,*APT] #a 
,9TRODUCTION3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,LANGUAGE 

#aiaeaiae 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,M>CO ,FIEB]1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,! ,RUSSIAN ,LANGUAGE--,E>LY FOLK LIT]ATURE3 ,FOLKLORE-- 
,SONGS-,SAGAS-,LAY ( ,IGOR'S ,RAID-,ANNALS-,! ,MONGOL  
,9VASION2 ITS CONSEQU5CES-,CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ,JOHN ,I,V4  
& ,KURBISKIY-,SPLIT 9 ! ,*UR*-,AVVAKUM'S ,MEMOIRS- 
,! EI<TE5? C5TURY3 ,PET] ,I4 & HIS CONTEMPOR>IES-,TRETIAKOVSKY-,LOMONOS(F-,SUM>OK(F-,! TIMES ( ,CA!R9E  
,I,I4-,D]ZHAV9-,VON ,WIZ9-,! ,FREEMASONS3 ,NOVIK(F2  
,RADIS*EFF-,E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY3 ,K>AMZ9 & ,ZHUKOVSKIY-,! ,DECEMBRI/S-,RYLEEFF4 

,ONE ( ! LA/ MESSAGES :I* ,TURGU5EFF ADDRESS$ TO ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S FROM HIS DEA?-B$ WAS TO IMPLORE !M TO KEEP 9 ITS PURITY 0?AT PRECI\S 9H]ITANCE ( \RS4-! ,RUSSIAN ,LANGUAGE40 ,HE :O KNEW 9 P]FECTION MO/ ( ! LANGUAGES SPOK5 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAD ! HI<E/ OP9ION ( ,RUSSIAN AS AN 9/RUM5T = ! EXPRESSION ( ALL POSSIBLE %ADES ( ?\<T & FEEL+1 & HE HAD %[N 9 HIS WRIT+S :AT DEP? & =CE ( EXPRESSION1 & :AT MELODI\SNESS ( PROSE1 C\LD BE OBTA9$ 9 HIS NATIVE TONGUE4 ,9 HIS HI< APPRECIATION ( ,RUSSIAN1 ,TURGU5EFF--AS WILL (T5 BE SE5 9 !SE PAGES--WAS P]FECTLY RI<T4 ,! RI*NESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 9 WORDS IS A/\ND+3 MANY A WORD :I* /&S ALONE = ! EXPRESSION ( A GIV5 IDEA 9 ! LANGUAGES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAS 9 ,RUSSIAN ?REE OR \R EQUIVAL5TS = ! R5D]+ ( ! V>I\S %ADES ( ! SAME IDEA4 ,IT IS ESPECIALLY RI* = R5D]+ V>I\S %ADES ( HUMAN FEEL+1--T5D]NESS & LOVE1 SADNESS & M]RIM5T--AS ALSO V>I\S DEGREES ( ! SAME ACTION4 ,ITS PLIABILITY = TRANSLATION IS SU* ?AT 9 NO O!R LANGUAGE DO WE F9D AN EQUAL NUMB] ( MO/ BEAUTIFUL1 CORRECT1 & TRULY POETICAL R5D]+S ( =EIGN AU?ORS4 ,POETS ( ! MO/ DIV]SE *>ACT]1 SU* AS ,HE9E & ,B]ANG]1 ,LONGFELL[ & ,S*ILL]1 ,%ELLEY & ,GOE!--TO SAY NO?+ ( ?AT FAVORITE ) ,RUSSIAN TRANSLATORS1 ,%AKESPE>E-->E EQUALLY WELL TURN$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN4 ,! S>CASM ( ,VOLTAIRE1 ! RO,ILICK+ HUMOR ( ,DICK5S1 ! GOOD-NATUR$ LAU<T] ( ,C]VANTES >E R5D]$ ) EQUAL EASE4 ,MOREOV]1 [+ TO ! MUSICAL *>ACT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN TONGUE1 IT IS WOND]FULLY ADAPT$ = R5D]+ POETRY 9 ! SAME MET]S AS ?OSE ( ! ORIG9AL4 ,LONGFELL['S 0,HIAWA?A0 79 TWO DIFF]5T TRANSLATIONS1 BO? ADMIRABLE71 ,HE9E'S CAPRICI\S LYRICS1 ,S*9DL]'S BALLADS1 ! MELODI\S FOLK-SONGS ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES1 & ,B]ANG]'S PLAYFUL *ANSONNETTES1 READ 9 ,RUSSIAN ) EXACTLY ! SAME RHY?MS AS 9 ! ORIG9ALS4 ,! DESP]ATE VAGU5ESS ( ,G]MAN METAPHYSICS IS QUITE AS MU* AT HOME 9 ,RUSSIAN AS ! MATT]-(-FACT /YLE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY PHILOSOPH]S2 & ! %ORT1 CONCRETE & EXPRESSIVE1 T]SE S5T5CES ( ! BE/ ,5GLI% WRIT]S (F] NO DIFFICULTY = ! ,RUSSIAN TRANSLATOR4 

,TOGE!R ) ,CZE* & ,POLI%1 ,MORAVIAN1 ,S]BIAN & ,BULG>IAN1 AS ALSO SEV]AL M9OR TONGUES1 ! ,RUSSIAN BELONGS TO ! GREAT ,SLAVONIAN FAMILY ( LANGUAGES :I*1 9 ITS TURN--TOGE!R ) ! ,SC&9AVO--,SAXON & ! ,LAT9 FAMILIES1 AS ALSO ! ,LI?UANIAN1 ! ,P]SIAN1 ! ,>M5IAN1 ! ,GEORGIAN-BELONGS TO ! GREAT ,9DO-,EUROPEAN1 OR ,>YAN BRAN*4 ,SOME DAY--SOON1 LET US HOPE3 ! SOON] ! BETT]--! TREASURES ( BO? ! FOLK-SONGS POSSESS$ BY ! ,S\? ,SLAVONIANS & ! MANY C5TURIES OLD LIT]ATURE ( ! ,CZE*S & ! ,POLES WILL BE REVEAL$ TO ,WE/]N READ]S4 ,BUT 9 ?IS WORK ,I HAVE TO CONC]N MYSEIF ONLY ) ! LIT]ATURE ( ! ,EA/]N1 I4 E41 ! ,RUS/AN1 BRAN* ( ! GREAT ,SLAVONIAN FAMILY2 & 9 ?IS BRAN* ,I %ALL HAVE TO OMIT BO? ! ,S\?-,RUSSIAN OR ,UKRA9IAN LIT]ATURE & ! ,:ITE OR ,WE/-,RUSSIAN FOLKLORE & SONGS4 ,I %ALL TREAT ONLY ( ! LIT]ATURE ( ! ,GREAT-,RUSSIANS2 OR1 SIMPLY1 ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,( ALL ! ,SLAVONIAN LANGUAGES !IRS IS ! MO/ WIDELY SPOK54 ,IT IS ! LANGUAGE ( ,PU%K9 & ,L]MONT(F1 ,TURGU5EFF & ,TOL/OY4 

,LIKE ALL O!R LANGUAGES1 ! ,RUSSIAN HAS ADOPT$ MANY =EIGN WORDS ,SC&9AVIAN1 ,TURKI%1 ,MONGOLIAN & LATELY1 ,GREEK & ,LAT94 ,BUT NOT)/&+ ! ASSIMILATION ( MANY NATIONS & /EMS ( ! ,URAL-,ALTAYAN OR ,TURANIAN /OCK :I* HAS BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! C\RSE ( AGES BY ! ,RUSSIAN NATION1 H] LANGUAGE HAS REMA9$ REM>KABLY PURE4 ,IT IS /RIK+ 9DE$ TO SEE H[ ! TRANSLATION ( ! BIBLE :I* WAS MADE 9 ! N9? C5TURY 9TO ! ,IANGUAGE CURR5TLY SPOK5 BY ! ,MORAVIANS & ! ,S\? ,SLAVONIANS REMA9S COMPREH5SIBLE1 D[N TO ! PRES5T TIME1 TO ! AV]AGE ,RUSSIAN4 ,GRAMMATICAL =MS & ! CON/RUCTION ( S5T5CES >E 9DE$ QUITE DIFF]5T N[4 ,BUT ! ROOTS1 AS WELL AS A V]Y CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( WORDS REMA9 ! SAME AS ?OSE :I* W]E US$ 9 CURR5T TALK A ?\S& YE>S AGO4 

,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ! ,S\?-,SLAVONIAN HAD ATTA9$ A HI< DEGREE ( P]FECTION1 EV5 AT ?AT E>LY TIME4 ,V]Y FEW WORDS ( ! ,GOSPELS HAD TO BE R5D]$ 9 ,GREEK & !SE >E NAMES ( ?+S UNKN[N TO ! ,S\? ,SLAVONIANS2 :ILE = NONE ( ! AB/RACT WORDS1 & = NONE ( ! POETICA,I IMAGES ( ! ORIG9AL1 HAD ! TRANSLATORS ANY DIFFICULTY 9 F9D+ ! PROP] EXPRESSIONS4 ,SOME ( ! WORDS !Y US$ >E1 MOREOV]1 ( A REM>KABLE BEAUTY1 & ?IS BEAUTY HAS NOT BE5 LO/ EV5 TO-DAY4 ,EV]YONE REMEMB]S1 = 9/ANCE1 ! DIFFICULTY :I* ! LE>N$ ,DR4 ,FAU/1 9 ,GOE!'S IMMORTAL TRAG$Y1 F\ND 9 R5D]+ !S5T5CE3 0,9 ! BEG9N+ WAS ! ,WORD40 0,WORD10 9 MOD]N ,G]MAN SEEM$ TO ,DR4 ,FAU/ TO BE TOO %ALL[ AN EXPRESSION = ! IDEA ( 0! ,WORD BE+ ,GOD40 ,9 ! OLD ,SLAVONIAN TRANSLATION WE HAVE 0,SLOVO10 :I* ALSO MEANS 0,WORD10 BUT HAS AT ! SAME TIME1 EV5 = ! MOD]N ,RUSSIAN1 A F> DEEP] MEAN+ ?AN ?AT ( DAS ,WORT4 ,9 OLD ,SLAVONIAN 0,SLOVO0 9CLUD$ ALSO ! MEAN+ ( 0,9TELLECT0--,G]MAN ,V]NUNFT2 & CONSEQU5TLY IT CONVEY$ TO ! READ] AN IDEA :I* WAS DEEP 5\< NOT TO CLA% ) ! SECOND P>T ( ! ,BIBLICAL S5T5CE4 

,I WI% ?AT ,I C\LD GIVE H]E AN IDEA ( ! BEAUTY ( ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE1 SU* AS IT WAS SPOK5 E>LY 9 ! ELEV5? C5TURY 9 ,NOR? ,RUSSIA1 A SAMPLE ( :I* HAS BE5 RES]V$ 9 ! S]MON ( A ,NOVGOROD BI%OP 7#a#c#e74 ,! %ORT S5T5CES ( ?IS S]MON1 CALCULAT$ TO BE UND]/OOD BY A NEWLY *RI/5$ FLOCK1 >E REALLY BEAUTIFUL2 :ILE ! BI%OP'S CONCEPTIONS ( ,*RI/IANITY1 UTT]LY DEVOID ( ,BYZANT9E GNO/ICISM1 >E MO/ *>ACT]I/IC ( ! MANN] 9 :I* ,*RI/IANITY WAS & IS /ILL UND]/OOD BY ! MASSES ( ! ,RUSSIAN FOLK4 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 7! ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN7 IS REM>KABLY FREE FROM PATOIS4 ,LITTTLE-,RUSSIAN1 OR ,UKRA9IAN1"9 :I* IS SPOK5 BY NE>LY #a#e11 PEOPLE1 & HAS ITS [N LIT]ATURE--FOLKLORE & MOD]N--IS UND\BT$LY A SEP>ATE LANGUAGE1 9 ! SAME S5SE AS ,NORWEGIAN & ,DANI% >E SEP>ATE FROM ,SW$I%1 OR AS ,PORTUGUEESE & ,CATALONIAN >E SEP>ATE FROM ,CA/ILIAN OR ,SPANI%4 ,:ITE-,RUSSIAN1 :I* IS SPOK5 9 SOME PROV9CES ( ,WE/]N ,RUSSIA1 HAS ALSO ! *>ACT]I/IC ( A SEP>ATE BRAN* ( ! ,RUSSIAN1 RA!R ?AN ?OSE ( A LOCAL DIALECT4 ,AS TO ,GREAT-,RUSSIAN1 OR ,RUSSIAN1 IT IS SPOK5 BY A COMPACT BODY ( NE>LY EI<TY MILLION PEOPLE 9 ,NOR!RN1 ,C5TRAL1 ,EA/]N1 & ,S\!RN ,RUSSIA1 AS ALSO 9 ,NOR!RN ,CAUCASIA & ,SIB]IA4 ,ITS PRONUNCIATION SLI<TLY V>IES 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ?IS L>GE T]RITORY2 NEV]!LESS ! LIT]>Y LANGUAGE ( ,PU%K91 ,GOGOL1 ,TURGU5EFF1 & ,TOL/OY IS UND]/OOD BY ALL ?IS 5ORM\S MASS ( PEOPLE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN CLASSICS CIRCULATE 9 ! VILLAGES BY MILLIONS ( COPIES1 & :51 A FEW YE>S AGO1 ! LIT]>Y PROP]TY 9 ,PU%K9S WORKS CAME TO AN 5D 7FIFTY YE>S AFT] HIS DEA?71 COMPLETE $ITIONS ( HIS WORKS--SOME ( !M 9 T5 VOLUMES--W]E CIRCULAT$ BY ! HUNDR$-?\S&1 AT ! ALMO/ 9CR$IBLY L[ PRICE ( ?REE %ILL+S 7#g#e C5TS7 ! T5 VOLUMES2 :ILE MILLIONS ( COPIES ( HIS SEP>ATE POEMS & TALES >E SOLD N[ BY ?\S&S ( AMBULANT BOOKSELL]S 9 ! VILLAGES1 AT ! PRICE ( FROM ONE TO ?REE F>?+S EA*4 ,EV5 ! COMPLETE WORKS ( ,GOGOL1 ,TURGU5EFF1 & ,GON*>(F1 9 TWELVE-VOLUME $ITIONS1 HAVE SOMETIMES SOLD TO ! NUMB] ( #b1 SETS EA*1 9 ! C\RSE ( A S+LE YE>4 ,! ADVANTAGES ( ?IS 9TELLECTUAL UNITY ( ! NATION >E SELF-EVID5T4 

"9,PRON\NCE ,OOK-RA-EE-NIAN4 

,E,>,L,Y ,F,O,L,K-,L,I,T,],A,T,U,R,E3 ,F,O,L,K,L,O,R,E--,S,O,N,G,S--,S,A,G,A,S 

,! E>LY FOLK-LIT]ATURE ( ,RUSSIA1 P>T ( :I* IS /ILL PRES]V$ 9 ! MEMORIES ( ! PEOPLE ALONE1 IS WOND]FULLY RI* & FULL ( ! DEEPE/ 9T]E/4 ,NO NATION ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE POSSESSES SU* AN A/ONI%+ WEAL? ( TRADITIONS1 TALES1 & LYRIC FOLK-SONGS SOME ( !M ( ! GREATE/ BEAUTY--& SU* A RI* CYCLE ( >*AIC EPIC SONGS1 AS ,RUSSIA DOES4 ,( C\RSE1 ALL ,EUROPEAN NATIONS HAVE HAD1 ONCE UPON A TIME1 AN EQUALLY RI* FOLK-LIT]ATURE2 BUT ! GREAT BULK ( IT WAS LO/ BE=E SCI5TIFIC EXPLOR]S HAD UND]/OOD ITS VALUE OR BEGUN TO COLLECT IT4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ?IS TREASURE WAS PRES]V$ 9 REMOTE VILLAGES UNT\*$ BY CIVILIZATION1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! REGION R\ND ,LAKE ,ONEGA2 & :5 ! FOLKLORI/S BEGAN TO COLLECT IT1 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 !Y F\ND 9 ,NOR!RN ,RUSSIA & 9 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA OLD B>DS /ILL GO+ AB\T ! VILLAGES ) !IR PRIMITIVE /R+ 9/RUM5TS1 & RECIT+ POEMS ( A V]Y ANCI5T ORIG94 

,BESIDES1 A V>IETY ( Y]Y OLD SONGS >E SUNG /ILL BY ! VILLAGE FOLK !MSELVES4 ,EV]Y ANNUAL HOLIDAY--,*RI/MAS1 ,EA/]1 ,MIDSUMM] ,DAY--HAS ITS [N CYCLE ( SONGS1 :I* HAVE BE5 PRES]V$1 ) !IR MELODIES1 EV5 FROM PAGAN TIMES4 ,AT EA* M>RIAGE1 :I* IS ACCOMPANI$ BY A V]Y COMPLICAT$ C]EMONIAL1 & AT EA* BURIAL1 SIMIL>LY OLD SONGS >E SUNG BY ! PEASANT WOM54 ,MANY ( !M HAVE1 ( C\RSE1 DET]IORAT$ 9 ! C\RSE ( AGES2 ( MANY O!RS M]E FRAGM5TS HAVE SURVIV$2 BUT1 M9DFUL ( ! POPUL> SAY+ ?AT 0NEV] A WORD MU/ BE CA/ \T ( A SONG10 ! WOM5 9 MANY LOCALITIES CONT9UE TO S+ ! MO/ ANTIQUE SONGS 9 FULL1 EV5 ?\< ! MEAN+ ( MANY ( ! WORDS HAS ALREADY BE5 LO/4 

,!RE >E1 MOREOV]1 ! TALES4 ,MANY ( !M >E C]TA9LY ! SAME AS WE F9D AMONG ALL NATIONS ( ,>YAN ORIG93 ONE MAY READ !M 9 ,GRIMM'S COLLECTION ( FAIRY TALES2 BUT O!RS CAME ALSO FROM ! ,MONGOLS & ! ,TURKS2 :ILE SOME ( !M SEEM TO HAVE A PURELY ,RUSSIAN ORIG94 ,& NEXT COME ! SONGS RECIT$ BY W&]+ S+]S--! ,KALIKI--ALSO V]Y ANCI5T4 ,!Y >E 5TIRELY BORR[$ FROM ! ,EA/1 & DEAL ) H]OES & H]O9ES ( O!R NATIONALITIES ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN1 SU* AS 0,AKIB1 ! ,ASSYRIAN ,K+10 ! BEAUTIFUL ,HEL51 ,ALEX&] ! ,GREAT1 OR ,RU/EM ( ,P]SIA4 ,! 9T]E/ :I* !SE ,RUSSIAN V]SIONS ( ,EA/]N LEG5DS & TALES (F] TO ! EXPLOR] ( FOLKLORE & MY?OLOGY IS SELF-EVID5T4 

,F9ALLY1 !RE >E ! EPIC SONGS3 ! BYL9Y1 :I* CORRESPOND TO ! ,ICEL&IC SAGAS4 ,EV5 AT ! PRES5T DAY !Y >E SUNG 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,NOR!RN ,RUSSIA BY SPECIAL B>DS :O ACCOMPANY !MSELVES ) A SPECIAL 9/RUM5T1 ALSO ( V]Y ANCI5T ORIG94 ,! OLD S+] UTT]S 9 A SORT ( RECITATIVE ONE OR TWO S5T5CES1 ACCOMPANY+ HIMSELF ) HIS 9/RUM5T2 !N FOLL[S A MELODY1 9TO :I* EA* 9DIVIDUAL S+] 9TRODUCES MODULATIONS ( HIS [N1 BE=E HE RESUMES NEXT ! QUIET RECITATIVE ( ! EPIC N>RATIVE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 !SE OLD B>DS >E RAPIDLY DISAPPE>+2 BUT SOME FIVE-&-?IRTY YE>S AGO A FEW ( !M W]E /ILL ALIVE 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,OLONETS1 TO ! NOR?-EA/ ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 & ,I ONCE HE>D ONE ( !M1 :OM ,A4 ,HILF]D+ HAD BR\<T TO ! CAPITAL1 & :O SANG BE=E ! ,RUSSIAN ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY HIS WOND]FUL BALLADS4 ,! COLLECT+ ( ! EPIC SONGS WAS HAPPILY BEGUN 9 GOOD TIME--DUR+ ! EI<TE5? C5TURY--& IT HAS BE5 EAG]LY CONT9U$ BY SPECIALI/S1 SO ?AT ,RUSSIA POSSESSES N[ P]HAPS ! RI*E/ COLLECTION ( SU* SONGS--AB\T F\R HUNDR$--:I* HAS BE5 SAV$ FROM OBLIVION4 

,! H]OES ( ! ,RUSSIAN EPIC SONGS >E KNI<TS-]RANT1 :OM POPUL> TRADITION UNITES R\ND ! TABLE ( ! ,KIEFF ,PR9CE1 ,VLADIMIR ! ,FAIR ,SUN4 ,5D[$ ) SUP]NATURAL PHYSICAL =CE1 !SE KNI<TS1 ,ILYIA ( ,MUROM1 ,DOBRYNIA ,NIKITI*1 ,NI*OLAS ! ,VILLAG]1 ,ALEXEI ! ,PRIE/'S ,SON1 & SO ON1 >E REPRES5T$ GO+ AB\T ,RUSSIA1 CLE>+ ! C\NTRY ( GIANTS1 :O 9FE/$ ! L&1 OR ( ,MONGOLS & ,TURKS4 ,OR ELSE !Y GO TO DI/ANT L&S TO FET* A BRIDE = ! *IEF ( !IR S*OLA1 ! ,PR9CE ,VLADIMIR1 OR = !MSELVES2 & !Y MEET1 ( C\RSE1 ON !IR J\RNEYS1 ) ALL SORTS ( ADV5TURES1 9 :I* WIT*CRAFT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT P>T4 ,EA* ( ! H]OES ( !SE SAGAS HAS HIS [N 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,ILYIA1 ! ,PEASANT'S ,SON1 DOES NOT C>E = GOLD OR RI*ES3 HE FI<TS ONLY TO CLE> ! L& FROM GIANTS & /RANG]S4 ,NI*OLAS ! ,VILLAG] IS ! P]SONIFICATION ( ! =CE ) :I* ! TILL] ( ! SOIL IS 5D[$3 NOBODY CAN PULL \T ( ! GR\ND HIS HEAVY PL[1 :ILE HE HIMSELF LIFTS IT ) ONE H& & ?R[S IT ABOVE ! CL\DS2 ,DOBRYNIA EMBODIES SOME ( ! FEATURES ( ! DRAGON-FI<T]S1 TO :OM BELONGS ,/4 ,GEORGE2 ,SADKO IS ! P]SONIFICATION ( ! RI* M]*ANT1 & ,T*URILO ( ! REF9$1 H&SOME1 URBANE MAN ) :OM ALL WOM5 FALL 9 LOVE4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 9 EA* ( !SE H]OES1 !RE >E D\BTLESS MY?OLOGICAL FEATURES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! E>LY ,RUSSIAN EXPLOR]S ( ! BYL9Y1 :O WORK$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,GRIMM1 5DEAVOR$ TO EXPLA9 !M AS FRAGM5TS ( AN OLD ,SLAVONIAN MY?OLOGY1 9 :I* ! =CES ( ,NATURE >E P]SONIFI$ 9 H]OES4 ,9 ,ILIYA !Y F\ND ! FEATURES ( ! ,GOD ( ! ,?UND]S4 ,DOBRYNIA ! ,DRAGON-,KILL] WAS SUPPOS$ TO REPRES5T ! SUN 9 ITS PASSIIVE P[]-! ACTIVE P[]S ( FI<T+ BE+ LEFT TO ,ILIYA4 ,SADKO WAS ! P]SONIFICATION & ! ,SEA-,GOD :OM HE DEALS ) WAS ,NEPTUNE4 ,T*URILO WAS TAK5 AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! DEMONICAL ELEM5T4 ,& SO ON4 ,SU* WAS1 AT LEA/1 ! 9T]PRETATION PUT UPON ! SAGAS BY ! E>LY EXPLOR]S4 

,V4,V4 ,/AS(F1 9 HIS ,ORIG9 ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,BYL9Y 7#a#h#f#h71 5TIRELY UPSET ?IS !ORY4 ,) A CONSID]ABLE WEAL? ( >GUM5T HE PROV$ ?AT !SE EPIC SONGS >E NOT FRAGM5TS ( A ,SLAVONIC MY?OLOGY1 BUT REPRES5T BORR[+S FROM ,EA/]N TALES4 ,ILIYA IS ! ,RU/EM ( ! ,IRANIAN LEG5DS1 PLAC$ 9 ,RUSSIAN SURR\ND+S4 ,DOBRYNIA IS ! ,KRI%NA ( ,9DIAN FOLKLORE2 ,SADKO IS ! M]*ANT ( ! ,EA/]N TALES1 AS ALSO ( A ,NORMAN TALE4 ,ALL ! ,RUSSIAN EPIC H]OES HAVE AN ,EA/]N ORIG94 ,O!R EXPLOR]S W5T /ILL FUR!R ?AN ,/AS(F4 ,!Y SAW 9 ! H]OES ( ,RUSSIAN EPICS 9SIGNIFICANT M5 :O HAD LIV$ 9 ! F\RTE5? & FIFTE5? C5TURIES 7,ILIYA ( ,MUROM IS REALLY M5TION$ AS A HI/ORIC P]SON 9 A ,SC&9AVIAN *RONICLE71 TO :OM ! EXPLOITS ( ,EA/]N H]OES1 BORR[$ FROM ,EA/]N TALES1 W]E ATTRIBUT$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! H]OES ( ! BYL9Y C\LD HAVE HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! TIMES ( ,VLADIMIR1 & /ILL LESS ) ! E>LI] ,SLAVONIC MY?OLOGY4 

,! GRADUAL EVOLUTION & MIGRATION ( MY?S1 :I* >E SUCCESSIVELY FA/5$ UPON NEW & LOCAL P]SONS AS !Y REA* NEW C\NTRIES1 MAY P]HAPS AID TO EXPLA9 !SE CONTRADICTIONS4 ,?AT !RE >E MY?OLOGICAL FEATURES 9 ! H]OES ( ! ,RUSSIAN EPICS MAY BE TAK5 AS C]TA92 ONLY1 ! MY?OLOGY !Y BELONG TO IS NOT ,SLAVONIAN BUT ,>YAN ALTOGE!R4 ,\T ( !SE MY?OLOGICAL REPRES5TATIONS ( ! =CES ( ,NATURE1 HUMAN H]OES W]E GRADUALLY EVOLV$ 9 ! ,EA/4 

,AT A LAT] EPO* :5 !SE ,EA/]N TRADITIONS BEGAN TO SPREAD 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! EXPLOITS ( !IR H]OES W]E ATTRIBUT$ TO ,RUSSIAN M51 :O W]E MADE TO ACT 9 ,RUSSIAN SURR\ND+S4 ,RUSSIAN FOLKLORE ASSIMILAT$ !M2 &1 :ILE IT RETA9$ !IR DEEPE/ SEMI-MY?OLOGICAL FEATURES & LEAD+ TRAITS ( *>ACT]1 IT 5D[$1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,IRANIAN ,RU/EM1 ! ,9DIAN DRAGON-KILL]1 ! ,EA/]N M]*ANT1 & SO ON1 ) NEW FEATURES1 PURELY ,RUSSIAN4 ,IT DIVE/$ !M1 SO TO SAY1 ( ! G>B :I* HAD BE5 PUT UPON !IR MY/ICAL SUB/ANCES :5 !Y W]E FIR/ APPROPRIAT$ & HUMANIZ$ BY ! ,IRANIANS & ! ,9DIANS1 & DRESS$ !M N[ 9 A ,RUSSIAN G>B--JU/ AS 9 ! TALES AB\T ,ALEX&] ! ,GREAT1 :I* ,I HE>D 9 ,TRANSBAIKALIA1 ! ,GREEK H]O IS 5D[$ ) ,BURYATE FEATURES & HIS EXPLOITS >E LOCAT$ ON SU* & SU* A ,TRANSBAIKALIAN M\NTA94 ,H[EV]1 ,RUSSIAN FOLKLORE DID NOT SIMPLY *ANGE ! DRESS ( ! ,P]SIAN PR9CE1 ,RU/EM1 9TO ?AT ( A ,RUSSIAN PEASANT1 ,ILIYA4 ,! ,RUSSIAN SAGAS1 9 !IR /YLE1 9 ! POETICAL IMAGES !Y RESORT TO1 & P>TLY 9 ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( !IR H]OES1 W]E NEW CREATIONS4 ,!IR H]OES >E ?OR\<LY ,RUSSIAN3 = 9/ANCE1 !Y NEV] SEEK = BLOOD-V5GEANCE1 AS ,SC&9AVIAN H]OES W\LD DO2 !IR ACTIONS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( 0! ELD] H]OES10 >E NOT DICTAT$ BY P]SONAL AIMS1 BUT >E IMBU$ ) A COMMUNAL SPIRIT1 :I* IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ,RUSSIAN POPUL> LIFE4 ,!Y >E AS MU* ,RUSSIANS AS ,RU/EM WAS ,P]SIAN4 ,AS TO ! TIME ( COMPOSITION ( !SE SAGAS1 IT IS G5]ALLY BELIEV$ ?AT !Y DATE FROM ! T5?1 ELEV5?1 & TWELF? C5TURIES1 BUT ?AT !Y RECEIV$ !IR DEF9ITE %APE-! ONE ?AT HAS REA*$ US 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME !Y HAVE UND]GONE BUT LITTLE ALT]ATION4 

,9 !SE SAGAS ,RUSSIA HAS ?US A PRECI\S NATIONAL 9H]ITANCE ( A R>E POETICAL BEAUTY1 :I* HAS BE5 FULLY APPRECIAT$ 9 ,5GL& BY ,RAL/ON1 & 9 ,FRANCE BY ! HI/ORIAN ,RAMBAUD4 

,L,A,Y ,( ,I,G,O,R',S ,R,A,I,D 

,& YET ,RUSSIA HAS NOT H] ,ILIAD4 ,!RE HAS BE5 NO POET TO 9SPIRE HIMSELF ) ! EXPOLITS ( ,ILIYA'1 ,DOBRYNIA1 ,SADKO1 ,T*URILO1 & ! O!RS1 & TO MAKE \T ( !M A POEM SIMIL> TO ! EPICS ( ,HOM]1 OR ! 0,KALEVALA 0 ( ! ,F9NS4 ,?IS HAS BE5 DONE ) ONLY ONE CYCLE ( TRADITIONS3 9 ! POEM1 ,! ,LAY ( ,IGOR'S ,RAID 7,SLOVO O ,POLKU ,IGOREVE74 

,?IS POEM WAS COMPOS$ AT ! 5D ( ! TWELF? C5TURY1 OR E>LY 9 ! ?IRTE5? 7ITS FULL MANUSCRIPT1 DE/ROY$ DUR+ ! CONFLAGRATION ( ,MOSC[ 9 #a#h#a#b1 DAT$ FROM ! F\RTE5? OR ! FIFTE5? C5TURY74 ,IT WAS UND\BT$LY ! WORK ( ONE AU?OR1 & = ITS BEAUTY & POETICAL =M IT /&S BY ! SIDE ( ! ,SONG ( ! ,NIBELUNGS1 OR ! ,SONG F ,ROL&4 ,IT RELATES A REAL FACT ?AT DID HAPP5 9 #a#a#h#e4 ,IGOR1 A PR9CE ( ,KIEFF2 />TS ) HIS DRUACUTE2ZH9A 7S*OLA7 ( ,W>RIORS TO MAKE A RAID ON ! ,POLOVTSI1 :O OCCUPI$ ! PRAIRIES ( ,S\?-EA/]N ,RUSSIA1 & CONT9UALLY RAILD$ ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGES4 ,ALL SORTS ( BAD OM5S >E SE5 ON ! M>* ?R\< ! PRAIRIES--! SUN IS D>K5$ & CA/S ITS %AD[ ON ! B& ( ,RUSSIAN W>RIORS2 ! ANIMALS GIVE DIFF]5T W>N+S2 BUT ,IGOR EXCLAIMS3 0,BRO!RS & FRI5DS3 ,BETT] TO FALL DEAD ?AN BE PRISON]S ( ! ,POLOVTSI6 ,LET US M>* TO ! BLUE WAT]S ( ! ,DON4 ,LET US BREAK \R LANCES AGA9/ ?OSE ( ! ,POLOVTSI4 ,& EI!R ,I LEAVE !RE MY HEAD1 OR ,I WILL DR9K ! WAT] ( ! ,DON FROM MY GOLD5 HELMET40 ,! M>* IS RESUM$1 ! ,POLOVTSI >E MET )1 & A GREAT BATTLE IS F\<T4 

,! DESCRIPTION ( ! BATTLE1 9 :I* ALL ,NATURE TAKES P>T--! EAGLES & ! WOLVES1 & ! FOXES :O B>K AFT] ! R$ %IELDS ( ! ,RUSSIANS--IS ADMIRABLE4 ,IGOR'S B& IS DEFEAT$4 0,FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET1 & FROM SUNSET TO SUNRISE1 ! /EEL >R[S FLEW1 ! SWORDS CLA%$ ON ! HELMETS1 ! LANCES W]E BROK5 9 A F>-AWAY L&--! L& ( ! ,POLOVTSI40 0,! BLACK E>? UND] ! HO(S ( ! HORSES WAS /REWN ) BONES1 & \T ( ?IS S[+ AFFLICTION WILL RISE 9 ! L& ( ! ,RUSSIANS40 

,!N COMES ONE ( ! BE/ BITS ( E>LY ,RUSSIAN POETRY--! LAM5TATIONS ( ,Y>OSLAVNA1 ,IGOR'S WIFE1 :O WAITS = HIS RETURN 9 ! T[N ( ,PUTIVL3 

0,! VOICE ( ,Y>OSLAVNA RES\NDS AS ! COMPLA9T ( A CUCKOO2 IT RES\NDS AT ! RISE ( ! SUNLI<T4 

    0,I WILL FLY AS A CUCKOO D[N ! RIV]4 ,I WILL WET MY BEAV] SLEEVES 9 ! ,KAYALA2 ,I WILL WA% ) !M ! W\NDS ( MY PR9CE--! DEEP W\NDS ( MY H]O40 

    0,Y>OSLAVNA LAM5TS ON ! WALLS ( ,PUTIVL4 

    ,OH1 ,W9D1 T]RIBLE ,W9D6 ,:Y DO/ ?\1 MY MA/]1 BL[ SO /RONG8 ,:Y DID/ ?\ C>RY ON ?Y LI<T W+S ! >R[S ( ! ,KHAN AGA9/ ! W>RIORS ( MY H]O8 ,IS IT NOT 5\< = !E TO BL[ !RE1 HI< UP 9 ! CL\DS8 ,NOT 5\< TO ROCK ! %IPS ON ! BLUE SEA8 ,:Y DID/ ?\ LAY D[N MY BELOV$ UPON ! GRASS ( ! ,/EPPES8 

    0,Y>OSLAVNA LAM5TS UPON ! WALLS ( ,PUTIVL4 

    0,OH1 GLORI\S ,DNIEP]1 ?\ HA/ PI]C$ ?Y WAY ?R\< ! ROCKY HILLS TO ! L& ( ,POOVTSI4 ,?\ HA/ C>RI$ ! BOATS ( ,SVYATOSLAV AS !Y W5T TO FI<T ! ,KHAN ,KOBYAK4 ,BR+1 OH1 MY MA/]1 MY HUSB& BACK TO ME1 & ,I WILL S5D NO MORE TE>S ?R\< ?Y TIDE T[>DS ! SEA4 

    0,Y>OSLAVNA LAM5TS UPON ! WALLS ( ,PUTIVL4 

    0,BRILLIANT ,SUN1 ?RICE BRILLIANT ,SUN6 ,?\ GIVE/ HEAT TO ALL1 ?\ %9E/ = ALL4 ,:Y %\LDE/ ?\ S5D ?Y BURN+ RAYS UPON MY HUSB&'S W>RIORS8 ,:Y DID/ ?\1 9 ! WAT]LESS /EPPE1 DRY UP !IR B[S 9 !IR H&S8 ,:Y %\LDE/ ?\1 MAK+ !M SUFF] FROM ?IR/1 CAUSE !IR >R[S TO WEI< SO HEAVY UPON !IR %\LD]S8 

,?IS LITTLE FRAGM5T GIVES SOME IDEA ( ! G5]AL *>T] & BEAUTY ( ! ,SAY+ AH\T ,IGOR'S ,RAID4"9 

"9,5GLI% READ]S WILL F9D ! TRANSLATION ( ?IS POEM 9 FULL ! EXCELL5T AN?OLOGY ( ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE FROM ! ,E>LY ,P]IOD TO ! ,PRES5T ,TIME1 BY ,LEO ,WI5]1 PUBLI%$ 9 TWO VOLUMES 9 #a#i#b1 BY ,G4 ,P4 ,PUTNAM @& ,SONS1 AT ,NEW ,YORK4 ,PR(ESSOR ,WI5] KN[S ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE P]FECTLY WELL1 & HAS MADE A V]Y HAPPY *OICE ( A V]Y GREAT NUMB] ( ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC PASSAGES FROM ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S1 BEG9N+ ) ! OLDE/ P]IOD 7#i#a#a71 & 5D+ ) \R CONTEMPOR>IES1 ,GORKIY & ,M]EZHKOVSKIY4 

,SURELY ?IS POEM WAS NOT ! ONLY ONE ?AT WAS COMPOS$ & SUNG 9 ?OSE TIMES4 ,! 9TRODUCTION ITSELF SPEAKS ( B>DS1 & ESPECIALLY ( ONE1 ,BAYAN1 :OSE RECITATIONS & SONGS >E COMP>$ TO ! W9D ?AT BL[S 9 ! TOPS ( ! TREES4 ,MANY SU* ,BAYANS SURELY W5T AB\T & SANG SIMIL> 0,SAY+S0 DUR+ ! FE/IVALS ( ! PR9CES & !IR W>RIORS4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ONLY ?IS ONE HAS REA*$ US4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,*UR*1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! FIFTE5?1 SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 PITILESSLY PROSCRIB$ ! S++ ( ALL ! EPIC SONGS :I* CIRCULAT$ AMONG ! PEOPLE3 IT CONSID]$ !M 0PAGAN10 & 9FLICT$ ! HEAVIE/ P5ALTIES UPON ! B>DS & ?OSE :O SANG OLD SONGS 9 !IR R+S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ONLY SMALL FRAGM5TS ( ?IS E>LY FOLKLORE HAVE REA*$ US4 

,& YET EV5 !SE FEW RELICS ( ! PA/ HAVE EX]CIS$ A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE UPON ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 EV] S9CE IT HAS TAK5 ! LIB]TY ( TREAT+ O!R SUBJECTS ?AN PURELY RELIGI\S ONES4 ,IF ,RUSSIAN V]SIFICATION TOOK ! RHY?MICAL =M1 AS AGA9/ ! SYLLABIC1 IT WAS BECAUSE ?IS =M WAS IMPOS$ UPON ! ,RUSSIAN POETS BY ! FOLK-SONG4 ,BESIDES1 D[N TO QUITE REC5T TIMES1 FOLK-SONGS CON/ITUT$ SU* AN IMPORTANT ITEM 9 ,RUSSIAN C\NTRY LIFE1 9 ! HOMES ALIKE ( ! L&LORD & ! PEASANT1 ?AT !Y C\LD NOT BUT DEEPLY 9FLU5CE ! ,RUSSIAN POETS2 & ! FIR/ GREAT POET ( ,RUSSIA1 ,PU%K91 BEGAN HIS C>E] BY RE-TELL+ 9 V]SE HIS OLD NURSE'S TALES TO :I* HE US$ TO LI/5 DUR+ ! LONG W9T] NI<TS4 ,IT IS ALSO [+ TO \R ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE WEAL? ( MO/ MUSICAL POPUL> SONGS ?AT WE HAVE HAD 9 ,RUSSIA1 S9CE SO E>LY A DATE AS #a#h#c#e1 AN OP]A 7,V]/OVSKIY'S ,ASKOLD'S ,GRAVE71 BAS$ UPON POPUL> TRADITION1 ( :I* ! PURELY ,RUSSIAN MELODIES AT ONCE CAT* ! E> ( ! LEA/ MUSICALLY-$UCAT$ ,RUSSIAN4 ,?IS IS ALSO :Y ! OP]AS ( ,D>GOMYZHSKY & ! Y\NG] COMPOS]S >E N[ SUCCESSFULLY SUNG 9 ! VILLAGES TO PEASANT AUDI5CES & ) LOCAL PEASANT *OIRS4 

,! FOLKLORE & ! FOLK-SONG HAVE ?US R5D]$ TO ,RUSSIA AN IMM5SE S]VICE4 ,!Y HAVE MA9TA9$ A C]TA9 UNITY ( ! SPOK5 LANGUAGE ALL OV] ,RUSSIA1 AS ALSO A UNITY BETWE5 ! LIT]>Y LANGUAGE & ! LANGUAGE SPOK5 BY ! MASSES2 BETWE5 ! MUSIC ( ,GL9KA1 ,T*AYKOVOKY1 ,RIMSKY ,KORSAK(F1 ,BOROD91 ETC41 & ! MUSIC ( ! PEASANT *OIR--?US R5D]+ BO? ! POET & ! COMPOS] ACCESSIBLE TO ! PEASANT 

,! ,A,N,N,A,L,S 

,& F9ALLY1 :IL/ SPEAK+ ( ! E>LY ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 A FEW WORDS1 AT LEA/1 MU/ BE SAID ( ! ,ANNALS4 

,NO C\NTRY HAS A RI*] COLLECTION ( !M4 ,!RE W]E1 9 ! T5?1 ELEV5? & TWELF? C5TURIES1 SEV]AL C5T]S ( DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,KIEFF1 ,NOVGOROD1 ,PSKOV1 ! L& ( 
,VOLHYNIA1 ! L& ( ,SUZDAL 7,VLADIMIR1 ,MOSC["97 ,RYAZAN1 ETC41 REPRES5T$ AT ?AT TIME 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS1 L9K$ TOGE!R ONLY BY ! UNITY ( LANGUAGE & RELIGION1 & BY ! FACT ?AT ALL ( !M ELECT$ !IR ,PR9CES--MILIT>Y DEF5D]S & JUDGES--FROM ! H\SE ( ,RURIK4 ,EA* ( !SE C5T]S HAD ITS [N ANNALS1 BE>+ ! /AMP ( LOCAL LIFE & LOCAL *>ACT]4 ,! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN & ,VOLHYNIAN ANNALS-( :I* ! SO-CALL$ ,NE/OR'S ,ANNALS >E ! FULLE/ & ! BE/ KN[N1 >E NOT M]ELY DRY RECORDS ( FACTS3 !Y >E IMAG9ATIVE & POETICAL 9 PLACES4 ,! ANNALS ( ,NOVGOROD BE> ! /AMP ( A CITY ( RI* M]*ANTS3 !Y >E V]Y MATT]-(-FACT1 & ! ANNALI/ W>MS TO HIS SUBJECT ONLY :5 HE DESCRIBES ! VICTORIES ( ! ,NOVGOROD REPUBLIC OV] ! ,L& ( ,SUZDAL4 ,! ,ANNALS ( ! SI/]-REPUBLIC ( ,PSKOV1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E IMBU$ ) A DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT1 & !Y RELATE ) DEMOCRATIC SYMPA?IES & 9 A MO/ PICTURESQUE MANN] ! /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! POOR ( ,PSKOV & ! RI*--! 0BLACK PEOPLE0 & ! 0:ITE PEOPLE40 ,ALTOGE!R1 ! ANNALS >E SURELY NOT ! WORK ( MONKS1 AS WAS SUPPOS$ AT ! \TSET2 !Y MU/ HAVE BE5 WRITT5 = ! DIFF]5T CITIES BY M5 FULLY 9=M$ AB\T !IR POLITICAL LIFE1 !IR TREATIES ) O!R REPUBLICS1 !IR 9N] & \T] CONFLICTS4 

,! ,RUSSIAN NAME ( ! FIR/ CAPITAL ( ,RUSSIA IS ,MOSKVA4 ,H[EV]1 0,MOSC[10 LIKE 0,W>SAW10 ETC41 IS ( SO G5]AL A USE ?AT IT W\LD BE AFFECTATION TO USE ! ,RUSSIAN NAME4 

,MOREOV]1 ! ANNALS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ,KIEFF1 OR ,NE/OR'S ,ANNALS1 >E SOME?+ MORE ?AN M]E RECORDS ( EV5TS2 !Y >E1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM ! V]Y NAME ( ! LATT] 7,FROM :5CE & ,H[ CAME TO BE ! ,L& ( ,RUSSIA71 ATTEMPTS AT WRIT+ A HI/ORY ( ! C\NTRY1 UND] ! 9SPIRATION ( ,GREEK MODELS4 ,?OSE MANUSCRIPTS :I* HAVE REA*$ US--& ESPECIALLY IS ?IS TRUE ( ! ,KIEFF ANNALS--HAVE ?US A COMP\ND /RUCTURE1 & HI/ORIANS DI/+UI% 9 !M SEV]AL SUP]POS$ 0LAY]S0 DAT+ FROM DIFF]5T P]IODS4 ,OLD TRADITIONS2 FRAGM5TS ( E>LY HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE1 PROBABLY BORR[$ FROM ! ,BYZANT9E HI/ORIANS2 OLD TREATIES2 COMPLETE POEMS RELAT+ C]TA9 EPISODES1 SU* AS ,IGOR'S RAID2 & LOCAL ANNALS FROM DIFF]5T P]IODS1 5T] 9TO !IR COMPOSITION4 ,HI/ORICAL FACTS1 RELATIVE TO A V]Y E>LY P]IOD & FULLY CONFIRM$ BY ! ,CON/ANT9OPLE ANNALI/S & HI/ORIANS1 >E CONSEQU5TLY M+L$ TOGE!R ) PURELY MY?ICAL TRADITIONS4 ,BUT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT MAKES ! HI< LIT]>Y VALUE ( ! ,RUSSAN ANNALS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ,S\!RN & ,S\?-WE/]N ,RUSSIA1 :I* CONTA9 MO/ PRECI\S FRAGM5TS ( E>LY LIT]ATURE4 

,SU*1 !N1 W]E ! TREASURIES ( LIT]ATURE :I* ,RUSSIA POSSESS$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY4 

,M,$,I,A,E,V,A,L ,L,I,T,],A,T,U,R,E 

,! ,MONGOL 9VASION1 :I* TOOK PLACE 9 #a#b#b#c1 DE/ROY$ ALL ?IS Y\NG CIVILIZATION1 & ?REW ,RUSSIA 9TO QUITE NEW *ANNELS4 ,! MA9 CITIES ( ,S\? & ,MIDDLE ,RUSSIA W]E LAID WA/E4 ,KIEFF1 :I* HAD BE5 A POPUL\S CITY & A C5T] ( LE>N+1 WAS R$UC$ TO ! /ATE ( A /RAGGL+ SETTLEM5T1 & DISAPPE>$ FROM HI/ORY = ! NEXT TWO C5TURIES4 ,:OLE POPULATIONS ( L>GE T[NS W]E EI!R TAK5 PRISON]S BY ! ,MONGOLS1 OR EXT]M9AT$1 IF !Y HAD (F]$ RESI/ANCE TO ! 9VAD]S4 ,AS IF TO ADD TO ! MIS=TUNES ( ,RUSSIA1 ! ,TURKS SOON FOLL[$ ! ,MONGOLS1 9VAD+ ! ,BALKAN P59SULA1 & BY ! 5D ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ! TWO C\NTRIES FROM :I* & ?R\< :I* LE>N9A US$ TO COME TO ,RUSSIA1 NAMELY ,S]VIA & ,BULG>IA1 FELL UND] ! RULE ( ! ,OSMANLIS4 ,ALL ! LIFE ( ,RUSSIA UND]W5T A DEEP TRANS=MATION4 

,BE=E ! 9VASION ! L& WAS COV]$ ) 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS1 SIMIL> TO ! M$IAEVAL CITY-REPUBLICS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,N[1 A MILIT>Y ,/ATE1 P[]FULLY SUPPORT$ BY ! ,*UR*1 BEGAN TO BE SL[LY BUILT UP AT ,MOSC[1 :I* CONQU]$1 ) ! AID ( ! ,MONGOL ,KHANS1 ! 9DEP5D5T PR9CIPALITIES ?AT SURR\ND$ IT4 ,! MA9 EF=T ( ! /ATESM5 & ! MO/ ACTIVE M5 ( ! ,*UR* WAS N[ DIRECT$ T[>DS ! BUILD+ UP ( A P[]FUL K+DOM :I* %\LD BE CAPABLE ( ?R[+ (F IHE ,MONGOL YOKE4 ,/ATE IDEALS W]E SUB/ITUT$ = ?OSE ( LOCAL AUTONOMY & F$]ATION4 ,! ,*UR*1 9 ITS EF=T TO CON/ITUTE A ,*RI/IAN NATIONALITY1 FREE FROM ALL 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CONTACT ) ! ABHORR$ PAGAN ,MONGOLS1 BECAME A /]N C5TRALIZ$ P[] :I* PITILESSLY P]SECUT$ EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS A REM9D] ( A PAGAN PA/4 ,IT WORK$ H>D1 AT ! SAME TIME1 TO E/ABLI% UPON ,BYZANT9E IDEALS ! UNLIMIT$ AU?ORITY ( ! ,MOSC[ PR9CES4 ,S]FDOM WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE ! MILIT>Y P[] ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ALL 9DEP5D5T LOCAL LIFE WAS DE/ROY$4 ,! IDEA ( ,MOSC[ BECOM+ A C5T] = ,*UR* & ,/ATE WAS P[]FULLY SUPPORT$ BY ! ,*UR*1 :I* PREA*$ ?AT ,MOSC[ WAS ! HEIR TO ,CON/ANT9OPLE--0A ?IRD ,ROME10 :]E ! ONLY TRUE ,*RI/IANITY WAS N[ TO DEVELOP4 ,& AT A LAT] EPO*1 :5 ! ,MONGOL YOKE HAD BE51 ?R[N (F1 ! WORK ( CONSOLIDAT+ ! ,MOSC[ MON>*Y WAS CONT9U$ BY ! ,CZ>S & ! ,*UR*1 & ! /RUGGLE WAS AGA9/ ! 9TRUSION ( ,WE/]N 9FLU5CES1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! 0,LAT90 ,*UR* FROM EXT5D+ ITS AU?ORITY OV] ,RUSSIA4 

,!SE NEW CONDITIONS NECESS>ILY EX]CIS$ A DEEP 9FLU5CE UPON ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( LIT]ATURE4 ,! FRE%NESS & VIGOR\S Y\?FULNESS ( ! E>LY EPIC POETRY WAS GONE =EV]4 ,SADNESS1 MELAN*OLY1 RESIGNATION BECAME ! LEAD+ FEATURES ( ,RUSSIAN FOLKLORE4 ,! CONT9UALLY REPEAT$ RAIDS ( ! ,T>T>S1 :O C>RI$ AWAY :OLE VILLAGES AS PRISON]S TO !IR 5CAMPM5TS 9 ! ,S\?-EA/]N ,/EPPES2 ! SUFF]+S ( ! PRISON]S 9 SLAV]Y2 ! VISITS ( ! BASKAKS1 :O CAME TO LEVY A HI< TRIBUTE & BEHAV$ AS CONQU]ORS 9 A CONQU]$ L&2 ! H>D%IPS 9FLICT$ UPON ! POPULATIONS BY ! GR[+ MILIT>Y ,/ATE--ALL ?IS IMPRESS$ ! POPUL> SONGS ) A DEEP NOTE ( SADNESS :I* !Y HAVE NEV] S9CE LO/4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! GAY FE/IVAL SONGS ( OLD & ! EPIC SONGS ( ! W&]+ B>DS W]E /RICTLY =BIDD51 & ?OSE :O D>$ TO S+ !M W]E CRUELLY P]SECUT$ BY ! ,*UR*1 :I* SAW 9 !SE SONGS NOT ONLY A REM9ISC5CE ( A PAGAN PA/1 BUT ALSO A POSSIBLE L9K ( UNION ) ! ,T>T>S4 

,LE>N+ WAS GRADUALLY CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! MONA/]IES1 EV]Y ONE ( :I* WAS A =TRESS BUILT AGA9/ ! 9VAD]S2 & IT WAS LIMIT$1 ( C\RSE1 TO ,*RI/IAN LIT]ATURE4 ,IT BECAME 5TIRELY S*OLA/IC4 ,KN[L$GE ( NATURE WAS 0UNHOLY10 SOME?+ ( A WIT*CRAFT4 ,ASCETICISM WAS PREA*$ AS ! HI<E/ VIRTUE1 & BECAME ! DOM9ANT FEATURE ( WRITT5 LIT]ATURE4 ,LEG5DS AB\T ! SA9TS W]E WIDELY READ & REPEAT$ V]BALLY1 & !Y F\ND NO BALANCE 9 SU* LE>N+ AS HAD BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! M$IAEVAL UNIV]SITIES4 ,! DESIRE = A KN[L$GE ( NATURE WAS SEV]ELY CONDEMN$ BY ! ,*UR*1 AS A TOK5 ( SELF-CONCEIT4 ,ALL POETRY WAS A S94 ,! ANNALS LO/ !IR ANIMAT$ *>ACT] & BECAME DRY 5UM]ATIONS ( ! SUCCESSES ( ! RIS+ ,/ATE1 OR M]ELY RELAT$ UNIMPORTANT DETAILS CONC]N+ ! LOCAL BI%OPS & SUP]IORS ( MONA/]IES4 

,DUR+ ! TWELF? C5TURY !RE HAD BE51 9 ! NOR!RN REPUBLICS ( ,NOVGOROD & ,PKSOV1 A /RONG CURR5T ( OP9ION LEAD+1 ON ! ONE SIDE1 TO ,PROTE/ANT RATIONALISM1 & ON ! O!R SIDE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,*RI/IANITY ON ! L9ES ( ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN BRO!RHOODS4 ,! APOCRYPHAL ,GOSPELS1 ! BOOKS ( ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 & V>I\S BOOKS 9 :I* TRUE ,*RI/IANITY WAS DISCUSS$1 W]E EAG]LY COPI$ & HAD A WIDE CIRCULATION4 ,N[1 ! HEAD ( ! ,*UR* 9 ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA VIOL5TLY ANTAGONIZ$ ALL SU* T5D5CIES T[>DS RE=M$ ,*RI/IANITY4 ,A /RICT ADH]5CE TO ! V]Y LETT] ( ! TEA*+S ( ! ,BYZANT9E ,*UR* WAS EXACT$ FROM ! FLOCK4 ,EV]Y K9D ( 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,GOSPELS BECAME H]ESY4 ,ALL 9TELLECTUAL LIFE 9 ! DOMA9 ( RELIGION1 AS WELL AS EV]Y CRITICISM ( ! DIGNIT>IES ( ! ,MOSC[ ,*UR*1 WAS TREAT$ AS DANG]\S1 & ?OSE :O HAD V5TUR$ ?IS WAY HAD TO FLEE FROM ,MOSC[1 SEEK+ REFUGE 9 ! REMOTE MONA/]IES ( ! F> ,NOR?4 ,AS TO IHE GREAT MOVEM5T ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 :I* GAVE A NEW LIFE TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 IT DID NOT REA* ,RUSSIA3 ! ,*UR* CONSID]$ IT A RETURN TO PAGANISM1 & CRUELLY EXT]M9AT$ ITS =]UNN]S :O CAME )9 H] REA*1 BURN+ !M AT ! /AKE1 OR PUTT+ !M TO DEA? ON ! RACKS ( H] TORTURE *AMB]S4 

,I WILL NOT DWELL UPON ?IS P]IOD1 :I* COV]S NE>LY FIVE C5TURIES1 BECAUSE IT (F]S V]Y LITTLE 9T]E/ = ! /UD5T ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE2 ,I WILL ONLY M5TION ! TWO OR ?REE WORKS :I* MU/ NOT BE PASS$ BY 9 SIL5CE4 

,ONE ( !M IS ! LETT]S EX*ANG$ BETWE5 ! ,CZ> ,JOHN ! ,T]RIBLE 7,JOHN ,I,V471 & ONE ( HIS *IEF VASSALS1 ,PR9CE ,KURBSKIY1 :O HAD LEFT ,MOSC[ = ,LI?UANIA4 ,FROM BEYOND ! ,LI?UANIAN BORD] HE ADDRESS$ TO HIS CRUEL1 HALF LUNATIC EX-MA/] LONG LETT]S ( REPROA*1 :I* ,JOHN ANSW]$1 DEVELOP+ 9 HIS EPI/LES ! !ORY ( ! DIV9E ORIG9 ( ! ,CZ>'S AU?ORITY4 ,?IS CORRESPOND5CE IS MO/ *>ACT]I/IC ( ! POLITICAL IDEAS ?AT W]E CURR5T !N1 & ( ! LE>N+ ( ! P]IOD4 

,AFT] ! DEA? ( ,JOHN ! ,T]RIBLE 7:O OCCUPIES 9 ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY ! SAME POSITION AS ,L\IS ,X,I4 9 ,FR5*1 S9CE HE DE/ROY$ BY FIRE & SWORD--BUT ) A TRULY ,T>T> CRUELTY--! P[] ( ! FEUDAL PR9CES71 ,RUSSIA PASS$1 AS IS KN[N1 ?R\< YE>S ( GREAT DI/URBANCE4 ,! PRET5D] ,DEMETRIUS :O PROCLAIM$ HIMSELF A SON ( ,JOHN1 CAME 
FROM ,POL& & TOOK POSSESSION ( ! ?RONE AT ,MOSC[4 ,! ,POLES 9VAD$ ,RUSSIA1 & W]E ! MA/]S ( ,MOSC[1 ,SMOL5SK1 & ALL ! WE/]N T[NS2 & :5 ,DEMETRIUS WAS OV]?R[N1 A FEW MON?S AFT] HIS CORONATION1 A G5]AL REVOLT ( ! PEASANTS BROKE \T1 :ILE ALL ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA WAS 9VAD$ BY ,COSSACK B&S1 & SEV]AL NEW PRET5D]S MADE !IR APPE>ANCE4 ,!SE 0,DI/URB$ ,YE>S0 MU/ HAVE LEFT TRACES 9 POPUL> SONGS1 BUT ALL SU* SONGS 5TIRELY DISAPPE>$ 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! D>K P]IOD ( S]FDOM :I* FOLL[$1 & WE KN[ ( !M ONLY ?R\< AN ,5GLI%MAN1 ,RI*>D ,JAMES1 :O WAS 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#f#a#i1 & :O WROTE D[N SOME ( ! SONGS RELAT+ TO ?IS P]IOD4 ,! SAME MU/ BE SAID ( ! FOLK-LIT]ATURE1 :I* MU/ HAVE COME 9TO EXI/5CE DUR+ ! LAT] PORTION ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY4 ,! DEF9ITE 9TRODUCTION ( S]FDOM UND] ! FIR/ ,ROMAN(F 7,MIKHAIL1 #a#f#a#b-#a#f#d72 ! WIDE-SPREAD REVOLTS ( ! PEASANTS :I* FOLL[$--CULM9AT+ 9 ! T]RIFIC UPRIS+ ( ,/EPAN ,RAZ91 :O HAS BECOME S9CE !N A FAVORITE H]O ) ! OPPRESS$ PEASANTS2 & F9ALLY ! /]N & CRUEL P]SECUTION ( ! ,NON-CON=MI/S & !IR MIGRATIONS EA/W>D 9TO ! DEP?S ( ! ,URALS--ALL !SE EV5TS MU/ HAVE F\ND !IR EXPRESSION 9 FOLK-SONGS2 BUT ! ,/ATE & ! ,*UR* SO CRUELLY HUNT$ D[N EV]Y?+ ?AT BORE TRACE ( A SPIRIT ( REBELLION ?AT NO WORKS ( POPUL> CREATION FROM ?AT P]IOD HAVE REA*$ US4 ,ONLY A FEW WRIT+S ( A POLEMIC *>ACT] & ! REM>KABLE AUTOBIOGRAPHY ( AN EXIL$ PRIE/ HAVE BE5 PRES]V$ BY ! ,NON-CON=MI/S4 

,S,P,L,I,T ,9 ,! ,*,U,R,*--,M,E,M,O,I,R,S ,( ,A,V,V,A,K,U,M 

,! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN ,BIBLE WAS PR9T$ 9 ,POL& 9 #a#e#h4 ,A FEW YE>S LAT] A PR9T+ (FICE WAS E/ABLI%$ AT ,MOSC[1 & ! ,RUSSIAN ,*UR* AU?ORITIES HAD N[ TO DECIDE :I* ( ! WRITT5 TEXTS !N 9 CIRCULATION %\LD BE TAK5 = ! PR9T+ ( ! ,HOLY ,BOOKS4 ,! H&WRITT5 COPIES :I* W]E 9 USE AT ?AT TIME W]E FULL ( ]RORS1 & IT WAS EVID5TLY NECESS>Y TO REVISE !M BY COMP>+ !M ) ! ,GREEK TEXTS BE=E COMMITT+ ANY ( !M TO PR9T4 ,?IS REVISION WAS UND]TAK5 AT ,MOSC[1 ) ! AID ( LE>N$ M5 BR\<T OV] P>TLY FROM ,GREECE & P>TLY FROM ! ,GRECO-,LAT9 ,ACADEMY ( ,KIEFF2 BUT = MANY DIFF]5T REASONS ?IS REVISION BECAME ! S\RCE ( A WIDELY SPREAD DISCONT5T1 & 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY A =MIDABLE SPLIT 7RASKOL7 TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,*UR*4 ,IT H>DLY NE$ BE SAID ?AT ?IS SPLIT WAS NOT A M]E MATT] ( !OLOGY1 NOR ( ,GREEK READ+S4 ,! SEV5TE5? C5TURY WAS A C5TURY :5 ! ,MOSC[ *UR* HAD ATTA9$ A =MIDABLE P[] 9 ! ,/ATE4 ,! HEAD ( IT1 ! ,PATRI>* ,NIKON1 WAS1 MOREOV]1 A V]Y AMBITI\S MAN1 :O 9T5D$ TO PLAY 9 ! ,EA/ ! P>T :I* ! ,POPE PLAY$ 9 ! ,WE/1 & TO ?AT 5D HE TRI$ TO IMPRESS ! PEOPLE BY HIS GR&EUR & LUXURY--:I* MEANT1 ( C\RSE1 HEAVY IMPOSITIONS UPON ! S]FS ( ! ,*UR* & ! L[] CL]GY4 ,HE WAS HAT$ BY BO?1 & WAS SOON ACCUS$ BY ! PEOPLE ( DRIFT+ 9TO 0,LAT9ISM02 SO ?AT ! SPLIT BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & ! CL]GY-ESPECIALLY ! HI<] CL]GY-TOOK ! *>ACT] ( A WIDE-SPREAD SEP>ATION ( ! PEOPLE FROM ! ,GREEK ,*UR*4 

,MO/ ( ! ,NON-CON=MI/ WRIT+S ( ! TIME >E PURELY S*OLA/IC 9 *>ACT] & CONSEQU5TLY (F] NO LIT]>Y 9T]E/4 ,BUT ! MEMOIRS ( A ,NON-CON=MI/ PRIE/1 ,A,V,V,A,K@&,U,A,C,U,T,E2,M 7DI$ #a#f#h#a71 :O WAS EXIL$ TO ,SIB]IA & MADE HIS WAY ON FOOT1 ) ,COSSACK P>TIES1 AS F> AS ! BANKS ( ! ,AMUR1 DES]VE TO BE M5TION$4 ,BY !IR SIMPLICITY1 !IR S9C]ITY1 & ABS5CE ( ALL S5SATIONALISM1 !Y HAVE REMA9$ ! PROTOTYPE ( ,RUSSIAN MEMOIRS1 D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,H]E >E A FEW QUOTATIONS FROM ?IS REM>KABLE WORK3 

,:5 ,I CAME TO ,Y5ISEISK10 ,AVVAKUM WROTE1 0ANO!R ORD] CAME FROM ,MOSC[ TO S5D ME TO ,DAURIA1 #b1 MILES FROM ,MOSC[1 & TO PLACE ME UND] ! ORD]S ( ,PA%K(F4 ,HE HAD ) HIM SIXTY M51 & 9 PUNI%M5T ( MY S9S HE PROV$ TO BE A T]RIBLE MAN4 ,CONT9UALLY HE BURNT1 & TORTUR$1 & FLOGG$ HIS M51 & ,I HAD (T5 SPOK5 TO HIM1 REMON/RAT+ ?AT :AT HE DID WAS NOT GOOD1 & N[ ,I FELL MYSELF 9TO HIS H&S4 ,:5 WE W5T ALONG ! ,ANG>A RIV] HE ORD]$ ME1 ',GET \T ( Y\R BOAT1 Y\ >E A H]ETIC1 ?AT IS :Y ! BOATS DON'T GET ALONG4 ,GO Y\ ON FOOT1 ACROSS ! M\NTA9S4' ,IT WAS H>D TO DO4 ,M\NTA9S HI<1 =E/S IMP5ETRABLE1 /ONY CLIFFS RIS+ LIKE WALLS--& WE HAD TO CROSS !M1 GO+ AB\T ) WILD BEA/S & BIRDS2 & ,I WROTE HIM A LITTLE LETT] :I* BEGAN ?US3 ',MAN1 BE AFRAID ( ,GOD4 ,EV5 ! HEAV5LY =CES & ALL ANIMALS & M5 >E AFRAID ( ,HIM4 ,?\ ALONE C>E/ NAU<T AB\T ,HIM4' ,MU* MORE WAS WRITT5 9 ?IS LETT]1 & ,I S5T IT TO HIM4 ,PRES5TLY ,I SAW FIFTY M5 COM+ TO ME1 & !Y TOOK ME BE=E HIM4 ,HE HAD HIS SWORD 9 HIS H& & %OOK ) FURY4 ,HE ASK$ ME3 ',>T ?\ A PRIE/1 OR A PRIE/ DEGRAD$8' ,I ANSW]$1 ',I AM ,AVVAKUM1 A PRIE/1 :AT DO/ ?\ WANT FROM ME8' ,& HE BEGAN TO BEAT ME ON ! HEAD & HE ?REW ME ON ! GR\ND1 & CONT9U$ TO BEAT ME :ILE ,I WAS LY+ ON ! GR\ND1 & !N ORD]$ !M TO GIVE ME SEV5TY-TWO LA%ES ) ! KN\T1 & ,I REPLI$3 ',JESUS ,*RI/1 SON ( ,GOD1 HELP ME6' & HE WAS ONLY ! MORE ANG]$ ?AT ,I DID NOT ASK = M]CY4 ,!N !Y BR\<T ME TO A SMALL =T1 & PUT ME 9 A DUNGEON1 GIV+ ME SOME /RAW1 & ALL ! W9T] ,I WAS KEPT 9 ?AT T[]1 )\T FIRE4 ,& ! W9T] !RE IS T]RIBLY COLD2 BUT ,GOD SUPPORT$ ME1 EV5 ?\< ,I HAD NO FURS4 ,I LAY !RE AS A DOG ON ! /RAW4 ,ONE DAY !Y W\LD FE$ ME1 ANO!R NOT4 ,RATS W]E SW>M+ ALL >\ND4 ,I US$ TO KILL !M ) MY CAP--! POOR FOOLS W\LD NOT EV5 GIVE ME A /ICK40 

,LAT] ON ,AVVAKUM WAS TAK5 TO ! ,AMUR1 & :5 HE & HIS WIFE HAD TO M>*1 9 ! W9T]1 OV] ! ICE ( ! GREAT RIV]1 %E W\LD (T5 FALL D[N FROM %E] EXHAU/ION4 0,!N ,I CAME10 ,AVVAKUM WRITES1 0TO LIFT H] UP1 & %E EXCLAIM$ 9 DESPAIR3 ',H[ LONG1 PRIE/1 H[ LONG WILL !SE SUFF]+S CONT9UE8' ,& ,I REPLI$ TO H]3 ',UNTIL DEA? EV5'2 & !N %E W\LD GET UP SAY+3 ',WELL1 !N1 PRIE/2 LET US M>* ON4'0 ,NO SUFF]+S C\LD VANQUI% ?IS GREAT MAN4 ,FROM ! ,AMUR HE WAS RECALL$ TO ,MOSC[1 & ONCE MORE MADE ! :OLE J\RNEY ON FOOT4 ,!RE HE WAS ACCUS$ ( RESI/ANCE TO ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 & WAS BURN$ AT ! /AKE 9 #a#f#h#a4 

,! ,E,I,<,T,E,5,? ,C,5,T,U,R,Y 

,! VIOL5T RE=MS ( ,PET] ,I41 :O CREAT$ A MILIT>Y ,EUROPEAN ,/ATE \T ( ! SEMI-,BYZANT9E & SEMI-,T>T> ,/ATE :I* ,RUSSIA HAD BE5 UND] HIS PR$ECESSORS1 GAVE A NEW TURN TO LIT]ATURE4 ,IT W\LD BE \T ( PLACE TO APPRECIATE H]E ! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! RE=MS ( ,PET] ,I41 BUT IT MU/ BE M5TION$ ?AT 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE ONE F9DS1 AT LEA/1 TWO =]UNN]S ( ,PET]'S WORK4 

,ONE ( !M WAS ,K,O,T,O,%,I,K,H,9 7#a#f#c-#a#f#f#g71 A HI/ORIAN4"9 ,HE RAN AWAY FROM ,MOSC[ TO ,SW$51 & WROTE !RE1 FIFTY YE>S BE=E ,PET] BECAME ,CZ>1 A HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA1 9 :I* HE /R5U\SLY CRITICIZ$ ! CONDITION ( IGNORANCE PREVAIL+ AT ,MOSC[1 & ADVOCAT$ WIDE RE=MS4 ,HIS MANUSCRIPT WAS UNKN[N TILL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 IT WAS DISCOV]$ AT ,UPSALA4 ,ANO!R WRIT]1 IMBU$ ) ! SAME IDEAS1 WAS A ,S\? ,SLAVONIAN1 ,K,R,Y,Z,H,A,N,I,T,*1 :O WAS CALL$ TO ,MOSC[ 9 #a#f#e#i1 9 ORD] TO REVISE ! ,HOLY ,BOOKS1 & WROTE A MO/ REM>KABLE WORK1 9 :I* HE ALSO PREA*$ ! NECESSITY ( ?OR\< RE=MS4 ,HE WAS EXIL$ TWO YE>S LAT] TO ,SIB]IA1 :]E HE DI$4 

"9 ,9 ALL NAMES ! V[ELS A1 E1 I1 O1 U HAVE TO BE PRON\NC$ AS 9 ,ITALIAN 7FA!R1 !N1 91 ON1 PU%74 

,PET] ,I41 :O FULLY REALIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( LIT]ATURE1 & WAS WORK+ H>D TO 9TRODUCE ,EUROPEAN LE>N+ AMONG HIS C\NTRYM51 UND]/OOD ?AT ! OLD ,SLAVONIAN TONGUE1 :I* WAS !N 9 USE AMONG ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S1 BUT WAS NO LONG] ! CURR5T LANGUAGE ( ! NATION1 C\LD ONLY HAMP] ! DEVELOPM5T ( LIT]ATURE & LE>N+4 ,ITS =MS1 ITS EXPRESSIONS1 & GRAMM> W]E ALREADY QUITE /RANGE TO ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,IT C\LD BE US$ /ILL 9 RELIGI\S WRIT+S1 BUT A BOOK ON GEOMETRY1 OR ALGEBRA1 OR MILIT>Y >T1 WRITT5 9 ! ,BIBLICAL ,OLD ,SLAVONIAN1 W\LD HAVE BE5 SIMPLY RIDICUL\S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,PET] REMOV$ ! DIFFICULTY 9 HIS USUAL TR5*ANT WAY4 ,HE E/ABLI%$ A NEW ALPHABET1 TO AID 9 ! 9TRODUCTION 9TO LIT]ATURE ( ! SPOK5 BUT HI!RTO UNWRITT5 LANGUAGE4 ,?IS ALPHABET1 P>TLY BORR[$ FROM ! ,OLD ,SLAVONIAN1 BUT V]Y MU* SIMPLIFI$1 IS ! ONE N[ 9 USE4 

,LIT]ATURE PROP] LITTLE 9T]E/$ ,PET] ,I43 HE LOOK$ UPON PR9T$ MATT] FROM ! /RICTLY UTILIT>IAN PO9T ( VIEW1 & HIS *IEF AIM WAS TO FAMILI>IZE ! ,RUSSIANS ) ! FIR/ ELEM5TS ( ! EXACT SCI5CES1 AS WELL AS ) ! >TS ( NAVIGATION1 W>F>E1 & =TIFICATION4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! WRIT]S ( HIS TIME (F] BUT LITTLE 9T]E/ FROM ! LIT]>Y PO9T ( VIEW1 & ,I NE$ M5TION BUT A V]Y FEW ( !M4 

,! MO/ 9T]E/+ WRIT] ( ! TIME ( ,PET] ,I4 & HIS IMM$IATE SUCCESSORS WAS P]HAPS ,P,R,O,C,O,P,O,V,I,T,*1 A PRIE/1 )\T ! SLI<TE/ TA9T ( RELIGI\S FANATICISM1 A GREAT ADMIR] ( ,WE/-,EUROPEAN LE>N+1 :O F\ND$ A ,GRECO-,SLAVONIAN ACADEMY4 ,! C\RSES ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE ALSO MAKE M5TION ( ,K,A,N,T,E,M,I,R 7#a#g#i-#a#g#d#d71 ! SON ( A ,MOLDAVIAN PR9CE :O HAD EMIGRAT$ ) HIS SUBJECTS TO ,RUSSIA4 ,HE WROTE SATIRES1 9 :I* HE EXPRESS$ HIMSELF ) A FRE$OM ( ?\<T ?AT WAS QUITE REM>KABLE = HIS TIME"9 ,T,K,R,E,T,I,A,O,V,S,K,Y 7#a#g#c-#a#g#f#i7 (F]S A C]TA9 MELAN*OLY 9T]E/4 ,HE WAS ! SON ( A PRIE/1 & 9 HIS Y\? RAN AWAY FROM HIS FA!R1 9 ORD] TO /UDY AT ,MOSC[4 ,!NCE HE W5T TO ,AM/]DAM & ,P>IS1 TRAVEL+ MO/LY ON FOOT4 ,HE /UDI$ AT ! ,P>IS ,UNIV]SITY & BECAME AN ADMIR] ( ADVANC$ IDEAS1 AB\T :I* HE WROTE 9 EXTREMELY CLUMSY V]SES4 ,ON HIS RETURN TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG HE LIV$ ALL HIS AFT]LIFE 9 POV]TY & NEGLECT1 P]SECUT$ ON ALL SIDES BY S>CASMS = HIS 5DEAVORS TO RE=M ,RUSSIAN V]SIFICATION4 ,HE WAS HIMSELF 5TIRELY DEVOID ( ANY POETICAL TAL5T1 & YET HE R5D]$ A GREAT S]VICE TO ,RUSSIAN POETRY4 ,UP TO ?AT DATE ,RUSSIAN V]SE WAS SYLLABIC2 BUT HE UND]/OOD ?AT SYLLABIC V]SE DOES NOT ACCORD ) ! SPIRIT ( ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE1 & HE DEVOT$ HIS LIFE TO PROVE ?AT ,RUSSIAN POETRY %\LD BE WRITT5 ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( RHY?MICAL V]SIFICATION4 ,IF HE HAD HAD EV5 A SP>K ( TAL5T1 HE W\LD HAVE F\ND NO DIFFICULTY 9 PROV+ HIS !SIS2 BUT HE HAD NONE1 & CONSEQU5TLY RESORT$ TO ! MO/ RIDICUL\S >TIFICES4 ,SOME ( HIS V]SES W]E L9ES ( ! MO/ 9CONGRU\S WORDS1 /RUNG TOGE!R = ! SOLE PURPOSE ( %[+ H[ RHY?M & RHYMES MAY BE OBTA9$4 ,IF HE C\LD NOT O!RWISE GET HIS RHYME1 HE DID NOT HESITATE TO SPLIT A WORD AT ! 5D ( A V]SE1 BEG9N+ ! NEXT ONE ) :AT WAS LEFT ( IT4 ,9 SPITE ( HIS ABSURDITIES1 HE SUCCE$$ 9 P]SUAD+ ,RUSSIAN POETS TO ADOPT RHY?MICAL V]SIFICATION1 & ITS RULES HAVE BE5 FOLL[$ EV] S9CE4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS WAS ONLY ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN POPUL> SONG4 

"9 ,9 ! YE>S #a#g#c-#a#g#c#h HE WAS AMBASSADOR AT ,LONDON4 

,!RE WAS ALSO A HI/ORIAN1 ,T,A,T,I,S,*,F,F 7#a#f#h#f-#a#g#e71 :O WROTE A HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA1 & BEGAN A L>GE WORK ON ! GEOGRAPHY ( ! ,EMPIRE--A H>D-WORK+ MAN :O /UDI$ A GREAT DEAL 9 MANY SCI5CES1 AS WELL AS 9 ,*UR* MATT]S1 WAS SUP]9T5D5T ( M9ES 9 ! ,URALS1 & WROTE A NUMB] ( POLITICAL WORKS AS WELL AS HI/ORY4 ,HE WAS ! FIR/ TO APPRECIATE ! VALUE ( ! ANNALS1 :I* HE COLLECT$ & SY/EMIZ$1 ?US PREP>+ MAT]IALS = FUTURE HI/ORIANS1 BUT HE LEFT NO LA/+ TRACE 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,9 FACT1 ONLY ONE MAN ( ?AT P]IOD DES]VES MORE ?AN A PASS+ M5TION4 ,IT WAS ,L,O,M,O,N,O,S,(,F 7#a#g#a#b-#a#g#f#e74 ,HE WAS BORN 9 A VILLAGE ON ! ,:ITE ,SEA1 NE> ,>*ANGEL1 9 A FI%]MAN'S FAMILY4 ,HE ALSO RAN AWAY FROM HIS P>5TS1 CAME ON FOOT TO ,MOSC[1 & 5T]$ A S*OOL 9 A MONA/]Y1 LIV+ !RE 9 9DESCRIBABLE POV]TY4 ,LAT] ON HE W5T TO ,KIEFF1 ALSO ON FOOT1 & !RE HE V]Y NE>LY BECAME A PRIE/4 ,IT SO HAPP5$1 H[EV]1 ?AT AT ?AT TIME ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES APPLI$ TO ! ,MOSC[ ,!OLOGICAL ,ACADEMY = TWELVE GOOD /UD5TS :O MI<T BE S5T TO /UDY ABROAD4 ,LOMONOS(F WAS *OS5 AS ONE ( !M4 ,HE W5T TO ,G]MANY1 :]E HE /UDI$ NATURAL SCI5CES UND] ! BE/ NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S ( ! TIME1 ESPECIALLY UND] ,*RI/IAN ,WOLFF1--ALWAYS 9 T]RIBLE POV]TY1 ALMO/ ON ! V]GE ( />VATION4 ,9 #agda HE CAME BACK TO ,RUSSIA1 & WAS NOM9AT$ A MEMB] ( ! ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 

,! ,ACADEMY WAS !N 9 ! H&S ( A FEW ,G]MANS :O LOOK$ UPON ALL ,RUSSIAN S*OL>S ) UNDISGUIS$ CONTEMPT1 & CONSEQU5TLY RECEIV$ ,LOMONOS(F 9 A MO/ UNFRI5DLY MANN]4 ,IT DID NOT HELP HIM ?AT ! GREAT MA!MATICIAN1 ,EUL]1 WROTE ?AT ! WORK ( ,LOMONOS(F 9 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY & *EMI/RY REVEAL$ A MAN ( G5IUS1 & ?AT ANY ,ACADEMY MI<T BE HAPPY TO POSSESS HIM4 ,A BITT] /RUGGLE SOON BEGAN BETWE5 ! ,G]MAN MEMB]S ( ! ,ACADEMY & ! ,RUSSIAN :O1 IT MU/ BE [N$1 WAS ( A V]Y VIOL5T *>ACT]1 ESPECIALLY :5 HE WAS UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( DR9K4 ,POV]TY1 HIS SAL>Y BE+ CONFISCAT$ AS A PUNI%M5T2 DET5TION AT ! POLICE /ATION2 EXCLUSION FROM ! ,S5ATE ( ! ,ACADEMY2 &1 WOR/ ( ALL1 POLITICAL P]SECUTION--SU* WAS ! FATE ( ,LOMONOS(F1 :O HAD JO9$ ! P>TY ( ,ELIZABE?1 & CONSEQU5TLY WAS TREAT$ AS AN 5EMY :5 ,CA?>9E ,I,I4 CAME TO ! ?RONE4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ?AT 0,LOMONOS(F WAS DULY APPRECIAT$4 

0,LOMONOS(F WAS HIMSELF A UNIV]SITY10 WAS ,PU%K9S REM>K1 & ?IS REM>K WAS QUITE CORRECT3 SO V>I$ W]E ! DIRECTIONS 9 :I* HE WORK$4 ,NOT ONLY WAS HE A DI/+UI%$ NATURAL PHILOSOPH]1 *EMI/1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPH]1 & M9]ALOGI/3 HE LAID ALSO ! F\NDATIONS ( ! GRAMM> ( ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE1 :I* HE UND]/OOD AS P>T ( A G5]AL GRAMM> ( ALL LANGUAGES1 CONSID]$ 9 !IR NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,HE ALSO WORK$ \T ! DIFF]5T =MS ( ,RUSSIAN V]SIFICATION1 & HE CREAT$ QUITE A NEW LIT]>Y LANGUAGE1 ( :I* HE C\LD SAY ?AT IT WAS EQUALLY APPROPRIATE = R5D]+ 0! P[]FUL ORATORY ( ,CIC]O1 ! BRILLIANT E>NE/NESS ( ,VIRGIL & ! PLEASANT TALK ( ,OVID1 AS WELL AS ! SUBTLE/ IMAG9>Y CONCEPTIONS ( PHILOSOPHY1 OR DISCUSS+ ! V>I\S PROP]TIES ( MATT] & ! *ANGES :I* >E ALWAYS GO+ ON 9 ! /RUCTURE TO ! UNIV]SE & 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS40 ,?IS HE PROV$ BY HIS POETRY1 BY HIS SCI5TIFIC WRIT+S1 & BY HIS 0,DISC\RSES10 9 :I* HE COMB9$ ,HUXLEY'S READ9ESS TO DEF5D SCI5CE AGA9/ BL9D FAI? ) ,HUMBOLDT'S POETICAL CONCEPTION ( ,NATURE4 

,HIS ODES W]E1 IT IS TRUE1 WRITT5 9 ! POMP\S /YLE :I* WAS DE> TO ! PSEUDO-CLASSICISM !N REIGN+1 & HE RETA9$ ,OLD ,SLAVONIAN EXPRESSIONS 0= DEAL+ ) ELEVAT$ SUBJECTS1 BUT 9 HIS SCI5TIFIC & O!R WRIT+S HE US$ ! COMMONLY SPOK5 LANGUAGE ) GREAT EFFECT & =CE4 ,[+ TO ! V]Y V>IETY ( SCI5CES :I* HE HAD TO ACCLIMATE 9 ,RUSSIA1 HE C\LD NOT GIVE MU* TIME TO ORIG9AL RESE>*2 BUT :5 HE TOOK UP ! DEF5SE ( ! IDEAS ( ,CORP]NICUS1 ,NEWTON1 OR ,HUY<5S AGA9/ ! OPPOSITION :I* !Y MET ) ON !OLOGICAL GR\NDS1 A TRUE PHILOSOPH] ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! T]M1 WAS REVEAL$ 9 HIM4 ,9 HIS E>LY BOYHOOD HE US$ TO ACCOMPANY HIS FA!R--A /URDY NOR!RN FI%]MAN--ON HIS FI%+ EXXPCDITIONS1 & !RE HE GOT HIS LOVE ( ,NATURE & A F9E COMPREH5SION ( NATURAL PH5OM5A1 :I* MADE ( HIS ,MEMOIR ON ,>CTIC ,EXPLORATION A WORK ?AT HAS NOT LO/ ITS VALUE EV5 N[4 ,IT IS WELL WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT 9 ?IS LA/ WORK HE HAD /AT$ ! ME*ANICAL !ORY ( HEAT 9 SU* DEF9ITE EXPRESSIONS ?AT HE UND\BT$LY ANTICIPAT$ BY A FULL C5TURY ?IS GREAT DISCOV]Y ( \R [N TIME--A FACT :I* HAS BE5 5TIRELY OV]LOOK$1 EV5 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,LOMONOS(F1 ,S,U,M,>,O,K,(,F 7#a#g#a#g-#a#g#g#g17 :O WAS DESCRIB$ 9 ?OSE YE>S AS A 0,RUSSIAN ,RAC9E10 MU/ ALSO BE M5TION$ 9 ?IS PLACE4 ,HE BELONG$ TO ! HI<] NOBILITY1 & HAD RECEIV$ AN 5TIRELY ,FR5* $UCATION4 ,HIS DRAMAS1 ( :I* HE WROTE A GREAT NUMB]1 W]E 5TIRELY IMMITAT$ FROM ! ,FR5* PSEUDO-CLASSICAL S*OOL2 BUT HE CONTRIBUT$ V]Y MU* AS WILL BE SE5 FROM A SUBSEQU5T *APT]1 TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN !AT]4 ,SUM>OK(F WROTE ALSO LYRICAL V]SES1 ELEGIES1 & SATIRES--ALL ( NO GREAT IMPORTANCE2 BUT ! REM>KABLY GOOD /YLE ( HIS LETT]S1 FREE ( ! ,SLAVONIC >*AISMS1 :I* W]E HABITUAL AT ?AT TIME1 DES]VES TO BE M5TION$4 

,! ,T,I,M,E,S ,( ,C,A,!,R,9,E ,I,I4 

,) ,CA!R9E ,I,I :O REIGN$ FROM #ageb TILL #a#g#i#f1 COMM5C$ A NEW ]A 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,IT BEGAN TO %AKE (F ITS PREVI\S DULLNESS1 & AL?\< ! ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S CONT9U$ TO IMITATE ,FR5* MODELS--*IEFLY PSEUDO-CLASSICAL--!Y BEGAN ALSO TO 9TRODUCE 9TO !IR WRIT+S V>I\S SUBJECTS TAK5 FROM DIRECT OBS]VATION ( ,RUSSIAN LIFE4 ,!RE IS1 ALTOGE!R1 A FRIVOL\S Y\?FULNESS 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( ! FIR/ YE>S ( ,CA!R9E'S REIGN1 :5 ! ,EMPRESS1 BE+ YET FULL ( PROGRESSIVE IDEAS BORR[$ FROM H] 9T]C\RSE ) ,FR5* PHILOSOPH]S1 COMPOS$--BAS+ IT ON ,MONTESQUIEU--H] REM>KABLE ,9/RUCTION 7,NAKAZ7 TO ! DEPUTIES %E CONVOK$2 WROTE SEV]AL COM$IES1 9 :I* %E RIDICUL$ ! OLD-FA%ION$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ,RUSSIAN NOBILITY2 & $IT$ A MON?LY REVIEW 9 :I* %E 5T]$ 9TO CONTROV]SY BO? ) SOME ULTRACONS]VATIVE WRIT]S & ) ! MORE ADVANC$ Y\NG RE=M]S4 ,AN ACADEMY ( BELLES-LETT]S WAS F\ND$1 & ,PR9CESS ,V,O,R,O,N,T,S,O,V,A-,D,A,%,K,O,V,A 7#a#g#d#c-#a#h#a#i7--:O HAD AID$ ,CA!R9E ,I,I4 9 H] C\P D'ETAT AGA9/ H] HUSB&1 ,PET] ,I,I,I41 & 9 TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! ?RONE WAS NOM9AT$ PRESID5T ( ! ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES4 ,%E ASSI/$ ! ,ACADEMY ) REAL E>NE/NESS 9 COMPIL+ A DICTION>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE1 & %E ALSO $IT$ A REVIEW :I* LEFT A M>K 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE2 :ILE H] MEMOIRS1 WRITT5 9 ,FR5* 7,MON ,HI/OIRE7 >E A V]Y VALUABLE1 ?\< NOT ALWAYS IMP>TIAL1 HI/ORICAL DOCUM5T4"9 ,ALTOGE!R !RE BEGAN AT ?AT TIME QUITE A LIT]>Y MOVEM5T1 :I* PRODUC$ A REM>KABLE POET1 ,D,],Z,H,A,V,9 7#a#g#d#c-#a#h#a#f72 ! WRIT] ( COM$IES1 ,V,O,N ,W,I,Z,9 7#a#g#d#e-#a#g#i#b72 ! FIR/ PHILOSOPH]1 ,N,O,V,I,K,(,F 7#a#g#d#b-#a#h#a#h72 & A POLITICAL WRIT]1 ,R,A,D,I,S,*,E,F,F 7#a#g#d#i-#a#h#b74 

"9 ,9 #a#g#g#e-#a#g#h#b %E SP5T A FEW YE>S AT ,$9BUR< = ! $UCATION ( H] SON4 

,! POETRY ( ,D]ZHAV9 C]TA9LY DOES NOT ANSW] \R MOD]N REQUIREM5TS4 ,HE WAS ! POET LAUREATE ( ,CA!R9E1 & SANG 9 POMP\S ODES ! VIRTUES ( ! RUL] & ! VICTORIES ( H] G5]ALS & FAVORITES4 ,RUSSIA WAS !N TAK+ A FIRM HOLD ON ! %ORES ( ! ,BLACK ,SEA1 & BEG9N+ TO PLAY A S]I\S P>T 9 ,EUROPEAN AFFAIRS2 & OCCASIONS = ! 9FLATION ( ,D]ZHAV9'S PATRIOTIC FEEL+S W]E NOT WANT+4 ,H[EV]1 HE HAD SOME ( ! M>KS ( ! TRUE POET2 HE WAS OP5 TO ! FEEL+ ( ! POETRY ( ,NATURE1 & CAPABLE ( EXPRESS+ IT 9 V]SES ?AT W]E POSITIVELY GOOD 7,ODE TO ,GOD1 ,! ,WAT]FALL74 ,NAY1 !SE REALLY POETICAL V]SES1 :I* >E F\ND SIDE BY SIDE ) UNNATURAL1 HEAVY L9ES /UFF$ ) OBSOLETE POMP\S WORDS1 >E SO EVID5TLY BETT] ?AN ! LATT]1 ?AT !Y C]TA9LY W]E AN ADMIRABLE OBJECT-LESSON = ALL SUBSEQU5T ,RUSSIAN POETS4 ,!Y MU/ HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO 9DUCE \R POETS TO AB&ON MANN]ISM4 ,PU%K91 :O 9 HIS Y\? ADMIR$ ,D]ZHAV91 MU/ HAVE FELT AT ONCE ! DISADVANTAGES ( A POMP\S /YLE1 ILLU/RAT$ BY HIS PR$ECESSOR1 & ) HIS WOND]FUL COMM& ( HIS MO!R-TONGUE HE WAS NECESS>ILY BR\<T TO AB&ON ! >TIFICIAL LANGUAGE :I* =M]LY WAS CONSID]$ 0POETICAL10--HE BEGAN TO WRITE AS WE SPEAK4 

,! COM$IES ( ,V,O,N ,W,I,Z,9 7( ,F,O,N,V,I,Z,971 W]E QUITE A REVELATION = HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,HIS FIR/ COM$Y1 ,! ,BRIGADI]1 :I* HE WROTE AT ! AGE ( TW5TY-TWO1 CREAT$ QUITE A S5SATION1 & TILL N[ IT HAS NOT LO/ ITS 9T]E/2 :ILE HIS SECOND COM$Y1 ,N$OROSL 7#a#g#h#b71 WAS RECEIV$ AS AN EV5T 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 & IS OCCASIONALLY PLAY$ EV5 AT ! PRES5T DAY4 ,BO? DEAL ) PURELY ,RUSSIAN SUBJECTS1 TAK5 FROM EV]YDAY LIFE2 & AL?\< ,VON ,WIZ9 TOO FREELY BORR[$ FROM =EIGN AU?ORS 7! SUBJECT ( ,! ,BRIGADI] IS BORR[$ FROM A ,DANI% COM$Y ( ,HOLB]G1 ,JEAN DE ,FRANCE71 HE MANAG$ NEV]!LESS TO MAKE HIS *IEF P]SONAGES TRULY ,RUSSIAN4 ,9 ?IS S5SE HE C]TA9LY WAS A CREATOR ( ! ,RUSSIAN NATIONAL DRAMA1 & HE WAS ALSO ! FIR/ TO 9TRODUCE 9TO \R LIT]ATURE ! REALI/IC T5D5CY :I* BECAME SO P[]FUL ) ,PU%K91 ,GOGOL & !IR FOLL[]S4 ,9 HIS POLITICAL OP9IONS HE REMA9$ TRUE TO ! PROGRESSIVE OP9IONS :I* ,CA!R9E #a#a4 PATRONIZ$ 9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( H] REIGN1 & 9 HIS CAPACITY ( SECRET>Y TO ,C\NT ,PAN9 HE BOLDLY D5\NC$ S]FDOM1 FAVORITISM1 & WANT ( $UCATION 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,I PASS 9 SIL5CE SEV]AL WRIT]S ( ! SAME EPO*1 NAMELY1 ,B,O,G,D,A,N,O,V,I,T,* 7#a#g#d#c-#a#h#c71 ! AU?OR ( A PRETTY & LI<T POEM1 ,DU%5KA2 ,H,E,M,N,I,T,Z,] 7#a#g#d#e-#a#g#h#d71 A GIFT$ WRIT] ( FABLES1 :O WAS A =]UNN] ( ,KRYL(F2 ,K,A,P,N,I,/ 7#a#g#e#g-#a#h#i71 :O WROTE RA!R SUP]FICIAL SATIRES 9 GOOD V]SE2 ,PR9CE ,S,*,],B,A,T,(,F 7#a#g#c#c-#a#g#i71 :O BEGAN ) SEV]AL O!RS ! SCI5TIFIC COLLECT+ ( OLD ANNALS & FOLKLORE1 & UND]TOOK TO WRITE A HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA1 9 :I* WE F9D A SCI5TIFIC CRITICISM ( ! ANNALS & O!R S\RCES ( 9=MATION2 & SEV]AL O!RS4 ,BUT ,I MU/ SAY A FEW WORDS UPON ! MASONIC MOVEM5T :I* TOOK PLACE ON ! ?RE%OLD ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,! ,F,R,E,E,M,A,S,O,N,S3 ,F,I,R,/ ,M,A,N,I,F,E,/,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L 
,?,\,<,T4 

,! LOOS5ESS ( HABITS :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ,RUSSIAN HI< SOCIETY 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ! ABS5CE ( IDEALS1 ! S]VILITY ( ! NOBLES1 & ! HORRORS ( S]FDOM1 NECESS>ILY PRODUC$ A REACTION AMONG ! BETT] M9DS1 & ?IS REACTION TOOK ! %APE1 P>TLY ( A WIDELY SPREAD ,MASONIC MOVEM5T1 & P>TLY ( ,*RI/IAN MY/ICISM1 :I* ORIG9AT$ 9 ! MY/ICAL TEA*+S ?AT HAD AT ?AT TIME WIDELY SPREAD 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! FREEMASONS & !IR ,SOCIETY ( ,FRI5DS UND]TOOK A S]I\S EF=T = SPREAD+ MORAL $UCATION AMONG ! MASSES1 & !Y F\ND 9 ,N,O,V,I,K,(,F 7#a#g#d#d-#a#h#a#h7 A TRUE APO/LE ( R5OVATION4 ,HE BEGAN HIS LIT]>Y C>E] V]Y E>LY1 9 ONE ( ?OSE SATIRICAL REVIEWS ( :I* ,CA!R9E H]SELF TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE AT ! BEG9N+ ( H] REIGN1 & ALREADY 9 HIS AMIABLE CONTROV]SY ) 0! GR&MO!R0 7,CA!R9E7 HE %[$ ?AT HE W\LD NOT REMA9 SATISFI$ ) ! SUP]FICIAL SATIRE 9 :I* ! EMPRESS DELI<T$1 BUT ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO H] WI%ES1 HE W\LD GO TO ! ROOT ( ! EVILS ( ! TIME3 NAMELY1 S]FDOM & ITS BRUTALIZ+ EFFECTS UPON SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,NOVIK(F WAS NOT ONLY A WELL-$UCAT$ MAN3 HE COMB9$ ! DEEP MORAL CONVICTIONS ( AN IDEALI/ ) ! CAPACITIES ( AN ORGANIZ] & A BUS9ESS MAN2 & AL?\< HIS REVIEW 7FROM :I* ! NET 9COME W5T 5TIRELY = PHILAN?ROPIC & $UCATIONAL PURPOSES7 WAS SOON /OPP$ BY 0! GR&MO!R10 HE />T$ 9 ,MOSC[ A MO/ SUCCESSFUL PR9T+ & BOOK-SELL+ BUS9ESS1 = $IT+ & SPREAD+ BOOKS ( AN E?ICAL *>ACT]4 ,HIS IMM5SE PR9T+ (FICE1 COMB9$ ) A HOSPITAL = ! WORK]S & A *EMI/'S %OP1 FROM :I* M$IC9E WAS GIV5 FREE TO ALL ! POOR ( ,MOSC[1 WAS SOON 9 BUS9ESS RELATIONS ) BOOKSELL]S ALL OV] ,RUSSIA2 :ILE HIS 9FLU5CE UPON $UCAT$ SOCIETY WAS GR[+ RAPIDLY1 & WORK+ 9 AN EXCELL5T DIRECTION4 ,9 #a#g#h#g1 DUR+ A FAM9E1 HE ORGANIZ$ RELIEF = ! />V+ PEASANTS-GUITE A =TUNE HAV+ BE5 PUT = ?IS PURPOSE AT HIS DISPOSAL BY ONE ( HIS PUPILS4 ,( C\RSE1 BO? ! ,*UR* & ! ,GOV]NM5T LOOK$ ) SUSPICION UPON ! SPREAD+ ( ,*RI/IANITY1 AS IT WAS UND]/OOD BY ! FREEMASON ,FRI5DS2 & AL?\< ! METROPOLITAN ( ,MOSC[ TE/IFI$ ?AT ,NOVIK(F WAS 0! BE/ ,*RI/IAN HE EV] KNEW10 ,NOVIK(F WAS ACCUS$ ( POLITICAL CONSPIRACY4 

,HE WAS >RE/$1 & 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! P]SONAL WI% ( ,CA!R9E1 ?\< TO ! A/ONI%M5T ( ALL ?OSE :O KNEW ANY?+ AB\T HIM1 WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? 9 #a#g#i#b4 ,! DEA?-S5T5CE1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT FULFILL$1 BUT HE WAS TAK5 = FIFTE5 YE>S TO ! T]RIBLE =TRESS ( ,S*USSELBURG1 :]E HE WAS PUT 9 ! SECRET CELL =M]LY OCCUPI$ BY ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,IVAN ,ANTONOVIT*1 & :]E HIS FREEMASON FRI5D1 ,DOCTOR ,BAGRY9SKIY1 VOLUNTE]$ TO REMA9 IMPRISON$ ) HIM4 ,HE REMA9$ !RE TILL ! DEA? ( ,CA!R9E4 ,PAUL ,I4 RELEAS$ HIM1 9 #a#g#i#f1 ON ! V]Y DAY ?AT HE BECAME EMP]OR2 BUT ,NOVIK(F CAME \T ( ! =TRESS A BROK5 MAN1 & FELL 5TIRELY 9TO MY/ICISM1 T[>DS :I* !RE WAS ALREADY A M>K$ T5D5CY 9 SEV]AL LODGES ( ! FREEMASONS4 

,! ,*RI/IAN MY/ICS W]E NOT HAPPI]4 ,ONE ( !M1 ,L,A,B,Z,9 7#a#g#f#f-#a#h#b#e71 :O EX]CIS$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE UPON SOCIETY BY HIS WRIT+S AGA9/ CORRUPTION1 WAS ALSO D5\NC$1 & 5D$ HIS DAYS 9 EXILE4 ,H[EV]1 BO? ! MY/ICAL ,*RI/IANS & ! FREEMASONS 7SOME ( :OSE LODGES FOLL[$ ! ,ROS5KREUZ TEA*+S7 EX]CIS$ A DEEP 9FLU5CE ON ,RUSSIA4 ,) ! ADV5T ( ,ALEX&] ,I4 TO ! ?RONE ! FREEMASONS OBTA9$ MORE FACILITIES = SPREAD+ !IR IDEAS2 & ! GR[+ CONVICTION ?AT S]FDOM MU/ BE ABOLI%$1 & ?AT ! TRIBUNALS1 AS WELL AS ! :OLE SY/EM ( ADM9I/RATION1 W]E 9 NE$ ( COMPLETE RE=M1 WAS C]TA9LY TO A GREAT EXT5T A RESULT ( !IR WORK4 ,BESIDES1 QUITE A NUMB] ( REM>KABLE M5 RECEIV$ !IR $UCATION AT ! ,MOSC[ ,9/ITUTE ( ! ,FRI5DS-F\ND$ BY ,NOVIK(F--9CLUD+ ! HI/ORIAN ,K>AMZ91 ! BRO!RS ,TURGU5EFF1 UNCLES ( ! GREAT NOVELI/1 & SEV]AL POLITICAL M5 ( M>K4 

,R,A,D,I,S,*,E,F,F 7#a#g#d#i-#a#h#b71 A POLITICAL WRIT] ( ! SAME EPO*1 HAD A /ILL MORE TRAGIC 5D4 ,HE RECEIV$ HIS $UCATION 9 ! ,CORPS ( ,PAGES1 & WAS ONE ( ?OSE Y\NG M5 :OM ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T HAD S5T 9 #agff TO ,G]MANY TO F9I% !RE !IR $UCATION4 ,HE FOLL[$ ! LECTURES ( ,HELL]T & ,PLATTN] AT ,LEIPZIG1 & /UDI$ V]Y E>NE/LY ! ,FR5* PHILOSOPH]S4 ,ON HIS RETURN1 HE PUBLI%$1 9 #a#g#i1 A ,J\RNEY FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO ,MOSC[1 ! IDEA ( :I* SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 SUGGE/$ TO HIM BY ,/]NE'S ,S5TIM5TAL ,J\RNEY4 ,9 ?IS BOOK HE V]Y ABLY 9T]M+L$ HIS IMPRESSIONS ( TRAVEL ) V>I\S PHILOSOPHICAL & MORAL DISCUSSIONS & ) PICTURES FROM ,RUSSIAN LIFE4 

,HE 9SI/$ ESPECIALLY UPON ! HORRORS ( S]FDOM1 AS ALSO UPON ! BAD ORGANIZATION ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 ! V5ALITY ( ! LAW-C\RTS1 & SO ON1 CONFIRM+ HIS G5]AL CONDEMNATIONS BY CONCRETE FACTS TAK5 FROM REAL LIFE4 ,CA!R9E1 :O ALREADY BE=E ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE1 & ESPECIALLY S9CE ! EV5TS ( #a#g#h#i1 HAD COME TO REG>D ) HORROR ! LIB]AL IDEAS ( H] Y\?1 ORD]$ ! BOOK TO BE CONFISCAT$ & DE/ROY$ AT ONCE4 ,%E DESCRIB$ ! AU?OR AS A REVOLUTIONI/1 0WORSE ?AN ,PUGAT*(F02 HE V5TUR$ TO 0,SPEAK ) APPROBATION ( ,FRANKL90 & WAS 9FECT$ ) ,FR5* IDEAS6 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 %E WROTE H]SELF A %>P CRITICISM ( ! BOOK1 UPON :I* ITS PROSECUTION HAD TO BE BAS$4 ,RADIS*EFF WAS >RE/$1 CONF9$ TO ! =TRESS1 LAT] ON TRANSPORT$ TO ! REMOTE/ PORTIONS ( ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA1 ON ! ,OL5EK4 ,HE WAS RELEAS$ ONLY 9 #a#h#a4 ,NEXT YE>1 SEE+ ?AT EV5 ! ADV5T ( ,ALEX&] ! ,FIR/ DID NOT MEAN ! COM+ ( A NEW RE=MATORY SPIRIT1 HE PUT AN 5D TO HIS LIFE BY SUICIDE4 ,AS TO HIS BOOK1 IT /ILL REMA9S =BIDD5 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,A NEW $ITION ( IT1 :I* WAS MADE 9 #a#h#g#b1 WAS CONFISCAT$ & DE/ROY$1 & 9 #ahhh ! P]MISSION WAS GIV5 TO A PUBLI%] TO ISSUE ! WORK 9 $ITIONS ( A HUNDR$ COPIES ONLY1 :I* W]E TO BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG A FEW M5 ( SCI5CE & C]TA9 HI< FUNCTION>IES4"9 

"9,TWO FREE $ITIONS ( IT W]E MADE1 ONE BY ,H]Z5 AT ,LONDON3 ,PR9CE ,S*]BAT(F & ,A4 ,RADIS*EFF1 #a#h#e#h2 & ANO!R AT ,LEIPZIG3 ,J\RNEY1 9 #a#h#g#f4 ,SEE ,A4 ,PYP9'S ,HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE1 VOL4 IV4 

,! ,F,I,R,/ ,Y,E,>,S ,( ,! ,N,9,E,T,E,5,? ,C,5,T,U,R,Y4 

,!SE W]E1 !N1 ! ELEM5TS \T ( :I* ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE HAD TO BE EVOLV$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! SL[ WORK ( ! LA/ FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S HAD ALREADY PREP>$ ?AT ADMIRABLE1 PLIABLE1 & RI* 9/RUM5T--! LIT]>Y LANGUAGE 9 :I* ,PU%K9 W\LD SOON BE 5ABL$ TO WRITE HIS MELODI\S V]SES & ,TURGU5EFF HIS NO LESS MELODI\S PROSE4 ,FROM ! AUTOBIOGRAPHY ( ! ,NON-CON=MI/ M>TYR1 ,AVVAKUM1 ONE C\LD ALREADY GUESS ! VALUE ( ! SPOK5 LANGUAGE ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE = LIT]>Y PURPOSES4 

,TRETIAKOVSKIY1 BY HIS CLUMSY V]SES1 & ESPECIALLY 0,LOMONOS(F & ,D]ZHAV9 BY !IR ODES1 HAD DEF9ITELY REPELL$ ! SYLLABIC =M ?AT HAD BE5 9TRODUC$ FROM ,FRANCE & ,POL&1 & HAD E/ABLI%$ ! TONIC1 RHY?MICAL =M :I* WAS 9DICAT$ BY ! POPUL> SONG ITSELF4 ,LOMONOS(F HAD CREAT$ A POPUL> SCI5TIFIC LANGUAGE2 HE HAD 9V5T$ A NUMB] ( NEW WORDS1 & HAD PROV$ ?AT ! ,LAT9 & ,OLD ,SLAVONIAN CON/RUCTIONS W]E HO/ILE TO ! SPIRIT ( ,RUSSIAN1 & QUITE UNNECESS>Y4 ,! AGE ( ,CA!R9E ,I,I4 FUR!R 9TRODUC$ 9TO WRITT5 LIT]ATURE ! =MS ( FAMILI> EV]YDAY TALK1 BORR[$ EV5 FROM ! PEASANT CLASS2 & ,NOVIK(F HAD CREAT$ A ,RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHICAL LANGUAGE--/ILL HEAVY ON ACC\NT ( ITS UND]LY+ MY/ICISM1 BUT SPL5DIDLY ADAPT$1 AS IT APPE>$ A FEW DECADES LAT]1 TO AB/RACT METAPHYSICAL DISCUSSIONS4 ,! ELEM5TS = A GREAT & ORIG9AL LIT]ATURE W]E ?US READY4 ,!Y REQUIR$ ONLY A VIVIFY+ SPIRIT :I* %\LD USE !M = HI<] PURPOSES4 ,?IS G5IUS WAS ,PU%K94 ,BUT BE=E SPEAK+ ( HIM1 ! HI/ORIAN & NOVELI/ ,K>AMZ9 & ! POET ,ZHUKOVSKIY"9 MU/ BE M5TION$1 AS !Y REPRES5T A L9K BETWE5 ! TWO EPO*S4 

"9,PRON\NCE ,ZH AS A ,FR5* J 7,J\KOVSKIY 9 ,FR5*74 

,K,>,A,M,Z,9 7#a#g#f#f-#a#h#b#f71 BY HIS MONUM5TAL WORK1 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE1 DID 9 LIT]ATURE :AT ! GREAT W> ( #a#hL#b HAD DONE 9 NATIONAL LIFE4 ,HE AWAK5$ ! NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS & CREAT$ A LA/+ 9T]E/ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! NATION1 9 ! MAK+ ( ! EMPIRE1 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NATIONAL *>ACT] & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,K>AMZ9'S ,HI/ORY WAS REACTION>Y 9 SPIRIT4 ,HE WAS ! HI/ORIAN ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE1 NOT ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE2 ! POET ( ! VIRTUES ( MON>*Y & ! WISDOM ( ! RUL]S1 BUT NOT AN OBS]V] ( ! WORK ?AT HAD BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! UNKN[N MASSES ( ! NATION4 ,HE WAS NOT ! MAN TO UND]/& ! F$]AL PR9CIPLES :I* PREVAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA D[N TO ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 & /ILL LESS ! COMMUNAL PR9CIPLES :I* P]VAD$ ,RUSSIAN LIFE & HAD P]MITT$ ! NATION TO CONQU] & TO COLONIZE AN IMM5SE CONT95T4 ,= HIM1 ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA WAS ! REGUL>1 ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T ( A MON>*Y1 FROM ! FIR/ APPE>ANCE ( ! ,SC&9AVIAN V>+I> D[N TO ! PRES5T TIMES1 & HE WAS *IEFLY CONC]N$ ) DESCRIB+ ! DE$S ( MON>*S 9 !IR CONQUE/S & !IR BUILD+ UP ( A ,/ATE2 BUT1 AS IT (T5 HAPP5S ) ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S1 HIS FOOT-NOTES W]E A WORK ( HI/ORY 9 !MSELVES4 ,!Y CONTA9$ A RI* M9E ( 9=MATION CONC]N+ ! S\RCES ( ,RUSSIA'S HI/ORY1 & ! SUGGE/$ TO ! ORD9>Y READ] ?AT ! E>LY C5TURIES ( M$IAEVAL ,RUSSIA1 ) H] 9DEP5D5T CITY-REPUBLICS1 W]E F> MORE 9T]E/+ ?AN !Y APPE>$ 9 ! BOOK4"9 ,K>AMZ9 WAS NOT ! F\ND] ( A S*OOL1 BUT HE %[$ TO ,RUSSIA ?AT %E HAS A PA/ WOR? KN[+4 ,BESIDES1 HIS WORK WAS A WORK ( >T4 ,IT WAS WRITT5 9 A BRILLIANT /YLE1 :I* ACCU/OM$ ! PUBLIC TO READ HI/ORICAL WORKS4 ,! RESULT WAS1 ?AT ! FIR/ $ITION ( HIS EI<T-VOLUME ,HI/ORY--#c1 COPIES--WAS SOLD 9 TW5TY-FIVE DAYS4 

"9,IT IS N[ KN[ H[ MU* ( ! PREP>TORY WORK :I* R5D]$ ,K>AMZ9'S ,HI/ORY POSSIBLE WAS DONE BY ! ,ACADEMICIANS ,S*LOTZ]1 ,MULL]1 & ,/RITT]1 AS WELL AS BY ! ABOVE-M5TION$ HI/ORIAN ,S*]BAT(F1 :O HAD ?OR\<LY /UDI$ ! ANNALS & :OSE VIEWS ,K>AMZ9 CLOSELY FOLL[$ 9 HIS WORK4 

,H[EV]1 ,K>AMZ9'S 9FLU5CE WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO HIS ,HI/ORY3 IT WAS EV5 GREAT] ?R\< HIS NOVELS & HIS ,LETT]S ( A ,RUSSIAN ,TRAVELI] ,ABROAD4 ,9 ! LETT] HE MADE AN ATTEMPT TO BR+ ! PRODUCTS ( ,EUROPEAN ?\<T1 PHILOSOPHY1 & POLITICAL LIFE 9TO CIRCULATION AMID A WIDE PUBLIC2 TO SPREAD BROADLY HUMANIT>IAN VIEWS1 AT A TIME :5 !Y W]E MO/ NE$$ AS A C\NT]POISE TO ! SAD REALITIES ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIFE2 & TO E/ABLI% A L9K ( CONNECTION BETWE5 ! 9TELLECTUAL LIFE ( \R C\NTRY & ?AT ( ,EUROPE4 ,AS TO ,K>AMZ9'S NOVELS1 HE APPE>$ 9 !M AS A TRUE FOLL[] ( S5TIM5TAL ROMANTICISM2 BUT ?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT WAS REQUIR$ !N1 AS A REACTION AGA9/ ! W\LD-BE CLASSICAL S*OOL4 ,9 ONE ( HIS NOVELS1 ,POOR ,LIZA 7#a#g#i#b71 HE DESCRIB$ ! MIS=TUNES ( A PEASANT GIRL :O FELL 9 LOVE ) A NOBLEMAN1 WAS AB&ON$ BY HIM1 & F9ALLY DR[N$ H]SELF 9 A POND4 ,?IS PEASANT GIRL SURELY W\LD NOT ANSW] TO \R PRES5T REALI/IC REQUIREM5TS4 ,%E SPOKE 9 *OICE LANGUAGE & WAS NOT A PEASANT GIRL AT ALL2 BUT ALL READ+ ,RUSSIA CRI$ AB\T ! MIS=TUNE ( 0,POOR ,LIZA10 & ! POND :]E ! H]O9E WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BE5 DR[N$ BECAME A PLACE ( PILGRIMAGE = ! S5TIM5TAL Y\?S ( ,MOSC[4 ,! SPIRIT$ PROTE/ AGA9/ S]FDOM :I* WE %ALL F9D LAT] ON 9 MOD]N LIT]ATURE WAS ?US ALREADY BORN 9 ,K>AMZ9'S TIME4 

,Z,H,U,K,O,V,S,K,I,Y 7#a#g#h#c-#a#h#e#b7 WAS A ROMANTIC POET 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD1 & A TRUE WOR%IP] ( POETRY1 :O FULLY UND]/OOD ITS ELEVAT+ P[]4 ,HIS ORIG9AL PRODUCTIONS W]E FEW4 ,HE WAS MA9LY A TRANSLATOR & R5D]$ 9 MO/ BEAUTIFUL ,RUSSIAN V]SES ! POEMS ( ,S*ILL]1 ,UHL&1 ,H]D]1 ,BYRON1 ,?OMAS ,MOORE1 & O!RS1 AS WELL AS ! ,ODYSSEY1 ! ,H9DU POEM ( ,NAL & ,RAMAYANTI1 & ! SONGS ( ! ,WE/]N ,SLAVONIANS4 ,! BEAUTY ( !SE TRANSLATIONS IS SU* ?AT ,I D\BT :E!R !RE >E 9 ANY O!R LANGUAGE1 EV5 9 ,G]MAN1 EQUALLY BEAUTIFUL R5D]+S ( =EIGN POETS4 ,H[EV]1 ,ZHUKOVSKIY WAS NOT A M]E TRANSLATOR3 HE TOOK FROM O!R POETS ONLY :AT WAS AGREEABLE TO HIS [N NATURE & :AT HE W\LD HAVE LIK$ TO S+ HIMSELF4 ,SAD REFLECTIONS AB\T ! UNKN[N1 AN ASPIRATION T[>DS DI/ANT L&S1 ! SUFF]+S ( LOVE1 & ! SADNESS ( SEP>ATION--ALL LIV$ ?R\< BY ! POET--W]E ! DI/9CTIVE FEATURES ( HIS POETRY4 ,!Y REFLECT$ HIS 9N] SELF4 ,WE MAY OBJECT N[ TO HIS ULTRA-ROMANTICISM1 BUT ?IS DIRECTION1 AT ?AT TIME1 WAS AN APPEAL TO ! BROADLY HUMANIT>IAN FEEL+S1 & IT WAS ( FIR/ NECESSITY = PROGRESS4 ,BY HIS POETRY1 ,ZHUKOVSKIY APPEAL$ *IEFLY TO WOM51 & :5 WE DEAL LAT] ON ) ! P>T ?AT ,RUSSIAN WOM5 PLAY$ HALF A C5TURY LAT] 9 ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( !IR C\NTRY WE %ALL SEE ?AT HIS APPEAL WAS NOT MADE 9 VA94 ,ALTOGE!R1 ,ZHUKOVSKIY APPEAL$ TO ! BE/ SIDES ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,ONE NOTE1 H[EV]1 WAS MISS+ 5TIRELY 9 HIS POETRY3 IT WAS ! APPEAL TO ! S5TIM5TS ( FRE$OM & CITIZ5%IP4 ,?IS APPEAL CAME FROM ! ,DECEMBRI/ POET1 ,RYLEEFF4 

,! ,D,E,C,E,M,B,R,I,/,S 

  

,! ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I4 W5T ?R\< ! SAME EVOLUTION AS HIS GR&MO!R1 ,CA!R9E ,I,I4 ,HE WAS $UCAT$ BY ! REPUBLICAN1 ,LA ,H>PE1 & BEGAN HIS REIGN AS A QUITE LIB]AL SOV]EIGN1 READY TO GRANT TO ,RUSSIA A CON/ITUTION4 ,HE DID IT 9 FACT1 = ,POL& & ,F9L&1 & MADE A FIR/ /EP T[>DS IT 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT HE DID NOT D>E TO T\* S]FDOM1 & GRADUALLY HE FELL UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,G]MAN MY/ICS1 BECAME AL>M$ AT LIB]AL IDEAS1 & SURR5D]$ HIS WILL TO ! WOR/ REACTION>IES4 ,! MAN :O RUL$ ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! LA/ T5 OR TWELVE YE>S ( HIS REIGN WAS ,G5]AL ,>AK*EEFF--A MANIAC ( CRUELTY & MILIT>ISM1 :O MA9TA9$ HIS 9FLU5CE BY MEANS ( ! CRUDE/ FLATT]Y & SIMULAT$ RELIGI\SNESS4 

,A REACTION AGA9/ !SE CONDITIONS WAS SURE TO GR[ UP1 ! MORE SO AS ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S HAD BR\<T A GREAT NUMB] ( ,RUSSIANS 9 CONTACT ) ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,! CAMPAIGNS MADE 9 ,G]MANY1 & ! OCCUPATION ( ,P>IS BY ! ,RUSSIAN >MIES1 HAD FAMILI>IZ$ MANY (FIC]S ) ! IDEAS ( LIB]TY :I* REIGN$ /ILL 9 ! ,FR5* CAPITAL1 :ILE AT HOME ! 5DEAVORS ( ,NOVIK(F W]E BE>+ FRUIT1 & ! FREEMASON ,FRI5DS CONT9U$ HIS WORK4 ,:5 ,ALEX&] ,I41 HAV+ FALL5 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,MADAME ,KRUD5] & O!R ,G]MAN MY/ICS1 CONCLUD$ 9 #ahae ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE ) ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA1 9 ORD] TO COMBAT ALL LIB]AL IDEAS1 SECRET SOCIETIES BEGAN TO BE =M$ 9 ,RUSSIA--,*IEFLY AMONG ! (FIC]'S--9 ORD] TO PROMOTE ! IDEAS ( LIB]TY1 ( ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 & ( EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW1 AS ! NECESS>Y /EPS T[>DS ! ABOLITION ( ABSOLUTE RULE4 ,EV]YONE :O HAS READ ,TOL/OY'S ,W> & ,PEACE MU/ REMEMB] 0,PI]RE0 & ! IMPRESSION PRODUC$ UPON ?IS Y\NG MAN BY HIS FIR/ MEET+ ) AN OLD FREEMASON4 0,PI]RE0 IS A TRUE REPRES5TATIVE ( MANY Y\NG M5 :O LAT] ON BECAME KN[N AS 0,DECEMBRI/S40 ,LIKE 0,PI]RE10 !Y W]E IMBU$ ) HUMANIT>IAN IDEAS2 MANY ( !M HAT$ S]FDOM1 & !Y WANT$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES2 :ILE A FEW ( !M 7,PE/EL1 ,RYLEEF71 DESPAIR+ ( MON>*Y1 SPOKE ( A RETURN TO ! REPUBLICAN F$]ALISM ( OLD ,RUSSIA4 ,) SU* 5DS 9 VIEW1 !Y CREAT$ !IR SECRET SOCIETIES4 

,IT IS KN[N H[ ?IS CONSPIRACY 5D$4 ,AFT] ! SUDD5 DEA? ( ,ALEX&] ,I4 9 ! ,S\? ( ,RUSSIA1 ! OA? ( ALLEGIANCE WAS GIV5 AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO HIS BRO!R ,CON/ANT9E1 :O WAS PROCLAIM$ HIS SUCCESSOR4 ,BUT :51 A FEW DAYS LAT]1 IT BECAME KN[N 9 ! CAPITAL ?AT ,CON/ANT9E HAD ABDICAT$1 & ?AT HIS BRO!R ,NI*OLAS WAS GO+ TO BECOME EMP]OR1 & :5 ! CONSPIRATORS LE>N$ ?AT !Y HAD BE5 D5\NC$ 9 ! MEANTIME TO ! ,/ATE POLICE1 !Y SAW NO?+ ELSE TO DO BUT TO PROCLAIM !IR PROGRAM OP5LY 9 ! /REETS1 & TO FALL 9 AN UNEQUAL FI<T4 ,!Y DID SO1 ON ,DECEMB] ,I#d 7#b#f7 #a#h#b#e1 9 ! ,S5ATE ,SQU>E ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 FOLL[$ BY A FEW HUNDR$ M5 FROM SEV]AL REGIM5TS ( ! GU>D4 ,FIVE ( ! 9SURG5TS W]E HANG$ BY ,NI*OLAS ,I41 & ! REMA9D]1 I4 E41 AB\T A HUNDR$ Y\NG M5 :O REPRES5T$ ! FL[] ( ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5CE1 W]E S5T TO H>D LABOR 9 ,SIB]IA1 :]E !Y REMA9$ TILL #a#h#e#f4 ,ONE CAN H>DLY IMAG9E :AT IT MEANT 9 A C\NTRY :I* WAS NOT OV]-RI* 9 $UCAT$ & WELL-9T5TION$ M51 :5 SU* A NUMB] ( ! BE/ REPRES5TATIVES ( A G5]ATION W]E TAK5 \T ( ! RANKS & R$UC$ TO SIL5CE4 ,EV5 9 A MORE CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ! SUDD5 DISAPPE>ANCE ( SO MANY M5 ( ?\<T & ACTION W\LD HAVE DEALT A SEV]E BL[ TO PROGRESS4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! EFFECT WAS DISA/R\S--! MORE SO AS ! REIGN ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4 LA/$ ?IRTY YE>S1 DUR+ :I* EV]Y SP>K ( FREE ?\<T WAS /IFL$ AS SOON AS IT APPE>$4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ BRILLIANT LIT]>Y REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 0,DECEMBRI/S0 WAS ,R,Y,L,E,E,F 7#a#g#i#e-#a#h#b#f71 ONE ( ! FIVE :O W]E HANG$ BY ,NI*OLAS ,I4 ,HE HAD RECEIV$ A GOOD $UCATION1 & 9 #ahad WAS ALREADY AN (FIC]4 ,HE WAS ?US BY A FEW YE>S ! ELD] ( ,PU%K94 ,HE TWICE VISIT$ ,FRANCE1 9 #ahad & #ahae & AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( PEACE BECAME A MAGI/RATE AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,HIS E>LI] PRODUCTIONS W]E A S]IES ( BALLADS DEAL+ ) ! LEAD+ M5 ( ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY4 ,MO/ ( !M W]E M]ELY PATRIOTIC1 BUT SOME ALREADY REVEAL$ ! SYMPA?IES ( ! POET = FRE$OM4 ,C5SOR%IP DID NOT ALL[ !SE BALLADS TO BE PR9T$1 BUT !Y CIRCULAT$ ALL OV] ,RUSSIA 9 MANUSCRIPT4 ,!IR POETICAL VALUE WAS NOT GREAT2 BUT ! NEXT POEM ( ,RYLEEF & ESPECIALLY SOME FRAGM5TS ( UNF9I%$ POEMS1 REVEAL$ 9 HIM A P[]FUL POETICAL GIFT1 :I* ,RYLEEF'S GREAT FRI5D1 ,PU%K91 GREET$ ) EFFUSION4 ,IT IS GREATLY TO BE REGRETT$ ?AT ! POEM HAS NEV] BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%4 ,ITS SUBJECT IS ! /RUGGLE ( ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA = ! RECOV]Y ( ITS 9DEP5D5CE UND] ,PET] ,I4 ,:5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CZ> WAS 5GAG$ 9 A BITT] /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! GREAT NOR!RN W>RIOR1 ,*>LES ,X,I,I41 !N ! RUL] ( ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA1 ! HETMAN ,MAZEPA CONCEIV$ ! PLAN ( JO9+ ,*>LES ,X,I,I4 AGA9/ ,PET] ,I4 = FREE+ HIS MO!R C\NTRY FROM ! ,RUSSIAN YOKE4 ,*>LES ,X,I,I41 AS IS KN[N1 WAS DEFEAT$ AT ,POLTAVA1 & BO? HE & !HETMAN HAD TO FLEE TO ,TURKEY4 ,AS TO ,VO9>OVSKY1 A Y\NG PATRIOT FRI5D ( ,MAZAPA1 HE WAS TAK5 PRISON]1 & TRANSPORT$ TO ,SIB]IA4 ,!RE1 AT ,YAKUTSK1 HE WAS VISIT$ BY ! HI/ORIAN ,MIILL]1 & ,RYLEEFF MAKES HIM TELL HIS /ORY TO ! ,G]MAN EXPLOR]4 ,! SC5ES ( NATURE 9 ,SIB]IA1 AT ,YAKUTSK1 ) :I* ! POEM BEG9S2 ! PREP>ATIONS = ! W> 9 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA & ! W> ITSELF2 ! FLI<T ( ,*>LES ,X,I,I4 & ,MAZEPA2 !N ! SUFF]+S ( ,VO9>OVSKY AT ,YAKUTSK1 :5 HIS Y\NG WIFE CAME TO REJO9 HIM 9 ! L& ( EXILE1 & DI$ !RE--ALL !SE SC5ES >E MO/ BEAUTIFUL1 :ILE 9 PLACES ! V]SES1 BY !IR SIMPLICITY & ! BEAUTY ( !IR IMAGES1 EVOK$ ! ADMIRATION EV5 ( ,PU%K94 ,TWO OR ?REE G5]ATIONS HAVE N[ READ ?IS POEM1 & IT CONT9UES TO 9SPIRE EA* NEW ONE ) ! SAME LOVE ( LIB]TY & HATR$ ( OPPRESSION4 

7,S\RCE3 ,IDEAS & ,REALITIES 9 ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A ,KNOPF1 #a#i#a#e47 

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