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,FOLK-,NOVELI/S 

#aiaeaiae 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,>T ,GALL]Y ,]GS,>T1 ,PUBLIC ,DOMA9 ,!IR ,POSITION 9 ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE-,! ,E>LY ,FOLK-,NOVELI/S3 -,GRIGOROVIT*-,M>KO ,VOVT*OK-,DANILEVSKIY-,9T]M$IATE ,P]IOD3 ,KOKOREFF-,PISEMSKIY-,POTYEKH9-,E?NOGRAPHICA,I ,RESE>*ES-,! ,REALI/IC ,S*OOL3-,POMYALOVSKIY-,RYE%ETNIK(F-,LEVIT(F-,GLEB ,USP5SKIY-,ZLATOVRATSKIY & O!R ,FOLK-,NOVELI/S-,NAUM(F-,ZASODIMSKIY-,SAL(F-,NEF$(F-,MOD]N ,REALISM3 ,MAXIM ,GORKIY4  

,AN IMPORTANT DIVISION ( ,RUSSIAN NOVELI/S1 ALMO/ TOTALLY UNKN[N 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & YET REPRES5T+ P]HAPS ! MO/ TYPICAL PORTION ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 0,FOLK-,NOVELI/S40 ,IT IS UND] ?IS NAME ?AT WE KN[ !M *IEFLY 9 ,RUSSIA1 & UND] ?IS NAME ! CRITIC ,SKABIT*EVSKIY HAS ANALYZ$ !M-FIR/1 9 A BOOK BE>+ ?IS TITLE1 & !N 9 HIS EXCELL5T ,HI/ORY ( ,MOD]N ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE 7#d? $4 #a#i74 ,BY 0,FOLK-,NOVELI/S0 WE MEAN1 ( C\RSE1 NOT ?OSE :O WRITE = ! PEOPLE1 BUT ?OSE :O WRITE AB\T ! PEOPLE3 ! PEASANTS1 ! M9]S1 ! FACTORY WORK]S1 ! L[E/ /RATA ( POPULATION 9 T[NS1 ! TRAMPS4 ,BRET ,H>TE 9 HIS SKET*ES ( ! M9+ CAMPS1 ,ZOLA 9 ,L',ASSOMMOIR & ,G]M9AL1 ,MR4 ,GISS+ 9 ,LIZA ( ,LAMBE?1 ,MR4 ,:IT+ 9 ,NO4 #e ,JOHN ,/REET1 BELONG TO ?IS CATEGORY2 BUT :AT IS EXCEPTIONAL & ACCID5TAL 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE IS ORGANIC 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,QUITE A NUMB] ( TAL5T$ WRIT]S HAVE DEVOT$ !MSELVES DUR+ ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 SOME ( !M 5TIRELY1 TO ! DESCRIPTION ( ?IS OR ?AT DIVISION ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,EV]Y CLASS ( ! TOIL+ MASSES1 :I* 9 O!R LIT]ATURES W\LD HAVE APPE>$ 9 NOVELS AS ! BACKGR\ND = EV5TS GO+ ON AMID $UCAT$ PEOPLE 7AS 9 ,H>DY'S ,WOODL&]S71 HAS HAD 9 ! ,RUSSIAN NOVEL ITS [N PA9T]4 ,ALL GREAT QUE/IONS CONC]N+ POPUL> LIFE :I* >E DEBAT$ 9 POLITICAL & SOCIAL BOOKS & REVIEWS HAVE BE5 TREAT$ 9 ! NOVEL AS WELL4 ,! EVILS ( S]FDOM &1 LAT] ON1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TILL] ( ! SOIL & GR[+ COMM]CIALISM2 ! EFFECTS ( FACTORIES UPON VILLAGE LIFE1 ! GREAT COOP]ATIVE FI%]IES1 PEASANT LIFE 9 C]TA9 MONA/]IES1 & LIFE 9 ! DEP?S ( ! ,SIB]IAN =E/S1 SLUM LIFE & TRAMP LIFE-ALL !SE HAVE BE5 DEPICT$ BY ! FOLK-NOVELI/S1 & !IR NOVELS HAVE BE5 AS EAG]LY READ AS ! WORKS ( ! GREATE/ AU?ORS4 ,& :ILE SU* QUE/IONS AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! FUTURE ( ! VILLAGE-COMMUNITY1 OR ( ! PEASANTS' ,COMMON ,LAW ,C\RTS1 >E DEBAT$ 9 ! DAILY PAP]S1 9 ! SCI5TIFIC REVIEWS & ! J\RNALS ( /ATI/ICAL RESE>*1 !Y >E ALSO DEALT ) BY MEANS ( >TI/IC IMAGES & TYPES TAK5 FROM LIFE 9 ! FOLK-NOVEL4 

,MOREOV]1 ! FOLK-NOVELI/S1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 REPRES5T A GREAT S*OOL ( REALISM 9 >T1 & 9 TRUE REALISM !Y HAVE SURPASS$ ALL ?OSE WRIT]S :O HAVE BE5 M5TION$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S4 ,( C\RSE1 ,RUSSIAN 0REALISM10 AS ! READ] ( ?IS BOOK IS ALREADY WELL AW>E1 IS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM :AT WAS REPRES5T$ AS 0NATURALISM0 & 0REALISM0 9 ,FRANCE BY ,ZOLA4 ,AS ALREADY REM>K$1 ,ZOLA1 NOT)/&+ HIS PROPAG&A ( REALISM1 ALWAYS REMA9$ AN 9VET]ATE ROMANTIC 9 ! CONCEPTION ( HIS LEAD+ *>ACT]S1 BO? ( ! 0SA9T0 & ( ! 0VILLA90 TYPE2 & NO D\BT BECAUSE ( ?IS-P]HAPS FEEL+ IT HIMSELF-HE GAVE1 AS A COMP5SATION1 SU* AN EXAGG]AT$ IMPORTANCE TO SPECULATIONS AB\T PHYSIOLOGICAL H]$ITY &1 TO ! ACCUMULATION ( PRETTY DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS1 MANY ( :I*1 ESPECIALLY AMONG HIS REPULSIVE TYPES1 MI<T HAVE BE5 OMITT$ )\T DEPRIV+ ! *>ACT]S ( ANY REALLY SIGNIFICANT FEATURE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! 0REALISM0 ( ,ZOLA HAS ALWAYS BE5 CONSID]$ TOO SUP]FICIAL1 TOO \TW>D1 & :ILE \R FOLK-NOVELI/S ALSO HAVE (T5 9DULG$ 9 AN UNNECESS>Y PR(USION ( DETAIL-SOMETIMES DECID$LY E?NOGRAPHICAL!Y HAVE AIM$ NEV]!LESS AT ?AT 9N] REALISM :I* APPE>S 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( SU* *>ACT]S AS >E REALLY REPRES5TATIVE ( LIFE TAK5 AS A :OLE4 ,!IR AIM HAS BE5 TO REPRES5T LIFE )\T DI/ORTION-:E!R ?AT DI/ORTION CONSI/S 9 9TRODUC+ PETTY DETAILS1 :I* MAY BE TRUE1 BUT >E ACCID5TAL1 OR 9 5D[+ H]OES ) VIRTUES OR VISES :I* >E 9DE$ MET ) H]E & !RE1 BUT \<T NOT TO BE G5]ALIZ$4 ,SEV]AL NOVELI/S1 AS WILL BE SE5 PRES5TLY1 HAVE OBJECT$ EV5 TO ! USUAL WAYS ( DESCRIB+ TYPES & RELAT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL DRAMAS ( A FEW TYPICAL H]OES4 ,!Y HAVE MADE ! EXTREMELY BOLD ATTEMPT ( DESCRIB+ LIFE ITSELF1 9 ITS SUCCESSION ( PETTY ACTIONS1 MOV+ ON AMID ITS GRAY & DULL SURR\ND+S1 9TRODUC+ ONLY ?AT DRAMATIC ELEM5T :I* RESULTS FROM ! 5DLESS SUCCESSION ( PETTY & DEPRESS+ DETAILS & WONT$ CIRCUM/ANCES2 & IT MU/ BE [N$ ?AT !Y HAVE NOT BE5 QUITE UNSUCCESSFUL 9 /RIK+ \T ?IS NEW L9E ( >T-P]HAPS ! MO/ TRAGICAL ( ALL4 ,O!RS1 AGA91 HAVE 9TRODUC$ A NEW TYPE ( >TI/IC REPRES5TATION ( LIFE1 :I* OCCUPIES AN 9T]M$IATE POSITION BETWE5 ! NOVEL1 PROP]LY SO-CALL$1 & A DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION ( A GIV5 POPULATION4 ,?US1 ,GLEB ,USP5SKIY KNEW H[ TO 9T]M+LE >TI/IC DESCRIPTIONS ( TYPICAL VILLAGE-PEOPLE ) DISCUSSIONS BELONG+ TO ! DOMA9 ( FOLK-PSY*OLOGY 9 SO 9T]E/+ A MANN] ?AT ! READ] WILL+LY P>DONS HIM !SE DIGRESSIONS2 :ILE O!RS LIKE ,MAXIM(F SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ \T ( !IR E?NOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS REAL WORKS ( >T1 )\T 9 ! LEA/ DIM9I%+ !IR SCI5TIFIC VALUE4 

,! ,E,>,L,Y ,F,O,L,K-,N,O,V,E,L,I,/,S 

,ONE ( ! E>LIE/ FOLK-NOVELI/S WAS ,G,R,I,G,O,R,O,V,I,T,* 7#a#h#b#b-#a#h#i#i71 A MAN ( GREAT TAL5T1 :O SOMETIMES IS PLAC$ BY ! SIDE ( ,TOL/OY1 ,TURGU5EFF1 ,GONT*>(F & ,O/ROVSKIY4 ,HIS LIT]>Y C>E] WAS V]Y 9T]E/+4 ,HE WAS BORN ( A ,RUSSIAN FA!R & A ,FR5* MO!R1 & AT ! AGE ( T5 H>DLY KNEW ,RUSSIAN AT ALL4 ,HIS $UCATION WAS 5TIRELY =EIGN-*IEFLY ,FR5*-& HE NEV] REALLY LIV$ ! VILLAGE LIFE AMID :I* ,TURGU5EFF OR ,TOL/OY GREW UP4 ,MOREOV]1 HE NEV] GAVE HIMSELF EXCLUSIVELY TO LIT]ATURE3 HE WAS A PA9T] AS WELL AS A NOVELI/1 & AT ! SAME TIME A F9E CONNOISSEUR ( >T1 & = ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S ( HIS LIFE HE WROTE ALMO/ NO?+1 BUT GAVE ALL HIS TIME TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIETY ( ,PA9T]S4 ,& YET ?IS HALF-,RUSSIAN WAS ONE ( ?OSE :O R5D]$ ! SAME S]VICE TO ,RUSSIA BE=E ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM ?AT ,H>RIET ,BEE*] ,/[E R5D]$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BY H] DESCRIPTION ( ! SUFF]+S ( ! NEGRO SLAVES4 

,GRIGOROVIT* WAS $UCAT$ 9 ! SAME MILIT>Y S*OOL ( 5G9E]S AS WAS ,DO/OYEVSKIY1 & AFT] HAV+ F9I%$ HIS $UCATION !RE1 HE TOOK A T9Y ROOM FROM ! W>D] ( ! ,ACADEMY ( ,>TS1 ) ! 9T5TION ( GIV+ HIMSELF 5TIRELY TO >T4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! /UDIOS HE MADE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN POET ,%EVT*5KO1 & NEXT ( ,NEKRAS(F & ,VAL]IAN ,MAYK(F 7A CRITIC ( GREAT P[]1 :O DI$ V]Y Y\NG71 & ?R\< !M HE F\ND HIS VOCATION 9 LIT]ATURE4 

,9 ! E>LY =TIES HE WAS KN[N ONLY BY A *>M+ SKET*1 ,! ,ORGAN ,GR9D]S1 9 :I* HE SPOKE ) GREAT W>M? ( FEEL+ ( ! MIS]ABLE LIFE ( ?IS CLASS ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG POPULATION4 ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 9 ?OSE YE>S1 FELT ! IMPRESSION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ REVIVAL ( ,FRANCE1 & ITS BE/ REPRES5TATIVES W]E GR[+ IMPATI5T ) S]FDOM & ABSOLUTISM4 ,F\RI] & ,PI]RE ,L]\X W]E FAVORITE WRIT]S 9 ADVANC$ 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLES1 & ,GRIGOROVIT* WAS C>RI$ ON BY ! GR[+ CURR5T4 ,HE LEFT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 W5T TO /AY = A YE> OR TWO 9 ! C\NTRY1 & 9 #ahdf HE PUBLI%$ HIS FIR/ NOVEL DEAL+ ) C\NTRY LIFE1 ,! ,VILLAGE4 ,HE DEPICT$ 9 IT1 )\T ANY EXAGG]ATION1 ! D>K SIDES ( VILLAGE LIFE & ! HORRORS ( S]FDOM1 & HE DID IT SO VIVIDLY ?AT ,BYEL9SKIY1 ! CRITIC1 AT ONCE RECOGNIZ$ 9 HIM A NEW WRIT] ( GREAT P[]1 & GREET$ HIM AS SU*4 ,HIS NEXT NOVEL1 ,ANTON ! ,UN=TUNATE1 ALSO DRAWN FROM VILLAGE LIFE1 WAS A TREM5D\S SUCESSS1 & ITS 9FLU5CE WAS ALMO/ EQUAL TO ?AT ( ,UNCLE ,TOM'S ,CAB94 ,NO $UCAT$ MAN OR WOMAN ( HIS G5]ATION OR ( \RS C\LD HAVE READ ! BOOK )\T WEEP+ OV] ! MIS=TUNES ( ,ANTON1 & F9D+ BETT] FEEL+S GR[+ 9 HIS HE>T T[>DS ! S]FS4 ,SEV]AL NOVELS ( ! SAME *>ACT] FOLL[$ 9 ! NEXT EI<T YE>S 7#a#h#d#g TO #a#h#e#e7-,! ,FI%]M51 ,! ,IMMIGRANTS1 ,! ,TILL]1 ,! ,TRAMP1 ,! ,C\NTRY ,ROADS-& !N ,GRIGOROVIT* CAME TO A /OP4 ,9 #ahfe HE TOOK P>T ) SOME ( \R BE/ WRIT]S-,GONT*>(F1 ,O/ROVSKIY1 ,MAXIM(F 7! E?NOGRAPH]71 & SEV]AL O!RS-9 A LIT]>Y EXP$ITION ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,CON/ANT9E = ! EXPLORATION ( ,RUSSIA & VOYAGES R\ND ! WORLD ON BO>D %IPS ( ! ,NAVY4 ,GRIGOROVIT* MADE A V]Y 9T]E/+ SEA-VOYAGE2 BUT HIS SKET*ES ( TRAVEL -,! ,%IP ,RETVIZAN-CANNOT BE COMP>$ ) ,GONT*>(F'S ,FRIGATE ,PALLAS4 ,ON RETURN+ FROM ! EXP$ITION HE AB&ON$ LIT]ATURE TO DEVOTE HIMSELF 5TIRELY TO >T1 & HE SUBSEQU5TLY BR\<T \T ONLY A C\PLE ( NOVELS & HIS ,REM9ISC5CES4 ,HE DI$ 9 #a#h#i#i4 

,GRIGOROVIT* ?US PUBLI%$ ALL HIS *IEF NOVELS BETWE5 ! YE>S #ahdf & #a#h#e#e4 ,OP9ION AB\T HIS WORK IS DIVID$4 ,SOME ( \R CRITICS SPEAK ( IT V]Y HI<LY1 BUT O!RS-& !Y >E ! GREAT] NUMB]-SAY ?AT HIS PEASANTS >E NOT QUITE REAL4 ,TURGU5EFF MADE ALSO ! OBS]VATION ?AT HIS DESCRIPTIONS >E TOO COLD3 ! HE>T IS NOT FELT 9 !M4 ,?IS LA/ REM>K MAY BE TRUE1 AL?\< ! AV]AGE READ] :O DID NOT KN[ ,GRIGOROVIT* P]SONALLY H>DLY W\LD HAVE MADE IT3 AT ANY RATE1 AT ! TIME ( ! APPE>ANCE ( ,ANTON1 ,! ,FI%]M51 ETC41 ! GREAT PUBLIC JUDG$ ! AU?OR ( !SE WORKS DIFF]5TLY4 ,AS TO HIS PEASANTS1 ,I WILL P]MIT MYSELF TO MAKE ONE SUGGE/ION4 ,UND\BT$LY !Y >E SLI<TLY IDEALIZ$2 BUT IT MU/ ALSO BE SAID ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY DOES NOT PRES5T A COMPACT1 UNI=M MASS4 ,SEV]AL RACES HAVE SETTL$ UPON ! T]RITORY ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA1 & DIFF]5T PORTIONS ( ! POPULATION HAVE FOLL[$ DIFF]5T L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,! PEASANT FROM ,S\? ,RUSSIA IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! ,NOR!RN]1 & ! ,WE/]N PEASANTS DIFF] 9 EV]Y RESPECT FROM ! ,EA/]N ONES4 ,GRIGOROVIT* DESCRIB$ *IEFLY ?OSE LIV+ DIRECTLY S\? ( ,MOSC[1 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,TULA & ,KALUGA1 & !Y >E EXACTLY ?AT MILD & SLI<TLY POETICAL1 D[NTRODD5 & YET 9(F5SIVE1 GOOD-HE>T$ RACE ( PEASANTS ?AT ,GRIGOROVIT* DESCRIB$ 9 IS NOVELS-A SORT ( COMB9ATION ( ! ,LI?UANIAN & ! ,LITTLE-,RUSSIAN POETICAL M9D1 ) ! ,GREAT-,RUSSIAN COMMUNAL SPIRIT4 ,E?NOGRAPH]S !MSELVES SEE 9 ! POPULATIONS ( ?IS P>T ( ,RUSSIA A SPECIAL E?NOGRAPHICAL DIVISION4 

,( C\RSE1 ,TURGU5EFF'S PEASANTS 7,TULA & ,ORYOL7 >E MORE REAL1 HIS TYPES >E MORE DEF9ITE1 & EV]Y ONE ( ! MODEM FOLK-NOVELI/S1 EV5 ( ! LESS TAL5T$1 HAS GONE MU* FUR!R ?AN ,GRIGOROVIT* DID 9TO ! DEP?S ( PEASANT *>ACT] & LIFE4 ,BUT SU* AS !Y W]E1 ! NOVELS ( ,GRIGOROVIT* EX]CIS$ A PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON A :OLE G5]ATION4 ,!Y MADE US LOVE ! PEASANTS & FEEL H[ HEAVY WAS ! 9DEBT$NESS T[>DS !M :I* WEI<$ UPON US-! $UCAT$ P>T ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y P[]FULLY CONTRIBUT$ T[>DS CREAT+ A G5]AL FEEL+ 9 FAVOR ( ! S]FS1 )\T :I* ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM W\LD HAVE C]TA9LY BE5 DELAY$ = MANY YE>S TO COME1 & ASSUR$LY W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 SO SWEEP+ AS IT WAS4 ,& AT A LAT] EPO* HIS WORK UND\BT$LY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CREATION ( ?AT MOVEM5T 0 T[>DS ! PEOPLE 0 7V N>OD7 :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! SEV5TIES4 ,AS TO ! LIT]>Y 9FLU5CE ( ,GRIGOROVIT*1 IT WAS SU* ?AT IT MAY BE QUE/ION$ :E!R ,TURGU5EFF W\LD EV] HAVE BE5 BOLD 5\< TO WRITE AS HE DID AB\T ! PEASANTS1 9 HIS ,SPORTSMAN'S ,NOTE ,BOOK1 OR ,NEKRAS(F TO COMPOSE HIS PASSIONATE V]SES AB\T ! PEOPLE1 IF !Y HAD NOT HAD A =]UNN] 9 HIM4 

,ANO!R WRIT] ( ! SAME S*OOL1 :O ALSO PRODUC$ A DEEP IMPRESSION ON ! V]Y EVE ( ! LIB]ATION ( ! S]FS1 WAS ,MME4 ,M,>,I,E ,M,>,K,O,V,I,T,*1 :O WROTE UND] ! PSEUDONYM ,( ,M,>,K,O ,V,O,V,T,*,O,K4 ,%E WAS A ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN-H] P>5TS BELONG$ TO ! NOBILITY ( ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA -BUT %E M>RI$ ! ,LITTLE-,RUSSIAN WRIT]1 ,M,>,K,O,V,I,T,*1 & H] FIR/ BOOK ( /ORIES FROM PEASANT-LIFE 7#a#h#e#g-#e#h7 WAS WRITT5 9 EXCELL5T ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN4 7,TURGU5EFF TRANSLAT$ !M 9TO ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN47 ,%E SOON RETURN$1 H[EV]1 TO H] NATIVE TONGUE1 & H] SECOND BOOK ( PEASANT /ORIES1 AS WELL AS H] SUBSEQU5T NOVELS FROM ! LIFE ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES1 W]E WRITT5 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN4 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME ! NOVELS ( ,M>KO ,VOVT*OK MAY SEEM TO BE TOO S5TIM5TAL-! WORLD-FAM$ NOVEL ( ,H>RIETT ,BEE*] ,/[E PRODUCES ! SAME IMPRESSION N[ADAYS -BUT 9 ?OSE YE>S1 :5 ! GREAT QUE/ION = ,RUSSIA WAS :E!R ! S]FS %\LD BE FRE$ OR NOT1 & :5 ALL ! BE/ =CES ( ! C\NTRY W]E NE$$ = ! /RUGGLE 9 FAVOR ( !IR EMANCIPATION-9 ?OSE YE>S ALL $UCAT$ ,RUSSIA READ ! NOVELS ( ,M>KO ,VOVT*OK ) DELI<T1 & WEPT OV] ! FATE ( H] PEASANT H]O9ES4 ,H[EV]1 AP>T FROM ?IS NE$ ( ! MOM5T-& >T IS B\ND TO BE AT ! S]VICE ( SOCIETY 9 SU* CRISES-! SKET*ES ( ,M>KO ,VOVT*OK HAD S]I\S QUALITIES4 ,!IR 0S5TIM5TALISM0 WAS NOT ! S5TIM5TALISM ( ! BE4 G9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BEH9D :I* WAS CONCEAL$ AN ABS5CE ( REAL FEEL+4 ,A LOV+ HE>T ?ROBB$ 9 !M2 & !RE IS 9 !M REAL POETRY1 9SPIR$ BY ! POETRY ( ! ,UKRA9IAN FOLKLORE & ITS POPUL> SONGS4 ,) !SE1 ,MME4 ,MAACUTE2RKOVIT* WAS SO FAMILI> ?AT1 AS HAS BE5 REM>K$ BY ,RUSSIAN CRITICS1 %E SUPPLEM5T$ H] IMP]FECT KN[L$GE ( REAL POPUL> LIFE BY 9TRODUC+ 9 A MA/]LY MANN] MANY FEATURES 9SPIR$ BY ! FOLKLORE & ! POPUL> SONGS ( ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA4 ,H] H]OES W]E 9V5T$1 BUT ! ATMOSPH]E ( A ,LITTLE-,RUSSIAN VILLAGE1 ! COLORS ( LOCAL LIFE1 >E 9 !SE SKET*ES2 & ! S(T POETICAL SADNESS ( ! ,LITTLE-,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY IS R5D]$ ) ! T5D] T\* ( A WOMAN'S H&4 

,AMONG ! NOVELI/S ( ?AT P]IOD ,D,A,N,I,L,E,V,S,K,I,Y 7#a#h#b#i-#a#h#i7 MU/ ALSO BE M5TION$4 ,AL?\< HE IS BETT] KN[N AS A WRIT] ( HI/ORICAL ROMANCES1 HIS ?REE LONG NOVELS1 ,! ,RUNAWAYS 9 ,NOVOROSSIYA 7 #a#h#f#b71 ,FRE$OM1 OR ,! ,RUNWAYS ,RETURN$ 7#a#h#f#c71 & ,NEW ,T]RITORIES 7#a#h#f#g7-ALL DEAL+ ) ! FREE SETTL]S 9 ,BESS>ABIA-W]E WIDELY READ4 ,!Y CONTA9 LIVELY & V]Y SYMPA!TIC SC5ES FROM ! LIFE ( !SE SETTL]S-MO/LY RUNAWAY S]FS-:O OCCUPI$ ! FREE L&S1 )\T ! CONS5T ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 9 ! NEWLY ANNEX$ T]RITORIES ( S\?WE/]N ,RUSSIA1 & BECAME ! PREY ( 5T]PRIS+ ADV5TUR]S4 

,9,T,],M,$,I,A,T,E ,P,],I,O,D 

,NOT)/&+ ALL ! QUALITIES ( !IR WORK1 ,GRIGOROVIT* & ,M>KO ,VOVT*OK FAIL$ TO REALIZE ?AT ! V]Y FACT ( TAK+ ! LIFE ( ! POOR] CLASSES AS ! SUBJECT ( NOVELS1 \<T TO IMPLY ! WORK+ \T ( A SPECIAL LIT]>Y MANN]4 ,! USUAL LIT]>Y TE*NIQUE EVOLV$ = ! NOVEL :I* DEALS ) ! LEISUR$ CLASSES-) ITS MANN]ISM1 ITS 0H]OES10 POETIZ$ N[1 AS ! KNI<TS US$ TO BE POETIZ$ 9 ! TALES ( *IVALRY-IS C]TA9LY NOT ! MO/ APPROPRIATE = NOVELS TREAT+ ! LIFE ( ,AM]ICAN SQUATT]S OR ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS4 ,NEW ME?ODS & A DIFF]5T /YLE HAD TO BE WORK$ \T2 BUT ?IS WAS DONE /EP BY /EP ONLY1 & IT W\LD BE EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ TO %[ ?IS GRADUAL EVOLUTION1 FROM ,GRIGOROVIT* TO ! ULTRA-REALISM ( ,RYE%ETNIK(F1 & F9ALLY TO ! P]FECTION ( =M ATTA9$ BY ! REALI/-IDEALI/ ,GORKIY 9 HIS %ORT] SKET*ES4 ,ONLY A FEW 9T]M$IATE /EPS CAN1 H[EV]1 BE 9DICAT$ 9 !SE PAGES4 

,I4 ,T4 ,K,O,K,O,R,E,F,F 7#a#h#b#f-#a#h#e#c7 1 :O DI$ V]Y Y\NG1 AFT] HAV+ WRITT5 A FEW TALES FROM ! LIFE ( ! PETTY >TISANS 9 T[NS1 HAD NOT FRE$ HIMSELF FROM ! S5TIM5TALISM ( A B5EVOL5T \TSID]2 BUT HE KNEW ?IS LIFE FROM ! 9SIDE3 HE WAS BORN & BR\<T UP 9 GREAT POV]TY AMONG !SE V]Y PEOPLE2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! >TISANS 9 HIS NOVELS >E REAL BE+S1 DESCRIB$1 AS ,DOBROLUB(F SAID1 0) W>M? & YET ) T5D] RE/RA9T1 AS IF !Y W]E HIS NE>E/ K940 ,H[EV]1 0,NO %RIEK ( DESPAIR1 NO MI<TY WRA?1 NO MORDANT IRONY CAME \T ( ?IS T5D]1 PATI5TLY SUFF]+ HE>T40 ,!RE IS EV5 A NOTE ( RECONCILIATION ) ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES4 

,A CONSID]ABLE /EP 9 ADVANCE WAS MADE BY ! FOLKNOVEL 9 ,A4 ,?4 ,P,I,S,E,M,S,K,I,Y 7#a#h#b-#a#h#h#a71 & ,A4 ,A4 ,P,O,T,Y,E,K,H,9 7BORN #ah #b#i71 AL?\< NEI!R ( !M WAS EXCLUSIVELY A FOLK-NOVELI/4 ,PISEMSKIY WAS A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,TURGU5EFF1 & AT A C]TA9 TIME ( HIS C>E] IT SEEM$ AS IF HE W]E GO+ TO TAKE A PLACE BY ! SIDE ( ,TURGU5EFF1 ,TOL/@&OACUT2Y & ,GONT*>(F4 ,HE UND\BT$LY POSSESS$ A GREAT TAL5T4 ,!RE WAS P[] & REAL LIFE 9 :ATEV] HE WROTE1 & HIS NOVEL1 ,A ,?\S& ,S\LS1 APPE>+ ON ! EVE ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS 7#a#h#e#h71 PRODUC$ A DEEP IMPRESSION4 ,IT WAS FULLY APPRECIAT$ 9 ,G]MANY AS WELL1 :]E IT WAS TRANSLAT$ ! NEXT YE>4 ,BUT ,PISEMSKIY WAS NOT A MAN ( PR9CIPLE1 & ?IS NOVEL WAS HIS LA/ S]I\S & REALLY GOOD PRODUCTION4 ,:5 ! GREAT ,RADICAL & ,NIHILI/ MOVEM5T TOOK PLACE 7#a#h#e#h-#a#h#f#d71 & IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO TAKE A DEF9ITE POSITION AMID ! %>P CONFLICT ( OP9IONS1 ,PISEMSKIY1 :O WAS DEEPLY PESSIMI/IC 9 HIS JUDGM5T ( M5 & IDEAS1 & CONSID]$ 0OP9IONS0 AS A M]E COV] = N>R[ EGOTISM ( ! L[E/ S5SUAL SORT1 TOOK A HO/ILE POSITION T[>DS ?IS MOVEM5T1 & WROTE SU* NOVELS AS ,! ,UNRULY ,SEA1 :I* W]E M]E LIBELS UPON ! Y\NG G5]ATION4 ,?IS WAS1 ( C\RSE1 ! DEA? ( HIS BY NO MEANS ORD9>Y TAL5T4 

,PISEMSKIY WROTE ALSO1 DUR+ ! E>LY P>T ( HIS LIT]>Y C>E]1 A FEW TALES FROM ! LIFE ( ! PEASANTS 7,! ,C>P5T]S' ,>TEL1 ,! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,MAN1 ETC471 & A DRAMA1 FROM VILLAGE LIFE1 ,A ,BITT] ,FATE1 ALL ( :I* HAVE A REAL LIT]>Y VALUE4 ,HE DISPLAY$ 9 !M A KN[L$GE ( PEASANT LIFE & A MA/]Y ( ! SPOK51 POPUL> ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE1 TOGE!R ) A P]FECTLY REALI/IC P]CEPTION ( PEASANT *>ACT]4 ,!RE WAS NO TRACE ( ! IDEALIZATION :I* IS SO /RONGLY FELT 9 ! LAT] PRODUCTIONS ( ,GRIGOROVIT*1 WRITT5 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,GEORGE ,S&4 ,! /EADY1 COMMONS5SE PEASANT *>ACT]S ?AT ,PISEMSKIY PICTUR$ >E TAK5 FROM A REAL1 S\ND OBS]VATION ( LIFE1 & RIVAL ! BE/ PEASANT *>ACT]S ( ,TURGU5EFF4 ,AS TO ! DRAMA ( ,PISEMSKIY 7HE WAS1 BY ! WAY1 A V]Y GOOD ACTOR71 IT LOSES NO?+ FROM COMP>ISON ) ! BE/ DRAMAS ( ,O/ROVSKIY1 & IS MORE TRAGIC ?AN ANY ( !M1 :ILE 9 P[]FUL REALISM IT IS BY NO MEANS 9F]IOR TO ,TOL/OY'S ,P[] ( ,D>KNESS1 ) :I* IT HAS MU* 9 COMMON1 & :I* IT P]HAPS SURPASSES 9 ITS /AGE QUALITIES4 

,! *IEF WORK ( ,POTYEKH9 WAS HIS COM$IES1 MEMTION$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]4 ,ALL ( !M >E FROM ! LIFE ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES1 BUT HE WROTE ALSO A FEW LESS KN[N DRAMAS FROM ! PEASANT LIFE1 & TWICE-9 HIS E>LY C>E] 9 ! FIFTIES1 & LAT] ON 9 ! SEV5TIES-HE TURN$ TO ! WRIT+ ( %ORT /ORIES & NOVELS FROM POPUL> LIFE4 

,!SE /ORIES & NOVELS >E MO/ *>ACT]I/IC ( ! EVOLUTION ( ! FOLK-NOVEL DUR+ ?OSE YE>S4 ,9 HIS E>LI] TALES ,POTYEKH9 WAS 5TIRELY UND] ! SPELL ( ! !N PREVAIL+ MANN] ( IDEALIZ+ ! PEASANTS2 BUT 9 HIS SECOND P]IOD1 AFT] HAV+ LIV$ ?R\< ! YE>S ( REALISM 9 ! SIXTIES1 & TAK5 P>T 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ E?NOGRAPHIC EXP$ITION1 HE *ANG$ HIS MANN]4 ,HE 5TIRELY GOT RID ( B5EVOL5T IDEALIZATION1 & REPRES5T$ ! PEASANTS AS !Y W]E4 ,9 ! CREATION ( 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT]S HE WAS UND\BT$LY SUCCESSFUL1 BUT ! LIFE ( ! VILLAGE-! MIR-)\T :I* ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE-LIFE CANNOT BE REPRES5T$1 & :I* SO WELL APPE>S 9 ! WORKS ( ! LAT] FOLK-NOVELI/S1 IS YET MISS+4 ,ALTOGE!R ONE FEELS ?AT ,POTYEKH9 KNEW WELL ! \T] SYMPTOMS ( ! LIFE ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 9CLUD+ !IR WAY ( TALK+1 BUT ?AT HE HAD NOT YET GRASP$ ! REAL S\L ( ! PEASANT4 ,?IS CAME ONLY LAT] ON4 

,E,?,N,O,G,R,A,P,H,I,C,A,L ,R,E,S,E,>,* 

,S]FDOM WAS ABOLI%$ 9 #a#h#f#a1 & ! TIME = M]E LAM5TATION OV] ITS EVILS WAS GONE4 ,PRO( ?AT ! PEASANTS W]E HUMAN BE+S1 ACCESSIBLE TO ALL HUMAN FEEL+S1 WAS NO LONG] NE$$4 ,NEW & F> DEEP] PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! LIFE & IDEALS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE ROSE BE=E EV]Y ?9K+ ,RUSSIAN4 ,H]E WAS A MASS ( NE>LY FIFTY MILLION PEOPLE1 :OSE MANN]S ( LIFE1 :OSE CRE$1 WAYS ( ?9K+1 & IDEALS W]E TOTALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES1 & :O AT ! SAME TIME W]E AS UNKN[N TO ! W\LD-BE LEAD]S ( PROGRESS AS IF !SE MILLIONS SPOKE A QUITE DIFF]5T LANGUAGE & BELONG$ TO A QUITE DIFF]5T RACE4 

,\R BE/ M5 FELT ?AT ALL ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA W\LD BE HAMP]$ BY ?AT IGNORANCE1 IF IT CONT9U$-& LIT]ATURE DID ITS BE/ TO ANSW] ! GREAT QUE/IONS :I* BESIEG$ ! ?9K+ MAN AT EV]Y /EP ( HIS SOCIAL & POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 

,! YE>S #a#h#e#h-#a#h#g#h W]E YE>S ( ! E?NOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATION ( ,RUSSIA ON SU* A SCALE ?AT NO:]E 9 ,EUROPE OR ,AM]ICA DO WE F9D ANY?+ SIMIL>4 ,! MONUM5TS ( OLD FOLKLORE & POETRY2 ! COMMON LAW ( DIFF]5T P>TS & NATIONALITIES ( ! ,EMPIRE2 ! RELIGI\S BELIEFS & ! =MS ( WOR%IP1 & /ILL MORE ! SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! MANY SECTIONS ( DISS5T]S2 ! EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ HABITS & CU/OMS :I* PREVAIL 9 ! DIFF]5T PROV9CES2 ! ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS ( ! PEASANTS2 !IR DOME/IC TRADES2 ! IMM5SE COMMUNAL FI%]IES 9 S\!A/]N ,RUSSIA2 ! ?\S&S ( =MS TAK5 BY ! POPUL> COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONS 7! ,>TELS7 2 ! 09N] COLONIZATION0 ( ,RUSSIA1 :I* CAN ONLY BE COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 ! EVOLUTION ( IDEAS ( L&$ PROP]TY1 & SO ON-ALL !SE BECAME ! SUBJECTS ( EXT5SIVE RESE>*4 

,! GREAT E?NOGRAPHICAL EXP$ITION ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,CON/ANT9E1 9 :I* A NUMB] ( \R BE/ WRIT]S TOOK P>T1 WAS ONLY ! =]UNN] ( MANY EXP$ITIONS1 GREAT & SMALL1 :I* W]E ORGANIZ$ BY ! NUM]\S ,RUSSIAN SCI5TIFIC SOCIETIES = ! DETAIL$ /UDY ( ,RUSSIA'S E?NOGRAPHY1 FOLKLORE1 & ECONOMICS4 ,!RE W]E M5 LIKE ,Y,A,K,U,%,K,9 7#a#h#b-#a#h#g#b71 :O DEVOT$ ALL HIS LIFE TO W&]+ ON FOOT FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE1 DRESS$ LIKE ! POORE/ PEASANT1 & )\T ANY SORT ( ?\<T ( TO-MORR[2 DRY+ HIS WET PEASANT CLO? ON HIS %\LD]S AFT] A DAY'S M>* UND] ! RA91 LIV+ ) ! PEASANTS 9 !IR POOR HUTS1 & COLLECT+ FOLK-SONGS OR E?NOGRAPHIC MAT]IAL ( ! HI<E/ VALUE4 

,A SPECIAL TYPE ( ! ,RUSSIAN 09TELLECTUALS0 DEVELOP$ 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,SONG-,COLLECTORS10 & 0,ZEM/VO ,/ATI/ICIANS10 A GR\P ( PEOPLE1 OLD & Y\NG1 :O DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S HAVE AS VOLUNTE]S & AT A RIDICUL\SLY SMALL PRICE1 DEVOT$ !IR LIVES TO H\SE-TO-H\SE 9QUIRY 9 BEHALF ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCILS4 7,A4 ,O]TEL HAS ADMIRABLY DESCRIB$ !SE 0,/ATI/ICIANS0 9 ONE ( HIS NOVELS47 

,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ,A4 ,N4 ,P,Y,P,91 ! AU?OR ( AN EXHAU/IVE ,HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN ,E?NOGRAPHY 7#d VOLS471 NOT LESS ?AN #d L>GE WORKS & BULKY REVIEW >TICLES W]E PUBLI%$ DUR+ ! TW5TY YE>S1 #a#h#e#h-#a#h#g#h1 HALF ( !M DEAL+ ) ! ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS ( ! PEASANTS1 & ! O!R HALF ) E?NOGRAPHY 9 ITS WID] S5SE2 & RESE>* /ILL CONT9UES ON ! SAME SCALE4 ,! BE/ ( ALL ?IS MOVEM5T HAS BE5 ?AT IT HAS NOT 5D$ 9 DEAD MAT]IAL 9 (FICIAL PUBLICATIONS4 ,SOME ( ! REPORTS1 LIKE ,M,A,XI,M,(,F'S ,A ,YE> 9 ! ,NOR?1 ,SIB]IA & ,H>D ,LABOR1 & ,TRAMP+ ,RUSSIA1 ,A,F,A,N,A,S,I,E,F,F 7,LEG5DS71 ,Z,H,E,L,E,Z,N,(,F',S ,URAL ,COSSACKS1 ,M,E,L,N,I,K,(,F',S 7,P,E,T,*,],S,K,Y71 ,9 ! ,WOODS & ,ON ! ,M\NTA9S1 OR ,M,O,R,D,O,V,T,S,E,F,F',S MANY SKET*ES1 W]E SO WELL WRITT5 ?AT !Y W]E AS WIDELY READ AS ! BE/ NOVELS2 :ILE ! DRY SATI/ICAL REPORTS W]E SUMM$ UP 9 LIVELY REVIEW >TICLES 79 ,RUSSIA ! REVIEWS >E MU* MORE BULKY1 & ! >TICLES MU* LONG] ?AN 9 ,5GL&71 :I* W]E WIDELY READ & DISCUSS$ ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,BESIDES1 ADMIRABLE RESE>*ES DEAL+ ) SPECIAL CLASSES ( PEOPLE1 REGIONS1 & 9/ITUTIONS W]E MADE BY M5 LIKE ,P,R,U,G,A,V,91 ,Z,A,S,O,D,I,M,S,K,I,Y1 ,P,Y,Z,H,(,F 7,HI/ORY  ( ! ,PUBLIC ,H\SES1 :I* IS 9 FACT A POPUL> HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA74 

,RUSSIAN $UCAT$ SOCIETY1 :I* =M]LY H>DLY KNEW ! PEASANTS O!RWISE ?AN FROM ! BALCONY ( !IR C\NTRY H\SES1 WAS ?US BR\<T 9 A FEW YE>S 9TO A CLOSE 9T] C\RSE ) ALL DIVISIONS ( ! TOIL+ MASSES2 & IT IS EASY TO UND]/& ! 9FLU5CE :I* ?IS 9T]C\RSE EX]CIS$1 NOT ONLY UPON ! DEVELOPM5T ( POLITICAL IDEAS1 BUT ALSO UPON ! :OLE *>ACT] ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 

,! IDEALIZ$ NOVEL ( ! PA/ WAS N[ \TGR[N4 ,! REPRES5TATION ( 0! DE> PEASANTS0 AS A BACKGR\ND = OPPOS+ !IR IDYLLIC VIRTUES TO ! DEFECTS ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES WAS POSSIBLE NO MORE4 ,! TAK+ ( ! PEOPLE AS A M]E MAT]IAL = BURLESQUE TALES1 AS ,N,I,*,O,L,A,S ,U,S,P,5,S,K,I,Y & ,V4 ,A4 ,S,L,Y,E,P,T,S,(,F TRI$ TO DO1 5JOY$ BUT A MOM5T>Y SUCCESS4 ,A NEW1 EM95TLY REALI/IC S*OOL ( FOLK-NOVELI/S WAS WANT$4 ,& ! RESULT WAS ! APPE>ANCE ( QUITE A NUMB] ( WRIT]S :O BROKE NEW GR\ND &1 BY CULTIVAT+ A V]Y HI< CONCEPTION CONC]N+ ! DUTIES ( >T 9 ! REPRES5TATION ( ! POOR]1 UN$UCAT$ CLASSES1 OP5$1 ,I AM 9CL9$ TO ?9K1 A NEW PAGE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! NOVEL = ! LIT]ATURE ( ALL NATIONS4 

,P,O,M,Y,A,L,O,V,S,K,I,Y 

,! CL]GY 9 ,RUSSIA-?AT IS1 ! PRIE/S1 ! DEACONS1 ! CANTORS1 ! BELL-R+]S-REPRES5T A SEP>ATE CLASS :I* /&S BETWE5 0! CLASSES0 & 0! MASSES0-MU* NE>] TO ! LATT] ?AN TO ! =M]4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE AS REG>DS ! CL]GY 9 ! VILLAGES1 & IT WAS /ILL MORE SO SOME FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,RECEIV+ NO SAL>Y1 ! VILLAGE PRIE/1 ) HIS DEACON & CANTORS1 LIV$ *IEFLY BY ! CULTIVATION ( ! L& ?AT WAS ATTA*$ TO ! VILLAGE *UR*2 & 9 MY Y\?1 9 \R ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA NCI<B\RHOOD1 DUR+ ! HOT SUMM] MON?S :5 !Y W]E HAY-MAK+ OR TAK+ 9 ! CROPS1 ! PRIE/ W\LD ALWAYS HURRY ?R\< ! MASS 9 ORD] TO RETURN TO !IR FIELD-WORK4 ,! PRIE/'S H\SE WAS 9 ?OSE YE>S A LOG-H\SE1 ONLY A LITTLE BETT] BUILT ?AN ! H\SES ( ! PEASANTS1 ALONGSIDE :I* IT /OOD SOMETIMES ?AT*$1 9/EAD ( BE+ SIMPLY COV]$ ) /RAW1 ?AT IS1 HELD 9 POSITION BY MEANS ( /RAW ROPES4 ,HIS DRESS DIFF]$ FROM ?AT ( ! PEASANTS MORE BY ITS CUT ?AN BY ! MAT]IALS IT WAS MADE (1 & BETWE5 ! *UR* S]VICES & ! FULFILLM5T ( HIS P>I% DUTIES ! PRIE/ MI<T ALWAYS BE SE5 9 ! FIELDS1 FOLL[+ ! PL[ OR WORK+ 9 ! MEAD[S ) ! SCY!4 

,ALL ! *ILDR5 ( ! CL]GY RECEIVE FREE $UCATION 9 SPECIAL CL]ICAL S*OOLS1 & LAT] ON1 SOME ( !M1 9 SEM9>IES2 & IT WAS BY ! DESCRIPTION ( ! ABOM9ABLE $UCATIONAL ME?ODS :I* PREVAIL$ 9 !SE S*OOLS 9 ! =TIES & FIFTIES ?AT ,P,O,M,Y,A,L,O,V,S,K,I,Y 7#a#h#c#e-#a#h#f#c7 ACQUIR$ HIS NOTORIETY4 ,HE WAS ! SON ( A POOR DEACON 9 A VILLAGE NE> ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 & HAD HIMSELF PASS$ ?R\< ONE ( !SE S*OOLS & A SEM9>Y4 ,BO? ! L[] & ! HI<] S*OOLS W]E !N 9 ! H&S ( QUITE UN$UCAT$ PRIE/S-*IEFLY MONKS-& ! MO/ ABSURD LE>N+ BY ROTE ( ! MO/ AB/RACT !OLOGY WAS ! RULE4 ,! G5]AL MORAL TONE ( ! S*OOLS WAS EXTREMELY L[1 DR9K+ W5T ON TO EXCESS1 & FLOGG+ = EV]Y LESSON NOT RECIT$ BY HE>T1 SOMETIMES TWO OR ?REE TIMES A DAY1 ) ALL SORTS ( REF9EM5TS ( CRUELTY-WAS ! *IEF 9/RUM5T ( $UCATION4 ,POMYALOVSKIY PASSIONATELY LOV$ HIS Y\NG] BRO!R & WANT$ AT ALL HAZ>DS TO SAVE HIM FROM SU* AN EXP]I5CE AS HIS [N2 SO HE BEGAN TO WRITE = A P$AGOGICAL REVIEW1 ON ! $UCATION GIV5 9 ! CL]ICAL S*OOLS1 9 ORD] TO GET ! MEANS TO $UCATE HIS BRO!R 9 A GYMNASIUM4 ,A MO/ P[]FUL NOVEL1 EVID5TLY TAK5 FROM REAL LIFE 9 !SE S*OOLS1 FOLL[$1 & NUMB]S ( PRIE/S1 :O HAD !MSELVES BE5 ! VICTIMS ( A LIKE 0$UCATION10 WROTE TO ! PAP]S TO CONFIRM :AT ,POMYALOVSKIY HAD SAID4 ,TRU?1 )\T ANY DECORATION1 NAK$ TRU?1 ) AN ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( >T = >T'S SAKE1 W]E ! DI/9CTIVE FEATURES ( ,POMYALOVSKIY1 :O W5T SO F> 9 ?IS DIRECTION AS EV5 TO P>T ) ! SO-CALL$ H]OES4 ,! M5 :OM HE DESCRIB$ W]E1 NOT %>PLY \TL9$ TYPES1 BUT1 IF ,I MAY BE P]MITT$ TO EXPRESS MYSELF 9 ?IS WAY1 ! 0NEUTRAL-T9T0 TYPES ( REAL LIFE3 ?OSE 9DEF9ITE1 NOT TOO GOOD & NOT TOO BAD *>ACT]S ( :OM MANK9D IS MO/LY COMPOS$1 & :OSE 9]TIA IS EV]Y:]E ! GREAT OB/ACLE TO PROGRESS4 

,BESIDES HIS SKET*ES FROM ! LIFE ( ! CL]ICAL S*OOLS1 

,POMYALOVSKIY WROTE ALSO TWO NOVELS FROM ! LIFE ( ! POOR] MIDDLE CLASSES3 ,PHILI/9E ,HAPP9ESS1 & ,MOLOT(F--:I* IS AUTOBIOGRAPHIC TO A GREAT EXT5T--& AN UNF9I%$ L>G] NOVEL1 ,BRO!R & ,SI/]4 ,HE DISPLAY$ 9 !SE WORKS ! SAME BROAD HUMANIT>IAN SPIRIT AS ,DO/OYEVSKIY HAD = NOTIC+ HUMANE R$EEM+ FEATURES 9 ! MO/ DEGRAD$ M5 & WOM51 BUT ) ! S\ND REALI/IC T5D5CY :I* MADE ! DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ! Y\NG LIT]>Y S*OOL ( :I* HE WAS ONE ( ! F\ND]S4 ,& HE DEPICT$ ALSO1 9 AN EXTRAORD9>ILY P[]FUL & TRAGIC MANN]1 ! H]O FROM ! POOR] CLASSES-:O IS IMBU$ ) HATR$ T[>DS ! UPP] CLASSES & T[>D ALL =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE :I* EXI/ = !IR ADVANTAGE-& YET HAS NOT ! FAI? 9 HIS [N POSSIBILITIES1 :I* KN[L$GE GIVES1 & :I* A REAL =CE ALWAYS HAS4 ,!RE=E ?IS H]O 5DS1 EI!R 9 A PHILI/9E FAMILY IDYLL1 OR1 ?IS FAIL+1 9 A PROPAG&A ( RECKLESS CRUELTY & ( CONTEMPT T[>DS ALL MANK9D1 AS ! ONLY POSSIBLE F\NDATION = P]SONAL HAPP9ESS4 

,!SE NOVELS W]E FULL ( PROMISE1 & ,POMYALOVSKIY WAS LOOK$ UPON AS ! FUTURE LEAD] ( A NEW S*OOL ( LIT]ATURE2 BUT HE DI$1 EV5 BE=E HE HAD REA*$ ! AGE ( ?IRTY4 

,R,Y,E,%,E,T,N,I,K,(,F 

,R,Y,E,%,E,T,N,I,K,(,F 7#a#h#d#a-#a#h#g7 W5T /ILL FUR!R 9 ! SAME DIRECTION1 &1 ) ,POMYALOVSKIY1 HE MAY BE CONSID]$ AS ! F\ND] ( ! ULTRA-REALI/IC S*OOL ( ,RUSSIAN FOLK-NOVELI/S4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 ! ,URALS & WAS ! SON ( A POOR *UR* CANTOR :O BECAME A PO/MAN4 ,! FAMILY WAS 9 EXTREME POV]TY4 ,AN UNCLE TOOK HIM TO ! T[N ( ,P]M1 & !RE HE WAS BEAT5 & ?RA%$ ALL ?R\< HIS *ILDHOOD4 ,:5 HE WAS T5 YE>S OLD !Y S5T HIM TO A MIS]ABLE CL]ICAL S*OOL1 :]E HE WAS TREAT$ EV5 WORSE ?AN AT HIS UNCLE'S4 ,HE RAN AWAY1 BUT WAS CAU<T1 & !Y FLOGG$ ! POOR *ILD SO AWFULLY ?AT HE HAD TO LIE 9 A HOSPITAL = TWO MON?S4 ,AS SOON AS HE WAS TAK5 BACK TO S*OOL HE RAN AWAY A SECOND TIME1 JO9+ A B& ( TRAMP+ BEGG>S4 ,HE SUFF]$ T]RIBLY DUR+ HIS P]EGR9ATIONS ) !M1 & WAS CAU<T ONCE MORE1 & AGA9 FLOGG$ 9 ! MO/ B>B>\S WAY4 ,HIS UNCLE ALSO WAS A PO/MAN1 & ,RYE%ETNIK(F1 HAV+ NO?+ TO READ1 US$ TO /EAL NEWSPAP]S FROM ! ,PO/ ,(FICE1 & AFT] READ+ !M1 HE DE/ROY$ !M4 ,?IS WAS1 H[EV]1 DISCOV]$1 ! BOY HAV+ DE/ROY$ SOME IMPORTANT ,IMP]IAL MANIFE/O ADDRESS$ TO ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES4 ,HE WAS BR\<T BE=E A ,C\RT & CONDEMN$ TO BE S5T TO A MONA/]Y = A FEW MON?S 7!RE W]E NO RE=MATORIES !N74 ,! MONKS W]E K9D TO HIM1 BUT !Y L$ A MO/ DISSOLUTE LIFE1 DR9K+ EXCESSIVELY1 OV]EAT+1 & /EAL+ AWAY FROM ! MONA/]Y AT NI<T1 & !Y TAU<T ! BOY TO DR9K4 ,9 SPITE ( ALL ?IS1 AFT] HIS RELEASE FROM ! MONA/]Y ,RYE%ETNIK(F PASS$ BRILLIANTLY ! EXAM9ATIONS 9 ! DI/RICT S*OOL1 & WAS RECEIV$ AS A CL]K 9 ! ,CIVIL ,S]VICE1 AT A SAL>Y ( SIX %ILL+S1 & LAT] ON1 HALF-A-GU9EA P] MON?4 ,?IS MEANT1 ( C\RSE1 ! MO/ WRET*$ POV]TY1 BECAUSE ! Y\NG MAN TOOK NO BRIBES1 AS ALL CL]KS 9 ?OSE TIMES W]E ACCU/OM$ TO DO4 ,! >RIVAL ( A 0REVISOR0 AT ,P]M SAV$ HIM4 ,?IS G5TLEMAN EMPLOY$ ,RYE%ETNIK(F AS A COPYI/1 &1 HAV+ COME TO LIKE HIM1 GAVE HIM ! MEANS TO MOVE TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 :]E HE F\ND HIM A POSITION AS CL]K 9 ! ,M9I/RY ( ,F9ANCE AT ALMO/ D\BLE HIS =M] SAL>Y4 ,RYE%ETNIK(F HAD BEGUN TO WRITE ALREADY1 AT ,P]M1 & HE CONT9U$ TO DO SO AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 S5D+ CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOME ( ! LESS] NEWSPAP]S1 UNTIL HE MADE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( ,NEKRAS(F4 ,!N HE PUBLI%$ HIS NOVEL1 ,PODL@&IACUTEL2POVTSY1 9 ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y 7,CEUX DE ,PODLIPNAIA1 9 A ,FR5* TRANSLATION74 

,RYE%ETNIK(F'S POSITION 9 LIT]ATURE IS QUITE UNIQUE4 0,! S\ND TRU? ( ,RYE%ETNIK(F0-9 !SE WORDS ,TURGU5EFF *>ACT]IZ$ HIS WRIT+S4 ,IT IS TRU?1 9DE$1 NO?+ BUT TRU?1 )\T ANY ATTEMPT AT DECORATION OR LYRIC EFFECTS-A SORT ( DI>Y 9 :I* ! M5 ) :OM ! AU?OR LIV$ 9 ! M9+ WORKS ( ! ,URALS1 9 HIS ,P]MIAN VILLAGE1 OR 9 ! SLUMS ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 >E DESCRIB$4 0,PODLIPOVTSY0 MEANS ! 9HABITANTS ( A SMALL VILLAGE ,PODLIPNAYA1 LO/ SOME:]E 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ! ,URALS4 ,!Y >E ,P]MIANS1 NOT YET QUITE ,RUSSIFI$1 & >E /ILL 9 ! /AGE :I* SO MANY POPULATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE >E LIV+ ?R\< N[ADAYS-NAMELY ! E>LY AGRICULTURAL4 ,FEW ( !M HAVE = MORE ?AN TWO MON?S A YE> PURE RYE-BREAD TO EAT3 ! REMA9+ T5 MON?S !Y >E COMPELL$ TO ADD ! B>K ( TREES TO !IR FL\R 9 ORD] TO HAVE 0BREAD0 AT ALL4 ,!Y HAVE NOT ! SLI<TE/ IDEA ( :AT ,RUSSIA IS1 OR ( ! ,/ATE1 & V]Y SELDOM DO !Y SEE A PRIE/4 ,!Y H>DLY KN[ H[ TO CULTIVATE ! L&4 ,!Y DO NOT KN[ H[ TO MAKE A /OVE1 & P]IODICAL />VATION DUR+ ! MON?S FROM ,JANU>Y TO ,JULY HAS TAK5 ! V]Y S\L & HE>T \T ( !M4 ,!Y /& ON A L[] LEVEL ?AN REAL SAVAGES4 

,ONE ( !IR BE/ M51 ,PILA1 KN[S H[ TO C\NT UP TO FIVE1 BUT ! O!RS >E UNABLE TO DO SO4 ,PILA'S CONCEPTIONS ( SPACE & TIME >E ( ! MO/ PRIMITIVE DESCRIPTION1 & YET ?IS ,PILA IS A BORN LEAD] ( HIS SEMI-SAVAGE VILLAGE PEOPLE1 & IS CONT9UALLY MAK+ SOME?+ = !M4 ,HE TELLS !M :5 IT IS TIME TO PL[2 HE TRIES TO F9D A SALE = !IR SMALL DOME/IC 9DU/RIES2 HE KN[S H[ TO GO TO ! NEXT T[N1 & :5 !RE IS ANY?+ TO BE DONE !RE1 HE DOES IT4 ,HIS RELATIONS ) HIS FAMILY1 :I* CONSI/S ( AN ONLY DAU<T]1 ,APROSKA1 >E AT A /AGE BELONG+ TO PREHI/ORICAL AN?ROPOLOGY1 & YET HE & HIS FRI5D ,SYSOI LOVE ?AT GIRL ,APROSKA SO DEEPLY1 ?AT AFT] H] DEA? !Y >E READY TO KILL !MSELVES4 ,!Y AB&ON !IR VILLAGE TO LEAD ! H>D LIFE ( BOATM5 ON ! RIV]1 DRAGG+ ! HEAVY BOATS UP ! CURR5T4 ,BUT !SE SEMI-SAVAGES >E DEEPLY HUMAN1 & ONE FEELS ?AT !Y >E SO1 NOT M]ELY BECAUSE ! AU?OR WANTS IT1 BUT 9 REALITY2 & ONE CANNOT READ ! /ORY ( !IR LIVES & ! SUFF]+S :I* !Y 5DURE1 ) ! RESIGNATION ( A PATI5T BEA/1 )\T BE+ MOV$ AT TIMES EV5 MORE DEEPLY ?AN BY A GOOD NOVEL FROM \R [N LIFE4 

,ANO!R NOVEL ( ,RYE%ETNIK(F1 ,! ,GLUM(FS1 IS P]HAPS ONE ( ! MO/ DEPRESS+ NOVELS 9 ?IS BRAN* ( LIT]ATURE4 ,!RE IS NO?+ /RIK+ 9 IT-NO MIS=TUNES1 NO CALAMITIES1 NO DRAMATIC EFFECTS2 BUT ! :OLE LIFE ( ! IRONWORK]S ( ! ,URALS1 :O >E DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS NOVEL1 IS SO GLOOMY1 !RE IS SO LITTLE POSSIBILITY ( POSSIBLE ESCAPE FROM ?IS GLOOM9ESS1 ?AT %E] DESPAIR SEIZES Y\1 AS Y\ GRADUALLY REALIZE ! IMMOBILITY ( ! LIFE :I* ?IS NOVEL REPRES5TS4 ,9 ,AMONG ,M5 ,RYE%ETNIK(F TELLS ! /ORY ( HIS [N T]RIBLE *ILDHOOD4 ,AS TO HIS L>G] TWO-VOLUME NOVEL ,:]E IS IT ,BETT]8-IT IS AN 9T]M9ABLE /R+ ( MIS=TUNES :I* BEFELL A WOMAN ( ! POOR] CLASSES1 :O CAME TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 SE>* ( WORK4 ,WE HAVE H]E 7AS WELL AS 9 ANO!R LONG NOVEL1 ,ONE'S ,[N ,BREAD7 ! SAME %APELESSNESS & ! SAME ABS5CE ( /RONGLY DEPICT$ *>ACT]S AS 9 ,! ,GLUM(FS1 & WE RECEIVE ! SAME GLOOMY IMPRESSION4 

,! LIT]>Y DEFECTS ( ALL ,RYE%ETNIK(F'S WORK >E ONLY TOO EVID5T4 ,YET 9 SPITE ( !M1 HE MAY CLAIM TO BE CONSID]$ AS ! 9ITIATOR ( A NEW /YLE ( NOVEL1 :I* HAS ITS >TI/IC VALUE1 NOT)/&+ ITS WANT ( =M & ! ULTRA-REALISM ( BO? ITS CONCEPTION & /RUCTURE4 ,RYE%ETNIK(F C]TA9LY C\LD NOT 9SPIRE A S*OOL ( IMITATORS2 BUT HE HAS GIV5 H9TS TO ?OSE :O CAME AFT] HIM AS TO :AT MU/ BE DONE TO CREATE ! TRUE FOLK-NOVEL1 & :AT MU/ BE AVOID$4 ,!RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ TRACE ( ROMANTICISM 9 HIS WORK2 NO H]OES2 NO?+ BUT ?AT GREAT1 9DIFF]5T1 H>DLY 9DIVIDUALIZ$ CR[D1 AMONG :I* !RE >E NO /RIK+ COLORS1 NO GIANTS2 ALL IS SMALL2 ALL 9T]E/S >E LIMIT$ TO A MICROSCOPICALLY N>R[ NEI<BORHOOD4 ,9 FACT1 !Y ALL C5T] R\ND ! ALL-DOM9AT+ QUE/ION1 ,:]E TO GET FOOD & %ELT]1 EV5 AT ! PRICE ( UNBE>ABLE TOIL4 ,EV]Y P]SON DESCRIB$ HAS1 ( C\RSE1 HIS 9DIVIDUALITY2 BUT ALL !SE 9DIVIDUALITIES >E M]G$ 9TO ONE S+LE DESIRE3 ?AT ( F9D+ A LIV+ :I* %ALL NOT BE %E] MIS]Y-%ALL NOT CONSI/ ( DAYS ( WELL-BE+ ALT]NAT+ ) DAYS ( />VATION4 ,H[ LESS5 ! H>D%IPS ( WORK :I* IS BEYOND A MAN'S =CES8 H[ F9D A PLACE 9 ! WORLD :]E WORK %ALL NOT BE DONE AMID SU* DEGRAD+ CONDITIONS8 !SE QUE/IONS MAKE ! UNANIMITY ( PURPOSE AMONG ALL !SE M5 & WOM54 

,!RE >E1 ,I HAVE JU/ SAID1 NO H]OES 9 ,RYE%ETNIK(F'S NOVELS3 ?AT MEANS1 NO 0H]OES0 9 \R USUAL LIT]>Y S5SE2 BUT Y\ SEE BE=E Y\ REAL ,TITANS-REAL H]OES 9 ! PRIMITIVE S5SE ( ! WORD-H]OES ( 5DURANCE-SU* AS ! SPECIES MU/ PRODUCE :51 A %APELESS CR[D1 IT BITT]LY /RUGGLES AGA9/ FRO/ & HUNG]4 ,! WAY 9 :I* !SE H]OES SUPPORT ! MO/ 9CR$IBLE PHYSICAL PRIVATIONS AS !Y TRAMP FROM ONE P>T ( ,RUSSIA TO ANO!R1 OR HAVE TO FACE ! MO/ CRUEL DECEPTIONS 9 !IR SE>* = WORK-! WAY !Y /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE-IS ALREADY /RIK+ 5\<2 BUT ! WAY 9 :I* !Y DIE1 IS P]HAPS EV5 MORE /RIK+4 ,MANY READ]S REMEMB]1 ( C\RSE1 ,TOL/OY'S ,?REE ,DEA?S3 ! LADY DY+ FROM CONSUMPTION1 & CURS+ H] ILLNESS1 ! PEASANT :O 9 HIS LA/ H\RS ?9KS ( HIS BOOTS1 & DIRECTS TO :OM !Y %ALL BE GIV51 SO ?AT !Y MAY GO TO ! TOIL] MO/ 9 NE$ ( !M2 & ! ?IRD-! DEA? ( ! BIR* TREE4 ,= ,RYE%ETNIK(F'S H]OES1 :O LIVE ALL !IR LIVES )\T BE+ SURE ( BREAD = ! MORR[1 DEA? IS NOT A CATA/ROPHE3 IT SIMPLY MEANS LESS & LESS =CE TO GET ONE'S FOOD1 LESS & LESS 5]GY TO *EW ONE'S DRY PIECE ( BREAD1 LESS & LESS BREAD1 LESS OIL 9 ! LAMP-& ! LAMP IS BL[N \T4 

,ANO!R MO/ T]RIBLE ?+ 9 ,RYE%ETNIK(F'S NOVELS IS HIS PICTURE ( H[ ! HABIT ( DRUNK5NESS TAKES POSSESSION ( M51 ,Y\ SEE IT COM+-SEE H[ IT MU/ COME1 ORGANICALLY1 NECESS>ILY1 FATALLY-H[ IT TAKES POSSESSION ( ! MAN1 & H[ IT HOLDS HIM TILL HIS DEA?4 ,?IS ,%AKESPE>IAN FATALISM APPLI$ TO DR9K-:OSE WORK+S >E ONLY TOO WELL KN[N TO ?OSE :O KN[ POPUL> LIFE-IS P]HAPS ! MO/ T]RIBLE FEATURE ( ,RYE%ETNIK(FS NOVELS4 ,ESPECIALLY IS IT APP>5T 9 ,! ,G#aUM(FS1 :]E Y\ SEE H[ ! TEA*] 9 A M9+ T[N1 BECAUSE HE REFUSES TO JO9 ! ADM9I/RATION 9 EXPLOITATION ( *ILDR51 IS DEPRIV$ ( ALL MEANS ( LIV+ & AL?\< HE M>RIES 9 ! LONG RUN A SPL5DID WOMAN1 S9KS AT LA/ 9TO ! CLUT*ES ( ! DEMON ( HABITUAL DRUNK5NESS4 ,ONLY ! WOM5 DO NOT DR9K1 & ?AT SAVES ! RACE FROM UTT] DE/RUCTION2 9 FACT1 NE>LY EV]Y ONE ( ,RYE%ETNIK(F'S WOM5 IS A H]O9E ( P]SEV]+ LABOR1 ( /RUGGLE = ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 AS ! FEMALE IS 9 ! :OLE ANIMAL WORLD2 & SU* ! WOM5 >E 9 REAL POPUL> LIFE 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,IF IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO AVOID ROMANTIC S5TIM5TALISM1 :5 ! AU?OR :O DESCRIBES ! MONOTONY ( ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( A MIDDLE-CLASS CR[D 9T5DS TO MAKE ! READ] SYMPA?IZE NEV]!LESS ) ?IS CR[D1 ! DIFFICULTIES >E /ILL GREAT] :5 HE DESC5DS A /EP L[] 9 ! SOCIAL SCALE & DEALS ) PEASANTS1 OR1 /ILL WORSE1 ) ?OSE :O BELONG TO ! L[E/ /RATA ( CITY LIFE4 ,! MO/ REALI/IC WRIT]S HAVE FALL5 9TO S5TIM5TALISM & ROMANTICISM :5 !Y ATTEMPT$ TO DO ?IS4 ,EV5 ,ZOLA 9 HIS LA/ NOVEL1 ,WORK1 FALLS 9TO ! TRAP4 ,BUT ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT ,RYE%ETNIK(F NEV] DID4 ,HIS WRIT+S >E A VIOL5T PROTE/ AGA9/ ES!TICS1 & EV5 AGA9/ ALL SORTS ( CONV5TIONAL >T4 ,HE WAS A TRUE *ILD ( ! EPO* *>ACT]IZ$ BY ,TURGU5EFF 9 ,BAZ>(F4 0,I DO NOT C>E = ! =M ( MY WRIT+S3 TRU? WILL SPEAK = ITSELF10 HE SEEMS TO SAY TO HIS READ]S4 ,HE W\LD HAVE FELT A%AM$ IF1 EV5 UNCONSCI\SLY1 HE HAD RESORT$ ANY:]E TO DRAMATIC EFFECTS 9 ORD] TO T\* HIS READ]S-JU/ AS ! PUBLIC SPEAK] :O 5TIRELY RELIES UPON ! BEAUTY ( ! ?\<T HE DEVELOPS W\LD FEEL A%AM$ IF SOME M]ELY ORATORICAL EXPRESSION ESCAP$ HIS LIPS4 

,= MYSELF1 ,I ?9K ?AT A GREAT CREATIVE G5IUS WAS REQUIR$ 9 ORD] TO PICK1 AS ,RYE%ETNIK(F DID1 \T ( ! EV]YDAY1 MONOTON\S LIFE ( ! CR[D1 ?OSE TRIFL+ EXPRESSIONS1 ?OSE EXCLAMATIONS1 ?OSE MOVEM5TS EXPRESSIVE ( SOME FEEL+S OR SOME IDEA )\T :I* HIS NOVELS W\LD HAVE BE5 QUITE UNREADABLE4 ,IT HAS BE5 REM>K$ BY ONE ( \R CRITICS ?AT :5 Y\ BEG9 TO READ A NOVEL ( ,RYE%ETNIK(F Y\ SEEM TO HAVE PLUNG$ 9TO A *AOS4 ,Y\ HAVE ! DESCRIPTION ( A COMMONPLACE L&SCAPE1 :I*1 9 FACT1 IS NO 0L&SCAPE0 AT ALL2 !N ! FUTURE H]O OR H]O9E ( ! NOVEL APPE>S1 & HE OR %E IS A P]SON :OM Y\ MAY SEE 9 EV]Y CR[D-) NO CLAIMS TO RISE ABOVE ?IS CR[D1 ) H>DLY ANY?+ EV5 TO DI/+UI% HIM OR H] FROM ! CR[D4 ,?IS H]O SPEAKS1 EATS1 DR9KS1 WORKS1 SWE>S1 AS EV]YONE ELSE 9 ! CR[D DOES4 ,HE IS NOT A *OS5 CREATURE-HE IS NOT A DEMONIACAL *>ACT]-A ,RI*>D ,ILL4 9 A FU/IAN JACKET2 NOR IS %E A ,CORDELIA OR EV5 A ,DICK5S' 0,NELL40 ,RYE%ETNIK(F'S M5 & WOM5 >E EXACTLY LIKE ?\S&S ( M5 & WOM5 >\ND !M2 BUT GRADUALLY1 [+ TO ?OSE V]Y SCRAPS ( ?\<T1 TO AN EXCLAMATION1 TO A WORD DROPP$ H]E & !RE1 OR EV5 TO A SLI<T MOVEM5T ?AT IS M5TION$-Y\ BEG9 TO FEEL 9T]E/$ 9 !M4 ,AFT] ?IRTY PAGES Y\ FEEL ?AT Y\ >E ALREADY DECID$LY 9 SYMPA?Y ) !M & Y\ >E SO CAPTUR$ ?AT Y\ READ PAGES & PAGES ( !SE *AOTIC DETAILS ) ! SOLE PURPOSE ( SOLV+ ! QUE/ION :I* BEG9S PASSIONATELY TO 9T]E/ Y\3 ,WILL ,PET] OR ,ANNA F9D TO-DAY ! PIECE ( BREAD :I* !Y LONG TO HAVE8 ,WILL ,M>Y GET ! WORK :I* MI<T PROCURE H] A P9* ( TEA = H] SICK &HALF CRAZY MO!R8 ,WILL ! WOMAN ,PRASKOVIA FREEZE DUR+ ?AT BITT]LY COLD NI<T :5 %E IS LO/ 9 ! /REETS ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG OR WILL %E BE TAK5 AT LA/ TO A HOSPITAL :]E %E MAY HAVE A W>M BLANKET & CUP ( TEA8 ,WILL ! PO/MAN AB/A9 FROM ! 0FIRE-WAT]10 & WILL HE GET A SITUATION1 OR NOT8 

,SURELY1 TO OBTA9 ?IS RESULT ) SU* UNCONV5TIONAL MEANS REVEALS A V]Y GREAT TAL5T2 IT MEANS1 TO POSSESS ?AT P[] ( MOV+ ONE'S READ]S-( MAK+ !M LOVE & HATE-:I* MAKES ! V]Y ESS5CE ( LIT]>Y TAL5T2 & ?IS IS :Y ?OSE %APELESS1 & MU* TOO LONG1 & MU* TOO DRE>Y NOVELS ( ,RYE%ETNIK(F MAKE A L&M>K 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 & >E ! PRECURSORS NOT ONLY ( A ,GOKIY1 BUT1 MO/ SURELY1 ( A GREAT] TAL5T /ILL4 

,L,E,V,I,T,(,F 

,ANO!R FOLK-NOVELI/ ( ! SAME G5]ATION WAS ,L,E,V,I,T,(,F 7#a#h#c#e OR #a#h#d#b-#a#h#g#g74 ,HE DESCRIB$ *IEFLY ?OSE PORTIONS ( S\!RN ,MIDDLE ,RUSSIA :I* >E 9 ! BORD]-L& BETWE5 ! WOOD$ P>TS ( ! C\NTRY & ! TREELESS PRAIRIES4 ,HIS LIFE WAS EXTREMELY SAD4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 ! FAMILY ( A POOR C\NTRY PRIE/ 9 A VILLAGE ( ! PROV9CE ( ,TAMB(1 & WAS $UCAT$ 9 A CL]ICAL S*OOL ( ! TYPE DESCRIB$ BY ,POMYALOVSKIY4 ,:5 HE WAS ONLY SIXTE5 HE W5T ON FOOT TO ,MOSC[1 9 ORD] TO 5T] ! UNIV]SITY1 & !N MOV$ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,!RE HE WAS SOON 9VOLV$ 9 SOME 0/UD5TS' AFFAIR10 & WAS EXIL$1 9 #a#h#e#h1 TO ,%5KURSK1 9 ! F> NOR?1 & NEXT REMOV$ TO ,VOLOGDA4 ,H]E HE LIV$ 9 COMPLETE ISOLATION FROM EV]Y?+ 9TELLECTUAL1 & 9 AWFUL POV]TY V]G+ ON />VATION4 ,NOT UNTIL ?REE YE>S LAT] WAS HE ALL[$ TO RETURN TO ,MOSC[1 &1 BE+ ABSOLUTELY P5NILESS1 HE MADE ALL ! J\RNEY FROM ,VOLOGDA TO ,MOSC[ ON FOOT1 E>N+ OCCASIONALLY A FEW %ILL+S BY CL]ICAL WORK DONE = ! CANTONAL ,BO>D ( SOME VILLAGE4 ,!SE YE>S ( EXILE LEFT A DEEP TRACE UPON ALL HIS SUBSEQU5T LIFE1 :I* HE PASS$ 9 EXTREME POV]TY1 NEV] F9D+ A PLACE :]E HE C\LD SETTLE1 & DR[N+ 9 DR9K ! SUFF]+S ( A LOV+1 RE/LESS S\L4 

,DUR+ HIS E>LY *ILDHOOD HE WAS DEEPLY IMPRESS$ BY ! *>M & QUIET ( VILLAGE LIFE 9 ! PRAIRIES1 & HE WROTE LAT] ON3 0,?IS QUIETNESS ( VILLAGE LIFE PASSES BE=E ME1 OR RA!R FLIES1 AS SOME?+ REALLY LIV+1 AS A WELL DEF9$ IMAGE4 ,YES1 ,I DI/9CTLY SEE ABOVE \R DAILY LIFE 9 ! VILLAGE1 SOMEBODY GLID+-A LITTLE ABOVE ! CROSS ( \R *UR*1 TOGE!R ) ! LI<T CL\DS-SOMEBODY LI<T & S(T ( \TL9E1 HAV+ ! MILD & MODE/ FACE ( \R PRAIRIE GIRLS404 4 4 ,?US1 AFT] MANY YE>S SP5T AMID ! UNTOLD SUFF]+S ( MY PRES5T EXI/5CE1 DO ,I REPRES5T TO MYSELF ! G5IUS ( C\NTRY LIFE40 

,! *>M ( ! B\NDLESS PRAIRIES ( ,S\? ,RUSSIA-! ,/EPPES-IS SO ADMIRABLY R5D]$ BY ,LEVIT(F ?AT NO ,RUSSIAN AU?OR HAS SURPASS$ HIM 9 ! POETICAL DESCRIPTION ( !IR NATURE1 EXCEPT+ ,KOLTS(F 9 HIS POETRY4 ,LEVIT(F WAS A PURE FL[] ( ! ,/EPPES1 FULL ( ! MO/ POETICAL LOVE ( HIS BIR?PLACE1 & HE C]TA9LY MU/ HAVE SUFF]$ DEEPLY :5 HE WAS ?R[N AMID ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IANS 9 ! GREAT1 COLD1 & EGOTI/IC CAPITAL ( ! ,NEVA4 ,:5EV] HE /AY$ AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG OR AT ,MOSC[ HE ALWAYS LIV$ 9 ! POORE/ QU>T]S1 SOME:]E ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! T[N3 !Y REM9D$ HIM ( HIS NATIVE VILLAGE2 & :5 HE ?US SETTL$ AMONG ! L[E/ /RATA ( ! POPULATION1 HE DID SO1 AS HE WROTE HIMSELF1 0TO RUN AWAY FROM ! MORAL CONTRADICTIONS1 ! >TIFICIALITY ( LIFE1 ! W\LD-BE HUMANIT>IANISM1 & ! CUT & DRI$ IMAG9>Y SUP]IORITY ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES40 ,HE C\LD NOT LIVE1 = EV5 A C\PLE ( MON?S 9 SUCCESSION1 9 RELATIVE WELL-BE+3 HE BEGAN TO FEEL ! GNAW+S ( CONSCI5CE1 & IT 5D$ 9 HIS LEAV+ BEH9D HIS EXTREMELY POOR BELONG+S & GO+ SOME:]E-ANY:]E :]E HE W\LD BE POOR] /ILL1 AMID O!R POOR :O LIVE FROM H& TO M\?4 

,I DO NOT EV5 KN[ IF ,I AM RI<T 9 DESCRIB+ ,LEVIT(F'S WORKS AS NOVELS4 ,!Y >E MORE LIKE %APELESS1 LYRICAL-EPICAL IMPROVIZATIONS 9 PROSE4 ,ONLY 9 !SE IMPROVIZATIONS WE HAVE NOT !4 USUAL HACKNEY$ PRES5TM5T ( ! WRIT]'S COMPASSION = O!R PEOPLE'S SUFF]+S4 ,IT IS AN EPICAL DESCRIPTION ( :AT ! AU?OR HAS LIV$ ?R\< 9 HIS CLOSE CONTACT ) ALL CLASSES ( PEOPLE ( ! POORE/ SORT1 & ITS LYRIC ELEM5T IS ! SORR[ ?AT HE HIMSELF KNEW-NOT 9 IMAG9ATION-AS HE LIV$ ?AT SAME LIFE2 ! SORR[ ( WANT1 (FAMILY TR\BLES1 ( HOPES UNSATISFI$1 ( ISOLATION1 ( ALL SORTS1 ( OPPRESSION1 & ( ALL SORTS ( HUMAN WEAKNESS4 ,! PAGES :I* HE HAS GIV5 TO ! FEEL+S ( ! DRUNK5 MAN & TO ! WAYS 9 :I* ?IS DISEASE-DRUNK5NESS-TAKES POSSESSION ( M51 >E SOME?+ REALLY T]RIBLE4 ,( C\RSE1 HE DI$ Y\NG-FROM AN 9FLAMMATION ( ! LUNGS CAU<T ONE DAY 9 ,JANU>Y1 AS HE W5T 9 AN OLD SUMM] COAT TO GET T5 %ILL+S FROM SOME PETTY $ITOR AT ! O!R 5D ( ,MOSC[4 

,! BE/ KN[N WORK ( ,LEVIT(F IS A VOLUME ( ,SKET*ES FROM ! ,/EPPES2 BUT HE HAS ALSO WRITT5 SC5ES FROM ! LIFE ( ! T[NS1 UND] ! TITLE ( ,MOSC[ ,D5S & ,SLUMS1 ,/REET ,SKET*ES1 ETC41 & A VOLUME TO :I* SOME ( HIS FRI5DS MU/ HAVE GIV5 ! TITLE ( ,SORR[S ( ! ,VILLAGES1 ! ,HI< ,ROADS1 & ! ,T[NS4 ,9 ! SECOND ( !SE WORKS WE F9D A SIMPLY T]RIFY+ COLLECTION ( TRAMPS & \TCA/S ( ! L>GE CITIES-( M5 SUNK TO ! L[E/ LEVEL ( CITY SLUM-LIFE1 REPRES5T$ )\T ! SLI<TE/ ATTEMPT AT IDEALIZ+ !M-& YET DEEPLY HUMAN1 ,SKET*ES FROM ! ,/EPPES REMA9S HIS BE/ WORK4 ,IT IS A COLLECTION ( POEMS1 WRITT5 9 PROSE1 FULL ( ! MO/ ADMIRABLE DESCRIPTIONS ( PRAIRIE NATURE & ( T9Y DETAILS FROM ! LIFE ( ! PEASANTS1 ) ALL !IR PETTY TR\BLES1 !IR HABITS1 CU/OMS1 & SUP]/ITIONS4 ,PL5TY ( P]SONAL REM9ISC5CES >E SCATT]$ ?R\< !SE SKET*ES1 & ONE (T5 F9DS 9 !M A SC5E ( *ILDR5 PLAY+ 9 ! MEAD[S ( ! PRAIRIES & LIV+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LIFE ( NATURE1 9 :I* EV]Y LITTLE TRAIT IS PICTUR$ ) A W>M1 T5D] LOVE2 & ALMO/ EV]Y4 :]E ONE FEELS ! UNSE5 TE>S ( SORR[1 %$ BY ! AU?OR4 

,AMONG ! SEV]AL SKET*ES ( ! LIFE & WORK ( ,LEVIT(F !RE IS ONE-WRITT5 ) DEEP FEEL+ & CONTA9+ *>M+ IDYLLIC FEATURES FROM HIS *ILDHOOD AS WELL AS A T]RIBLE ACC\NT ( HIS LAT] YE>S-BY ,A4 ,SKABIT*EVSKIY1 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ,MOD]N ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE4 

,G,L,E,B ,U,S,P,5,S,K,I,Y 

,G,L,E,B ,U,S,P,5,S,K,I,Y 7#a#h#d-#a#i#b7 WIDELY DIFF]S FROM ALL ! PREC$+ WRIT]S4 ,HE REPRES5TS A S*OOL 9 HIMSELF1 & ,I KN[ ( NO WRIT] 9 ANY LIT]ATURE ) :OM HE MI<T BE COMP>$4 ,PROP]LY SPEAK+1 HE IS NOT A NOVELI/2 BUT HIS WORK IS NOT 5?NOGRAPHY OR DEMOGRAPHY EI!R1 BECAUSE IT CONTA9S1 BESIDES DESCRIPTIONS BELONG+ TO ! DOMA9 ( FOLK-PSY*OLOGY1 ALL ! ELEM5TS ( A NOVEL4 ,HIS FIR/ PRODUCTIONS W]E NOVELS ) A LEAN+ T[>DS E?NOGRAPHY4 ,?US1 ,RU9 IS A NOVEL 9 :I* ,USP5SKIY ADMIRABLY DESCRIB$ H[ ALL ! LIFE ( A SMALL PROV9CIAL T[N1 :I* HAD FL\RI%$ UND] ! HABITS & MANN]S ( S]FDOM1 W5T TO RU9 AFT] !4 ABOLITION ( ?AT 9/ITUTION3 BUT HIS LAT] PRODUCTIONS1 5TIRELY GIV5 TO VILLAGE LIFE1 & REPRES5T+ ! FULL MATURITY ( HIS TAL5T1 HAD MORE ! *>ACT] ( E?NOGRAPHIC SKET*ES1 WRITT5 BY A GIFT$ NOVELI/1 ?AN ( NOVELS PROP]4 ,!Y BEGAN LIKE NOVELS4 ,DIFF]5T P]SONS APPE> BE=E Y\ 9 ! USUAL WAY1 & GRADUALLY Y\ GR[ 9T]E/$ 9 !IR DO+S & !IR LIFE4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y >E NOT (F]$ Y\ HAPHAZ>D1 AS !Y W\LD BE 9 ! DI>Y ( AN E?NOGRAPH]2 !Y HAVE BE5 *OS5 BY ! AU?OR BECAUSE HE CONSID]S !M TYPICAL ( ?OSE ASPECTS ( VILLAGE LIFE :I* HE 9T5DS TO DEAL )4 ,H[EV]1 ! AU?OR IS NOT SATISFI$ ) M]ELY ACQUA9T+ ! READ] ) !SE TYPES3 HE SOON BEG9S TO DISCUSS !M & TO TALK AB\T !IR POSITION 9 VILLAGE LIFE & ! 9FLU5CE !Y MU/ EX]CISE UPON ! FUTURE ( ! VILLAGE2 &1 BE+ ALREADY 9T]E/$ 9 ! PEOPLE1 Y\ READ ! DISCUSSIONS ) 9T]E/4 ,!N SOME ADMIRABLE SC5E1 :I* W\LD NOT BE \T ( PLACE 9 A NOVEL ( ,TOL/OY OR ,TURGU5EFF1 IS 9TRODUC$2 BUT AFT] A FEW PAGES ( SU* >TI/IC CREATION4 ,USP5SKIY BECOMES AGA9 AN E?NOGRAPH] DISCUSS+ ! FUTURE ( ! VILLAGE- COMMUNITY4,HE WAS TOO MU* A POLITICAL WRIT] TO ALWAYS ?9K 9 IMAGES & TO BE A  PURE NOVELI/1 BUT HE WAS ALSO TOO PASSIONATELY IMPRESS$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTS :I* CAME UND] HIS OBS]VATION TO CALMLY DISCUSS !M1 AS ! M]ELY POLITICAL WRIT] W\LD DO4 ,9 SPITE ( ALL ?IS1 NOT)/&+ ?IS MIXTURE ( POLITICAL LIT]ATURE ) >T1 BECAUSE ( HIS >TI/IC GIFTS1 Y\ READ ,USP5SKIY JU/ AS Y\ READ A GOOD NOVELI/4 

,EV]Y MOVEM5T AMONG ! $UCAT$ CLASSES 9 FAVOR ( ! POOR] CLASSES BEG9S BY AN IDEALIZATION ( ! LATT]4 ,IT BE+ NECESS>Y TO CLE> AWAY1 FIR/ ( ALL1 A NUMB] ( PREJUDICES :I* EXI/ AMONG ! RI* AS REG>DS ! POOR1 SOME IDEALIZATION IS UNAVOIDABLE4 ,!RE=E1 ! E>LI] FOLK-NOVELI/ TAKES ONLY ! MO/ /RIK+ TYPES-?OSE :OM ! WEAL?I] PEOPLE CAN BETT] UND]/& & SYMPA?IZE )2 & HE LI<TLY PASSES OV] ! LESS SYMPA!TIC FEATURES ( ! LIFE ( ! POOR4 ,?IS WAS DONE 9 ! =TIES 9 ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 & 9 ,RUSSIA BY ,GRIGOROVIT*1 ,M>KO ,VOVT*OK1 & SEV]AL O!RS4 ,!N CAME ,RYE%ETNIK(F ) HIS >TI/IC ,NIHILIS93 ) HIS NEGATION ( ALL ! USUAL TRICKS ( >T1 & HIS OBJECTIVISM2 HIS BLUNT REFUSAL TO CREATE 0TYPES0 & HIS PREF]5CE = ! QUITE ORD9>Y MAN2 HIS MANN] ( TRANSMITT+ TO Y\ HIS LOVE ( HIS PEOPLE1 M]ELY ?R\< ! SUPPRESS$ 9T5SITY ( HIS [N EMOTION4 ,LAT] ON1 NEW PROBLEMS >OSE = ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,! READ]S W]E N[ QUITE READY TO SYMPA?IZE ) ! 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT OR FACTORY WORK]2 BUT !Y WANT$ TO KN[ SOME?+ MORE3 NAMELY1 :AT W]E ! V]Y F\NDATIONS1 ! IDEALS1 ! SPR+S ( VILLAGE LIFE8 :AT W]E !Y WOR? 9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATION8 :AT1 & 9 :AT =M1 C\LD ! IMM5SE AGRICULTURAL POPULATION ( ,RUSSIA CONTRIBUTE TO ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY & ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD ALTOGE!R8 ,ALL SU* QUE/IONS C\LD NOT BE ANSW]$ BY ! /ATI/ICIAN ALONE2 !Y REQUIR$ ! G5IUS ( ! >TI/1 :O MU/ DECIPH] ! REPLY \T ( ! ?\S&S ( SMALL 9DICATIONS & FACTS1 & \R FOLK-NOVELI/S UND]/OOD ?IS NEW DEM& ( ! READ]4 ,A RI* COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT TYPES HAV+ ALREADY BE5 GIV51 IT WAS N[ ! LIFE ( ! VILLAGE-! MIR1 ) ITS ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS1 & ITS PROMISES = ! FUTURE-?AT ! READ]S W]E ANXI\S TO F9D 9 ! FOLK-NOVEL4 ,!SE W]E ! QUE/IONS :I* ! NEW G5]ATION ( FOLK-NOVELI/S UND]TOOK TO DISCUSS4 

,9 ?IS V5TURE !Y W]E C]TA9LY RI<T4 ,IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS EV]Y ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL QUE/ION IS A QUE/ION ( PSY*OLOGY ( BO? ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! SOCIAL AGGREGATION4 ,IT CANNOT BE SOLV$ BY >I?METIC ALONE4 ,!RE=E1 9 SOCIAL SCI5CE1 AS 9 HUMAN PSY*OLOGY1 ! POET (T5 SEES HIS WAY BETT] ?AN ! PHYSIOLOGI/4 ,AT ANY RATE1 HE TOO HAS HIS VOICE 9 ! MATT]4 

,:5 ,USP5SKIY BEGAN WRIT+ HIS FIR/ SKET*ES ( VILLAGE LIFE-IT WAS 9 ! E>LY SEV5TIES-,Y\NG ,RUSSIA WAS 9 ! GRIP ( ! GREAT MOVEM5T 0T[>DS ! PEOPLE10 & IT MU/ BE [N$ ?AT 9 ?IS MOVEM5T1 AS 9 EV]Y O!R1 !RE WAS SOME IDEALIZATION4 ,?OSE :O DID NOT KN[ VILLAGE-LIFE AT ALL *]I%$ EXAGG]AT$1 IDYLLIC ILLUSIONS AB\T ! VILLAGECOMMUNITY4 ,9 ALL PROBABILITY ,USP5SKIY1 :O WAS BORN 9 A L>GE 9DU/RIAL T[N1 ,TULA1 9 ! FAMILY ( A SMALL FUNCTION>Y & H>DLY KNEW C\NTRY LIFE AT ALL1 %>$ !SE ILLUSIONS TO SOME EXT5T1 V]Y PROBABLY 9 !IR MO/ EXTREME ASPECT2 & /ILL PRES]V+ !M HE W5T TO A PROV9CE ( S\!A/]N ,RUSSIA1 ,SAM>A1 :I* HAD LATELY BECOME ! PREY ( MOD]N COMM]CIALISM1 & :]E1 [+ TO A NUMB] ( PECULI> CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM HAD BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ UND] CONDITIONS SPECIALLY RU9\S TO ! PEASANTS & TO VILLAGE-LIFE ALTOGE!R4 ,H]E HE MU/ HAVE SUFF]$ 9T5SELY FROM SEE+ HIS Y\?FUL DREAMS VANI%+2 &1 AS >TI/S (T5 DO1 HE HA/5$ TO G5]ALIZE2 BUT HE HAD NOT ! $UCATION ( ! ?OR\< E?NOGRAPH]1 :I* MI<T HAVE PREV5T$ HIM FROM MAK+ TOO HA/Y E?NOLOGICAL G5]ALIZATIONS FROM HIS LIMIT$ MAT]IALS1 & HE BEGAN TO WRITE A S]IES ( SC5ES FROM VILLAGE-LIFE1 IMBU$ ) A DEEP PESSIMISM4 ,IT WAS ONLY MU* LAT] ON1 :ILE /AY+ 9 A VILLAGE ( ,NOR!RN ,RUSSIA1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,NOVGOROD1 ?AT HE CAME TO UND]/& ! 9FLU5CES :I* ! CULTURE ( ! L& & LIFE 9 AN AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE MAY EX]CISE UPON ! TILL] ( ! SOIL2 !N ONLY HAD HE SOME GLIMPSES ( :AT >E ! SOCIAL & MORAL =CES ( L& CULTIVATION & COMMUNAL LIFE1 & ( :AT FREE LABOR ON A FREE SOIL MI<T BE4 ,!SE OBS]VATIONS 9SPIR$ ,USP5SKIV ) P]HAPS ! BE/ ?+ HE WROTE1 ,! ,P[] ( ! ,SOIL 7#a#h#h#b74 ,IT WILL REMA91 AT ANY RATE1 HIS MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION 9 ?IS DOMA9 ! >TI/ APPE>+ H]E 9 ALL ! =CE ( HIS TAL5T & 9 HIS TRUE FUNCTION ( EXPLA9+ ! 9N] SPR+S ( A C]TA9 MOOD ( LIFE4 

,Z,L,A,T,O,V,R,A,T,S,K,I,Y ,& ,O,!,R ,F,O,L,K-,N,O,V,E,L,I,/,S 

,ONE ( ! GREAT QUE/IONS ( ! DAY = ,RUSSIA IS1 :E!R WE %ALL ABOLI% ! COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( ! L&1 AS IT HAS BE5 ABOLI%$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & 9TRODUCE 9/EAD ( IT 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT PROPRIETOR%IP2 OR :E!R WE %ALL 5DEAVOR TO RETA9 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 & DO \R BE/ TO DEVELOP IT FUR!R 9 ! DIRECTION ( COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS1 BO? AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL4 ,A GREAT /RUGGLE GOES ON ACCORD+LY AMONG ! $UCAT$ CLASSES ( ,RUSSIA UPON ?IS QUE/ION1 & 9 HIS FIR/ ,SAM>A SKET*ES1 5TITL$ ,FROM A ,VILLAGE ,DI>Y1 ,USP5SKIY PAID A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION TO ?IS SUBJECT4 ,HE TRI$ TO PROVE ?AT ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 SU* AS IT IS1 RESULTS 9 A =MIDABLE OPPRESSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 9 A HAMP]+ ( 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 9 ALL SORTS ( OPPRESSION ( ! POOR] PEASANTS BY ! RI*] ONES1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 9 G5]AL POV]TY4 ,HE OMITT$1 H[EV]1 ALL ! >GUM5TS :I* !SE SAME POOR] PEASANTS1 IF !Y %\LD BE QUE/ION$1 W\LD BR+ =W>D 9 FAVOR ( ! PRES5T COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( ! L&2 & HE ATTRIBUT$ TO ?IS 9/ITUTION :AT IS ! RESULT ( O!R G5]AL CAUSES1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM ! FACT ?AT EXACTLY ! SAME POV]TY1 ! SAME 9]TIA1 & ! SAME OPPRESSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 >E F\ND 9 AN EV5 GREAT] DEGREE 9 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA1 :]E ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/ LONG S9CE4 ,USP5SKIY ?US EXPRESS$-AT LEA/ 9 ?OSE SKET*ES :I* DEALT ) ! VILLAGES ( ,SAM>A-! VIEWS :I* PREVAIL AMONG ! MIDDLE CLASSES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & >E CURR5T 9 ,RUSSIA AMONG ! GR[+ VILLAGE B\RGEOISIE4 

,?IS ATTITUDE CALL$ =? A S]IES ( REPLIES FROM ANO!R FOLK-NOVELI/ ( AN EQUALLY GREAT TAL5T1 ,Z,L,A,T,O,V,R,A,T,S,K,I,Y 7BORN #a#h#d#e71 :O ANSW]$ EA* SKET* ( ,USP5SKIY'S BY A NOVEL 9 :I* HE TOOK ! EXTREME OPPOSITE VIEW4 ,HE HAD KN[N PEASANT LIFE 9 ,MIDDLE ,RUSSIA FROM HIS *ILDHOOD2 & ! LESS ILLUSIONS HE HAD AB\T IT1 ! BETT] WAS HE ABLE1 :5 HE BEGAN A S]I\S /UDY ( ! PEASANTS1 TO SEE ! GOOD FEATURES ( !IR LIVES1 & TO UND]/& ?OSE TYPES ( !M :O TAKE TO HE>T ! 9T]E/S ( ! VILLAGE AS A :OLE-TYPES ?AT ,I ALSO WELL KNEW 9 MY Y\? 9 ! SAME PROV9CES4 

,ZLATOVRATSKIY WAS ACCUS$1 ( C\RSE1 ( IDEALIZ+ ! PEASANTS2 BUT ! REALITY IS1 ?AT ,USP5SKIY & ,ZLATOVRATSKIY COMPLEM5T EA* O!R4 ,JU/ AS !Y COMPLEM5T EA* O!R GEOGRAPHICALLY-! LATT] SPEAK+ = ! TRULY AGRICULTURAL REGION ( ,MIDDLE ,RUSSIA1 :ILE ,USP5SKIY SPOKE = ! P]IPH]Y ( ?IS REGION-SO ALSO !Y COMPLEM5T EA* O!R PSY*OLOGICALLY4 ,USP5SKIY WAS RI<T 9 %[+ ! DRAWBACKS ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY 9/ITUTION-DEPRIV$ ( ITS VITALITY BY AN OMNIPOT5T BUREAUCRACY2 & ,ZLATOVRATSKIY WAS QUITE RI<T1 TOO1 9 %[+ :AT SORT ( M5 >E NEV]!LESS BR$ BY ! VILLAGE-COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS & BY ATTA*M5T TO ! L&1 & :AT S]VICES !Y C\LD R5D] TO ! RURAL MASSES UND] DIFF]5T CONDITIONS ( LIB]TY & 9DEP5D5CE4 

,ZLATOVRATSKIY'S NOVELS >E ?US AN IMPORTANT E?NOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTION1 & !Y HAVE AT ! SAME TIME AN >TI/IC VALUE4 ,HIS ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE 9 ! ,VILLAGE1 & P]HAPS EV5 MORE HIS ,PEASANT ,JURYM5 7S9CE #a#h#f#d1 ! PEASANT HEADS ( H\SEHOLDS HAVE ACT$ 9 TURN AS JURORS 9 ! LAW C\RTS71 >E FULL ( ! MO/ *>M+ SC5ES ( VILLAGE-LIFE2 :ILE HIS ,F\NDATIONS REPRES5TS A S]I\S ATTEMPT AT GRASP+ 9 A WORK ( >T ! FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTIONS ( ,RUSSIAN RURAL LIFE4 ,9 ?IS LA/ WORK WE ALSO F9D TYPES ( M51 :O P]SONIFY ! REVOLT ( ! PEASANT AGA9/ BO? EXT]NAL OPPRESSION & ! SUBMISSIV5ESS ( ! MASS TO ?AT OPPRESSIONM51 :O1 UND] FAVORABLE CONDITIONS MI<T BECOME ! 9ITIATORS ( MOVEM5TS ( A DEEP PURPORT4 ,?AT TYPES HAVE NOT BE5 9V5T$ WILL BE AGRE$ BY EV]YONE :O KN[S ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE-LIFE FROM ! 9SIDE4 

,! WRIT]S :O HAVE BE5 NAM$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES >E3 F> FROM REPRES5T+ ! :OLE S*OOL ( FOLK-NOVELI/S4 ,NOT ONLY HAS EV]Y ,RUSSIAN NOVELI/ ( ! PA/1 FROM ,TURGU5EFF D[N1 BE5 9SPIR$ 9 SOME ( HIS WORK BY FOLK LIFE1 BUT SOME ( ! BE/ PRODUCTIONS ( ! MO/ PROM95T CONTEMPOR>Y WRIT]S1 SU* AS ,KOROL5KO1 ,T*EH(F1 ,O]TEL & MANY O!RS 7SEE NEXT *APT]71 BELONG TO ! SAME CATEGORY4 ,!RE >E BESIDES QUITE A NUMB] ( NOVELI/S DI/9CTIVELY ( ?IS CLASS1 :O W\LD BE SPOK5 ( AT SOME L5G? 9 ANY C\RSE ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 BUT :OM1 UN=TUNATELY1 ,I AM COMPELL$ TO M5TION 9 BUT A FEW L9ES4  

,N,A,U,M,(,F WAS BORN AT ,TOBILSK 79 #a#h#c#h7 &1 SETTL+ 9 ,WE/]N ,SIB]IA AFT] HE HAD RECEIV$ A UNIV]SITY $UCATION AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 HE WROTE A S]IES ( %ORT NOVELS & SKET*ES 9 :I* HE DESCRIB$ LIFE 9 ,WE/ ,SIB]IAN VILLAGES & M9+ T[NS4 ,!SE /ORIES W]E WIDELY READ1 [+ TO !IR EXPRESSIVE1 TRULY POPUL> LANGUAGE1 ! 5]GY ) :I* !Y W]E IMBU$1 & ! /RIK+ PICTURES !Y CONTA9$ ( ! ADVANTAGE TAK5 ( ! POV]TY ( ! MASS BY ! RI*] PEASANTS1 KN[N 9 ,RUSSIA AS 0 MIR-EAT]S0 7MIROY$74 

,Z,A,S,O,D,I,M,S,K,I,Y 7BORN #a#h#d#c7 BELONGS TO ! SAME P]IOD4 ,LIKE MANY ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 HE SP5T YE>S ( HIS Y\? 9 EXILE1 BUT HE REMA9S /ILL ! SAME 0POPULI/0 ?AT HE WAS 9 HIS Y\?1 IMBU$ ) ! SAME LOVE ( ! PEOPLE & ! SAME FAI? 9 ! PEASANTS4 ,HIS ,*RONICLE ( ! ,VILLAGE ,SMUR9O 7#a#h#g#d7 & ,MY/]IES ( ! ,/EPPES 7#a#h#h#b7 >E ESPECIALLY 9T]E/+1 BECAUSE ,ZASODIMSKIY MADE 9 !SE NOVELS ATTEMPTS AT REPRES5T+ TYPES ( 9TELLECTUAL & PROTE/+ PEASANTS1 TRUE TO LIFE1 BUT USUALLY NEGLECT$ BY \R FOLK-NOVELI/S4 ,SOME ( !M >E REBELS :O REVOLT AGA9/ ! CONDITIONS ( VILLAGE-LIFE1 *IEFLY 9 !IR [N1 P]SONAL 9T]E/1 :ILE O!RS >E PEACEFUL RELIGI\S PROPAG&I/S & /ILL O!RS >E M5 :O HAVE DEVELOP$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( $UCAT$ PROPAG&I/S4 

,ANO!R WRIT] :O EXCELL$ 9 ! REPRES5TATION ( ! TYPE ( 0MIR-EAT]S 0 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA IS ,S,A,L,(,F 7#a#h#d#c-#a#i#b74 

,P,E,T,R,O,P,A,V,L,O,V,S,K,I,Y 7#a#h#e#g-#a#h#i#b71 :O WROTE UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,K,>,O,N,91 WAS1 ON ! O!R H&1 A REAL POET ( VILLAGE-LIFE & ( ! CULTIVATION ( ! FIELDS4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 S\!A/]N ,RUSSIA1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,SAM>A1 BUT WAS E>LY EXIL$ TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ,TOBOLSK1 9 ,SIB]IA1 :]E HE WAS KEPT MANY YE>S1 & FROM :I* HE WAS RELEAS$ ONLY TO DIE SOON AFT] FROM CONSUMPTION4 ,HE GAVE 9 HIS NOVELS & /ORIES SEV]AL V]Y DRAMATIC TYPES ( VILLAGE 0NE']-DO-WELL'S10 BUT ! NOVEL :I* IS MO/ TYPICAL ( HIS TAL5T IS ,MY ,WORLD4 ,9 IT HE TELLS H[ AN 09TELLECTUAL10 0R5T 9 TWA90 & NE>LY LOS+ HIS REASON 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS DUALISM1 F9DS 9N] PEACE & RECONCILIATION ) LIFE :5 HE SETTLES 9 A VILLAGE & WORKS 9 ! SAME ALMO/ SUP]HUMAN WAY ?AT ! PEASANTS DO1 :5 HAY HAS TO BE M[N & ! CROPS TO BE C>RI$ 94 ,?US LIV+ ! LIFE !Y LIVE1 HE IS LOV$ BY !M1 & F9DS A HEAL?Y & 9TELLIG5T GIRL TO LOVE HIM4 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 TO SOME EXT5T AN IDYLL ( VILLAGE LIFE2 BUT SO SLI<T IS ! IDEALIZATION1 AS WE KN[ FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ?OSE 09TELLECTUALS0 :O W5T TO ! VILLAGES AS EQUALS COM+ AMONG EQUALS1 ?AT ! IDYLL READS ALMO/ AS A REALITY4 

,SEV]AL MORE FOLK-NOVELI/S \<T TO BE M5TION$4 ,SU* >E ,L4 ,M,E,L,%,9 7BORN #a#h#f71 ! PSEUDONYM ( AN EXILE1 0,P4 ,Y,A410 :O IS ALSO A POET1 & :O1 HAV+ BE5 KEPT = TWELVE YE>S AT H>D LABOR 9 ,SIB]IA AS A POLITICAL CONVICT1 HAS PUBLI%$ TWO VOLUMES ( H>D-LABOR SKET*ES1 ,9 ! ,WORLD ( ! ,\TCA/S 7A WORK TO PUT BY ! SIDE ( ,DO/OYEVSKIY'S ,DEAD ,H\SE72 ,S4 ,E,L,P,A,T,I,E,V,S,K,I,Y 7BORN #a#h#e#d71 ALSO AN EXILE1 :O HAS GIV5 GOOD SKET*ES ( ,SIB]IAN TRAMPS2 ,N,E,F,$,(,F 7#a#h#d#g-#a#i#b71 AN E?NOGRAPH] :O HAS MADE VALUABLE SCI5TIFIC RESE>*ES & AT ! SAME TIME HAS PUBLI%$ EXCELL5T SKET*ES ( FACTORY & VILLAGE LIFE1 & :OSE WRIT+S >E ?OR\<LY IMBU$ ) A DEEP FAI? 9 ! /ORE ( 5]GY & PLA/IC CREATIVE P[] ( ! MASSES ( ! C\NTRY PEOPLE2 & SEV]AL O!RS4 ,EV]Y ONE ( !SE WRIT]S DES]VES1 H[EV]1 MORE ?AN A %ORT NOTICE1 BECAUSE EA* HAS CONTRIBUT$ SOME?+1 EI!R TO ! COMPREH5SION ( ?IS OR ?AT CLASS ( ! PEOPLE1 OR TO ! WORK4 + \T ( ?OSE =MS ( 0IDEALI/IC REALISM 0 :I* >E BE/ SUIT$ = DEAL+ ) TYPES TAK5 FROM ! TOIL+ MASSES1 & :I* HAS LATELY MADE ! LIT]>Y SUCCESS ( ,MAXIM ,GORKIY4 

,M,A,X,I,M ,GO,R,K,I,Y 

,FEW WRIT]S HAVE E/ABLI%$ !IR REPUTATION SO RAPIDLY AS ,M,A,X,I,M ,G,O,R,K,I,Y4 ,HIS FIR/ SKET*ES 7#a#h#i#b-#i#e7 W]E PUBLI%$ 9 AN OBSCURE PROV9CIAL PAP] ( ! ,CAUCASUS1 & W]E TOTALLY UNKN[N TO ! LIT]>Y WORLD1 BUT :5 A %ORT TALE ( HIS APPE>$ 9 A WIDELY-READ REVIEW1 $IT$ BY ,KOROL5KO1 IT AT ONCE ATTRACT$ G5]AL ATT5TION4 ,! BEAUTY ( ITS =M1 ITS >TI/IC F9I%1 & ! NEW NOTE ( /R5G? & C\RAGE :I* RANG ?R\< IT1 BR\<T ! Y\NG WRIT] IMM$IATELY 9TO PROM95CE4 ,IT BECAME KN[N ?AT 0,MAXIM ,GORKIY0 WAS ! PSEUDONYM ( A QUIET Y\NG MAN1 ,A4 ,P,Y,E,%,K,(,F1 :O WAS BORN 9 #ahfh 9 ,NIJNIY ,NOVGOROD1 A L>GE T[N ON ! ,VOLGA2 ?AT HIS FA!R WAS A M]*ANT OR AN >TISAN1 HIS MO!R A REM>KABLE PEASANT WOMAN1 :O DI$ SOON AFT] ! BIR? ( H] SON1 & ?AT ! BOY1 ORPHAN$ :5 ONLY N9E1 WAS BR\<T UP 9 A FAMILY ( HIS FA!R'S RELATIVES4 ,! *ILDHOOD ( 0,GORKIY0 MU/ HAVE BE5 ANY?+ BUT HAPPY1 = ONE DAY HE RAN AWAY & 5T]$ 9TO S]VICE ON A ,VOLGA RIV] /EAM]4 ,?IS TOOK PLACE :5 HE WAS ONLY TWELVE4 ,LAT] ON HE WORK$ AS A BAK]1 BECAME A /REET PORT]1 SOLD APPLES 9 A /REET1 TILL AT LA/ HE OBTA9$ ! POSITION ( CL]K AT A LAWY]'S4 ,9 #ahia HE LIV$ & W&]$ ON FOOT ) ! TRAMPS 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA1 & DUR+ !SE W&]+S HE WROTE A NUMB] ( %ORT /ORIES1 ( :I* ! FIR/ WAS PUBI%$ 9 #a#h#i#b1 9 A NEWSPAP] ( ,NOR!RN ,CAUCASIA4 ,! /ORIES PROV$ TO BE REM>KABLY F9E1 & :5 A COLLECTION ( ALL ?AT HE HAD HI!RTO WRITT5 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i1 9 F\R SMALL VOLUMES1 ! :OLE ( A L>GE $ITION WAS SOLD 9 A V]Y %ORT TIME1 & ! NAME ( ,GORKIY TOOK ITS PLACE-TO SPEAK ( LIV+ NOVELI/S ONLY-BY ! SIDE ( ?OSE ( ,KOROL5KO & ,T*EH(F1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! NAME ( ,LEO ,TOL/OY4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA HIS REPUTATION WAS MADE ) ! SAME RAPIDITY AS SOON AS A C\PLE ( HIS SKET*ES W]E TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,FR5* & ,G]MAN1 & RE-TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%4 

,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO READ A FEW ( ,GORKIY'S %ORT /ORIES1 = 9/ANCE1 ,MALVA1 OR ,T*ELKA%1 OR ,! ,EX-,M5 OR ,TW5TY-,SIX ,M5 & ,ONE ,GIRL1 TO REALIZE AT ONCE ! CAUSES ( HIS RAPIDLY WON POPUL>ITY4 ,! M5 & WOM5 HE DESCRIBES >E NOT H]OES3 !Y >E ! MO/ ORD9>Y TRAMPS OR SLUMDWELL]S2 & :AT HE WRITES >E NOT NOVELS 9 ! PROP] S5SE ( ! WORD1 BUT M]ELY SKET*ES ( LIFE4 ,& YET1 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( ALL NATIONS1 9CLUD+ ! %ORT /ORIES ( ,GUY DE ,MAUPASSANT & ,BRET ,H>TE1 !RE >E FEW ?+S 9 :I* SU* A F9E ANALYSIS ( COMPLICAT$ & /RUGGL+ HUMAN FEEL+S IS GIV51 SU* 9T]E/+1 ORIG9AL1 & NEW *>ACT]S >E SO WELL DEPICT$1 & HUMAN PSY*OLOGY IS SO ADMIRABLY 9T]WOV5 ) A BACKGR\ND ( NATUREA CALM SEA1 M5AC+ WAVES1 OR 5DLESS1 SUNBURNT PRAIRIES4 

,9 ! FIR/-NAM$ /ORY Y\ REALLY SEE ! PROMONTORY ?AT JUTS \T 9TO 0! LAU<+ WAT]S10 ?AT PROMONTORY UPON :I* ! FI%]MAN HAS PIT*$ HIS HUT2 & Y\ UND]/& :Y ,MALVA1 ! WOMAN :O LOVES HIM & COMES TO SEE HIM EV]Y ,SUNDAY1 LOVES ?AT SPOT AS MU* AS %E DOES ! FI%]MAN HIMSELF4 ,& !N AT EV]Y PAGE Y\ >E /RUCK BY ! QUITE UNEXPECT$ V>IETY ( F9E T\*ES ) :I* ! LOVE ( ?AT /RANGE & COMPLICAT$ NATURE1 ,MALVA1 IS DEPICT$1 OR BY ! UN=ESE5 ASPECTS UND] :I* BO? ! EX-PEASANT FI%]MAN & HIS PEASANT-SON APPE> 9 ! %ORT SPACE ( A FEW DAYS4 ,! V>IETY ( /ROKES1 REF9$ & BRUTAL1 T5D] & T]RIBLY H>%1 ) :I* ,GORKIY PICTURES HUMAN FEEL+S IS SU* ?AT 9 COMP>ISON ) HIS H]OES ! H]OES & H]O9ES ( \R BE/ NOVELI/S SEEM SO SIMPLE-SO SIMPLIFI$-JU/ LIKE A FL[] 9 ,EUROPEAN DECORATIVE >T 9 COMP>ISON ) A REAL FL[]4 

,GORKIY IS A GREAT >TI/2 HE IS A POET2 BUT HE IS ALSO A *ILD ( ALL ?AT LONG S]IES ( FOLK-NOVELI/S :OM ,RUSSIA HAS HAD = ! LA/ HALF C5TURY1 & HE HAS UTILIZ$ !IR EXP]I5CE3 HE HAS F\ND AT LA/ ?AT HAPPY COMB9ATION ( REALISM ) IDEALISM = :I* ! ,RUSSIAN FOLK-NOVELI/S HAVE BE5 /RIV+ = SO MANY YE>S4 ,RYE%ETNIK(F & HIS S*OOL HAD TRI$ TO WRITE NOVELS ( AN ULTRA-REALI/IC *>ACT] )\T ANY TRACE ( IDEALIZATION4 ,!Y RE/RA9$ !MSELVES :5EV] !Y FELT 9CL9$ TO G5]ALIZE1 TO CREATE1 TO IDEALIZE4 ,!Y TRI$ TO WRITE M]E DI>IES1 9 :I* EV5TS1 GREAT & SMALL1 IMPORTANT & 9SIGNIFICANT1 W]E RELAT$ ) AN EQUAL EXACTITUDE1 )\T EV5 *ANG+ ! TONE ( ! N>RATIVE4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT 9 ?IS WAY1 BY D9T ( !IR TAL5T1 !Y W]E ABLE TO OBTA9 ! MO/ POIGNANT EFFECTS2 BUT LIKE ! HI/ORIAN :O VA9LY TRIES TO BE 0IMP>TIAL10 YET ALWAYS REMA9S A P>TY MAN1 !Y HAD NOT AVOID$ ! IDEALIZATION :I* !Y SO MU* DREAD$4 ,!Y C\LD NOT AVOID IT4 ,A WORK ( >T IS ALWAYS P]SONAL2 DO :AT HE MAY1 ! AU?OR'S SYMPA?IES WILL NECESS>ILY APPE> 9 HIS CREATION1 & HE WILL ALWAYS IDEALIZE ?OSE :O ANSW] TO !M4 ,GRIGOROVIT* & ,M>KO ,VOVT*OK HAD IDEALIZ$ ! ALL-P>DON+ PATI5CE & ! ALL-5DUR+ SUBMISSIV5ESS ( ME ,RUSSIAN PEASANT2 & ,RYE%ETNIK(F HAD QUITE UNCONSCI\SLY1 & MAYBE AGA9/ HIS WILL1 IDEALIZ$ ! ALMO/ SUP]NATURAL P[]S ( 5DURANCE :I* HE HAD SE5 9 ! ,URALS & 9 ! SLUMS ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,BO? HAD IDEALIZ$ SOME?+3 ! ULTRA-REALI/ AS WELL AS ! ROMANTIC4 ,GORKIY MU/ HAVE UND]/OOD ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS2 AT ALL EV5TS HE DOES NOT OBJECT 9 ! LEA/ TO A C]TA9 IDEALIZATION4 ,9 HIS ADH]5CE TO TRU? HE IS AS MU* ( A REALI/ AS ,RYE%ETNIK(F2 BUT HE IDEALIZES 9 ! SAME S5SE AS ,TURGU5EFF DID :5 HE PICTUR$ ,RUD91 ,HEL51 OR ,BAZ>(F4 ,HE EV5 ?AT WE MU/ IDEALIZE1 & HE *OOSES = IDEALIZATION ! TYPE HE ADMIR$ MO/ AMONG ?OSE TRAMPS :OM HE KNEW-! REBEL4 ,?IS MADE HIS SUCCESS2 IT APPE>$ TO BE EXACTLY :AT ! READ]S ( ALL NATIONS W]E UNCONSCI\SLY CALL+ = AS A RELIEF FROM ! DULL M$IOCRITY & ABS5CE ( /RONG 9DIVIDUALITY ALL AB\T !M4 

,! /RATUM ( SOCIETY FROM :I* ,GORKIY TOOK ! H]OES ( HIS FIR/ %ORT /ORIES-& 9 %ORT /ORIES HE APPE>S AT HIS BE/-IS ?AT ( ! TRAMPS ( ,S\!RN ,RUSSIA3 M5 :O HAVE BROK5 ) REGUL> SOCIETY1 :O NEV] ACCEPT ! YOKE ( P]MAN5T WORK1 LABOR+ ONLY AS LONG AS !Y WANT TO1 AS 0CASUALS0 9 ! SEA-PORTS ON ! ,BLACK ,SEA2 :O SLEEP 9 DOSS-H\SES OR 9 RAV9ES ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITIES1 & TRAMP 9 ! SUMM] FROM ,ODESSA TO ! ,CRIMEA1 & FROM ! ,CRIMEA TO ! PRAIRIES ( ,NOR!RN ,CAUCASIA1 :]E !Y >E ALWAYS WELCOME AT H>VE/ TIME4 

,?AT ET]NAL COMPLA9T AB\T POV]TY & BAD LUCK1 ?AT HELPLESSNESS & HOPELESSNESS :I* W]E ! DOM9ANT NOTES ) ! E>LY FOLK-NOVELI/S1 >E TOTALLY ABS5T FROM ,GORKIY'S /ORIES4 ,HIS TRAMPS DO NOT COMPLA94 0,EV]Y?+ IS ALL RI<T10 ONE ( !M SAYS2 0NO USE TO :9E & COMPLA9-?AT W\LD DO NO GOOD4 ,LIVE & 5DURE TILL Y\ >E BROK5 D[N1 OR IF Y\ >E SO ALREADY-WAIT = DEA?4 ,?IS IS ALL ! WISDOM 9 ! WORLD-DO Y\ UND]/&80 

,F> FROM HIS :9+ & COMPLA9+ AB\T ! H>D LOT ( HIS TRAMPS1 A REFRE%+ NOTE ( 5]GY & C\RAGE1 :I* IS QUITE UNIQUE 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 S\NDS ?R\< ! /ORIES ( ,GORKIY4 ,HIS TRAMPS >E MIS]ABLY POOR1 BUT !Y 0DON'T C>E40 ,!Y DR9K1 BUT !RE IS NO?+ AMONG !M NE>LY APPROA*+ ! D>K DRUNK5NESS ( DESPAIR :I* WE SAW 9 ,LEVIT(F4 ,EV5 ! MO/ 0D[N-TRODD50 ONE ( !M-F> FROM MAK+ A VIRTUE ( HIS HELPLESSNESS1 AS ,DO/OYEVSKIY'S H]OES ALWAYS DID-DREAMS ( RE=M+ ! WORLD & MAK+ IT RI*4 ,HE DREAMS ( ! MOM5T :5 0WE1 ONCE '! POOR1' %ALL VANI%1 AFT] HAV+ 5RI*$ ! ,CROESUSES ) ! RI*NESS ( ! SPIRIT & ! P[] ( LIFE40 7,A ,MI/AKE1 #a1 #a#g47 

,GORKIY CANNOT /& :9+2 HE CANNOT BE> ?AT SELF-CA/IGATION 9 :I* O!R ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S SO MU* DELI<T3 :I* ,TURGU5EFF'S SUB-,HAMLETS US$ TO EXPRESS SO POETICALLY1 ( :I* ,DO/OYEVSKIY HAS MADE A VIRTUE1 & ( :I* ,RUSSIA (F]S SU* AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( EXAMPLES4 ,GORKIY KN[S ! TYPE1 BUT HE HAS NO PITY = SU* M54 ,BETT] ANY?+ ?AN ONE ( ?OSE EGOTI/IC WEAKL+S :O GNAW ALL ! TIME AT !IR [N HE>TS1 COMPEL O!RS TO DR9K ) !M 9 ORD] TO P]ORATE BE=E !M AB\T !IR 0BURN+ S\LS02 ?OSE BE+S1 0FULL ( COMPASSION0 :I*1 H[EV]1 NEV] GOES BEYOND SELF-COMMIS]ATION1 & 0FULL ( LOVE0 :I* IS NEV] ANY?+ BUT SELF-LOVE4 ,GORKIY KN[S ONLY TOO WELL !SE M5 :O NEV] FAIL TO WANTONLY RU9 ! LIVES ( ?OSE WOM5 :O TRU/ !M2 :O DO NOT EV5 /OP AT MURD]1 LIKE ,RASKOLNIK(F1 OR ! BRO!RS ,K>AMAZ(F1 & YET :9E AB\T ! CIRCUM/ANCES :I* HAVE BR\<T !M TO IT4 0,:AT'S ALL ?IS TALK AB\T CIRCUM/ANCES60 HE MAKES ,OLD ,IZ]<IL SAY4 0,EV]YONE MAKES HIS [N CIRCUM/ANCES6 ,I SEE ALL SORTS ( M5-BUT ! /RONG ONES :]E >E !Y8 ,!RE >E FEW] & FEW] NOBLE M560 

,KN[+ H[ MU* ! ,RUSSIAN 09TELLECTUALS0 SUFF] FROM ?IS DISEASE ( :9+1 KN[+ H[ R>E AMONG !M >E ! AGGRESSIVE IDEALI/S1 ! REAL REBELS1 & H[ NUM]\S ON ! O!R H& >E ! ,NEZHDAN(FS 7,TURGU5EFF'S ,VIRG9 ,SOIL71 EV5 AMONG ?OSE 0POLITICALS0 :O M>* ) RESIGNATION TO ,SIB]IA1 ,GORKIY DOES NOT TAKE HIS TYPES FROM AMONG ! 09TELLECTUALS10 = HE ?9KS ?AT !Y TOO EASILY BECOME ! 0PRISON]S ( LIFE40 

,9 ,V>5KA ,OLESOVA ,GORKY EXPRESSES ALL HIS CONTEMPT = ! AV]AGE 09TELLECTUAL0 ( \R [N DAYS4 ,HE 9TRODUCES TO US ! 9T]E/+ TYPE ( A GIRL1 FULL ( VITALITY2 A MO/ PRIMITIVE CREATURE1 ABSOLUTELY UNT\*$ BY ANY IDEALS ( LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 BUT SO FULL ( AN 9T5SE LIFE1 SO 9DEP5D5T1 SO MU* H]SELF1 ?AT ONE CANNOT BUT FEEL GREATLY 

9T]E/$ 9 H]4 ,%E MEETS ) ONE ( ?OSE 09TELLECTUALS0 :O KN[ & ADMIRE HI<] IDEALS1 BUT >E WEAKL+S1 UTT]LY DEVOID ( ! N]VE ( LIFE4 ,( C\RSE1 ,V>5KA LAU<S AT ! V]Y IDEA ( SU* A MAN'S FALL+ 9 LOVE ) H]2 & !SE >E ! EXPRESSIONS 9 :I* ,GORKIY MAKES H] DEF9E ! USUAL H]O ( ,RUSSIAN NOVELS3 

0,! ,RUSSIAN H]O IS ALWAYS SILLY & /UPID10 %E SAYS2 0HE IS ALWAYS SICK ( SOME?+2 ALWAYS ?9K+ AB\T SOME?+ ?AT CANNOT BE UND]/OOD1 & IS HIMSELF SO MIS]ABLE1 SO MI-I-S]ABLE6 ,HE WILL ?9K1 ?9K1 !N TALK1 !N HE WILL GO & MAKE A DECL>ATION ( LOVE1 & AFT] ?AT HE ?9KS1 & ?9KS AGA91 TILL HE M>RIES4 4 4 ,& :5 HE IS M>RI$1 HE TALKS ALL SORTS ( NONS5SE TO HIS WIFE1 & !N AB&ONS H]40 7,V>5KA ,OLESOVA1 #a#a1 #b#h#a47 

,GORKIY'S FAVORITE TYPE IS ! 0REBEL0-! MAN 9 FULL REVOLT AGA9/ ,SOCIETY1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME A /RONG MAN1 A P[]2 & AS HE HAS F\ND AMONG ! TRAMPS ) :OM HE HAS LIV$ AT LEA/ ! EMBRYO ( ?IS TYPE1 IT IS FROM ?IS /RATUM ( SOCIETY ?AT HE TAKES HIS MO/ 9T]E/+ H]OES4 

,9 ,KONOVAL(F ,GORKIY HIMSELF GIVES ! PSY*OLOGY1 OR1 RA!R1 A P>TIAL PSY*OLOGY1 ( HIS TRAMP H]O3-0,AN '9TELLECTUAL' AMONG ?OSE :OM FATE HAS ILL-US$-AMONG ! RAGG$1 ! HUNGRY & EMBITT]$ HALF-M5 & HALF-BEA/S ) :OM ! CITY SLUMS TEEM0-0,USUALLY A BE+ ?AT CAN BE 9CLUD$ 9 NO ORD]10 ! MAN :O HAS 0BE5 TORN FROM ALL HIS MOOR+S1 :O IS HO/ILE TO EV]Y?+ & READY TO TURN UPON ANY?+ ! =CE ( HIS ANGRY1 EMBITT]$ SKEPTICISM0 7,I,I1 #b#c74 ,HIS TRAMP FEELS ?AT HE HAS BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 LIFE1 BUT HE DOES NOT SEEK EXCUSE 9 CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,KONOVAL(F1 = 9/ANCE1 WILL NOT ADMIT ! !ORY :I* IS 9 SU* VOGUE AMONG ! $UCAT$ NE']-DO-WELL1 NAMELY1 ?AT HE IS ! SAD PRODUCT ( ADV]SE CONDITIONS4 0,ONE MU/ BE FA9!>T$ 9DE$10 HE SAYS1 0TO BECOME SU* A MAN 444 44 ,I LIVE1 & SOME?+ GOADS ME ON0 4 4 4 BUT 0,I HAVE NO 9N] L9E TO FOLL[4 4 4 4 DO Y\ UND]/& ME8 ,I DON'T KN[ H[ TO SAY IT4 ,I HAVE NOT ?AT SP>K 9 MY S\L1 4 4 4 =CE1 P]HAPS8 ,SOME?+ IS MISS+2 ?AT'S ALL60 ,& :5 HIS Y\NG FRI5D :O HAS READ 9 BOOKS ALL SORTS ( EXCUSES = WEAKNESS ( *>ACT] M5TIONS 0! D>K HO/ILE =CES R\ND Y\10 ,KONOVAL(F RETORTS3 0,!N MAKE A /&6 TAKE A /RONG] FOOT+6 F9D Y\R GR\ND1 & MAKE A /&60 

,SOME ( ,GORKIY'S TRAMPS >E1 ( C\RSE1 PHILOSOPH]S4 ,!Y ?9K AB\T HUMAN LIFE1 & HAVE HAD OPPORTUNITIES TO KN[ :AT IT IS4 0,EV]YONE10 HE REM>KS SOME:]E1 0:O HAS HAD A /RUGGLE TO SU/A9 9 HIS LIFE1 & HAS BE5 DEFEAT$ BY LIFE1 & N[ FEELS CRUELLY IMPRISON$ AMID ITS SQUALOR1 IS MORE ( A PHILOSOPH] ?AN ,S*OP5HAU] HIMSELF2 = AB/RACT ?\<T CAN NEV] BE CA/ 9TO SU* A CORRECT & VIVID PLA/IC =M AS ?AT 9 :I* IS EXPRESS$ ! ?\<T BORN DIRECTLY \T ( SUFF]+40 7#a1 P4 #c#a47 0,! KN[L$GE ( LIFE AMONG SU* M5 IS /RIK+10 HE SAYS AGA94 

,LOVE ( NATURE IS1 ( C\RSE1 ANO!R *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( ! TRAMP-0,KONOVAL(F LOV$ NATURE ) A DEEP1 9>TICULATE LOVE1 :I* WAS BETRAY$ ONLY BY A GLITT] 9 HIS EYES4 ,EV]Y TIME HE WAS 9 ! FIELDS1 OR ON ! RIV] BANK1 HE BECAME P]MEAT$ ) A SORT ( PEACE & LOVE :I* MADE HIM /ILL MORE LIKE A *ILD4 ,SOMETIMES HE W\LD EXCLAIM LOOK+ AT ! SKY3 ',GOOD6' & 9 ?IS EXCLAMATION !RE WAS MORE S5SE & FEEL+ ?AN 9 ! RHETORIC ( MANY POETS4 4 4 4 ,LIKE ALL ! RE/1 POETRY LOSES ITS HOLY SIMPLICITY & SPONTANEITY :5 IT BECOMES A PR(ESSION40 7,I1 #c#c-#d47 

,H[EV]1 ,GORKIY'S REBEL-TRAMP IS NOT A ,NIETZS*E :O IGNORES EV]Y?+ BEYOND HIS N>R[ EGOTISM1 OR IMAG9ES HIMSELF A 0MAN02 ! 0DISEAS$ AMBITION0 ( 0AN 9TELLECTUAL0 IS REQUIR$ TO CREATE ! TRUE ,NIETZS*E TYPE4 ,9 ,GORKIY'S TRAMPS1 AS 9 HIS WOM5 ( ! L[E/ CLASS1 !RE >E FLA%ES ( GREATNESS ( *>ACT] & A SIMPLICITY :I* IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! SUP]-MAN'S SELF-CONCEIT4 ,HE DOES NOT IDEALIZE !M SO AS TO MAKE ( !M REAL H]OES2 ?AT W\LD BE TOO UNTRUE TO LIFE3 ! TRAMP IS /ILL A DEFEAT$ BE+4 ,BUT HE %[S H[ AMONG !SE M51 [+ TO AN 9N] CONSCI\SNESS ( /R5G?1 !RE >E MOM5TS ( GREATNESS1 EV5 ?\< ?AT 9N] =CE BE NOT /RONG 5\< TO MAKE \T ( ,ORL(F 79 ,! ,ORL(FS7 OR LLIYA 79 ,! ,?REE7 A REAL P[]1 A REAL H]O-! MAN :O FI<TS AGA9/ ?OSE MU* /RONG] ?AN HIMSELF4 ,HE SEEMS TO SAY3 ,:Y >E NOT Y\1 9TELLECTUALS1 AS TRULY 09DIVIDUAL10 AS FRANKLY REBELLI\S AGA9/ ! ,SOCIETY Y\ CRITICIZE1 & AS /RONG AS SOME ( !SE SUBM]G$ ONES >E8 

,9 HIS %ORT /ORIES ,GORKIY IS GREAT2 BUT LIKE HIS TWO CONTEMPOR>IES1 ,KOROL5KO & ,T*EH(F1 :5EV] HE HAS TRI$ TO WRITE A LONG] NOVEL1 ) A FULL DEVELOPM5T ( *>ACT]S1 HE HAS NOT SUCCE$$4 ,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 ,FOMA ,GORDEEFF1 NOT)/&+ SEV]AL BEAUTIFUL & DEEPLY IMPRESSIVE SC5ES1 IS WEAK] ?AN MO/ ( ,GORKIY'S %ORT /ORIES-1 & :ILE ! FIR/ PORTION ( ,! ,?REE-! IDYLLIC LIFE ( ! ?REE Y\NG PEOPLE1 & ! TRAGICAL ISSUES =E%AD[$ 9 IT-MAKES US EXPECT TO F9D 9 ?IS NOVEL ONE ( ! F9E/ PRODUCTIONS 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE-ITS 5D IS DISAPPO9T+4 ,! ,FR5* TRANSLATOR ( ,! ,?REE HAS EV5 PREF]R$ TO T]M9ATE IT ABRUPTLY1 AT ! PO9T :]E ,ILIYA /&S ON ! GRAVE ( ! MAN :OM HE HAS KILL$1 RA!R ?AN TO GIVE ,GORKIY'S 5D ( ! NOVEL4 

,:Y ,GORKIY %\LD FAIL 9 ?IS DIRECTION IS1 ( C\RSE1 TOO DELICATE & TOO DIFFICULT A QUE/ION TO ANSW]4 ,ONE CAUSE1 H[EV]1 MAY BE SUGGE/$4 ,GORKIY1 LIKE ,TOL/OY1 IS TOO HONE/ AN >TI/ TO 09V5T0 AN 5D :I* ! REAL LIVES ( HIS H]OES DO NOT SUGGE/ TO HIM1 AL?\< ?AT 5D MI<T HAVE BE5 V]Y PICTURESQUE2 & ! CLASS ( M5 :OM HE SO ADMIRABLY DEPICTS IS NOT POSSESS$ ( ?AT CONSI/5CY & ?AT 0ON5ESS0 :I* >E NECESS>Y TO R5D] A WORK ( >T P]FECT & TO GIVE IT ?AT F9AL ACCORD )\T :I* IT IS NEV] COMPLETE4 

,TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 ,ORL(F 9 ,! ,ORL(FS4 0,MY S\L BURNS )9 ME10 HE SAYS4 0,I WANT SPACE1 TO GIVE FULL SW+ TO MY /R5G?4 ,I FEEL )9 ME AN 9DOMITABLE =CE6 ,IF ! *OL]A1 LET US SAY1 C\LD BECOME A MAN1 A GIANT-W]E IT ,ILIYA ,MUROMETS HIMSELF-,I W\LD MEET IT6 ',LET IT BE A /RUGGLE TO ! DEA?1' ,I W\LD SAY2 'Y\ >E A =CE1 & ,I1 ,GRI%KA ,ORL(F1 AM A =CE1 TOO3 LET US SEE :I* IS ! BETT]6'0 

,BUT ?AT P[]1 ?AT =CE DOES NOT LA/4 ,ORL(F SAYS SOME:]E ?AT 0HE IS TORN 9 ALL DIRECTIONS AT ONCE10 & ?AT HIS FATE IS TO BE-NOT A FI<T] ( GIANTS1 BUT M]ELY A TRAMP4 ,& SO HE 5DS4 ,GORKIY IS TOO GREAT AN >TI/ TO MAKE ( HIM A GIANT-KILL]4 ,IT IS ! SAME ) ,ILIYA 9 ,! ,?REE4 ,?IS IS A P[]FUL TYPE1 & ONE FEELS 9CL9$ TO ASK1 ,:Y DID NOT ,GORKIY MAKE HIM BEG9 A NEW LIFE UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ?OSE Y\NG PROPAG&I/S ( SOCIALISM :OM HE MEETS8 ,:Y %\LD HE NOT DIE1 LET US SAY1 9 ONE ( ?OSE 5C\NT]S BETWE5 WORK+M5 ON /RIKE & SOLDI]S :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA PRECISELY AT ! TIME ,GORKIY WAS F9I%+ ?IS NOVEL8 ,BUT H]E1 TOO1 ,GORKIY'S REPLY PROBABLY W\LD BE ?AT SU* ?+S DO NOT HAPP5 9 REAL LIFE4 ,M51 LIKE LLIYA1 :O DREAM ONLY ( ! 0CLEAN LIFE ( A M]*ANT10 DO NOT JO9 9 LABOR MOVEM5TS4 ,& HE PREF]R$ TO GIVE A V]Y DISAPPO9T+ 5D TO HIS H]O-TO MAKE HIM APPE> MIS]ABLE & SMALL 9 HIS ATTACK UPON ! WIFE ( ! POLICE-(FIC]1 SO AS TO TURN ! READ]'S SYMPA?IES T[>DS EV5 ?IS WOMAN -RA!R ?AN TO MAKE ( LLIYA A PROM95T FIGURE 9 A /RIKECONFLICT4 ,IF IT HAD BE5 POSSIBLE TO IDEALIZE LLIYA SO MU*1 )\T OV]-/RA9+ ! P]MISSIBLE LIMITS ( IDEALIZATION1 ,GORKIY PROBABLY W\LD HAVE DONE IT1 BECAUSE HE IS 5TIRELY 9 FAVOR ( IDEALIZATION 9 REALI/IC >T2 BUT ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 PURE ROMANTICISM4 

,OV] & OV] AGA9 HE RETURNS TO ! IDEA ( ! NECESSITY ( AN IDEAL 9 ! WORK ( ! NOVEL-WRIT]4 0,! CAUSE ( ! PRES5T OP9ION 79 ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIETY7 IS10 HE SAYS1 0! NEGLECT ( IDEALISM4 ,?OSE :O HAVE EXIL$ FROM LIFE ALL ROMANTICISM HAVE /RIPP$ US SO AS TO LEAVE US QUITE NAK$3 ?IS IS :Y WE >E SO UN9T]E/+ TO ONE ANO!R1 & SO DISGU/$ ) ONE ANO!R40 7,A ,MI/AKE1 ,I4 #a#e#a47 ,& 9 ,! ,READ] 7#a#h#i#h71 HE DEVELOPS HIS ES!TIC CANONS 9 FULL4 ,HE TELLS H[ ONE ( HIS E>LIE/ PRODUCTIONS1 ON ITS APPE>ANCE 9 PR9T1 IS READ ONE NI<T BE=E A CIRCLE ( FRI5DS4 ,HE RECEIVES MANY COMPLIM5TS = IT1 & AFT] LEAV+ ! H\SE IS TRAMP+ ALONG A DES]T$ /REET1 FEEL+ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HIS EXI/5CE ! HAPP9ESS ( LIFE1 :5 A P]SON UNKN[N TO HIM1 & :OM HE HAD NOT NOTIC$ AMONG ?OSE PRES5T AT ! READ+1 OV]TAKES HIM1 & BEG9S TO TALK AB\T ! DUTIES ( ! AU?OR4 

0,Y\ WILL AGREE ) ME10 ! /RANG] SAYS1 0?AT ! DUTY ( LIT]ATURE IS TO AID MAN 9 UND]/&+ HIMSELF1 TO RAISE HIS FAI? 9 HIMSELF1 TO DEVELOP HIS LONG+1 = TRU?2 TO COMBAT :AT IS BAD 9 M52 TO F9D :AT IS GOOD 9 !M1 & TO WAKE UP 9 !IR S\LS %AME1 ANG]1 C\RAGE1 TO DO EV]Y?+1 9 %ORT1 TO R5D] M5 /RONG 9 A NOBLE S5SE ( ! WORD1 & CAPABLE ( 9SPIR+ !IR LIVES ) ! HOLY SPIRIT ( BEAUTY40 7,I,I,I1 #b#g#a47 0,IT SEEMS TO ME1 WE NE$ ONCE MORE TO HAVE DREAMS1 PRETTY CREATIONS ( \R FANCY & VISIONS1 BECAUSE ! LIFE WE HAVE BUILT UP IS POOR 9 COLOR1 IS DIM & DULL4 4 4 4 ,WELL1 LET US TRY1 P]HAPS IMAG9ATION WILL HELP TO RISE = A MOM5T ABOVE ! E>? & F9D HIS TRUE PLACE ON IT1 :I* HE HAS LO/10 7#b#d#e47  

,BUT FUR!R ON ,GORKIY MAKES A CONFESSION :I* EXPLA9S P]HAPS :Y BE HAS NOT YET SUCCE$$ 9 CREAT+ A LONG] *>ACT]-NOVEL3 0,I DISCOV]$ 9 MYSELF10 HE SAYS1 0MANY GOOD FEEL+S & DESIRES-A FAIR PROPORTION ( :AT IS USUALLY CALL$ GOOD1 BUT A FEEL+ :I* C\LD UNIFY ALL ?IS-A WELL-F\ND$1 CLE> ?\<T1 EMBRAC+ ALL ! PH5OM5A ( LIFE-,I DID NOT F9D 9 MYSELF40 ,& ON READ+ ?IS1 ONE AT ONCE ?9KS ( ,TURGU5EFF1 :O SAW 9 SU* A 0FRE$OM10 9 SU* A UNIFI$ COMPREH5SION ( ! UNIV]SE & ITS LIFE1 ! FIR/ CONDITION = BE+ A GREAT >TI/4 

0,CAN Y\10 ! ,READ] GOES ON TO ASK1 0CREATE = M5 EV] SO SMALL AN ILLUSION ?AT HAS ! P[] TO RAISE !M8 ,NO6 0 0,ALL ( Y\ TEA*]S ( ! DAY TAKE MORE ?AN Y\ GIVE1 BECAUSE Y\ SPEAK ONLY AB\T FAULTS-Y\ SEE ONLY ?OSE4 ,BUT !RE MU/ ALSO BE GOOD QUALITIES 9 M53 Y\ POSSESS SOME1 DON'T Y\8 4 4 4 ,DON'T Y\ NOTICE ?AT [+ TO Y\R CONT9UAL EF=TS TO DEF9E & TO CLASSIFY !M1 ! VIRTUES & ! VISES HAVE BE5 5TANGL$ LIKE TWO BALLS ( BLACK & :ITE ?READ :I* HAVE BECOME GRAY BY TAK+ COLOR FROM EA* O!R80 4 4 4 0,I D\BT :E!R ,GOD HAS S5T Y\ ON E>?4 ,IF HE HAD S5T MESS5G]S1 HE W\LD HAVE *OS5 /RONG] M5 ?AN Y\ >E4 ,HE W\LD HAVE LI<T$ 9 !M ! FIRE ( A PASSIONATE LOVE ( LIFE1 ( TRU?1 ( M540 

0,NO?+ BUT EV]YDAY LIFE1 EV]YDAY LIFE1 ONLY EV]YDAY PEOPLE1 DAY ?\<TS & EV5TS60 ! SAME PITILESS ,READ] CONT9UES4 0,:5 WILL Y\1 !N1 SPEAK ( '! REBEL SPIRIT1' ( ! NECESSITY ( A NEW BIR? ( ! SPIRIT8 ,:]E IS1 !N1 ! CALL+ TO ! CREATION ( A NEW LIFE8 :]E ! LESSONS ( C\RAGE8 :]E ! WORDS :I* W\LD GIVE W+S TO ! S\L80 

0,CONFESS Y\ DON'T KN[ H[ TO REPRES5T LIFE1 SO ?AT Y\R PICTURES ( IT %ALL PROVOKE 9 A MAN A R$EMPTIVE SPIRIT ( %AME & A BURN+ DESIRE ( CREAT+ NEW =MS ( LIFE4 4 4 4 ,CAN Y\ ACCEL]ATE ! PULSATION ( LIFE8 ,CAN Y\ 9SPIRE IT ) 5]GY1 AS O!RS HAVE DONE80 

0,I SEE MANY 9TELLIG5T M5 R\ND AB\T ME1 BUT FEW NOBLE ONES AMONG !M1 & !SE FEW >E BROK5 & SUFF]+ S\LS4 ,I DON'T KN[ :Y IT %\LD BE SO1 BUT SO IT IS3 ! BETT] ! MAN1 ! CLEAN] & ! MORE HONE/ HIS S\L1 ! LESS 5]GY HE1 HAS2 ! MORE HE SUFF]S & ! H>D] IS HIS LIFE4 4 4 4 ,BUT AL?\< !Y SUFF] SO MU* FROM FEEL+ ! WANT ( SOME?+ BETT]1 !Y HAVE NOT ! =CE TO CREATE IT40 

0,ONE ?+ MORE0-SAID AFT] AN 9T]VAL MY /RANGE 9T]LOCUTOR4 0,CAN Y\ AWAKE 9 MAN A LAU<T] FULL ( ! JOY ( LIFE & AT ! SAME TIME ELEVAT+ TO ! S\L8 ,LOOK1 M5 HAVE QUITE =GOTT5 GOOD :OLESOME LAU<T]60 

0,! S5SE ( LIFE IS NOT 9 SELF-SATISFACTION2 AFT] ALL1 MAN IS BETT] ?AN ?AT4 ,! S5SE ( LIFE IS 9 ! BEAUTY & ! =CE ( /RIV+ T[>DS SOME AIM2 EV]Y MOM5T ( BE+ \<T TO HAVE ITS HI<] AIM40 0,WRA?1 HATR$1 %AME1 LOA?+1 & F9ALLY A GRIM DESPAIR-!SE >E ! LEV]S BY MEANS ( :I* Y\ MAY DE/ROY EV]Y?+ ON E>?40 0,:AT CAN Y\ DO TO AWAKE A ?IR/ = LIFE :5 Y\ ONLY :9E1 SI<1 MOAN1 OR COOLLY PO9T \T TO MAN ?AT HE IS NO?+ BUT DU/8 0 

0,OH1 = A MAN1 FIRM & LOV+1 ) A BURN+ HE>T & A P[]FUL ALL-EMBRAC+ M9D4 ,9 ! /UFFY ATMOSPH]E ( %AMEFUL SIL5CE1 HIS PROPHETIC WORDS W\LD RES\ND LIKE AN AL>M-BELL1 & P]HAPS ! MEAN S\LS ( ! LIV+ DEAD W\LD %IV]60 7#b#e#c47 

,!SE IDEAS ( ,GORKIY AB\T ! NECESSITY ( SOME?+ BETT] ?AN EV]YDAY LIFE-SOME?+ ?AT %ALL ELEVATE ! S\L1 FULLY EXPLA9 ALSO HIS LA/ DRAMA1 ,AT ! ,BOTTOM1 :I* HAS HAD SU* A SUCCESS AT ,MOSC[1 BUT PLAY$ BY ! V]Y SAME >TI/S AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG MET ) BUT LITTLE 5?USIASM4 ,! IDEA IS ! SAME AS ?AT ( ,IBS5'S ,WILD ,DUCK4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( A DOSS-H\SE1 ALL ( !M1 MA9TA9 !IR LIFE-P[] ONLY AS LONG AS !Y *]I% SOME ILLUSION3 ! DRUNK>D ACTOR DREAMS ( RECOV]Y 9 SOME SPECIAL RETREAT2 A FALL5 GIRL TAKES REFUGE 9 H] ILLUSION ( REAL LOVE1 & SO ON4 ,& ! DRAMATIC SITUATION ( !SE BE+S ) ALREADY SO LITTLE TO RETA9 !M 9 LIFE1 IS ONLY ! MORE POIGNANT :5 ! ILLUSIONS >E DE/ROY$4 ,! DRAMA IS P[]FUL4 ,IT MU/ LOSE1 ?\<1 ON ! /AGE ON ACC\NT ( SOME TE*NICAL MI/AKES 7A USELESS F\R? ACT1 ! UNNECESS>Y P]SON ( A WOMAN 9TRODUC$ 9 ! FIR/ SC5E & !N DISAPPE>+72 BUT AP>T FROM !SE MI/AKES IT IS EM95TLY DRAMATIC4 ,! POSITIONS >E REALLY TRAGICAL1 ! ACTION IS RAPID1 & AS TO ! CONV]SATIONS ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! DOSS-H\SE & !IR PHILOSOPHY ( LIFE1 BO? >E ABOVE ALL PRAISE4 ,ALTOGE!R ONE FEELS ?AT ,GORKIY IS V]Y F> YET FROM HAV+ SAID HIS LA/ WORD4 ,! QUE/ION IS ONLY :E!R 9 ! CLASSES ( SOCIETY HE N[ FREQU5TS HE WILL BE ABLE TO DISCOV] ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5TS-UND\BT$LY EXI/+-( ! TYPES :I* HE UND]/&S BE/4 ,WILL HE F9D AMONG !M FUR!R MAT]IALS RESPOND+ TO ! ES!TIC CANONS :OSE FOLL[+ HAS HI!RTO BE5 ! S\RCE ( HIS P[]8 

7,S\RCE3 ,IDEAS & ,REALITIES 9 ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A ,KNOPF1 #a#i#a#e47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiad 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

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