,*APT] #f 
,! ,DRAMA 

#aiaeaiae 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,>T ,GALL]Y ,]GS,>T1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,ITS ,ORIG9-,! ,CZ>S ,ALEXIS & ,PET] ,I4-,SUM>OK(F-,PSEUDO-CLASSICAL ,TRAG$IES3 ,KNYAZHN91 2 ,OZ](F-,FIR/ ,COM$IES-,! ,FIR/ ,YE>S ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY-,GRIBOY$(F-,! ,MOSC[ ,/AGE 9 ! ,FIFTIES-,O/ROVSKIY2 HIS FIR/ ,DRAMAS- 0,! ,?UND]/ORM0-,O/ROVSKIY'S LAT] ,DRAMAS-,HI/ORICAL ,DRAMAS3 ,A4 ,K4 ,TOL/OY-,O!R ,DRAMATIC ,WRIT]S4 

,! ,DRAMA 9 ,RUSSIA1 AS EV]Y:]E ELSE1 HAD A D\BLE ORIG94 ,IT DEVELOP$ \T ( ! RELIGI\S 0MY/]IES0 ON ! ONE H& & ! POPUL> COM$Y ON ! O!R1 WITTY 9T]LUDES BE+ 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! GRAVE1 MORAL REPRES5TATIONS1 ! SUBJECTS ( :I* W]E BORR[$ FROM ! ,OLD OR ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T4 ,SEV]AL SU* MY/]IES W]E ADAPT$ 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY BY ! TEA*]S ( ! ,GRAECO-,LAT9 ,!OLOGICAL ,ACADEMY AT ,KIEFF = REPRES5TATION 9 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN BY ! /UD5TS ( ! ,ACADEMY1 & LAT] ON !SE ADAPTATIONS F\ND !IR WAY TO ,MOSC[4 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY-ON ! EVE1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ! RE=MS ( ,PET] ,I4-A /RONG DESIRE TO 9TRODUCE ,WE/]N HABITS ( LIFE WAS FELT 9 C]TA9 SMALL CIRCLES AT ,MOSC[1 & ! FA!R ( ,PET]1 ! ,CZ> ,ALEXIS1 WAS NOT HO/ILE TO IT4 ,HE TOOK A LIK+ TO !ATRICAL REPRES5TATIONS1 & 9DUC$ SOME =EIGN]S RESID+ AT ,MOSC[ TO WRITE PIECES = REPRES5TATION AT ! PALACE4 ,A C]TA9 ,G,R,E,G,O,R,Y UND]TOOK ?IS TASK &1 TAK+ ,G]MAN V]SIONS ( PLAYS1 :I* US$ TO BE CALL$ AT ?AT TIME 0,5GLI% ,PLAYS10 HE ADAPT$ !M TO ,RUSSIAN TA/ES4 ,! ,COM$Y ( ,QUE5 ,ES!R & ! ,HAU<TY ,HAMAN1 ,TOBIAS1 ,JUDI?1 ETC41 W]E REPRES5T$ BE=E ! ,CZ>4 ,A HI< FUNCTION>Y ( ! ,*UR*1 ,S,I,M,E,O,N ,P,O,L,O,T,S,K,I,Y1 DID NOT DISDA9 TO WRITE SU* MY/]IES1 & SEV]AL ( !M HAVE COME D[N TO US2 :ILE A DAU<T] ( ,ALEXIS1 ! PR9CESS ,SOPHIE 7A PUPIL ( ,SIMEON71 BREAK+ ) ! /RICT HABITS ( ISOLATION :I* W]E !N OBLIGATORY = WOM51 HAD !ATRICAL REPRES5TATIONS GIV5 AT ! PALACE 9 H] PRES5CE4 

,?IS WAS TOO MU* = ! OLD ,MOSC[ ,CONS]VATIVES1 & AFT] ! DEA? ( ,ALEXIS ! !AT] WAS CLOS$2 & SO IT REMA9$ A QU>T] ( A C5TURY1 I4 E41 UNTIL #a#g#b1 :5 ,PET] ,I41 :O WAS V]Y FOND ( ! DRAMA1 OP5$ A !AT] 9 ! OLD CAPITAL4 ,HE HAD A COMPANY ( ACTORS BR\<T = ! PURPOSE FROM ,DANTSIG1 & A SPECIAL H\SE WAS BUILT = !M )9 ! HOLY PREC9TS ( ! ,KREML94 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 ANO!R SI/] ( ,PET] ,I41 ,NA?ALIE1 :O WAS AS FOND ( DRAMATIC P]=MANCES AS ! GREAT RE=M] HIMSELF1 A FEW YE>S LAT] TOOK ALL ! PROP]TIES ( ?IS !AT] TO H] [N PALACE1 & HAD ! REPRES5TATIONS GIV5 !RE-FIR/ 9 ,G]MAN1 & LAT] ON 9 ,RUSSIAN4 ,IT IS ALSO V]Y PROBABLE ?AT %E H]SELF WROTE A FEW DRAMAS-P]HAPS 9 COLLABORATION ) ONE ( ! PUPILS ( A C]TA9 ,DOCTOR ,BIDLO1 :O HAD OP5$ ANO!R !AT] AT ! ,MOSC[ ,HOSPITAL1 ! ACTORS BE+ ! /UD5TS4 ,LAT] ON ! !AT] ( ,PR9CESS ,NA?ALIE WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ! NEW CAPITAL F\ND$ BY H] BRO!R ON ! ,NEVA4 

,! REP]TOIRE ( ?IS !AT] WAS PRETTY V>I$1 & 9CLUD$1 BESIDES ,G]MAN DRAMAS 1 LIKE ,SCIPIO ! ,AFRICAN1 ,DON ,JUAN & ,DON ,P$RO1 & ! LIKE1 FREE TRANSLATIONS FROM ,MOLI]E1 AS ALSO ,G]MAN F>CES ( A V]Y R\< *>ACT]4 ,!RE W]E1 BESIDES A FEW ORIG9AL ,RUSSIAN DRAMAS 7P>TLY CONTRIBUT$1 APP>5TLY1 BY ,NA?ALIE71 :I* W]E COMPOSITIONS DRAWN FROM ! LIVES ( ! ,SA9TS1 & FROM SOME ,POLI% NOVELS1 WIDELY READ AT ?AT TIME 9 ,RUSSIAN MANUSCRIPT TRANSLATIONS4 

,IT WAS \T ( !SE ELEM5TS & \T ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN MODELS ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN DRAMA EVOLV$1 :5 ! !AT] BECAME1 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 A P]MAN5T 9/ITUTION4 ,IT IS MO/ 9T]E/+ TO NOTE1 ?AT IT WAS NOT 9 EI!R ( ! CAPITALS1 BUT 9 A PROV9CIAL T[N1 ,Y>OSLAV1 UND] ! PATRONAGE ( ! LOCAL TRADESM51 ?AT ! FIR/ P]MAN5T ,RUSSIAN !AT] WAS F\ND$1 9 #a#g#e1 & ALSO ?AT IT WAS BY ! PRIVATE 5T]PRISE ( A FEW ACTORS3 ! TWO BRO!RS ,VOLK(F1 ,DMITREVSKY1 & SEV]AL O!RS4 ,! ,EMPRESS ,ELISABE?-PROBABLY FOLL[+ ! ADVICE ( ,SUM>OK(F1 :O HIMSELF BEGAN AB\T ?AT TIME TO WRITE DRAMASORD]$ !SE ACTORS TO MOVE TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 :]E !Y BECAME 0>TI/S ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,!AT]10 9 ! S]VICE ( ! ,CR[N4 ,?US1 ! ,RUSSIAN !AT] BECAME1 9 #a#g#e#f1 AN 9/ITUTION ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,S,U,M,>,O,K,(,F 7#a#g#a#h-#a#g#g#g71 :O WROTE1 BESIDES V]SES & FABLES 7! LATT] ( REAL VALUE71 A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( TRAG$IES & COM$IES1 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN DRAMA4 ,9 HIS TRAG$IES HE IMITAT$ ,RAC9E & ,VOLTAIRE4 ,HE FOLL[$ /RICTLY !IR RULES ( 0UNITY10 & C>$ EV5 LESS ?AN !Y DID = HI/ORICAL TRU?2 BUT AS HE HAD NOT ! GREAT TAL5T ( HIS ,FR5* MA/]S1 HE MADE ( HIS H]OES M]E P]SONIFICATIONS ( C]TA9 VIRTUES OR VISES1 FIGURES QUITE DEVOID ( LIFE1 & 9DULG+ 9 5DLESS POMP\S MONOLOGUES4 ,SEV]AL ( HIS TRAG$IES 7,HOREV1 WRITT5 9 #a#g#d#g1 ,S9AV & ,TRUVOR1 ,Y>OPOLK & ,DILITZA1 ,DMITRI ! ,IMPO/OR7 W]E TAK5 FROM ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY2 BUT AFT] ALL !IR H]OES W]E AS LITTLE ,SLAVONIAN AS ,RAC9E'S H]OES W]E ,GREEK & ,ROMAN4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 MU/ BE SAID 9 FAVOR ( ,SUM>OK(F1 ?AT HE NEV] FAIL$ TO EXPRESS 9 HIS TRAG$IES ! MORE ADVANC$ HUMANIT>IAN IDEAS ( ! TIMES-SOMETIMES ) REAL FEEL+1 :I* PI]C$ ?R\< EV5 ! CONV5TIONAL =MS ( SPEE* ( HIS H]OES4 ,AS TO HIS COM$IES1 AL?\< !Y HAD NOT ! SAME SUCCESS AS HIS S]I\S DRAMAS1 !Y W]E MU* NE>] TO LIFE4 ,!Y CONTA9$ T\*ES ( ! REAL LIFE ( ,RUSSIA1 ESPECIALLY ( ! LIFE ( ! ,MOSC[ NOBILITY1 & !IR SATIRICAL *>ACT] UND\BT$LY 9FLU5C$ ,SUM>OK(F'S FOLL[]S4 

,K,N,Y,A,Z,H,N,9 7#a#g#d#b-#a#g#i#a7 FOLL[$ ON ! SAME1 L9ES4  ,LIKE ,SUM>OK(F HE TRANSLAT$ TRAG$IES FROM ! ,FR5*1 & ALSO WROTE IMITATIONS ( ,FR5* TRAG$IES1 TAK+ HIS SUBJECTS P>TLY FROM ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY 7,ROSSLAV1 #a#g#h#d2 ,VADIM ( ,NOGOROD1 :I* WAS PR9T$ AFT] HIS DEA? & WAS IMM$IATELY DE/ROY$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ON ACC\NT ( ITS T5D5CIES T[>DS FRE$OM74 

,O,Z,],(,F 7#a#g#f#i-#a#h#a#f7 CONT9U$ ! WORK ( ,KNYAZHN91 BUT 9TRODUC$ ! S5TIM5TAL & ! ROMANTIC ELEM5TS 9TO HIS PSEUDO-CLASSICAL TRAG$IES 7,O$IPUS 9 ,A!NS1 ,DEA? ( LEG74 ,) ALL !IR DEFECTS !SE TRAG$IES 5JOY$ A LA/+ SUCCESS1 & P[]FULLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( BO? ! /AGE & A PUBLIC ( S]I\S PLAYGO]S4 

 ,AT ! SAME TIME COM$IES ALSO BEGAN TO BE WRITT5 BY ! SAME AU?ORS 7,! ,BRAWL]1 ,/RANGE ,PEOPLE1 BY ,KNYAZHN97 & !IR FOLL[]S1 & AL?\< !Y W]E = ! MO/ P>T IMITATIONS ( ! ,FR5*1 NEV]!LESS SUBJECTS TAK5 FROM ,RUSSIAN EV]YDAY LIFE BEGAN TO BE 9TRODUC$4 ,SUM>OK(F HAD ALREADY DONE SOME?+ 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 & HE HAD BE5 SECOND$ BY ,C,A,!,R,9,E ,I,I41 :O CONTRIBUT$ A C\PLE ( SATIRICAL COM$IES1 TAK5 FROM H] SURR\ND+S1 SU* AS ,! ,FETE ( ,MRS4 ,GRUMBL]1 & A COMIC OP]A FROM ,RUSSIAN POPUL> LIFE4 ,%E WAS P]HAPS ! FIR/ TO 9TRODUCE ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS ON ! /AGE2 & IT IS WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT ! TA/E = A POPUL> VE9 ON ! /AGE1 RAPIDLY DEVELOP$-! COM$IES1 ,! ,MILL] BY ,A,B,L,E,S,I,M,(,F1 ,ZBIT5%IK 7,! ,HAWK]71 BY ,KNYAZHN91 & SO ON1 ALL TAK5 FROM ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE1 BE+ = SOME TIME GREAT FAVORITES ) ! PLAYGO]S4 

,V,O,N-,W,I,Z,9 HAS ALREADY BE5 M5TION$ 9 A PREVI\S *APT]1 & IT IS SUFFICI5T H]E TO RECALL ! FACT1 ?AT BY HIS TWO COM$IES1 ,! ,BRIGADI] 7#a#g#f#h7 & ,N$OROSL 7#a#g#h#b71 :I* CONT9U$ TO BE PLAY$ UP TO ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HE BECAME ! FA!R ( ! REALI/IC SATIRICAL COM$Y 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,D5UNCIATION 7,YAB$A71 BY ,K,A,P,N,I,/1 & A FEW COM$IES CONTRIBUT$ BY ! GREAT FABLEWRIT] ,K,R,Y,L,(,F BELONG TO ! SAME CATEGORY4 

,! ,F,I,R,/ ,Y,E,>,S ,( ,! ,N,9,E,T,E,5,? ,C,5,T,U,R,Y 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ ?IRTY YE>S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! ,RUSSIAN !AT] DEVELOP$ REM>KABLY4 ,! /AGE PRODUC$1 AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & AT ,MOSC[1 A NUMB] ( GIFT$ & ORIG9AL ACTORS & ACTRESSES1 BO? 9 TRAG$Y & 9 COM$Y4 ,! NUMB] ( WRIT]S = ! /AGE BECAME SO CONSID]ABLE ?AT ALL ! =MS ( DRAMATIC >T W]E ABLE TO DEVELOP AT ! SAME TIME4 ,DUR+ ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S PATRIOTIC TRAG$IES1 FULL ( ALLUSIONS TO CURR5T EV5TS1 SU* AS ,DMITRI ,DONSKOI 7#a#h#g71 BY ,OZ](F1 9VAD$ ! /AGE4 ,H[EV]1 ! PSEUDO-CLASSICAL TRAG$Y CONT9U$ TO HOLD ITS [N4 ,BETT] TRANSLATIONS & IMITATIONS ( ,RAC9E W]E PRODUC$ 7,K,A,T,5,91 ,K,O,K,O,%,K,97 & 5JOY$ A C]TA9 SUCCESS1 ESPECIALLY AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 [+ TO GOOD TRAGIC ACTORS ( ! DECLAMATORY S*OOL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME TRANSLATIONS ( ,K,O,T,Z,E,B,U,E HAD AN 5ORM\S SUCCESS1 AS ALSO ! ,RUSSIAN PRODUCTIONS ( HIS S5TIM5TAL IMITATORS4 

,ROMANTICISM & PSEUDO-CLASSICALISM W]E1 ( C\RSE1 AT W> ) EA* O!R = ! POSSESSION ( ! /AGE1 AS !Y W]E 9 ! DOMA9S ( POETRY & ! NOVEL2 BUT1 [+ TO ! SPIRIT ( ! TIME1 & PATRONIZ$ AS IT WAS BY ,K,>,A,M,Z,9 & ,Z,H,U,K,O,V,S,K,I,Y1 ROMANTICISM TRIUMPH$4 ,IT WAS AID$ ESPECIALLY BY ! 5]GETIC EF=TS ( ,PR9CE ,%,A,H,O,V,S,K,O,Y1 :O WROTE1 ) A GOOD KN[L$GE ( ! /AGE1 MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ V>I$ PIECES-TRAG$IES1 COM$IES1 OP]AS1 VAUDEVILLES & BALLETS-TAK+ ! SUBJECTS = HIS DRAMAS FROM ,WALT] ,SCOTT1 ,OSSIAN1 ,%AKESPE>E1 & ,PU%K94 ,AT ! SAME COM$Y1 & ESPECIALLY SATIRICAL COM$Y1 AS ALSO ! VAUDEVILLE 7:I* APPROA*$ COM$Y BY A RA!R MORE C>EFUL TREATM5T ( *>ACT]S ?AN IS USUAL 9 ?AT SORT ( LIT]ATURE ON ! ,FR5* /AGE71 W]E REPRES5T$ BY A V]Y GREAT NUMB] ( MORE OR LESS ORIG9AL PRODUCTIONS4 ,BESIDES ! EXCELL5T TRANSLATIONS ( ,H,M,E,L,N,I,T,Z,K,I,Y FROM ,MOLI]E1 ! PUBLIC 5JOY$ ALSO ! PIECES ( ,Z,A,G,O,S,K,91 FULL ( GOOD-HE>T$ M]RIM5T1 ! SOMETIMES BRILLIANT & ALWAYS ANIMAT$ COM$IES & VAUDEVILLES ( ,%AHOVSKOY1 ! VAUDEVILLES ( ,A4 ,I4 ,P,I,S,>,E,F,F1 & SO ON4 ,TRUE1 ALL ! COM$IES W]E EI!R DIRECTLY 9SPIR$ BY ,MOLI]E OR W]E ADAPTATIONS FROM ! ,FR5* 9TO :I* ,RUSSIAN *>ACT]S & ,RUSSIAN MANN]S HAD BE5 9TRODUC$1 BUT AS !RE WAS /ILL SOME ORIG9AL CREATION 9 !SE ADAPTATIONS1 :I* WAS C>RI$ A /EP FUR!R ON ! /AGE BY GIFT$ ACTORS ( ! NATURAL1 REALI/ S*OOL1 IT ALL PREP>$ ! WAY = ! TRULY ,RUSSIAN COM$Y1 :I* F\ND ITS EMBODIM5T 9 ,GRIBOY$(F1 ,GOGOL & ,O/ROVSKIY4 

,G,R,I,B,O,Y,$,(,F4 

,G,R,I,B,O,Y,$,(,F 7#a#g#i#e-#a#h#b#i7 DI$ V]Y Y\NG1 & ALL ?AT HE LEFT WAS ONE COM$Y1 ,MIS=TUNE FROM ,9TELLIG5CE 7,GORE OT ,UMA71 & A C\PLE ( SC5ES FROM AN UNF9I%$ TRAG$Y 9 ! ,%AKESPE>EAN /YLE4 ,H[EV]1 ! COM$Y IS A WORK ( G5IUS1 & [+ TO IT ALONE1 ,GRIBOY$(F MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS HAV+ DONE = ! ,RUSSIAN /AGE :AT ,PU%K9 HAS DONE = ,RUSSIAN POETRY4 

,GRIBOY$(F WAS BORN AT ,MOSC[1 & RECEIV$ A GOOD $UCATION AT HOME BE=E HE 5T]$ ! ,MOSC[ ,UNIV]SITY1 AT ! AGE ( FIFTE54 ,H]E HE WAS =TUNATE 5\< TO FALL UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! HI/ORIAN ,S*LOTZ] & ,PR(ESSOR ,BUHLE1 :O DEVELOP$ 9 HIM ! DESIRE = A ?OR\< ACQUA9TANCE ) ! WORLD-LIT]ATURE1 TOGE!R ) HABITS ( S]I\S WORK4 ,IT WAS CONSEQU5TLY DUR+ HIS /AY AT ! ,UNIV]SITY 7#a#h#a-#a#h#a#b7 ?AT ,GRIBOY$(F WROTE ! FIR/ SKET* ( HIS COM$Y1 AT :I* HE WORK$ = ! NEXT TWELVE YE>S4 

,9 #a#h#a#b1 DUR+ ! 9VASION ( ,NAPOLEON1 HE 5T]$ ! MILIT>Y S]VICE1 & = F\R YE>S REMA9$ AN (FIC] ( ! HUSS>S1 *IEFLY 9 ,WE/]N ,RUSSIA4 ,! SPIRIT ( ! >MY WAS QUITE DIFF]5T !N FROM :AT IT BECAME LAT] ON1 UND] ,NI*OLAS ,I43 IT WAS 9 ! >MY ?AT ! 0,DECEMBRI/S0 MADE !IR *IEF PROPAG&A1 & ,GRIBOY$(F MET AMONG HIS COMRADES M5 ( HI< HUMANIT>IAN T5D5CIES4 ,9 #ahaf HE LEFT ! MILIT>Y S]VICE1 &1 OBEY+ ! DESIRE ( HIS MO!R1 5T]$ ! DIPLOMATIC S]VICE AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 :]E HE BECAME FRI5DLY ) ! 0,DECEMBRI/S0 ,T*AADAEFF 7SEE ,*4 ,V,I,I,I471 ,RYLEEFF1 & ,ODOEVSKIY 7SEE ,*4 ,I4 & ,I,I474 

,A DUEL1 9 :I* ,GRIBOY$(F TOOK P>T AS A SECOND1 WAS ! CAUSE ( ! FUTURE DRAMATI/'S REMOVAL FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,HIS MO!R 9SI/$ UPON HIS BE+ S5T AS F> AS POSSIBLE FROM ! CAPITAL1 & HE WAS ACCORD+LY DISPAT*$ TO ,TEH]AN4 ,HE TRAVEL$ A GOOD DEAL 9 ,P]SIA1 &1 ) HIS WOND]FUL ACTIVITY & LIVEL9ESS1 TOOK A PROM95T P>T 9 ! DIPLOMATIC WORK ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMBASSY4 ,LAT] ON1 /AY+ AT ,TIFLIS1 & ACT+ AS A SECRET>Y TO ! ,LIEUT5ANT ( ! ,CAUCASUS1 HE WORK$ H>D 9 ! SAME DIPLOMATIC DOMA92 BUT HE WORK$ ALSO ALL ! TIME AT HIS COM$Y1 & 9 #ahbd HE F9I%$ IT1 :ILE HE WAS = A FEW MON?S 9 ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA4 ,[+ TO A M]E ACCID5T ! MANUSCRIPT ( ,MIS=TUNE FROM ,9TELLIG5CE BECAME KN[N TO A FEW FRI5DS1 & ! COM$Y PRODUC$ A TREM5D\S S5SATION AMONG !M4 ,9 A FEW MON?S IT WAS BE+ WIDELY READ 9 MANUSCRIPT COPIES1 RAIS+ /ORMS ( 9DIGNATION AMONG ! OLD G5]ATION1 & PROVOK+ ! GREATE/ ADMIRATION AMONG ! Y\NG4 ,ALL EF=TS1 H[EV]1 TO OBTA9 ITS PRODUCTION ON ! /AGE1 OR EV5 TO HAVE IT REPRES5T$ ONCE 9 PRIVATE1 W]E ?W>T$ BY ! C5SOR%IP1 & ,GRIBOY$(F RETURN$ TO ! ,CAUCASUS )\T HAV+ SE5 HIS COM$Y PLAY$ AT A !AT]4 

,!RE1 AT ,TIFLIS1 HE WAS >RE/$ A FEW DAYS AFT] ! #a#d? ( ,DECEMB]1 #ahbe 7SEE ,*4 ,I471 & TAK5 9 ALL SPE$ TO ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG =TRESS1 :]E HIS BE/ FRI5DS W]E ALREADY IMPRISON$4 ,IT IS SAID 9 ! ,MEMOIRS ( ONE ( ! ,DECEMBRI/S ?AT EV5 9 ! GLOOMY SURR\ND+S ( ! =TRESS ! HABITUAL BRI<TNESS ( ,GRIBOY$(F DID NOT LEAVE HIM4 ,HE US$ TO TELL HIS UN=TUNATE FRI5DS SU* AMUS+ /ORIES BY MEANS ( TAPS ON ! WALLS ?AT !Y ROLL$ ON !IR B$S1 LAU<+ LIKE *ILDR54 

,9 ,JUNE 1 #a#h#b#f1 HE WAS SET FREE1 & S5T BACK TO ,TIFLIS4 ,BUT AFT] ! EXECUTION ( SOME ( HIS FRI5DS-,RYLEEFF WAS AMONG !M-& ! H>% S5T5CE TO H>D LABOR = LIFE 9 ,SIB]IAN M9ES1 :I* WAS PASS$ UPON ALL ! O!RS1 HIS OLD GAIETY WAS GONE =EV]4 

,AT ,TIFLIS HE WORK$ H>D] ?AN EV] AT SPREAD+ SE$S ( A BETT] CIVILIZATION 9 ! NEWLY CONQU]$ T]RITORY2 BUT NEXT YE> HE HAD TO TAKE P>T 9 ! W> ( #a#h#b#g-#a#h#b#h AGA9/ ,P]SIA1 ACCOMPANY+ ! >MY AS A DIPLOMATIC AG5T1 & AFT] A CRU%+ DEFEAT ( ! ,%AH1 ,ABBAS-MIRZA1 IT WAS HE :O CONCLUD$ ! WELL-KN[N ,TURKMAN*AI TREATY1 BY :I* ,RUSSIA OBTA9$ RI* PROV9CES FROM ,P]SIA & GA9$ SU* AN 9FLU5CE OV] H] 9N] AFFAIRS4 ,AFT] A FLY+ VISIT TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ,GRIBOY$(F WAS S5T ONCE MORE TO ,TEH]AN-?IS TIME AS AN AMBASSADOR4 ,BE=E LEAV+1 HE M>RI$ AT ,TIFLIS A ,GEORGIAN PR9CESS ( REM>KABLE BEAUTY1 BUT HE FELT1 AS HE LEFT ! ,CAUCASUS = ,P]SIA1 ?AT HIS *ANCES ( RETURN+ ALIVE W]E FEW3 0,ABBAS1 ,MIRAZ10 HE WROTE1 0WILL NEV] P>DON ME ! ,TURKMAN*AI TREATY0-& SO IT HAPP5$4 ,AFEW MON?S AFT] HIS >RIVAL AT ,TEH]AN A CR[D ( ,P]SIANS FELL UPON ! ,RUSSIAN EMBASSY1 & ,GRIBOY$(F WAS KILL$4 

,= ! LA/ FEW YE>S ( HIS LIFE1 ,GRIBOY$(F HAD NOT MU* TIME NOR TA/E = LIT]>Y WORK4 ,HE KNEW ?AT NO?+ HE DESIR$ TO WRITE C\LD EV] SEE ! LI<T4 ,EV5 ,MIS=TUNE FROM ,9TELLIG5CE HAD BE5 SO MUTILAT$ BY C5SOR%IP ?AT MANY ( ITS BE/ PASSAGES HAD LO/ ALL S5SE4 ,HE WROTE1 H[EV]1 A TRAG$Y 9 ! ROMANTIC /YLE1 ,A ,GEORGIAN ,NI<T1 & ?OSE ( HIS FRI5DS :O HAD READ IT 9 FULL RAT$ EXTREMELY HI< ITS POETIC & DRAMATIC QUALITIES2 BUT ONLY TWO SC5ES FROM ?IS TRAG$Y & ! \TL9E ( ITS CONT5TS HAVE REA*$ US4 ,! MANUSCRIPT WAS LO/-P]HAPS AT ,TEH]AN4 

,MIS=TUNE FROM ,9TELLIG5CE IS A MO/ P[]FUL SATIRE1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! HI< SOCIETY ( ,MOSC[ 9 ! YE>S #a#h#b-#a#h#c4 ,GRIBOY$(F KNEW ?IS SOCIETY FROM ! 9SIDE1 & HIS TYPES >E NOT 9V5T$4 ,REAL M5 GAVE HIM ! F\NDATIONS = SU* IMMORTAL TYPES AS ,FAMUS(F1 ! AG$ NOBLEMAN1 & ,SKALOZUB1 ! FANATIC ( MILIT>ISM1 AS WELL AS = ALL ! SECOND>Y P]SONAGES4 ,AS TO ! LANGUAGE 9 :I* ,GRIBOY$(F'S P]SONAGES SPEAK1 IT HAS (T5 BE5 REM>K$ ?AT UP TO HIS TIME ONLY ?REE WRIT]S HAD BE5 SU* GREAT MA/]S ( ! TRULY ,RUSSIAN SPOK5 LANGUAGE3 ,PUL%K91 ,KRYL(F1 & ,GRIBOY$(F4 ,LAT] ON1 ,O/ROVSKIY C\LD BE ADD$ TO !SE ?REE4 ,IT IS ! TRUE LANGUAGE ( ,MOSC[4 ,BESIDES1 ! COM$Y IS FULL ( V]SES SO /RIK+LY SATIRICAL & SO WELL SAID1 ?AT SCORES ( !M BECAME PROV]BS KN[N ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 

,! IDEA ( ! COM$Y MU/ HAVE BE5 SUGGE/$ BY ,MOLI]E'S ,MISAN?ROPE1 & ! H]O1 ,T*ATSKIY1 HAS C]TA9LY MU* 9 COMMON ) ,ALCE/E4 ,BUT ,T*ATSKIY IS1 AT ! SAME TIME1 SO MU* ,GRIBOY$(F HIMSELF1 & HIS CUTT+ S>CASMS >E SO MU* ! S>CASMS :I* ,GRIBOY$(F MU/ HAVE LAUN*$ AGA9/ HIS ,MOSC[ ACQUA9TANCES1 :ILE ALL ! O!R P]SONS ( ! COM$Y >E SO TRULY ,MOSC[ PEOPLE-SO EXCLUSIVELY ,MOSC[ NOBLES-?AT AP>T FROM ITS LEAD+ MOTIVE1 ! COM$Y IS 5TIRELY ORIG9AL & MO/ ?OR\<LY ,RUSSIAN4 

,T*ATSKIY IS A Y\NG MAN :O RETURNS FROM A LONG J\RNEY ABROAD1 & HA/5S TO ! H\SE ( AN OLD G5TLEMAN1 ,FAMUS(F1 :OSE DAU<T]1 ,SOPHIE1 WAS HIS PLAYMATE 9 *ILDHOOD1 & IS LOV$ BY HIM N[4 ,H[EV]1 ! OBJECT ( HIS V[S HAS MEAN:ILE MADE ! ACCQUA9TANCE ( H] FA!R'S SECRET>Y-A MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT & REPULSIVE Y\NG MAN1 ,MOLT*AL91 :OSE RULES ( LIFE >E3 ,FIR/1 0MOD]ATION & PUNCTUALITY10 & NEXT1 TO PLEASE EV]YONE 9 ! H\SE ( HIS SUP]IORS1 D[N TO ! GATEKEEP] & HIS DOG1 0?AT EV5 ! DOG MAY BE K9D TO ME40 ,FOLL[+ HIS RULES1 ,MOLT*AL9 C\RTS AT ! SAME TIME ! DAU<T] ( HIS PR9CIPAL & H] MAID3 ! =M]1 TO MAKE HIMSELF AGREEABLE 9 HIS MA/]'S H\SE1 & ! LATT]1 BECAUSE %E PLEASES HIM4 ,T*ATSKIY IS RECEIV$ 9 A V]Y COLD WAY4 ,SOPHIE IS AFRAID ( HIS 9TELLIG5CE & HIS S>CASM1 & H] FA!R HAS ALREADY F\ND A P>TN] = H] 9 ,COLONEL ,SKALOZUB-A MILIT>Y MAN FULL SIX FEET HI< 9 HIS SOCKS1 :O SPEAKS 9 A DEEP BASS VOICE1 EXCLUSIVELY AB\T MILIT>Y MATT]S1 BUT HAS A =TUNE & WILL SOON BE A G5]AL4 

,T*ATSKIY BEHAVES JU/ AS AN 5AMOR$ Y\NG MAN W\LD DO4 ,HE SEES NO?+ BUT ,SOPHIE1 :OM HE PURSUES ) HIS ADORATION1 MAK+ 9 H] PRES5CE /++ REM>KS AB\T ,MOLT*AL91 & BR++ H] FA!R TO DESPAIR BY HIS FREE CRITICISM ( ,MOSC[ MANN]S-! CRUELTY ( ! OLD S]F[N]S1 ! PLATITUDES ( ! OLD C\RTI]S1 & SO ON2 & AS A CLIMAX1 AT A BALL1 :I* ,FAMUS(F GIVES ?AT NI<T1 HE 9DULGES 9 LONG MONOLOGUES AGA9/ ! ADORATION ( ! ,MOSC[ LADIES = EV]Y?+ ,FR5*4 ,SOPHIE1 9 ! MEANTIME1 (F5D$ BY HIS REM>KS AB\T ,MOLT*AL91 RETALIATES BY SETT+ AFLOAT ! RUMOR ?AT ,T*ATSKIY IS NOT QUITE RI<T 9 HIS M9D1 A RUMOR :I* IS TAK5 UP ) DELI<T BY ,SOCIETY AT ! BALL1 & SPREADS LIKE WILDFIRE4 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 SAID 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT ! SATIRICAL REM>KS ( ,T*ATSKIY AT ! BALL1 BE+ DIRECT$ AGA9/ SU* A TRIFL+ MATT] AS ! ADORATION ( =EIGN]S1 >E RA!R SUP]FICIAL & IRRELEVANT4 ,BUT IT IS MORE ?AN PROBABLE ?AT ,GRIBOY$(F LIMIT$ HIMSELF TO SU* 9NOC5T REM>KS BECAUSE HE KNEW ?AT NO O!RS W\LD BE TOL]AT$ BY ! C5SOR%IP2 HE MU/ HAVE HOP$ ?AT !SE1 AT LEA/1 W\LD NOT BE WIP$ \T BY ! C5SOR'S R$ 9K4 ,FROM :AT ,T*ATSKIY SAYS DUR+ HIS MORN+ CALL 9 ,FAMUS(F'S /UDY1 & FROM :AT IS DROPP$ BY O!R P]SONAGES1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT ,GRIBOY$(F HAD F> MORE S]I\S CRITICISMS TO PUT 9TO HIS H]O'S M\?4 

,ALTOG!R1 A ,RUSSIAN SATIRICAL WRIT] IS NECESS>ILY PLAC$ UND] A S]I\S DISADVANTAGE ) =EIGN]S4 ,:5 ,MOLI]E GIVES A SATIRICAL DESCRIPTION ( ,P>ISIAN SOCIETY ?IS SATIRE IS NOT /RANGE TO ! READ]S ( O!R NATIONS3 WE ALL KN[ SOME?+ AB\T LIFE 9 ,P>IS2 BUT :5 ,GRIBOY$(F DESCRIBES ,MOSC[ SOCIETY 9 ! SAME SATIRICAL VE91 & REPRODUCES 9 SU* AN ADMIRABLE WAY PURELY ,MOSC[ TYPES-NOT EV5 TYPICAL ,RUSSIANS1 BUT ,MOSC[ TYPES 70,ON ALL ! ,MOSC[ PEOPLE10 HE SAYS1 0!RE IS A SPECIAL /AMP07-!Y >E SO /RANGE TO ! ,WE/]N M9D ?AT ! TRANSLATOR \<T TO BE HALF-,RUSSIAN HIMSELF1 & A POET1 9 ,ORD] TO R5D] ,GRIBOY$(F'S COM$Y 9 ANO!R LANGUAGE4 ,IF SU* A TRANSLATION W]E MADE1 ,I AM SURE ?AT ?IS COM$Y W\LD BECOME A FAVORITE ON ! /AGES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA IT HAS BE5 PLAY$ OV] & OV] AGA9 UP TO ! PRES5T TIME1 & AL?\< IT IS N[ SEV5TY YE>S OLD1 IT HAS LO/ NO?+ ( ITS 9T]E/ & ATTRACTIV5ESS4 

,! ,M,O,S,C,[ ,/,A,G,E4 

,9 ! =TIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! !AT] WAS TREAT$ EV]Y:]E ) GREAT RESPECT-& MORE ?AN ANY:]E ELSE WAS ?IS ! CASE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ITALIAN OP]A HAD NOT YET REA*$ ! DEVELOPM5T IT ATTA9$ AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG SOME TW5TY YE>S LAT]1 & ,RUSSIAN OP]A1 REPRES5T$ BY POOR S+]S1 & TREAT$ AS A /EP-DAU<T] BY ! DIRECTORS ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,!AT]S1 (F]$ BUT LITTLE ATTRACTION4 ,IT WAS ! DRAMA & OCCASIONALLY ! BALLET1 :5 SOME /> LIKE ,FANNY ,ELSL] APPE>$ ON ! HORIZON1 :I* BR\<T TOGE!R ! BE/ ELEM5TS ( $UCAT$ SOCIETY & >\S$ ! Y\? ( ALL CLASSES1 9CLUD+ ! UNIV]SITY /UD5TS4 ,! DRAMATIC /AGE WAS LOOK$ UPON-TO SPEAK 9 ! /YLE ( ?OSE YE>S-AS 0A TEMPLE ( ,>T10 A C5T] ( F>-REA*+ $UCATIONAL 9FLU5CE4 ,AS TO ! ACTORS & ACTRESSES1 !Y 5DEAVOR$1 9 !IR TURN1 NOT M]ELY TO R5D] ON ! /AGE ! *>ACT]S CREAT$ BY ! DRAMATI/2 !Y DID !IR BE/ TO CONTRIBUTE !MSELVES1 LIKE ,CRUICK%ANK 9 HIS ILLU/RATIONS ( ,DICK5S'S NOVELS1 TO ! F9AL CREATION ( ! *>ACT]1 BY F9D+ ITS TRUE P]SONIFICATION4 

,ESPECIALLY AT ,MOSC[ DID ?IS 9TELLECTUAL 9T]C\RSE BE4 TWE5 ! /AGE & SOCIETY GO ON1 & A SUP]IOR CONCEPTION ( DRAMATIC >T WAS !RE DEVELOP$4 ,! 9T]C\RSE :I* ,GOGOL E/ABLI%$ ) ! ACTORS :O PLAY$ HIS ,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL1 & ESPECIALLY ) ,S,*,E,P,K,92 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL CIRCLES :I* HAD !N !IR SEAT AT ,MOSC[2 & ! 9TELLIG5T APPRECIATION & CRITICISM ( !IR WORK :I* ! ACTORS F\ND 9 ! ,PRESS-ALL ?IS CONCURR$ 9 MAK+ ( ! ,MOSC[ ,MALYI ,TEATR 7,SMALL ,!AT]7 ! CRADLE ( A SUP]IOR DRAMATIC >T4 ,:ILE ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PATRONIZ$ ! SO-CALL$ 0,FR5*0 S*OOL ( ACT+-DECLAMATORY & UNNATURALLY REF9$-! ,MOSC[ /AGE ATTA9$ A HI< DEGREE ( P]FECTION 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATURALI/IC S*OOL4 ,I MEAN ! S*OOL ( :I* ,DUSE IS N[ SU* A GREAT REPRES5TATIVE1 & TO :I* ,L5A ,A%WELL [$ H] GREAT SUCCESS 9 ,RESURRECTION2 ?AT IS1 ! S*OOL 9 :I* ! ACTOR P>TS ) ! R\T9E ( CONV5TIONAL /AGE TRADITION1 & PROVOKES ! DEEPE/ EMOTIONS 9 HIS AUDI5CE BY ! DEP? ( HIS [N REAL FEEL+ & BY ! NATURAL TRU? & SIMPLICITY4 ( ITS EXPRESSION-! S*OOL :I* OCCUPIES ! SAME POSITION ON ! /AGE ?AT ! REALISM ( ,TURGU5EFF & ,TOL/OY OCCUPIES 9 LIT]ATURE4 

,9 ! =TIES & ! E>LY FIFTIES ?IS S*OOL HAD ATTA9$ ITS HI<E/ P]FECTION AT ,MOSC[1 & HAD 9 ITS RANKS SU* FIR/-CLASS ACTORS & ACTRESSES AS ,S*EPK9-! REAL S\L ( ?IS /AGE-,M,O,T,*,A,L,(,F1 ,S,A,D,O,S,K#a,Y1 ,S4 ,V,A,S,I,L,I,E,F,F1 & ,M,M,E4 ,N,I,K,U,L,9,A-,K,O,S,S,I,T,S,K,A,Y,A1 SUPPORT$ BY QUITE A PLEIAD ( GOOD SECOND>Y AIDS4 ,!IR REP]TOIRE WAS NOT V]Y RI*2 BUT ! TWO COM$IES ( ,GOGOL 7,9SPECTOR-,G5]AL & ,M>RIAGE71 OCCASIONALLY ,GRIBOY$(F'S GREAT SATIRE2 A COM$Y1 ,! ,M>RIAGE ( ,KRET*9SKY1 BY ,S,U,K,H,O,V,O-,K,O,B,Y,L,91 :I* GAVE EXCELL5T OPPORTUNITIES = DISPLAY+ ! BE/ QUALITIES ( ! >TI/S JU/ NAM$2 N[ & !N A DRAMA ( ,%AKESPE>E1#a PL5TY ( MELODRAMAS ADAPT$ FROM ! ,FR5*1 & VAUDEVILLES :I* CAME NE>] TO LI<T COM$Y ?AN TO F>CE-?IS WAS ! EV] V>I$ PROGRAM ( ! ,SMALL ,!AT]4 ,SOME PLAYS W]E PLAY$ TO P]FECTION-COMB9+ ! 5SEMBLE & ! 0GO0 :I* *>ACT]IZE ! ,ODEON ) ! SIMPLICITY & NATURALNESS ALREADY M5TION$4 

,! MUTUAL 9FLU5CE :I* ! /AGE & DRAMATIC AU?ORS NECESS>ILY EX]CISE UPON EA* O!R WAS ADMIRABLY ILLU/RAT$ AT ,MOSC[4 ,SEV]AL DRAMATI/S WROTE SPECIALLY = ?IS /AGE-NOT 9 ORD] ?AT ?IS OR ?AT ACTRESS MI<T ECLIPSE ALL O!RS1 AS HAPP5S N[ADAYS 9 ?OSE !AT]S :]E ONE PLAY IS PLAY$ SCORES ( NI<TS 9 SUCCESSION1 BUT = ?IS GIV5 /AGE & ITS ACTORS AS A :OLE4 ,O,/,R,O,V,S,K,I,Y 7#a#h#b#c-#a#h#h#f7 WAS ! ONE :O BE/ REALIZ$ ?IS MUTUAL RELATION BETWE5 ! DRAMATIC AU?OR & ! /AGE1 & ?US HE CAME TO HOLD ) REG>D TO ! ,RUSSIAN DRAMA ! SAME POSITION ?AT ,TURGU5EFF & ,TOL/OY HOLD ) REG>D TO ! ,RUSSIAN NOVEL4 

,O,/,R,O,V,S,K,I,Y3 0,P,O,V,],T,Y-,N,O ,V,I,C,E0 

,O/ROVSKIY WAS BORN AT ,MOSC[ 9 ! FAMILY ( A POOR CL]GYMAN1 &1 LIKE ! BE/ ( ! Y\NG] G5]ATION ( HIS TIME1 HE WAS FROM ! AGE ( SEV5TE5 AN 5?USIA/IC VISITOR ( ! ,MOSC[ !AT]4 ,AT ?AT AGE1 WE >E TOLD1 HIS FAVORITE TALK ) HIS COMRADES WAS ! /AGE4 ,HE W5T TO ! ,UNIV]SITY1 BUT TWO YE>S LAT] HE WAS COMPELL$ TO LEAVE1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( A QU>REL ) A PR(ESSOR1 & HE BECAME AN UND] CL]K 9 ONE ( ! OLD ,COMM]CIAL TRIBUNALS4 ,!RE HE HAD ! V]Y BE/ OPPORTUNITIES = MAK+ ACQUA9TANCE ) ! WORLD ( ,MOSC[ M]*ANTS-A QUITE SEP>ATE CLASS :I* REMA9$ 9 ITS ISOLATION ! KEEP] ( ! TRADITIONS ( OLD ,RUSSIA4 ,IT WAS FROM ?IS CLASS ?AT ,O/ROVSKIY TOOK NE>LY ALL ! TYPES ( HIS FIR/ & BE/ DRAMAS4 ,ONLY LAT] ON DID HE BEG9 TO WID5 ! CIRCLE ( HIS OBS]VATIONS1 TAK+ 9 V>I\S CLASSES ( $UCAT$ SOCIETY4 

,HIS FIR/ COM$Y1 ,PICTURES ( ,FAMILY ,HAPP9ESS1 WAS WRITT5 9 #a#h#d#g1 & ?REE YE>S LAT] APPE>$ HIS FIR/ DRAMA1 ,WE %ALL SETTLE IT AMONG ,\RSELVES1 OR ,! ,BANKRUPT1 :I* AT ONCE GAVE HIM ! REPUTATION ( A GREAT DRAMATIC WRITE4 ,IT WAS PR9T$ 9 A REVIEW1 & HAD A GREAT VOGUE ALL OV] ,RUSSIA 7! ACTOR ,SADOVSKIY READ IT WIDELY 9 PRIVATE H\SES AT ,MOSC[71 BUT IT WAS NOT ALL[$ TO BE PUT ON ! /AGE4 ,! ,MOSC[ M]*ANTS EV5 LODG$ A COMPLA9T ) ,NI*OLAS ,I4 AGA9/ ! AU?OR1 & ,O/ROVSKIY WAS DISMISS$ FROM ! CIVIL S]VICE & PLAC$ UND] POLICE SUP]VISION AS A SUSPECT4 ,ONLY MANY YE>S LAT]1 F\R YE>S AFT] ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 HAD SUCCE$$ HIS FA!R-?AT IS1 9 #a#h#f-WAS ! DRAMA PLAY$ AT ,MOSC[1 & EV5 !N ! C5SOR%IP 9SI/$ UPON 9TRODUC+ AT ! 5D ( IT A POLICE (FIC] TO REPRES5T ! TRIUMPH ( JU/ICE OV] ! WICK$NESS ( ! BANKRUPT4 

,= ! NEXT FIVE YE>S ,O/ROVSKIY PUBLI%$ NO?+1 BUT !N HE BR\<T \T 9 CLOSE SUCCESSION 7#a#h,S#c & #a#h#e#d7 TWO DRAMAS ( REM>KABLE P[]-,DON'T TAKE A SEAT 9 O!R ,PEOPLE'S ,SL$GES1 & ,POV]TY-,NO ,VISE4 ,! SUBJECT ( ! =M] WAS NOT NEW3 A GIRL FROM A TRADESMAN'S FAMILY RUNS AWAY ) A NOBLEMAN1 :O AB&ONS & ILLTREATS H] :5 HE REALIZES ?AT %E WILL GET FROM H] FA!R NEI!R P>DON NOR MONEY4 ,BUT ?IS SUBJECT WAS TREAT$ ) SU* FRE%NESS1 & ! *>ACT]S W]E DEPICT$ 9 POSITIONS SO WELL-*OS51 ?AT = ITS LIT]>Y & /AGE-QUALITIES ! DRAMA IS ONE ( ! BE/ ,O/ROVSKIY HAS WRITT54 ,AS TO ,POV]TY-,NO ,VISE1 IT PRODUC$ A TREM5D\S IMPRESSION ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 ,WE SEE 9 IT A FAMILY ( ! OLD TYPE1 ! HEAD ( :I* IS A RI* M]*ANT-A MAN :O IS WONT TO IMPOSE HIS WILL UPON ALL HIS SURR\ND+S & HAS NO O!R CONCEPTION ( LIFE4 ,HE HAS1 H[EV]1 TAK5 \TW>DLY TO 0CIVILIZATION0-?AT IS1 TO RE/AURANT-CIVILIZATION3 HE DRESSES 9 ! FA%IONS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & TRIES TO FOLL[ ,WE/]N CU/OMS 9 HIS H\SE-AT LEA/ 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! ACQUA9TANCES HE MAKES 9 ! FA%IONABLE RE/AURANTS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HIS WIFE IS HIS SLAVE1 & HIS H\SEHOLD TREMBLES AT HIS VOICE4 ,HE HAS A DAU<T] :O LOVES1 & IS LOV$ BY1 ONE ( H] FA!R'S CL]KS1 ,MITYA1 A MO/ TIMID BUT HONE/ Y\NG MAN1 & ! MO!R W\LD LIKE H] DAU<T] TO M>RY ?IS CL]K2 BUT ! FA!R HAS MADE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( A MORE OR LESS WEAL?Y AG$ MAN-A SORT ( ,>M5IAN MONEY-L5D]1 :O DRESSES ACCORD+ TO ! LATE/ FA%ION1 DR9KS *AMPAGNE 9/EAD ( RYE-:ISKEY1 & !RE=E PLAYS AMONG ,MOSC[ M]*ANTS A C]TA9 ROLE ( AU?ORITY 9 QUE/IONS ( FA%ION & RULES ( PROPRIETY4 ,TO ?IS MAN ! GIRL MU/ BE M>RI$4 ,%E IS SAV$1 H[EV]1 BY ! 9T]F]5CE ( H] UNCLE1 ,LUBIM ,TORTS(F4 ,LUBIM WAS ONCE RI*1 LIKE HIS BRO!R1 BUT HE WAS NOT SATISFI$ ) ! DULL ,PHILI/9E LIFE ( HIS SURR\ND+S1 & SEE+ NO WAY \T ( IT & 9TO A BETT] SOCIAL ATMOSPH]E1 HE TOOK TO DR9K-TO UNMITIGAT$ DRUNK5NESS1 SU* AS WAS TO BE SE5 9 OLD5 TIMES AT ,MOSC[4 ,HIS WEAL?Y BRO!R HAS HELP$ HIM TO GET RID ( HIS =TUNE1 & N[1 9 A RAGG$ MANTLE1 HE GOES AB\T ! L[] CLASS TAV]NS1 MAK+ ( HIMSELF A SORT ( JE/] = A *ANCE GLASS ( G94 ,P5NILESS1 DRESS$ 9 HIS RAGS1 COLD & HUNGRY1 HE COMES TO ! Y\NG CL]K'S ROOM1 ASK+ P]MISSION TO /AY !RE OV] NI<T4 

,! DRAMA GOES ON AT ,*RI/MAS TIME1 & ?IS GIVES ,O/ROVSKIY ! OPPORTUNITY = 9TRODUC+ ALL SORTS ( SONGS & ,*RI/MAS MASQU]ADES1 9 TRUE ,RUSSIAN /YLE4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ALL ?IS M]RIM5T1 :I* HAS BE5 GO+ ON 9 HIS ABS5CE1 ,TORTS(F1 ! FA!R1 COMES 9 ) ! BRIDEGROOM ( HIS *OICE4 ,ALL ! 0VULG>0 PLEASURES MU/ N[ COME TO AN 5D1 & ! FA!R1 FULL ( V5]ATION = HIS FA%IONABLE FRI5D1 CURTLY ORD]S HIS DAU<T] TO M>RY ! MAN HE HAS *OS5 = H]4 ,! TE>S ( ! GIRL & H] MO!R >E ( NO AVAIL3 ! FA!R'S ORD]S MU/ BE OBEY$4 ,BUT !RE 5T]S ,LUBIM ,TORTS(F1 9 HIS RAGS & ) HIS JE/]'S ANTICS-T]RIBLE 9 HIS DEGRADATION1 & YET A MAN4 ,! FA!R'S T]ROR AT SU* A SI<T CAN EASILY BE IMAG9$1 & ,LUBIM ,TORTS(F1 :O DUR+ HIS W&]+S HAS HE>D ALL AB\T ! ,>M5IAN'S PA/1 & :O KN[S ( HIS BRO!R'S S*EME1 BEG9S TO TELL BE=E ! GUE/S :AT SORT ( MAN ! W\LD-BE BRIDEGROOM IS4 ,! LATT]1 HOLD+ HIMSELF 9SULT$ 9 HIS FRI5D'S H\SE1 AFFECTS GREAT ANG] & LEAVES ! ROOM1 :ILE ,LUBIM ,TORTS(F TELLS HIS BRO!R :AT A CRIME HE IS GO+ TO COMMIT BY GIV+ HIS DAU<T] TO ! OLD MAN4 ,HE IS ORD]$ TO LEAVE ! ROOM1 BUT HE P]SI/S &1 /&+ 9 ! RE> ( ! CR[D1 HE BEG9S PITE\SLY TO BEG3 0,BRO!R1 GIVE Y\R DAU<T] TO ,MITYA0 7! Y\NG CL]K7 3 0HE1 AT LEA/ 1 WILL GIVE ME A CORN] 9 HIS H\SE4 ,I HAVE SUFF]$ 5\< FROM COLD & HUNG]4 ,MY YE>S >E PASS+3 IT BECOMES H>D = ME TO GET MY PIECE ( BREAD BY P]=M+ MY ANTICS 9 ! BITT] FRO/4 ,MITYA WILL LET ME LIVE HONE/LY 9 MY OLD AGE40 ,! MO!R & DAU<T] JO9 ) ! UNCLE1 & F9ALLY ! FA!R1 :O RES5TS ! 9SULTS ( HIS FRI5D1 EXCLAIMS3 0,WELL1 DO Y\ TAKE ME1 !N1 = A WILD BEA/8 ,I WON'T GIVE MY DAU<T] TO ?AT MAN4 ,MITYA1 M>RY H]60 

,! DRAMA HAS A HAPPY 5D1 BUT ! AUDI5CE FEELS ?AT IT MI<T HAVE BE5 AS WELL ! O!R WAY4 ,! FA!R'S :IM MI<T HAVE 5D$ 9 ! LIFELONG MIS]Y & MIS=TUNE ( ! DAU<T]1 & ?IS W\LD PROBABLY HAVE BE5 ! \TCOME 9 MO/ SU* CASES4 

,LIKE ,GRIBOY$(F'S COM$Y1 LIKE ,GONT*>(F'S ,OBLOM(F1 & MANY O!R GOOD ?+S 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 ?IS DRAMA IS SO TYPICALLY ,RUSSIAN ?AT ONE IS APT TO OV]LOOK ITS BROADLY HUMAN SIGNIFICATION4 ,IT SEEMS TO BE TYPICALLY ,MOSCOVITE2 BUT1 *ANGE NAMES & CU/OMS1 *ANGE A FEW DETAILS & RISE A BIT HI<] OR S9K A BIT L[] 9 ! /RATA ( SOCIETY2 PUT1 9/EAD ( ! DRUNK>D ,LUBIM ,TORTS(F1 A POOR RELATION OR AN HONE/ FRI5D :O HAS RETA9$ HIS COMMON S5SE-& ! DRAMA APPLIES TO ANY NATION & TO ANY CLASS ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS DEEPLY HUMAN4 ,?IS IS :AT CAUS$ ITS TREM5D\S SUCCESS & MADE IT A FAVORITE ON EV]Y ,RUSSIAN /AGE = FIFTY YE>S4 ,I DO NOT SPEAK1 ( C\RSE1 ( ! FOOLI%LY EXAGG]AT$ 5?USIASM ) :I* IT WAS RECEIV$ BY ! SO-CALL$ NATIONALI/S1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,SLAVOPHILES1 :O SAW 9 ,LUBIM ,TORTS(F ! P]SONIFICATION ( ! 0GOOD OLD TIMES0 ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! MORE S5SIBLE ( ,RUSSIANS DID NOT GO TO SU* L5G?S2 BUT !Y UND]/OOD :AT WOND]FUL MAT]IAL ( OBS]VATION1 DRAWN FROM REAL LIFE1 ?IS & ! O!R DRAMAS ( ,O/ROVSKIY W]E (F]+4 ,! LEAD+ REVIEW ( ! TIME WAS ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y1 & ITS LEAD+ CRITIC1 ,DOBROLUB(F1 WROTE TWO LONG >TICLES TO ANALYZE ,O/ROVSKIY'S DRAMAS1 UND] ! SIGNIFICANT TITLE ( ,! ,K+DOM ( ,D>KNESS2 & :5 HE HAD PASS$ 9 REVIEW ALL ! D>KNESS :I* !N PREVAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIAN LIFE AS REPRES5T$ BY ,O/ROVSKIY1 HE PRODUC$ SOME?+ :I* HAS BE5 ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL 9FLU5CES 9 ! :OLE SUBSEQU5T 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN Y\?4 

0,! ,?,U,N,D,],/,O,R,M0 

,ONE ( ! BE/ DRAMAS ( ,O/ROVSKIY IS ,! ,?UND]/ORM 7TRANSLAT$ BY ,MRS4 ,CON/ANCE ,G>NETT AS ,! ,/ORM74 ,! SC5E IS LAID 9 A SMALL PROV9CIAL T[N1 SOME:]E ON ! UPP] ,VOLGA1 :]E ! MANN]S ( ! LOCAL TRADESPEOPLE HAVE RETA9$ ! /AMP ( PRIMITIVE WILDNESS4 ,!RE IS1 = 9/ANCE1 ONE OLD M]*ANT1 ,DIKOY1 V]Y MU* RESPECT$ BY ! 9HABITANTS1 :O REPRES5TS A SPECIAL TYPE ( ?OSE TYRANTS :OM ,O/ROVSKIY HAS SO WELL DEPICT$4 ,:54 EV] ,DIKOY HAS A PAYM5T TO MAKE1 EV5 ?\< HE KN[S P]FECTLY WELL ?AT PAY HE MU/1 HE /IRS UP A QU>REL ) ! MAN TO :OM HE IS 9 DEBT4 ,HE HAS AN OLD FRI5D1 ,MADAME ,KABANOVA1 & :5 HE IS ! WORSE = DR9K1 & 9 A BAD TEMP] 1 HE ALWAYS GOES TO H]3 0,I HAVE NO BUS9ESS ) Y\1 0 HE DECL>ES1 0BUT ,I HAVE BE5 DR9K+40 ,FOLL[+ IS A SC5E :I* TAKES PLACE BETWE5 !M3 

,KABANOVA3 ,I REALLY WOND] AT Y\2 ) ALL ! CR[D ( FOLKS 9 Y\R H\SE1 NOT A S+LE ONE CAN DO ANY?+ TO Y\R LIK+4 

,DIKOY3 ,?AT'S SO6 

,KABANOVA3 ,COME1 :AT DO Y\ WANT ( ME8 

,DIKOY3 ,WELL1 TALK ME \T ( MY TEMP]4 ,Y\'RE ! ONLY P]SON 9 ! :OLE T[N :O KN[S H[ TO TALK TO ME4 

,KABANOVA3 ,H[ HAVE !Y PUT Y\ 9TO SU* A RAGE8 

,DIKOY3 ,I'VE BE5 SO ALL DAY S9CE ! MORN+4 

,KABANOVA3 ,I SUPPOSE !Y'VE BE5 ASK+ = MONEY4 

,DIKOY3 ,AS IF !Y W]E 9 LEAGUE TOGE!R1 DAMN !M6 ,ONE AFT] ANO!R1 ! :OLE DAY LONG !Y'VE BE5 AT ME4 

,KABANOVA3 ,NO D\BT Y\'LL HAVE TO GIVE IT !M1 OR !Y W\LDN'T P]SI/4 

,DIKOY3 ,I KN[ ?AT2 BUT :AT W\LD Y\ HAVE ME DO1 S9CE ,I'VE A TEMP] LIKE ?AT8 ,:Y1 ,I KN[ ?AT ,I MU/ PAY1 /ILL ,I CAN'T DO IT ) A GOOD WILL4 ,Y\'RE A FRI5D ( M9E1 & ,I'VE TO PAY Y\ SOME?+1 & Y\ COME & ASK ME = IT-,I'M B\ND TO SWE> AT Y\6 ,PAY ,I WILL1 IF PAY ,I MU/1 BUT ,I MU/ SWE> TOO4 ,= Y\'VE ONLY TO H9T AT MONEY TO ME1 & ,I FEEL HOT ALL OV] 9 A M9UTE2 R$-HOT ALL OV]1 & ?AT'S ALL AB\T IT4 ,Y\ MAY BE SURE AT SU* TIMES ,I'D SWE> AT ANYONE = NO?+ AT ALL4 

,KABANOVA3 ,Y\ HAVE NO ONE OV] Y\1 & SO Y\ ?9K Y\ CAN DO AS Y\ LIKE4 

,DIKOY3 ,NO1 Y\ HOLD Y\R TONGUE6 ,LI/5 TO ME6 ,I'LL TELL Y\ ! SORT ( TR\BLES ?AT HAPP5 TO ME4 ,I HAD FA/$ 9 ,L5T1 & WAS ALL READY = ,COMMUNION1 & !N ! ,EVIL ,ONE ?RU/S A WRET*$ PEASANT UND] MY NOSE4 ,HE HAD COME = MONEY1 = WOOD HE HAD SUPPLI$ US4 ,&1 = MY S9S1 HE MU/ NE$S %[ HIMSELF AT A TIME LIKE ?AT6 ,I FELL 9TO S91 ( C\RSE2 ,I PIT*$ 9TO HIM1 PIT*$ 9TO HIM F9ELY1 ,I DID1 ALL BUT ?RA%$ HIM4 ,!RE Y\ HAVE IT1 MY TEMP]6 ,AFT]W>DS ,I ASK$ HIS P>DON1 B[$ D[N TO HIS FEET1 UPON MY WORD ,I DID4 ,IT'S ! TRU? ,I'M TELL+ Y\1 ,I B[$ D[N TO A PEASANT'S FEET4 ,?AT'S :AT MY TEMP] BR+S ME TO3 ON ! SPOT !RE1 9 ! MUD ,I B[$ D[N TO HIS FEET2 BE=E EV]YONE1 ,I DID4#b 

,MADAME ,KABANOVA IS WELL MAT*$ ) ,DIKOOY4 ,%E MAY BE LESS PRIMITIVE ?AN H] FRI5D1 BUT %E IS AN 9F9ITELY MORE TYRANNICAL OPPRESSOR4 ,H] SON IS M>RI$ & LOVES1 MORE OR LESS1 HIS Y\NG WIFE2 BUT HE IS KEPT UND] HIS MO!R'S RULE JU/ AS IF HE W]E A BOY4 ,! MO!R HATES1 ( C\RSE1 ! Y\NG WIFE1 ,KAT]9A1 & TYRANNIZES OV] H] AS MU* AS %E CAN2 & ! HUSB& HAS NO 5]GY TO /EP 9 & DEF5D H]4 ,HE IS ONLY TOO HAPPY :5 HE CAN SLIP AWAY FROM ! H\SE4 ,HE MI<T HAVE %[N MORE LOVE TO HIS WIFE IF !Y HAD BE5 LIV+ AP>T FROM HIS MO!R2 BUT BE+ 9 ?IS H\SE1 ALWAYS UND] ITS TYRANNICAL RULE1 HE LOOKS UPON HIS WIFE AS P>T ( IT ALL4 ,KAT]9A1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS A POETICAL BE+4 ,%E WAS BR\<T UP 9 A V]Y GOOD FAMILY1 :]E %E 5JOY$ FULL LIB]TY1 BE=E %E M>RI$ ! Y\NG ,KABAN(F1 & N[ %E FEELS V]Y UNHAPPY UND] ! YOKE ( H] T]RIBLE MO!R-9-LAW1 HAV+ NOBODY BUT A WEAKL+ HUSB& TO OCCASIONALLY SAY A WORD 9 H] FAVOR4 ,!RE IS ALSO A LITTLE DETAIL-%E HAS A MORTAL FE> ( ?UND]/ORMS4 ,?IS IS A FEATURE :I* IS QUITE *>ACT]I/IC 9 ! SMALL T[NS ON ! UPP] ,VOLGA3 ,I HAVE MYSELF KN[N WELL $UCAT$ LADIES :O1 HAV+ ONCE BE5 FRI<T5$ BY ONE ( !SE SUDD5 /ORMS-!Y >E ( A T]RIFIC GR&EUR-RETA9$ A LIFELONG FE> ( ?UND]4 

,IT SO HAPP5S ?AT ,KAT]9A'S HUSB& HAS TO LEAVE HIS T[N = A =TNI<T4 ,KAT]9A1 9 ! MEANTIME1 :O HAS MET OCCASIONALLY ON ! PROM5ADE A Y\NG MAN1 ,BORIS1 A NEPHEW ( ,DIKOY1 & HAS RECEIV$ SOME ATT5TION FROM HIM1 P>TLY DRIV5 TO IT BY H] HUSB&'S SI/]-A V]Y FLI<TY GIRL1 :O IS WONT TO /EAL FROM ! BACK G>D5 TO MEET H] SWEE!>TS -HAS DUR+ !SE FEW DAYS ONE OR TWO 9T]VIEWS ) ! Y\NG MAN1 & FALLS 9 LOVE ) HIM4 ,BORIS IS ! FIR/ MAN :O1 S9CE H] M>RIAGE1 HAS TREAT$ H] ) RESPECT2 HE HIMSELF SUFF]S FROM ! OPPRESSION ( ,DIKOY1 & %E FEELS HALF-SYMPA?Y1 HALF-LOVE T[>DS HIM4 ,BUT ,BORIS IS ALSO ( WEAK1 IRRESOLUTE *>ACT]1 & AS SOON AS HIS UNCLE ,DIKOY ORD]S HIM TO LEAVE ! T[N HE OBEYS & HAS ONLY ! USUAL WORDS ( REGRET ?AT 0CIRCUM/ANCES0 SO SOON SEP>ATE HIM FROM ,KAT]9A4 ,! HUSB& RETURNS4 & :5 HE1 HIS WIFE1 & ! OLD MO!R ,KABANOVA >E CAU<T BY A T]RIFIC ?UND]/ORM ON ! PROM5ADE ALONG ! ,VOLGA1 ,KAT]9A1 9 MORTAL FE> ( SUDD5 DEA?1 TELLS 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! CR[D :I* HAS TAK5 REFUGE 9 A %ELT] ON ! PROM5ADE :AT HAS HAPP5$ DUR+ H] HUSB&'S ABS5CE4 ,! CONSEQU5CES WILL BE/ BE LE>N$ FROM ! FOLL[+ SC5E1 :I* ,I QUOTE FROM ! SAME TRANSLATION4 ,IT ALSO TAKES PLACE ON ! HI< BANK ( ! ,VOLGA4 ,AFT] HAV+ W&]$ = SOME TIME 9 ! DUSK ON ! SOLIT>Y BANK1 ,KAT]9A AT LA/ P]CEIVES ,BORIS & RUNS UP TO HIM4 

,KAT]9A3 ,AT LA/ ,I SEE Y\ AGA96 7,WEEPS ON HIS BREA/4 ,SIL5CE47  

,BORIS3 ,WELL1 ,GOD HAS GRANT$ US TO WEEP TOGE!R4 

,KAT]9A3 ,Y\ HAVE NOT =GOTT5 ME8 

,BORIS3 ,H[ CAN Y\ SPEAK ( =GETT+8 

,KAT]9A3 ,OH1 NO1 IT WAS NOT ?AT1 NOT ?AT6 ,Y\ >E NOT ANGRY8 

,BORIS3 ,ANGRY = :AT8 

,KAT]9A3 ,=GIVE ME6 ,I DID NOT MEAN TO DO Y\ ANY H>M4 ,I WAS NOT FREE MYSELF4 ,I DID NOT KN[ :AT ,I SAID1 :AT ,I DID4 

,BORIS3 ,DON'T SPEAK ( IT6 ,DON'T4 

,KAT]9A3 ,WELL1 H[ IS IT ) Y\8 ,:AT >E Y\ GO+ TO DO8 

,BORIS3 ,I AM GO+ AWAY4 

,KAT]9A3 ,:]E >E Y\ GO+8 

,BORIS3 ,F> AWAY1 ,KATYA1 TO ,SIB]IA4 

,KAT]9A3 ,TAKE ME ) Y\1 AWAY FROM H]E4 

,BORIS3 ,I CANNOT1 ,KATYA4 ,I AM NOT GO+ ( MY FREE WILL2 MY UNCLE IS S5D+ ME1 HE HAS ! HORSES WAIT+ = ME ALREADY2 ,I ONLY BEGG$ = A M9UTE1 ,I WANT$ TO TAKE A LA/ F>EWELL ( ! SPOT :]E WE US$ TO SEE EA* O!R4  

,KAT]9A3 ,GO1 & ,GOD BE ) Y\6 ,DON'T GRIEVE OV] ME4 ,AT FIR/ Y\R HE>T WILL BE HEAVY1 P]HAPS1 POOR BOY1 BUT !N Y\ WILL BEG9 TO =GET4 

,BORIS3 ,:Y TALK ( ME6 ,I AM FREE AT LEA/2 H[ AB\T Y\8 :AT ( Y\R HUSB&'S MO!R8 

,KAT]9A3 ,%E TORTURES ME1 %E LOCKS ME UP4 ,%E TELLS EV]YONE1 EV5 MY HUSB&3 0,DON'T TRU/ H]1 %E IS SLY & DECEITFUL40 ,!Y ALL FOLL[ ME AB\T ALL DAY LONG1 & LAU< AT ME BE=E MY FACE4 ,AT EV]Y WORD !Y REPROA* ME ) Y\4 

,BORIS3 ,& Y\R HUSB&8 

,KAT]9A3 ,ONE M9UTE HE'S K9D1 ONE M9UTE HE'S ANGRY1 BUT HE'S DR9K+ ALL ! :ILE4 ,HE IS LOA?SOME TO ME1 LOA?SOME2 HIS K9DNESS IS WORSE ?AN HIS BL[S4 

,BORIS3 ,Y\ >E WRET*$1 ,KATYA8 

,KAT]9A3 ,SO WRET*$1 SO WRET*$1 ?AT IT W]E BETT] TO DIE6 

,BORIS3 ,:O C\LD HAVE DREAM$ ?AT WE %\LD HAVE TO SUFF] SU* ANGUI% = \R LOVE6 ,I'D BETT] HAVE RUN AWAY !M71 

,KAT]9A3 ,IT WAS AN EVIL DAY = ME :5 ,I SAW Y\4 ,JOY ,I HAVE KN[N LITTLE (1 BUT ( SORR[1 ( SORR[1 H[ MU*6 ,& H[ MU* IS /ILL BE=E ME6 ,BUT :Y ?9K ( :AT IS TO BE6 ,I AM SEE+ Y\ N[1 ?AT MU* !Y CANNOT TAKE AWAY FROM ME2 & ,I C>E = NO?+ MORE4 ,ALL ,I WANT$ WAS TO SEE Y\4 ,N[ MY HE>T IS MU* EASI]2 AS ?\< A LOAD HAD BE5 TAK5 (F ME4 ,I KEPT ?9K+ Y\ W]E ANGRY ) ME1 ?AT Y\ W]E CURS+ ME4 4 4 4 

,BORIS3 ,H[ CAN Y\6 ,H[ CAN Y\6 

,KAT]9A3 ,NO1 ?AT IS NOT :AT ,I MEAN2 ?AT IS NOT :AT ,I WANT$ TO SAY6 ,I WAS SICK ) LONG+ = Y\1 ?AT'S IT2 & N[1 ,I HAVE SE5 Y\4 4 4 4 

,BORIS3 ,!Y MU/ NOT COME UPON US H]E6 

,KAT]9A3 ,/AY A M9UTE6 ,/AY A M9UTE6 ,SOME?+ ,I MEANT TO SAY TO Y\6 ,I'VE =GOTT56 ,SOME?+ ,I HAD TO SAY6 ,EV]Y?+ IS 9 CONFUSION 9 MY HEAD1 ,I CAN REMEMB] NO?+4 

,BORIS3 ,IT'S TIME ,I W5T1 ,KATYA6 

,KAT]9A3 ,WAIT A M9UTE1 A M9UTE6 

,BORIS3 ,COME1 :AT DID Y\ WANT TO SAY8 

,KAT]9A3 ,I WILL TELL Y\ DIRECTLY4 7,?9K+ A MOM5T47 ,YES6 ,AS Y\ TRAVEL ALONG ! HI<ROADS1 DO NOT PASS BY ONE BEGG>1 GIVE TO EV]YONE1 & BID !M PRAY = MY S9FUL S\L4 

,BORIS3 ,AH1 IF !SE PEOPLE KNEW :AT IT IS TO ME TO P>T FROM Y\6 ,MY ,GOD6 ,GOD GRANT !Y MAY ONE DAY KN[ SU* BITT]NESS AS ,I KN[ N[4 ,F>EWELL1 ,KATYA6 7,EMBRACES H] & TRIES TO GO AWAY47 ,MISCREANTS6 MON/]S6 ,AH1 IF ,I W]E /RONG6 

,KAT]9A3 ,/AY1 /AY6 ,LET ME LOOK AT Y\ = ! LA/ TIME 7GAZES 9TO HIS FACE74 ,N[ ALL IS OV] ) ME4 ,! 5D IS COME = ME4 ,N[1 ,GOD BE ) !E4 ,GO1 GO QUICKLY6 

,BORIS3 7,MOVES AWAY A FEW /EPS & /&S /ILL47 ,KATYA1 ,I FEEL A DREAD ( SOME?+6 ,Y\ HAVE SOME?+ FE>FUL 9 Y\R M9D8 ,I %ALL BE 9 TORTURE AS ,I GO1 ?9K+ ( Y\4 

,KAT]9A3 ,NO1 NO6 ,GO 9 ,GOD'S NAME6 7,BORIS IS AB\T TO GO UP TO H]47 ,NO1 NO1 5\<4 

,BORIS3 7,SOBB+47 ,GOD BE ) !E6 ,!RE'S ONLY ONE ?+ TO PRAY ,GOD =1 ?AT %E MAY SOON BE DEAD1 ?AT %E MAY NOT BE TORTUR$ LONG6 ,F>EWELL6 

,KAT]9A3 ,F>EWELL6 

 7,BORIS GOES \T4 ,KAT]9A FOLL[S HIM ) H] EYES & /&S = SOME TIME1 LO/ 9 ?\<T47 

,S,C,5,E ,I,V4 

,K,A,T,],9,A 7ALONE74 

 ,:]E AM ,I GO+ N[8 ,HOME8 ,NO1 HOME OR ! GRAVE-IT IS ! SAME4 ,YES1 HOME OR ! GRAVE6 4 4 4 ! GRAVE6 ,BETT] ! GRAVE4 ,A LITTLE GRAVE UND] A TREE 4 4 4 H[ SWEET 4 4 4 4 ,! SUN%9E W>MS IT1 ! SWEET RA9 FALLS ON IT 4 4 4 9 ! SPR+ ! GRASS GR[S ON IT1 S(T & SWEET GRASS 4 4 4 ! BIRDS WILL FLY 9 ! TREE & S+1 & BR+ UP !IR LITTLE ONES1 & FL[]S WILL BLOOM2 GOLD51 R$ & BLUE 4 4 4 ALL SORTS ( FL[]S1 7DREAM+LY7 ALL SORTS ( FL[]S 4 4 4 H[ /ILL6 H[ SWEET6 ,MY HE>T IS AS IT W]E LI<T]6 ,BUT ( LIFE ,I DON'T WANT TO ?9K6 ,LIVE AGA96 ,NO1 NO1 NO USE 4 4 4 LIFE IS NOT GOOD6 4 4 4 ,& PEOPLE >E HATEFUL TO ME1 & ! H\SE IS HATEFUL1 & ! WALLS >E HATEFUL6 ,I WILL NOT GO !RE6 ,NO1 NO1 ,I WILL NOT GO6 ,IF ,I GO TO !M1 !Y'LL COME & TALK1 & :AT DO ,I WANT ) ?AT8 ,AH1 IT HAS GR[N D>K6 ,& !RE IS S++ AGA9 SOME:]E6 ,:AT >E !Y S++8 ,I CAN'T MAKE \T4 4 4 4 ,TO DIE N[4 4 4 4 ,:AT >E !Y S++8 ,IT IS JU/ ! SAME :E!R DEA? COMES1 OR ( MYSELF 4 4 4 BUT LIVE ,I CANNOT6 ,A S9 TO DIE SO6 4 4 4 !Y WON'T PRAY = ME6 ,IF ANYONE LOVES ME1 HE WILL PRAY 4 4 4 !Y WILL FOLD MY >MS CROSS$ 9 ! GRAVE6 ,OH1 YES 4 4 4 4,I REMEMB]4 ,BUT :5 !Y CAT* ME1 & TAKE ME HOME BY =CE4 4 4 4 ,AH1 QUICKLY1 QUICKLY6 7,GES TO ! RIV] BANK4 ,AL\D7 ,MY DE> ONE6 ,MY SWEET6 ,F>EWELL6 7,EXIT47 

7,5T] ,MME4 ,KABANOVA1 ,KABANOV1 ,KULI<9 & WORKM5 ) TOR*ES47 

,! ,?UND]/ORM IS ONE ( ! BE/ DRAMAS 9 ! MOD]N REP]TOIRE ( ! ,RUSSIAN /AGE4 ,FROM ! /AGE PO9T ( VIEW IT IS SIMPLY ADMIRABLE4 ,EV]Y SC5E IS IMPRESSIVE1 ! DRAMA DEVELOPS RAPIDLY1 & EV]YONE ( ! TWELVE *>ACT]S 9TRODUC$ 9 IT IS A JOY TO ! DRAMATIC >TI/4 ,! P>TS ( ,DIKOY1 ,V>V>A1 7! FRIVOL\S SI/]71 ,KABAN(F1 ,KUDRYA% 7! SWEE!>T ( ,V>V>A71 AN OLD >TISAN-5G9E]1 NAY EV5 ! OLD LADY ) TWO MALE-S]VANTS1 :O APPE>S ONLY = A C\PLE ( M9UTES-EA* ONE WILL BE F\ND A S\RCE ( DEEP >TI/IC PLEASURE BY ! ACTOR OR ACTRESS :O TAKES IT2 :ILE ! P>TS ( ,KAT]9A1 & ,MME4 ,KABANOVA >E SU* ?AT NO GREAT ACTRESS W\LD NEGLECT !M4 

,CONC]N+ ! MA9 IDEA ( ! DRAMA1 ,I %ALL HAVE TO REPEAT H]E :AT ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID ONCE OR TWICE 9 ! C\RSE ( !SE SKET*ES4 ,AT FIR/ SI<T IT MAY SEEM ?AT ,MME4 ,KABANOVA & H] SON >E EXCLUSIVELY ,RUSSIAN TYPES-TYPES :I* EXI/ NO MORE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,SO IT WAS SAID1 AT LEA/1 BY SEV]AL ,5GLI% CRITICS4 ,BUT SU* AN ASS]TION SEEMS TO BE H>DLY CORRECT4 ,! SUBMISSIVE ,KABAN(FS MAY BE R>E 9 ,5GL&1 OR AT LEA/ !IR SLY SUBMISSIV5ESS DOES NOT GO TO ! SAME L5G?S AS IT DOES 9 ,! ,?UND]/ORM4 ,BUT EV5 = ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY ,KABAN(F IS NOT V]Y TYPICAL4 ,AS TO HIS MO!R1 ,MME4 ,KABANOVA1 EV]Y ONE ( US MU/ HAVE MET H] MORE ?AN ONCE 9 ,5GLI% SURR\ND+S4 ,:O DOES NOT KN[1 9DE$1 ! OLD LADY :O = ! M]E PLEASURE ( EX]CIS+ H] P[] WILL KEEP H] DAU<T]S AT H] SIDE1 PREV5T !IR M>RY+1 & TYRANNIZE OV] !M TILL !Y HAVE GR[N GRAY-HAIR$8 OR 9 ?\S&S OR O!R WAYS EX]CISE H] TYRANNY OV] H] H\SEHOLD8 ,DICK5S KNEW ,MME4 ,KABANOVA WELL1 & %E IS /ILL ALIVE 9 !SE ,ISL&S1 AS EV]Y:]E ELSE4 

,O,/,R,O,V,S,K,I,Y',S ,L,A,T,] ,D,R,A,M,A,S 

,AS ,O/ROVSKIY ADVANC$ 9 YE>S & WID5$ ! SCOPE ( HIS OBS]VATIONS ( ,RUSSIAN LIFE1 HE DREW HIS *>ACT]S FROM O!R CIRCLES BESIDES ?AT ( ! M]*ANTS1 & 9 HIS LAT] DRAMAS HE GAVE SU* HI<LY ATTRACTIVE1 PROGRESSIVE TYPES AS ,! ,POOR ,BRIDE1 ,P>A%A 79 A BEAUTIFUL COM$Y1 ,AN ,IMPETU\S ,HE>T71 ,AGNIYA 9 ,C>NIVAL HAS ITS ,5D1 ! ACTOR ,NES*A/LIVTSEFF 7,MR4 ,UN=TUNATE7 9 A *>M+ IDYLL1 ,! ,=E/1 & SO ON4 ,& AS REG>DS HIS 0NEGATIVE0 7UNDESIRABLE7 TYPES1 TAK5 FROM ! LIFE ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG BUREAUCRACY OR FROM ! MILLIONAIRE & 0COMPANY-PROMOT]S0 CIRCLES1 ,O/ROVSKIY DEEPLY UND]/OOD !M & ATTA9$ ! >TI/IC REALIZATION ( WOND]FULLY TRUE1 COLDLY-H>%1 ?\< APP>5TLY 0RESPECTABLE0 TYPES1 SU* AS NO O!R DRAMATIC WRIT] HAS EV] SUCCE$$ 9 PRODUC+4 

,ALTOGE!R ,O/ROVSKIY WROTE AB\T FIFTY DRAMAS & COM$IES1 & EV]Y ONE ( !M IS EXCELL5T = ! /AGE4 ,!RE >E NO 9SIGNIFICANT P>TS 9 !M4 ,A GREAT ACTOR OR ACTRESS MAY TAKE ONE ( ! SMALLE/ P>TS1 CONSI/+ ( P]HAPS BUT A FEW WORDS PRON\NC$ DUR+ A FEW M9UTES' APPE>ANCE ON ! /AGE-& YET FEEL ?AT !RE IS MAT]IAL 5\< 9 IT TO CREATE A *>ACT]4 ,AS = ! MA9 P]SONAGES ,O/ROVSKIY FULLY UND]/OOD ?AT A CONSID]ABLE P>T 9 ! CREATION ( A *>ACT] MU/ BE LEFT TO ! ACTOR4 ,!RE >E CONSEQU5TLY P>TS :I* )\T SU* A COLLABORATION W\LD BE PALE & UNF9I%$1 :ILE 9 ! H&S ( A TRUE ACTOR !Y YIELD MAT]IAL = A DEEPLY PSY*OLOGICAL & PR(\NDLY DRAMATIC P]SONIFICATION4 ,?IS IS :Y A LOV] ( DRAMATIC >T F9DS SU* A DEEP ES!TIC PLEASURE BO? 9 PLAY+ 9 ,O/ROVSKIY'S DRAMAS & 9 READ+ !M AL\D4 

,REALISM1 9 ! S5SE :I* ALREADY HAS BE5 9DICAT$ SEV]AL TIMES 9 !SE PAGES-?AT IS1 A REALI/IC DESCRIPTION ( *>ACT]S & EV5TS1 SUBS]VI5T TO IDEAL AIMS-IS ! DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ALL ,O/ROVSKIY'S DRAMAS4 ,AS 9 ! NOVELS ( ,TURGU5EFF1 ! SIMPLICITY ( HIS PLOTS IS /RIK+4 ,BUT Y\ SEE LIFE-TRUE LIFE ) ALL ITS PETT9ESSES-DEVELOP+ BE=E Y\1 & \T ( !SE PETTY DETAILS GR[S 9S5SIBLY ! PLOT4 

0,ONE SC5E FOLL[S ANO!R1 & ALL ( !M >E SO COMMONPLACE1 SU* AN EV]YDAY MATT]6-& YET1 \T ( !M1 A T]RIBLE DRAMA HAS QUITE IMP]CEPTIBLY GR[N 9TO BE+4 ,Y\ C\LD AFFIRM ?AT IT IS NOT A COM$Y BE+ PLAY$ BE=E Y\1 BUT LIFE ITSELF UNROLL$ BE=E Y\R EYES-AS IF ! AU?OR HAD SIMPLY OP5$ A WALL & %[N Y\ :AT IS GO+ ON 9SIDE ?IS OR ?AT H\SE40 ,9 !SE JU/ WORDS ONE ( \R CRITICS1 ,SKABIT*EVSKIY1 HAS DESCRIB$ ,O/ROVSKIY'S WORK4 

,9 HIS DRAMAS ,O/ROVSKIY 9TRODUC$ AN IMM5SE V>IETY ( *>ACT]S TAK5 FROM ALL CLASSES ( ,RUSSIAN LIFE2 BUT HE ONCE = ALL AB&ON$ ! OLD ROMANTIC DIVISION ( HUMAN TYPES 9TO 0GOOD0 & 0BAD0 ONES4 ,9 REAL LIFE !SE TWO DIVISIONS >E BL5D$ TOGE!R & M]GE 9TO ANO!R2 & :ILE EV5 N[ AN ,5GLI% DRAMATIC AU?OR CANNOT CONCEIVE A DRAMA )\T 0! VILLA910 ,O/ROVSKIY NEV] FELT ! NE$ ( 9TRODUC+ ?AT CONV5TIONAL P]SONAGE4 ,NOR DID HE FEEL ! NE$ ( RESORT+ TO ! CONV5TIONAL RULES ( 0DRAMATIC CONFLICT40 ,TO QUOTE ONCE MORE FROM ! SAME CRITIC3 

0 ,!RE IS NO POSSIBILITY ( BR++ HIS COM$IES UND] SOME G5]AL PR9CIPLE1 SU* AS A /RUGGLE ( DUTY AGA9/ 9CL9ATION1 OR A COLLISION ( PASSIONS :I* CALLS =? A FATAL RESULT1 OR AN ANTAGONISM BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 OR BETWE5 PROGRESS & IGNORANCE4 ,HIS COM$IES REPRES5T ! MO/ V>I$ HUMAN RELATIONS4 JU/ AS WE F9D IT 9 LIFE1 M5 /& 9 !SE COM$IES 9 DIFF]5T OBLIGATORY RELATIONS T[>DS EA* O!R1 :I* RELATIONS HAVE1 ( C\RSE1 !IR ORIG9 9 ! PA/2 & :5 !SE M5 HAVE BE5 BR\<T TOGE!R1 CONFLICTS NECESS>ILY >ISE BETWE5 !M1 \T ( !SE V]Y RELATIONS4 ,AS TO ! \TCOME ( ! CONFLICT1 IT IS1 AS A RULE QUITE UN=ESE51 & (T5 DEP5DS1 AS USUALLY HAPP5S 9 REAL LIFE1 UPON M]E ACCID5TS40 

,LIKE ,IBS51 ,O/ROVSKIY SOMETIMES WILL NOT EV5 UND]TAKE TO SAY H[ ! DRAMA WILL 5D4 

,& F9ALLY1 ,O/ROVSKIY1 NOT)/&+ ! PESSIMISM ( ALL HIS CONTEMPOR>IES-! WRIT]S ( ! =TIES-WAS NOT A PESSIMI/4 ,EV5 AMID ! MO/ T]RIBLE CONFLICTS DEPICT$ 9 HIS DRAMAS HE RETA9$ ! S5SE ( ! JOY ( LIFE & ( ! UNAVOIDABLE FATALITY ( MANY ( ! MIS]IES ( LIFE4 ,HE NEV] RECOIL$ BE=E PA9T+ ! D>K] ASPECTS ( ! HUMAN TURMOIL1 & HE HAS GIV5 A MO/ REPULSIVE COLLECTION ( FAMILY-DESPOTS FROM ! OLD M]*ANT CLASS1 FOLL[$ BY A COLLECTION ( /ILL MORE REPULSIVE TYPES FROM ! CLASS ( 9DU/RIAL 0PROMOT]S40 ,BUT 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R HE MANAG$ EI!R TO %[ ?AT !RE >E BETT] 9FLU5CES AT WORK1 OR1 AT LEA/1 TO SUGGE/ ! POSSIBLE TRIUMPH ( SOME BETT] ELEM5T4 ,HE ?US AVOID$ FALL+ 9TO ! PESSIMISM :I* *>ACT]IZ$ HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 & HE HAD NO?+ ( ! HY/]ICAL TURN ( M9D :I* WE F9D 9 SOME ( HIS MOD]N FOLL[]S4 ,EV5 AT MOM5TS :51 9 SOME ONE ( HIS DRAMAS1 LIFE ALL R\ND WE>S ! GLOOMIE/ ASPECT 7AS1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ,S9 & ,MIS=TUNE MAY VISIT EV]YONE1 :I* IS A PAGE FROM PEASANT LIFE1 AS REALI/ICALLY D>K1 BUT BETT] SUIT$ = ! /AGE1 ?AN ,TOL/OY'S ,P[] ( ,D>KNESS71 EV5 !N A GLEAM ( HOPE APPE>S1 AT LEA/1 9 ! CONTEMPLATION ( NATURE1 IF NO?+ ELSE REMA9S TO R$EEM ! GLOOM9ESS ( HUMAN FOLLY4 

,& YET1 !RE IS ONE ?+-& A V]Y IMPORTANT ONE-:I* /&S 9 ! WAY ( ,O/ROVSKIY'S OCCUPY+ 9 9T]NATIONAL DRAMATIC LIT]ATURE ! HI< POSITION TO :I* HIS P[]FUL DRAMATIC TAL5T 5TITL$ HIM1 & BE+ RECOGNIZ$ AS ONE ( ! GREAT DRAMATI/S ( \R C5TURY4 ,! DRAMATIC CONFLICTS :I* WE F9D 9 HIS DRAMAS >E ALL ( ! SIMPL] SORT4 ,!RE >E-NONE ( ! MORE TRAGICAL PROBLEMS & 5TANGLEM5TS :I* ! COMPLICAT$ NATURE ( ! $UCAT$ MAN ( \R [N TIMES & ! DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! GREAT SOCIAL QUE/IONS >E GIV+ BIR? TO 9 ! CONFLICTS >IS+ N[ 9 EV]Y /RATUM & CLASS ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT IT MU/ ALSO BE SAID ?AT ! DRAMATI/ :O CAN TREAT !SE MOD]N PROBLEMS ( LIFE 9 ! SAME MA/]LY WAY 9 :I* ! ,MOSC[ WRIT] HAS TREAT$ ! SIMPL] PROBLEMS :I* HE SAW 9 HIS [N SURR\ND+S1 IS YET TO COME4 

,H,I,/,O,R,I,C,A,L ,D,R,A,M,A,S-,A4 ,K4 ,T,O,L,/,O,Y4 

,AT A LAT] P]IOD ( HIS LIFE ,O/ROVSKIY TURN$ TO HI/ORICAL DRAMA1 :I* HE WROTE 9 EXCELL5T BLANK V]SE4 ,BUT1 LIKE ,%AKESPE>E'S PLAYS FROM ,5GLI% HI/ORY1 & ,PU%K9'S ,BORIS ,GODUN(F1 !Y HAVE MORE ! *>ACT] ( DRAMATIZ$ *RONICLES ?AN ( DRAMAS PROP]LY SPEAK+4 ,!Y BELONG TOO MU* TO ! DOMA9 ( ! EPIC1 & ! DRAMATIC 9T]E/ IS TOO (T5 SACRIFIC$ TO ! DESIRE ( 9TRODUC+ HI/ORICAL COLOR+4 

,! SAME IS TRUE1 ?\< 9 A LESS] DEGREE1 ( ! HI/ORICAL DRAMAS ( ,C\NT ,A,L,E,X,E,I ,K,O,N,/,A,N,T,9,O,V,I,T,* ,T,O,L,/,O,Y 7#a#h#a#g-#a#h#g#e74 ,A4 ,K4 ,TOL/OY WAS ABOVE ALL A POET2 BUT HE ALSO WROTE A HI/ORICAL NOVEL FROM ! TIMES ( ,JOHN ! ,T]RIBLE1 ,PR9CE ,S]EBRYANYI1 :I* HAD A V]Y GREAT SUCCESS1 P>TLY BECAUSE 9 IT = ! FIR/ TIME C5SOR%IP HAD P]MITT$ FICTION TO DEAL ) ! HALF-MAD ,CZ> :O PLAY$ ! P>T ( ! ,L\IS ,X,I4 ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,MON>*Y1 BUT ESPECIALLY ON ACC\NT ( ITS REAL QUALITIES AS A HI/ORICAL NOVEL4 ,HE ALSO TRI$ HIS TAL5T 9 A DRAMATIC POEM1 ,DON ,JUAN1 MU* 9F]IOR1 H[EV]1 TO ,PU%K9'S DRAMA DEAL+ ) ! SAME SUBJECT1 BUT HIS MA9 WORK WAS A TRILOGY ( ?REE TRAG$IES FROM ! TIMES ( ,JOHN ! ,T]RIBLE & ! IMPO/OR ,DEMETRIUS3 ,! ,DEA? ( ,JOHN ! ,T]RIBLE1 ,! ,CZ> ,!ODOR ,IVANOVIT*1 & ,BORIS ,GODUN(F4 

,!SE ?REE TRAG$IES HAVE A CONSID]ABLE VALUE2 9 EA* ! SITUATION ( ! H]O IS REALLY HI<LY DRAMATIC1 & TREAT$ 9 A MO/ IMPRESSIVE WAY1 :ILE ! SETT+S 9 ! PALACES ( ! OLD ,MOSC[ ,CZ>S >E EXTREMELY DECORATIVE & IMPRESSIVE 9 !IR SUMPTU\S ORIG9ALITY4 ,BUT 9 ALL ?REE TRAG$IES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! DRAMATIC ELEM5T SUFF]S FROM ! 9TRUSION ( ! EPICAL DESCRIPTIVE ELEM5T1 & ! *>ACT]S >E EI!R NOT QUITE CORRECT HI/ORICALLY 7,BORIS ,GODUN(F IS DEPRIV$ ( HIS R\<] TRAITS 9 FAVOR ( A C]TA9 QUIET IDEALISM :I* WAS A P]SONAL FEATURE ( ! AU?OR71 OR !Y DO NOT REPRES5T ?AT 5TIR5ESS ( *>ACT] :I* WE >E ACCU/OM$ TO F9D 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS4 ,( C\RSE1 ! TRAG$IES ( ,TOL/OY'S >E EXTREMELY F> FROM ! ROMANTICISM ( ! DRAMAS ( ,VICTOR ,HUGO2 !Y >E1 ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 REALI/IC DRAMAS2 BUT 9 ! FRAM+ ( ! HUMAN *>ACT]S SOME ROMANTICISM IS FELT /ILL1 & ?IS IS ESPECIALLY EVID5T 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! *>ACT] ( ,JOHN ! ,T]RIBLE4 

,AN EXCEPTION MU/1 H[EV]1 BE MADE 9 FAVOR ( ,! ,CZ> ,!ODOR ,IVANOVIT*4 ,A4 ,K4 ,TOL/OY WAS A DEVOT$ P]SONAL FRI5D ( ,ALEX&] ,IL4 &1 REFUS+ ALL ADM9I/RATIVE PO/S ( HONOR :I* W]E (F]$ HIM1 HE PREF]R$ ! MODE/ POSITION ( A ,HEAD ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,HUNT1 :I* P]MITT$ HIM TO RETA9 HIS 9DEP5D5CE1 :ILE REMA9+ 9 CLOSE CONTACT ) ! ,EMP]OR4 ,[+ TO ?IS 9TIMACY HE MU/ HAVE HAD ! BE/ OPPORTUNITIES = OBS]V+1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! LAT] YE>S ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4'S REIGN1 ! /RUGGLES TO :I* A GOOD-HE>T$ MAN ( WEAK *>ACT] IS EXPOS$ :5 HE IS A ,CZ> ( ,RUSSIA4 ,( C\RSE ! ,CZ> ,!ODOR IS NOT 9 ! LEA/ AN ATTEMPT AT PORTRAY+ ,ALEX&] ,I,I4-?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 B5EA? AN >TI/-BUT ! WEAKNESS ( ,ALEX&]'S *>ACT] MU/ HAVE SUGGE/$ ?OSE FEATURES ( REALITY 9 ! *>ACT] ( ,!ODOR :I* MAKES IT SO MU* BETT] PA9T$ ?AN EI!R ,JOHN ! ,T]RIBLE OR ,BORIS ,GODUN(F4 ,! ,CZ> ,!ODOR IS A REALLY LIV+ CREATION4 

,O,!,R ,D,R,A,M,A,T,I,C ,W,R,I,T,],S 

,( O!R WRIT]S = ! /AGE1 WE CAN ONLY BRIEFLY M5TION ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ONES4 

,T,U,R,G,U,5,E,F,F WROTE1 9 #a#h#d#h-#a#h#e#a1 FIVE COM$IES1 :I* (F] ALL ! ELEM5TS = REF9$ ACT+1 >E V]Y LIVELY &1 BE+ WRITT5 9 A BEAUTIFUL /YLE 7,TURGU5EFF'S PROSE67 >E /ILL ! S\RCE ( ES!TIC PLEASURE = ! MORE REF9$ PLAYGO]S4 

,S,U,K,H,O,V,O-,K,O,B,Y,L,9 HAS ALREADY BE5 M5TION$4 ,HE WROTE ONE COM$Y1 ,! ,M>RIAGE ( ,KRET*9SKIY1 :I* MADE ITS M>K & IS /ILL PLAY$ ) SUCCESS1 & A TRILOGY1 ,! ,AFFAIR1 :I* IS A P[]FUL SATIRE AGA9/ BUREAUCRACY1 BUT IS LESS EFFECTIVE ON ! /AGE ?AN ! =M]4 

,A4 ,P,I,S,E,M,S,K,I,Y1 ! NOVELI/ 7#a#h#b-#a#h#h#a71 WROTE1 BESIDES A FEW GOOD NOVELS & SEV]AL 9SIGNIFICANT COM$IES1 ONE REM>KABLY GOOD DRAMA-,A ,BITT] ,FATE1 FROM ! PEASANTS' LIFE1 :I* HE KNEW WELL & R5D]$ ADMIRABLY4 ,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ,LEO ,TOL/OY'S WELL KN[N ,P[] ( ,D>KNESS-TAK5 ALSO FROM PEASANT LIFE-NOT)/&+ ALL ITS P[]1 HAS NOT ECLIPS$ ! DRAMA ( ,PISEMSKIY4 

,! NOVELI/ ,A4 ,A4 ,P,O,T,Y,E,K,H,9 7#a#h#b#i-#a#i#b7 ALSO WROTE = ! /AGE1 & MU/ NOT BE OMITT$ EV5 9 SU* A RAPID SKET* ( ! ,RUSSIAN DRAMA AS ?IS4 ,HIS COM$IES1 ,T9SEL1 ,A ,SLICE ,CUT(F1 ,A ,VACANT ,SITUATION1 ,9 ,MUDDY ,WAT]S1 MET ) ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTIES AS REG>DS C5SOR%IP1 & ! ?IRD WAS NEV] PUT ON ! /AGE2 BUT ?OSE :I* W]E PLAY$ W]E ALWAYS A SUCCESS1 :ILE ! !MES ?AT HE TREAT$ ALWAYS ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( \R CRITICS4 ,! FIR/ ( !M1 ,T9SEL1 CAN BE TAK5 AS A FAIR REPRES5TATIVE ( ! TAL5T ( ,POTYEKH94 

,?IS COM$Y ANSW]$ A 0QUE/ION ( ! DAY40 ,= SEV]AL YE>S ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 FOLL[+ ESPECIALLY 9 ! /EPS ( ,S,*,$,R,9 7SEE ,*4 ,V,I,I,I471 DELI<T$ 9 ! DESCRIPTION ( ?OSE FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,GOV]NM5T BO>DS & TRIBUNALS :O LIV$ 7BE=E ! RE=MS ( ! SIXTIES7 ALMO/ 5TIRELY UPON BRIBES4 ,H[EV]1 AFT] ! RE=MS HAD BE5 C>RI$ ?R\<1 A NEW RACE ( FUNCTION>IES HAD GR[N UP1 0?OSE :O TOOK NO BRIBES10 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 [+ TO !IR /RAIT-LAC$ (FICIAL RIGORISM1 & !IR DESPOTIC & UNBRIDL$ EGOTISM1 W]E EV5 WORSE SPECIM5S ( MANK9D ?AN ANY ( ! 0BRIBE-TAK]S0 ( OLD4 ,! H]O ( ,T9SEL IS PRECISELY SU* A MAN4 ,HIS *>ACT]1 ) ALL ITS SECOND>Y FEATURES-HIS +RATITUDE & ESPECIALLY HIS LOVE 7OR :AT PASSES = LOVE 9 HIM7-IS P]HAPS TOO MU* BLACK5$ = ! PURPOSES ( ! DRAMA3 M5 SO CONSI/5TLY EGOTI/ICAL & =MALI/IC >E SELDOM1 IF EV]1 MET ) 9 REAL LIFE4 ,BUT ONE IS ALMO/ CONV9C$ BY ! AU?OR ( ! REALITY ( ! TYPE-) SO MA/]LY A H& DOES HE UNROLL 9 A V>IETY ( 9CID5TS ! 0CORRECT0 & DEEPLY EGOTI/IC NATURE ( HIS H]O4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ! COM$Y IS V]Y CLEV]1 & (F]S FULL OPPORTUNITY = EXCELL5T ACT+4 

,A DRAMATIC WRIT] :O 5JOY$ A LONG-/&+ SUCCESS WAS ,A4 ,I4 ,P,A,L,M 7#a#h#b#c-#a#h#h#e7- ,9 #ahdi HE WAS >RE/$ = HAV+ FREQU5T$ P]SONS BELONG+ TO ! CIRCLE ( ,PETRA%EVSKIY 7SEE ,D,O,/,O,Y,E,V,S,K,I,Y71 & FROM ?AT TIME HIS LIFE WAS A S]IES ( MIS=TUNES1 SO ?AT HE RETURN$ TO LIT]>Y ACTIVITY ONLY AT ! AGE ( FIFTY4 ,HE BELONG$ TO ! G5]ATION ( ,TURGU5EFF1 &1 KN[+ WELL ?AT TYPE ( NOBLEM51 :OM ! GREAT NOVELI/ HAS DEPICT$ SO WELL 9 HIS ,HAMLETS1 HE WROTE SEV]AL COM$IES FROM ! LIFE ( !IR CIRCLES4 ,! ,OLD ,NOBLEMAN & ,\R ,FRI5D ,NEKLUZHEFF W]E TILL LATELY FAVORITE PLAYS ON ! /AGE4 ,! ACTOR1 ,I4 ,E4 ,T,*,],N,Y,%,(,F1 :O WROTE SEV]AL COM$IES & ONE S]I\S DRAMA1 ,A ,SPOIL$ ,LIFE1 :I* PRODUC$ A C]TA9 IMPRESSION 9 #a#h#f#a2 ,N4 ,S,O,L,O,V,I,(,F1 & A V]Y PROLIFIC WRIT]1 ,V4 ,A4 ,K,R,Y,L,(,F 7,A,L,E,X,&,R,(,F71 MU/ ALSO BE M5TION$ 9 ?IS BRIEF SKET*4 

,& F9ALLY1 TWO Y\NG WRIT]S HAVE BR\<T \T LATELY COM$IES & DRAMATIC SC5ES :I* HAVE PRODUC$ A DEEP S5SATION4 ,I MEAN ,A,N,T,O,N ,T,*,E,H,(,F1 :OSE DRAMA ,IVAN(F WAS A FEW YE>S AGO ! SUBJECT ( ! MO/ PASSIONATE DISCUSSIONS1 & ,M,A,X,I,M ,G,O,R,K,I,Y1 :OSE DRAMA1 ,! ,>TISANS1 UND\BT$LY REVEALS A DRAMATIC TAL5T1 :ILE HIS JU/ PUBLI%$ 0DRAMATIC SC5ES10 ,AT ! ,BOTTOM-!Y >E ONLY SC5ES1 )\T AN ATTEMPT AT BUILD+ A DRAMA->E EXTREMELY P[]FUL1 & ECLIPSE HIS BE/ SKET*ES4 ,MORE WILL BE SAID ( !M 9 ! NEXT *APT]4 

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S 

#a4 ,%AKESPE>E HAS ALWAYS BE5 A GREAT FAVORITE 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT HIS DRAMAS REQUIRE A C]TA9 WEAL? ( SC5]Y NOT ALWAYS AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,SMALL ,!AT]4 

,TAK5 FROM ! EXCELL5T TRANSLATION ( ,MRS4 ,C4 ,G>NETT 7,! ,/ORM1 ,LONDON1 ,DUCKWOR? @& ,CO41 #a#h#i#i74 

7,S\RCE3 ,IDEAS & ,REALITIES 9 ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A ,KNOPF1 #a#i#a#e47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiad 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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