5+ ! ,C\NCILS CON/ITUT$ ! ONLY REAL P[] 9 ! C\NTRY AP>T FROM ! ,R$ ,>MY4 .<#f#i.> ,RADIO ,BUDAPE/ MEAN:ILE PAT]NALI/ICALLY PROCLAIM$3 0,! ,GOV]NM5T KN[S ?AT ! REBELS >E QUITE S9C]E40 

,?URSDAY1 ,OCTOB] #b#e1 M>K$ A SORT ( TURN+ PO9T4 ,IT SEEM$ ! ,GOV]NM5T WAS GIV+ WAY4 ,PREMI] ,NAGY N[ APPE>$ TO REALIZE ! /R5G? ( ! MOVEM5T ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,! PREVI\S MORN+ HE HAD ONLY APPEAL$ TO ! 0,PEOPLE ( ,BUDAPE/04 ,AT ?AT TIME ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS HAD ALREADY BE5 =M$ 9 ALL ! MA9 CITIES4 ,! ,MISKOLC ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL HAD1 = EXAMPLE1 BE5 ELECT$ E>LY ON ,W$NESDAY BY ALL ! WORK]S ( ! FACTORIES 9 ! >EA4 ,IT IMM$IATELY ORGANIZ$ A /RIKE 9 ALL SECTORS EXCEPT ! PUBLIC S]VICES 7TRANSPORT1 ELECTRICAL P[] SUPPLY1 & HOSPITALS74 ,A DELEGATION WAS S5T TO ! CAPITAL TO COORD9ATE ACTIVITIES ) ! ,BUDAPE/ ,C\NCILS1 & !RE TO PUT =W>D ! PROPOSALS ( ! ,MISKOLC ,C\NCIL'S PROGRAM4 ,!SE PROPOSALS W]E SIMIL> TO ?OSE M5TION$ ABOVE4 ,!Y HAD BE5 MADE KN[N TO ! :OLE ( ,HUNG>Y ON ,?URSDAY #be :5 ! REVOLUTION>IES HAD GA9$ CONTROL ( ,MISKOLC ,RADIO4 

,! ,MISKOLC ,C\NCIL WAS NOT OPPOS$ TO ,NAGY4 ,IT EV5 PROPOS$ HIM AS ,FIR/ ,M9I/] ( A NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ?AT DID NOT PREV5T IT FROM DO+ ! OPPOSITE ( :AT ,NAGY WANT$4 ,:5 HE BEGG$ ! 9SURRECTION>IES TO LAY D[N !IR >MS & GO BACK TO WORK1 ! ,MISKOLC ,C\NCIL =M$ WORK]S' MILITIAS1 MA9TA9$ & EXT5D$ ! /RIKE & ORGANIZ$ ITSELF AS A LOCAL GOV]NM5T 9DEP5D5T ( ! C5TRAL P[]444 ,IT WAS ONLY READY TO SUPPORT ,NAGY IF HE APPLI$ A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 ,?US :5 ,NAGY BR\<T REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,SMALLHOLD]S ,P>TY 7,ZOLTAN ,TILDY & ,BELA ,KOVACS7 9TO ! ,GOV]NM5T ! C\NCIL REACT$ VIGOR\SLY4 ,9 A SPECIAL COMMUNIQUE BROADCA/ ON ,SATURDAY #b#g1 AT #i4#c P4M41 ! ,C\NCIL DECL>$ ?AT IT HAD 0TAK5 P[] 9 ALL ! ,BORSOD REGION4 .<#g.> ,IT SEV]ELY CONDEMNS ALL ?OSE :O T]M \R BATTLE A BATTLE AGA9/ ! WILL & P[] ( ! PEOPLE4 ,WE HAVE CONFID5CE 9 ,IM] ,NAGY4 BUT WE DO NOT AGREE ) ! COMPOSITION ( HIS ,GOV]NM5T4 ,ALL ?OSE POLITICIANS :O HAVE SOLD !MSELVES TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION MU/ NOT HAVE A PLACE 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T40 

0,?IS LA/ DECL>ATION ALSO PUTS ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,C\NCIL 9TO PROP] P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT ACT$ LIKE AN AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T4 ,ON ! DAY IT TOOK P[] 9 ! ,BORSOD REGION1 IT DISSOLV$ ! ORGANIZATIONS :I* W]E ! HALLM>K ( ! PREC$+ REGIME1 ?AT IS1 ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,?IS MEASURE WAS ANN\NC$ BY ! RADIO ON ! MORN+ ( ,SUNDAY1 ,OCTOB] #b#h4 ,IT ALSO ANN\NC$ ?AT ! PEASANTS 9 ! REGION HAD DRIV5 \T ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ! KOLKHOZES & BEGUN A R$I/RIBUTION ( ! L&4 ,9 ,GYOR1 9 ,PECS1 9 ! GREAT] P>T ( O!R L>GE T[NS1 ! SITUATION WAS SIMIL> TO ?AT 9 ,MISKOLC4 ,IT WAS ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS :I* DIRECT$ EV]Y?+3 !Y >M$ ! FI<T]S1 ORGANIZ$ ! PROVISION+1 PRES5T$ ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DEM&S40 .<#g#a.> 

,SOME IDEA AS TO :AT ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS W]E LIKE CAN BE GOT BY LOOK+ AT ! ,C\NCIL AT ,GYOR4 ,ITS HEADQU>T]S W]E ! ,T[N ,HALL4 ,AT ALMO/ ANY TIME ( ! DAY1 ! SQU>E \TSIDE WAS PACK$ ) GR\PS ( PEOPLE DEEPLY1 & (T5 L\DLY1 5GROSS$ 9 DISCUSSION4 ,9 A REVOLUTION 'FROM BEL['1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE A GREAT DEAL ( TALK+1 >GU+1 R[1 JO/L+1 POLEMIC1 EXCITEM5T1 & AGITATION4 

,DELEGATIONS LEAV+ ! ,T[N ,HALL = O!R ,C\NCILS CROSS$ DEPUTATIONS COM+ 9 FROM ! V>I\S LOCAL GR\PS & COMMITTEES4 ,! NOISE & BU/LE 9SIDE ! ,T[N ,HALL REM9D$ ONE ( ! SEEM+ *AOS ( A DI/URB$ ANTS' NE/4 ,%\LD]$ RIFLES GOT CAU<T UP ) %\LD]$ FLAGS4 ,>M-B&$ PEOPLE HOLD+ DOCUM5TS JO/L$ !IR WAY ?R\< ?RONG$ CORRIDORS4 ,PEOPLE FILL$ ! ROOMS4 ,AS ONE WALK$ ALONG ! CORRIDORS ONE KNEW FROM ! V>I\S S\NDS COM+ FROM ! ROOMS ?AT ?IS WAS A REAL PEOPLE'S MOVEM5T - A CALM MALE VOICE1 ! %RILL R+ ( A TELEPHONE1 ! EXCIT$ TONES ( A GIRL1 UPRO>1 LAU<T]1 BOO+1 SWE>+1 APPLAUSE4 ,MANY DEPUTATIONS DEM&$ LORRIES = A GREAT ATTACK ON ,BUDAPE/ TO RELIEVE ,R$ ,>MY PRESSURE ON ! 'FRE$OM FI<T]S'4 ,C\NCIL MEMB]S >GU$ ?AT ?IS W\LD PREJUDICE ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,ALL LORRIES ?AT C\LD BE SP>$ %\LD BE US$ TO C>RY FOOD TO ! PEOPLE ( ,BUDAPE/4 ,! HUGE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE :O TURN$ \T TO HELP ) ?IS OP]ATION %[$ ?AT A MAJORITY AGRE$ ) ! ,C\NCIL'S DECISION4 ,MEAN:ILE A MAN WAS ADDRESS+ A CR[D 9 ! SQU>E DEM&+ ! REMOVAL ( ! 'COMPROMIS]S' FROM ! ,C\NCIL4 ,! SPOKESMAN ( A DEPUTATION WANT+ A 'M>* ON ,BUDAPE/' WAS D5\NC+ ?OSE ON ! ,C\NCIL :O WANT$ 'TO PACIFY US 9/EAD ( MOBILIZ+ US'4 ,BUT FROM ?IS SEEM+ *AOS HAD NEV]!LESS EVOLV$ A PROGRAM ( DEM&S :I* HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! GREAT MAJORITY4 

,FROM ! FIR/ DAY ( ! REVOLUTION1 A TRULY PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T HAD EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 ! SPONTANE\S =MATION ( ,C\NCILS ALL OV] ,HUNG>Y4 ,!SE ,C\NCILS1 P>TIALLY ISOLAT$ BY ! ,R$ ,>MY1 IMM$IATELY S\<T TO F$]ATE4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! FIR/ WEEK1 !Y HAD VIRTUALLY E/ABLI%$ A ,REPUBLIC ( ,C\NCILS4 ,ONLY !IR AU?ORITY MEANT ANY?+4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T1 REG>DLESS ( ! FACT ?AT ,NAGY WAS AT ITS HEAD1 HAD NO AU?ORITY :ATSOEV]4 

,DOES ANYONE /ILL WOND] :Y ! ,KREML9 & ITS /OOGES US$ ! F\LLE/ ME?ODS TO SME> & DISCR$IT ?IS ,REVOLUTION8 ,!Y CALL$ IT A 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION'1 A 'FASCI/ UPRIS+'4 .<#g#b.> ,DOES ANYONE /ILL WOND] :Y ! PRESS & ! 'LEAD]S' ( ! ,WE/ US$ LIES 9 !IR EF=TS TO MISREPRES5T ?IS ,REVOLUTION AS M]ELY A 'NATIONAL' UPRIS+8 ,NATIONALI/ ASPECTS !RE C]TA9LY W]E1 BUT !SE W]E TAK5 \T ( CONTEXT & GIV5 A PROM95CE & AN IMPORTANCE !Y C]TA9LY DID NOT W>RANT4 .<#g#c.> 

,AP>T FROM ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ! REAL SOCIAL =CE 9 ! PROV9CES WAS ! AGRICULTURAL PROLET>IAT - ! PEASANTRY4 ,PEASANT CLAIMS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD MAY HAVE BE5 CONFUS$1 BUT !IR /RUGGLE = ! DIVISION ( ! L& HAD A REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]4 ,TO GET RID ( ! ,KOLKHOZE 7COLLECTIVE F>M7 BOSSES1 HAD = !M ! SAME MEAN+ AS GETT+ RID ( ! GREAT L&[N]S4 ,UND] ! ,HOR?Y REGIME1 AGRICULTURAL WORK]S REPRES5T$ OV] #d.0 ( ! POPULATION4 ,!Y HAD TA/$ ! B5EFITS ( AGR>IAN RE=M AFT] ! W>1 BUT SAW !MSELVES ALMO/ IMM$IATELY DEPRIV$ ( !IR NEW RI<TS & =C$ 9TO COLLECTIVE F>MS4 ,HATR$ = ! BUREAUCRATS :O MANAG$ ! CO-OP]ATIVES & GOT RI* AT !IR EXP5SE CAME TO REPLACE1 ALMO/ )\T TRANSITION1 ! HATR$ !Y HAD PREVI\SLY FELT = !IR ANCE/RAL EXPLOIT]S - ! L&$ >I/OCRATS4 

,AFT] ,OCTOB] #b#c1 A R$I/RIBUTION ( L& TOOK PLACE 9 SOME DI/RICTS4 ,9 O!RS ! CO-OP]ATIVES CONT9U$ TO FUNCTION AL?\< TAK5 OV] BY ! PEASANTS4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT C]TA9 PEASANT GR\PS W]E AW>E ( ! ADVANTAGES ( COLLECTIVE WORK DESPITE ! EXPLOITATION !Y HAD SUFF]$ UND] ! ,RAKOSI REGIME4 ,AL?\< MANY PEASANTS W]E PREP>$ TO PUT !IR TRU/ 9 REPRES5TATIVES ( P>TIES SU* AS ! ,SMALLHOLD]S 7:O REFLECT$ & EXPRESS$ !IR RELIGI\S & FAMILY TRADITIONS7 !Y NEV]!LESS REMA9$ MEMB]S ( AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS4 ,!Y %[$ !Y W]E READY TO REUNITE ) ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS /RUGGLE = SOCIALI/ AIMS4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,MAGY>OV> ,MUNICIPAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE1 7A BODY OBVI\SLY DIRECT$ BY PEASANT ELEM5TS7 %\LD BE M5TION$4 ,IT DEM&$ FREE ELECTIONS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 ! IMM$IATE REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! PR(ESSIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! PEASANTRY1 & ! FREE EX]CISE ( !IR PR(ESSION BY SMALL CRAFTSMAN & TRADESM54 ,! PROGRAM GOES ON TO MAKE A :OLE S]IES ( B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC CLAIMS4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME IT DEM&S 0! SUPPRESSION ( ALL CLASS DI/9CTIONS0 7PO9T #a#c74 ,?IS SURELY %[S ?AT )9 ! PEASANTRY CONS]VATIVE & REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS ALWAYS CO-EXI/4 ,?IS HAD BE5 %[N BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ITSELF1 SOME #d YE>S E>LI]4 

,:ILE ! IDEA ( COLLECTIVE F>MS C\LD BE PR(\NDLY SOCIALI/1 COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ONLY HAS A SOCIALI/ CONT5T PROVID$ ! ASSOCIATION ( PEASANTS IS FREELY >RIV$ AT4 ,IF1 AS WAS ! CASE PRIOR TO ,OCTOB] #b#c1 AGRICULTURAL WORK]S >E =C$ 9TO COLLECTIVES1 IF !Y DO NOT !MSELVES DET]M9E !IR WORK 9 COMMON BUT HAVE TO C>RY \R ORD]S ( (FICIALS :O DON'T WORK1 IF !IR /&>D ( LIV+ DOES NOT 9CREASE1 IF ! DIFF]5TIALS BETWE5 !IR 9COMES & ?OSE ( ! BUREAUCRACY >E GREAT & GR[ GREAT]1 !N SU* COLLECTIVES HAVE NO?+ :ATEV] TO DO ) SOCIALISM4 ,!Y CAN 9 FACT PROVE TO BE 9/RUM5TS = A 'RATIONALIZ$' & 9T5SIFI$ =M ( EXPLOITATION4 

#a#f4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PROGRAM 

0,PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS 444 AGA9 & AGA9 /OP %ORT 9 !IR PROGRESS2 RETRACE !IR /EPS 9 ORD] TO MAKE A FRE% />T2 >E PITILESSLY SCORNFUL ( ! HALF-MEASURES1 ! WEAKNESSES1 ! FUTILITY ( !IR PRELIM9>Y ESSAYS4 ,IT SEEMS AS IF !Y HAD OV]?R[N !IR ADV]S>IES ONLY 9 ORD] ?AT !SE MAY DRAW R5EW$ /R5G? FROM CONTACT ) ! E>? & RETURN TO ! BATTLE LIKE GIANTS REFRE%$4 ,AGA9 & AGA9 !Y %R9K BACK APPALL$ BE=E ! VAGUE IMM5SITY ( !IR [N 5DS40 

,K4 ,M>X1 ,! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE 7#a#h#e#b74 

,ON ,FRIDAY ,OCTOB] #b#f1 ! NEWLY =M$ ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNIONS PUBLI%$ ITS FAM\S RESOLUTION4 ,?IS ,C\NCIL WAS A F$]ATION ( ! REC5TLY DISSOLV$ & RE=M$ TRADE UNIONS4 

,! RESOLUTION COMPRIS$ A LI/ ( F>-RANG+ DEM&S4 ,IT GA!R$ TOGE!R & CL>IFI$ ! DEM&S PUT =W>D BY V>I\S ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,IT WAS SIGN$ BY ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL4 ,! DEM&S W]E AS FOLL[S3 

0,POLITICAL 

7#a7 ,?AT ! FI<T+ CEASE1 AN AMNE/Y BE DECL>$1 & NEGOTIATIONS BEGUN ) ! ,Y\? DELEGATES4 

7#b7 ,?AT A BROAD GOV]NM5T1 COMPRIS+ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ( Y\?1 BE CON/ITUT$ ) ,IM] ,NAGY AS ITS PRESID5T4 

7#c7 ,?AT ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC SITUATION BE PUT TO ! PEOPLE 9 ALL HONE/Y4 

7#d7 ,?AT HELP BE GIV5 TO PEOPLE W\ND$ 9 ! TRAGIC BATTLES :I* HAD JU/ TAK5 PLACE & TO ! FAMILIES ( ! VICTIMS4 

7#e7 ,?AT1 TO MA9TA9 ORD]1 ! POLICE & ! >MY BE RE9=C$ BY A NATIONAL GU>D COMPOS$ ( WORK]S & Y\NG PEOPLE4 

7#f7 ,?AT1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 AN ORGANIZATION ( Y\NG WORK]S BE =M$4 

7#g7 ,?AT ! NEW GOV]NM5T />T IMM$IATE NEGOTIATIONS = ! )DRAWAL ( ,RUSSIAN TROOPS FROM ,HUNG>IAN T]RITORY4 

,ECONOMIC 

7#a7 ,CON/ITUTION ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 ALL ! FACTORIES1 TO E/ABLI% 7A7 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T & 7B7 A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( ! SY/EM ( C5TRAL PLANN+ & DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMY BY ! /ATE4 

7#b7 ,READJU/M5T ( WAGES3 IMM$IATE RISE ( #a#e.0 9 MON?LY WAGES LESS ?AN #h =9TS & ( #a.0 9 WAGES LESS ?AN #a1#e =9TS4 ,MAXIMUM MON?LY WAGES TO BE FIX$ AT #c1#e =9TS4 

7#c7 ,ABOLITION ( PRODUCTION NORMS EXCEPT 9 FACTORIES :]E ! WORK]S' C\NCIL ELECT TO KEEP !M4 

7#d7 ,ABOLITION ( ! #d.0 TAX PAID BY UNM>RI$ PEOPLE & *ILDLESS FAMILIES4 

7#e7 ,! L[E/ P5SIONS TO BE 9CREAS$4 

7#f7 ,FAMILY ALL[ANCES TO BE 9CREAS$4 

7#g7 ,SPE$-UP ( H\SE BUILD+ BY ! ,/ATE4 

7#h7 ,?AT ! PROMISE MADE BY ,IM] ,NAGY BE KEPT REG>D+ ! />T ( NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 & O!R C\NTRIES ) A VIEW TO E/ABLI%+ ECONOMIC RELATIONS 5SUR+ MUTUAL ADVANTAGES BY ADH]+ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY40 .<#g#d.> 

,! RESOLUTION CONCLUD$ BY DEM&+ ?AT ! ,HUNG>IAN TRADE UNIONS %\LD FUNCTION AS BE=E #a#i#d#h1 & %\LD H5CE=? BE CALL$3 ,! ,FREE ,HUNG>IAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 

,! ,DAILY ,WORK] ( ,SATURDAY1 ,OCTOB] #b#g1 #a#i#e#f1 SIGNIFICANTLY IGNOR$ ! POLITICAL DEM&S1 BUT PUBLI%$ AN APPROXIMATELY CORRECT V]SION ( ALL EI<T ECONOMIC ONES4 ,! ECONOMIC PO9TS ( ! PROGRAM ALONE MU/ HAVE />TL$ ,DAILY ,WORK] READ]S :O SIMULTANE\SLY W]E BE+ TOLD ?AT ! REVOLUTION '[$ ITS 9SPIRATION TO FASCISM'4 ,! NEWSPAP] ( ! ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PRESUMABLY TOOK ITS L9E FROM ,PRAVDA4 .<#g#e.> ,! ,KREML9 M\?PIECE1 E*O$ ! WORDS ( ,%EPILOV1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,=EIGN ,M9I/]1 :5 IT REPORT$3 0,EV5TS 9 ,HUNG>Y HAVE AMPLY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT A REACTION>Y1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y UND]GR\ND1 WELL->M$ & ?OR\<LY TRA9$ = VIGOR\S ACTION AGA9/ ! PEOPLE'S SY/EM1 HAD BE5 SET UP !RE ) HELP FROM \TSIDE 444 7BUT7 IT IS CLE> ?AT ,PEOPLE'S ,HUNG>Y HAD1 & HAS N[1 A NUMB] ( DIFFICULTIES & UNSOLV$ PROBLEMS4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 S]I\S MI/AKES 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD 4440 .<#g#f.> 

,BUT :Y DID ! ,DAILY ,WORK] KEEP SO SIL5T AB\T ! POLITICAL DEM&S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNIONS8 ,UND\BT$LY1 BECAUSE ! PROGRAM AS A :OLE WAS FUR!R 9DISPUTABLE PRO( ( :AT ! REAL =CES W]E BEH9D ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,AL?\< ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S /ILL SAW ! PROBLEM 9 T]MS ( 'M5 ( GOOD WILL' 9 :OM !Y C\LD HAVE CONFID5CE1 !Y W]E SUFFICI5TLY ALIVE TO ! 9ADEQUACIES ( ?IS VIEW TO DEM& ?AT DIRECT REPRES5TATIVES ( WORK]S & Y\? BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T BE SUPPORT$ BY ! P]MAN5T >M+ ( ! Y\? & ( ! WORK]S4 ,Y\? WAS UND\BT$LY ! VANGU>D ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,HUNG>IAN UNIONS MOREOV] W]E NOT PREP>$ TO LEAVE TO ! ,GOV]NM5T ! JOB ( DECID+ EV]Y?+ 9 !IR NAME4 ,?R\< !IR DEM& = ! RECOGNITION ( !IR [N AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATIONS 7FREE1 DEMOCRATICALLY-ELECT$ & TRULY REPRES5TATIVE ( ! CLASS71 !Y WANT$ TO CONSOLIDATE & EXT5D ! P[] !Y ALREADY HELD4 ,H5CE !IR DEM& = ! 0CON/ITUTION ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 ALL FACTORIES04 ,!Y MAY NOT HAVE BE5 AW>E ( ! IMPLICATIONS ( !IR DEM&S & ( !IR POT5TIAL P[] TO 5=CE !M4 ,YET ! TR5D WAS CLE>4 ,9 !IR EV]YDAY LIVES1 9 !IR WORK1 !Y W]E NOT PREP>$ TO REMA9 M]E EXECUTANTS4 ,!Y WANT$ TO ACT ON !IR [N BEHALF4 

,= PRO(1 LET US LOOK AGA9 AT ! FIR/ 'ECONOMIC' PO9T1 :I* DEM&$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T & A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( ! SY/EM ( C5TRAL PLANN+ & DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMY BY ! ,/ATE4 ,! DEM& MAY BE IMPRECISELY =MULAT$1 BUT WE CAN UND]/& ITS BASIC LOGIC4 ,WORK]S W]E REJECT+ ! IDEA ?AT PRODUCTION %\LD BE PLANN$ 9DEP5D5TLY ( !M4 ,!Y W]E REJECT+ ! ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY'S 'RI<T' TO S5D D[N ! 9/RUCTIONS4 ,!Y W]E 9T5SELY 9T]E/$ 9 :AT WAS TO BE DECID$ NATIONALLY - & BY :OM2 9 :AT 9DU/RIES OR :AT SECTIONS ( 9DU/RY ! BIGGE/ EF=TS W\LD HAVE TO BE MADE - & :Y2 :AT WAS TO BE ! VOLUME ( PRODUCTION 9 EA* SECTION & H[ PRODUCTION WAS TO BE ORGANIZ$4 ,!Y WANT$ TO KN[ H[ ALL ?IS W\LD AFFECT !IR /&>D ( LIV+1 ! L5G? ( !IR WORK+ WEEK1 & ! RHY?M ( WORK IT W\LD ALL 5TAIL4 

,! BASIC LOGIC ( ! FIR/ DEM& IS RE9=C$ BY ! SECOND & ?IRD4 ,WE CAN HAVE NO D\BT AB\T :AT WAS REALLY 9 ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S4 ,! DEM& ?AT PRODUCTION NORMS BE ABOLI%$ 7EXCEPT 9 ! FACTORIES :]E ! ,C\NCILS ELECT$ TO KEEP !M7 IS QUITE PRECISE4 ,IT EMPHASIZES AN ELEM5T>Y PO9T3 S9CE ! WORK]S >E ! PRODUC]S1 !Y MU/ BE FREE TO ORGANIZE !IR WORK AS !Y UND]/& IT4 ,!Y WI%$ TO BE RID ( ! :OLE HI]>*ICAL SET-UP ( ! BUREAUCRACY3 FROM ?OSE AT ITS SUMMIT1 :O TOOK ! KEY DECISIONS AB\T ! LEVEL ( PRODUCTION D[N ?R\< ! '(FICE SCI5TI/S'1 ) !IR *>TS & GRAPHS1 SEEK+ TO 9T]PRET !SE DECISIONS - D[N FUR!R /ILL TO ! =EM5 & TIME-&-MOTION SNOOP]S1 ON ! %OP FLOOR1 ) !IR /OP-WAT*ES1 HU/L+ ! WORK]S TO MAKE PRODUCTS \T ( BLUEPR9TS4 ,9 ALL ( !SE ! WORK]S SAW ATTEMPTS TO DOM9ATE ! LABOR PROCESS FROM ! \TSIDE1 ATTEMPTS TO SUBORD9ATE HUMAN WORK TO ?AT ( ! MA*9E - (T5 TO A PO9T :]E ! EF=T REQUIR$ WAS TOO GREAT EV5 = ! MA*9E ITSELF4 

,IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! MANAG]IAL BUREAUCRATS1 BO? ,EA/ & ,WE/1 ?AT !Y SEEK TO MA9TA9 & WID5 A HI]>*Y AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,?IS1 9DE$1 IS ESS5TIAL TO MANAGEM5T4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY CAN !Y HOPE TO EX]CISE A MORE COMPLETE CONTROL OV] '!IR' LABOR =CE4 ,! DEM& = A READJU/M5T ( WAGES WAS MADE TO C\NT]ACT ?IS T5D5CY4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S W]E QUITE AW>E ?AT A WIDE RANGE ( PAY SCALES 7SOMETIMES V]Y COMPLICAT$7 5ABL$ !IR RUL]S1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO FO/] ! GR[? ( A 'LABOR >I/OCRACY' :I* W\LD SUPPORT ! E/ABLI%$ REGIME1 & ON ! O!R H&1 TO DIVIDE ! WORK]S1 TO ISOLATE !M FROM ONE ANO!R4 

,?IS /RUGGLE AGA9/ HI]>*Y & WAGE DIFF]5TIALS IS FUNDAM5TAL = ANY MOVEM5T SEEK+ TO A*IEVE WORK]S' P[] & A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,IT CAN BE SE5 TO EM]GE1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,BRITA91 ,FRANCE1 OR ,G]MANY1 :5EV] 'UN(FICIAL' /RIKES OCCUR 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! UNION LEAD]%IP4 ,TO MA9TA9 ITS CONTROL1 MANAGEM5T SEEKS TO SECTIONALIZE ! MANAG$4 ,BUT 9 SO DO+ IT CREATES 5ORM\S PROBLEMS = ITSELF4 ,AS ALL ?IS BECOMES CLE>] TO ! WORK]S1 AS 9EVITABLY IT MU/1 ! /RUGGLE BECOMES %>P]4 ,DUE TO ! SPE$ ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T & TO ! EV]-9CREAS+ DIVISION ( LABOR1 WORK]S :OSE JOBS ONCE APPE>$ TO BE DIFF]5T >E N[ BEG9N+ TO SEE ?AT !Y >E NOT AS DIFF]5T AS ALL ?AT4 ,WAGE DIFF]5TIALS 7OR1 = ! MOM5T AT LEA/1 !IR MORE EXTREME 9/ANCES7 BEG9 TO APPE> ABSURD4 

,! TRADE UNIONS' RESOLUTION CLE>LY REVEAL$ 7& ?IS IS ITS GREAT IMPORTANCE7 ?AT ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S HAD DISCOV]$ ?AT UND] ! RULE ( ! BUREAUCRACY1 !Y HAD AS LITTLE SAY 9 ! RUNN+ ( !IR [N AFFAIRS AS !Y HAD HAD UND] PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,!Y SAW ! REAL DIVISION 9 !IR 9DU/RIES1 9 !IR SOCIETY1 & 9 !IR LIVES1 AS ! ONE BETWE5 ?OSE :O DECID$ EV]Y?+ & ?OSE :O HAD ONLY TO OBEY4 ,A M]E ?REE DAYS AFT] ! RIS+ & /ILL 9 ! FIRE ( BATTLE1 !IR PROGRAM WAS AN AFFIRMATION ( ALL !Y W]E FI<T+ =4 ,IT WAS A FUNDAM5TALLY REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 AL?\< !Y HAD LITTLE IDEA ( H[ IT WAS TO BE C>RI$ \T4 

,?IS NEW F$]ATION ( TRADE UNIONS1 %ORN ( ! BUREAUCRATIC LEAD]%IP1 DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ & BAS+ ITSELF ON ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & !IR DEM&S1 WAS TYPICAL ( ! ,HUNG>IAN POLITICAL SC5E 9 ?OSE LA/ DAYS ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#f4 ,FRE$OM BECAME AN ELIXIR1 GULP$ D[N GRE$ILY BY ?OSE :O HAD BE5 DY+ ( ?IR/4 ,! PEOPLE SEEM$ TO S5SE ?AT ?IS FRE$OM WAS TO BE %ORT-LIV$1 SO >D5TLY DID !Y GO AB\T RE->RANG+ EV]Y?+ >\ND !M4 

#a#g4 ,DUAL ,P[] 

0,:AT CON/ITUTES DUAL P[]8 ,! FACT ?AT BY ! SIDE ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 !RE HAS DEVELOP$ ANO!R1 AS YET WEAK1 EMBRYONIC1 BUT UND\BT$LY REAL & GR[+ GOV]NM5T - ! ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S & ,SOLDI]S ,DEPUTIES 444 A P[] BAS$ NOT ON LAWS MADE BY A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[]1 BUT ON \TRI<T REVOLUTION>Y SEIZURE1 ON ! DIRECT 9ITIATIVE ( ! MASSES FROM BEL[40 

,V4 ,I4 ,L591 ,ON ,DUAL ,P[] 7,APRIL #a#i#a#g74 

,SEV]AL P>TIES SUDD5LY RE-APPE>$1 9CLUD+ ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 ! ,NATIONAL ,PEASANT ,P>TY1 & ! ,SMALLHOLD]S ,P>TY4 ,KAD> DISCLOS$ ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD BE5 'RE-ORGANIZ$'4 ,IT WAS TO HAVE A NEW NAME3 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY4 ,! NEW ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE W\LD ONLY BE COMPOS$ ( ?OSE :O HAD F\<T AGA9/ ,RAKOSI 7HIMSELF1 ,NAGY & FIVE O!RS674 

,TW5TY-FIVE NEW DAILIES REPLAC$ ! FIVE DRE>Y & OB$I5T M\?PIECES ( ! DEFUNCT 'PEOPLE'S BUREAUCRACY'4 ,NOT ONLY DID PEOPLE GET NEWS1 REAL NEWS AT LA/1 BUT ALSO CLA%ES ( OP9ION1 FULL-BLOOD$ POLEMICS1 H>D-HITT+ COMM5T>IES1 SATIRE & WIT4 

,BUT !RE WAS LITTLE TO BE GAY AB\T 9 ,BUDAPE/4 ,DAY & NI<T1 GUNFIRE C\LD BE HE>D4 ,!RE WAS NO PUBLIC TRANSPORT4 ,KNOCK$-\T ,RUSSIAN TANKS /OOD RAGG$LY AB\T ! /REETS1 :ILE O!RS RUMBL$ CONT9UALLY UP & D[N4 ,%ATT]$ BUILD+S ) GAP+ HOLES CA/ GROTESQUE %AD[S ACROSS HUNDR$S ( BODIES LY+ 9 ! /REETS AMID ! BROK5 GLASS1 EMPTY C>TRIDGES & O!R DEBRIS4 ,OCCASIONALLY1 A VAN ) A ,R$ ,CROSS FLAG OR A LORRY-LOAD ( 'FRE$OM FI<T]S' W\LD GO CRUN*+ BY4 ,SOME FOOD %OPS W]E OP54 ,! C9EMAS1 !AT]S1 & RE/AURANTS W]E CLOS$4 ,9 ! F]M5T ( ACTIVITY1 !RE WAS NO TIME OR ?\<T = 5T]TA9M5T4 

,FROM ,FRIDAY NI<T ON1 ! /RUGGLE HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY BITT]4 ,BY ?IS TIME1 #e1#e POLITICAL PRISON]S HAD BE5 RELEAS$ BY ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,DUR+ ! NI<T ( ,SATURDAY TO ,SUNDAY1 ! 'BOYS' BROKE 9TO ,BUDAPE/ PRISON & RELEAS$ ALL ! POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,!IR POOR PHYSICAL CONDITION & ! NAUSEAT+ /ORIES !Y TOLD ( TORTURE BY ! ,A4,V4,O41 HEI<T5$ ! PEOPLE'S HATR$ = ! SECRET POLICE4 ,?IS1 C\PL$ ) ! FACT ?AT ONLY ! ,A4,V4,O4 F\<T ) ! ,R$ ,>MY1 BR\<T ! PEOPLE'S ANG] TO A CLIMAX4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y CAPTUR$ ,A4,V4,O4 MAN WAS BEAT5 TO DEA? & HANG$ BY ! FEET1 TO BE SPAT UPON BY ! ANGRY CR[DS4 

,BUDAPE/ ,RADIO WAS /ILL CALL+ = A CEASE-FIRE4 ,AGA9 & AGA9 IT REPEAT$ ,KAD>'S & ,NAGY'S PROMISES4 ,!Y PROMIS$ IMM$IATE WAGE 9CREASES4 ,!Y PROMIS$ ! =MATION ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 ALL FACTORIES4 7,S9CE EV]Y FACTORY ALREADY HAD ITS ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL1 ?IS WAS A S9I/] (F] 9DE$74 ,!Y ALSO PROMIS$ AN IMM$IATE />T ( NEGOTIATIONS TO PUT ,RUSSO-,HUNG>IAN RELATIONS ON A BASIS ( EQUALITY4 ,BUT !Y ADD$ ?AT NONE ( !SE ?+S W\LD BE DONE UNTIL 'LAW & ORD]' WAS RE/OR$4 ,?R\<\T1 'LAW & ORD]' REMA9$ ,NAGY'S REFRA94 

,:OM DID ,NAGY WANT TO IMPRESS ) HIS DEM&S = 'ORD]'8 ,! WORK]S8 ,HE WAS QUITE AW>E ( :AT WAS HAPP5+ UP & D[N ! C\NTRY4 ,HE KNEW ?AT DELEGATES FROM ! MA9 COMMITTEES ?R\<\T ,HUNG>Y HAD MET 9 ,GYOR TO COORD9ATE & PUT =W>D ! PEOPLE'S DEM&S4 ,!SE N[ 9CLUD$ 0)DRAWAL ( ,HUNG>Y FROM ! ,W>SAW ,PACT04 ,! PRES5CE 9 ,GYOR ( DELEGATES FROM ,BUDAPE/ PROBABLY GAVE CR$5CE TO ! REPORT ?AT A PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T WAS BE+ =M$ !RE4 ,NAGY HAD TO GET SOME '9FLU5TIAL' SUPPORT QUICKLY4 

,NAGY W5T TO ,BUDAPE/ ,RADIO AGA94 7,ALL O!R RADIO /ATIONS 9 ! C\NTRY - ,MISKOLC1 ,GYOR ,PECS1 ,SZEG$1 ,DEBREC5 & ,MAGY>OV> - W]E N[ CONTROLL$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS74 ,HE ANN\NC$ SOME CONCESSIONS4 ,! ,A4,V4,O4 W\LD BE DISSOLV$4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T W\LD BE 'RE-ORGANIZ$'4 

,A CEASE-FIRE WAS PROMIS$ :ILE ! ,GOV]NM5T 'RE-ORGANIZATION' WAS 9 PROGRESS4 ,BY ?IS TIME1 A NUMB] ( FI<T+ GR\PS HAD SURR5D]$1 BECAUSE !IR AMMUNITION HAD RUN \T4 ,O!RS1 WEAK5$ BY CASUALTIES1 HAD BE5 R\ND$ UP4 ,BUT AT SEV]AL PO9TS1 NOTABLY ,SZ5A ,SQU>E & ! ,KILLIAN ,B>RACKS1 GR\PS W]E /ILL HOLD+ \T4 ,BY ! WEEK5D MANY PEOPLE BEGAN TO ?9K ! ,REVOLUTION HAD GA9$ SOME K9D ( VICTORY4 ,RUSSIAN TANKS W]E NO LONG] ATTACK+4 ,!RE W]E RUMORS ?AT !Y W]E AB\T TO )DRAW FROM ,BUDAPE/4 

,YET ! WORK]S W]E SUSPICI\S ( ,NAGY4 ,HIS V>I\S PRON\NCEM5TS AB\T 'ORD]' & SO ON1 SEEM$ TO !M DELIB]ATE DELAY+ TACTICS1 AIM$ AT GETT+ A TI<T] GRIP ON ! C\NTRY4 ,ON ,MONDAY1 ,OCTOB] #b#i1 DELEGATES FROM ,C\NCILS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 MEET+ AT ,GYOR S5T ,NAGY A /RONGLY WORD$ RESOLUTION1 RE-AFFIRM+ !IR DEM&S4 ,?IS MESSAGE ALMO/ AM\NT$ TO AN ULTIMATUM4 

,E>LY ON ,TUESDAY MORN+1 ,BUDAPE/ ,RADIO CONFIRM$ ?AT ! ,R$ ,>MY WAS TO )DRAW4 ,LAT] 9 ! AFT]NOON A /ATEM5T ?AT 0! )DRAWAL ( ! TROOPS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAS BEGUN01 WAS BROADCA/ 9 ! NAME ( ! ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,NAGY SAID ?AT 0TO 5SURE COMPLETE ORD]L9ESS ( ! TROOPS' DEP>TURE1 EV]Y CITIZ5 MU/ REFRA9 FROM ANY PROVOCATIVE1 DI/URB+ OR HO/ILE ACTION04 ,HE ALSO APPEAL$ = A RESUMPTION ( WORK4 ,SIMIL> APPEALS W]E BROADCA/ ! SAME DAY BY ,TILDY & ,KAD>4 

,R$ ,>MY UNITS BEGAN )DRAW+ FROM ,BUDAPE/ AT #d P4M4 ,! WORK]S REMA9$ SUSPICI\S4 ,! ,C\NCILS' DELEGATES AT ,GYOR IMM$IATELY PUT \T A CALL = ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE TO BE MA9TA9$ & /R5G!N$ .<#g#g.> UNTIL ! LA/ ,RUSSIAN SOLDI] HAD LEFT ! C\NTRY4 ,A RESUMPTION ( WORK W\LD ONLY BE CONSID]$ :5 NEGOTIATIONS W]E />T$ ON ! BASIS ( !IR O!R CLAIMS4 

,! C\NTRY WAS /ILL LOCK$ 9 /RIKE :5 AN (FICIAL /ATEM5T WAS ISSU$ ?AT IT WAS NOT ,IM] ,NAGY BUT ,&RES ,HEG$US & ,]NO ,G]O :O BORE FULL RESPONSIBILITY = CALL+ 9 ,RUSSIAN TROOPS ON ! PREVI\S ,W$NESDAY MORN+4 ,AT A TIME :5 ,NAGY'S AU?ORITY & ?AT ( HIS ',GOV]NM5T' W]E AT !IR L[E/1 !Y DECID$ TO DISCLAIM ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT EV5TS ( ! :OLE P]IOD3 ! 9VOK+ ( ! ,W>SAW ,PACT6 ,BUT ,NAGY GAVE NO REASON = HIS SEV5-DAY SIL5CE ON ?IS MATT]4 ,! FACT DID NOT ESCAPE ! NOTICE ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S4 ,A FEW DAYS E>LI] !Y MI<T HAVE BE5 IMPRESS$4 ,N[1 ! /RIKE CONT9U$4 

,AS F> AS ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE W]E CONC]N$1 ) EA* DAY ?AT PASS$ ! /ATEM5T ASSUM$ A DIM9I%+ SIGNIFICANCE4 ,IT WAS N[ IRRELEVANT4 ,BUT IT WAS RELEVANT TO ! 'LEAD]%IP'4 ,IT %[$ !IR DILEMMA4 ,!Y W]E DESP]ATE TO REGA9 !IR AU?ORITY1 TO REE/ABLI% !IR 'ORD]' & CONTROL4 ,:O KN[S EXACTLY H[ F> !Y W]E SUCCESSFUL8 ,MANY 9TELLECTUALS WELCOM$ ,NAGY'S /ATEM5T1 LIKE DR[N+ M5 CLUT* AT A /RAW4 ,!Y TOOK ,NAGY BACK 9TO !IR HE>TS4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T REGA9$ SOME ( ITS AU?ORITY4 ,A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! ,>MY & ORD9>Y POLICE BEGAN ONCE AGA9 TO OBEY ITS ORD]S4 ,AS 9/RUCT$1 !Y TOOK OV]1 UNOPPOS$1 FROM ! ,RUSSIAN UNITS )DRAW+ FROM ,BUDAPE/4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! WORK]S 9 P>TS ( ,BUDAPE/ & 9 ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY REMA9$ >M$ & SOLIDLY BEH9D !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS4 ,A CLASSICAL SITUATION ( 'DUAL P[]' EXI/$4 

,! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE W]E WEAK5$ AT AN EXTREMELY CRITICAL TIME BY ! ,GOV]NM5T'S FRANTIC DESIRE TO REGA9 CONTROL4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY HAD ONLY )DRAWN TO POSITIONS \TSIDE ,BUDAPE/6 ,! CITY WAS R+$ ) ,RUSSIAN TANKS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 FRE% ,RUSSIAN TROOPS W]E P\R+ 9TO ! C\NTRY FROM ! NOR?-EA/4 ,BY ,?URSDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #a1 7:5 ,BRITI% AIRCRAFT W]E BUSY BOMB+ ,EGYPTIANS AT ,SUEZ7 !SE NEW ,R$ ,>MY UNITS HAD ALREADY REA*$ ,SZOLNOK1 9 C5TRAL ,HUNG>Y4 ,!Y W]E AB\T EI<TY MILES FROM ,BUDAPE/4 

,AS SOON AS ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS1 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 & O!R AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,NOR?-EA/ ,HUNG>Y 7E4G4 ,MISKOLC7 LE>N$ AB\T !SE ,RUSSIAN TROOP MOVEM5TS1 !Y 9=M$ ALL O!R ,C\NCILS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,ULTIMATUMS W]E S5T TO ,NAGY ?AT UNLESS ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI]S IMM$IATELY /OPP$ 5T]+ ,HUNG>Y & )DREW1 ! ,C\NCILS W\LD TAKE DRA/IC ACTION4 ,?IS CLE>LY IMPLI$ ?AT ! PEOPLE !MSELVES W\LD TRY TO /OP !M4 

,! ,C\NCILS RECEIV$ NO (FICIAL ANSW]4 ,SEV]AL M9I/]S ( ,NAGY'S REORGANIZ$ ,GOV]NM5T AGA9 APPEAL$ = 'ORD]' & = A RESUMPTION ( WORK4 ,! /RIKE WAS N[ GRIPP+ ! FEW HI!RTO FUNCTION+ SECTIONS ( 9DU/RY4 0,! WORK]S REIT]AT$3 FIR/ ! ,RUSSIANS MU/ LEAVE1 !N !Y W\LD 5D ! /RIKE40 .<#g#h.> 

,BY ! EV5+ ( ,NOVEMB] #a1 ,NAGY WAS UND] V]Y GREAT PRESSURE 9DE$4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN ,GOV]NM5T DELEGATION :I* 9CLUD$ ,PAL ,MALET]1 ! WELL-LIK$ ,COMMUNI/ ( ,KILLIAN ,B>RACKS FAME1 :O WAS N[ ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE1 & ,G5]AL ,I/VAN ,KOVACS HIS ,*IEF ( ,/AFF - W]E /ILL NEGOTIAT+ ) ,KREML9 REPRES5TATIVES AB\T ,R$ ,>MY )DRAWAL & O!R MILIT>Y >RANGEM5TS4 ,! ,RUSSIANS ISSU$ A /ATEM5T ?AT ! TROOPS 5T]+ ,HUNG>Y W]E !RE SIMPLY TO COV] !IR )DRAWAL4 ,BUT ,NAGY WAS N[ WELL AW>E ( ! ,KREML9'S PURPOSE4 ,HE KNEW :AT ! FRE% ,RUSSIAN DIVISIONS W]E =4 ,HE WAS DESP]ATE4 

,JU/ BE=E #g P4M41 ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,IM] ,NAGY1 :O E>LI] 9 ! DAY HAD TAK5 OV] ! ,=EIGN ,M9I/RY1 BROADCA/ A %ORT SPEE* 9 :I* HE DECL>$ ! NEUTRALITY ( ! ',HUNG>IAN ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC'4 ,NAGY HAD MOV$ A LONG WAY T[>DS MEET+ ! DEM&S ( ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #b#d1 HE HAD 9VOK$ ! ,W>SAW ,PACT4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #a1 HE REVOK$ IT4 ,BUT IT WAS TOO LATE4 

,! NEXT DAY1 ,FRIDAY ,NOVEMB] #b1 ! ,RUSSIAN DELEGATE AT ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS DECL>$ ?AT ALL REPORTS AB\T ,RUSSIAN TROOPS MOV+ BACK 9TO ,HUNG>Y W]E 0UTT]LY UNF\ND$04 ,MO/ ( ! ,WE/]N DELEGATES HAD A R\< IDEA ( ! REAL SITUATION 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,REPORTS FROM V>I\S RADIO /ATIONS CONTROLL$ BY ! REVOLUTION>IES HAD BE5 PICK$ UP BY ,WE/]N MONITOR+ S]VICES ON ! ,CONT95T1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM & 9 ! ,U4,S4,A44 ,YET NEI!R !N NOR LAT] DID ,WE/]N DELEGATES 'EMB>RASS' ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 BY QUE/ION+ ! TRU? ( ITS DELEGATE'S /ATEM5T4 ,H[ C\LD !Y8 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE1 ,JOHN ,FO/] ,DULLES1 HAD SUMM$ UP !IR ATTITUDE ELEV5 DAYS E>LI] 7,OCTOB] #b#b74 ,9 A SPEE* 9 ,WA%+TON1 HE DEF5D$ ! LEGALITY ( ,RUSSIAN TROOPS BE+ 9 ,POL& UND] ! ,W>SAW ,PACT3 0,FROM ! /&PO9T ( 9T]NATIONAL LAW & VIOLATION ( TREATIES1 ,I DO NOT ?9K Y\ C\LD CLAIM ?AT IT W\LD BE A VIOLATION ( A TREATY40 .<#g#i.> 

,AT #b4#a#h P4M4 ON ,SATURDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #c1 ,RADIO ,BUDAPE/ ANN\NC$ 0! ,SOVIET DELEGATION HAS PROMIS$ ?AT NO FUR!R TRA9S C>RY+ TROOPS WILL CROSS ! ,HUNG>IAN FRONTI]04 ,?IS PROMISE MAY WELL HAVE BE5 KEPT4 ,R$ ,>MY UNITS HAD BY N[ OCCUPI$ AIR FIELDS1 MA9 ROAD FUNCTIONS & RAILWAY /ATIONS 9 ALMO/ ! :OLE ( ! C\NTRY AP>T FROM ! BIG CITIES4 

,LAT] 9 ! AFT]NOON1 F\R ( ,NAGY'S M9I/]S - ,KAD>1 ,APRO1 ,M>OSAN & ,MUNNI* - DISAPPE>$4 ,!Y W]E 9 FACT AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMBASSY TO :I* !Y HAD BE5 9VIT$ = A MEET+ ) ,MIKOYAN1 REC5TLY FL[N 9 FROM ,MOSC[4 ,MANY MEMB]S ( ,NAGY'S LATE/ ,GOV]NM5T W]E CONFID5T ! ,RUSSIANS W]E NOT GO+ TO ATTACK4 ,EV5 ,PAL ,MALET]1 LEAD] ( ! ,HUNG>IAN DELEGATION /ILL NEGOTIAT+ AT ,R$ ,>MY HEADQU>T]S1 IS SAID TO HAVE 0TRU/$ !IR WORDS & S9C]ITY04 ,ON ! SAME DAY TWO M9I/]S1 ,DR4 ,ZOLTON ,TILDY1 ,M9I/] ( ,/ATE1 & ,GEZA ,LOSCONCZI HELD A PRESS CONF]5CE 9 ! ,GOBEL9 ROOM AT ,P>LIAM5T ,H\SE1 ,QUE/ION$ AB\T ! IMM95CE ( A NEW ,RUSSIAN ATTACK4 ,TILDY SAID1 0,SU* A TRAG$Y IS HUMANLY IMPOSSIBLE 444 IT WILL NEV] TAKE PLACE40 

,! WORK]S DID NOT %>E ?IS OPTIMISM4 ,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE WAS N[ COMPLETE4 ,! WORK]S W]E REALLY 9 CONTROL4 ,IF ,NAGY WAS REALLY ANY DIFF]5T FROM ! RE/1 N[ WAS ! *ANCE TO %[ IT4 ,AN APPEAL FROM ,NAGY = ! WORK]S TO /& FA/ W\LD HAVE GALVANIZ$ ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,9/EAD ,NAGY APPEAL$ TO 444 ,U4,N4,O46 

,JU/ BE=E MIDNI<T1 ,COLONEL ,PAL ,MALET] & ,G5]AL ,KOVACS W]E >RE/$ BY ,R$ ,>MY (FIC]S :ILE (FICIALLY /ILL TAK+ P>T 9 'NEGOTIATIONS'4 ,!Y W]E IMPRISON$ 9 A VILLA ON ,GORKY ,ALLEE4 ,! SC5E WAS SET4 

#a#h4 ,! ,SECOND ,RUSSIAN ,9T]V5TION 

0,WILL ,HUNG>Y MOVE FUR!R =W>D T[>D ,SOCIALISM1 OR WILL %E ALL[ ! =CES ( REACTION TO GA9 ! UPP] H& & RE/ORE A S*EME ( ?+S ?AT W\LD ?R[ ! NATION BACK A G5]ATION80 

,PRAVDA1 ,NOVEMB] #d1 #a#i#e#f4 

,AT #d O'CLOCK ON ,SUNDAY MORN+1 ,NOVEMB] #d1 ,BUDAPE/ WAS R\S$ BY ! ?UND] ( %ELLS BUR/+ 9 ! CITY C5T]4 ,HUNDR$S ( GUNS 9 ! HILLS ( ,BUDA OP5$ FIRE1 !IR FLA%ES FLOOD-LI<T+ ! ,M,I,G FI<T]S1 AS !Y SCREAM$ OV] ! CITY4 ,! >M$ =CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE HAD BEGUN !IR ATTACK TO CRU% ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S4 

,! ATTACK WAS C\NTRY-WIDE & SIMULTANE\S4 ,ALL ! MAJOR CITIES W]E P\ND$ BY >TILL]Y4 ,BUT ! PEOPLE W]E NOT T]RORIZ$4 ,!Y KNEW ?AT ! UNEASY TRUCE ( ! LA/ FEW DAYS W\LDN'T LA/4 ,!Y KNEW ?AT1 MILIT>ILY1 ! SITUATION WAS HOPELESS4 ,YET AT ! FIR/ S\ND ( GUNFIRE !Y W]E GALVANIZ$ 9TO ACTION4 ,Y\NG & OLD1 WORK]S1 /UD5TS1 SOLDI]S1 & *ILDR51 ALL TOOK UP !IR POSITIONS 9 ! /REETS BE=E ! >MOR$ DIVISIONS HAD REA*$ ! \TSKIRTS ( ,BUDAPE/4 ,! B>RICADES W]E REBUILT1 AT TIMES ) ! SAME MAT]IALS US$ ON ,OCTOB] #b#d4 ,9 SOME PLACES *ILDR5 LOAD$ H&C>TS ) SUITABLE OBJECTS & DRAGG$ !M TO ! B>RICADE BUILD]S4 

,! ,RUSSIAN TANKS 5T]$ ,BUDAPE/1 !IR GUNS BLAZ+4 ,!Y W]E FIR+ PHOSPHORUS AS WELL AS ORD9>Y %ELLS4 ,SEV]AL BUILD+S W]E SOON 9 FLAMES4 ,! TANKS W]E IMM$IATELY ATTACK$ BY ! PEOPLE4 ,PIT*$ BATTLES W]E F\<T ) ! 9EVITABLE \TCOME4 ,! TANKS ADVANC$ T[>DS ! T[N C5T]4 ,! /RUGGLE WAS REPEAT$ 9 ! O!R L>GE T[NS ( ,HUNG>Y4 ,GYOR = EXAMPLE2 WAS COMPLETELY SURR\ND$ BY A /EEL WALL ( TANKS1 SQUEEZ+ 9 REL5TLESSLY4 ,EV]Y:]E1 ! PEOPLE F\<T EV5 M>E C\RAGE\SLY & AGA9/ F> GREAT] ODDS ?AN T5 DAYS E>LI]4 ,!RE W]E N[ FIFTE5 ,RUSSIAN >MOR$ DIVISIONS 9 ! C\NTRY1 ) SIX ?\S& TANKS4 ,:O C\LD /ILL D5Y ?IS WAS A POPUL> REVOLUTION8 

,AT #f A4M4 ,NAGY1 ) FIFTE5 O!RS & !IR FAMILIES1 S\<T REFUGE 9 ! ,YUGOSLAV ,EMBASSY1 :]E IT HAD E>LI] BE5 AGRE$ !Y W\LD BE GIV5 PROTECTION4 ,JU/ AFT] #g A4M41 ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN TANKS REA*$ ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E4 ,OBVI\SLY ACT+ ON ORD]S1 A NUMB] ( (FIC]S RU%$ 9TO ! ,P>LIAM5T ,BUILD+4 ,!Y F\ND NO ONE TO >RE/4 

,9 ! /REETS1 BETWE5 ! TALL BUILD+S1 ! D9 ( BATTLE WAS BECOM+ DEAF5+4 ,SMOKE FROM BURN+ BUILD+S1 EXPLOD+ %ELLS & ,MOLOTOV COCKTAILS1 MIX$ ) ! DU/ FROM CRA%+ MASONRY TO CREATE A *OK+ FOG4 ,! SI<T ( ! M\NT+ DEAD & ! AGONIZ+ CRIES ( ! W\ND$ CREAT$ A FOG TO *OKE ! M9D4 ,WAS ?IS NI<TM>E A 'DEF5SE ( SOCIALISM'8 

,AS ! TANKS CONT9U$ !IR ADVANCE1 /RONG PO9TS ( RESI/ANCE EM]G$3 ,SZ5A ,SQU>E & ! ,KILLIAN ,B>RACKS AS 9 ! E>LI] BATTLES4 ,! S+LE FIELD GUN BY ! ,CORV9 ,C9EMA WAS /ILL 9 ACTION4 ,AT SEV]AL PO9TS NE> ! OLD ,ROYAL ,PALACE 9 ,BUDA1 ALONG ! ,B\LEV>D & AT ! ,POLYTE*NIC1 ! REVOLUTION>IES C\LD NOT BE DISLODG$4 

,DESPITE V]Y HEAVY BOMB>DM5T1 ALL ! BIG WORK+ CLASS DI/RICTS - P>TICUL>LY 'R$' ,CZEPEL1 ,DUNAP5TELE1 ,UJPE/1 ,KOBANYA - W]E /ILL 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S4 .<#h.> ,9 ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN ATTACK1 !SE WORK+ CLASS >EAS HAD BE5 SUBJECT$ TO LI<T] TREATM5T4 ,N[1 !Y BORE ! FULL WEI<T ( ! ONSLAU<T4 ,! NEW ,RUSSIAN TROOPS HAD NO S5TIM5TAL FEEL+S AB\T ,HUNG>IANS4 ,!Y HAD BE5 WELL 9DOCTR9AT$3 ! FRE$OM FI<T]S W]E 'FASCI/S' & 'B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/S'4 ,PET] ,FRY]1 9 HIS LA/ DISPAT* TO ! ,DAILY ,WORK] 7:I* ! $ITOR W\LD NOT EV5 ALL[ HIS /AFF TO SEE7 SAYS3 0,SOME ( ! RANK-&-FILE ,SOVIET TROOPS HAVE BE5 TELL+ PEOPLE ?AT !Y HAD NO IDEA !Y HAD COME TO ,HUNG>Y4 ,!Y ?\<T AT FIR/ !Y W]E 9 ,B]L91 FI<T+ ,G]MAN FASCI/S40 .<#h#a.> ,!SE NEW TROOPS W]E DISGRUNTL$ AT HAV+ TO COME TO ,HUNG>Y4 ,SOME W]E FRI<T5$1 NOT ONLY BY ! SI<T ( SO MANY ( !IR TANKS /&+ BURNT-\T & SIL5T1 BUT BY ! F]OCITY & C\RAGE ( ! ,HUNG>IANS4 ,H&-TO-TANK FI<T+ WAS GO+ ON 9 MANY /REETS4 ,PEOPLE RAN UP CLOSE TO ! TANKS & MADE SURE !IR ,MOLOTOV COCKTAILS DID NOT MISS - IT IS DIFFICULT = A TANK TO TRA9 ITS GUNS ON A CLOSE T>GET4 ,SOME GOT SO CLOSE TO ! TANKS ?AT !Y W]E ABLE TO ?R[ 9 H&-GR5ADES1 !N CLOSE ! DRIV]'S HAT*4 

,! FI<T ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S %\LD BE REMEMB]$ BY ?OSE :O SAY ! ,BRITI% WORK+ CLASS HAS BE5 COMPLETELY DEMORALIZ$ BY !IR RUL]S' WELL-PROPAGAT$ IDEOLOGY ( 'SELF'4 ,9 ,HUNG>Y1 YE>S ( VIOL5T SUPPRESSION & CONC5TRAT$ PROPAG&A HAD FAIL$ TO DE/ROY ! WORK]S' VISION ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,!Y W]E FI<T+ :AT !Y KNEW TO BE A MILIT>Y =CE A ?\S& TIMES MORE P[]FUL ?AN !MSELVES4 ,BUT !Y W]E FI<T+ = SOME?+ MORE ?AN BREAD & CIRCUSES4 ,!Y W]E FI<T+ = A TOTALLY NEW WAY ( LIFE4 ,9 A M]E ELEV5 DAYS !Y HAD BECOME GIANTS4 

,AT ?IS /AGE ,JANOS ,KAD> CAME =W>D TO HELP ! ,KREML9 PUT ! CLOCK BACK4 ,AT ,SZOLNOK1 SIXTY MILES S\!A/ ( ,BUDAPE/1 ,KAD> =M$ :AT HE CALL$ A NEW ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,GOV]NM5T4 .<#h#b.> ,?IS ,GOV]NM5T IMM$IATELY ISSU$ A PROCLAMATION4 ,IT HAD ASK$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T 0= HELP 9 LIQUIDAT+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES & RE/OR+ ORD]04 ,! ,DAILY ,WORK] ( ,NOVEMB] #e HAD PUT IT SLI<TLY DIFF]5TLY3 0,IT CALL$ = ,SOVIET AID TO CLOSE ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN BORD] ACROSS :I* FASCI/ ELEM5TS HAD BE5 /REAM+ = SEV]AL DAYS40 .<#h#c.> ,?IS ALL APPE>$ AN UND]E/IMATION ( ! 'WISDOM' ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAD />T$ TO 'HELP 9 LIQUIDAT+' ! ,REVOLUTION SEV]AL H\RS BE=E ! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T HAD EV5 BE5 =M$6 ,KAD>'S P>T WAS ?AT ( AN 'ACCESSORY AFT] ! FACT' PRET5D+ HE WAS SPEAK+ BE=E ! FACT4 

,EI!R WAY1 ,KAD> & ! O!RS W]E GUILTY ( COMPLICITY4 ,!Y C>RY A FULL %>E ( RESPONSIBILITY = ! SAVAGE & BRUTAL MASSACRE ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S & Y\NG PEOPLE 9 ,HUNG>Y4 

,! ,KREML9 REMA9$ CONSI/5T 9 ITS LIES & HYPOCRISY4 ,LAT] 9 ! DAY1 :ILE MASS MURD] CONT9U$1 ! ,RUSSIAN DELEGATE1 ,SOBELEV1 CALMLY ADDRESS$ A MEET+ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL4 0,EV5TS 9 ,HUNG>Y01 HE SAID1 0HAVE CLE>LY %[N ?AT ! WORK]S !RE1 :O HAD BE5 ABLE TO MAKE GREAT A*IEVEM5TS UND] A DEMOCRATIC REGIME1 HAD RI<TLY RAIS$ A NUMB] ( QUE/IONS APP]TA9+ TO ! ]ADICATION ( C]TA9 %ORTCOM+S 9 !IR ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,BUT !Y W]E EXPLOIT$ BY REACTION>Y1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS :O WANT$ TO UND]M9E ! POPUL> REGIME & RE/ORE ! =M] L&LORD & CAPITALI/ REGIME 9 ,HUNG>Y4 .<#h#d.> 

,GOEBBELS CLAIM$ ?AT 0! BIGG] ! LIE1 ! MORE IT'S BELIEV$04 ,HE NEV] BETT]$ ?IS ONE4 ,! WORK]S W]E LEAD+ A ,REVOLUTION AGA9/ A 'DEMOCRATIC REGIME' :I* HAD GIV5 !M 'GREAT A*IEVEM5TS'8 ,!Y HAD RAIS$ 'QUE/IONS' AB\T '%ORTCOM+S 9 !IR ECONOMIC LIFE'8 

,DEM&S BECOME 'QUE/IONS'4 ,TOTAL EXPLOITATION BECOMES '%ORTCOM+S'6 ,NOTE AGA9 ! FE> ( ADMITT+1 NO MATT] H[ GU>D$LY1 ! EXI/5CE ( POLITICAL DISSATISFACTION6 ,& DOES ! WORK]S' PROGRAM LOOK LIKE ?AT ( A PEOPLE B5T ON RE/OR+ CAPITALISM & L$ BY 'REACTION>Y & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS'8 

',C\NT]-REVOLUTION' WAS ! PROPAG&A BOGEY ( ! DAY4 ,JU/ AFT] MIDDAY ON ,SUNDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #d1 ,MOSC[ ,RADIO ANN\NC$ ?AT ! 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,HUNG>Y HAS BE5 CRU%$04 ,LAT] 9 ! AFT]NOON1 ! ,KREML9 BROADCA/ ?AT ! 0COMPLETE DEFEAT ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION IS UND] WAY04 ,AT #hPM ,KAD> ANN\NC$ ?AT ! 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 HAD BE5 COMPLETELY DEFEAT$4 ,FOLL[+ ,KAD>1 ,MOSC[ ,RADIO REV]T$ TO ITS MIDDAY /ATEM5T DECL>+ ?AT 0ORD] HAS BE5 RE/OR$ 9 ,HUNG>Y & ! RESI/ANCE ( A NEGLIGIBLE H&FUL OV]COME ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! ,BUDAPE/ POPULATION40 .<#h#e.> ,9 FACT1 HEAVY FI<T+ WAS TO CONT9UE = AB\T T5 DAYS4 

,:AT DID ! ,KREML9 MEAN BY 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION08 ,?R\< C>EFUL PROPAG&A OV] ! YE>S !Y HAD SU/A9$ ! MY? ?AT DESPITE !IR TACTICAL ZIG-ZAGS1 !IRS W]E /ILL ! ORIG9AL REVOLUTION>Y AIMS ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g4 ,MEMB]S & SUPPORT]S ( ! V>I\S COMMUNI/ P>TIES HAVE BE5 L$ TO REV]E ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS ! VANGU>D & GU>DIAN ( ?IS REVOLUTION4 ,ANY MOVEM5T ?AT OPPOS$ ,RUSSIAN 'SOCIALISM' WAS BR&$ AS 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y'4 ,?IS WAS JU/ ONE ( ! MANY SME>S US$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY TO DISCR$IT ?OSE :O FUNDAM5TALLY *ALL5G$ ITS RULE4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION>IES BELIEV$ !Y W]E FI<T+ = A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! BASIC CONFLICT 9 PRODUCTION & SOCIAL LIFE HAD BE5 REMOV$ - = A CLASSLESS SOCIETY 9 :I* ! PEOPLE !MSELVES MANAG$ !IR FACTORIES1 !IR 9DU/RIES & ?US !IR LIVES4 ,!Y HAD HAD !IR ILLUSIONS 9 ,RUSSIA SAVAGELY DISPELL$ DUR+ ! PREVI\S TWELVE YE>S4 ,NO ONE HAS DONE MORE ?AN ! ,HUNG>IANS TO EXPOSE ! MY? ( ,RUSSIA AS ! VANGU>D ( SU* A REVOLUTION & ( SU* A SOCIETY4 ,!Y EXPOS$ IT ) !IR POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y EXPOS$ ) !IR REVOLUTION>Y DEM&S4 ,!Y EXPOS$ IT 9 A GRIM BATTLE ) ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,ABOVE ALL1 !Y EXPOS$ IT ) !IR HUMOR4 

,\T ( !IR MIS]Y CAME AN 9CR$IBLE & HE>T-R5D+ HUMOR4 ,IT EMPHASIZ$ RA!R ?AN DISGUIS$ ! PEOPLE'S BITT]NESS4 ,AS ALL MAJOR RESI/ANCE DREW TO ITS CLOSE1 A WEEK AFT] ! SECOND ,RUSSIAN ATTACK1 HUNDR$S ( PO/]S1 R\<LY PRODUC$ & SIMPLY WORD$1 BEGAN MY/]I\SLY TO APPE> ON ! RU9S ( ,BUDAPE/ - LIKE SMILES ?R\< TE>S4 ,!IR IRONY WAS CRU%+4 ,ONE NEATLY %[$ ! ,HUNG>IANS' CONTEMPT = ,RUSSIAN SME> TACTICS3 0,T5 MILLION C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES AT L>GE 9 ! C\NTRY60 ,ANO!R SAID 0,=M] >I/OCRATS1 L& & FACTORY [N]S1 ,C>D9ALS1 ,G5]ALS1 & O!R SUPPORT]S ( ! OLD CAPITALI/ REGIME1 DISGUIS$ AS FACTORY WORK]S & PEASANTS >E MAK+ PROPAG&A AGA9/ ! PATRIOTIC GOV]NM5T & AGA9/ \R ,RUSSIAN FRI5DS40 ,ANO!R RECALL$ A PHRASE FROM PRE-REVOLUTION TRAVEL PROPAG&A3 0,COME & SEE \R BEAUTIFUL CAPITAL 9 ,SOVIET-,HUNG>IAN FRI5D%IP MON?40 ,A SKIT ON ! ,GOV]NM5T & ITS SPATE ( PROPAG&A AB\T :AT 'HONE/' ,HUNG>IANS W]E DO+ .<#h#f.> APPE>$ 9 A LITTLE PO/] :I* SAID3 0,LUCKILY1 SEV5 HONE/ M5 W]E F\ND 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y >E ALL 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T40 

,DUR+ ! WEEK1 ?IS PUPPET ,GOV]NM5T TOOK UP ! OLD ,/AL9I/ TACTIC ( BL[+ HOT & COLD 9 ITS PSY*OLOGICAL W> = ! M9DS ( ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE4 ,KAD> KEPT UP A CONT9U\S B>RAGE ( PROMISES & ?REATS4 ,BUT IT HAD NO EFFECT4 ,! PEOPLE HAD BE5 IMMUNIZ$ ?R\< YE>S ( BITT] EXP]I5CE4 ,HE ANN\NC$ '*ANGES'4 ,MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,A4,V4,O4 - ,RAKOSI'S & ,G]O'S SECRET POLICE - W]E /ILL ALIVE4 ,AS ! ,R$ ,>MY BEGAN TO TAKE CONTROL1 !Y CRAWL$ \T ( !IR HID+ PLACES1 LIKE RATS FROM SEW]S4 ,KAD>1 :O HAD ALREADY *ANG$ ! NAME ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO ! ,HUNG>IAN ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 N[ *ANG$ ! NAME ( ! ,A4,V4,O44 ,NEW NAMES1 NEW UNI=MS4 ,BUT !Y /ILL BEHAV$ LIKE ! SECRET POLICE ( A TOTALIT>IAN /ATE4 ,NOT ONLY W]E !Y EAG] TO ACT ON ,KAD>'S ORD]S4 ,!Y W]E BURN+ = REV5GE4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ WEEK ( ,OCTOB]1 ! WORK]S1 5RAG$ BY ,A4,V4,O4 ATROCITIES1 HAD *AS$ !M UND]GR\ND4 ,) ! ,R$ ,>MY TO PROTECT !M1 !Y N[ REV]T$ TO !IR T]ROR ME?ODS4 ,TORTURE & BEAT+S BEGAN AGA94 ,:ILE FI]CE BATTLES W]E /ILL RAG+1 FRE$OM FI<T]S W]E BE+ HANG$ FROM ! BRIDGES ON ! ,DANUBE & 9 ! /REETS4 ,ALMO/ ALL W]E WORK]S4 ,! BODIES1 SOMETIMES HANG+ 9 GR\PS1 HAD NOTICES P9N$ TO !M3 0,?IS IS H[ WE DEAL ) C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES04 

#a#i4 ,! ,PROLET>IAT ,FI<TS ,ON 

,! ,PROLET>IAT ,FI<TS ,ON 

0,! HI/ORY ( ALL HI!RTO EXI/+ SOCIETY IS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLES40 

,K4 ,M>X & ,F4 ,5GELS1 ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7#a#h#d#h74 

,BUT ! WORK]S W]E NOT C[$4 ,DESPITE ,GOV]NM5T APPEALS1 ?REATS1 & T]ROR1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 =M$ 9 ,OCTOB]1 9CREAS$ DAILY4 

,! ,C\NCILS MA9TA9$ & /R5G!N$ ! SOLID>ITY ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE4 ,9TELLECTUALS1 PEASANTS1 & O!R NON-9DU/RIAL WORK]S :O HAD NOT HI!RTO FULLY APPRECIAT$ !IR IMPORTANCE N[ TURN$ EV5 MORE T[>DS !M4 ,!Y RECOGNIZ$ ?AT H]E WAS ! HE>T ( REAL P[] 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,KAD> KNEW IT TOO4 ,! ,C\NCILS HAD ALREADY %[N H[ EFFICI5TLY !Y C\LD RUN ! C\NTRY4 ,& 9 ! PROCESS1 ,KAD>1 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ! ,A4,V4,O41 9DE$ ! :OLE BUREAUCRATIC SET-UP1 HAD BE5 EXPOS$ AS NOT ONLY SUP]FLU\S TO ! NE$S ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT AS AN 5CUMBRANCE HOLD+ BACK !IR ADVANCE TO REAL FRE$OM4 

,! RUL+ M9ORITIES ( ! :OLE WORLD HAD BE5 GIV5 R$UNDANCY NOTICES BY ! WORK]S ( ,HUNG>Y4 ,A NEW =M ( SOCIETY WAS H]E BE+ JUXTAPOS$ TO ! OLD4 ,! ROTT5NESS ( ! 'OLD' WAS BE+ =C$ 9TO RELIEF4 ,! %OCK WAS NOT ONLY FELT 9 ,MOSC[4 ,IT REV]B]AT$ ?R\< ! MANAG+ & BUREAUCRATIC 'ELITES' ! :OLE WORLD OV]4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S HAD MADE IT QUITE CLE> !Y DID NOT WANT ! ',COMMUNISM' ( ! ,KREML94 ,9 SO DO+1 !Y HAD MADE IT EQUALLY CLE> ?AT CAPITALISM1 EV5 9 ITS '5LI<T5$ ' =M1 WAS JU/ AS IRRELEVANT TO !IR NE$S4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 !Y HAD PROV$ ONCE AGA9 ?AT ! A*IEVEM5T ( 'WORK]S' P[]' & ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN ONLY COME FROM BEL[1 FROM ! WORK]S' [N ACTION1 & NEV] FROM A 'LEAD]%IP' ACT+ ON !IR BEHALF4 

,9 ! CONDITIONS ( PRE-REVOLUTION ,HUNG>Y A MOVEM5T ADVOCAT+ IDEAS SU* AS \R [N W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 LIQUIDAT$4 ,IT WAS JU/ !SE IDEAS NEV]!LESS ?AT CAME TO ! =E DUR+ ! LA/ WEEK ( ,OCTOB]4 ,SEV]AL PEOPLE HAD NO D\BT HELD !M = SOME TIME4 ,= O!RS1 !Y W]E BORN \T ( ! IMPACT & 9TELLECTUAL F]M5T ( ! /RUGGLE ITSELF1 AS P>T ( !IR CLASS 9/9CT & ELEM5TAL S5SE ( SOLID>ITY4 ,A GR\P ) VIEWS SU* AS \RS .<,SOLID>ITY.> MI<T HAVE HELP$1 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 EXPLICITLY TO =MULATE !SE IDEAS & TO W>N ( ! DANG]S ( ! BUREAUCRATIC C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,AS IT WAS1 ! IDEAS EM]G$ CLE>LY 5\< TO GA9 ! ALLEGIANCE ( HUNDR$S & LAT] ( ?\S&S & T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE4 ,?IS WAS A GRAVE ?REAT TO ! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WAS1 ABOVE ALL1 A ?REAT TO ! ,RUSSIAN BOSSES :O HAD 'ELECT$ ' IT 444 ) !IR SIX ?\S& TANKS4 ,! ?REAT HAD TO BE SMA%$4 

,L>GE-SCALE MILIT>Y RESI/ANCE CEAS$ BY ,SATURDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #a4 ,SCORES ( DISABL$ ,RUSSIAN TANKS LAY SCATT]$ >\ND ,BUDAPE/4 ,IT HAD OBVI\SLY BE5 CONTR>Y TO ACCEPT$ MILIT>Y /RATEGY TO S5D SO MU* >MOR 9TO ! BUILT-UP >EAS ( A CITY TO SUPPRESS A REVOLUTION4 ,ONE REASON = ! ,KREML9'S DECISION MAY WELL HAVE BE5 !IR %OCK$ REALIZATION ( H[ MU* FRAT]NIZATION HAD TAK5 PLACE BETWE5 ,RUSSIAN TROOPS & ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE DUR+ ! FIR/ ATTACK4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #d1 TO BE SURE ( SUCCESS1 ! ,RUSSIANS FELT IT NECESS>Y TO USE A L>GE NUMB] ( TROOPS4 ,!Y PUT !M 9 TANKS 7CALL$ ',KAD> TAXIS' BY ! ,HUNG>IANS7 TO R$UCE TO A M9IMUM PHYSICAL CONTACT ) ! CIVILIAN PEOPLE4 ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]S W\LD ?US SEE LESS ( ,HUNG>IAN LIV+ CONDITIONS1 SEE LESS ?AT IT WAS ORD9>Y WORK+ PEOPLE !Y W]E FI<T+4 ,YET !Y C\LD SEE ! DEVA/ATION !IR BOMB>DM5T WAS CAUS+ 9 ! CITIES4 ,9 HIS LA/ UNPUBLI%$ DISPAT* TO ! ,DAILY ,WORK]1 ,PET] ,FRY] WROTE3 0,I HAVE JU/ COME \T ( ,BUDAPE/1 :]E = SIX DAYS ,I HAVE WAT*$ ,HUNG>Y'S NEW BORN FRE$OM TRAGICALLY DE/ROY$ BY ,SOVIET TROOPS4 ,VA/ >EAS ( ! CITY - ! WORK+ CLASS >EAS ABOVE ALL - >E VIRTUALLY 9 RU9S4 ,= F\R DAYS & NI<TS ,BUDAPE/ WAS UND] CONT9U\S BOMB>DM5T4 ,I SAW A ONCE LOVELY CITY BATT]$1 BLUDGEON$1 SMA%$ & BL$ 9TO SUBMISSION40 .<#h#g.> ,BY ! 5D ( ?AT T]RIBLE WEEK1 A TRICKLE BACK TO WORK BEGAN4 ,BUT ! WORK]S HAD NOT SUBMITT$4 ,MO/ SECTIONS ( 9DU/RY W]E /ILL /RIKE-B\ND4 

,9 ! T[NS1 ORGANIZ$ RESI/ANCE BY GR\PS ( FI<T+ WORK]S & Y\? 5D$ ON ,NOVEMB] #a#d4 ,AL?\< SPORADIC FI<T+ CONT9U$ WELL 9TO #a#i#e#g1 9 ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS1 ! MILIT>Y DEFEAT ( ! ,HUNG>IANS WAS COMPLETE4 ,BUT :AT EV]YONE HAD ?\<T W\LD ONLY TAKE A FEW H\RS4 HAD TAK5 OV] A WEEK4 ,& ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE W]E /ILL NOT DEFEAT$4 ,! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS W]E GA9+ /R5G?4 ,!Y PROCLAIM$ ?AT !IR DEM&S REMA9$ UN*ANG$4 ,!SE W]E SIMIL> TO ?OSE PUT =W>D BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,HUNG>IAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS - AL?\< 9 SOME CASES !RE WAS N[ MORE /RESS ON ! DEM& = ! 'RELEASE' ( ,NAGY & = ! )DRAWAL ( ,RUSSIAN TROOPS4 ,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE CONT9U$4 

,:ILE ! FI<T+ WAS /ILL RAG+ ,KAD> BEGAN TO ACT AGA9/ ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 ,HE PROCE$$ CAUTI\SLY4 ,9 T]MS ( ACTIVE SUPPORT ! ,C\NCILS HAD F> GREAT] P[] 9 ! C\NTRY ?AN HAD ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,KAD> MADE A FEW SELECTIVE >RE/S ( MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCILS' ,ACTION ,COMMITTEES4 ,?IS HAD LITTLE OR NO EFFECT4 ,O!RS IMM$IATELY TOOK !IR PLACE4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #a#b1 #a#i#e#f1 ,KAD> MADE MORE PROMISES4 ,HE PROMIS$ ?AT ! SECRET POLICE W\LD BE ABOLI%$4 ,HE WAS READY TO NEGOTIATE ) ,KREML9 REPRES5TATIVES AB\T ! COMPLETE )DRAWAL ( ,RUSSIAN TROOPS4 ,SOME ( ! MO/-HAT$ ,/AL9I/S W\LD BE REMOV$ FROM ! ,P>TY4 ,! PEOPLE DID NOT BELIEVE HIM4 ,KAD> !N ANN\NC$ ?AT TWELVE LEAD+ ,/AL9I/S HAD BE5 EXPELL$ FROM ! ,P>TY1 9CLUD+ ,]NO ,G]O4 .<#h#h.> ,?IS MOVE CAUS$ A FEW WORK]S TO RETURN TO WORK4 ,BUT !RE WAS /ILL A P>TIAL /RIKE4 ,9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY WAS NOT EV5 HALF-HE>T$4 ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT WAS *AOTIC4 ,! TRA9 S]VICE WAS HAPHAZ>D4 ,:5 SOME TRAMS RAN 9 ,BUDAPE/1 CR[DS /OPP$ !M & ! BLACKLEG CREWS W]E *AS$ HOME4 ,PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 HOSPITALS REMA9$ AT WORK4 ,SO DID ?OSE CONC]N$ ) FOOD PACKAG+ & DI/RIBUTION1 BUT !Y ?REAT5$ TO /RIKE IF !RE WAS ANY L>GE RESUMPTION ( WORK4 

,UNSUCCESSFULLY1 ! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T APPEAL$1 ?REAT5$1 BEGG$1 MAK+ BIGG] & BIGG] V]BAL CONCESSIONS4 ,! ,KREML9 S5T 9 MORE DIVISIONS ( 9FANTRY4 ,IT MADE NO DIFF]5CE4 ,! /RIKE1 ?\< NOT TOTAL1 CONT9U$4 ,! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS CONT9U$ TO 9CREASE !IR P[]1 :I* DAILY %[$ ITSELF GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T4 

,KAD> !N APPEAL$ DIRECTLY TO ! WORK]S TO 5D ! /RIKE4 ,HE US$ ! BOGEY >GUM5T ( RUL]S EV]Y:]E3 9FLATION4 ,!Y ?REW HIS APPEAL BACK 9 HIS FACE ) A LI/ ( FUR!R DEM&S3 RECOGNITION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL AS ! NEGOTIAT+ BODY REPRES5T+ ! WORK]S1 ! RELEASE ( PRISON]S1 ! )DRAWAL ( ,RUSSIAN TROOPS1 & ! RE/ORATION ( ,NAGY AS ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,AL?\< ! WORK]S MANAG$ MO/ ( ! FACTORIES1 !SE DEM&S %[$ !Y KNEW ?AT !IR P[] MI<T EV5TUALLY BE BROK5 BY MORE RU?LESS ME?ODS4 ,!Y W]E DET]M9$ TO '9T]F]E' = AS LONG AS !Y W]E ABLE TO1 & 9 SU* A WAY AS TO LEAVE !M ) SOME CONCRETE A*IEVEM5TS4 ,! 'RELEASE ( ,NAGY' N[ FEATUR$ 9 ALL !IR DEM&S4 ,HE HAD BY N[ BECOME A SYMBOL1 RA!R LIKE ,RAJK HAD1 E>LI] 9 ! YE>1 :5 HIS REHABILITATION HAD BE5 REPEAT$LY DEM&$4 

,A TACIT ADMITTANCE ( :]E REAL P[] LAY CAME ON ,FRIDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #a#f1 :5 ,KAD> WAS OBLIG$ TO />T NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,C\NCILS4 ,! DELEGATES FROM SOME ,C\NCILS AGRE$ TO ASK WORK]S TO RESUME WORK ON CONDITION ?AT A NUMB] ( !IR DEM&S W]E IMM$IATELY SATISFI$ & ! RE/ LAT]4 

,AT ! MEET+ ON ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 ,KAD> WAS TOLD ?AT HIS APPEAL HAD GONE \T3 ,WORK]S' DELEGATES !N DEM&$ ?AT A ,NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL BE SET UP BY DECREE4 ,KAD> SAID ?IS WAS UNNECESS>Y S9CE !RE WAS ALREADY A ',WORK]S' ,GOV]NM5T' 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,BUT HE AGRE$ TO ! RECOGNITION ( 9DIVIDUAL ,C\NCILS & TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOME =M ( FACTORY MILITIA4 ,HE ADD$ ?AT IF WORK]S' DELEGATES W\LD USE !IR 9FLU5CE TO 5SURE A RESUMPTION ( WORK1 HE W\LD USE HIS TO OBTA9 A )DRAWAL ( ,RUSSIAN TROOPS & NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ,W>SAW ,TREATY C\NTRIES AB\T ,HUNG>IAN NEUTRALITY4 ,WORK]S DID NOT TRU/ ?IS SOME:AT AMBIGU\S PROMISE4 ,!Y ASK$ = IT TO BE PUT 9 WRIT+4 ,KAD> REFUS$1 SAY+ HIS WORD %\LD BE 5\<4 

,! SITUATION WAS CONFUS$4 ,V]Y FEW WORK]S RESUM$ WORK4 ,! NEGOTIATIONS W5T ON FITFULLY4 ,PREC>I\SLY1 DUAL P[] SURVIV$4 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( ,NOVEMB]4 ,KAD> TRI$ ANO!R ME?OD TO R$UCE ! WORK]S' RESI/ANCE4 ,AS ! 9DU/RIAL >EA ( ,BUDAPE/ WAS ! BASE ( ?IS RESI/ANCE1 ! PEASANTS W]E =BIDD5 FROM BR++ FOOD 9TO ! >EA EXCEPT BY P]MISSION ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY SAW TO IT ?AT ! ORD] WAS COMPLI$ )4 ,AT ! SAME TIME RATION C>DS W]E ISSU$1 BUT ONLY TO WORK]S :O REPORT$ AT ! FACTORIES4 ,?IS WAS CLE>LY AN ATTEMPT1 NOT M]ELY TO />VE ! WORK]S 9TO SUBMISSION1 BUT ALSO TO DRIVE A W$GE BETWE5 !M & ! PEASANTS :O WANT$ TO SELL !IR PRODUCE4 

,BUT /ILL ! /RIKE CONT9U$4 ,! ,RUSSIANS & !IR PUPPET ,GOV]NM5T W]E BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY APPREH5SIVE AB\T ! SITUATION4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT1 :5 WORD GOT >\ND ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL ( ,BUDAPE/ WAS TO HOLD A MEET+ 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,/ADIUM ON ,NOVEMB] #b#a1 ! '(FICIAL' AU?ORITIES BELIEV$ ! MASS MEET+ W\LD SET UP ANO!R ,GOV]NM5T1 9 OPPOSITION TO ,KAD>'S4 ,?IS WAS NOT ONLY UNTRUE1 BUT QUITE UNNECESS>Y4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #b#a1 ,RUSSIAN TANKS B>R$ ! ROADS LEAD+ TO ! ,/ADIUM4 ,! FEW PEOPLE ALREADY !RE W]E DISP]S$ BY ! ,A4,V4,O44 ,9 ANSW] TO ?IS1 ! ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL CALL$ = ! /RIKE TO BE /R5G!N$4 

,KAD> AGA9 APPEAL$ = A RETURN TO WORK4 ,AGA9 ! WORK]S R5EW$ !IR DEM&S4 ,& AGA9 !Y 9CREAS$ ! PRESSURE BY ADD+ NEW ONES3 ! =MATION ( A ,WORK]S' ,MILITIA2 FRE$OM TO PUBLI% !IR [N UNC5SOR$ NEWSPAP]2 A MEET+ ) ,NAGY4 ,KAD> REV]T$ TO ?REATS4 ,! MOVEM5T HE HAD E>LI] REF]R$ TO AS 'A GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5T'1 HE N[ CALL$ 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y' - ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS W]E 'FASCI/-L$'6 ,?IS *>GE LEFT WORK]S 9 NO D\BTS AS TO :AT WAS N[ TO HAPP54 ,9 BO? ,EA/ & ,WE/1 A PRELUDE TO A SUCCESSFUL PURGE IS ! RAIS+ ( A BOGEY & ITS D5UNCIATION4 

,! FOLL[+ DAY1 ,KAD> MADE HIS 9T5TIONS CRY/AL CLE>4 ,HE DECL>$3 0444 A TIG] CANNOT BE TAM$ BY BAITS1 IT CAN BE TAM$ & =C$ TO PEACE ONLY BY BEAT+ IT TO DEA? 444 ,EV]Y WORK]1 9/EAD ( DRAW+ UP & SCRIBBL+ DEM&S MU/ IMM$IATELY & UNCONDITIONALLY BEG9 TO WORK TO ! BE/ ( HIS ABILITY40 

,KAD>'S ATTITUDE M]ELY REFLECT$ ! ,KREML9'S1 :]E PATI5CE WAS GETT+ %ORT4 ,! HUGE >MY !Y HAD 9 ! C\NTRY WAS CAUS+ !M GRAVE PROBLEMS4 ,AP>T FROM ! LOSS ( WORLD PRE/IGE 5TAIL$ 9 !IR 9ABILITY COMPLETELY TO SUPPRESS A SMALL C\NTRY1 ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE W]E WAT*+ CLOSELY4 ,! ,KREML9'S TROOPS W]E 9ADEQUATELY F$4 ,DISCIPL9E WAS POOR4 ,! LONG] ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]S /AY$ 9 ,HUNG>Y1 ! MORE CLE>LY !Y P]CEIV$ ! TRU?4 ,SOME HAD ALREADY JO9$ ! GU]RILLAS 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,MANY O!RS HAD TO BE DIS>M$ & S5T BACK TO ,RUSSIA1 9 SEAL$ WAGONS1 BECAUSE !Y REFUS$ TO C>RY \T ORD]S4 ,! ,KREML9 DECID$ IT WAS N[ TIME BO? TO SMA% ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & TO GET RID ( ,NAGY4 

#b4 ,! ,NAGY ,ABDUCTION 

,IM] ,NAGY1 TOGE!R ) SOME EX-M9I/]S1 HI<-RANK+ MILIT>Y P]SONNEL1 & O!RS 79CLUD+ ,JULIA ,RAJK71 HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 ! ,YUGOSLAV ,EMBASSY4 ,CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ,KAD> & ! ,YUGOSLAV ,AMBASSADOR1 ,SOLDATI*1 RESULT$ 9 ,KAD> GU>ANTEE+ ! P]SONAL SAFETY ( ,NAGY1 & BO? HIS [N SAFE CONDUCT & ?AT ( HIS GR\P4 ,!N1 SUDD5LY1 ,KAD> PUT =W>D F\R CONDITIONS3 

7#a7 ,NAGY'S =MAL RESIGNATION AS ,PREMI]4 

7#b7 ,A /ATEM5T FROM ,NAGY SUPPORT+ ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 ITS 'FI<T AGA9/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES'4 

7#c7 ,NAGY TO MAKE A PUBLIC SELF-CRITICISM4 

7#d7 ,NAGY & ! RE/ ( ! ,GR\P TO AGREE TO GO TO ONE ( ! ',PEOPLES' ,DEMOCRACIES' UNTIL NORMALITY WAS RE/OR$ 9 ,HUNG>Y4 

,!SE CONDITIONS W]E ALL REFUS$4 

,KAD> CLE>LY HAD ORD]S TO GET ,NAGY \T ( ! ,EMBASSY4 ,HE !N GAVE1 9 WRIT+1 AN UNCONDITIONAL PROMISE ( SAFE CONDUCT = ! GR\P :5EV] !Y %\LD DECIDE TO LEAVE ! ,EMBASSY4 ,SOME S5T MESSAGES HOME1 TELL+ RELATIONS !Y W]E RETURN+4 ,NONE M5TION$ ! POSSIBILITY ( GO+ TO ,RUMANIA OR ANY O!R ',PEOPLES' ,DEMOCRACY'4 ,A BUS WAS LAID ON TO TAKE !M HOME4 ,AT #f4#c ON ,NOVEMB] #b#c1 !Y ALL LEFT ! ,EMBASSY4 ,SOLDATI* HAD 9SI/$ ?AT TWO ( HIS ,EMBASSY (FICIAL %\LD ACCOMPANY ! P>TY4 ,A FEW HUNDR$ Y>DS FROM ! ,EMBASSY1 ! BUS WAS /OPP$ & SURR\ND$ BY PATROL C>S4 ,RUSSIAN SECURITY (FIC]S P\R$ \T ( ! C>S & 9TO ! BUS4 ,! ,YUGOSLAV (FICIALS W]E ORD]$ TO LEAVE1 BUT !Y REFUS$ & W]E ?R[N \T4 ,! BUS WAS !N DRIV5 TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,KOMM&ATURA4 

,! ,YUGOSLAVS S5T /RONGLY-WORD$ NOTES ( PROTE/ TO ,KAD>4 ,AT FIR/ ,KAD> D5I$ ALL KN[L$GE ( ! ABDUCTION4 ,HE LAT] ADMITT$ HE KNEW AB\T IT BY SAY+ ?AT IF ,NAGY HAD BE5 ALL[$ TO RETURN HOME1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS MI<T HAVE MURD]$ HIM4 ,HE ALSO CLAIM$ ?AT ,NAGY & ! O!RS HAD GONE TO ,RUMANIA AT !IR [N REQUE/4 ,A LIKELY /ORY4 ,9 ,RUMANIA ! PRESS & RADIO HAD = SOME TIME %[N A MORE VIOL5T HO/ILITY TO ,NAGY ?AN 9 ANY ( ! O!R ',PEOPLES' ,DEMOCRACIES'4 ,AN ATTITUDE MORE HO/ILE EV5 ?AN ?AT ( ! ,RUSSIANS6 ,H[ FREE ,NAGY'S *OICE HAD BE5 BECAME EVID5T LAT]1 ) ! NEWS ?AT HE & O!RS1 9CLUD+ ,PAL ,MALET]1 HAD BE5 EXECUT$ 9 ,RUMANIA4 

#b#a4 ,! ,PROLET>IAT ,CRU%$ 

0,! CIVILIZATION & JU/ICE ( B\RGEOIS ORD] COMES \T 9 ITS LURID LI<T :5EV] ! SLAVES & DRUDGES ( ?AT ORD] RISE AGA9/ !IR MA/]S4 ,!N ?IS CIVILIZATION & JU/ICE /& =? AS UNDISGUIS$ SAVAG]Y & LAWLESS REV5GE 444 A GLORI\S CIVILIZATION1 9DE$1 ! GREAT PROBLEM ( :I* IS H[ TO GET RID ( ! HEAPS ( CORPSES IT MADE AFT] ! BATTLE WAS OV]60 

,K4 ,M>X1 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE 7#a#h#g#a74 

,ON ,DECEMB] #b1 #a#i#e#f1 ,! ,OBS]V] REPORT$3 0444 ! 7,HUNG>IAN7 ,GOV]NM5T'S PLAN TO DIV]T ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9TO 9NOCU\S *ANNELS BY 'LEGALIZ+' !M AS ORGANS ( ECONOMIC SELF-GOV]NM5T1 SOME:AT ON ! ,YUGOSLAV MODEL1 BUT D5Y+ !M ! RI<T TO PUT =W>D POLITICAL DEM&S OR ISSUE A NEWSPAP]1 HAS M]ELY L$ TO CONT9U$ DEADLOCK 9 ,BUDAPE/40 

,! ]RATIC NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ,KAD> GOV]NM5T (FICIALS & REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS !N CAME TO AN ABRUPT 5D4 ,TWO PROM95T MEMB]S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL W]E 9VIT$ TO A MEET+ ) ,KAD> & HIS H5*M5 AT ! ,GOV]NM5T ,BUILD+4 ,!Y W]E ! #b#d-YE>-OLD ,*AIRMAN1 ,S&OR ,RACS - A PRE-,OCTOB] #bc MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & A TOOLMAK] ( ! ,BELAJANIS ,ELECTRICAL ,WORKS 9 ,S\? ,BUDA - & ! SECRET>Y1 ,S&OR ,BALI1 A WORK] FROM ! SAME FACTORY4 ,ON >RIVAL AT ! ,GOV]NM5T ,BUILD+1 !Y W]E >RE/$4 ,ALL ! WORK]S AT ! ,BELAJANIS FACTORY IMM$IATELY W5T ON A SIT-9 /RIKE4 ,!Y REFUS$ TO RESUME WORK UNTIL !IR COMRADES W]E RELEAS$4 ,IT WAS1 ( C\RSE1 AN 'UN(FICIAL' /RIKE4 .<#h#i.> ,! FACTORY WAS SEIZ$ BY HUNDR$S ( >M$ POLICE & ,GOV]NM5T MILITIA4 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS1 ! SIT-9 LA/$ = ?REE DAYS1 DUR+ :I* TIME NO WORK WAS DONE4 ,UND] ! PRESSURE ( ?REATS & VICTIMIZATION ! WORK]S W]E EV5TUALLY =C$ TO RESUME WORK4 ,POLICE & MILITIA W]E PO/$ ALL OV] ! FACTORY4 ,:5EV] WORK]S GA!R$ TO TALK1 !Y W]E 9/ANTLY DISP]S$4 ,/ILL ! WORK]S W]E NOT DEFEAT$ - !Y BEGAN A 'GO-SL['4 ,?IS1 COMB9$ ) AN UNPLANN$ CAMPAIGN ( POOR-QUALITY 9DIVIDUAL WORKMAN%IP1 R$UC$ PRODUCTION TO #h.0 ( NORMAL4 ,KAD>'S COMM5T ON !SE WORK]S WAS ! SAME AS ?AT ( MANAG]S1 POLITICIANS1 & TRADE UNION LEAD]S ?R\<\T ! WORLD - ! WORK]S W]E '%EEP' L$ BY 'SUBV]SIVE ELEM5TS'1 'AGITATORS'1 'IRRESPONSIBLE1 SELF-SEEK9E DEMAGOGUES'1 'SPIES & AG5TS ( ,CAPITALISM'4 7,9 ! ,WE/1 = ',CAPITALISM' READ ',COMMUNISM'74 

,! SC5E WAS N[ SET = A FULL-SCALE PURGE ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 ,MANY PROM95T COMMITTEE MEMB]S W]E >RE/$ & JAIL$4 ,?IS TACTIC ( SELECTIVE >RE/S WAS ALSO APPLI$ TO MANY MILITANT /UD5T GR\PS4 ,BUT A RES]VE ( SUPPORT]S WAS /&+ BY1 READY TO /EP 9TO ! BREA*4 ,:5 ! AU?ORITIES REALIZ$ ?IS1 WIDESPREAD >RE/S ( RANK-&-FILE ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL MEMB]S FOLL[$4 

,A =M ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE BY ! MASSES !N DEVELOP$4 SIMIL> TO ?AT PREVI\SLY DESCRIB$4 ,IT CONT9U$ = MON?S4 ,I FEEL ?IS P]IOD1 BEG9N+ 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#e#f1 CAN MO/ GRAPHICALLY BE PORTRAY$ 9 DI>Y =M3 

,DECEMB] #b1 #aief - 

,COPIES ( ,NEPSZABADSAG 7,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY NEWSPAP]7 BURN$ 9 ! /REETS BY CR[DS1 :O W]E LAT] DISP]S$ BY ,RUSSIAN TROOPS4 

,DECEMB] #d1 #aief - 

,A DEMON/RATION BY #c1 WOM5 9 ,BUDAPE/1 MANY WE>+ ! NATIONAL COLORS ( R$1 :ITE1 & GRE5 7! ONLY WAY !Y KNEW TO SYMBOLIZE !IR FI<T = FRE$OM7 GA!R$ AT ! ,TOMB ( ! ,UNKN[N ,W>RIOR 9 ,H]O'S ,SQU>E4 ,RUSSIAN TROOPS FIR$ OV] !IR HEADS4 ,ONE WOMAN WAS HIT BY A BULLET4 

,DECEMB] #e1 #aief - 

,DEMON/RATIONS NUMB]+ MANY ?\S&S 9 ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 9CLUD+ SEV]AL 9 ,BUDAPE/4 ,ANO!R L>GE DEMON/RATION ( WOM5 9 ,BUDAPE/1 M>*$ T[>DS ! ,PET(I /ATUE %\T+ 0,RUSSIANS GO HOME60 0,WE WANT ,NAGY60 0,RUSSIAN TANKS \T60 ,SOME W]E C>RY+ WREA?S & FL[]S 9 MEMORY ( RELATIONS :O HAD BE5 KILL$4 ,!Y DID NOT REA* ! /ATUE1 BUT W]E 9T]CEPT$ BY ,RUSSIAN TANKS & 9FANTRY4 ,NEPAK>AT 7,TRADE ,UNION NEWSPAP]7 REF]S TO ! REVOLUTION AS 0A GREAT MASS MOVEM5T04 

,DECEMB] #f1 #aief - 

,NEPAK>AT /ATES3 0,IT IS NO WOND] ! MASSES1 :O W]E D5I$ EV]Y POSSIBILITY ( EXPRESS+ !IR WILL1 F9ALLY TOOK TO >MS TO %[ :AT !Y ?\<T40 ,SEV]AL FACTORIES SURR\ND$ BY ,RUSSIAN TROOPS & ,A4,V4,O44 ,HUNDR$S ( FACTORY WORK]S 9 ! FAM\S ',R$' ,CZEPEL1 FI<T ,RUSSIAN TROOPS & ,A4,V4,O41 AS LATT] TRY TO 5T] A FACTORY TO >RE/ ?REE MEMB]S ( A ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL4 ,RUSSIAN TANKS OP5 FIRE ON UN>M$ DEMON/RATORS 9 ,BUDAPE/3 TWO KILL$ & SEV]AL W\ND$4 

,! ,*AIRM5 ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS AT ! ,GANZ & ,M,A,V,A,G FACTORIES >RE/$4 

,! ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL 7,BUDAPE/7 PROCLAIMS3 0,! ,GOV]NM5T DOES NOT BUILD ITS P[] ON ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 SPITE ( ,COMRADE ,KAD>'S PROMISES 444 ,MEMB]S ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS >E BE+ >RE/$ 444 DRAGG$ FROM !IR HOMES DUR+ ! NI<T )\T 9VE/IGATION OR HE>+ 444 PEACEFUL MEET+S ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS >E 9T]RUPT$ OR PREV5T$ BY >M$ =CE04 ,! ,C\NCIL DEM&S A REPLY TO ?IS PROCLAMATION BY #h P4M4 ON ,DECEMB] #g4 

,DECEMB] #g1 #aief - 

,DEMON/RATORS 7WORK]S1 /UD5TS1 & MANY WOM57 FIR$ ON 9 ! 9DU/RIAL T[NS ,PECS1 ,BEKESKABA1 & ,TATABANYA4 ,WIDESPREAD >RE/S ( RANK-&-FILE MEMB]S ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 

,NO REPLY TO ! ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL PROCLAMATION4 

,DECEMB] #h1 #aief - 

#a1 PEOPLE DEMON/RATE AGA9/ ! >RE/ ( TWO MEMB]S ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL 9 ! M9+ T[N ( ,SALGAT>JAN3 #h CASUALTIES1 DEAD & W\ND$4 7,COAL & URANIUM M9]S W]E \T/&+ PASSIVE RESI/]S4 ,\TPUT FELL TO LESS ?AN HALF ( :AT IT HAD BE5 BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,MANY M9ES W]E FLOOD$47 

,MORE CLA%ES BETWE5 WORK]S & ,A4,V4,O4 9 ! SO-CALL$ ',COMMUNI/ ,P>TY /RON<OLD' ( ,CZEPEL1 DUE TO FUR!R >RE/S ( WORK]S4 

,/RIKES 7UN(FICIAL7 REPORT$ FROM ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! FIR/ RESOLUTION PASS$ BY ,KAD>'S ',SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY' /ATES ?AT ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS >E 0TO BE TAK5 OV] & CLEANS$ ( UNSUITABLE DEMAGOGUES04 

,/ILL NO REPLY TO ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL ( ,BUDAPE/4 

,DECEMB] #i1 #aief - 

,DEMON/RATIONS BY WORK] & /UD5TS 9 ,BUDAPE/ 9CREASE4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL DECL>ES A #d#h-H\R G5]AL /RIKE TO BEG9 ON ,DECEMB] #aa 04449 PROTE/ AGA9/ ! REPRESSION ( WORK]S & !IR FREELY *OS5 DELEGATES04 

,M>TIAL LAW DECL>$4 

,! ,KAD> GOV]NM5T DISSOLVES ALL ,REGIONAL & ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS - BUT ADDS ?AT IT WILL NOT DISSOLVE ?OSE 9 ! FACTORIES & M9ES4 

,DECEMB] #a#a1 #aief - 

,9 ! T[N ( ,EG]1 DEMON/RATORS =CE ! RELEASE ( JAIL$ MEMB]S ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL4 

,! ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL 7,BUDAPE/71 ,S&OR ,RACS1 & ITS SECRET>Y1 ,S&OR ,BALI1 >E >RE/$4 ,TO %[ ,KAD> & ! ,RUSSIANS :AT SUPPORT ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS /ILL 5JOY AMONG WORK]S ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 ! GREAT1 HI/ORIC1 #d#h-H\R ,G5]AL ,/RIKE BEG9S4 ,! RESPONSE IS PRACTICALLY UNANIM\S4 

,DECEMB] #a#b1 #aief - 

,AT ,EG] A L>GE CR[D ( DEMON/RATORS IS FIR$ ON BY ! POLICE - TWO WORK]S KILL$1 SOME W\ND$4 ,H& GR5ADES !N ?R[N BY ! DEMON/RATORS :O OCCUPI$1 = A %ORT TIME1 A SMALL BUILD+ :I* H\S$ A PR9T+ PRESS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y LEAFLETS & PO/]S >E PRODUC$ & DI/RIBUT$4 ,NEPSZABADSAG COMM5T+ ON ! #d#h-H\R /RIKE1 SAYS3 0,A /RIKE1 ! LIKE ( :I* HAS NEV] BE=E BE5 SE5 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T 4440 BUT CLAIMS IT IS ! RESULT ( 9TIMIDATION BY 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES'4 ,9 ,BUDAPE/1 ! :OLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IS CUT (F4 ,?IS HADN'T HAPP5$ EV5 DUR+ ! ?ICK ( ! REC5T BATTLES4 ,RAIL & O!R =MS ( TRANSPORT P>ALYZ$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,FACTORIES AT A /&/ILL4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( ,RUSSIAN TANKS S5T 9TO ! /REETS ( ! CAPITAL4 ,! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T EMP[]S ,SUMM>Y ,C\RTS AUTOMATICALLY TO PASS ! DEA? S5T5CE ON PEOPLE DECL>$ 'GUILTY'4 ,AT ,KUTFEI1 A #b#c-YE>-OLD WORK] IS S5T5C$ TO #a YE>S IMPRISONM5T = HAV+ A REVOLV] & AMMUNITION AT HIS HOME4 ,BIG H\SE-TO-H\SE SE>*ES = >MS CONT9UE - (T5 C>RI$ \T BY ,RUSSIAN TROOPS4 

,DECEMB] #a#c1 #aief - 

0,PEOPLE 9 ,BUDAPE/ >E LAU<+ TODAY40 - ,SAM ,RUSSELL1 ,DAILY ,WORK]4 

,DECEMB] #a#d4 #aief - 

,! TWO-DAY /RIKE1 HAV+ %[N ITS /R5G?1 5DS4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T REM9DS ! PEOPLE ?AT ALL DEMON/RATIONS & ASSEMBLIES >E '(FICIALLY' BANN$4 ,PRAVDA /ATES ?AT ! ATTEMPT$ REVOLUTION 9 ,HUNG>Y WAS 0A FASCI/ PUTS* 444 79 :I*7 444 ! 9T]NATIONAL IMP]IALI/ =CES1 DIRECT$ BY C]TA9 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CIRCLES1 PLAY$ ! MA9 & DECISIVE ROLES04 

,DECEMB] #a#e1 #aief - 

,DEA? P5ALTY RE-9TRODUC$ = /RIK+4 ,JANOS ,SOLTESZ BR\<T BE=E A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL 9 ,MISKOLC1 *>G$ ) HID+ >MS1 & EXECUT$ IMM$IATELY AFT] ! TRIAL4 ,?IS IS ! FIR/ KN[N EXECUTION = ?IS (F5SE4 ,JOZSEF ,DUDAS1 POPUL> *AIRMAN ( ! ,BUDAPE/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE1 EXECUT$4 ,GYULA ,HAY & MANY O!R WRIT]S & 9TELLECTUALS >RE/$4 

,TRADE ,UNIONS AGA9 'RE-ORGANIZ$' & A 'RELIABLE' LEAD]%IP 9/ALL$4 ,! NAME ',NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNIONS' IS1 HYPOCRITICALLY1 RETA9$4 7,SEE ,APP5DIX ,I,I,I1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#f1 #a#i#e#g74 

,DECEMB] #a#g1 #aief - 

,M9]S GIVE ,KAD> CONDITIONS = RESUMPTION ( NORMAL WORK4 ,!SE 9CLUDE3 =MATION ( !IR [N 9DEP5D5T COMMITTEES TO REPRES5T !M 9 NEGOTIATIONS ) ! MANAGEM5T2 )DRAWAL ( ALL ,RUSSIAN TROOPS2 ,NAGY TO BE ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,A SPOKESMAN ADD$3 0,IF ! GOV]NM5T DOES NOT ACCEPT !SE CONDITIONS1 NO WORK WILL BE DONE 9 ! M9ES EV5 IF WE M9]S HAVE TO GO BEGG+ OR EMIGRATE FROM \R ,MO!RL&40 7,! ,TIMES1 ,DECEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#e#f74 

,REPORT$ A ?IRD ( ! LABOR =CE AT ! URANIUM M9ES 9 ,PECS HAD LEFT4 ,ANO!R ?IRD HAD BE5 DECL>$ R$UNDANT BECAUSE ( ELECTRICAL P[] %ORTAGE4 

,DECEMB] #b1 #aief - 

,POLICE EMP[]$ TO IMPRISON PEOPLE = SIX MON?S1 )\T TRIAL1 :OM !Y SUSPECT ( '?REAT5+ PUBLIC SAFETY & PRODUCTION'4 

,DECEMB] #b#e1 #aief - 

,REPORTS ( MANY EXECUTIONS4 ,/RIK]S BE+ S+L$ \T & VICTIMIZ$ TO 9TIMIDATE ! O!RS4 ,/RIKES DO NOT LA/ LONG 9 SU* CONDITIONS ( T]ROR4 

,DECEMB] #b#f1 #aief - 

,GYORGY ,M>OSAN1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT & A ,M9I/] 9 ! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T1 .<#i.> DECL>ES ?AT1 IF NECESS>Y1 ! ,GOV]NM5T WILL EXECUTE #a1 PEOPLE TO PROVE ?AT !Y >E ! REAL ,GOV]NM5T1 & NOT ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 

,DECEMB] #b#i1 #aief - 

,DECL>ATION ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,WRIT]S' ,UNION3 0,WE HAVE TO /ATE ) A DEPRESS$ HE>T ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T MADE A HI/ORICAL MI/AKE :5 IT /A9$ ! REVOLUTION ) BLOOD4 ,WE PR$ICT ?AT ! TIME WILL COME :5 ! GREAT P[] ?AT ]R$ WILL REP5T4 ,WE W>N EV]YONE AWAY FROM ! ]RONE\S JUDGM5T ?AT REVOLUTION 9 ,HUNG>Y W\LD HAVE ANNIHILAT$ ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ,SOCIALISM BUT = ! 9T]F]5CE ( ,SOVIET >MS4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ?AT IS NOT TRUE40 .<#i#a.> 7,! ,OBS]V]1 ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#i#e#f74 

,! EV5TS *RONICL$ = ,DECEMB] #aief >E ONLY SOME ( ?OSE WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO *ECK4 ,!RE W]E REPORTS ?R\<\T ! MON? ( >M$ RESI/ANCE BY GU]RILLAS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,BORSOD REGION 7,HUNG>Y'S L>GE/ 9DU/RIAL >EA71 ,VESZPROM1 ,MISKOLC1 ,SZAMBA!LY1 ,VAC1 ,KUNSZ5TM>TON1 EV5 9 ! HILLS ( ,BUDA ITSELF4 ,!RE W]E MOREOV] ALMO/ DAILY REPORTS ( L>GE-SCALE >RE/S1 TRIALS1 S5T5CES & EXECUTIONS ( WORK]S /UD5TS & 9TELLECTUALS4 ,!SE W\LD (T5 BE ANN\NC$ BY ,RADIO ,BUDAPE/ AS A MEANS ( 9TIMIDATION4 

,! DI>Y = #aieg 7SEE ,APP5DIX ,I,I,I7 %[S ?AT OP5 RESI/ANCE GRADUALLY LESS5$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 /RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS CONT9U$ ?R\<\T #aieh & #a#i#e#i4 

,BETWE5 ,DECEMB] #aief & ,DECEMB] #aieg BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL WAS PROGRESSIVELY TI<T5$4 ,( P>TICUL> SIGNIFICANCE DUR+ ?IS P]IOD WAS ! SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION ( ! ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS BY ! ,P>TY LEAD]S4 ,FIR/ !RE WAS ! SELECTIVE >RE/S ( ,C\NCIL COMMITTEE MEMB]S4 ,NEXT1 MANY RANK-&-FILE MEMB]S W]E >RE/$4 ,!N ! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T /AT$ ON ,DECEMB] #i? #aief ?AT ALL REGIONAL & C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS W]E DISSOLV$1 AL?\< ?OSE 9 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES & M9ES W]E TOL]AT$ = A :ILE LONG]4 

,! 9TIMIDATION WORK$4 ,BY E>LY ,JANU>Y #a#i#e#g1 MEMB]S ( ,C\NCILS NOT YET >RE/$ BEGAN TO RESIGN4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! YE>1 ! PURPOSE ( ! ,C\NCILS HAD BE5 COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4 ,! WORK]S' [N DELEGATES HAD BE5 REMOV$ & REPLAC$ BY GOV]NM5T /OOGES4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#g1 ,ANTAL ,APRO1 ,DEPUTY ,PREMI]1 ANN\NC$ ?AT ! REMA9+ ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS W]E TO BE REPLAC$ BY ,WORKS ,C\NCILS1 0UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! TRADE UNIONS0 7ANY %OP /EW>D WILL KN[ :AT ?IS MEANS674 

,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ,NOVEMB]1 ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS W]E BE+ ATTACK$ BY ,F]5C ,MUNNI*1 ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 AS 0L$ BY CLASS-ALI5 ELEM5TS04 ,IT WAS 0NECESS>Y TO REPLACE ?IS :OLE SET-UP AS SOON AS POSSIBLE BY NEW ORGANIZATIONS04 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#e#g1 IT WAS (FICIALLY ANN\NC$ ?AT ALL REMA9+ ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS W]E TO BE ABOLI%$ =?-)4 ,! V]Y NAME ',WORK]S' ,C\NCIL' N[ BO? EMB>RASS$ & 9FURIAT$ ! REGIME4 ,! BUREAUCRACY ATTEMPT$ ! IMPOSSIBLE3 TO EXPUNGE FROM ! MEMORY ( ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE & FROM ,HI/ORY ITSELF ! GREAT1 POSITIVE EXP]I5CE ( WORK+ CLASS SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 

#b#b4 ,FASCI/ ,C\NT] ,REVOLUTION8 

0,9 ALL ITS BLOODY TRIUMPHS OV] ! SELF-SACRIFIC+ *AMPIONS ( A NEW & BETT] SOCIETY1 ?AT NEF>I\S CIVILIZATION1 BAS$ UPON ! 5SLAVEM5T ( LABOR1 DR[NS ! MOANS ( ITS VICTIMS 9 A HUE & CRY ( CALUMNY1 REV]B]AT$ BY A WORLD-WIDE E*O40 

,K4 ,M>X1 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE 7#a#h#g#a74 

,DESPITE ALL ?IS1 !RE >E1 EV5 TODAY1 MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :O /ILL BELIEVE !IR LEAD]S' PROPAG&A ?AT ,RUSSIAN TROOPS /OPP$ A FASCI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,LET US NAIL ?IS LIE ONCE & = ALL4 

,9 ! ,DAILY ,WORK] ( ,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#i#e#f1 ! ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S '!ORETICIAN'1 ,PALME ,DUTT1 WROTE3 0,! ISSUE 9 ,HUNG>Y IS BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/ A*IEVEM5TS ( TWELVE YE>S & ! RETURN TO CAPITALISM1 L&LORDISM1 & ,HOR?Y FASCISM1 AS MADE CLE> TO ALL BY ,C>D9AL ,M9DSZ5TY'S BROADCA/40 ,:AT A T]RIBLE 9DICTM5T ?IS S\NDS ( ,RUSSIAN-TYPE ,COMMUNISM6 ,DOES ,PALME ,DUTT REALLY MEAN ?AT L>GE SECTIONS ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK+ CLASS ACTUALLY PREF]R$ CAPITALISM8 ,( C\RSE ?IS IS NOT TRUE4 

,9 \R ACC\NT ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION WE HAVE NOT M5TION$ ! RELEASE ( ,C>D9AL ,M9DSZ5TY 7ON ,OCTOB] #c7 NOR HIS BROADCA/ 7ON ,NOVEMB] #c7 :I* ,PALME ,DUTT REF]S TO4 ,?IS WAS NO MI/AKE4 ,WE DID NOT '=GET IT'4 ,! ,M9DSZ5TY BROADCA/ WAS NOT AN IMPORTANT FEATURE ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT ONLY APPE>S IMPORTANT :5 ONE LOOKS AT ! 'EXCUSES' GIV5 BY ! ,KREML9'S APOLOGI/S = ! MASSACRE ( ,NOVEMB] #d4 

,IT IS UNNECESS>Y TO QUOTE ! :OLE ( ,M9DSZ5TY'S SPEE*4 ,PALME ,DUTT & O!R ,/AL9I/ PROPAG&I/S BAS$ !IR CLAIM ( A 'RETURN TO FASCISM' ON ! FICTION ?AT ,M9DSZ5TY CALL$ = ! RE/ORATION ( ! CONFISCAT$ PROP]TY ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,:ILE AMBIGUITY AB\ND$ 9 ! ,C>D9AL'S PHRASES1 NONE C\LD HAVE BE5 9T]PRET$ AS MEAN+ ?IS - NOT EV5 :5 HE SAID HE WANT$ 0A CLASSLESS SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! RULE ( LAW & DEMOCRACY & ALSO ON PRIVATE [N]%IP1 CORRECTLY RE/RICT$ BY ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY & JU/ICE04 ,?IS S5T5CE MI<T HAVE T>R$ ,M9DSZ5TY AS ,GOD'S [N SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC CONFUSION-MONG]1 BUT NEV] AS A 'FASCI/'4 

,REACTION>IES ( CONS]VATIVE OR EV5 ( FASCI/ P]SUASION UND\BT$LY TOOK P>T 9 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y W\LD NO D\BT HAVE TAK5 ! FULLE/ ADVANTAGE ( A NEW1 FREE SOCIETY TO AIR !IR VIEWS4 ,BUT SU* VIEWS W\LD HAVE GA9$ 9SIGNIFICANT SUPPORT4 ,!SE PEOPLE C]TA9LY DID NOT />T ! REVOLUTION NOR DID !Y HAVE ANY 9FLU5CE ON ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,COMMUNI/ PROPAG&I/S ?R\<\T ! WORLD SCRAP$ ! B>REL & RANSACK$ ! DISPAT*ES ( PRESS CORRESPOND5TS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( ! ,RI<T1 = ANY SCRAP ( 9=MATION :I* MI<T BE US$ TO PROVE !IR CONT5TION4 ,M9DSZ5TY'S BROADCA/1 COM+ AS IT DID ! DAY BE=E ! SECOND ,RUSSIAN ATTACK1 WAS ! BE/ !Y C\LD UNE>?4 

,& EV5 H]E1 !Y W]E =C$ TO MISREPRES5T :AT ,M9DSZ5TY HAD SAID4 ,!Y W]E ALSO =C$ TO MA9TA9 AN ELOQU5T SIL5CE :51 ON ,NOVEMB] #e1 ,M9DSZ5TY HAD TO SEEK REFUGE 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY4 ,:AT8 ,W]E !RE NO ,HUNG>IAN 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES' :O MI<T HAVE %ELT]$ ! WOR?Y PRIE/8 ,SO MU* = HIS 9FLU5CE ON ! ,HUNG>IAN MASSES 9 REVOLT4 ,ON ! :OLE1 ,M9DSZ5TY SUPPORT$ ,NAGY4 ,BUT ,NAGY WAS NOT 9 CONTROL - ! PEOPLE W]E4 ,! WORK]S W\LD NOT LI/5 TO ,NAGY4 ,:Y %\LD !Y LI/5 TO ,M9DSZ5TY8 

,IF ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB]-,DECEMB] #aief WAS ! WORK ( 'REACTION>Y1 FASCI/1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES'1 :]E WAS ! BUREAUCRACY'S MU*-VAUNT$ 'EFFICI5CY'8 ,:AT W]E ! ,HUNG>IAN /ATE-SECURITY =CES 7,A4,V4,O47 DO+ DUR+ ! PREP>ATIONS = ! UPRIS+8 ,H[ IS IT NO 9KL+ ( ! PLANS = REVOLT EV] REA*$ ! BIG FLAPP+ E>S ( ! SECRET POLICE8 ,9 A /ATE :]E A DOSSI] WAS KEPT ( EV]Y P]SON ABOVE ! AGE ( SIX1 ! SORT ( ORGANIZATION ESS5TIAL TO A FASCI/1 OR JU/ A PLA9 CAPITALI/-9SPIR$1 REVOLT WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,IT MAY SEEM P>ADOXICAL1 BUT ! /R5G? ( ! ,HUNG>IANS 9 REVOLUTION LAY 9 !IR LACK ( A C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC 'REVOLUTION>Y' ORGANIZATION - AN ORGANIZATION1 ?AT IS1 SIMIL> TO ?AT ( !IR RUL]S4 

,:AT PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES W\LD HAVE WA/$ VALUABLE TIME 9 PULL+ D[N ! MASSIVE /ATUE ( ,/AL91 9 BURN+ BOOKS & PAP]S 9 ! ',HORIZONT' ,RUSSIAN BOOK%OPS1 9 ! 9T]M9ABLE DISCUSSIONS ?AT W5T ON 9 ! ,C\NCILS1 COMMITTEES1 & EV5 9 ! /REETS8 

,BUT ON ! O!R H&1 :AT PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO EXTRACT FROM ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK+ CLASS ! DEP?S ( 9ITIATIVE1 RESI/ANCE1 & SELF-SACRIFICE !Y W]E TO %[ 9 A CAUSE !Y FELT TO BE !IR V]Y [N8 

,! ,/AL9I/S /ILL 9SI/ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>IES DID NOT GET !IR >MS FROM ! FACTORIES OR FROM SOLDI]S 9 ! ,HUNG>IAN >MY4 ,ALL !IR PROPAG&A AT ! TIME /RESS$ ?AT >MS W]E BE+ SMUGGL$ TO ! PEOPLE ACROSS ! ,AU/RIAN BORD]4 ,H[ C\LD ! FRONTI] GU>DS 7A SECTION ( ! BUREAUCRACY'S MO/ FAI?FUL S]VANTS1 ! ,A4,V4,O47 BE SO FECKLESS 9 !IR 'DUTIES' AS TO ALL[ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( RIFLES1 MA*9E-GUNS1 GR5ADES - NOT TO M5TION HUNDR$S ( TONS ( AMMUNITION - TO PASS UNNOTIC$ ?R\< ! ELECTRIFI$ B>B$ WIRE & FROM !RE TO PROCE$1 UNMOLE/$1 TO V>I\S PRE->RANG$ DI/RIBUTION PO9TS8 ,LITTLE MORE NE$ BE SAID AB\T ! *>GE ( 'FASCI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION'6 

,BUT !RE W]E O!R1 M9OR FEATURES :I*1 ! ,/AL9I/S CLAIM1 W]E 'REACTION>Y'3 ! DEM& = P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS1 ! ILLUSIONS 9 ,U4,N4,O41 ! DROPP+ ( ! T]M ( ADDRESS 'COMRADE'1 ! ADOPTION ( ! WORD 'FRI5D'1 & ! ELIM9ATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY EMBLEM FROM ! ,HUNG>IAN FLAG4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY COMM5T$ ON SOME ( !SE PO9TS4 ,! FIR/ TWO DEM&S >OSE AS ! RESULT ( T5 YE>S ( ,/AL9I/ RULE4 ,NOT ONLY W]E P>TIES ( ! ,RI<T SUPPRESS$1 BUT ALSO ALL POLITICAL T5D5CIES & IDEAS AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,COMP>$ ) ! CONDITIONS ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIAN-DOM9AT$ ,HUNG>Y1 MANY ( ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! ,WE/ APPE>$ AS P>AGONS ( DEMOCRATIC VIRTUE4 ,EV5 )9 ! RANKS ( ! ,P>TY1 ALL OPPOSITION WAS /RANGL$4 ,DEFECTORS FROM ! P>TY L9E W]E DEALT ) BY ! SECURITY POLICE4 

,IT IS NOT RELEVANT H]E TO MAKE A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( FASCISM4 ,IT IS 5\< TO PO9T \T ?AT FASCISM HAD NO *ANCE AMONG WORK]S AS POLITICALLY CONSCI\S AS ! ,HUNG>IANS %[$ !MSELVES TO BE 9 ,OCTOB]-,NOVEMB] #a#i#e#f4 ,MOREOV]1 ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ESS5TIAL = ! GR[? ( FASCI/ T5D5CIES SIMPLY DO NOT DEVELOP UND] CONDITIONS ( TOTAL BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM4 ,DESPITE ?IS1 ! ,P>TY PROPAG&I/S =MULAT$ A NEW DOGMA FOLL[+ ,KAD>'S RETURN FROM ,MOSC[1 9 ,M>* #a#i#e#g4 ,!Y DECL>$ ?AT 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 IF OV]?R[N1 CANNOT BE SUCCE$$ BY ANY =M ( GOV]NM5T O!R ?AN FASCI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION04 ,LIKE 9 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 ?+S >E PROCLAIM$ AS DOGMA :I* ! LEAD]S WANT ! MASSES TO ACCEPT BUT CAN'T LOGICALLY CONV9CE !M (4 ,ANYWAY1 EV5 BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! PROLET>IAT DID NOT DICTATE4 ,IT WAS DICTAT$ TO4 ,& IT WAS AGA9/ ?IS ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ROSE4 ,KAD> HIMSELF WAS TO ADMIT ALL ?IS QUITE EXPLICITLY :5 HE PROCLAIM$3 0! REGIME IS AW>E ?AT ! PEOPLE DO NOT ALWAYS KN[ :AT IS GOOD = !M4 ,IT IS !RE=E ! DUTY ( ! LEAD]%IP TO ACT1 NOT ACCORD+ TO ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT ACCORD+ TO :AT ! LEAD]%IP KN[S TO BE 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE04 .<#i#b.> 

,AT ! #a? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 9 #a#i#b#a1 :ILE ! WORK]S & SAILORS ( ,KRON/ADT W]E BE+ RU?LESSLY SUPPRESS$1 ,TROTSKY HAD FIR/ CLE>LY =MULAT$ ! SAME IDEA4 ,D5\NC+ ! WORK]S' OPPOSITION 9SIDE HIS [N ,P>TY HE EXPLA9$3 0,!Y HAVE COME \T ) DANG]\S SLOGANS6 ,!Y HAVE MADE A FETI% ( DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES6 ,!Y HAVE PLAC$ ! WORK]S' RI<T TO ELECT REPRES5TATIVES ABOVE ! ,P>TY4 ,AS IF ! ,P>TY W]E NOT 5TITL$ TO ASS]T ITS DICTATOR%IP EV5 IF ?AT DICTATOR%IP TEMPOR>ILY CLA%$ ) ! PASS+ MOODS ( ! WORK]S' DEMOCRACY04 ,TROTSKY SPOKE ( ! 0REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORICAL BIR?RI<T ( ! ,P>TY40 0,! ,P>TY IS OBLIG$ TO MA9TA9 ITS DICTATOR%IP 444 REG>DLESS ( TEMPOR>Y VACILLATIONS1 EV5 9 ! WORK+ CLASS 444 ,! DICTATOR%IP DOES NOT BASE ITSELF AT EV]Y GIV5 MOM5T ON ! =MAL PR9CIPLE ( A WORK]S' DEMOCRACY 4440 

,OV] SEV5TY YE>S E>LI] ,M>X HAD SPOK5 ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BE+ ! TASK ( ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,9 #aiba & 9 #aief ,BOL%EVISM & ,/AL9ISM RESPECTIVELY SET \T TO PROVE HIM WRONG4 ,! ,P>TY LEAD]S1 NOT ! MASSES1 W]E N[ ! EMBODIM5T ( SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,IF NECESS>Y ! 'TEMPOR>Y VACILLATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS' W]E TO BE CORRECT$ ) ,P>TY BULLETS6 

#b#c4 ,:Y8 

0,ALL POLITICAL /RUGGLES >E CLASS /RUGGLES1 & ALL CLASS /RUGGLES = EMANCIPATION 444 TURN ULTIMATELY ON ! QUE/ION ( ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION40 

,F4 ,5GELS1 ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA* & ! ,5D ( ,CLASSICAL ,G]MAN ,PHILOSOPHY 7#a#h#h#h74 

0,T]ROR IMPLIES MO/LY USELESS CRUELTY P]PETRAT$ BY FRI<T5$ PEOPLE 9 ORD] TO REASSURE !MSELVES40 

,F4 ,5GELS1 ,LETT] TO ,M>X 7,SEPTEMB] #d1 #a#h#g74 

,IT IS /ILL NOT KN[N = C]TA9 H[ MANY PEOPLE LO/ !IR LIVES DUR+ ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,E/IMATES RANGE FROM #b1 TO #e1 ,HUNG>IANS & FROM #c1#e TO #g1 ,RUSSIANS4 ,! NUMB] W\ND$ WAS V]Y MU* HI<]4 ,S9CE ,NOVEMB] #a#i#e#f1 MANY ?\S&S HAVE BE5 EXECUT$4 ,! NUMB] IMPRISON$ RUNS 9TO T5S ( ?\S&S - MO/ ( ! POLITICAL PRISON]S RELEAS$ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION W]E LAT] R\ND$ UP4 

,SOME PEOPLE HAVE BE5 AW>E1 = A LONG TIME1 ( ! TRUE *>ACT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN REGIME & ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ROLE PLAY$ BY ITS AG5TS 7! ,/AL9I/ P>TIES7 9 ! WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES ( ! PREVI\S ?IRTY YE>S4 ,SOME REMEMB] ! PITILESS WAY ! ,P>TY REPRESS$ ALL WORK+ CLASS OPPOSITION )9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R41 & ! SUFF]+S IT 9FLICT$ ON :OLE POPULATIONS1 DEPORT$ AT ! TIME ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 .<#i#c.> ,IT NEV]!LESS SEEM$ 9CR$IBLE ?AT1 BE=E ! %OCK$ GAZE ( WORK]S & ,COMMUNI/S 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY %\LD HAVE ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY = CRU%+ ) ?\S&S ( TANKS AN 9SURRECTION :I* HAD MOBILIZ$ EV]Y SECTION ( ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE1 & P>TICUL>LY ! Y\? & ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! ,KRU%*EVS1 ! ,MIKOYANS1 ! ,BULGAN9S1 HAD ACCUS$ ,/AL9 ( EV]Y EVIL ( ! PA/4 ,!Y HAD CLAIM$ TO BE IMPOT5T SPECTATORS ( A T]ROR !Y ABHOR$4 ,= ! PREC$+ FEW MON?S !Y HAD BE5 CAVORT+ >\ND ! CAPITALS ( ! WORLD EXHIBIT+ !MSELVES AS 'DEC5T *APS'4 ,BUT !Y W]E GUILTY ( A CRIME :I* MAT*$ ANY ( ,/AL9'S PREVI\S ATROCITIES4 

,:Y DID ! ,KREML9 DECIDE TO CRU% ,HUNG>Y 8 

,WE HAVE EXAM9$ ! '(FICIAL' EXCUSE3 ,NAGY WAS P[]LESS TO /OP A FASCI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,NAGY WAS C]TA9LY P[]LESS4 ,BUT P[]LESS TO *ECK ! WORK]S6 ,= ! ,RUSSIANS TO ADMIT ?IS W\LD BE TO ADMIT ! FAILURE ( !IR ,COMMUNISM4 ,?AT IS :Y ,MAO ,TSE-,TUNG1 ,TITO1 ,GOMULKA1 9DE$ ! :OLE ,COMMUNI/ HI]>*Y ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 :ATEV] !IR O!R DIFF]5CES1 .<#i#d.> ALL SUPPORT$ ! ,KREML9 L9E4 ,! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY C\LD F9D COMPROMISES ) ! ,TILDYS1 ! ,KOVACS1 EV5 ! ,M9DSZ5TYS4 ,IT C\LD /ILL GOV]N BY MAK+ CONCESSIONS4 ,9DE$1 ?IS HAD ALREADY BE5 DONE1 NOT ONLY 9 ,HUNG>Y1 BUT 9 ALL ! SO-CALL$ ',PEOPLES' ,DEMOCRACIES'4 ,B,U,T ,!,R,E ,W,A,S ,N,O ,B,A,S,I,S ,:,A,T,E,V,] ,= ,C,O,M,P,R,O,M,I,S,E ,) ,! ,A,U,T,O,N,O,M,\,S ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N,S ,( ,! ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S ,9 ,>,M,S 7,! ,C,\,N,C,I,L,S74 ,!,I,R ,V,I,C,T,O,R,Y ,W,\,L,D ,H,A,V,E ,S,P,E,L,L,$ ,T,O,T,A,L ,D,E,F,E,A,T ,= ,! ,B,U,R,E,A,U,C,R,A,C,Y6 

,SOME HAVE SAID ,RUSSIA HAD NO ALT]NATIVE BUT TO KEEP ,HUNG>Y WELL )9 ITS GRIP1 = TO )DRAW W\LD HAVE LEFT H] VULN]ABLE FROM ! ,WE/4 ,MILIT>ILY1 ?IS >GUM5T IS FALSE4 ,:]EAS ,POL& & ,EA/ ,G]MANY W]E VITAL1 ,HUNG>Y & ,RUMANIA W]E NOT4 ,IT IS REPORT$ ?AT ,KRU%*EV HIMSELF HAD BE5 CONSID]+ ! EVACUATION ( ,HUNG>Y4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?IS W\LD HAVE MEANT AN IMM5SE GA9 9 PRE/IGE4 ,BUT ?IS WAS BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,O!RS HAVE SAID ?AT ,$5'S B>B>\S ATTACK ON ,EGYPT 7ON ,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#i#e#f7 GREATLY 9FLU5C$ ! ,KREML9'S DECISION TO LAUN* ! SECOND ATTACK AGA9/ ! ,HUNG>IANS 7ON ,NOVEMB] #d74 ,BECAUSE ( ! ,SUEZ V5TURE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PROPAG&I/S W]E UNABLE TO EXPLOIT ! ,HUNG>IAN TRAG$Y TO ! FULL4 ,BUT AL?\< ?IS WAS A CO9CID5CE ( GREAT CONV5I5CE TO ! ,KREML91 IT IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE ?AT IT BASICALLY 9FLU5C$ !IR DECISION4 ,! BUILDUP ( ,RUSSIAN >MOR 9 NOR?-EA/ ,HUNG>Y HAD BE5 GO+ ON = SEV]AL DAYS BE=E ,$5 ANN\NC$ HIS ULTIMATUM TO ,EGYPT4 

,BETWE5 ,OCTOB] #bc & ,NOVEMB] #d1 ! WORK+ PEOPLE ( ,HUNG>Y HAD SPONTANE\SLY ORGANIZ$ !IR [N P[] ?R\< !IR ,C\NCILS4 ,TO !SE ,C\NCILS !Y IMM$IATELY GAVE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE EXT5SION4 ,!SE AUTONOM\S GR\PS HAD =M$1 ) EXTRAORD9>Y SPE$1 A MILIT>Y =CE CAPABLE ( MOM5T>ILY NEUTRALIZ+ ! ,RUSSIAN >MY & ! ,A4,V4,O41 IF NOT ( ACTUALLY COMPELL+ !M TO RETREAT4 ,!IR DEM&S HAD RESULT$ 9 A RADICAL *ANGE ( ! WORK]S' POSITION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( 9DU/RY4 ,!Y HAD ATTACK$ EXPLOITATION AT ITS V]Y ROOTS4 ,PUBLIC ORD]1 !IR ORD]1 HAD BE5 MA9TA9$4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD1 FUEL & M$ICAL SUPPLIES1 HAD BE5 C>RI$ \T MAGNIFIC5TLY4 ,EV5 A REPORT] ( ,! ,OBS]V] RECOGNIZ$ ?IS3 0,A FANTA/IC ASPECT ( ! SITUATION IS ?AT AL?\< ! G5]AL /RIKE IS 9 BE+ & !RE IS NO C5TRALLY-ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RY1 ! WORK]S >E NEV]!LESS TAK+ UPON !MSELVES TO KEEP ESS5TIAL S]VICES GO+1 = PURPOSES :I* !Y !MSELVES DET]M9E & SUPPORT4 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS HAVE UND]TAK5 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ESS5TIAL GOODS & FOOD TO ! POPULATION1 9 ORD] TO KEEP !M ALIVE4 ,! COAL M9]S >E MAK+ DAILY ALLOCATIONS ( JU/ SUFFICI5T COAL TO KEEP ! P[] /ATIONS GO+ & SUPPLY ! HOSPITALS 9 ,BUDAPE/ & O!R L>GE T[NS4 ,RAILWAYM5 ORGANIZE TRA9S TO GO TO APPROV$ DE/9ATIONS = APPROV$ PURPOSES4440 7,NOVEMB] #b#e1 #a#i#e#f74 

,! NETWORK ( ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,C\NCILS :I* SPRANG UP SPONTANE\SLY WAS ! BIGGE/ S+LE GA9 ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS ! GREAT HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ,HUNG>Y '#e#f4 ,?IS HAS IMMORTALIZ$ ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE4 ,BY ! 5D ( ,OCTOB]1 GOV]NM5T BY ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS WAS VIRTUALLY A FACT4 ,?IS IS ! SIMPLE YET P[]FUL TRU? ?AT EVAD$ SO MANY AT ! TIME - & S9CE4 

,9 !IR DECISION TO CRU% ?IS LITTLE C\NTRY1 ! ,KREML9'S LOGIC WAS COLD1 CONSI/5T1 & RU?LESS4 ,!Y C\LD NOT TOL]ATE1 ON !IR V]Y DOOR/EP1 A C\NTRY 9 :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE W]E1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY1 RUNN+ !IR [N AFFAIRS & W]E MORE-OV] ADVANC+1 9 GIANT /EPS1 T[>DS G5U9E EQUALITY4 ,IT C\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$ BECAUSE ( ! EXAMPLE IT W\LD HAVE GIV5 TO ! O!R OPPRESS$ 'SATELLITE' PEOPLES ALREADY SEE?+ ) DISCONT5T4 ,TO ALL[ ! ,REVOLUTION TO TRIUMPH MEANT TO ALL[ ITS 9FLU5CE TO BE FELT & ACT$ UPON BY ! WORK+ CLASS ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 ,RUMANIA1 & ,YUGOSLAVIA4 ,! WORK]S 9 !SE C\NTRIES W]E SUFF]+ EXPLOITATION SIMIL> TO ?AT FROM :I* ! ,HUNG>IANS HAD FRE$ !MSELVES4 ,TO ALL[ ! ,REVOLUTION TO DEVELOP W\LD HAVE MEANT GIV+ AN IMM5SE IMPETUS TO ! MOVEM5T 9 ,POL& :I* = A MON? HAD EXTRACT$ CONCESSION AFT] CONCESSION FROM ! ,POLI% BUREAUCRACY AS WELL AS FROM ! ,KREML94 

,F9ALLY1 REVOLUTION 9 ,HUNG>Y C\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$ BECAUSE ( ! EXAMPLE IT MI<T SET TO ! GREAT SUBJECT PEOPLE ON ITS NOR?-EA/]N BORD]S - 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ITSELF4 ,?AT ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]S W]E H&+ OV] WEAPONS TO ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION>IES 7&1 9 SOME CASES1 ACTUALLY JO9+ !IR RANKS7 MU/ HAVE *ILL$ ! SP9ES ( ,KRU%*EV & HIS H5*M54 ,IF SECTIONS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY PROV$ UNRELIABLE 9 PUTT+ D[N A '=EIGN' UPRIS+1 H[ W\LD ! >MY REACT TO A SIMIL> UPRIS+ 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 ,( SU* /UFF W]E NI<TM>ES MADE6 

#b#d4 ,MEAN+ ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION 

0,! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S CONTA9S UNIV]SAL HUMAN EMANCIPATION - & IT CONTA9S ?IS BECAUSE ! :OLE ( HUMAN S]VITUDE IS 9VOLV$ 9 ! RELATION ( ! WORK] TO PRODUCTION4 ,EV]Y RELATION ( S]VITUDE IS BUT A MODIFICATION & CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS RELATION40 

,K4 ,M>X1 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS 7#a#h#d#d74 

,:5 ! ,HUNG>IANS W]E F9ALLY CRU%$1 ! ,WE/]N CROCODILE BEGAN TO WEEP4 ,BUT IT LE]$ AS IT WEPT4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 H[1 9 ! ,WE/1 'POLITICAL' COMM5T WAS C5T]$ UPON ! NATIONALI/IC ASPECTS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 NO MATT] H[ TRIVIAL4 ,:Y W]E ,WE/]N POLITICIANS SO SELECTIVE 9 !IR SUPPORT & SO P>SIMONI\S 9 !IR PRAISE = ,HUNG>Y'S ,OCTOB]8 ,BASICALLY BECAUSE !Y W]E OPPOS$ BO? TO ITS ME?ODS & TO ITS AIMS4 

0,! VIEW PREVAIL+ AMONG ,UNIT$ ,/ATES (FICIALS WAS ?AT 'EVOLUTION' T[>DS FRE$OM 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE W\LD BE BETT] = ALL CONC]N$ ?AN 'REVOLUTION'1 ?\< NOBODY WAS SAY+ ?IS PUBLICLY01 WROTE ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES 7,OCTOB] #b#g1 #a#i#e#e74 ,& AS TO 5DS1 CAN ANYONE IMAG9E ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 ! ,BRITI% ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 ,H] ,MAJE/Y'S ,GOV]NM5T1 ,H] ,MAJE/Y'S ,LOYAL ,OPPOSITION1 ! ,T4,U4,C4'S ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y OR ,H] ,MAJE/Y'S TRADE UNION LEAD]%IP SUPPORT+ ! FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & POLITICAL AIMS ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION8 ,:AT CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5T C\LD G5U9ELY SUPPORT A PEOPLE DEM&+ 'WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY' & ALREADY BEG9N+ TO IMPLEM5T ?IS ON AN 9CREAS+ SCALE8 ,SU* GOV]NM5TS MI<T GO TO W> TO PROTECT !IR [N CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,ONE CANNOT CONCEIVE ( !M GO+ TO W> TO PROTECT ! 9T]E/S ( A ,REVOLUTION :I* %[$ EV]Y SIGN ( MAK+ BO? !M & !IR BUREAUCRATIC C\NT]P>TS 9 ! ,EA/ R$UNDANT4 ,=1 AS ,PET] ,FRY] WROTE1 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION %[$ 0! ABILITY ( ORD9>Y WORK+ M5 & WOM5 TO TAKE !IR AFFAIRS 9TO !IR [N H&S & MANAGE !M )\T A SPECIAL CA/E ( (FICIALS04 .<#i#e.> 

,NAIVE OBS]V]S C\LD NOT UND]/& :Y ! ,WE/1 HAV+ 'FAIL$' TO TAKE A MILIT>Y 9ITIATIVE OV] ,HUNG>Y1 DID NOT AT LEA/ MAKE SOME POLITICAL GE/URE4 ,%OCK$ NOISES !Y MADE1 9 ,U4,N4,O4 & ELSE:]E4 ,BUT AN EFFECTIVE POLITICAL 9ITIATIVE 9VOLV$ SUPPORT+1 CL>IFY+1 & PROPAGAT+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEM&S ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S1 ?OSE ?AT W]E ! MA9SPR+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 9 P>TICUL> ! DEM& )\T :I* IT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 A PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION AT ALL3 ,WORK]S' ,P[] - A COMPLETE *ANGE 9 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 

0,! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 7BOSS-WORK]2 MANAG]-MANAG$2 ORD]-GIV] - ORD]-TAK]7 REMA9 ! BASIS ( ! CLASS /RUCTURE ( ANY SOCIETY4 ,9 ALL C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD !SE RELATIONS >E CAPITALI/ RELATIONS BECAUSE !Y >E BAS$ ON WAGE LABOR40 .<#i#f.> ,! ,HUNG>IAN WORK+ CLASS ATTEMPT$ TO TRANSC5D CLASS SOCIETY BY /RIK+ AT ! V]Y ROOTS ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM4 

,C]TA9 ,WE/]N OBS]V]S ?\<T !IR ME?ODS '*AOTIC'4 ,!Y DEPLOR$ !IR 'ABS5CE ( ORGANIZATION'4 ,BUT ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S HAD 9/9CTIVELY GRASP$1 AL?\< P]HAPS NOT EXPLICITLY PROCLAIM$1 ?AT !Y MU/ BREAK COMPLETELY ) ?OSE TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL =MS :I* HAD = YE>S 5TRAPP$ BO? !M & ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! ,WE/4 ,?IS WAS !IR /R5G?4 ,!Y SAW ?AT IT MEANT BREAK+ ) ?OSE V]Y 9/ITUTIONS :I* !Y !MSELVES HAD ORIG9ALLY CREAT$ = !IR EMANCIPATION1 & :I* HAD LAT] BECOME FETT]S UPON !M4 ,NEW ORGANS ( /RUGGLE W]E CREAT$3 ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS :I* EMBODI$1 9 EMBRYO1 ! NEW SOCIETY !Y W]E SEEK+ TO A*IEVE4 ,WE/]N 'OBS]V]S' C\LD H>DLY BE EXPECT$ TO RECOGNIZE ALL ?IS1 OR TO ELABORATE ON ?IS !ME6 

,! WORK+ CLASS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 AL?\< /IRR$ BY ! /RUGGLE ( !IR ,HUNG>IAN COMRADES1 REMA9$ PASSIVE4 ,YET1 !Y ALONE HAD ! P[] TO SAVE ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y /OOD & WAT*$ BECAUSE !Y W]E 7& /ILL >E7 UND] ! IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! 'LEAD]%IPS' ( '!IR [N' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! DEG5]ATION ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS IS NOT DUE TO 'BAD LEAD]S' :O 'BETRAY'4 0,! PROBLEM HAS MU* DEEP] ROOTS 444 ,! POLITICAL & TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAVE 9CREAS+LY ADOPT$ ! OBJECTIVES1 ME?ODS1 PHILOSOPHY1 & PATT]NS ( ORGANIZATION ( ! V]Y SOCIETY !Y W]E TRY+ TO SUP]S$E4 ,!RE HAS DEVELOP$ )9 !IR RANKS AN 9CREAS+ DIVISION BETWE5 LEAD]S & L$1 ORD]-GIV]S & ORD]-TAK]S4 ,?IS HAS CULM9AT$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A WORK+ CLASS BUREAUCRACY :I* CAN NEI!R BE REMOV$ NOR CONTROLL$4 ,?IS BUREAUCRACY PURSUES OBJECTIVES ( ITS [N40 .<#i#g.> ,ONCE ?IS IS P]CEIV$ & ACT$ UPON ! DAYS ( ! BUREAUCRACY WILL BE NUMB]$4 

,9 ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & 9 ! REORGANIZATION ( !IR TRADE UNIONS1 ! ,HUNG>IANS HAD %[N AN AW>5ESS ( ! FACT ?AT 0! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION WILL NOT BE ABLE TO FI<T ! T5D5CY T[>DS BUREAUCRACY UNLESS IT FUNCTIONS ITSELF ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY & 9 A CONSCI\SLY ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC MANN]40 .<#i#h.> ,! V>I\S ,C\NCILS ?AT SPRANG UP ALL OV] ! C\NTRY HAD ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AUTONOMY4 ,AS F> AS WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DISCOV]1 NO ONE EV] QUE/ION$ ! PR9CIPLE ?AT DELEGATES ELECT$ TO ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCILS %\LD BE REVOCABLE1 AT ALL TIMES4 ,! PR9CIPLE BECAME AN IMM$IATE REALITY1 AUTOMATICALLY ACCEPT$ & ACT$ UPON4 

,! MASSACRE ( ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ORGANIZATIONS !Y HAD BUILT DUR+ !IR BRIEF SPELL ( FRE$OM & ! RE-IMPOSITION ( TOTAL BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL OV] ALL ASPECTS ( !IR LIVES BR\<T AN 5D TO AN ]A3 ! ]A DUR+ :I* ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY HAD P>TLY SUCCE$$ - DESPITE ,/AL9 - 9 PASS+ !MSELVES (F AS DEF5D]S ( ,SOCIALISM & AS *AMPIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,N[ IT W\LD NEV] BE ! SAME AGA96 

,! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#f1 WROTE ITS MESSAGE 9 ! BLOOD ( ?\S&S ( ORD9>Y WORK+ PEOPLE1 P>TICUL>LY ! Y\?4 ,! MESSAGE IS ?AT1 TODAY1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE ?R\<\T ! WORLD IS NOT ONE BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/1 BETWE5 ,LABOR & ,TORY1 OR BETWE5 EMPLOY]S & TRADE UNION LEAD]S4 ,IT IS ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS = ITS [N EMANCIPATION4 ,IT IS ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ALL ! BUREAUCRATIC REGIMES1 9/ITUTIONS & IDEOLOGIES1 :I*1 9 BO? ,EA/ & ,WE/1 OB/RUCT ITS ROAD TO FRE$OM4 

,:ATEV] WE *OOSE TO CALL ! NEW SOCIETY WE ASPIRE TO - ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY 9 :I* M5 >E TRULY FREE TO DEVELOP TO ! FULL1 & TO MANAGE ALL ASPECTS ( !IR LIVES - ITS E/ABLI%M5T WILL DEP5D ON SEV]AL ESS5TIALS4 ,IT WILL DEP5D ON A DIFF]5T & 5TIRELY NEW ATTITUDE TO 'LEAD]%IP' FROM ?AT PREVAIL+ 9 ! TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! 'LEFT' TODAY4 ,IT WILL DEP5D ON AN UND]/&+ ?AT ! OBJECTIVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION IS NOT JU/ A *ANGE 9 ! =MAL [N]%IP ( PROP]TY BUT ! ABOLITION ( ALL SPECIAL /RATA 9 SOCIETY1 MANAG+ ! ACTIVITIES ( O!RS FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,IT WILL DEP5D F9ALLY ON ! REALIZATION1 BY WORK+ PEOPLE1 ( !IR ABILITY TO MANAGE SOCIETY & ( ! URG5T NE$ = !M TO DO SO4 ,)\T ?IS NO PROGRESS CAN BE MADE T[>DS SOLV+ ! GIGANTIC PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT HUMANITY1 NOT LEA/ ( :I* IS :E!R TOMORR[ WILL EV] DAWN OR :E!R AT ANY MOM5T WE %ALL ALL BE DE/ROY$ 9 A NUCLE> HOLOCAU/4 

,FAM\S 9TELLECTUALS HAVE WRITT5 LE>N$ BOOKS AB\T ! WORLD'S PROBLEMS 9 AN AGE :5 LIFE ON E>? C\LD BE WIP$ \T BY ! DECISIONS & ACTIONS ( 9F9ITESIMAL M9ORITIES4 ,BECAUSE ( !IR P>TICUL> POSITION )9 SOCIETY FEW ( !SE 9TELLECTUALS HAVE D>$ TO SPEAK \T & TO PROCLAIM ?AT ! SOLUTION TO !SE PROBLEMS IMPLIES A PR(\ND SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 :I* ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( MANK9D1 WILL TAKE P[] 9TO !IR [N H&S & PROCE$ TO BUILD A SOCIETY :]E !Y >E MA/]S ( !IR FATE4 ,!Y MU/ DO ?IS !MSELVES & CANNOT DELEGATE ! TASK TO ANYBODY4 ,REAL FRE$OM DEP5DS ON ! EXT5T TO :I* ?IS REVOLUTION>Y TASK IS BO? UND]/OOD & ACT$ UPON4 

,APP5DIX ,I4 ,RESOLUTION ( ! ,WRIT]S' ,UNION 

7READ TO ! CR[D AT ! ,BEM /ATUE1 ,OCTOB] #b#c1 #a#i#e#f7 

0,WE HAVE >RIV$ AT AN HI/ORIC TURN+ PO9T4 ,WE %ALL NOT BE ABLE TO ACQUIT \RSELVES WELL 9 ?IS REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION UNLESS ! 5TIRE ,HUNG>IAN WORK+ PEOPLE RALLIES R\ND US 9 DISCIPL9E4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,P>TY & ! ,/ATE HAVE SO F> FAIL$ TO PRES5T A WORKABLE PROGRAM4 ,! PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE = ?IS >E ?OSE :O1 9/EAD ( EXP&+ ,SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY1 >E OB/9ATELY ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES ) ! AIM ( RE/OR+ ! ,/AL9 & ,RAKOSI REGIME ( T]ROR 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,WE1 ,HUNG>IAN WRIT]S1 HAVE =MULAT$ !SE DEM&S ( ! ,HUNG>IAN NATION 9 ! FOLL[+ SEV5 PO9TS3 

7#a7 ,WE WANT AN 9DEP5D5T NATIONAL POLICY BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,\R RELATIONS ) ALL C\NTRIES1 & ) ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 & ! ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACIES 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 %\LD BE REGULAT$ ON ! BASIS ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY4 ,WE WANT A REVIEW ( 9T]-,/ATE TREATIES & ECONOMIC AGREEM5TS 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! EQUALITY ( NATIONAL RI<TS4 7,?IS WAS A CLE> REF]5CE TO ! URANIUM M9ES AT ,PECS - DISCOV]$ EI<TE5 MON?S E>LI]4 ,! ,RUSSIANS CALL$ !M 'BAUXITE M9ES'4 ,A4,A47 

7#b7 ,AN 5D MU/ BE PUT TO NATIONAL M9ORITY POLICIES :I* DI/URB FRI5D%IP BETWE5 ! PEOPLE4 ,WE WANT TRUE & S9C]E FRI5D%IP ) \R ALLIES - ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 & ! ,PEOPLES' ,DEMOCRACIES4 ,?IS CAN BE REALIZ$ ONLY ON ! BASIS ( ,L59I/ PR9CIPLES4 

7#c7 ,! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC POSITION MU/ BE CLE>LY /AT$4 ,WE %ALL NOT BE ABLE TO EM]GE FROM ?IS CRISIS UNLESS ALL WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & 9TELLECTUALS CAN PLAY !IR PROP] P>T 9 ! POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION ( ! C\NTRY4 

7#d7 ,FACTORIES MU/ BE RUN BY WORK]S & SPECIALI/S4 ,! PRES5T HUMILIAT+ SY/EM ( WAGES1 NORMS1 SOCIAL SECURITY CONDITIONS1 ETC41 MU/ BE RE=M$4 ,! TRADE UNIONS MU/ BE ! TRUE REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK+ CLASS4 

7#e7 ,\R PEASANT POLICY MU/ BE PUT ON A NEW BASIS4 ,PEASANTS MU/ BE GIV5 ! RI<T TO DECIDE !IR [N FATE1 FREELY4 ,! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = FREE MEMB]%IP 9 ! CO-OP]ATIVES MU/ BE CREAT$4 ,! PRES5T SY/EM ( DELIV]IES TO ! ,/ATE & ( TAX PAYM5T MU/ BE GRADUALLY REPLAC$ BY A SY/EM 5SUR+ FREE ,SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ( GOODS4 

7#f7 ,IF !SE PO9TS >E TO MAT]IALIZE1 !RE MU/ BE *ANGES ( /RUCTURE & ( P]SONNEL 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY & ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,RAKOSI CLIQUE1 :I* IS SEEK+ RE/ORATION1 MU/ BE REMOV$ FROM \R POLITICAL LIFE4 ,IM] ,NAGY1 A PURE & BRAVE ,COMMUNI/1 :O 5JOYS ! CONFID5CE ( ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE1 & ALL ?OSE :O HAVE SY/EMATICALLY F\<T = ,SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY 9 REC5T YE>S1 MU/ BE GIV5 ! PO/S !Y DES]VE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A RESOLUTE /& MU/ BE MADE AGA9/ ALL C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS & ASPIRATIONS4 

7#g7 ,! EVOLUTION ( ! SITUATION DEM&S ?AT ! ,PEOPLES' ,PATRIOTIC ,FRONT %\LD ASSUME ! POLITICAL REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ /RATA ( ,HUNG>IAN SOCIETY4 ,\R ELECTORAL SY/EM MU/ CORRESPOND TO ! DEM&S ( ,SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY4 ,! PEOPLE MU/ ELECT !IR REPRES5TATIVES 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 9 ! ,C\NCIL1 & 9 ALL AUTONOM\S ORGANS ( ADM9I/RATION1 FREELY & BY SECRET BALLOT40 

,APP5DIX ,I,I4 ,BRIEF ,HI/ORY ( ,P]SONALITIES 

,]NO ,G]O1 IMPRISON$ 9 #a#i#a#i1 AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,KUN REGIME4 ,F\<T 9 ,SPA9 FROM #aicf UNTIL ! ,REPUBLICAN COLLAPSE4 ,W5T TO ,MOSC[ & BECAME A ,RUSSIAN CITIZ54 ,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I HE RETURN$ TO ,HUNG>Y & L$ ! ,P>TY UNTIL HIS FRI5D1 ,RAKOSI1 >RIV$4 

,JANOS ,KAD> WAS BORN 9 #a#i#a4 ,HIS P>5TS W]E F>M WORK]S4 ,HE HAD LITTLE $UCATION & BECAME A LOCKSMI?4 ,AT N9ETE51 HE JO9$ ! Y\? MOVEM5T ( ! ILLEGAL ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,S]V$ SEV]AL %ORT T]MS ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,UND] ! ,COMMUNI/ REGIME AFT] ! W>1 HE WAS MADE A POLICE (FIC]4 ,HIS RISE 9 ! HI]>*Y WAS !N RAPID4 ,AFT] ! M]G] ( ! COMMUNI/ & SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 HE WAS MADE A MEMB] ( ! ,POLITBUREAU4 ,TWO MON?S LAT] HE BECAME ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR4 ,BUT 9 MID #aie HE WAS DISMISS$4 ,N9E MON?S LAT] HE WAS REELECT$ TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & ! ,POLITBUREAU4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ?IS HE 'DISAPPE>$'4 

,BELA ,KUN WAS A PRISON] ( W> 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,HE WAS RELEAS$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS & TOOK P>T 9 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,AU?OR ( ,! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,DISSOLUTION1 ,M>XISM V]SUS ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ,L59 ON ! ,I4,L4,P43 PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% BY ,MOD]N ,BOOKS ,LTD4 

,PAL ,MALET] WAS AN (FIC] ( ! REGUL> >MY DUR+ ! 9T]-W> YE>S4 ,9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 HE WAS ONE ( ,HOR?Y'S HI<LY-TRU/$ P]SONAL GU>DS UNTIL #a#i#d#c1 :5 HE WAS S5T TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,FRONT4 ,HE WAS TAK5 PRISON] & SOON AFT] JO9$ A ,RUSSIAN-ORGANIZ$ BRIGADE ( P>TISANS4 ,AFT] A SIX-MON?S' C\RSE HE WAS MADE COMM&] ( A P>TISAN GR\P4 ,9 #a#i#d#d1 HE P>A*UT$ 9TO NOR!RN ,HUNG>Y & F\<T ! ,NAZIS UNTIL ,RUSSIAN TROOPS >RIV$4 ,HE REJO9$ ! ,HUNG>IAN ,>MY 9 #aide ) ! RANK ( MAJOR & !N JO9$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,:5 ! ,REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$ 9 #a#i#d#f1 ,MALET] WAS MADE A LIFEGU>D ( ITS ,PRESID5T1 ,ZOLTAN ,TILDY4 ,TILDY WAS >RE/$ 9 #a#i#d#h1 & ,MALET] REJO9$ ! REGUL> >MY4 ,9 #aiea HE WAS PROMOT$ COLONEL & PUT 9 COMM& ( AN >MOR$ DIVISION4 ,HE ALSO WAS GIV5 ! TASK ( TRA9+ ALL >MOR$ DIVISIONS 9CLUD+ ! TRA9+ ( (FIC]-CADETS AT ! S*OOL 9 ,TATA4 ,9 #a#i#e#b1 HE WAS MOV$ TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ,DEF5SE & AT ! 5D ( ! YE> HE WAS GIV5 ! PO/ ( ,COMM&]1 ( ! ,WORKS ,BRIGADES4 

,IM] ,NAGY WAS BORN 9 #a#h#i#f1 ( ,CALV9I/ ,PEASANTS4 ,HE HAD AN ELEM5T>Y $UCATION1 BUT BECAME A PR(ESSOR 9 BO? ,RO/OV & ,BUDAPE/ & A MEMB] ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,ACADEMY4 ,9 #aiae HE WAS CONSCRIPT$ 9TO ! ,>MY4 ,LAT] TAK5 PRISON] BY ! ,RUSSIANS4 

,HE SAW ! ,REVOLUTION & JO9$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#a#h4 ,RETURN$ TO ,HUNG>Y 9 #aiba & WORK$ UND]GR\ND AGA9/ ! ,HOR?Y REGIME4 ,9 #aibg HE WAS >RE/$1 BUT ESCAP$ TO ,AU/RIA A YE> LAT]4 ,HE W5T BACK TO ,RUSSIA 9 #aic & BECAME A ,RUSSIAN CITIZ54 ,ON HIS RETURN TO ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#i#d#d1 HE BECAME A F\ND]-MEMB] ( ! 'NEW' REGIME4 

,LASZLO ,RAIK WAS BORN 9 #a#i#i1 9 ,TRANSYLVANIA4 ,HIS FA!R WAS A COBBL]4 ,HE JO9$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :5 A /UD5T AT ,BUDAPE/ ,UNIV]SITY4 ,AT ! AGE ( #b#c1 HE WAS IMPRISON$ = HIS P>T 9 A ',COMMUNI/ CONSPIRACY' AT ! ,UNIV]SITY4 ,RELEAS$ & WORK$ = SOME TIME AS A MANUAL LABOR]4 ,F\<T 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE 9 ,SPA91 & WAS SEV]ELY W\ND$ 9 #a#i#c#g4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> HE TRI$ TO GET BACK TO ,HUNG>Y1 VIA ,FRANCE1 BUT WAS 9T]N$4 ,HE ESCAP$ FROM ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#d#a1 TRI$ TO 5T] ,HUNG>Y BUT WAS >RE/$ & IMPRISON$4 ,:5 RELEAS$ HE BECAME SECRET>Y ( ! UND]GR\ND ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY SECTION 9 ,BUDAPE/4 ,CAPTUR$ BY ! ,G]MANS 9 #aidd & S5T5C$ TO DEA?4 ,! S5T5CE WAS NOT C>RI$ \T1 BUT HE WAS S5T TO ! NOTORI\S JAIL ( ,SOPRONKOHIDA & LAT] TO A CONC5TRATION CAMP 9 ,G]MANY4 

,AFT] HIS RETURN TO ,HUNG>Y1 AT ! 5D ( ! W>1 HE BECAME ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR & WAS SOON DREAD$ & HAT$ = HIS RU?LESS VIOL5CE4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ ON ! ORD]S ( HIS 'COMRADES' 9 ,MAY #a#i#d#i4 ,HIS TRIAL BEGAN ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#d#i4 ,! MA9 *>GE WAS ?AT HE HAD BE5 SPY+ = ,TITO'S SECRET POLICE4 ,BUT HE WAS ALSO *>G$ ) SPY+ = ! ,AM]ICAN ,F4,B4,I4 & = ! ,GE/APO1 ) 0ATTEMPT+ TO OV]?R[ ! DEMOCRATIC ORD] ( ,HUNG>Y01 ) W> CRIMES1 S$ITION1 CONSPIRACY1 & A HO/ ( O!R *>GES4 ,HE PLEAD$ GUILTY & WAS HANG$4 

,MATYAS ,RAKOSI WAS BORN 9 #a#h#i#b4 ,HIS FA!R WAS A P\LTRY M]*ANT4 ,:5 Y\NG HE DECID$ ON A C>E] 9 ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,CONSUL> ,S]VICE4 ,W5T TO ,LONDON TO P]FECT HIS ,5GLI% & WORK$ AS A BANK CL]K4 ,RETURN$ TO ,HUNG>Y JU/ BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 JO9$ ! ,>MY1 GOT A COMMISSION1 WAS S5T TO ! ,RUSSIAN FRONT & WAS TAK5 PRISON]4 ,AS A ,P4,O4,W4 HE BECAME AN >D5T SUPPORT] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT HE MET ,L59 9 #aiah & ?AT !Y BECAME FRI5DLY4 ,RETURN$ TO ,HUNG>Y 9 #aiah & WORK$ ) ,BELA ,KUN4 ,:5 ! ,KUN ,GOV]NM5T COLLAPS$1 HE FL$ TO ,AU/RIA :]E HE WORK$ = ! ,COM9T]N4 

,9 #aibd HE RETURN$ TO ,HUNG>Y TO REORGANIZE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,= ?IS HE WAS SOON >RE/$ BY ,HOR?Y'S POLICE & WAS S5T5C$ TO DEA?4 ,?IS CAUS$ UPRO> FROM C]TA9 CIRCLES 9 ! ,WE/ & AS A RESULT ! S5T5CE WAS COMMUT$ TO EI<T YE>S' IMPRISONM5T4 ,HE WAS RELEAS$ 9 #a#i#c#e1 BUT WAS LAT] RE->RE/$ & TRI$ = HIS P>T 9 ! #aiai REVOLUTION4 ,AT HIS TRIAL HE GA9$ A REPUTATION ?R\<\T ! WORLD = BE+ FE>LESS & \TSPOK54 

,HE & HIS LAWY] - ,RU/EM ,VEMB]Y - US$ ! DOCK ) GREAT SKILL TO ACCUSE ! ,HOR?Y REGIME4 ,9 DO+ SO1 !Y %[$ A C\RAGE R>ELY SE5 9 ,FASCI/ C\NTRIES4 ,?IS WAS P>TICUL>LY REM>KABLE 9 ,RAKOSI1 :O HAD ALREADY SP5T MORE ?AN T5 YE>S 9 SOME ( ,HUNG>Y'S WOR/ PRISONS4 ,HE WAS S5T5C$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T4 

,FOLL[+ ! ,HITL]-,/AL9 PACT1 ! ,HOR?Y REGIME AGRE$ TO S5D ,RAKOSI 7& ,ZOLTAN ,VAS7 TO ,RUSSIA 9 EX*ANGE = SOME FLAGS CAPTUR$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS 9 #a#h#d#i4 ,RAKOSI BECAME A CLOSE 'FRI5D' ( ,/AL9 :I* ADD$ GREATLY TO HIS '/&+' 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ HI]>*Y4 

,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ,RAKOSI ORGANIZ$ ! 9DOCTR9ATION ( ,HUNG>IAN ,P4,O4,W4S & WAS 9 *>GE ( ,RUSSIAN RADIO PROPAG&A TO ,HUNG>Y4 ,HE WAS A NATURALIZ$ ,RUSSIAN :5 HE RETURN$ TO ,HUNG>Y ) HIS ,MONGOLIAN WIFE AFT] ! W>4 ,9 ,HUNG>Y HE BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ RU?LESS TYRANTS ( HI/ORY4 ,COPI$ ,/AL9'S P]SONALITY MY?-BUILD+ ME?ODS1 & WAS ALWAYS REF]R$ TO AS 0\R FA!R & GREAT MA/]4 ,/AL9'S GREATE/ ,HUNG>IAN PUPIL04 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#f#c1 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HEADQU>T]S 9 ,BUDAPE/ REPORT$ ?AT ,RAKOSI HAD REC5TLY DI$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,APP5DIX ,I,I,I 

,JANU>Y #a1 #aieg - 

,9 A ,NEW ,YE> MESSAGE1 ,MIKLOS ,SAMOGYI1 ,PRESID5T ( ! REC5TLY 'RE-ORGANIZ$' ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 APPEALS TO ! M9]S3 0,M9]S1 WE BEG ( Y\ TO GIVE US MORE COAL60 ,! M9]S GAVE '!M' MORE COAL - MORE COAL LEFT 9 ! PITS6 

,JANU>Y #c1 #aieg - 

,! M9]S ( ,TATABANYA 7PRODUCTION S9CE ! SECOND ,RUSSIAN ATTACK CUT TO #c.0 ( NORMAL7 AGA9 \T ON /RIKE1 ?IS TIME 9 PROTE/ AGA9/ ! >RE/ ( #ab BRO!R M9]S4 ,NEPSZABADSAG REPORTS 'L>GE QUANTITIES' ( >MS & AMMUNITION F\ND HIDD5 9 A PIT%AFT 5TRANCE1 9 ! M9+ T[N ( ,V>PALOTA4 

,JANU>Y #d1 #aieg - 

,A MILIT>Y C\RT S5T5CES A #b#e-YE>-OLD TRANSPORT WORK] TO DEA? = BE+ 9 ILLEGAL POSSESSION ( >MS ON ,OCTOB] #c1 #aief - I4E41 BE=E ! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T EV5 EXI/$6 

,JANU>Y #e1 #aieg - 

,AFT] A VISIT TO ,BUDAPE/1 ,N4,S4 ,KRU%*EV /ATES3 0,9 ,HUNG>Y1 EV]Y?+ IS N[ 9 ORD]40 

,JANU>Y #f1 #aieg - 

,KAD> ISSUES /ATEM5T ON ! 'MAJOR TASKS' ( ! ,GOV]NM5T3 0,RUSSIAN TROOPS WILL REMA9 9 ,HUNG>Y = ! TIME BE+1 9 ORD] TO REPEL ! :OLE IMP]IALI/ ATTACK 444 ,! QUE/ION ( !IR )DRAWAL WILL BE A MATT] ( NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 & ,HUNG>Y40 ,! /ATEM5T HAIL$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS AS 0ONE ( ! GREAT A*IEVEM5TS ( ! REGIME01 BUT 9 FUTURE1 !IR FUNCTION WAS TO BE *ANG$ SLI<TLY4 ,!Y W]E TO 5SURE ?AT 0! WORK]S ADH]E /RICTLY TO ,GOV]NM5T DECISIONS04 ,DUE TO SEV]E 9TIMIDATION1 ) MANY ( !IR COMRADES >RE/$ & SOME BELIEV$ TO HAVE BE5 ALREADY EXECUT$1 MEMB]S ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS N[ BEG9 TO RESIGN4 

,JANU>Y #h1 #aieg - 

,! ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL ( ,CZEPEL RESIGNS & ISSUES ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T3 

0,IT WAS ! HALL[$ EV5TS ( ! ,OCTOB] #bc ,REVOLUTION ( ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE ?AT BR\<T US 9TO BE+ SO ?AT WE C\LD BUILD AN 9DEP5D5T1 FREE1 & DEMOCRATIC ,HUNG>Y1 & E/ABLI% ! BASIS = A WAY ( LIFE FREE FROM FE>4 

0,! EV5TS ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ! MEANTIME1 H[EV]1 HAVE PREV5T$ US FROM FULFILL+ \R M&ATE4 ,WE >E TO HAVE NO O!R ROLE ?AN TO C>RY \T ! ORD]S ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,WE CANNOT C>RY \T ORD]S ?AT OPPOSE \R M&ATE4 ,WE CANNOT SIT PASSIVELY :5 MEMB]S ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS >E BE+ >RE/$ & H>ASS$1 & :5 ! 5TIRE WORK ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS IS BR&$ AS 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y'4 ,= !SE REASONS1 & REG>DLESS ( \R P]SONAL FATE1 WE HAVE UNANIM\SLY DECID$ TO RESIGN \R M&ATE4 

0,\R DECISION DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE >E TRY+ TO EVADE RESPONSIBILITY4 ,IT IS \R OP9ION ?AT \R CONT9U$ EXI/5CE W\LD HELP TO DECEIVE \R COMRADES4 ,WE !RE=E RETURN \R M&ATE TO ! WORK]S40 

,JANU>Y #i1 #aieg - 

,9DU/RIAL TR\BLES1 /RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS1 FL>E UP MORE VIOL5TLY 9 ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 

,JANU>Y #a1 #aieg - 

,WORK]S DEMON/RATE 9 ,CZEPEL AGA9/ ! 9/ALLATION ( A ,GOV]NM5T ,COMMISSION] & A DIRECTOR 9 ! 5G9E]+ WORKS4 ,! MILITIA1 RE9=C$ BY ,RUSSIAN TROOPS1 IS CALL$ 94 ,WORK]S DISP]S$ AFT] ?REE H\RS ( FI<T+4 ,SITUATION 9 ,CZEPEL SO GRAVE ?AT ,GOV]NM5T ISSUES ORD] =BIDD+ NEWSPAP] REPORT]S TO VISIT ISL&4 

,JANU>Y #a#a1 #aieg - 

,(FICIAL /ATEM5T ISSU$ ?AT ONE KILL$ & SIX 9JUR$ 9 'DI/URBANCES' AT ! ,CZEPEL 5G9E]+ WORKS4 

,JANU>Y #a#c1 #aieg - 

,(FICIAL ANN\NCEM5T OV] RADIO ?AT1 DUE TO CONT9U+ 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y' ACTIVITY 9 9DU/RY1 ,SUMM>Y ,C\RTS TO BE GIV5 ADDITIONAL P[] TO IMPOSE ! DEA? S5T5CE = ALMO/ ANY ACT AGA9/ ! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! DEA? S5T5CE = ANYONE CALL+ A /RIKE1 ! NEW DECREE DECL>ES IT ILLEGAL = WORK]S EV5 TO DISCUSS POSSIBLE /RIKE ACTION4 

,JANU>Y #a#e1 #aieg - 

0,! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,WORK]S HAS ISSU$ A MANIFE/O ADDRESS$ TO ! WORK]S4 ,IT SAYS ?AT AGA9/ ! T]ROR ( ! ,RUSSIAN RUL]S1 ASSI/$ BY !IR ,HUNG>IAN H5*M51 !RE IS ONLY ONE ?+ TO BE DONE - TO FI<T TO ! BITT] 5D4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( 'TO BE OR NOT TO BE' ! /ATEM5T ADDS4 ,BECAUSE ( ! T]ROR1 H[EV]1 & ! DEA? P5ALTY EV5 = DI/RIBUT+ LEAFLETS1 ! ,C\NCIL EXHORTS ! WORK]S TO SPREAD ALL NEWS CONC]N+ ! UND]GR\ND BY WORD ( M\?4 ,SABOTAGE & PASSIVE RESI/ANCE >E ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 ,/RIKES & GO-SL[ TACTICS >E RECOMM5D$40 7,! ,TIMES74 

,JANU>Y #a#g1 #aieg - 

,! ,WRIT]S' ,UNION DISSOLV$ BY DECREE4 

,JANU>Y #a#i1 #aieg - 

,! ,UNION ( ,J\RNALI/S DISSOLV$ BY DECREE4 

,JANOS ,SZABO1 ! ELD]LY WORK] :O PLAY$ A PROM95T P>T 9 ! ,SZ5A ,SQU>E BATTLES1 EXECUT$4 

,JANU>Y #b#a1 #aieg - 

0,! WAVES ( >BITR>Y >RE/S CONT9UE4 ,HUNDR$S ( MEMB]S ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS >E 9 PRISON4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ WEEK !RE HAVE BE5 A NUMB] ( JUDGES :O HAVE RESIGN$ 9 PROTE/ AGA9/ :AT !Y CALL$ ! F>CE ( ?IS JURISDICTION40 7,! ,TIMES74 

,JANU>Y #b#e1 #aieg - 

,/ATEM5T BY ! ,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR 7OV] ,BUDAPE/ ,RADIO7 ?AT ! WRIT]S ,GYULA ,HAY1 ,DOMOKOS ,V>GA1 ,TIBOR ,T>DOS1 ,ZOLTAN ,RO?1 & ,BALAZS ,L5GYEL1 & ! J\RNALI/S ,S&OR ,NOVOBACZKY & ,PAL ,LETAY1 HAVE BE5 >RE/$ & *>G$ ) P>TICIPAT+ 9 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y' ACTIVITIES4 

,JANU>Y #b#g1 #aieg - 

,POLICE ANN\NCE ?AT ANO!R #ce PEOPLE HAVE BE5 >RE/$ TODAY 9 ,BUDAPE/4 ,M9I/] ( ,/ATE1 ,M>OSAN1 DECL>ES ?AT 0! 9SURRECTION WAS ORGANIZ$ BY 9T]NATIONAL IMP]IALISM04 

,JANU>Y #b#i1 #aieg - 

,9 A SPEE* TO ! 'TRADE UNIONS'1 ,KAD> SAYS HE HAS 0NEV] RELI$ ON HIS ,GOV]NM5T BE+ POPUL> ) ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE04 

,RADIO ,BUDAPE/ ANN\NCES ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T HAS 'SUSP5D$' ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL ( ,RAILWAYM54 

,FEBRU>Y #c1 #aieg - 

,M>OSAN1 REPEATS ! ?REATS HE MADE AT ! 5D ( ,DECEMB]3 ! ,GOV]NM5T 0WILL CREATE A CLIMATE ( T]ROR = ! 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE04 

,FEBRU>Y #e1 #aieg - 

,DISCUSSIONS BETWE5 ! PUBLIC PROSECUTORS1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,/ATE ,M>OSAN1 & ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR 7,MUNNI*74 ,DECISION TO 9TRODUCE NEW MEASURES AIM$ AT 0! RE/ORATION ( DISCIPL9E & PUBLIC ORD]04 ,! AMNE/Y PROMIS$ BY ,KAD> ON ,NOVEMB] #d = ALL 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES' :O LAID D[N !IR >MS IS )DRAWN4 7,ONLY V]Y FEW PEOPLE HAD BE5 TAK5 94 ,!Y HAD PAID = !IR GULLIBILITY ) !IR LIVES47 

,FEBRU>Y #a#c1 #aieg - 

,NEWSPAP]S CELEBRATE ! #a#b? ANNIV]S>Y ( ,RUSSIAN TROOPS' 5TRY 9TO ,BUDAPE/4 

,FEBRU>Y #a#h1 #aieg - 

,ONE ( ,KAD>'S PROMISES1 GIV5 AT ! MEET+ ) WORK]S' DELEGATES ON ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 IS TO BE FULFILL$4 ,A 0WORK]S' MILITIA0 IS TO BE E/ABLI%$ 444 = ! PURPOSE ( 0MA9TA9+ DISCIPL9E AMONG ! WORK]S04 

,FEBRU>Y #b#a1 #aieg - 

,BELA ,B>TA1 ACCUS$ ( 0ORGANIZ+ DEMON/RATIONS ON ,DECEMB] #a1 AS A RESULT ( :I* PEOPLE W]E KILL$ & 9JUR$0 7BY ,KAD>'S POLICE67 IS S5T5C$ TO #ad YE>S' IMPRISONM5T BY A TRIBUNAL AT ,MISKOLC4 

,FEBRU>Y #b#a-#b#c1 #aieg - 

,VIOL5T CLA%ES BETWE5 WORK]S & POLICE1 SP>K$ (F BY RE-]ECTION ( R$ />S OV] 9DU/RIAL PLANTS 9 ,BUDAPE/4 

,FEBRU>Y #b#f1 #aieg - 

,BEG9N+ ( TWO-DAY CONF]5CE ( ! ',PROVISIONAL ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE' ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY4 ,9 A LONG RESOLUTION1 P>T ( ! SECTION DEAL+ ) H[ ! UNIONS >E TO 'S]VE' ! WORK]S1 /ATES3 0,WE REJECT AS REACTION>Y ! DEM& ?AT TRADE UNIONS %\LD BE 9DEP5D5T ( BO? ! ,P>TY & ! ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,GOV]NM5T1 & ! DEM& = ! RI<T TO /RIKE 9 DEFIANCE ( ! ,WORK]S' ,/ATE04 

,M>* #e1 #aieg - 

,GYULA ,KALLAI1 ,M9I/] ( ,CULTURE1 DECL>ES ?AT A 0SY/EMATIC IDEOLOGICAL PROPAG&A IS NECESS>Y TO LIB]ATE ! 9TELLECTUALS FROM C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CES04 

,M>* #f1 #aieg - 

,A NEW LIT]>Y WEEKLY ,MAGY>OSAG IS PUBLI%$ 9 ,BUDAPE/ TO REPLACE ,IRODALMI ,UJSAG 7LIT]>Y GAZETTE ( ! DISSOLV$ ,WRIT]S' ,UNION74 ,IT ANN\NCES ! =MATION ( NEW LIT]>Y CLUB1 ,TANCSIS1 TO REPLACE ! ,PET(I ,CIRCLE4 

,M>* #a#g1 #aieg - 

,ANN\NCEM5T ?AT A ,COMMUNI/ ,Y\? ORGANIZATION IS TO BE =M$4 

,M>* #b1 #aieg - 

,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR ISSUES ORD] ?AT P]SONS 0 DANG]\S TO ! ,/ATE OR TO PUBLIC SECURITY 0 >E LIABLE TO 0 =C$ RESID5CE 0 AT PLACES SPECIFI$ BY ! AU?ORITIES4 

,M>* #b#c1 #aieg - 

,M9I/] ( ,/ATE1 ,M>OSAN1 /ATES AT A MEET+ 9 ,CZEPEL ?AT ,RUSSIAN TROOPS WILL REMA9 9 ,HUNG>Y 0AS LONG AS ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S REQUIRE !IR PRES5CE04 

,M>* #b#g1 #aieg - 

,AT A PRESS CONF]5CE1 ,M>OSAN1 DECL>ES ?AT 0AL?\< ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES HAVE SUFF]$ DEFEAT 444 SOME DI/URB+ ELEM5TS /ILL REMA9 TO BE ELIM9AT$04 

,APRIL #h1 #aieg - 

,AT A TRIAL 9 ,BUDAPE/1 ?REE ( ! ACCUS$ >E S5T5C$4 ,PLAYWRI<T1 ,JOSEPH ,GALI1 & J\RNALI/1 ,GYULA ,OB]SOVSKY1 *>G$ ) PUBLI%+ AN ILLEGAL J\RNAL & 'AGITATION'1 >E S5T5C$ TO #a & #c ?REE YE>S RESPECTIVELY4 7,BUT SEE BEL[3 ,JUNE #b1 #be & ,JULY #d74 

,APRIL #a#g1 #aieg - 

,RADIO ,BUDAPE/ ANN\NCES ?AT 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y0 ,MIKLOS ,OLA*1 AG$ #b#a1 HAS BE5 EXECUT$ AT ,BORSOD = 0KILL+ AN (FIC] ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,>MY04 

,APRIL #b1 #aieg - 

,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR ISSUES A COMMUNIQUE ?AT ! WRIT]1 ,TIBOR ,D]Y1 HAS BE5 >RE/$ & *>G$ ) 0BEHAVIOR PREJUDICIAL TO ! SECURITY ( ! ,/ATE04 

,APRIL #b#i1 #aieg - 

,ANN\NCEM5T ?AT ,M9I/] ( ,/ATE1 ,M>OSAN1 HAS BE5 APPO9T$ ,FIR/ ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,BUDAPE/ SECTION ( ! ',SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY'4 

,MAY #a1 #aieg - 

,9 A ,MAY ,DAY SPEE*1 ,M>OSAN PAYS TRIBUTE TO ,KAD> = 0CREAT+ ! CONDITIONS ?AT HAVE MADE POSSIBLE ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,P>TY & ( SOCIALI/ ,HUNG>Y04 

,MAY #c1 #aieg - 

,! TRADE UNION PAP] ,NEPAK>AT REPORTS ! >RE/ ( A 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y B&0 ( N9E WORK]S 9 ! ,NOGRAD >EA4 ,!Y >E ACCUS$ ( OB/RUCT+ ,RUSSIAN TANKS FROM 5T]+ ! 9DU/RIAL T[N ( ,SOLGOTORJAN4 

,MAY #a-#a#a1 #aieg - 

,MEET+ ( ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,KAD> SAYS3 0,! TASK ( ! LEAD]S IS NOT TO PUT 9TO EFFECT ! WI%ES ( ! MASSES 444 ! LEAD]S' TASK IS TO REALIZE ! 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES 444 ,9 ! REC5T PA/1 WE HAVE 5C\NT]$ ! PH5OM5ON ( C]TA9 CATEGORIES ( WORK]S ACT+ AGA9/ !IR [N 9T]E/S 444 ,IF ! WI%ES ( ! MASSES DO NOT CO9CIDE ) PROGRESS1 !N !Y MU/ BE L$ 9 ANO!R DIRECTION40 

,JUNE #b1 #aieg - 

,ANN\NCEM5T ?AT ,JOSEPH ,GALI & ,GYULA ,OB]SOVSKY HAVE N[ BE5 S5T5C$ TO DEA?4 ,O!R PRISON S5T5CES ( ACCUS$ 9 ! SAME TRIAL >E RAIS$4 

,JUNE #b#e1 #aieg - 

,(FICIAL COMMUNIQUE ANN\NCES ! RE-TRIAL ( ! WRIT]S ,GALI & ,OB]SOVSKY4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 DEA? S5T5CES SUSP5D$4 

,JUNE #b#g1 #aieg - 

,NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ! ',SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY' OP5S 9 ,BUDAPE/4 ,KAD> GIVES A REPORT ON ! G5]AL SITUATION - C\PLES ,NAGY ) ,RAKOSI AS 0GUILTY ( TREASON04 

,JUNE #b#i1 #aieg - 

,NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE 5DS4 ,A RESOLUTION CONDEMN+ ! 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION ATTEMPT ( ,OCTOB]-,NOVEMB] #a#i#e#f0 ADMITS ?AT IT IS NOT YET DEFEAT$3 0,?OSE :O HAVE COMMITT$ CRIMES & CONT9UE TO UND]M9E ! PEOPLE'S REGIME1 WILL BE SEV]ELY PUNI%$04 ,TRIBUTE IS PAID TO 0! BRO!RLY HELP ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION04 

,JULY #d1 #aieg - 

,DEA? S5T5CES ON ,GALI & ,OB]SOVSKY QUA%$ BY ! ,BUDAPE/ ,SUPREME ,C\RT4 ,!Y >E S5T5C$ 9/EAD TO LIFE & FIFTE5 YE>S' IMPRISONM5T RESPECTIVELY4 

,JULY #i1 #aieg - 

,NEPSZABADSAG REPORTS ?AT POLICE HAD TO BE CALL$ 9 TO PUT AN 5D TO /RIKE ( BUILD+ WORK]S :I* />T$ ON ,JUNE #e1 AT ,SAJOSZ5T-,PET]1 = A WAGES 9CREASE4 

,JULY #b#e1 #aieg - 

,9 A SPEE*1 ,M9I/] ( ,/ATE1 ,M>OSAN1 SAYS HUNDR$S ( >RE/S MADE DUR+ REC5T WEEKS 444 ALSO ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAS AGRE$ TO ! ,HUNG>IAN ,GOV]NM5T'S REQUE/ ?AT ,RAKOSI %\LD REMA9 9 EXILE 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R44 

,AUGU/ #g1 #aieg - 

,ANN\NCEM5T ?AT !RE IS TO BE A TRIAL ( SEV5 WORK]S :O HAVE BE5 *>G$ ) 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y0 ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,TATABANYA COALFIELDS1 :]E /RIKES & 09DU/RIAL UNRE/0 CONT9UE4 

,AUGU/ #b1 #aieg - 

,PURGE ( S*OOLTEA*]S 9 ,MISKOLC4 

,NEPAK>AT REPORTS SPEE* BY ,S&OR ,GASP>1 ,SECRET>Y ( ! ',C\NCIL ( ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNIONS'1 DUR+ :I* HE SAID3 0,ABS5TEEISM1 UNPUNCTUALITY1 & UNJU/IFI$ E>LY DEP>TURE FROM WORK1 HAVE 9CREAS$ 9 FACTORIES DUR+ ! LA/ MON?S04 

,SEPTEMB] #a1 #aieg - 

,?IRD VOLUME ( ! (FICIAL ,:ITE ,BOOK PUBLI%$ 9 ,BUDAPE/4 ,?IS GIVES ! TOTAL NUMB] ( 'COMRADES' KILL$ DUR+ ! REVOLUTION AS #ba 7#a#f#f MEMB]S ( ! ,A4,V4,O41 #bf ,P>TY (FICIALS - 9CLUD+ PEOPLE WORK+ = ! ,A4,V4,O4 - & #i CIVILIANS74 

,CELEBRAT+ ',M9]S' ,DAY' AT ,TATABANYA1 ,KAD> ADMITS ?AT ! 0,OCTOB] MOOD0 /ILL PREVAILS AMONG ! M9]S4 

,SEPTEMB] #a#g1 #aieg - 

,NEPSZABADSAG SCOLDS FACTORY MANAG]S :O ?R[ ON TO ! ,GOV]NM5T ! RESPONSIBILITY = 0TI<T5+ NORMS & R$UC+ WAGES01 9/EAD ( 0EXPLA9+ ?AT SU* UNPOPUL> DECISIONS >E MADE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S04 

,SEPTEMB] #b#a-#b#c1 #aieg - 

,M>OSAN MAKES SPEE*ES 9 SEV]AL P>TS ( ,BUDAPE/1 9CLUD+ ! ,TE*NICAL ,UNIV]SITY4 0,IF !RE >E ANY DEMON/RATIONS ON ,OCTOB] #b#c1 ?OSE TAK+ P>T WILL BE SEV]ELY PUNI%$40 ,AS IF TO ADD EMPHASIS TO ?IS1 HE ADDS ?AT #a1#b PEOPLE W]E >RE/$ 9 ,JULY4 

,SEPTEMB] #b#i1 #aieg - 

,AT ,KECSKEMET1 ,DEPUTY ,PREMI] ,ANTAL ,APRO ANN\NCES ?AT ! REMA9+ ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS >E TO BE REPLAC$ BY 0WORKS C\NCILS1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! TRADE UNIONS04 

,OCTOB] #a#e1 #aieg - 

,NEPSZABADSAG REPEATS ?REATS ( HEAVY P5ALTIES = ANY P]SON :O 0DI/URBS ! PEACE0 ON ,OCTOB] #b#c1 & EMPHASIZES ! NE$ = 09CREAS$ VIGILANCE04 

,OCTOB] #a#f1 #aieg - 

,M>OSAN AGA9 W>NS /UD5TS AGA9/ ANY DEMON/RATIONS ON ,OCTOB] #b#c4 

,OCTOB] #b#c1 #aieg - 

,BUDAPE/ & O!R CITIES HAD A CALM DAY4 ,A4,V4,O4 \T ON ! /REETS 9 GREAT NUMB]S4 ,RUSSIAN TROOPS /&+ BY4 

,NOVEMB] #b1 #aieg - 

,BUDAPE/ ,CITY ,C\NCIL DECIDES TO ]ECT A /ATUE ( ,L59 - ON ! P$E/AL AT ! PL9? 9 ,CITY ,P>K :]E HAD /OOD ! #bf FT4 BRONZE /ATUE ( ,/AL91 PULL$ D[N BY DEMON/RATORS ON ,OCTOB] #b#c1 #a#i#e#f4 

,! ,HUNG>IAN ,WRIT]S' ,ASSOCIATION ,ABROAD RECEIVES REPORTS ( A SECRET TRIAL ( ,GYULA ,HAY1 ,TIBOR ,D]Y1 ,ZOLTAN ,ZELK & ,TIBOR ,T>DOS4 

,NOVEMB] #c1 #aieg - 

,WRIT+ 9 ,NEPSZABADSAG1 ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,F]5C ,MUNNI*1 REPORTS ON ! FIR/ YE>'S A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T4 ,HE ATTACKS ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS :I* 0W]E L$ BY CLASS-ALI5 ELEM5TS 444 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO REPLACE ?IS :OLE SET-UP BY NEW ORGANIZATIONS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE04 

,NOVEMB] #a#c1 #aieg - 

,RADIO ,BUDAPE/ ANN\NCES ?AT ! TRIAL ( ! WRIT]S 7HELD 9 CAM]A S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! MON?7 HAS 5D$4 ,! V]DICT ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT IS3 ,TIBOR ,D]Y 7AG$ #f#c7 S5T5C$ TO N9E YE>S' IMPRISONM5T2 ,GYULA ,HAY 7#e#g7 SIX YE>S2 ,ZOLTAN ,ZELK 7#e#a7 ?REE YE>S2 & ,TIBOR ,T>DOS #ah MON?S4 ,REPORT ?AT DUR+ ! PROCE$+S1 ,D]Y & ,HAY DECL>$ ?AT IF A SIMIL> SITUATION W]E TO >ISE TODAY1 !Y W\LD ACT EXACTLY AS !Y DID 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#f4 

,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #aieg - 

,(FICIAL ANN\NCEM5T ?AT ALL REMA9+ ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS >E TO BE ABOLI%$ =?)4 

,APP5DIX ,I,V4 ,S\RCES ( ,9=MATION & ,QUOTATIONS 

,BOOKS @& ,PAMPHLETS 

,L4 ,B4 ,B,A,91 ,! ,RELUCTANT ,SATELLITES1 ,MACMILLAN1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f4 

,N,O,E,L ,B,>,B,]1 ,A ,H&FUL ( ,A%ES1 ,W+ATE1 #a#i#e#g4 

,H,U,G,O ,D,E,W,> @& ,D,A,N,I,E,L ,N,O,R,M,A,N1 ,REVOLUTION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SOCIALI/ ,UNION ( ,C5TRAL ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 #a#i#e#g4 

,P,E,T,] ,F,R,Y,]1 ,HUNG>IAN ,TRAG$Y1 ,DOBSON ,BOOKS ,LTD41 #a#i#e#f4 

,Y,G,A,E,L ,G,L,U,C,K,/,E,91 ,/AL9'S ,SATELLITES 9 ,EUROPE1 ,ALL5 @& ,UNW91 #a#i#e#b4 

,A,D,M,I,R,A,L ,N,I,*,O,L,A,S ,H,O,R,?,Y1 ,MEMOIRS1 ,HUT*9SON1 #a#i#e#f4 

,! ,HUNG>IAN ,WORK]S' ,REVOLUTION1 ,SYNDICALI/ ,WORK]S ,F$]ATION1 #a#i#e#f4 

,A,L,E,X,&,R,A ,K,O,L,L,O,N,T,A,I1 ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION1 ,SOLID>ITY ,PAMPHLET ,NO4 #g4 

,G,E,O,R,G,E ,M,I,K,E,S1 ,! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,&RE ,DEUTS*1 #a#i#e#g4 

,A,N,& ,M,I,%,R,A1 ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN ,CRISIS ( ,/AL9ISM1 ,CALCUTTA1 #a#i#e#g4 

,H,U,B,],T ,R,I,P,K,A1 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! ,PO/W> ,WORLD1 ,ME?U51 #a#i#f#a4 

,! ,ROAD ( ,\R ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACY1 ,HUNG>IAN ,NEWS & ,9=MATION ,S]VICES1 ,JUNE #a#i#e#b4 

,H,U,< ,S,E,T,O,N-,W,A,T,S,O,N1 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 #a#i#a#h-#a#i#d#a1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#d#e4 

,H,U,< ,S,E,T,O,N-,W,A,T,S,O,N1 ,! ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,ME?U51 #a#i#e4 

,G4 ,N4 ,%,U,/,]1 ,9 ,SIL5CE ,I ,SPEAK1 ,GOLLANCZ1 #a#i#e#f4 

,SOCIALISM OR ,B>B>ISM1 ,SOLID>ITY ,PAMPHLET ,NO4 #a#a4 

,NEWSPAP]S @& ,P]IODICALS 

,CONT95TAL ,NEWS ,S]VICES 

,DAILY ,WORK] 

,! ,ECONOMI/ 

,! ,GU>DIAN 

,IRODALMI ,UJSAG 7,LIT]>Y ,GAZETTE7 

,! ,NATION 

,NEMZETOR 7,MON?LY ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,FRE$OM ,FI<T]S7 

,NEPAK>AT 7',(FICIAL' ,HUNG>IAN ,T4,U4 NEWSPAP]7 

,NEUE ,ZUR*] ,ZEITUNG 

,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES 

,! ,OBS]V] 

,POLI% ,FACTS & ,FIGURES 

,PRAVDA 

,SCANTEIA 7,RUMANIAN ,C,P DAILY7 

,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE 

,SOLID>ITY 

,SZABAD ,NEP 7,HUNG>IAN ,C,P DAILY7 

,! ,TIMES 

,TRIBUNE 

,WORLD ,NEWS & ,VIEWS 

,MATYAS ,BAJOR & FIVE O!R Y\NG ,FRE$OM ,FI<T]S W]E 9T]VIEW$ 9 ,LONDON BY ! AU?OR1 9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#e#g4 

,:ILE WORK+ ) ,AM]ICAN ,9TELLIG5CE 9 ,/YRIA1 HE WAS >RE/$ ON ! ORD] ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,MILIT>Y ,GOV]NOR ( ! >EA4 ,HE WAS AGA9 PUT BEH9D B>B$ WIRE 9 EX-,P4,O4,W4 CAMP 9 ! T[N ( ,/A9A*4 ,AN ,AM]ICAN GU>D WAS PLAC$ OV] ! CAMP4 ,TWO ,AM]ICAN MEMB]S ( ! ,9TELLIG5CE ,UNIT W]E ALSO >RE/$1 BUT W]E NOT SE5 AGA9 BY ,&]SON1 :O ESCAP$ FROM ! CAMP ! V]Y SAME NI<T & W5T 9TO HID+4 

,&]SON & ! O!RS HAD BE5 ACTIVELY OBJECT+ TO LEAD+ LOCAL ,NAZIS BE+ RETA9$ 9 OR GIV5 POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,MILIT>Y ,GOV]NM5T4 ,:5 ! ,BRITI% TOOK OV] ?IS P>TICUL> ZONE FROM ! ,AM]ICANS1 ,&]SON CAME \T ( HID+ & JO9$ A ,BRITI% ,9TELLIG5CE ,UNIT OP]AT+ FROM ! T[N ( ,LIEZ54 ,?+S W]E NO BETT]4 ,! ,BRITI% ,MILIT>Y ,GOV]NM5T ALSO REG>D$ ! /RUTT+ ,NAZI ADM9I/RATORS & MANAG]S ( ONLY A FEW WEEKS E>LI] AS ! ONLY PEOPLE !Y C\LD RELY ON4 ,A SIMIL> SITUATION DEVELOP$ AS ) ! ,AM]ICAN ,MILIT>Y ,GOV]NM5T4 ,&]SON WAS AGA9 >RE/$4 

.<#a.> ,9 ,JULY #a#i#d#e1 ! ,JAPANESE HAD (F]$ TO NEGOTIATE ON 'UNCONDITIONAL SURR5D]' T]MS4 ,!Y W]E IGNOR$4 ,! ,A-BOMBS W]E DROPP$ ON ,AUGU/ #f & #i4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 ! ,RUSSIANS W]E NOT OPPOS$ TO ?IS4 ,!Y W]E CURI\S TO SEE ! RESULT3 !Y W]E ALREADY WORK+ DILIG5TLY TO PRODUCE !IR [N NUCLE> WEAPONS4 

.<#a.> ,9 ,JULY #a#i#d#e1 ! ,JAPANESE HAD (F]$ TO NEGOTIATE ON 'UNCONDITIONAL SURR5D]' T]MS4 ,!Y W]E IGNOR$4 ,! ,A-BOMBS W]E DROPP$ ON ,AUGU/ #f & #i4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 ! ,RUSSIANS W]E NOT OPPOS$ TO ?IS4 ,!Y W]E CURI\S TO SEE ! RESULT3 !Y W]E ALREADY WORK+ DILIG5TLY TO PRODUCE !IR [N NUCLE> WEAPONS4 

.<#b.> ,POLITICS1 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,M>* #a#i#d#e4 

.<#c.> ,) ! ADV5T ( ,M>%ALL ,AID TWO YE>S LAT]1 !Y W]E KICK$ \T ( !SE GOV]NM5TS1 )\T A WORD ( ?ANKS = ! S]VICES !Y HAD R5D]$ TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

.<#d.> ,?AT G5U9E REVOLUTION BY ! PEOPLE MU/ BE AVOID$ AT ALL CO/S1 WAS A PO9T ON :I* BO? 'COMMUNI/' P>TIES & CAPITALI/ ONES W]E COMPLETELY UNIT$4 

.<#e.> ,MOLOTOV SPEE* ( ,APRIL #b1 #a#i#d#d4 

.<#f.> ,AUGU/ #b#c1 #a#i#d#d4 

.<#g.> ,! ,KREML9'S EXPLANATION TO ! ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T WAS ?AT ! ,SANATESCU ,GOV]NM5T WAS UNABLE TO MA9TA9 CONTROL OV] 'FASCI/S' & ' PRO-,HITL]ITE ELEM5TS' 9 ! C\NTRY4 

.<#h.> ,WORLD ,NEWS & ,VIEWS1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i1 #a#i#c#h4 

.<#i.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,M>* #a#g1 #a#i#d#e4 

.<#a.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 #a#i#d#e4 

.<#a#a.> ,RADIO ,BU*>E/ REPORT$ ?AT ,GROZA HAD MADE ?IS /ATEM5T :5 DESCRIB+ HIS TALKS ) ,/AL9 9 AUTUMN #a#i#d#e4 

.<#a#b.> ,AT AN ELECTION MEET+ 9 ,BU*>E/ ON ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#d#f1 ,<EOR<IU ,DEJ 7LEAD] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY7 5D$ HIS SPEE* ) ! SLOGANS3 0,VOTE = ! ,K+'S GOV]NM5T6 ,LONG LIVE ! ,K+6 ,LONG LIVE HIS COMM&]S & SOLDI]S6 ,LONG LIVE ! ,>MY :I* IS HIS & ! PEOPLE'S60 .<,YGAEL ,GLUCK/E91 ,/AL9'S ,SATELLITES 9 ,EUROPE1 ,ALL5 @& ,UNW91 P4#a#d#a4.> 

.<#a#c.> ,MANIU DI$ 9 #a#i#e#e4 

.<#a#d.> ,9 #a#i#b#c1 ! ,MILIT>Y ,LEAGUE ORGANIZ$ A C\P D'ETAT & OV]?REW ! PROGRESSIVE REGIME ( ,/AMBUL9SKI4 ,/AMBUL9SKI WAS ASSASS9AT$4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( HIS SUPPORT]S1 TOGE!R ) MANY ,COMMUNI/S & SOCIALI/S1 W]E MURD]$4 

.<#a#e.> ,! ,ECONOMI/1 ,OCTOB] #g1 #a#i#d#d4 

.<#a#f.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,JANU>Y #a#f1 #a#i#d#e4 

.<#a#g.> ,! ,NATION1 ,JUNE #b#c1 #a#i#d#e4 

.<#a#h.> ,KUN WAS ,=EIGN ,M9I/]1 BUT HE DOM9AT$ ! ,GOV]NM5T4 .> 

.<#b.> ,SEE ,ADMIRAL ,NI*OLAS ,HOR?Y - ,MEMOIRS1 P4#b#b#b4 

.<#b#b.> ,= FUR!R 9=MATION ON ?IS SUBJECT SEE ,SOLID>ITY ,PAMPHLET ,NO4 #g1 ,! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION1 BY ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI4 

.<#b#c.> ,! ,GU>DIAN1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1 #a#i#f#b4 

.<#b#d.> ,SOLID>ITY ,PAMPHLET ,NO4 #g1 ,! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION1 BY ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI1 P4#b4 

.<#b#e.> ,! AU?OR1 :O WAS A ,P4,O4,W4 9 ,AU/RIA & REMA9$ !RE = SIX MON?S AFT] ! W> HAD 5D$1 HAS P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ( ALL ?IS4 

.<#b#f.> ,FROM ,RAKOSI'S SPEE* ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#i1 #a#i#e#b1 TO ! ,P>TY ,ACADEMY 7SEE ,! ,ROAD ( \R ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACY1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JUNE #aieb BY ! ,HUNG>IAN ,NEWS & ,9=MATION ,S]VICE74 

.<#b#f.> ,FROM ,RAKOSI'S SPEE* ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#i1 #a#i#e#b1 TO ! ,P>TY ,ACADEMY 7SEE ,! ,ROAD ( \R ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACY1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JUNE #aieb BY ! ,HUNG>IAN ,NEWS & ,9=MATION ,S]VICE74 

.<#b#f.> ,FROM ,RAKOSI'S SPEE* ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#i1 #a#i#e#b1 TO ! ,P>TY ,ACADEMY 7SEE ,! ,ROAD ( \R ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACY1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JUNE #aieb BY ! ,HUNG>IAN ,NEWS & ,9=MATION ,S]VICE74 

.<#b#f.> ,FROM ,RAKOSI'S SPEE* ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#i1 #a#i#e#b1 TO ! ,P>TY ,ACADEMY 7SEE ,! ,ROAD ( \R ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACY1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JUNE #aieb BY ! ,HUNG>IAN ,NEWS & ,9=MATION ,S]VICE74 

.<#b#g.> ,SEE SPEE* BY ! ,POLI% ,=EIGN ,M9I/] ,MODZELEWSKI1 TO A ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,U4,N4 ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY 7,NOVEMB] #b1 #a#i#d#h74 

.<#b#h.> ,YGAEL ,GLUCK/E9 - ,/AL9'S ,SATELLITES 9 ,EUROPE 7P4#f#f7 - AN EXCELL5T S\RCE ( 9=MATION = ! P]IOD UP TO #a#i#e4 

.<#b#i.> ,SIMIL> DEVELOPM5TS OCCURR$ 9 ,BULG>IA1 ,POL&1 ,RUMANIA1 & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA4 

.<#c.> ,LORD ,*&OS1 *AIRMAN ( ,ASSOCIAT$ ,ELECTRICAL ,9DU/RIES1 & HEAD ( ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,DIRECTORS1 SAID AT A LUN*EON ( ! ,COAL ,9DU/RY ,SOCIETY AT ! ,HYDE ,P>K ,HOTEL1 9 ,LONDON1 ON ,JANU>Y #h4 #a#i#f#b3 0,NATIONALIZATION ( A FAIRLY SUB/ANTIAL SECTOR ( 9DU/RY HAS COME TO /AY444 ,IT IS QUITE CLE> ?AT EV]Y LOYAL CITIZ5 MU/ TRY TO MAKE \R NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIES WORK EFFICI5TLY4 ,I CONGRATULATE ,LORD ,ROB5S 7EX-FRONT B5* ,LABOR ,M4,P47 ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COAL ,BO>D1 ON HAV+ MANY IDEAS4 ,I CONGRATULATE ! COAL TRADE UPON ! LIVELY REVIVAL 9 M>KET+4 ,AS AN 9DU/RIALI/ ,I WANT *EAP FUEL & RELIABLE SUPPLIES & ,I BELIEVE ?AT IS :AT Y\ WILL SECURE = US4' 7,! ,GU>DIAN4 ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#f#b74 

.<#c#a.> ,CONT95TAL ,NEWS ,S]VICE1 ,APRIL #a#f1 #a#i#d#h4 

.<#c#b.> ,ANO!R SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! ,HUNG>IAN 7OR ANY O!R7 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,BRITI% 7OR ANY O!R7 ,LABOR ,P>TY IS ?AT BO? PR(ESS TO BE P>TIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BO? NO D\BT />T$ ) ! OBJECTIVE ( 'EMANCIPAT+ LABOR'4 ,BO? HAVE BECOME OB/ACLES TO ?IS 5D4 ,BO? >E N[ ! M\?PIECES ( NON-PROLET>IAN /RATA4 ,9 !IR 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION - & 9 !IR CONCEPTIONS ( !IR RELATIONS TO ! MASSES - BO? N[ REFLECT ! FUNDAM5TAL DIVISION ( EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY 9TO ORD]-GIV]S & ORD]-TAK]S4 ,OBJECTIVELY1 ! FUNCTION ( BO? TYPES ( P>TY IS TO =CE ! WORK+ CLASS TO ACCEPT A RATIONALIZ$ =M ( EXPLOITATION4 

.<#c#c.> ,PRAVDA1 ,SEPTEMB] #g1 #a#i#b#i4 

.<#c#d.> ,PRAVDA1 ,M>* #a#a1 #a#i#c#g4 

.<#c#e.> ,AL?\< !RE IS AN ALMO/ MONA/IC SIL5CE AB\T !M1 =C$ LABOR CAMPS C]TA9LY EXI/$ 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,AN 9DICATION ( !IR EXI/5CE WAS GIV5 ON ,AUGU/ #b#a1 #a#i#e1 :5 ,RADIO ,BUDAPE/ REPORT$ ?AT ,I4 ,OLAGOS1 A WORK] 9 ! WAGON FACTORY AT ,GYOR1 HAD BE5 F\ND GUILTY ( A 'WAGES SW9DLE' & S5T5C$ TO SIX YE>S COMPULSORY LABOR4 

.<#c#f.> ,SEE ,SOLID>ITY1 VOL4 ,I,I1 ,NO4 #a1 P4#a#e 0,:O ,SABOTS80 

.<#c#g.> ,KOSSA WAS A =M] ,BUDAPE/ TRAMWORK]S' LEAD] :O HAD BE5 S5T ) A P5AL LABOR BATTALION TO ! ,RUSSIAN FRONT1 CAPTUR$ BY ! ,R$ ,>MY & 'POLITICALLY $UCAT$' AT A ,RUSSIAN TRA9+ C5T]4 ,HE BECAME BOSS ( ! ,COMMUNI/-REORGANIZ$ TRADE UNIONS1 9 #a#i#d#e4 

.<#c#h.> ,NEUE ,ZUR*] ,ZEITUNG1 ,SEPTEMB] #f1 #a#i#d#i4 

.<#c#i.> ,RE-NAM$ 0,K>L ,M>X ,ALLEE40 .<,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #a#i#f#a4.> 

.<#d.> ,SYNDICALI/ ,WORK]S ,F$]ATION PAMPHLET - ,! ,HUNG>IAN ,WORK]S' ,REVOLUTION1 P4#a#e4 

.<#d#a.> ,GEORGE ,MIKES SAYS ?AT ,TITO EXPRESS$ DISSATISFACTION AT ! RE/ORATION ( ,RAKOSI4 ,KRU%*EV REPLI$3 0,I HAVE TO KEEP ,RAKOSI 9 ,HUNG>Y BECAUSE1 9 ,HUNG>Y1 ! :OLE /RUCTURE WILL COLLAPSE IF HE GOES40 ,GEORGE ,MIKES1 ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION1 P4#f#a4 

.<#d#b.> ,PET] ,FRY] - ,HUNG>IAN ,TRAG$Y4 

.<#d#c.> ,NAGY WAS A MEMB] ( A ,GOV]NM5T & ( ! ,P>TY :I* HAD1 = YE>S1 FAI?FULLY C>RI$ \T ALL ,/AL9'S WI%ES4 

.<#d#d.> ,! FIR/ ,HUNG>IAN ,FIVE ,YE> ,PLAN1 :I* 5D$ 9 #a#i#e#d1 WAS TO BE FOLL[$ 9 #aiee BY A SECOND1 09 CLOSE COORD9ATION ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION40 ,O!R C\NTRIES 9VOLV$ W]E ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 ,RUMANIA1 ,POL&1 & ,EA/ ,G]MANY4 

.<#d#e.> ,WE DO NOT HAVE SPACE H]E TO DESCRIBE ! ,RUSSIAN TREA*]Y DUR+ ! MAGNIFIC5T CAMPAIGN ( ! ,POLI% WORK]S ( ,W>SAW AGA9/ ! ,NAZIS 9 #a#i#d#d4 ,?IS WAS A BETRAYAL ( SU* SICK5+ MAGNITUDE ?AT FEW ,POLES WILL EV] =GET IT4 ,! MEMORY ( !SE EV5TS PLAY$ A L>GE P>T 9 ! PO/W> ATTITUDE ( ! ,POLES TO ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 

.<#d#f.> ,S&OR ,PET(I WAS A POET :O PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! ,HAPSBURG OPPRESSION1 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,CZ> ,NI*OLAS ,I S5T TROOPS TO SUPPRESS ! ,HUNG>IANS4 

.<#d#g.> ,GYULA ,HAY WAS WELL KN[N AT ! TIME ( ,BELA ,KUN'S REGIME ( #a#i#a#i1 :5 ONE ( HIS PLAYS WAS P]=M$ AT ! ,HUNG>IAN ,NATIONAL ,!AT]4 ,HE FL$ ,HUNG>Y FROM ,HOR?Y'S ,:ITE ,T]ROR & W&]$ ?R\< ,EUROPE ) A SUITCASE FULL ( UNP]=M$ PLAYS4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,BUDAPE/ AT ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I :5 ANO!R ( HIS PLAYS BECAME A GREAT SUCCESS4 

.<#d#h.> ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DAILY4 

.<#d#i.> ,RAKOSI HAD KEPT !M BO? 9 JAIL = YE>S AS 0,TITOI/ ,FASCI/S01 ETC4 ,KAD> /ILL BORE ! M>KS ON HIS FACE & BODY ( ! TORTURES HE SUFF]$ ON ORD]S ( ! ',LEAD]%IP4' 

.<#e.> ,WE USE ! T]M LOOSELY TO DESCRIBE ! TYPE TAK+ P>T 9 ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,!RE W]E1 ( C\RSE1 A FEW 9DU/RIAL WORK]S AT ! MEET+S1 BUT ! L>GE MAJORITY W]E WRIT]S & /UD5TS PLUS A NUMB] ( S*OOLTEA*]S1 DOCTORS1 ETC4 

.<#e#a.> ,A FAM\S C(FEE H\SE DAMAG$ DUR+ ! W> & REBUILT BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

.<#e#b.> ,! ,DAILY ,WORK] C>RI$ NO REPORT ( ?IS V]Y IMPORTANT EV5T4 

.<#e#c.> ,PET] ,FRY] - ,HUNG>IAN ,TRAG$Y1 P4#c#i4 

.<#e#d.> ,WE CALL ?IS 'WORK]S' MANAGEM5T' - SEE ,SOLID>ITY PAMPHLET ,NO4 #f3 ,! ,MEAN+ ( ,SOCIALISM4 

.<#e#e.> ,NOT NECESS>ILY A REVOLUTION>Y DEM&4 ,SEE ,SOLID>ITY PAMPHLET ,NO4 #g3 ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION P4#f#f4 

.<#e#f.> ,! GREAT 9DU/RIAL >EA ( ,BUDAPE/ R5[N$ AS ',R$ ,CZEPEL' BECAUSE ( ! L>GE NUMB] ( ITS WORK]S :O W]E ,P>TY MEMB]S4 

.<#e#g.> ,P]HAPS ?IS WAS C>RI$ BY ! /UD5T :O1 AT ! ,POLYTE*NIC ! PREVI\S EV5+1 HAD CAUS$ AN APPREH5SIVE HU% TO FALL ON ! MEET+ :5 HE SUDD5LY %\T$3 0,\T ) ! ,RUSSIANS60 ,!RE WAS SOME LAU<T] :5 ! SIL5CE WAS BROK5 BY ! QUIET VOICE ( A LECTUR]3 0,\R FRI5D MEANS1 ( C\RSE1 TO SUGGE/ ?AT IT W\LD BE DESIRABLE = EA* NATION TO KEEP ITS >MY ON ITS [N SOIL40 

.<#e#h.> ,= ! FULL TEXT ( ! RESOLUTION1 SEE ,APP5DIX ,I4 

.<#e#i.> ,QUOT$ FROM ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE - VOL4 ,I,V1 ,NO4 #b1 P4#h#g4 

.<#f.> ,IT IS REM>KABLE ?AT1 DUR+ ! :OLE C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION1 NO CASES ( LOOT+ W]E REPORT$ BY ANY OBS]V]S O!R ?AN DIEH>D ,/AL9I/S4 

.<#f#a.> ,HUB]T ,RIPKA1 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! ,PO/ ,W> ,WORLD1 P4#a#f#c4 

.<#f#b.> ,RELAT$ BY ,MATYAS ,BAJOR-SEE ,APP5DIX ,I,V4 

.<#f#c.> ,ALL OBS]V]S 9T]VIEW$ SAY DUM-DUM BULLETS W]E US$4 

.<#f#d.> ,A ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ :O HAD LIV$ 9 ,BUDAPE/ = ?REE YE>S4 ,$ITOR ( ,WORLD ,Y\?4 

.<#f#e.> ,RELAT$ BY ,PET] ,FRY] 9 ,HUNG>IAN ,TRAG$Y1 P4#d#f4 

.<#f#f.> ,HUB]T ,RIPKA WAS A M9I/] 9 ! PO/W> GOV]NM5T ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 DUR+ ! PRESID5CY ( ,B5ES4 ,AFT] ! ,COMMUNI/ C\P ( #a#i#d#h1 HE W5T 9TO EXILE4 ,HE DI$ 9 #a#i#e#h4 ,RIPKA WAS C]TA9LY NOT A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/4 ,JU/ AS C]TA9LY1 HE WAS NO FASCI/4 ,HE WAS ONE ( ! MORE LIB]AL-M9D$ ,CZE* SOCIAL DEMOCRATS4 

.<#f#g.> ,HUB]T ,RIPKA1 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! ,PO/ ,W> ,WORLD1 P4#a#f#f4 

.<#f#h.> ,= AN ACC\NT ( ! ,BABOLNA ,PEASANTS' ,C\NCIL1 SEE ,PET] ,FRY] - ,HUNG>IAN ,TRAG$Y1 PP4#f-#f#b4 

.<#f#i.> ,EV5 ! BUREAUCRATS ( ,U4,N4,O4 RECOGNIZ$ ?IS4 ,A ,U4,N4 SPECIAL COMMITTEE REPORT ON ,HUNG>Y /AT$3 0,! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS EM]G$ FROM ! ,REVOLUTION AS ! ONLY ORGANIZATIONS COMM&+ ! SUPPORT ( ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE & 9 A POSITION TO REQUIRE ! GOV]NM5T TO NEGOTIATE ) !M1 BECAUSE !Y CON/ITUT$ A =CE ABLE TO BR+ AB\T ! RESUMPTION ( WORK40 

.<#g.> ,NOR?-,EA/ ,HUNG>Y1 ON ! BORD]S ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA4 ,COAL M9ES & /EEL WORKS AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,L>GE P[] /ATION1 IRON-SMELT+1 & C5T] ( ! ,HUNG>IAN *EMICAL 9DU/RY4 

.<#g#a.> ,QUOT$ FROM ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE - ,VOL4 ,I,V1 ,NO4 #b4 PP4 #i-#i#a4 

.<#g#b.> 0,C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,HUNG>Y /AG$ AN UPRIS+ 9 ! H\RS ( D>KNESS ON ,TUESDAY NI<T40 7,DAILY ,WORK]1 ,OCTOB] #b#e1 #a#i#e#f47 ,! SAME $ITION RAN AN >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,! ,HELL ?AT WAS ,HOR?Y'S01 ?US IMPLY+ ?AT ! CURR5T REVOLT WAS ( FASCI/ NATURE4 

.<#g#c.> ,9 HIS BOOK ,A ,H&FUL ( ,A%ES1 ,NOEL ,B>B] ( ! ,DAILY ,MAIL QUOTES :AT HE CALLS 0! DEM&S ( ! ,WRIT]S' ,UNION0 7PP4 #h#i-#i74 ,HIS WORDS BE> LITTLE RELATION TO ! ORIG9AL TEXT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE MAKES ABSOLUTELY NO M5TION ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T OR WORK]S' CONTROL4 

.<#g#d.> ,QUOT$ FROM ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IC - VOL4 ,I,V1 ,NO4 #b1 P4#i#b4 

.<#g#e.> ,! ,DAILY ,WORK]'S SPECIAL CORRESPOND5T 9 ,BUDAPE/1 ,PET] ,FRY]1 HAD HIS DISPAT*ES MUTILAT$ BEYOND RECOGNITION BY ! ,$ITOR & F9ALLY SUPPRESS$ ALTOGE!R4 

.<#g#f.> ,DAILY ,WORK]1 ,OCTOB] #b#i1 #a#i#e#f4 

.<#g#g.> ,!RE HAD ALREADY BE5 A RESUMPTION ( WORK 9 SOME FACTORIES4 ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT HAD />T$ RUNN+ AGA9 ON ,SATURDAY1 ,OCTOB] #b#g4 

.<#g#h.> ,GEORGE ,MIKES1 ,! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION1 P4#a#d#e4 

.<#g#i.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,OCTOB] #b#c1 #a#i#e#f4 

.<#h.> ,! ,DAILY ,WORK] ( ,NOVEMB] #e1 REPORT$ ?AT ,KAD> HAD 0CALL$ = ! >M+ ( ! WORK]S 9 ! FACTORIES40 

.<#h#a.> ,PET] ,FRY]1 ,HUNG>IAN ,TRAG$Y1 P4#h#e4 

.<#h#b.> ,! F\R PR9CIPAL ,M9I/]S W]E3 ,=EIGN ,M9I/]1 ,IM] ,HORVA?2 ,DEPUTY ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 ,F]5C ,MUNNI*2 ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE & ,9T]IOR1 ,ANTAL ,APRO2 ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE1 ,IM] ,DEGOE4 ,TWO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E ALSO GIV5 ,M9I/RIES3 ,M9I/] ( ,/ATE1 ,GYORGY ,MOROSAN & ,M9I/] ( ,TRADE1 ,S&OR ,RONAL4 

.<#h#c.> ,9 ! SAME ISSUE1 ! FRONT PAGE HEADL9ES RAN3 0,NEW ,HUNG>IAN ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,ACTION - ,SOVIET ,TROOPS CALL$ 9 TO /OP ,:ITE ,T]ROR40 ,FUR!R D[N ! PAGE ! ,DAILY ,WORK] REPORT$ 0,BUDAPE/ ,RADIO1 UND] CONTROL ( ! ,KAD> ,GOV]NM5T1 SAID ?AT ,]NO ,G]O1 =M] ,FIR/ ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY HAD BE5 MURD]$ 9 A 'B>B>\S FA%ION' BY ! REBELS40 ,9 FACT ,G]O HAD BE5 TAK5 TO ,MOSC[ BY ! ,RUSSIANS ON ,OCTOB] #b#d4 

.<#h#d.> ,DAILY ,WORK]1 ,NOVEMB] #e1 #a#i#e#f4 

.<#h#e.> ,DAILY ,WORK]1 ,NOVEMB] #e1 #a#i#e#f4 

.<#h#f.> ,?IS WAS />T$ BY ,MOSC[ RADIO ON ! AFT]NOON ( ,NOVEMB] #d1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,DAILY ,WORK] ( ,NOVEMB] #e1 ANN\NC$ 0,ALL HONE/ ,HUNG>IAN PATRIOTS >E TAK+ AN ACTIVE P>T 444 9 DIS>M+ ! MUT9E]S & 9 OV]COM+ 9DIVIDUAL NE/S ( RESI/ANCE ( FASCI/ GR\PS40 

.<#h#g.> ,PET] ,FRY]4 ,HUNG>IAN ,TRAG$Y1 P4#h#c4 

.<#h#h.> ,?IS APPE>S TO CONTRADICT ! ,DAILY ,WORK] REPORT ?AT ,G]O HAD BE5 KILL$ BY ! REBELS ON ,NOVEMB] #d4 ,P]HAPS ! ,DAILY ,WORK]'S ,NEWS ,$ITOR1 KN[+ 9 :AT K9D ( E/EEM ,G]O WAS HELD BY ! WORK]S1 HAD MADE AN '9TELLIG5T GUESS' AB\T HIS FATE4 ,IF SO1 ! ,DAILY ,WORK] HAD BE5 ?W>T$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS :O HAD '>RE/$' ,G]O ON ,OCTOB] #b#d1 & TAK5 HIM TO ,MOSC[4 ,G]O WAS NOT EXPELL$ AT ?IS TIME4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a#i1 #a#i#f#b1 ! ,SOVIET NEWS AG5CY ,TASS REPORT$ ?AT A MEET+ ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,SOCIALI/ 7,COMMUNI/7 ,P>TY HAD JU/ EXPELL$ ,G]O - & ,RAKOSI 7SEE ,! ,GU>DIAN1 ,AUGU/ #b1 #a#i#f#b1 PP4#a & #g74 

.<#h#i.> ,BE=E1 DUR+1 & S9CE ! P]IOD ( ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION1 ALL /RIKES W]E 'UN(FICIAL' EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 DUR+ ! %ORT LIFE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 =M$ 9 ,OCTOB]4 

.<#i.> ,M>OSAN1 TOGE!R ) ,KAD>1 ,APRO & ,MUNNI*1 DISAPPE>$ ! DAY BE=E ! SECOND ,RUSSIAN ATTACK1 PRESUMABLY TO =M A ',GOV]NM5T4' 

.<#i#a.> ,E>LY 9 #a#i#e#g1 ! ,WRIT]S' ,UNION WAS BANN$4 ,SO WAS ! ,UNION ( J\RNALI/S .<SEE 5TRIES = ,JANU>Y #ag & #a#i1 #aieg 9 ,APP5DIX ,I,I,I.>4 

.<#i#b.> ,SEE ALSO O!R EXTRACTS FROM ,KAD>'S SPEE* TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,APP5DIX ,I,I,I .<,MAY #a-#a#a1 #a#i#e#g.>4 

.<#i#c.> ,CONFIRM$ BY ,KRU%*EV AT ! #b? ,CONGRESS4 

.<#i#d.> ,! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/S N[ REPROA* ! ,RUSSIANS ) NOT HAV+ ACT$ VIGOR\SLY 5\< 9 SUPPRESS+ ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION6 

.<#i#e.> ,PET] ,FRY]1 ,HUNG>IAN ,TRAG$Y4 

.<#i#f.> ,QUOT$ FROM ,SOCIALISM \ ,B>B>ISM .<,SOLID>ITY PAMPHLET ,NO4 #a#a1 P4#c.>4 

.<#i#g.> ,IBID4 PP4#a#c-#a#d4 

.<#i#h.> ,IBID1 P4#b4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifc 3 ,HUNG>Y '#e#f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #c1 #bb 3 ,HUNG>Y '#e#f -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,HUNG>Y '#e#f -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/