,*APT] #c 
,GOGOL 

#aiaeaiae 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,REGAN ,V]CRUYSSE1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA-,NI<TS ON A ,F>M NE> ,DIKONKA1 & ,MIRGOROD-,VILLAGE LIFE & HUMOR-,H[ ,IVAN ,IVANOVIT* QU>REL$ ) ,IVAN ,NIKI=YT*-,HI/ORICAL NOVEL1 ,T>AS ,BULBA- 
 ,! ,CLOAK-,DRAMA1 ,! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL-,ITS 9FLU5CE- 
 ,DEAD ,S\LS3 MA9 TYPES-REALISM 9 ! ,RUSSIAN NOVEL4 

,) ,GOGOL BEG9S A NEW P]IOD ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 :I* IS CALL$ BY ,RUSSIAN LIT]>Y CRITICS 0! ,GOGOL P]IOD10 :I* LA/S TO ! PRES5T DATE4 ,GOGOL WAS NOT A ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 #a#h#i1 9 A ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN OR ,UKRA9IAN NOBLEMAN'S FAMILY4 ,HIS FA!R HAD ALREADY DISPAY$ SOME LIT]>Y TAL5T & WROTE A FEW COM$IES 9 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN1 BUT ,GOGOL LO/ HIM AT AN E>LY AGE4 ,! BOY WAS $UCATCD 9 A SMALL PROV9CIAL T[N1 :I* HE LEFT1 H[EV]1 :ILE /ILL Y\NG1 & :5 HE WAS ONLY N9ETE5 HE WAS ALREADY AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! DREAM ( HIS LIFE WAS TO BECOME AN ACTOR1 BUT ! MANAG] ( ! ,/4 ,PT]SBURG ,IMP]IAL !AT]S DID NOT ACCEPT HIM1 & ,GOGOL HAD TO LOOK = ANO!R SPH]E ( ACTIVITY4 ,! ,CIVIL ,S]VICE1 9 :I* HE OBTA9$ ! POSITION ( A SUBORD9ATE CL]K1 WAS EVID5TLY 9SUFFICI5T TO 9T]E/ HIM1 & HE SOON 5T]$ UPON HIS LIT]>Y C>E]4 

,HIS DEBUT WAS 9 #a#h#b#i1 ) LITTLE NOVELS TAK5 =M ! VILLAGE-LIFE ( ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA4 ,NI<TS ON A ,F>M NE> ,DIKANKA1 SOON FOLL[$ BY ANO!R S]IES ( /ORIES 5TITL$ ,MIRGOROD1 IMM$IATELY WON = HIM LIT]>Y FAME & 9TRODUC$ HIM 9TO ! CIRCLE ( ,ZHUKOVSKIY & ,PU%K94 ,! TWO POETS AT ONCE RECOGNIZ$ ,GOGOL'S G5IUS1 & RECEIV$ HIM ) OP5 >MS 

,LITTLE ,RUSSIA DIFF]S CONSID]ABLY FROM ! C5TRAL P>TS ( ! EMPIRE1 I4E41 FROM ! C\NTRY >\ND ,MOSC[1 :I* IS KN[N AS ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4 ,IT HAS A MORE S\!RN POSITION1 & EV]Y?+ S\!RN HAS ALWAYS A C]TA9 ATTRACTION = NOR!RN]4 ,! VILLAGES 9 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA >E NOT DISPOS$ 9 /REETS AS !Y >E 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 BUT ! :ITE WA%$ H\SES >E SCATT]$1 AS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 9 SEP>ATE LITTLE F>MS1 EA* ( :I* IS SURR\ND$ BY *>M+ LITTLE G>D5S4 ,! MORE G5IAL CLIMATE1 ! W>M NI<TS1 ! MUSICAL LANGUAGE1 ! BEAUTY ( ! RACE1 :I* PROBABLY CONTA9S A MIXTURE ( ,S\? ,SLAVONIAN ) ,TURKI% & ,POLI% BLOOD1 ! PICTURESQUE DRESS & ! LYRICAL SONGS-ALL !SE R5D] ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA ESPECIALLY ATTRACTIVE = ! ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN4 ,BESIDES1 LIFE 9 ,LITTLE-,RUSSIAN VILLAGES IS MORE POETICAL ?AN IT IS 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4 ,!RE IS MORE FRE$OM 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! Y\NG M5 & ! Y\NG GIRLS1 :O FREELY MEET BE=E M>RIAGE2 ! /AMP ( SECLUSION ( ! WOM5 :I* HAS BE5 IMPRESS$ BY ,BVZANT9E HABITS UPON ,MOSC[ DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA1 :]E ! 9FLU5CE ( ,POL& WAS PREVAL5T4 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS HAVE ALSO MA9TA9$ NUM]\S TRADITIONS & EPIC POEMS & SONGS FROM ! TIMES :5 !Y W]E FREE ,COSSACKS & US$ TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,POLES 9 ! NOR? & ! ,TURKS 9 ! S\?4 ,HAV+ HAD TO DEF5D ! ,GREEK OR?ODOX RELIGION AGA9/ !SE TWO NATIONS1 !Y /RICTLY ADH]E N[ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,*UR*1 & ONE DOES NOT F9D 9 !IR VILLAGES ! SAME PASSION = S*OLA/IC DISCUSSIONS AB\T ! LETT] ( ! ,HOLY ,BOOKS :I* IS (T5 MET ) 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA AMONG ! ,NON-CON=MI/S4 ,!IR RELIGION HAS ALTOGE!R A MORE POETICAL ASPECT4 

,! ,LITTLE-,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IS C]TA9LY MORE MELODI\S ?AN ! ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN1 & !RE IS N[ A MOVEM5T ( SOME IMPORTANCE = ITS LIT]>Y DEVELOPM5T2 BUT ?IS EVOLUTION HAS YET TO BE ACCOMPLI%$1 & ,GOGOL V]Y WISELY WROTE 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN-?AT IS1 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ,ZHUKOVSKIY ,PU%K91 & ,L]MONT(F4 ,WE HAVE ?US 9 ,GOGOL A SORT ( UNION BETWE5 ! TWO NATIONALITIES4 

,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO GIVE H]E AN IDEA ( ! HUMOR & WIT CONTA9$ 9 ,GOGOL'S NOVELS FROM ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN LIFE1 )\T QUOT+ :OLE PAGES4 ,IT IS ! GOOD-HE>T$ LAU<T] ( A Y\NG MAN :O HIMSELF 5JOYS ! FULLNESS ( LIFE & HIMSELF LAU<S AT ! COMICAL POSITIONS 9TO :I* HE HAS PUT HIS H]OES3 A VILLAGE *ANT]1 A WEAL?Y PEASANT1 A RURAL MATRON1 OR A VILLAGE SMI?4 ,HE IS FULL ( HAPP9ESS2 NO D>K APPREH5SION COMES TO DI/URB HIS JOY ( LIFE4 ,H[EV]1 ?OSE :OM HE DEPICTS >E NOT R5D]$ COMICAL 9 OB$I5CE TO ! POET'S :IM3 ,GOGOL ALWAYS REMA9S SCRUPUL\SLY TRUE TO REALITY4 ,EV]Y PEASANT1 EV]Y *ANT]1 IS TAK5 FROM REAL LIFE1 & ! TRU?FULNESS ( ,GOGOL TO REALITY IS ALMO/ E?NOGRAPHICAL1 )\T EV] CEAS+ TO BE POETICAL4 ,ALL ! SUP]/ITIONS ( A VILLAGE LIFE ON A ,*RI/MAS ,EVE OR DUR+ A MIDSUMM] NI<T1 :5 ! MIS*IEV\S SPIRITS & GOBL9S GET FREE TILL ! COCK CR[S1 >E BR\<T BE=E ! READ]1 & AT ! SAME TIME WE HAVE ALL ! WITT9ESS :I* IS 9BORN 9 ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN4 ,IT WAS ONLY LAT] ON ?AT ,GOGOL'S COMICAL VE9 BECAME :AT CAN BE TRULY DESCRIB$ AS 0HUMOR10-?AT IS1 A SORT ( CONTRA/ BETWE5 COMICAL SURR\ND+S & A SAD SUB/RATUM ( LIFE1 :I* MADE ,PU%K9 SAY ( ,GOGOL'S PRODUCTIONS ?AT 0BEH9D HIS LAU<T] Y\ FEEL ! UNSE5 TE>S40 

,NOT ALL ! ,LITTLE-,RUSSIAN TALES ( ,GOGOL >E TAK5 FROM PEASANT LIFE4 ,SOME DEAL ALSO ) ! UPP] CLASS ( ! SMALL T[NS2 & ONE ( !M1 ,H[ ,IVAN ,IVANOVIT* QU>REL$ ) ,IVAN ,NIKI=YT*1 IS ONE ( ! MO/ HUMOR\S TALES 9 EXI/5CE4 ,IVAN ,IVANOVIT* & ,IVAN ,NIKI=YT* W]E TWO NEIHB\RS :O LIV$ ON EXCELL5T T]MS ) EA* O!R2 BUT ! 9EVITABL5ESS ( !IR QU>REL+ SOME DAY APPE>S FROM ! V]Y FIR/ L9ES ( ! NOVEL4 ,IVAN ,IVANOVIT* WAS A P]SON ( F9E BEHAVIOR4 ,HE W\LD NEV] (F] SNUFF TO AN ACQUA9TANCE )\T SAY+3 0,MAY ,I D>E1 ,SIR1 TO ASK Y\ TO BE SO K9D AS TO OBLIGE Y\RSELF40 ,HE WAS A MAN ( ! MO/ ACCURATE HABITS2 & :5 HE HAD EAT5 A MELON HE US$ TO WRAP ITS SE$S 9 A BIT ( PAP]1 & TO 9SCRIBE UPON IT3 0,?IS MELON WAS EAT5 ON SU* A DATE10 & IF !RE HAD BE5 A FRI5D AT HIS TABLE HE W\LD ADD3 0,9 ! PRES5CE ( ,MR4 ,SO & ,SO40 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE WAS1 AFT] ALL1 A MIS]1 :O APPRECIAT$ V]Y HI<LY ! COM=TS ( HIS [N LIFE1 BUT DID NOT C>E TO %>E !M ) O!RS4 ,HIS NEI<BOR1 ,IVAN ,NIKI=YT*1 WAS QUITE ! OPPOSITE4 ,HE WAS V]Y /\T & HEAVY1 & FOND ( SWE>+4 ,ON A HOT SUMM] DAY HE W\LD TAKE (F ALL HIS CLO!S & SIT 9 HIS G>D51 9 ! SUN%9E1 W>M+ HIS BACK4 ,:5 HE (F]$ SNUFF TO ANYONE1 HE W\LD SIMPLY PRODUCE HIS SNUFF BOX SAY+3 0,OBLIGE Y\RSELF40 ,HE KNEW NONE ( ! REF9EM5TS ( HIS NEI<BOR1 & L\DLY EXPRESS$ :AT HE MEANT4 ,IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT TWO M51 SO DIFF]5T1 :OSE Y>DS W]E ONLY SEP>AT$ BY A L[ F5CE1 %\LD ONE DAY COME TO A QU>REL2 & SO IT HAPP5$4 

,ONE DAY ! /\T & R\< ,IVAN ,NIKI=YT*1 SEE+ ?AT HIS FRI5D [N$ AN OLD USELESS MUSKET1 WAS SEIZ$ ) ! DESIRE TO POSSESS ! WEAPON4 ,HE HAD NOT ! SLI<TE/ NE$ ( IT1 BUT ALL ! MORE HE LONG$ TO HAVE IT1 & ?IS CRAV+ L$ TO A FEUD :I* LA/$ = YE>S4 ,IVAN ,IVANOVIT* REM>K$ V]Y REASONABLY TO HIS NEI<BOR ?AT HE HAD NO NE$ ( A RIFLE4 ,! NEI<BOR1 /UNG BY ?IS REM>K1 REPLI$ ?AT ?IS WAS PRECISELY ! ?+ HE NE$$1 & (F]$1 IF ,IVAN ,IVANOVIT* WAS NOT DISPOS$ TO ACCEPT MONEY = HIS MUSKET1 TO GIVE HIM 9 EX*ANGE--A PIG4 4 4 4 ,?IS WAS UND]/OOD BY ,IVAN ,IVANOVIT* AS A T]RIBLE (F5SE3 0,H[ C\LD A MUSKET1 :I* IS ! SYMBOL ( HUNT+1 ( NOBILITY1 BE EX*ANG$ BY A G5TLEMAN = A PIG60 ,H>D WORDS FOLL[$1 & ! (F5D$ NEI<BOR CALL$ ,IVAN ,IVANOVIT* A G&]4 4 4 4 ,A MORTAL FEUD1 FULL ( ! MO/ COMICAL 9CID5TS1 RESULT$ FROM !SE RA% WORDS4 ,!IR FRI5DS DID EV]Y?+ TO REE/ABLI% PEACE1 & ONE DAY !IR EF=TS SEEM$ TO BE CR[N$ ) SUCCESS2 ! TWO 5EMIES HAD BE5 BR\<T TOGE!R-BO? PU%$ FROM BEH9D BY !IR FRI5DS2 ,IVAN ,IVANOVIT* HAD ALREADY PUT HIS H& 9TO HIS POCKET TO TAKE \T HIS SNUFF-BOX & TO (F] IT TO HIS 5EMY1 :5 ! LATT] MADE ! UN=TUNATE REM>K3 0,!RE WAS NO?+ P>TICUL> 9 BE+ CALL$ A G&]2 NO NE$ TO BE (F5D$ BY ?AT40 4444,ALL ! EF=TS ( ! FRI5DS W]E BR\<T TO NAU<T BY !SE UN=TUNATE WORDS4 ,! FEUD WAS R5EW$ ) EV5 GREAT] ACRIMONY ?AN BE=E2 &1 TRAG$Y ALWAYS FOLL[+ 9 ! /EPS ( COM$Y1 ! TWO 5EMIES1 BY TAK+ ! AFFAIR FROM ONE ,C\RT TO ANO!R1 >RIV$ AT OLD AGE TOTALLY RU9$4 

,T,>,A,S ,B,U,L,B,A--,! ,C,L,O,A,K 

,! PE>L ( ,GOGOL'S ,LITTLE-,RUSSIAN NOVELS IS AN HI/ORICAL NOVEL1 ,T>AS ,BULBA1 :I* RECALLS TO LIFE ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ P]IODS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA--! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,CON/ANT9OPLE HAD FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,TURKS2 & AL?\< A MI<TY ,POLI%-,LI?UANIAN ,/ATE HAD GR[N 9 ! ,WE/1 ! ,TURKS1 NEV]!LESS1 M5AC$ BO? ,EA/]N & ,MIDDLE ,EUROPE4 ,!N IT WAS ?AT ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS ROSE = ! DEF5SE ( ,RUSSIA & ,EUROPE4 ,!Y LIV$ 9 FREE COMMUNITIES ( ,COSSACKS1 OV] :OM ! ,POLES W]E BEG9N+ TO E/ABLI% FEUDAL P[]4 ,9 TIMES ( PEACE !SE ,COSSACKS C>RI$ ON AGRICULTURE 9 ! PRAIRIES1 & FI%+ 9 ! BEAUTIFUL RIV]S ( ,S\?WE/ ,RUSSIA1 REA*+ AT TIMES ! ,BLACK ,SEA2 BUT EV]Y ONE ( !M WAS >M$1 & ! :OLE C\NTRY WAS DIVID$ 9TO REGIM5TS4 ,AS SOON AS !RE WAS A MILIT>Y AL>M !Y ALL ROSE TO MEET AN 9VASION ( ! ,TURKS OR A RAID ( ! ,T>T>S1 RETURN+ TO !IR FIELDS & FI%]IES AS SOON AS ! W> WAS OV]4 

,! :OLE NATION WAS ?US READY TO RESI/ ! 9VASIONS ( ! ,MUSSULMANS2 BUT A SPECIAL VANGU>D WAS KEPT 9 ! L[] C\RSE ( ! ,DNIEP]1 0BEYOND ! RAPIDS10 ON AN ISL& :I* SOON BECAME FAM\S UND] ! NAME ( ! ,S@&EACAUTE2*A4 ,M5 ( ALL CONDITIONS1 9CLUD+ RUNAWAYS FROM !IR L&LORDS1 \TLAWS1 & ADV5TUR]S ( ALL SORTS1 C\LD COME & SETTLE 9 ! ,SE*A )\T BE+ ASK$ ANY QUE/IONS BUT :E!R !Y W5T TO *UR*4 0,WELL1 !N1 MAKE ! SIGN ( ! CROSS10 ! HETMAN ( ! ,SE*A SAID1 0& JO9 ! DIVISION Y\ LIKE40 ,! ,SE*A CONSI/$ ( AB\T SIXTY DIVISIONS1 :I* W]E V]Y SIMIL> TO 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS1 OR RA!R TO S*OOLS ( BOYS1 :O C>$ = NO?+ & LIV$ 9 COMMON4 ,NONE ( !M HAD ANY?+ ( HIS [N1 EXCEPT+ HIS >MS4 ,NO WOM5 W]E ADMITT$1 & ABSOLUTE DEMOCRACY PREVAIL$4 

,! H]O ( ! NOVEL IS AN OLD ,COSSACK1 ,T>AS ,BULBA1 :O HAS HIMSELF SP5T MANY YE>S 9 ,SE*A1 BUT IS N[ PEACEFULLY SETTL$ 9L& ON HIS F>M4 ,HIS TWO SONS HAVE BE5 $UCAT$ AT ! ,ACADEMY ( ,KIEFF & RETURN HOME AFT] SEV]AL YE>S ( ABS5CE4 ,!IR FIR/ MEET+ ) !IR FA!R IS V]Y *>ACT]I/IC4 ,AS ! FA!R LAU<S AT ! SONS' LONG CLO!S1 :I* DO NOT SUIT A ,COSSACK1 ! ELD] SON1 ,O/AP1 *ALL5GES HIM TO A GOOD BOX+ FI<T4 ,! FA!R IS DELI<T$1 & !Y FI<T UNTIL ! OLD MAN1 QUITE \T ( BREA?1 EXCLAIMS3 0,BY ,GOD1 ?IS IS A GOOD FI<T]2 NO NE$ TO TE/ HIM FUR!R2 HE WILL BE A GOOD ,COSSACK6-,N[1 SON1 BE WELCOME2 LET US KISS EA* O!R40 ,ON ! V]Y NEXT DAY AFT] !IR >RIVAL1 )\T LETT+ ! MO!R 5JOY ! SI<T ( H] SONS1 ,T>AS TAKES !M TO ! ,SE*A1 :I*--AS (T5 HAPP5$ 9 ?OSE TIMES--WAS QUICKLY DRAWN 9TO W>1 9 CONSCQU5CE ( ! EXACTIONS :I* ! ,POLI% L&LORDS MADE UPON ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS4 

,! LIFE ( ! FREE ,COSSACKS 9 ! REPUBLIC 0BEYOND ! RAPIDS0 & !IR WAYS ( CONDUCT+ W> >E WOND]FULLY DESCRIB$2 BUT1 PAY+ A TRIBUTE TO ! !N CURR5T ROMANTICISM1 ,GOGOL MAKES ,T>AS' Y\NG] SON1 A S5TIM5TALI/1 FALL 9 LOVE ) A NOBLE ,POLI%-LADY1 DUR+ ! SIEGE ( A ,POLI% T[N1 & GO OV] TO ! 5EMY2 :ILE ! FA!R & ! ELD] SON CONT9UE FI<T+ ! ,POLES4 ,! W> LA/S = A YE> OR SO1 ) V>Y+ SUCCESS1 TILL AT L5G?1 9 ONE ( ! DESP]ATE SORTIES ( ! BESIEG$ ,POLES1 ! Y\NG] SON ( ,T>AS IS TAK5 PRISON]1 & ! FA!R HIMSELF KILLS HIM = HIS TREASON4 ,! ELD] SON IS NEXT TAK5 PRISON] BY ! ,POLES & C>RI$ AWAY TO ,W>SAW1 :]E HE P]I%ES ON ! RACK2 :ILE ,T>AS1 RETURN+ TO ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA1 RAISES A =MIDABLE >MY & MAKES ONE ( ?OSE 9VASIONS 9TO ,POL& ) :I* ! HI/ORY ( ! TWO C\NTRIES WAS FILL$ = TWO C5TURIES4 ,TAK5 PRISON] HIMSELF1 ,T>AS P]I%ES AT ! /AKE1 ) A DISREG>D ( LIFE & SUFF]+ :I* W]E *>ACT]I/IC ( ?IS /RONG1 FI<T+ RACE ( M54 ,SU* IS1 9 BRIEF1 ! !ME ( ?IS NOVEL1 :I* IS REPLETE ) ADMIRABLE SEP>ATE SC5ES4 

,READ 9 ! LI<T ( MOD]N REQUIREM5TS1 ,T>AS ,BULBA C]TA9LY W\LD NOT SATISFY US4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,ROMANTIC S*OOL IS TOO /RONGLY FELT4 ,! Y\NG] SON ( ,T>AS IS NOT A LIV+ BE+1 & ! ,POLI% LADY IS 5TIRELY 9V5T$ 9 ORD] TO ANSW] ! REQUIREM5TS ( A NOVEL1 %[+ ?AT ,GOGOL NEV] KNEW A S+LE WOMAN ( ?AT TYPE4 ,BUT ! OLD ,COSSACK & HIS SON1 AS WELL AS ALL ! LIFE ( ! ,COSSACK CAMPS1 IS QUITE REAL2 IT PRODUCES ! ILLUSION ( REAL LIFE4 ,! READ] IS C>RI$ AWAY 9 SYMPA?Y ) OLD ,T>AS1 :ILE ! E?NOGRAPH] CANNOT BUT FEEL ?AT HE HAS BE=E HIM A WOND]FUL COMB9ATION ( AN E?NOGRAPHICAL DOCUM5T ( ! HI<E/ VALUE1 ) A POETICAL REPRODUCTION--ONLY ! MORE REAL BECAUSE IT IS POETICAL--( A BYGONE & MO/ 9T]E/+ EPO*4 

,! ,LITTLE-,RUSSIAN NOVELS W]E FOLL[$ BY A FEW NOVELS TAK5 FROM ! LIFE ( ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 *IEFLY ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 & TWO ( !M1 ,! ,MEMOIRS ,( A ,MADMAN & ,! ,CLOAK 7,%9EL7 DES]VE A SPECIAL M5TION4 ,! PSY*OLOGY ( ! MADMAN IS /RIK+LY DRAWN4 ,AS TO ,! ,CLOAK1 IT IS 9 ?IS NOVEL ?AT ,GOGOL'S LAU<T] :I* CONCEALS 0UNSE5 TE>S0 %[S AT ITS BE/4 ,! POOR LIFE ( A SMALL FUNCTION>Y1 :O DISCOV]S ) A S5SE ( HORROR ?AT HIS OLD CLOAK IS SO WORN \T AS TO BE UNFIT TO /& FUR!R REPAIRS2 HIS HESITATION BE=E HE V5TURES TO SPEAK TO A TAILOR AB\T A NEW ONE2 HIS N]V\S EXCITEM5T ON ! DAY ?AT IT IS READY & ?AT HE TRIES IT ON = ! FIR/ TIME2 & F9ALLY HIS DESPAIR1 AMID G5]AL 9DIFF]5CE1 :5 NI<T-ROBB]S HAVE ROBB$ HIM ( HIS CLOAK--EV]Y L9E ( ?IS WORK BE>S ! /AMP ( ONE ( ! GREATE/ >TI/S4 ,SUFFICI5T TO SAY ?AT ?IS NOVEL PRODUC$ AT ITS APPE>ANCE1 & PRODUCES /ILL1 SU* AN IMPRESSION1 ?AT S9CE ! TIMES ( ,GOGOL EV]Y ,RUSSIAN NOVEL-WRIT] HAS BE5 APTLY SAID TO HAVE RE-WRITT5 ,! ,CLOAK4 

,! ,9,S,P,E,C,T,O,R-,G,5,],A,L 

,GOGOL'S PROSE-COM$Y1 ,! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL 7,REVIZOR71 HAS BECOME1 9 ITS TURN1 A />T+ PO9T = ! ,RUSSIAN DRAMA--A MODEL :I* EV]Y DRAMATIC WRIT] AFT] ,GOGOL HAS ALWAYS KEPT BE=E HIS EYES4 0,REVIZOR10 9 ,RUSSIAN1 MEANS SOME IMPORTANT FUNCTION>Y :O HAS BE5 S5T BY ! M9I/RY TO SOME PROV9CIAL T[N TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION--AN ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL2 & ! COM$Y TAKES PLACE 9 A SMALL T[N1 FROM :I* 0Y\ MAY GALLOP = ?REE YE>S & YET >RIVE NO:]E40 ,! LITTLE SPOT--WE LE>N IT AT ! RIS+ ( ! CURTA9--IS GO+ TO BE VISIT$ BY AN ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL4 ,! LOCAL HEAD ( ! ,POLICE 79 ?OSE TIMES ! HEAD ( ! ,POLICE WAS ALSO ! HEAD ( ! T[N7--! ,GORODNI*IY OR ,GOV]NOR-HAS CONVOK$ ! *IEF FUNCTION>IES ( ! PLACE TO COMMUNICATE TO !M AN IMPORTANT NEWS4 ,HE HAS HAD A BAD DREAM2 TWO RATS CAME 91 SNIFF$ & !N W5T AWAY2 !RE MU/ HE SOME?+ 9 ?AT DREAM1 & SO !RE IS3 HE HAS JU/ GOT ?IS MORN+ A LETT] FROM A FRI5D AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ANN\NC+ ?AT AN 9SPECTOR-G5]AL IS COM+1 &--:AT IS /ILL WORSE--IS COM+ 9COGNITO6 ,N[1 ! HONORABLE ,GOV]NOR ADVISES ! FUNCTION>IES TO PUT SOME ORD] 9 !IR RESPECTIVE (FICES4 ,! PATI5TS 9 ! HOSPITAL WALK AB\T 9 L95 SO DIRTY ?AT Y\ MI<T TAKE !M = *IMNEY SWEEPS4 ,! *IEF MAGI/RATE1 :O IS A PASSIONATE LOV] ( SPORT1 HAS HIS HUNT+ APP>E,I HANG+ AB\T 9 ! ,C\RT1 & HIS ATT5DANTS HAVE MADE A P\LTRY-Y>D ( ! 5TRANCE HALL4 ,9 %ORT1 EV]Y?+ HAS TO BE PUT 9 ORD]4 ,! ,GOV]NOR FEELS V]Y UNCOM=TABLE4 ,UP TO ! PRES5T DAY HE HAS FREELY LEVI$ TRIBUTE UPON ! M]*ANTS1 POCKET$ ! MONEY DE/9$ = BUILD+ A *UR*1 & )9 A =TNI<T HE HAS FLOGG$ ! WIFE ( A NONCOMMISSION$ (FIC]1 :I* HE HAD NO RI<T TO DO2 & N[1 !RE'S ! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL COM+6 ,HE ASKS ! PO/MA/] 0JU/ TO OP5 A LITTLE0 ! LETT]S :I* MAY BE ADDRESS$ FROM ?IS T[N TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG &1 IF HE F9DS 9 !M SOME REPORTS AB\T T[N MATT]S1 TO KEEP !M4 ,! PO/MA/]--A GREAT /UD5T ( HUMAN *>ACT]--HAS ALWAYS 9DULG$1 EV5 )\T GETT+ ?IS ADVICE1 9 ! 9T]E/+ PA/IME ( READ+ ! LETT]S1 & HE FALLS 9 ) ! ,GOV]NOR'S PROPOSAL4 

,AT ?AT V]Y MOM5T 5T] ,PETR ,IVANY* ,DOB*9SKY & ,PETR ,IVANY* ,BOB*9SKY4 ,EV]YONE KN[S !M1 Y\ KN[ !M V]Y WELL3 !Y PLAY ! P>T ( ! T[N ,GAZETTE4 ,!Y GO AB\T ! T[N ALL DAY LONG1 & AS SOON AS !Y HAVE LE>N$ SOME?+ 9T]E/+ !Y BO? HURRY TO SPREAD ! NEWS1 9T]RUPT+ EA* O!R 9 TELL+ IT1 & HURRY+ IMM$IATELY TO SOME O!R PLACE TO BE ! FIR/ TO COMMUNICATE ! NEWS TO SOMEONE ELSE4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 AT ! ONLY 9N ( ! T[N1 & !RE !Y SAW A V]Y SUSPICI\S P]SON3 A Y\NG MAN1 0:O HAS SOME?+1 Y\ KN[1 EXTRAORD9>Y AB\T HIS FACE40 ,HE IS LIV+ !RE = A =TNI<T1 NEV] PAY+ A P5NY1 & DOES NOT J\RNEY ANY FUR!R4 0,:AT IS HIS OBJECT 9 /AY+ SO LONG 9 T[N LIKE \RS80 ,& !N1 :5 !Y W]E TAK+ !IR LUN* HE PASS$ !M BY & LOOK$ SO 9QUISITIVELY 9 !IR PLATES--:O MAY HE BE8 ,EVID5TLY1 ! ,GOV]NOR & ALL PRES5T CONCLUDE1 HE MU/ BE ! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL :O /AYS !RE 9COGNITO4 4 4 4 ,A G5]AL CONFUSION RESULTS FROM ! SUSPICION4 ,! ,GOV]NOR />TS IMM$IATELY = ! 9N1 TO MAKE ! NECESS>Y 9QUIRIES4 ,! WOM5FOLK >E 9 A TREM5D\S EXCITEM5T4 

,! /RANG] IS SIMPLY A Y\NG MAN :O IS TRAVEL+ TO REJO9 HIS FA!R4 ,ON SOME PO/-/ATION HE MET ) A C]TA9 CAPTA9--A GREAT MA/] AT C>DS--& LO/ ALL HE HAD 9 HIS POCKET4 ,N[ HE CANNOT PROCE$ ANY F>!R1 & HE CANNOT PAY ! L&LORD1 :O REFUSES TO CR$IT HIM ) ANY MORE MEALS4 ,! Y\NG MAN FEELS AWFULLY HUNGRY--NO WOND] HE LOOK$ SO 9QUISITIVELY 9TO ! PLATES ( ! TWO G5TLEM5--& RESORTS TO ALL SORTS ( TRICKS TO 9DUCE ! L&LORD TO S5D HIM SOME?+ = HIS D9N]4 ,JU/ AS HE IS F9I%+ SOME FOSSIL-LIKE CUTLET 5T]S ! ,GORODNI*IY2 & A MO/ COMIC SC5E FOLL[S1 ! Y\NG MAN ?9K+ ?AT ! ,GOV]NOR CAME TO >RE/ HIM1 & ! ,GOV]NOR ?9K+ ?AT HE IS SPEAK+ TO ! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL :O IS TRY+ TO CONCEAL HIS ID5TITY4 ,! ,GOV]NOR (F]S TO REMOVE ! Y\NG MAN TO SOME MORE COM=TABLE PLACE4 0,NO1 ?ANK Y\1 ,I HAVE NO 9T5T TO GO TO A JAIL10 %>PLY RETORTS ! Y\NG MAN4 4 4 4 ,BUT IT IS TO HIS [N H\SE ?AT ! ,GOV]NOR TAKES ! SUPPOS$ ,9SPECTOR1 & N[ AN EASY LIFE BEG9S = ! ADV5TUR]4 ,ALL ! FUNCTION>IES APPE> 9 TURN TO 9TRODUCE !MSELVES1 & EV]YONE IS ONLY TOO HAPPY TO GIVE HIM A BRIBE ( A HUNDR$ RUBLES OR SO4 ,! M]*ANTS COME TO ASK HIS PROTECTION FROM ! ,GOV]NOR2 ! WID[ :O WAS FLOGG$ COMES TO LODGE A COMPLA9T4444,9 ! MEANTIME ! Y\NG MAN 5T]S 9TO A FLIRTATION ) BO? ! WIFE & ! DAU<T] ( ! ,GOV]NOR2 &1 F9ALLY1 BE+ CAU<T AT A V]Y PA!TIC MOM5T :5 HE IS KNEEL+ AT ! FEET ( ! DAU<T]1 )\T FUR!R ?\<T HE MAKES A PROPOSITION ( M>RIAGE4 ,BUT1 HAV+ GONE SO F>1 ! Y\NG MAN1 WELL-PROVID$ N[ ) MONEY1 HA/5S TO LEAVE ! T[N ON ! PRETEXT ( GO+ TO SEE AN UNCLE2 HE WILL BE BACK 9 A C\PLE ( DAYS4 4 4 4 

,! DELI<T ( ! ,GOV]NOR CAN EASILY BE IMAG9$4 ,HIS ,EXCELL5CY1 ! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL1 GO+ TO M>RY ! ,GOV]NOR'S DAU<T]6 ,HE & HIS WIFE >E ALREADY MAK+ ALL SORTS ( PLANS4 ,!Y WILL REMOVE TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ! ,GORODNI*IY WILL SOON BE A G5]AL1 & Y\ WILL SEE H[ HE WILL KEEP ! O!R ,GORODNI*IES AT HIS DOOR6 4 4 4 ,! HAPPY NEWS SPREADS AB\T ! T[N1 & ALL ! FUNCTION>IES & ! SOCIETY ( ! T[N HA/5 TO (F] !IR CONGRATULATIONS TO ! OLD MAN4 ,!RE IS A GREAT GA!R+ AT HIS H\SE-:5 ! PO/MA/] COMES 94 ,HE HAS FOLL[$ ! ADVICE ( ! ,GOV]NOR1 & HAS OP5$ A LETT] :I* ! SUPPOS$ ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL HAD ADDRESS$ TO SOMEBODY AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,HE N[ BR+S ?IS LETT]4 ,! Y\NG MAN IS NO 9SPECTOR AT ALL1 & H]E IS :AT HE WRITES TO A ,BOHEMIAN FRI5D ( HIS AB\T HIS ADV5TURES 9 ! PROV9CIAL T[N3"9 

"9,!RE IS A GOOD ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL1 FROM :I*1 ) SLI<T FEVISION1 ,I TAKE ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE4 

    ,! ,PO/MA/] 7READS7 ,I HA/5 TO 9=M Y\1 MY DE> FRI5D1 ( ! WOND]FUL ?+S :I* HAVE HAPP5$ TO ME4 ,ON MY WAY HI!R AN 9FANTRY CAPTA9 HAD CLE>$ ME \T COMPLETELY1 SO ?AT ! 9NKEEP] H]E 9T5D$ TO S5D ME TO JAIL1 :51 ALL ( A SUDD51 ?ANKS TO MY ,/4 ,PET]SBURG APPE>ANCE & CO/UME1 ALL ! T[N TOOK ME = A ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL4 ,N[ ,I AM /AY+ AT ! ,GORODNI*IY'S6 ,I HAVE A SPL5DID TIME1 & FLIRT AWFULLY ) BO? HIS WIFE & HIS DAU<T]4 4 4 4 ,DO Y\ REMEMB] H[ H>D UP WE W]E1 TAK+ \R MEALS :]E WE C\LD GET !M1 )\T PAY+ = !M1 & H[ ONE DAY1 9 A TEA-%OP1 ! PA/RY-COOK COLL>$ ME = HAV+ EAT5 HIS PA/RY TO ! ACC\NT ( ! K+ ( ,5GL&8"9 ,IT IS QUITE DIFF]5T N[4 ,!Y ALL L5D ME MONEY1 AS MU* AS ,I C>E =4 ,!Y >E AN AWFUL SET ( ORIG9ALS3 Y\ W\LD SPLIT ( LAU<T]4 ,I KN[ Y\ WRITE SOMETIMES = ! PAP]S--PUT !M 9TO Y\R LIT]ATURE4 ,TO BEG9 )1 ! ,GOV]NOR IS AS /UPID AS AN OLD HORSE4 4 4 4 

.<"9,?IS WAS 9 ?OSE TIMES AN EXPRESSION :I* MEANT 0)\T PAY+40.> 

,! ,GOV]NOR 79T]RUPT+73 ,?AT CANNOT BE !RE6 ,!RE IS NO SU* ?+ 9 ! LETT]4 

,PO/MA/] 7%[+ ! LETT]7 - ,READ IT !N1 Y\RSELF4 

,GOV]NOR 7READS7 ,AN OLD HORSE0444IMPOSSIBLE6 ,Y\ MU/ HAVE ADD$ ?AT4 

,PO/MA/]3 ,H[ C\LD ,I8 

,! ,GUE/S3 ,READ6 READ6 

,! ,PO/MA/] 7CONT9UES TO READ7 0,! GOV]NOR IS AS /UPID AS AN OLD HORSE0444 

,GOV]NOR3 ,! DEUCE6 ,N[ HE MU/ REPEAT IT--AS IF IT W]E NOT /&+ !RE ALREADY6 

,PO/MA/] 7CONT9UES READ+73 ,HMM1 ,HMM1 YES6 0AN OLD HORSE4 ,! PO/MA/] IS ALSO A GOOD MAN04444,WELL HE ALSO MAKES AN IMPROP] REM>K AB\T ME4444 

,GOV]NOR3 ,READ IT !N4 

,PO/MA/]3 ,IS IT NECESS>Y8 

,GOV]NOR3 ,! DEUCE6 ONCE WE HAVE BEGUN TO READ IT1 WE MU/ READ IT ALL ?R\<4 

,>TEMY ,FILIPOVIT* 7HEAD ( ! PHILAN?ROPIC 9/ITUTIONS73 ,P]MIT ME1 PLEASE1 ,I %ALL READ 7PUTS ON HIS SPECTACLES & READS73 ,! PO/MA/] IS QUITE LIKE ! OLD PORT] 9 \R (FICE1 & ! RASCAL MU/ DR9K EQUALLY H>D40444 

,PO/MA/]3 ,A NAU<TY BOY1 :O \<T TO BE FLOGG$-?AT'S ALL6 

,>T4 ,FIL4 7CONT9UES READ+7 ,! HEAD ( ! PHILAN?ROPIC 9-9 4 4 4 

,KOROBKI3 ,:Y DO Y\ /OP N[8 

,>T4 ,FIL4 ,BAD WRIT+4 ,BUT1 AFT] ALL1 IT IS QUITE EVID5T ?AT HE IS A SC\NDREL4 

,KOROBK93 ,GIVE ME ! LETT]1 PLEASE4 ,I ?9K1 ,I HAVE BETT] EYES 7TRIES TO TAKE ! LETT]74 

,>T4 ,FIL4 7DOES NOT GIVE IT7 3 ,NO USE AT ALL4 ,?IS PASSAGE CAN BE OMITT$4 ,FUR!R ON EV]Y?+ IS QUITE READABLE4 

,KOROBK93 ,LET ME HAVE IT4 ,I %ALL SEE ALL AB\T IT4 

,>T4 ,FIL3 ,I ALSO CAN READ IT4 ,I TELL Y\ ?AT AFT] ?AT PASSAGE EV]Y?+ IS READABLE4 

,PO/M43 ,NO1 NO1 READ IT ALL4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS READ SO F>4 

,! ,GUE/S3 ,>TEMY ,FILIPOVIT*1 PASS ! LETT] OV]4 7,TO ,KOROBK97 ,READ IT1 READ IT6 

,>T4 ,FIL43 ,ALL RI<T1 ALL RI<T4 7,HE PASSES ! LETT]47 ,!RE IT IS2 BUT WAIT A MOM5T 7HE COV]S A P>T ( IT ) HIS F+]74 ,BEG9 H]E 7ALL SURR\ND4 HIM74 

,PO/MAN3 ,GO ON4 ,NONS5SE1 READ IT ALL4 

,KOROBK9 7READS7 0,! HEAD ( ! PHILAN?ROPIC 9/ITUTIONS RESEMBLES A PIG ?AT WE>S A CAP0444 

,>T4 ,FIL4 7TO ! AUDI5CE73 ,NOT WITTY AT ALL6 ,A PIG ?AT WE>S A CAP6 ,HAVE Y\ EV] SE5 A PIG WE>+ A CAP8 

,KOROBK9 7CONT9UES READ+7 0,! 9SPECTOR ( ! S*OOLS SMELLS ( ONIONS ALL ?R\<60 

,! ,9SPECTOR 7TO ! AUDI5CE73 ,UPON MY HONOR1 ,I NEV] T\* ONIONS4 

,! ,JUDGE 7AP>T73 ,?ANK ,GOD1 !RE IS NO?+ AB\T ME4 

,KOROBK9 7READ+73 0 ,! JUDGE044444 

,! ,JUDGE3 ,!RE6 4447AL\D73 ,WELL1 G5TLEM51 ,I ?9K ! LETT] IS MU* TOO LONG1 & QUITE UN9T]E/+--:Y ! DEUCE %\LD WE GO ON READ+ ?AT NONS5SE8 

,9SP4 ( ,S*OOLS3 ,NO6 NO6 

,PO/M3 ,NO6-GO ON6 

,>T4 ,FIL43 ,NO1 IT MU/ BE READ4 

,KOROBK93 7CONT9UES7 0,! JUDGE ,LYAPK9-,TYAPK9 IS EXTREMELY MAUVAIS TON40 7,/OPS47 ,?AT MU/ BE A ,FR5* WORD8 

,! ,JUDGE4 ,! DEUCE KN[S :AT IT MEANS4 ,IF IT W]E ONLY 0A ROBB]10 !N IT W\LD BE ALL RI<T1 BUT IT MAY BE SOME?+ WORSE4 

,9 %ORT1 ! LETT] PRODUCES A GREAT S5SATION4 ,! FRI5DS ( ! ,GOV]NOR >E DELI<T$ TO SEE HIM & HIS FAMILY 9 SU* /RAITS1 ALL ACCUSE EA* O!R1 & F9ALLY FALL UPON ! TWO G5TLEM51 :5 A POLICE SOLDI] 5T]S ! ROOM & ANN\NCES 9 A L\D VOICE3 0,A FUNCTION>Y FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ) ,IMP]IAL ORD]S1 WANTS TO SEE Y\ ALL IMM$IATELY4 ,HE /AYS AT ! HOTEL40 ,!REUPON ! CURTA9 DROPS OV] A LIV+ PICTURE ( :I* ,GOGOL HIMSELF HAD MADE A MO/ /RIK+ SKET* 9 P5CIL1 & :I* IS USUALLY REPRODUC$ 9 HIS WORKS2 IT %[S H[ ADMIRABLY WELL1 ) :AT A F9E >TI/IC S5SE1 HE REPRES5T$ TO HIMSELF HIS *>ACT]S4 

,! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL M>KS A NEW ]A 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( DRAMATIC >T 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ALL ! COM$IES & DRAMAS :I* W]E BE+ PLAY$ 9 ,RUSSIA AT ?AT TIME 7) ! EXCEPTION1 ( C\RSE1 ( ,MIS=TUNE FROM ,9TELLIG5CE1 :I*1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT ALL[$ TO APPE> ON ! /AGE7 H>DLY DES]V$ ! NAME ( DRAMATIC LIT]ATURE3 SO IMP]FECT & PU]ILE !Y W]E4 ,! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 W\LD HAVE M>K$ AT ! TIME ( ITS APPE>ANCE 7#a#h#c#e7 AN EPO* 9 ANY LANGUAGE4 ,ITS /AGE QUALITIES1 :I* WILL BE APPRECIAT$ BY EV]Y GOOD ACTOR2 ITS S\ND & HE>TY HUMOR2 ! NATURAL *>ACT] ( ! COMICAL SC5ES1 :I* RESULT FROM ! V]Y *>ACT]S ( ?OSE :O APPE> 9 ?IS COM$Y2 ! S5SE ( MEASURE :I* P]VADES IT--ALL !SE MAKE IT ONE ( ! BE/ COM$IES 9 EXI/5CE4 ,IF ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE :I* >E DEPICT$ H]E W]E NOT SO EXCLUSIVELY ,RUSSIAN1 & DID NOT SO EXCLUSIVELY BELONG TO A BYGONE /AGE ( LIFE :I* IS UNKN[N \TSIDE ,RUSSIA1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ AS A REAL PE>L ( ! WORLD'S LIT]ATURE4 ,?IS IS :Y1 :5 IT WAS PLAY$ A FEW YE>S AGO 9 ,G]MANY1 BY ACTORS :O PROP]LY UND]/OOD ,RUSSIAN LIFE1 IT A*IEV$ SU* A TREM5D\S SUCCESS4 

,! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL PROVOK$ SU* A /ORM ( HO/ILE CRITICISM ( ! P>T ( ALL REACTION>Y ,RUSSIA1 ?AT IT WAS HOPELESS TO EXPECT ?AT ! COM$Y :I* ,GOGOL BEGAN NEXT1 CONC]N+ ! LIFE ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG FUNCTION>IES 7,! ,VLADIMIR ,CROSS71 C\LD EV] BE ADMITT$ ON ! /AGE1 & ,GOGOL NEV] F9I%$ IT1 ONLY PUBLI%+ A FEW /RIK+ SC5ES FROM IT3 ,! ,MORN+ ( A ,BUSY ,MAN1 ,! ,LAW ,SUITE1 ETC4 ,ANO!R COM$Y1 ,M>RIAGE1 9 :I* HE REPRES5T$ ! HESITATION & T]ROR ?R\< :I* AN 9VET]ATE BA*ELOR GOES BE=E A M>RIAGE1 :I* HE F9ALLY ELUDES BY JUMP+ \T ( A W9D[ A FEW MOM5TS BE=E ! BEG9N+ ( ! C]EMONY1 HAS NOT LO/ ITS 9T]E/ EV5 N[4 ,IT IS SO FULL ( COMICAL SITUATIONS1 :I* F9E ACTORS CANNOT BUT HI<LY APPRECIATE1 ?AT IT IS /ILL A P>T ( ! CURR5T REP]TOIRE ( ! ,RUSSIAN /AGE4 

,D,E,A,D ,S,\,L,S 

,GOGOL'S MA9 WORK WAS ,DEAD ,S\LS4 ,?IS IS A NOVEL ALMO/ )\T A PLOT1 OR RA!R ) A PLOT ( ! UTMO/ SIMPLICITY4 ,LIKE ! PLOT ( ,! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL1 IT WAS SUGGE/$ TO ,GOGOL BY ,PU%K94 ,9 ?OSE TIMES1 :5 S]FDOM WAS FL\RI%+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! AMBITION ( EV]Y NOBLEMAN WAS TO BECOME ! [N] ( AT LEA/ A C\PLE ( HUNDR$ S]FS4 ,! S]FS US$ TO BE SOLD LIKE SLAVES & C\LD BE B\<T SEP>ATELY4 ,A NE$Y NOBLEMAN1 ,T*IT*IK(F1 CONCEIVES ACCORD+LY A V]Y CLEV] PLAN4 ,A C5SUS ( ! POPULATION BE+ MADE ONLY EV]Y T5 OR TW5TY YE>S1 & EV]Y S]F-[N] HAV+ 9 ! 9T]VAL TO PAY TAXES = EV]Y MALE S\L :I* HE [N$ AT ! TIME ( ! LA/ C5SUS1 EV5 ?\< P>T ( HIS 0S\LS0 BE DEAD S9CE1 ,T*IT*IK(F CONCEIVES ! IDEA ( TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ?IS ANOMALY4 ,HE WILL BUY ! DEAD S\LS AT A V]Y SMALL EXP5SE3 ! L&LORDS WILL HE ONLY TOO PLEAS$ TO GET RID ( ?IS BURD5 & SURELY WILL SELL !M = ANY?+2 & AFT] ,T*IT*IK(F HAS B\<T TWO OR ?REE HUNDR$ ( !SE IMAG9>Y S]FS1 HE WILL BUY *EAP L& SOME:]E 9 ! S\!RN PRAIRIES1 TRANSF] ! DEAD S\LS1 ON PAP]1 TO ?AT L&1 REGI/] !M AS IF !Y W]E REALLY SETTL$ !RE1 & MORTGAGE ?AT NEW SORT ( E/ATE TO ! ,/ATE ,L&LORDS' ,BANK4 ,9 ?IS WAY HE CAN EASILY MAKE ! BEG9N+S ( A =TUNE4 ,) ?IS PLAN ,T*IT*IK(F COMES TO A PROV9CIAL T[N & BEG9S HIS OP]ATIONS4 ,HE MAKES1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! NECESS>Y VISITS4 

0,! NEWCOM] MADE VISITS TO ALL ! FUNCTION>IES ( ! T[N4 ,HE W5T TO TE/IFY HIS RESPECTS TO ! ,GOV]NOR1 :O LIKE ,T*IT*IK(F HIMSELF1 WAS NEI!R /\T NOR ?94 ,HE WAS DECORAT$ ) A CROSS & WAS SPOK5 ( AS A P]SON :O W\LD SOON GET A />2 BUT WAS1 AFT] ALL1 A V]Y GOOD FELL[ & WAS FOND ( MAK+ EMBROID]IES UPON F9E MUSL94 ,T*IT*IK(F'S NEXT VISITS W]E TO ! ,VISE-,GOV]NOR1 TO ! ,*IEF ,MAGI/RATE1 TO ! ,*IEF ( ,POLICE1 ! ,HEAD ( ! ,CR[N ,FACTORIES44444 BUT IT IS SO DIFFICULT TO REMEMB] ALL ! P[]FUL P]SONS 9 ?IS WORLD44444 SUFFICI5T TO SAY ?AT ! NEWCOM] %[$ A WOND]FUL ACTIVITY AS REG>DS VISITS4 ,HE EV5 W5T TO TE/IFY HIS RESPECTS TO ! ,SANIT>Y ,9SPECTOR1 & TO ! ,T[N ,SURVEYOR1 & AFT] ?AT HE SAT = A LONG TIME 9 HIS C>RIAGE TRY+ TO REMEMB] TO :OM ELSE HE MI<T PAY A VISIT2 BUT HE C\LD ?9K ( NO MORE FUNCTION>IES 9 ! T[N4 ,9 HIS CONV]SATIONS ) ALL !SE 9FLU5TIAL P]SONS HE MANAG$ TO SAY SOME?+ TO FLATT] EV]Y ONE ( !M4 ,9 TALK+ ) ! ,GOV]NOR HE ACCID5TALLY DROPP$ ! REM>K ?AT :5 ONE 5T]S ?IS PROV9CE ONE ?9KS ( P>ADISE--ALL ! ROADS BE+ QUITE LIKE VELVET2 & ?AT 'GOV]NM5TS :I* NOM9ATE WISE FUNCTION>IES SURELY DES]VE UNIV]SAL GRATITUDE4' ,TO ! ,*IEF ( ! ,POLICE HE SAID SOME?+ V]Y GRATIFY+ AB\T ! POLICE =CE1 & :ILE HE WAS TALK+ TO ! ,VISE-,GOV]NOR & TO ! PRESID+ MAGI/RATE1 :O W]E ONLY ,/ATE-,C\NCILORS1 HE TWICE MADE ! MI/AKE ( CALL+ !M ',Y\R ,EXCELL5CY1' ) :I* MI/AKE !Y W]E BO? IMM5SELY PLEAS$4 ,! RESULT ( ALL ?IS WAS ?AT ! ,GOV]NOR ASK$ ,T*IT*IK(F TO COME ?AT SAME DAY TO AN EV5+ P>TY1 & ! O!R FUNCTION>IES 9VIT$ HIM1 SOME TO D9E ) !M1 O!RS TO A CUP ( TEA1 & O!RS AGA9 TO A P>TY ( :I/4  

,AB\T HIMSELF ,T*IT*IK(F AVOID$ TALK+1 & IF HE SPOKE AT ALL IT WAS 9 VAGUE S5T5CES ONLY1 ) A REM>KABLE MODE/Y1 HIS CONV]SATION TAK+ 9 SU* CASES A RA!R BOOKI% TURN4 ,HE SAID ?AT HE WAS A M]E NOBODY 9 ?IS WORLD & DID NOT WI% PEOPLE TO TAKE ANY P>TICUL> 9T]E/ 9 HIM2 ?AT HE HAD HAD V>I$ EXP]I5CES 9 HIS LIFE1 SUFF]$ 9 ! S]VICE ( ! ,/ATE = ! SAKE ( TRU?1 HAD HAD MANY 5EMIES1 SOME ( :OM HAD EV5 ATTEMPT$ HIS LIFE1 BUT ?AT N[1 WI%+ TO LEAD A QUIET EXI/5CE1 HE 9T5D$ TO F9D AT LA/ SOME CORN] TO LIVE 91 &1 HAV+ COME TO ?IS T[N1 HE CONSID]$ IT HIS IMP]ATIVE DUTY TO TE/IFY HIS RESPECT TO ! *IEF FUNCTION>IES ( ! PLACE4 ,?IS WAS ALL !Y C\LD LE>N 9 T[N AB\T ! NEW P]SON :O SOON MADE HIS APPE>ANCE AT ! ,GOV]NOR'S EV5+ P>TY4 

0,H]E1 ! NEWCOM] ONCE MORE PRODUC$ ! MO/ FAVORABLE IMPRESSION4 4 4 4 ,HE ALWAYS F\ND \T :AT HE \<T TO DO ON EV]Y OCCASION2 & HE PROV$ HIMSELF AN EXP]I5C$ MAN ( ! WORLD4 ,:ATSOEV] ! CONV]SATION MI<T BE AB\T1 HE ALWAYS KNEW H[ TO SUPPORT IT4 ,IF PEOPLE TALK$ AB\T HORSES1 HE SPOKE AB\T HORSES2 IF !Y BEGAN TALK+ AB\T ! BE/ HUNT+ DOGS1 H]E ALSO ,T*IT*IK(F W\LD MAKE REM>KS TO ! PO9T4 ,IF ! CONV]SATION RELAT$ TO SOME 9QUE/ :I* WAS BE+ MADE BY ! ,GOV]NM5T1 HE W\LD %[ ?AT HE ALSO KNEW SOME?+ AB\T ! TRICKS ( ! ,CIVIL ,S]VICE FUNCTION>IES4 ,:5 ! TALK WAS AB\T BILLI>DS1 HE %[$ ?AT 9 BILLI>DS HE C\LD KEEP HIS [N2 IF PEOPLE TALK$ AB\T VIRTUE1 HE ALSO SPOKE AB\T VIRTUE1 EV5 ) TE>S 9 HIS EYES2 & IF ! CONV]SATION TURN$ ON MAK+ BR&Y1 HE KNEW ALL AB\T BR&Y2 AS TO ,CU/OM (FIC]S1 HE KNEW EV]Y?+ AB\T !M1 AS ?\< HE HAD HIMSELF BE5 A ,CU/OM (FIC]1 OR A DETECTIVE2 BUT ! MO/ REM>KABLE ?+ WAS ?AT HE KNEW H[ TO COV] ALL ?IS ) A C]TA9 S5SE ( PROPRIETY1 & 9 EV]Y CIRCUM/ANCE KNEW H[ TO BEHAVE4 ,HE NEV] SPOKE TOO L\DLY1 & NEV] 9 TOO SUBDU$ A TONE1 BUT EXACTLY AS ONE \<T TO SPEAK4 ,9 %ORT1 TAKE HIM FROM ANY SIDE Y\ LIKE1 HE WAS A V]Y RESPECTABLE MAN4 ,ALL ! FUNCTION>IES W]E DELI<T$ ) ! >RIVAL ( SU* A P]SON 9 !IR T[N40 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 SAID ?AT ,GOGOL'S ,T*IT*IK(F IS A TRULY ,RUSSIAN TYPE4 ,BUT--IS IT SO8 ,HAS NOT EV]Y ONE ( US MET ,T*IT*IK(F8--MIDDLE-AG$2 NOT TOO ?ICK & NOT TOO ?92 MOV+ AB\T ) ! LI<TNESS ALMO/ ( A MILIT>Y MAN4 4 4 4 ,! SUBJECT HE WI%ES TO SPEAK TO Y\ AB\T MAY (F] MANY DIFFICULTIES1 BUT HE KN[S H[ TO APPROA* IT & TO 9T]E/ Y\ 9 IT 9 A ?\S& DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,:5 HE TALKS TO AN OLD G5]AL HE RISES TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! GREATNESS ( ! C\NTRY & H] MILIT>Y GLORY4 ,HE IS NOT A J+O--SURELY NOT--BUT HE HAS1 JU/ 9 ! PROP] MEASURE1 ! LOVE ( W> & VICTORIES :I* >E REQUIR$ 9 A MAN :O WI%ES TO BE DESCRIB$ AS A PATRIOT4 ,:5 HE MEETS ) A S5TIM5TAL RE=M]1 HE IS S5TIM5TAL & DESIR\S ( RE=MS1 & SO ON1 & HE ALWAYS WILL KEEP 9 VIEW ! OBJECT HE AIMS AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T1 & WILL TRY TO 9T]E/ Y\ 9 IT4 ,T*IT*IK(F MAY BUY DEAD S\LS1 OR RAILWAY %>ES1 OR HE MAY COLLECT FUNDS = SOME *>ITABLE 9/ITUTION1 OR LOOK = A POSITION 9 A BANK1 BUT HE IS AN IMMORTAL 9T]NATIONAL TYPE2 WE MEET HIM EV]Y:]E2 HE IS ( ALL L&S & ( ALL TIMES2 HE BUT TAKES DIFF]5T =MS TO SUIT ! REQUIREM5TS ( NATIONALITY & TIME4 

,ONE ( ! FIR/ L&LORDS TO :OM ,T*IT*IK(F SPOKE ( HIS 9T5TION ( BUY+ DEAD S\LS WAS ,MANIL(F--ALSO A UNIV]SAL TYPE1 ) ! ADDITION ( ?OSE SPECIAL FEATURES :I* ! QUIET LIFE ( A S]F-[N] C\LD ADD TO SU* A *>ACT]4 0,A V]Y NICE MAN TO LOOK AT10 AS ,GOGOL SAYS2 HIS FEATURES POSSESS$ SOME?+ V]Y PLEASANT--ONLY IT SEEM$ AS IF TOO MU* SUG> HAD BE5 PUT 9TO !M4 0,:5 Y\ MEET HIM = ! FIR/ TIME Y\ CANNOT BUT EXCLAIM AFT] ! FIR/ FEW M9UTES ( CONV]SATION3 ',:AT A NICE & PLEASANT MAN HE IS4' ,! NEXT MOM5T Y\ SAY NO?+1 BUT ! NEXT BUT ONE MOM5T Y\ SAY TO Y\RSELF3 ',! DEUCE KN[S :AT HE IS1' & Y\ GO AWAY2 BUT IF Y\ DON'T1 Y\ FEEL MORTALLY BOR$40 ,Y\ C\LD NEV] HE> FROM HIM A LIVELY OR ANIMAT$ WORD4 ,EV]YONE HAS SOME PO9T ( 9T]E/ & 5?USIASM4 ,MANIL(F HAD NO?+ ( ! K9D2 HE WAS ALWAYS 9 ! SAME MILD TEMP]4 ,HE SEEM$ TO BE LO/ 9 REFLECTION2 BUT :AT AB\T1 NO ONE KNEW4 ,SOMETIMES1 AS HE LOOK$ FROM HIS W9D[ ON HIS WIDE C\RTY>D & ! POND BEH9D1 HE W\LD SAY TO HIMSELF3 0,H[ NICE IT W\LD BE TO HAVE !RE AN UND]GR\ND PASSAGE LEAD+ FROM ! MANSION TO ! POND1 & TO HAVE ACROSS ! POND A /ONE BRIDGE1 ) PRETTY %OPS ON BO? ITS SIDES1 9 :I* %OPS ALL SORTS ( ?+S USEFUL = ! PEOPLE C\LD BE B\<T40 ,HIS POOR EYES BECAME 9 ?IS CASE WOND]FULLY S(T1 & HIS FACE TOOK ON A MO/ CONT5T$ EXPRESSION4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 LESS /RANGE 9T5TIONS REMA9$ M]E 9T5TIONS4 ,9 HIS H\SE SOME?+ WAS ALWAYS MISS+2 HIS DRAW+ ROOM HAD EXCELL5T FURNITURE COV]$ ) F9E SILK /UFF1 :I* PROBABLY HAD CO/ MU* MONEY2 BUT = TWO ( ! *AIRS !RE WAS NOT SUFFICI5T ( ! /UFF1 & SO !Y REMA9$ COV]$ ) PLA9 SACK-CLO?2 & = MANY YE>S 9 SUCCESSION ! PROPRIETOR US$ TO /OP HIS GUE/S ) !SE WORDS3 0,PLEASE1 DO NOT TAKE ?AT *AIR2 IT IS NOT YET READY40 0,HIS WIFE 4 4 4 ,BUT !Y W]E QUITE SATISFI$ ) EA* O!R4 ,AL?\< MORE ?AN EI<T YE>S HAD PASS$ S9CE !Y HAD M>RI$1 ONE ( !M W\LD /ILL OCCASIONALLY BR+ TO ! O!R A PIECE ( APPLE OR A T9Y SWEET1 OR A NUT1 SAY+ 9 A T\*+LY SWEET VOICE :I* EXPRESS$ 9F9ITE LOVE3 ',OP51 MY DE>E/1 Y\R LITTLE M\?1--,I WILL PUT 9TO IT ?IS LITTLE SWEET4' ,EVID5TLY ! M\? WAS OP5$ 9 A V]Y *>M+ WAY4 ,= H] HUSB&'S BIR?DAY ! WIFE ALWAYS PREP>$ SOME SURPRISE--= 9/ANCE1 AN EMBROID]$ %EA? = HIS TOO?-PICK1 & V]Y (T51 SITT+ ON ! S(A1 ALL ( A SUDD51 NO ONE KN[S = :AT REASON1 ONE ( !M W\LD LEAVE HIS PIPE & ! O!R H] WORK1 & IMPRESS ON EA* O!R SU* A SWEET & LONG KISS ?AT DUR+ IT ONE MI<T EASILY SMOKE A LITTLE CIG>ETTE4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y W]E :AT PEOPLE CALL QUITE HAPPY40 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ( HIS E/ATE & ( ! CONDITION ( HIS PEASANTS ,MANIL(F NEV] ?\<T4 ,HE KNEW ABSOLUTELY NO?+ AB\T SU* MATT]S1 & LEFT EV]Y?+ 9 ! H&S ( A V]Y %>P MANAG]1 UND] :OSE RULE ,MANIL(F'S S]FS W]E WORSE (F ?AN UND] A BRUTAL L&LORD4 ,?\S&S ( SU* ,MANIL(FS PEOPL$ ,RUSSIA SOME FIFTY YE>S AGO1 & ,I ?9K ?AT IF WE LOOK CLOS] R\ND WE %ALL F9D SU* W\LD-BE 0S5TIM5TAL0 P]SONS UND] EV]Y LATITUDE4 

,IT IS EASY TO CONCEIVE :AT A GALL]Y ( PORTRAITS ,GOGOL WAS 5ABL$ TO PRODUCE AS HE FOLL[$ ,T*IT*IK(F 9 HIS W&]+S FROM ONE L&LORD TO ANO!R1 :ILE HIS H]O TRI$ TO BUY AS MANY 0DEAD S\LS0 AS HE C\LD4 ,EV]Y ONE ( ! L&LORDS DESCRIB$ 9 ,DEAD ,S\LS--! S5TIM5TALI/ ,MANIL(F1 ! HEAVY & CUNN+ ,SOBAKEVIT* ! >*-LI> & *EAT ,NOZDREFF1 ! FOSSILIZ$1 ANT$ILUVIAN LADY ,KOROBOT*KA1 ! MIS] ,PLYU%K9--HAVE BECOME COMMON NAMES 9 ,RUSSIAN CONV]SATION4 ,SOME ( !M1 AS = 9/ANCE ! MIS] ,PLYU%K91 >E DEPICT$ ) SU* A DEP? ( PSY*OLOGICAL 9SI<T ?AT ONE MAY ASK ONE'S SELF :E!R A BETT] & MORE HUMANE PORTRAIT ( A MIS] CAN BE F\ND 9 ANY LIT]ATURE8 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS LIFE ,GOGOL1 :O WAS SUFF]+ FROM A N]V\S DISEASE1 FELL UND] ?OE 9FLU5CE ( 0PIETI/S0--ESPECIALLY ( ,MADAME 4 ,A4 ,SMIRN(F 7BORN ,ROSSETT71 & BEGAN TO CONSID] ALL HIS WRIT+S AS A S9 ( HIS LIFE4 ,TWICE1 9 A P>OXYSM ( RELIGI\S SELF-ACCUSATION1 HE BURN$ ! MANUSCRIPT ( ! SECOND VOLUME ( ,DEAD ,S\LS1 ( :I* ONLY SOME P>TS HAVE BE5 PRES]V$1 & W]E CIRCULAT$ 9 HIS LIFETIME 9 MANUSCRIPT4 ,! LA/ T5 YE>S ( HIS LIFE W]E EXTREMELY PA9FUL4 ,HE REP5T$ ) REF]5CE TO ALL HIS WRIT+S1 & PUBLI%$ A V]Y UN:OLESOME BOOK1 ,CORRESPOND5CE ) ,FRI5DS1 9 :I*1 UND] ! MASK ( ,*RI/IAN HUMILITY1 HE TOOK A MO/ >ROGANT POSITION ) RESPECT TO ALL LIT]ATURE1 HIS [N WRIT+S 9CLUD$4 ,HE DI$ AT ,MOSC[ 9 #a#h#e#b4 

,IT H>DLY NE$ BE ADD$ ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4 CONSID]$ ,GOGOL'S WRIT+S EXTREMELY DANG]\S4 ,! AU?OR HAD ! UTMO/ DIFFICULTIES 9 GETT+ P]MISSION = ,! ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL TO BE PLAY$ AT ALL ON ! /AGE1 & ! P]MISSION WAS ONLY OBTA9$ BY ,ZHUKOVSKIY1 AT ! EXPRESS WILL ( ! ,CZ> HIMSELF4 ,BE=E ! AU?ORIZATION WAS GIV5 TO PR9T ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,DEAD ,S\LS1 ,GOGOL HAD TO UND]GO MO/ 9CR$IBLE TR\BLE2 & :5 ! VOLUME WAS \T ( PR9T A SECOND $ITION WAS NEV] P]MITT$ 9 ,NI*OLAS L4'S REIGN4 ,:5 ,GOGOL DI$1 &',TURGU5EFF PUBLI%$ 9 A ,MOSC[ PAP] A %ORT OBITU>Y NOTICE1 :I* REALLY CONTA9$ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ 70ANY TRADESMAN MI<T HAVE HAD A BETT] ONE10 AS ,TURGU5EFF HIMSELF SAID71 ! Y\NG NOVELI/ WAS >RE/$1 & IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ( ! 9FLU5CE ( HIS FRI5DS 9 HI< POSITION ?AT ! PUNI%M5T :I* ,NI*OLAS ,I4 9FLICT$ UPON HIM WAS LIMIT$ TO EXILE FROM ,MOSC[ & A =C$ RESID5CE ON HIS E/ATE 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,W]E IT NOT = !SE 9FLU5CES1 ,TURGU5EFF V]Y PROBABLY W\LD HAVE BE5 EXIL$1 LIKE ,PU%K9 & ,L]MONT(F1 EI!R TO ! ,CAUCASUS OR TO ,SIB]IA4 

,! POLICE ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4 W]E NOT WRONG :5 !Y ATTRIBUT$ TO ,GOGOL A GREAT 9FLU5CE UPON ! M9DS ( ,RUSSIANS4 ,HIS WORKS CIRCULAT$ IMM5SELY 9 MANUSCRIPT COPIES4 ,9 MY *ILDHOOD WE US$ TO COPY ! SECOND VOLUME ( ,DEAD ,S\LS-! :OLE BOOK FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D1 AS WELL AS P>TS FROM ! FIR/ VOLUME4 ,EV]YONE CONSID]$ !N ?IS WORK AS A =MIDABLE 9DICM5T AGA9/ S]FDOM2 & SO IT WAS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,GOGOL WAS ! =]UNN] ( ! LIT]>Y MOVEM5T AGA9/ S]FDOM :I* BEGAN 9 ,RUSSIA ) SU* =CE1 A V]Y FEW YE>S LAT]1 DUR+ & ESPECIALLY AFT] ! ,CRIMEAN ,W>4 ,GOGOL NEV] EXPRESS$ HIS P]SONAL IDEAS AB\T ?IS SUBJECT1 BUT ! LIFE-PICTURES ( S]F-[N]S :I* HE GAVE & !IR RELATIONS TO !IR S]FS--ESPECIALLY ! WA/E ( ! LABOR ( ! S]FS--W]E A /RONG] 9DICTM5T ?AT IF ,GOGOL HAD RELAT$ FACTS ( BRUTAL BEHAVIOR ( L&LORDS T[>DS !IR M54 ,9 FACT1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO READ ,DEAD ,S\LS )\T BE+ IMPRESS$ BY ! FACT ?AT S]FDOM WAS AN 9/ITUTION :I* HAD PRODUC$ ITS [N DOOM4 ,DR9K+1 GLUTTONY1 WA/E ( ! S]F'S LABOR 9 ORD] TO KEEP HUNDR$S ( RETA9]S1 OR = ?+S AS USELESS AS ! S5TIM5TALI/ ,MANIL(F'S BRIDGES1 W]E *>ACT]I/IC ( ! L&LORDS2 & :5 ,GOGOL WANT$ TO REPRES5T ONE L&LORD :O1 AT LEA/1 OBTA9$ SOME PECUNI>Y ADVANTAGE FROM ! =C$ LABOR ( HIS S]FS & 5RI*$ HIMSELF1 HE HAD TO PRODUCE A L&LORD :O WAS NOT A ,RUSSIAN3 9 FACT1 AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN L&LORDS SU* A MAN W\LD HAVE BE5 A MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y OCCURR5CE4 

,AS TO ! LIT]>Y 9FLU5CE ( ,GOGOL1 IT WAS IMM5SE1 & IT CONT9UES D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,GOGOL WAS NOT A DEEP ?9K]1 BUT HE WAS A V]Y GREAT >TI/4 ,HIS >T WAS PURE REALISM1 BUT IT WAS IMBU$ ) ! DESIRE ( MAK+ = MANK9D SOME?+ GOOD & GREAT4 ,:5 HE WROTE ! MO/ COMICAL ?+S1 IT WAS NOT M]ELY = ! PLEASURE ( LAU<+ AT HUMAN WEAKNESSES1 BUT HE ALSO TRI$ TO AWAK5 ! DESIRE ( SOME?+ BETT] & GREAT]1 & HE ALWAYS A*IEV$ ?AT AIM4 ,>T1 9 ,GOGOL'S CONCEPTION1 IS A TOR*BE>] :I* 9DICATES A HI<] IDEAL2 & IT WAS C]TA9LY ?IS HI< CONCEPTION ( >T :I* 9DUC$ HIM TO GIVE SU* AN 9CR$IBLE AM\NT ( TIME TO ! WORK+ \T ( ! S*EMES ( HIS WORKS1 & AFT]W>DS1 TO ! MO/ C>EFUL ELABORATION ( EV]Y L9E :I* HE PUBLI%$4 

,! G5]ATION ( ! ,DECEMBRI/S SURELY W\LD HAVE 9TRODUC$ SOCIAL & POLITICAL IDEAS 9 ! NOVEL4 ,BUT ?AT G5]ATION HAD P]I%$1 & ,GOGOL WAS N[ ! FIR/ TO 9TRODUCE ! SOCIAL ELEM5T 9TO ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 SO AS TO GIVE IT ITS PROM95T & DOM9AT+ POSITION4 ,:ILE IT REMA9S AN OP5 QUE/ION :E!R REALISM 9 ! ,RUSSIAN NOVEL DOES NOT DATE FROM ,PU%K91 RA!R EV5 ?AN FROM ,GOGOL--?IS1 9 FACT1 IS ! VIEW ( BO? ,TURGU5EFF & ,TOL/OY-!RE IS YET NO D\BT ?AT IT WAS ,GOGOL'S WRIT+S :I* 9TRODUC$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE ! SOCIAL ELEM5T1 & SOCIAL CRITICISM BAS$ UPON ! ANALYSIS ( ! CONDITIONS )9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 ,! PEASANT NOVELS ( ,GRIGOROVIT*1 ,TURGU5EFF'S ,SPORTSMAN'S ,NOTEBOOK1 & ! FIR/ WORKS ( ,DO/OYESKIY W]E A DIRECT \TCOME ( ,GOGOL'S 9ITIATIVE4 

,REALISM 9 >T WAS MU* DISCUSS$ SOME TIME AGO1 9 CONNECTION *IEFLY ) ! FIR/ WRIT+S ( ,ZOLA2 BUT WE1 ,RUSSIANS1 :O HAD HAD ,GOGOL1 & KNEW REALISM 9 ITS BE/ =M1 C\LD NOT FALL 9 ) ! VIEWS ( ! ,FR5* REALI/S4 ,WE SAW 9 ,ZOLA A TREM5D\S AM\NT ( ! SAME ROMANTICISM :I* HE COMBAT$2 & 9 HIS REALISM1 SU* AS IT APPE>$ 9 HIS WRIT+S ( ! FIR/ P]IOD1 WE SAW A /EP BACKW>DS FROM ! REALISM ( ,BALZAC4 ,= US1 REALISM C\LD NOT BE LIMIT$ TO A M]E ANATOMY ( SOCIETY3 IT HAD TO HAVE A HI<] BACKGR\ND2 ! REALI/IC DESCRIPTION HAD TO BE MADE SUBS]VI5T TO AN IDEALI/IC AIM4 ,/ILL LESS C\LD WE UND]/& REALISM AS A DESCRIPTION ONLY ( ! L[E/ ASPECTS ( LIFE1 BECAUSE1 TO LIMIT ONE'S OBS]VATIONS TO ! L[E/ ASPECTS ONLY1 IS NOT TO BE A REALI/4 ,REAL LIFE HAS BESIDE & )9 ITS L[E/ MANIFE/ATIONS ITS HI<E/ ONES AS WELL4 ,DEG5]ACY IS NOT ! SOLE NOR DOM9ANT FEATURE ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 IF WE LOOK AT IT AS A :OLE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! >TI/ :O LIMITS HIS OBS]VATIONS TO ! L[E/ & MO/ DEG5]ATE ASPECTS ONLY1 & NOT = A SPECIAL PURPOSE1 DOES NOT MAKE US UND]/& ?AT HE EXPLORES ONLY ONE SMALL CORN] ( LIFE4 ,SU* AN >TI/ DOES NOT CONCEIVE LIFE AS IT IS3 HE KN[S BUT ONE ASPECT ( IT1 & ?IS IS NOT ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ONE4 

,REALISM 9 ,FRANCE WAS C]TA9LY A NECESS>Y PROTE/1 P>TLY AGA9/ UNBRIDL$ ,ROMANTICISM1 BUT *IEFLY AGA9/ ! ELEGANT >T :I* GLID$ ON ! SURFACE & REFUS$ TO GLANCE AT ! (T5 MO/ 9ELEGANT MOTIVES ( ELEGANT ACTS--! >T :I* PURPOSELY IGNOR$ ! (T5 HORRIBLE CONSEQU5CES ( ! SO-CALL$ CORRECT & ELEGANT LIFE4 ,= ,RUSSIA1 ?IS PROTE/ WAS NOT NECESS>Y4 ,S9CE ,GOGOL1 >T C\LD NOT BE LIMIT$ TO ANY CLASS ( SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS B\ND TO EMBODY !M ALL1 TO TREAT !M ALL REALI/ICALLY1 & TO P5ETRATE B5EA? ! SURFACE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,!RE=E !RE WAS NO NE$ ( ! EXAGG]ATION :I* 9 ,FRANCE WAS A NECESS>Y & S\ND REACTION4 ,!RE WAS NO NE$1 MOREOV]1 TO FALL 9TO EXTREMES 9 ORD] TO FREE >T FROM DULL MORALIZATION4 ,\R GREAT REALI/1 ,GOGOL1 HAD ALREADY %[N TO HIS FOLL[]S H[ REALISM CAN BE PUT TO ! S]VICE ( HI<] AIMS1 )\T LOS+ ANY?+ ( ITS P5ETRATION OR CEAS+ TO BE A TRUE REPRODUCTION ( LIFE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,IDEAS & ,REALITIES 9 ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A ,KNOPF1 #a#i#a#e47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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