,*APT] #h 
,POLITICAL ,LIT]ATURE3 ,SATIRE2 ,>T-,CRITICISM2 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,NOVELI/S 

#aiaeaiae 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,>T ,GALL]Y ,]GS,>T1 ,PUBLIC ,DOMA9 ,POLITICAL ,LIT]ATURE-,DIFFICULTIES ( ,C5SOR%IP-,! ,CIRCLES - ,WE/]N]S & ,SLAVOPHILES-,POLITICAL ,LIT]ATURE ABROAD3 ,H]Z5 - ,OG>Y(F - ,BAKUN9 - ,LAVR(F - ,/EPNIAK - ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y & ,T*]NY%EVSKIY - ,S,A,T,I,R,E3 ,S*$R9 7,SALTYK(F7 - ,>,T ,C,R,I,T,I,C,I,S,M3 ,ITS ,IMPORTANCE 9 ,RUSSIA - ,BYEL9SKIY - ,DOBROLUB(F - ,PIS>EFF - ,MIHAILOVSKIY - ,TOL/OY'S ,:AT IS ,>T8 - ,C,O,N,T,E,M,P,O,R,>,Y ,N,O,V,E,L,I,/,S - ,OTEL - ,KOROL5KO - ,PRES5T ,DRIFT ( ,LIT]ATURE - ,M]EZH]OVSKIY - ,BOBORYK9 - ,POTAP5KO - ,T*EH(F4 

,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,L,I,T,],A,T,U,R,E 

,TO SPEAK ( POLITICAL LIT]ATURE 9 A C\NTRY :I* HAS NO POLITICAL LIB]TY1 & :]E NO?+ CAN BE PR9T$ )\T HAV+ BE5 APPROV$ BY A RIGOR\S C5SOR%IP1 S\NDS ALMO/ LIKE IRONY4 ,& YET1 NOT)/&+ ALL ! EF=TS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T TO PREV5T ! DISCUSSION ( POLITICAL MATT]S 9 ! ,PRESS1 OR EV5 9 PRIVATE CIRCLES1 ?AT DISCUSSION GOES ON1 UND] ALL POSSIBLE ASPECTS & UND] ALL IMAG9ABLE PRETEXTS4 ,AS A RESULT IT W\LD BE NO EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT 9 ! NECESS>ILY N>R[ CIRCLE ( $UCAT$ ,RUSSIAN 09TELLECTUALS0 !RE IS AS MU* KN[L$GE1 ALL R\ND1 ( MATT]S POLITICAL AS !RE IS 9 ! $UCAT$ CIRCLES ( ANY O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY1 & ?AT A C]TA9 KN[L$GE ( ! POLITICAL LIFE ( O!R NATIONS IS WIDE-SPREAD AMONG ! READ+ PORTION ( ,RUSSIANS4 

   ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT IS PR9T$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 EV5 UP TO ! PRES5T TIME1 IS SUBMITT$ TO C5SOR%IP1 EI!R BE=E IT GOES TO PR9T1 OR AFT]W>DS4 ,TO F\ND A REVIEW OR A PAP] ! $ITOR MU/ (F] SATISFACTORY GU>ANTEES ( NOT BE+ 0TOO ADVANC$0 9 HIS POLITICAL OP9IONS1 O!RWISE HE WILL NOT BE AU?ORIZ$ BY ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR TO />T ! PAP] OR ! REVIEW & TO ACT 9 ! CAPACITY ( ITS $ITOR4 ,9 C]TA9 CASES A PAP] OR A REVIEW1 PUBLI%$ 9 ONE ( ! TWO CAPITALS BUT NEV] 9 ! PROV9CES1 MAY BE ALL[$ TO APPE> )\T PASS+ ?R\< ! C5SOR'S H&S BE=E GO+ TO PR9T2 BUT A COPY ( IT MU/ BE S5T TO ! C5SOR AS SOON AS ! PR9T+ BEG9S1 & EV]Y NUMB] MAY BE /OPP$ & PREV5T$ FROM BE+ PUT 9TO CIRCULATION BE=E IT HAS LEFT ! PR9T+ (FICE1 TO SAY NO?+ ( SUBSEQU5T PROSECUTION4 ,! SAME CONDITION ( ?+S EXI/S = BOOKS4 ,EV5 AFT] ! PAP] OR ! BOOK HAS BE5 AU?ORIZ$ BY ! C5SOR IT MAY BE SUBJECT TO A PROSECUTION4 ,! LAW ( #ahfd WAS V]Y DEF9ITE 9 /AT+ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* SU* PROSECUTION C\LD TAKE PLACE2 NAMELY1 IT HAD TO BE MADE BE=E A REGUL> C\RT1 )9 ONE MON? AFT] PUBLICATION2 BUT ?IS LAW WAS NEV] RESPECT$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,BOOKS W]E SEIZ$ & DE/ROY$-R$UC$ TO PULP-)\T ! AFFAIR EV] BE+ BR\<T BE=E A ,C\RT1 & ,I KN[ $ITORS :O HAVE BE5 PLA9LY W>N$ ?AT IF !Y 9SI/$ UPON ?IS BE+ DONE1 !Y W\LD SIMPLY BE EXIL$1 BY ORD] ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 TO SOME REMOTE PROV9CE4 ,?IS IS NOT ALL1 MOREOV]4 ,A PAP] OR A REVIEW MAY RECEIVE A FIR/1 A SECOND1 & A ?IRD W>N+1 & AFT] ! ?IRD W>N+ IT IS SUSP5D$1 BY VIRTUE ( ?AT W>N+4 ,BESIDES1 ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR MAY AT ANY TIME PROHIBIT ! SALE ( ! PAP] 9 ! /REETS & ! %OPS1 OR DEPRIVE ! PAP] ( ! RI<T ( 9S]T+ ADV]TISEM5TS4 

   ,! >S5AL ( PUNI%M5TS IS ?US PRETTY L>GE2 BUT !RE IS /ILL SOME?+ ELSE4 ,IT IS ! SY/EM ( M9I/]IAL CIRCUL>S4 ,SUPPOSE A /RIKE TAKES PLACE1 OR SOME SC&AL\S BRIB]Y HAS BE5 DISCOV]$ 9 SOME BRAN* ( ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,IMM$IATELY ALL PAP]S & REVIEWS RECEIVE A CIRCUL> FROM ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR PROHIBIT+ !M TO SPEAK ( ?AT /RIKE1 OR ?AT SC&AL4 ,EV5 LESS IMPORTANT MATT]S WILL BE TABOO$ 9 ?IS WAY4 ,?US A FEW YE>S AGO AN ANTI-,SEMITIC COM$Y WAS PUT ON ! /AGE AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,IT WAS IMBU$ ) ! WOR/ SPIRIT ( NATIONAL HATR$ T[>DS ! ,JEWS1 & ! ACTRESS :O WAS GIV5 ! MA9 P>T 9 IT REFUS$ TO PLAY1 ,%E PREF]R$ TO BREAK H] AGREEM5T ) ! MANAG] RA!R ?AN TO PLAY 9 ?AT COM$Y4 ,ANO!R ACTRESS WAS 5GAG$4 ,?IS BECAME KN[N TO ! PUBLIC1 & AT ! FIR/ REPRES5TATION A =MIDABLE DEMON/RATION WAS MADE AGA9/ ! ACTORS :O HAD ACCEPT$ P>TS 9 ! PLAY1 & ALSO AGA9/ ! AU?OR4 ,SOME EI<TY >RE/S-*IEFLY ( /UD5TS & O!R Y\NG PEOPLE & ( LITT]ATEURS-W]E MADE FROM AMONG ! AUDI5CE1 & = TWO DAYS ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PAP]S W]E FULL ( DISCUSSIONS ( ! 9CID5T2 BUT !N CAME ! M9I/]IAL CIRCUL> PROHIBIT+ ANY FUR!R REF]5CE TO ! SUBJECT1 & ON ! ?IRD DAY !RE WAS NOT A WORD SAID AB\T ! MATT] 9 ALL ! ,PRESS ( ,RUSSIA4 

   ,SOCIALISM1 ! SOCIAL QUE/ION ALTOGE!R1 & ! LABOR MOVEM5T >E CONT9UALLY TABOO$ BY M9I/]IAL CIRCUL>S-TO SAY NO?+ ( ,SOCIETY & ,C\RT SC&ALS1 OR ( ! !FTS :I* MAY BE DISCOV]$ FROM TIME TO TIME 9 ! HI<] ADM9I/RATION4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ! !ORIES ( ,D>W91 ,SP5C]1 & ,BUCKLE W]E TABOO$ 9 ! SAME WAY1 & !IR WORKS W]E PREV5T$ FROM BE+ KEPT BY ! CIRCULAT+ LIBR>IES4 

   ,?IS IS :AT C5SOR%IP MEANS N[ADAY4 ,AS TO :AT WAS =M]LY1 A V]Y AMUS+ BOOK C\LD BE MADE ( ! ANTICS ( ! DIFF]5T C5SORS1 SIMPLY BY UTILIZ+ ,SKABIT*EVSKIY'S ,HI/ORY ( ,C5SOR%IP4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT :5 ,PU%K91 SPEAK+ ( A LADY1 WROTE3 0,Y\R DIV9E FEATURES10 OR M5TION$ 0H] CELE/IAL BEAUTY10 ! C5SOR%IP W\LD CROSS \T !SE V]SES & WRITE1 9 R$ 9K ON ! ,M,S41 ?AT SU* EXPRESSIONS W]E (F5SIVE TO DIV9ITY & C\LD NOT BE ALL[$4 ,V]SES W]E MUTILAT$ )\T ANY REG>D TO ! RULES ( V]SIFICATION2 & V]Y (T5 ! C5SOR 9TRODUC$1 9 A NOVEL1 SC5ES ( HIS [N4 

   ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS POLITICAL ?\<T HAD CONT9UALLY TO F9D NEW *ANNELS = ITS EXPRESSION4 ,QUITE A SPECIAL LANGUAGE WAS DEVELOP$ !RE=E 9 ! REVIEWS & PAP]S = ! TREATM5T ( =BIDD5 SUBJECTS & = EXPRESS+ IDEAS :I* C5SOR%IP W\LD HAVE F\ND OBJECTIONABLE2 & ?IS WAY ( WRIT+ WAS RESORT$ TO EV5 9 WORKS ( >T4 ,A FEW WORDS DROPP$ BY A ,RUD91 OR BY A ,BAZ>(F 9 A NOVEL BY ,TURGU5EFF1 CONVEY$ QUITE A WORLD ( IDEAS4 ,H[EV]1 O!R *ANNELS BESIDES M]E ALLUSION W]E NECESS>Y1 & !RE=E POLITICAL ?\<T F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 V>I\S O!R WAYS3 FIR/ ( ALL1 9 LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL CIRCLES :I* IMPRESS$ !IR /AMP ON ! 5TIRE LIT]ATURE ( A GIV5 EPO*2 !N1 9 >T-CRITICISM1 9 SATIRE1 & 9 LIT]ATURE PUBLI%$ ABROAD1 EI!R 9 ,SWITZ]L& OR 9 ,5GL&4 

,! 0,C,I,R,C,L,E,S0-,W,E,/,],N,],S ,& ,S,L,A,V,O,P,H,I,L,E,S 

   ,IT WAS ESPECIALLY 9 ! =TIES & FIFTIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ?AT 0! CIRCLES0 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA4 ,NO SORT ( EXPRESSION ( POLITICAL ?\<T 9 PR9T WAS POSSIBLE AT ?AT TIME4 ,! TWO OR ?REE SEMI(FICIAL NEWSPAP]S :I* W]E ALL[$ TO APPE> W]E ABSOLUTELY WOR?LESS2 ! NOVEL1 ! DRAMA1 ! POEM1 HAD TO DEAL ) ! MO/ SUP]FICIAL MATT]S ONLY1 & ! HEAVIE/ BOOKS ( SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY W]E AS LIABLE TO BE PROHIBIT$ AS ! LI<T] SORT ( LIT]ATURE4 ,PRIVATE 9T]C\RSE WAS ! ONLY POSSIBLE MEANS ( EX*ANG+ IDEAS1 & !RE=E ALL ! BE/ M5 ( ! TIME JO9$ SOME 0CIRCLE10 9 :I* MORE OR LESS ADVANC$ IDEAS W]E EXPRESS$ 9 FRI5DLY CONV]SATION4 ,!RE >E EV5 M5 LIKE ,/,A,N,K,E,V,I,T,* 7#a#i#a#g-#a#h#d7 :O >E M5TION$ 9 EV]Y C\RSE ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 AL?\< !Y HAVE NEV] WRITT5 ANY?+1 SIMPLY = ! MORAL 9FLU5CE !Y EX]CIS$ )9 !IR CIRCLE4 7,TURGU5EFF'S ,YAKOV ,PASYNK(F WAS 9SPIR$ BY SU* A P]SONALITY47 

,IT IS QUITE EVID5T ?AT UND] SU* CONDITIONS !RE WAS NO ROOM = ! DEVELOPM5T ( POLITICAL P>TIES PROP]LY SPEAK+4 ,H[EV]1 FROM ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY TWO MA9 CURR5TS ( PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIAL ?\<T1 :I* TOOK ! NAME ( 0,WE/]N0 & 0,SLAVOPHILE10 W]E ALWAYS APP>5T4 ,! ,WE/]N]S W]E1 BROADLY SPEAK+1 = ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION4 ,RUSSIA-!Y MA9TA9$-IS NO EXCEPTION 9 ! GREAT FAMILY ( ,EUROPEAN NATIONS4 ,%E WILL NECESS>ILY PASS ?R\< ! SAME PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAS PASS$ ?R\<1 & CONSEQU5TLY H] NEXT /EP WILL BE ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM &1 AFT] ?AT1 ! EVOLUTION ( ! SAME CON/ITUTIONAL 9/ITUTIONS AS HAVE BE5 EVOLV$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,! ,SLAVOPHILES1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 MA9TA9$ ?AT ,RUSSIA HAS A MISSION ( H] [N4 ,%E HAS NOT KN[N =EIGN CONQUE/ LIKE ?AT ( ! ,NORMANS2 %E HAS RETA9$ /ILL ! /RUCTURE ( ! OLD CLAN P]IOD1 &  !RE=E %E MU/ FOLL[ H] [N QUITE ORIG9AL L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T1 9 ACCORDANCE ) :AT ! ,SLAVOPHILES DESCRIB$ AS ! ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ,RUSSIAN LIFE3 ! ,GREEK ,OR?ODOX ,*UR*1 ! ABSOLUTE P[] ( ! ,CZ>1 & ! PR9CIPLES ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY4 

   ,!SE W]E1 ( C\RSE1 V]Y WIDE PROGRAMS1 :I* ADMITT$ ( MANY %ADES ( OP9ION & GRADATIONS4 ,?US1 = ! GREAT BULK ( ! ,WE/]N]S1 ,WE/]N LIB]ALISM ( ! ,:IG OR ! ,GUIZOT TYPE WAS ! HI<E/ IDEAL ?AT ,RUSSIA HAD TO /RIVE =4 ,!Y MA9TA9$ MOREOV] ?AT EV]Y?+ :I* HAS HAPP5$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! C\RSE ( H] EVOLUTION-SU* AS ! DEPOPULATION ( ! VILLAGES1 ! HORRORS ( FRE%LY DEVELOP+ CAPITALISM 7REVEAL$ 9 ,5GL& BY ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMISSIONS ( ! =TIES71 ! P[]S ( BUREAUCRACY :I* HAD DEVELOP$ 9 ,FRANCE1 & SO ON1 MU/ NECESS>ILY BE REPEAT$ 9 ,RUSSIA AS WELL3 !Y W]E UNAVOIDABLE LAWS ( EVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS ! OP9ION ( ! RANK-&-FILE 0,WE/]N]40 

   ,! MORE 9TELLIG5T & ! BETT] $UCAT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ?IS SAME P>TY-,BYEL9SKIY1 ,H]Z51 ,TURGU5EFF1 ,T*]NY%EVSKLY1 :O W]E ALL UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ADVANC$ ,EUROPEAN ?\<T1 HELD QUITE DIFF]5T VIEWS4 ,9 !IR OP9ION ! H>D%IPS SUFF]$ BY WORK+M5 & AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE FROM ! UNBRIDL$ P[] WON 9 ! P>LIAM5TS1 BY BO? ! L&LORDS & ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 & ! LIMITATIONS ( POLITICAL LIB]TIES 9TRODUC$ 9 ! CONT95TAL ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE BY !IR BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION1 W]E BY NO MEANS 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITIES40 ,RUSSIA-!Y MA9TA9$-NE$ NOT NECESS>ILY REPEAT !SE MI/AKES2 %E MU/ ON ! CONTR>Y1 PR(IT BY ! EXP]I5CE ( H] ELD] SI/]S1 & IF ,RUSSIA SUCCE$S 9 ATTA9+ ! ]A ( 9DU/RIALISM )\T HAV+ LO/ H] COMMUNAL L&-[N]%IP1 OR ! AUTONOMY ( C]TA9 P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE1 OR ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! MIR 9 H] VILLAGES1 ?IS WILL BE AN IMM5SE ADVANTAGE4 ,IT W\LD BE !RE=E-! GREATE/ POLITICAL MI/AKE TO GO ON DE/ROY+ H] VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 TO LET ! L& CONC5TRATE 9 ! H&S ( A L&$ >I/OCRACY1 & TO LET ! POLITICAL LIFE ( SO IMM5SE & V>I$ A T]RITORY BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A C5TRAL GOV]N+ BODY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,PRUSSIAN1 OR ! ,NAPOLEONIC IDEALS ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION-ESPECIALLY N[ ?AT ! P[]S ( ,CAPITALISM >E SO GREAT4 

   ,SIMIL> GRADATIONS ( OP9ION PREVAIL$ AMONG ! ,SLAVOPHILES4 ,!IR BE/ REPRES5TATIVES-! TWO BRO!RS ,A,K,S,A,K,(,F1 ! TWO BRO!RS ,K,I,R,E,E,V,S,K,I,Y1 ,H,O,M,Y,A,K,(,F1 ETC41 W]E MU* 9 ADVANCE ( ! GREAT BULK ( ! P>TY4 ,! AV]AGE ,SLAVOPHILE WAS SIMPLY A FANATIC ( ABSOLUTE RULE & ! ,OR?ODOX ,*UR*1 TO :I* FEEL+S HE USUALLY ADD$ A SORT ( S5TIM5TAL ATTA*M5T TO ! 0OLD GOOD TIMES10 BY :I* HE UND]/OOD ALL SORTS ( ?+S3 PATRI>*AL HABITS ( ! TIMES ( S]FDOM1 MANN]S ( C\NTRY LIFE1 FOLK SONGS1 TRADITIONS1 & FOLK-DRESS4 ,AT A TIME :5 ! REAL HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA HAD H>DLY BEGUN TO BE DECIPH]$ !Y DID NOT EV5 SUSPECT ?AT ! F$]ALI/ PR9CIPLE HAD PREVAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA D[N TO ! ,MONGOL 9VASION2 ?AT ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,MOSC[ ,CZ>S WAS ( A RELATIVELY LATE CREATION 7#a#e?1 #a#f? & #a#g? C5TURIES72 & ?AT AUTOCRACY WAS NOT AT ALL AN 9H]ITANCE ( OLD ,RUSSIA1 BUT WAS *IEFLY ! WORK ( ?AT SAME ,PET] ,I4 :OM !Y EXECRAT$ = HAV+ VIOL5TLY 9TRODUC$ ,WE/]N HABITS ( LIFE4 ,FEW ( !M REALIZ$ ALSO ?AT ! RELIGION ( ! GREAT MASS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE WAS NOT ! RELIGION :I* IS PR(ESS$ BY ! (FICIAL 0,OR?ODOX0 ,*UR*1 BUT A ?\S& V>IETIES ( 0,DISS5T40 ,!Y ?US IMAG9$ ?AT !Y REPRES5T$ ! IDEALS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 :ILE 9 REALITY !Y REPRES5T$ ! IDEALS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE1 & ! ,MOSC[ ,*UR*1 :I* >E ( A MIX$ ,BYZANT9E1 ,LAT91 & ,MONGOLIAN ORIG94 ,) ! AID ( ! FOGS ( ,G]MAN METAPHYSICS-ESPECIALLY ( ,HEGEL -:I* W]E 9 GREAT VOGUE AT ?AT TIME1 & ) ?AT LOVE ( AB/RACT T]M9OLOGY :I* PREVAIL$ 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 DISCUSSION UPON SU* !MES C\LD EVID5TLY LA/ = YE>S )\T COM+ TO A DEF9ITE CONCLUSION4 

   ,H[EV]1 ) ALL ?AT1 IT MU/ BE [N$ ?AT1 ?R\< !IR BE/ REPRES5TATIVES1 ! ,SLAVOPHILES P[]FULLY CONTRIBUT$ T[>DS ! CREATION ( A S*OOL ( HI/ORY & LAW :I* PUT HI/ORICAL /UDIES 9 ,RUSSIA ON A TRUE F\NDATION1 BY MAK+ A %>P DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! HI/ORY & ! LAW ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE & ! HI/ORY & ! LAW ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,K,O,/,O,M,>,(,F 7#a#h#a#h-#a#h#h#e71 ,Z,A,B,Y,E,L,9 7BORN #a#h#b7 & ,B,Y,E,L,A,E,F,F 7#a#h#a-#a#h#g#c71 W]E ! FIR/ TO WRITE ! REAL HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 & ( !SE ?REE1 ! TWO LA/ W]E ,SLAVOPHILES2 :ILE ! =M]-AN ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/-HAD ALSO BORR[$ FROM ! ,SLAVOPHILES !IR SCI5TIFIC IDEAS4 ,!Y BR\<T 9TO EVID5CE ! F$]ALI/IC *>ACT] ( E>LY ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY4 ,!Y DE/ROY$ ! LEG5D1 PROPAGAT$ BY ,K>AMZ91 ( AN UN9T]RUPT$ TRANSMISSION ( ROYAL P[]1 ?AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE TAK5 PLACE = A ?\S& YE>S1 FROM ! TIMES ( ! ,NORMAN ,RURIK TILL TO-DAY4 ,!Y BR\<T 9TO EVID5CE ! VIOL5T MEANS BY :I* ! PR9CES ( ,MOSC[ CRU%$ ! 9DEP5D5T CITY-REPUBLICS ( ! PRE-,MONGOLIAN P]IOD1 & GRADUALLY1 ) ! AID ( ! ,MONGOL ,KHANS1 BECAME ! ,CZ>S ( ,RUSSIA2 & !Y TOLD 7ESPECIALLY ,BYELAEFF1 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,PEASANTS 9 ,RUSSIA7 ! GRUESOME TALE ( ! GR[? ( S]FDOM FROM ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 UND] ! ,MOSC[ ,CZ>S4 ,BESIDES1 IT IS MA9LY TO ! ,SLAVOPHILES ?AT WE [E ! RECOGNITION ON ( ! FACT ?AT TWO DIFF]5T CODES EXI/ 9 ,RUSSIA-! ,CODE ( ! ,EMPIRE1 :I* IS ! CODE ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES1 & ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 :I* IS 7LIKE ! ,NORMAN LAW 9 ,J]SEY7 WIDELY DIFF]5T FROM ! =M]1 & V]Y (T5 PREF]ABLE1 9 ITS CONCEPTIONS ( L&[N]%IP1 9H]ITANCE1 ETC41 & IS ! LAW :I* PREVAILS AMONG ! PEASANTS1 ITS DETAILS V>Y+ 9 DIFF]5T PROV9CES4 ,! RECOGNITION ( ?IS FACT HAS ALREADY HAD F>-REA*+ CONSEQU5CES 9 ! :OLE LIFE ( ,RUSSIA & H] COLONIES4 

   ,9 ! ABS5CE ( POLITICAL LIFE ! PHILOSOPHICAL & LIT]>Y /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! ,SLAVOPHILES & ! ,WE/]N]S ABSORB$ ! M9DS ( ! BE/ M5 ( ! LIT]>Y CIRCLES ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ 9 ! YE>S #a#h#d-#a#h#f4 ,! QUE/ION :E!R OR NOT EA* NATIONALITY IS ! BE>] ( SOME PRE-DET]M9$ MISSION 9 HI/ORY1 & :E!R ,RUSSIA HAS SOME SU* SPECIAL MISSION1 WAS EAG]LY DISCUSS$ 9 ! CIRCLES TO :I*1 9 ! =TIES1 BELONG$ ,BAKUN91 ! CRITIC ,BYEL9SKIY1 ,H]Z51 ,TURGU5EFF1 ! ,AKSAK(FS & ! ,KIREEVSKIYS1 ,KAVEL91 ,BOTK91 &1 9 FACT1 ALL ! BE/ M5 ( ! TIME4 ,BUT :5 LAT] ON S]FDOM WAS BE+ ABOLI%$ 79 #a#h#e#g-#f#c7 ! V]Y REALITIES ( ! MOM5T E/ABLI%$ UPON C]TA9 IMPORTANT QUE/IONS ! MO/ REM>KABLE AGREEM5T BETWE5 ,SLAVOPHILES & ,WE/]N]S1 ! MO/ ADVANC$ SOCIALI/IC ,WE/]N]S1 LIKE ,T*]NY%EVSKIY1 JO9+ H&S ) ! ADVANC$ ,SLAVOPHILES 9 !IR DESIRE TO MA9TA9 ! REALLY FUNDAM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS3 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 ! COMMON LAW1 & ! F$]ALI/IC PR9CIPLES2 :ILE ! MORE ADVANC$ ,SLAVOPHILES MADE SUB/ANTIAL CONCESSIONS AS REG>DS ! 0,WE/]N0 IDEALS EMBODI$ 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE1 & ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN4 ,IT WAS TO !SE YE>S 7#a#h#f#a7 ?AT ,TURGU5EFF ALLUD$ :5 HE SAID ?AT 9 ,A ,NOBLEMAN'S ,RETREAT1 9 ! DISCUSSION BETWE5 ,LAVRETSKIY & ,PAN%91 HE-0AN 9VET]ATE ,WE/]N]0-HAD GIV5 ! SUP]IORITY 9 >GUM5T TO ! DEF5D] ( ,SLAVOPHILE IDEAS BECAUSE ( ! DEF]5CE TO !M !N 9 REAL LIFE4 

   ,AT PRES5T ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,WE/]N]S & ! ,SLAVOPHILES HAS COME TO AN 5D4 ,! LA/ REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,SLAVOPHILE S*OOL1 ! MU*-REGRETT$ PHILOSOPH]1 ,V4 ,S,O,L,O,V,I,(,F 7#a#h#e#c-#a#i71 WAS TOO WELL V]S$ 9 HI/ORY & PHILOSOPHY1 & HAD TOO BROAD A M9D TO GO TO ! EXTREMES ( ! OLD ,SLAVOPHILES4 ,AS TO ! PRES5T REPRES5TATIVES ( ?IS S*OOL1 HAV+ NONE ( ! 9SPIRATION :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ITS F\ND]S1 !Y HAVE SUNK TO ! LEVEL ( M]E ,IMP]IALI/IC DREAM]S & W>LIKE ,NATIONALI/S1 OR ( ,OR?ODOX ,ULTRAMONTANES1 :OSE 9TELLECTUAL 9FLU5CE IS NIL4 ,AT ! PRES5T MOM5T ! MA9 /RUGGLE GOES ON BETWE5 ! DEF5D]S ( AUTOCRACY & ?OSE ( FRE$OM2 ! DEF5D]S ( CAPITAL & ?OSE ( LABOR2 ! DEF5D]S ( C5TRALIZATION & BUREAUCRACY1 & ?OSE ( ! REPUBLICAN F$]ALI/IC PR9CIPLE1 MUNICIPAL 9DEP5D5CE1 & ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY4 

,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,L,I,T,],A,T,U,R,E ,A,B,R,O,A,D 

   ,ONE GREAT DRAWBACK 9 ,RUSSIA HAS BE5 ?AT NO PORTION ( ! ,SLAVONIAN C\NTRIES HAS EV] OBTA9$ POLITICAL FRE$OM1 AS DID ,SWITZ]L& OR ,BELGIUM1 SO AS TO (F] TO ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL REFUGEES AN ASYLUM :]E !Y W\LD NOT FEEL QUITE SEP>AT$ FROM !IR MO!R C\NTRY4 ,RUSSIANS1 :5 !Y HAVE FL$ FROM ,RUSSIA1 HAVE HAD !RE=E TO GO TO ,SWITZ]L& OR TO ,5GL&1 :]E !Y HAVE REMA9$1 UNTIL QUITE LATELY1 ABSOLUTE /RANG]S4 ,EV5 ,FRANCE1 ) :I* !Y HAD MORE PO9TS ( CONTACT1 WAS ONLY OCCASIONALLY OP5 TO !M2 :ILE ! TWO C\NTRIES NE>E/ TO ,RUSSIA-,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA-NOT BE+ !MSELVES FREE1 REMA9$ CLOS$ TO ALL POLITICAL REFUGEES4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE1 TILL QUITE LATELY POLITICAL & RELIGI\S EMIGRATION FROM ,RUSSIA HAS BE5 9SIGNIFICANT1 & ONLY = A FEW YE>S 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAS POLITICAL LIT]ATURE PUBLI%$ ABROAD EV] EX]CIS$ A REAL 9FLU5CE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS WAS DUR+ ! TIMES ( ,H]Z5 & HIS PAP] ,! ,BELL4 

   ,H,],Z,5 7#a#h#a#b-#a#h#g7 WAS BORN 9 A RI* FAMILY AT ,MOSC[-HIS MO!R1 H[EV]1 BE+ A ,G]MAN-& HE WAS $UCAT$ 9 ! OLD-NOBILITY QU>T] ( ! 0,OLD ,EQU]RIES40 ,A ,FR5* EMIGRANT1 A ,G]MAN TUTOR1 A ,RUSSIAN TEA*] :O WAS A GREAT LOV] ( FRE$OM1 & ! RI* LIBR>Y ( HIS FA!R1 COMPOS$ ( ,FR5* & ,G]MAN EI<TE5? C5TURY PHILOSOPH]S-!SE W]E HIS $UCATION4 ,! READ+ ( ! ,FR5* 5CYCLOP$I/S LEFT A DEEP TRACE 9 HIS M9D1 SO ?AT EV5 LAT] ON1 :5 HE PAID1 LIKE ALL HIS Y\NG FRI5DS1 A TRIBUTE TO ! /UDY ( ,G]MAN METAPHYSICS1 HE NEV] AB&ON$ ! CONCRETE WAYS ( ?\<T & ! NATURALI/IC TURN ( M9D :I* HE HAD BORR[$ FROM ! ,FR5* EI<TE5? C5TURY PHILOSOPH]S4 

   ,HE 5T]$ ! ,MOSC[ UNIV]SITY 9 ITS PHYSICAL & MA!MATICAL DEP>TM5T4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #ahc HAD JU/ PRODUC$ A DEEP IMPRESSION ON ?9K+ M9DS ALL OV] ,EUROPE2 & A CIRCLE ( Y\NG M51 :I* 9CLUD$ ,H]Z51 HIS 9TIMATE FRI5D1 ! POET ,OG>Y(F1 ,PASSEK1 ! FUTURE EXPLOR] ( FOLKLORE1 & SEV]AL O!RS1 CAME TO SP5D :OLE NI<TS 9 READ+ & DISCUSS+ POLITICAL & SOCIAL MATT]S1 ESPECIALLY ,SA9T-,SIMONISM4 ,UND] ! IMPRESSION ( :AT !Y KNEW AB\T ! ,DECEMBRI/S1 ,H,]Z5 & ,OG>Y(F1 :5 !Y W]E M]E BOYS1 HAD ALREADY TAK5 0! ,HANNIBAL OA?0 ( AV5G+ ! MEMORY ( !SE =]UNN]S ( LIB]TY4 ,! RESULT ( !SE Y\?FUL GA!R+S WAS ?AT AT ONE ( !M SOME SONG WAS SUNG 9 :I* !RE WAS DISRESPECTFUL ALLUSION TO ,NI*OLAS ,I4 ,?IS REA*$ ! E>S ( ! ,/ATE POLICE4 ,NI<T SE>*+S W]E MADE AT ! LODG+S ( ! Y\NG M51 & ALL W]E >RE/$4 ,SOME W]E S5T TO ,SIB]IA1 & ! O!RS W\LD HAVE BE5 M>*$ AS SOLDI]S TO A BATTALION1 LIKE ,POLEZHAEFF & ,%EVT*5KO1 HAD 

   IT NOT BE5 = ! 9T]F]5CE ( C]TA9 P]SONS 9 HI< PLACES4 ,H]Z5 WAS S5T TO A SMALL T[N 9 ! ,URALS1 ,VYATKA1 & REMA9$ FULL SIX YE>S 9 EXILE4 

   ,:5 HE WAS ALL[$ TO RETURN TO ,MOSC[1 9 #a#h#d1 HE F\ND ! LIT]>Y CIRCLES 5TIRELY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY1 LOS+ !MSELVES 9 METAPHYSICAL AB/RACTIONS4 0,! ABSOLUTE0 ( ,HEGEL1 HIS TRIAD-S*EME ( HUMAN PROGRESS1 & HIS ASS]TION TO ! EFFECT ?AT 0ALL ?AT EXI/S IS REASONABLE0 W]E EAG]LY DISCUSS$4 ,?IS LA/ HAD BR\<T ! ,HEGELIANS TO MA9TA9 ?AT EV5 ! DESPOTISM ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4 WAS 0REASONABLE10 & EV5 ! GREAT CRITIC ,BYEL9SKLY HAD BE5 SMITT5 ) ?AT RECOGNITION ( ! 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITY0 ( ABSOLUTISM4 ,H]Z5 TOO HAD1 ( C\RSE1 TO /UDY ,HEGEL2 BUT ?IS /UDY BR\<T HIM1 AS WELL AS HIS FRI5D ,M,I,K,H,A,I,L ,B,A,K,U,N,9 7#a#h#b#d-#a#h#g#f71 TO QUITE DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS4 ,!Y BO? ACQUIR$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE 9 ! CIRCLES1 & DIRECT$ !IR /UDIES T[>D ! HI/ORY ( ! /RUGGLES = LIB]TY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & TO A C>EFUL KN[L$GE ( ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/S1 ESPECIALLY ,F\RI] & ,PI]RE ,L]\X4 ,!Y !N CON/ITUT$ ! LEFT W+ ( 0! ,WE/]N]S10 TO :I* ,TURGU5EFF1 ,KAVEL9 & SO MANY ( \R WRIT]S BELONG$2 :ILE ! ,SLAVOPHILES CON/ITUT$ ! RI<T W+ :I* HAS ALREADY BE5 M5TION$ ON A PREC$+ PAGE4 

   ,9 #ahdb ,H]Z5 WAS EXIL$ ONCE MORE-?IS TIME TO ,NOVGOROD1 & ONLY ) GREAT DIFFICULTIES C\LD HE OBTA9 P]MISSION TO GO ABROAD4 ,HE LEFT ,RUSSIA 9 #a#h#d#g1 NEV] MORE TO RETURN4 ,BAKUN9 & ,OG>Y(F W]E ALREADY ABROAD1 & AFT] A J\RNEY TO ,ITALY1 :I* WAS !N MAK+ H]OIC EF=TS TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! ,AU/RIAN YOKE1 HE SOON JO9$ HIS FRI5DS 9 ,P>IS1 :I* WAS !N ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION ,( #a#h#d#h4 

   ,HE LIV$ ?R\< ! Y\?FUL 5?USIASM ( ! MOVEM5T :I* EMBRAC$ ALL ,EUROPE 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#h#d#h1 & HE ALSO LIV$ ?R\< ALL ! SUBSEQU5T DISAPPO9TM5TS & ! MASSACRE ( ! ,P>IS PROLET>IANS DUR+ ! T]RIBLE DAYS ( ,JUNE4 ,! QU>T] :]E HE & ,TURGU5EFF /AY$ AT ?AT TIME WAS SURR\ND$ BY A *A9 ( POLICE-AG5TS :O KNEW !M BO? P]SONALLY1 & !Y C\LD ONLY RAGE 9 !IR ROOMS AS !Y HE>D ! VOLLEYS ( RIFLE-%OTS1 ANN\NC+ ?AT ! VANQUI%$ WORK+M5 :O HAD BE5 TAK5 PRISON]S W]E BE+ %OT 9 BAT*ES BY ! TRIUMPH+ B\RGEOISIE4 ,BO? HAVE LEFT MO/ /RIK+ DESCRIPTIONS ( ?OSE DAYS-,H]Z5'S ,JUNE ,DAYS BE+ ONE ( ! BE/ PIECES ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 

   ,DEEP DESPAIR TOOK HOLD ( ,H]Z5 :5 ALL ! HOPES RAIS$ BY ! REVOLUTION HAD SO RAPIDLY COME TO NAU<T & A FE>FUL REACTION HAD SPREAD ALL OV] ,EUROPE1 REE/ABLI%+ ,AU/RIAN RULE OV] ,ITALY & ,HUNG>Y1 PAV+ ! WAY = ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I4 AT ,P>IS1 & SWEEP+ AWAY EV]Y:]E ! V]Y TRACES ( A WIDE-SPREAD ,SOCIALI/IC MOVEM5T4 ,H]Z5 !N FELT A DEEP DESPAIR AS REG>DS ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION ALTOGE!R1 & EXPRESS$ IT 9 MO/ MOV+ PAGES1 9 HIS BOOK ,FROM ! O!R ,%ORE4 ,IT IS A CRY ( DESPAIR-! CRY ( A PROPHETIC POLITICIAN 9 ! VOICE ( A GREAT POET4 

   ,LAT] ON ,H]Z5 F\ND$1 AT ,P>IS1 ) ,PR\DHON1 A PAP]1 ,L',AMI DU ,PEUPLE1 ( :I* ALMO/ EV]Y NUMB] WAS CONFISCAT$ BY ! POLICE ( ,NAPOLEON ! ,?IRD4 ,! PAP] C\LD NOT LIVE1 & ,H]Z5 HIMSELF WAS SOON EXPELL$ FROM ,FRANCE4 ,HE WAS NATURALIZ$ 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 & F9ALLY1 AFT] ! TRAGIC LOSS ( HIS MO!R & HIS SON 9 A %IPWRECK1 HE DEF9ITELY SETTL$ AT ,LONDON 9 #a#h#e#g4 ,H]E ! FIR/ LEAF ( A FREE ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS WAS PR9T$ ?AT SAME YE>1 & V]Y SOON ,H]Z5 BECAME ONE ( ! /RONGE/ 9FLU5CES 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,HE />T$ FIR/ A REVIEW1 ! NAME ( :I*1 ,! ,POL> ,/>1 WAS A REMEMBRANCE ( ! ALMANAC PUBLI%$ UND] ?IS NAME BY ,RYLEEFF 7SEE ,*4 #a47 2 & 9 ?IS REVIEW HE PUBLI%$1 BESIDES POLITICAL >TICLES & MO/ VALUABLE MAT]IAL CONC]N+ ! REC5T HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA1 HIS ADMIRABLE MEMOIRS-,PA/ ,FACTS & ,?\<TS4 

   ,AP>T FROM ! HI/ORICAL VALUE ( !SE MEMOIRS-,H]Z5 KNEW ALL ! HI/ORICAL P]SONAGES ( HIS TIME-!Y C]TA9LY >E ONE ( ! BE/ PIECES ( POETICAL LIT]ATURE 9 ANY LANGUAGE4 ,! DESCRIPTIONS ( M5 & EV5TS :I* !Y CONTA91 BEG9N+ ) ,RUSSIA 9 ! =TIES & 5D+ ) ! YE>S ( EXILE1 REVEAL AT EV]Y /EP AN EXTRAORD9>Y1 PHILOSOPHICAL 9TELLIG5CE2 A PR(\NDLY S>CA/IC M9D1 COMB9$ ) A GREAT DEAL ( GOOD-NATUR$ HUMOR2 A DEEP HATR$ ( OPPRESSORS & A DEEP P]SONAL LOVE = ! SIMPLE-HE>T$ H]OES ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !SE MEMOIRS CONTA9 SU* F9E1 POETICAL SC5ES FROM ! AU?OR'S P]SONAL LIFE1 AS HIS LOVE ( ,NA?ALIE-LAT] HIS WIFE-OR SU* DEEPLY IMPRESSIVE *APT]S AS ,OCEANO ,NOX1 :]E HE TELLS AB\T ! LOSS ( HIS SON & MO!R4 ,ONE *APT] ( !SE MEMOIRS REMA9S /ILL UNPUBLI%$1 & FROM :AT ,TURGU5EFF TOLD ME AB\T IT1 IT MU/ BE ( ! HI<E/ BEAUTY4 0,NO ONE HAS EV] WRITT5 LIKE HIM10 ,TURGU5EFF SAID3 0IT IS ALL WRITT5 9 TE>S & BLOOD40 

   ,A PAP]1 ,! ,BELL1 SOON FOLL[$ ! ,POL> ,/>1 & IT WAS ?R\< ?IS PAP] ?AT ! 9FLU5CE ( ,H@&ECUTE2RZ5 BECAME A REAL P[] 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT APPE>S N[1 FROM ! LATELY PUBLI%$ CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ,TURGU5EFF & ,H]Z51 ?AT ! GREAT NOVELI/ TOOK A V]Y LIVELY P>T 9 ,! ,BELL4 ,IT WAS HE :O SUPPLI$ HIS FRI5D ,H]Z5 ) ! MO/ 9T]E/+ MAT]IAL & GAVE HIM H9TS AS TO :AT ATTITUDE HE %\LD TAKE UPON ?IS OR ?AT SUBJECT4 

   ,!SE W]E1 ( C\RSE1 ! YE>S :5 ,RUSSIA WAS ON ! EVE ( ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM & ( A ?OR\< RE=M ( MO/ ( ! ANTIQUAT$ 9/ITUTIONS ( ,NI*OLAS ,I41 & :5 EV]YONE TOOK 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,NUMB]S ( MEMOIRS UPON ! QUE/IONS ( ! DAY W]E ADDRESS$ TO ! ,CZ> BY PRIVATE P]SONS1 OR SIMPLY CIRCULAT$ 9 PRIVATE1 9 ,M,S42 & ,TURGU5EFF W\LD GET HOLD ( !M1 & !Y W\LD BE DISCUSS$ 9 ,! ,BELL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,! ,BELL WAS REVEAL+ SU* FACTS ( MAL-ADM9I/RATION AS IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO BR+ TO PUBLIC KN[L$GE 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 :ILE ! LEAD+ >TICLES W]E WRITT5 BY ,H]Z5 ) A =CE1 AN 9N] W>M?1 & A BEAUTY ( =M :I* >E SELDOM F\ND 9 POLITICAL LIT]ATURE4 ,I KN[ ( NO ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN WRIT] ) :OM ,I %\LD BE ABLE TO COMP>E ,H]Z54 ,! ,BELL WAS SMUGGL$ 9TO ,RUSSIA 9 L>GE QUANTITIES & C\LD BE F\ND EV]Y:]E4 ,EV5 ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 & ! ,EMPRESS ,M>IE W]E AMONG ITS REGUL> READ]S4 

   ,TWO YE>S AFT] S]FDOM HAD BE5 ABOLI%$1 & :ILE ALL SORTS ( URG5TLY NE$$ RE=MS W]E /ILL UND] DISCUSSION-?AT IS1 9 #a#h#f#c-BEGAN1 AS IS KN[N1 ! UPRIS+ ( ,POL&2 & ?IS UPRIS+1 CRU%$ 9 BLOOD & ON ! GALL[S1 BR\<T ! LIB]ATION MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA TO A COMPLETE 5D4 ,REACTION GOT ! UPP] H&2 & ! POPUL>ITY ( ,H]Z51 :O HAD SUPPORT$ ! ,POLES1 WAS NECESS>ILY GONE4 ,! ,BELL WAS READ NO MORE 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ! EF=TS ( ,H]Z5 TO CONT9UE IT 9 ,FR5* BR\<T NO RESULTS4 ,A NEW G5]ATION CAME !N TO ! FRONT-! G5]ATION ( ,BAZ>(F & ( 0! POPULI/S10 :OM ,H]Z5 DID NOT UND]/& FROM ! \TSET1 AL?\< !Y W]E HIS [N 9TELLECTUAL SONS & DAU<T]S1 DRESS$ N[ 9 A NEW1 MORE DEMOCRATIC & REALI/IC G>B4 ,HE DI$ 9 ISOLATION 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 9 #a#h#g4 

   ,! WORKS ( ,H]Z51 EV5 N[1 >E NOT ALL[$ TO BE CIRCULAT$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 & !Y >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY KN[N TO ! Y\NG] G5]ATION4 ,IT IS C]TA91 H[EV]1 ?AT :5 ! TIME COMES = !M TO BE READ AGA9 ,RUSSIANS WILL DISCOV] 9 ,H]Z5 A V]Y PR(\ND ?9K]1 :OSE SYMPA?IES W]E 5TIRELY ) ! WORK+ CLASSES1 :O UND]/OOD ! =MS ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T 9 ALL !IR COMPLEXITY1 & :O WROTE 9 A /YLE ( UNEQUAL$ BEAUTY-! BE/ PRO( ?AT HIS IDEAS HAD BE5 ?\<T \T 9 DETAIL & UND] A V>IETY ( ASPECTS4 

   ,BE=E HE HAD EMIGRAT$ & F\ND$ A FREE PRESS AT ,LONDON1 ,H]Z5 HAD WRITT5 9 ,RUSSIAN REVIEWS UND] ! NAME ( ,I,S,K,&,]1 TREAT+ V>I\S SUBJECTS1 SU* AS ,WE/]N POLITICS1 SOCIALISM1 ! PHILOSOPHY ( NATURAL SCI5CES1 >T1 & SO ON4 ,HE ALSO WROTE A NOVEL1 ,:OSE ,FAULT IS IT8 :I* IS (T5 SPOK5 ( 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9TELLECTUAL TYPES 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! H]O ( ?IS NOVEL1 ,BELT(F1 IS A DIRECT DESC5DANT FROM ,L]MONT(F'S ,PET*OR91 & OCCUPIES AN 9T]M$IATE POSITION BETWE5 HIM & ! H]OES ( ,TURGU5EFF4 

   ,! WORK ( ! POET ,O,G,>,Y,(,F 7#a#h#a#c-#a#h#g#g7 WAS NOT V]Y L>GE1 & HIS 9TIMATE FRI5D1 ,H]Z51 :O WAS A GREAT MA/] 9 P]SONAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 C\LD SAY ( HIM ?AT HIS *IEF LIFE-WORK WAS ! WORK+ \T ( SU* AN IDEAL P]SONALITY AS HE WAS HIMSELF4 ,HIS PRIVATE LIFE WAS MO/ UNHAPPY1 BUT HIS 9FLU5CE UPON HIS FRI5DS WAS V]Y GREAT4 ,HE WAS A ?OR\< LOV] ( FRE$OM1 :O1 BE=E HE LEFT ,RUSSIA1 SET FREE HIS T5 ?\S& S]FS1 SURR5D]+ ALL ! L& TO !M1 & :O1 ?R\<\T ALL HIS LIFE ABROAD REMA9$ TRUE TO ! IDEALS ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM :I* HE HAD *]I%$ 9 HIS Y\?4 ,P]SONALLY1 HE WAS ! G5TLE/ IMAG9ABLE ( M51 & A NOTE ( RESIGNATION1 9 ! S5SE ( ,S*ILL]'S1 S\NDS ?R\<\T HIS POETRY1 AMONG :I* FI]CE POEMS ( REVOLT & ( MASCUL9E 5]GY >E FEW4 

   ,AS TO ,M,I,K,H,A,I,L ,B,A,K,U,N,9 7#a#h#b#d-#a#h#g#f71 ! O!R GREAT FRI5D ( ,H]Z51 HIS WORK BELONGS *IEFLY TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 & H>DLY CAN F9D A PLACE 9 A SKET* ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE2 BUT HIS P]SONAL 9FLU5CE ON SOME ( ! PROM95T WRIT]S ( ,RUSSIA WAS V]Y GREAT4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT ,BYEL9SKIY DI/9CTLY ACKN[L$G$ 9 HIS LETT]S ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS HIS 09TELLECTUAL FA!R10 & ?AT IT WAS 9 FACT HE :O 9FUS$ ! ,MOSC[ CIRCLE1 ( :I* ,I HAVE JU/ SPOK51 & ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG LIT]>Y CIRCLES ) SOCIALI/IC IDEAS4 ,HE WAS ! TYPICAL REVOLUTIONI/1 :OM NOBODY C\LD APPROA* )\T BE+ 9SPIR$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y FIRE4 ,BESIDES1 IF ADVANC$ ?\<T 9 ,RUSSIA HAS ALWAYS REMA9$ TRUE TO ! CAUSE ( ! DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES-,POLI%1 ,F9NI%1 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN1 ,CAUCASIAN-OPPRESS$ BY ,RUSSIAN CZ>DOM1 OR BY ,AU/RIA1 IT [ES ?IS TO A V]Y GREAT EXT5T TO ,OG>Y(F & ,BAKUN94 ,9 ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T ,BAKUN9 BECAME ! S\L ( ! LEFT W+ ( ! GREAT ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 & HE WAS ! F\ND] ( MOD]N ,AN>*ISM1 OR ANTI-,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 ( :I* HE LAID D[N ! F\NDATIONS UPON HIS WIDE HI/ORICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL KN[L$GE4 

   ,F9ALLY ,I MU/ M5TION AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL WRIT]S ABROAD1 ,P,E,T,] ,L,A,V,R,(,F 7#a#h#b#c-#a#i#a74 ,HE WAS A MA!MATICIAN & A PHILOSOPH] :O REPRES5T$1 UND] ! NAME ( 0AN?ROPOLOGISM10 A RECONCILIATION ( MOD]N NATURAL SCI5CE MAT]IALISM ) ,KANTIANISM4 ,HE WAS A COLONEL ( >TILL]Y1 A PR(ESSOR ( MA!MATICS1 & A MEMB] ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG NEWLY-=M$ MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T1 :5 HE WAS >RE/$ & EXIL$ TO A SMALL T[N 9 ! ,URALS4 ,ONE ( ! Y\NG ,SOCIALI/ CIRCLES KIDNAPP$ HIM FROM !RE & %IPP$ HIM (F TO ,LONDON1 :]E HE BEGAN TO PUBLI% 9 ! YE> #ahgd ! ,SOCIALI/ REVIEW ,=W>D4 ,LAVRO WAS AN EXTREMELY LE>N$ 5CYCLOP$I/ :O MADE HIS REPUTATION BY HIS ,ME*ANICAL ,!ORY ( ! ,UNIV]SE & BY ! FIR/ *APT]S ( A V]Y EXHAU/IVE HI/ORY ( MA!MATICAL SCI5CES4 ,HIS LAT] WORK1 ,HI/ORY ( ,MOD]N ,?\<T1 ( :I* UN=TUNATELY ONLY ! F\R OR FIVE 9TRODUCTORY VOLUMES HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$1 W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO EVOLUTIONI/ PHILOSOPHY1 IF IT HAD BE5 COMPLET$4 ,9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HE BELONG$ TO ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC W+1 BUT WAS TOO WIDELY LE>N$ & TOO MU* ( A PHILOSOPH] TO JO9 ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS 9 !IR IDEALS ( A C5TRALIZ$ COMMUNI/IC ,/ATE1 OR 9 !IR N>R[ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY1 ,H[EV]1 ! WORK ( ,LAVR(F :I* GAVE HIM ! GREATE/ NOTORIETY & BE/ EXPRESS$ HIS [N P]SONALITY WAS A SMALL WORK1 ,HI/ORICAL ,LETT]S1 :I* HE PUBLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,M,I,R,T,(,F & :I* CAN N[ BE READ 9 A ,FR5* TRANSLATION4 ,?IS LITTLE WORK APPE>$ AT ! RI<T MOM5T-JU/ :5 \R Y\?1 9 ! YE>S #a#h#g-#g#c1 W]E 5DEAVOR+ TO F9D A NEW PROGRAM ( ACTION AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,LAVR(F /&S \T 9 IT AS A PREA*] ( ACTIVITY AMONG ! PEOPLE1 SPEAK+ TO ! $UCAT$ Y\? ( !IR 9DEBT$NESS TO ! PEOPLE1 & ( !IR DUTY TO REPAY ! DEBT :I* !Y HAD CONTRACT$ T[>DS ! POOR] CLASSES DUR+ ! YE>S !Y HAD PASS$ 9 ! UNIV]SITIES-ALL ?IS1 DEVELOP$ ) A PR(USION ( HI/ORICAL H9TS1 ( PHILOSOPHICAL D$UCTIONS1 & ( PRACTICAL ADVICE4 ,!SE LETT]S HAD A DEEP 9FLU5CE UPON \R Y\?4 ,! IDEAS :I* ,LAVR(F PREA*$ 9 #ahg HE CONFIRM$ BY ALL HIS SUBSEQU5T LIFE4 ,HE LIV$ TO ! AGE ( #h#b1 & PASS$ ALL HIS LIFE 9 /RICT CON=MITY ) HIS IDEAL1 OCCUPY+ AT ,P>IS TWO SMALL ROOMS1 LIMIT+ HIS DAILY EXP5SES = FOOD TO A RIDICUL\SLY SMALL AM\NT1 E>N+ HIS LIV+ BY HIS P51 & GIV+ ALL HIS TIME TO ! SPREAD+ ( ! IDEAS :I* W]E SO DE> TO HIM4 

   ,N,I,*,O,L,A,S ,T,U,R,G,U,5,E,F,F 7#a#g#h#i-#a#h#g#a7 WAS A REM>KABLE POLITICAL WRIT]1 :O BELONG$ TO TWO DIFF]5T EPO*S4 ,9 #ahah HE PUBLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA A ,!ORY ( ,TAXATION-A BOOK1 QUITE /RIK+ = ITS TIME & C\NTRY1 AS IT CONTA9$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! LIB]AL ECONOMICAL IDEAS ( ,ADAM ,SMI?2 & HE WAS ALREADY BEG9N+ TO WORK = ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM4 ,HE MADE A PRACTICAL ATTEMPT BY P>TLY FREE+ HIS [N S]FS1 & WROTE ON ?IS SUBJECT SEV]AL MEMOIRS = ! USE ( ,EMP]OR ,ALEX&] ,I4 ,HE ALSO WORK$ = CON/ITUTIONAL RULE1 & SOON BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL MEMB]S ( ! SECRET SOCIETY ( ! ,DECEMBRI/S2 BUT HE WAS ABROAD 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#h#b#e1 & !RE=E ESCAP$ BE+ EXECUT$ ) HIS FRI5DS4 ,AFT] ?AT TIME ,N4 ,TURGU5EFF REMA9$ 9 EXILE1 *IEFLY AT ,P>IS1 & 9 #a#h#e#g1 :5 AN AMNE/Y WAS GRANT$ TO ! ,DECEMBRI/S1 & HE WAS ALL[$ TO RETURN TO ,RUSSIA1 HE DID SO = A FEW WEEKS ONLY4 

   ,HE TOOK1 H[EV]1 A LIVELY P>T 9 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS1 :I* HE HAD PREA*$ S9CE #ahah & :I* HE HAD DISCUSS$ ALSO 9 HIS L>GE WORK1 ,LA ,RUSSIE ET LES ,RUSSES1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#h#d#g4 ,N[ HE DEVOT$ TO ?IS SUBJECT SEV]AL PAP]S 9 ,! ,BELL & SEV]AL PAMPHLETS4 ,HE CONT9U$ AT ! SAME TIME TO ADVOCATE ! CONVOCATION ( A ,G5]AL ,REPRES5TATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( PROV9CIAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 & O!R URG5T RE=MS4 ,HE DI$ AT ,P>IS 9 #a#h#g#a1 AFT] HAV+ HAD ! HAPP9ESS :I* HAD COME TO FEW ,DECEMBRI/S-?AT ( TAK+1 T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS DAYS1 A PRACTICAL P>T 9 ! REALIZATION ( ONE ( ! DREAMS ( HIS Y\?1 = :I* SO MANY ( \R NOBLE/ M5 HAD GIV5 !IR LIVES4 

   ,I PASS OV] 9 SIL5CE SEV]AL O!R WRIT]S1 LIKE ,P,R,9,C,E ,D,O,L,G,O,R,U,K,I,Y1 & ESPECIALLY A NUMB] ( ,POLI% WRIT]S1 :O EMIGRAT$ FROM ,RUSSIA = ! SAKE ( FREE SPEE*4 

   ,I OMIT ALSO QUITE A NUMB] ( SOCIALI/IC & CON/ITUTIONAL PAP]S & REVIEWS :I* HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ,SWITZ]L& OR 9 ,5GL& DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S1 & WILL ONLY M5TION1 & ?AT ONLY 9 A FEW WORDS1 MY FRI5D ,/,E,P,N,I,A,K 7#a#h#e#b-#a#h#i#g74 ,HIS WRIT+S W]E *IEFLY 9 ,5GLI%1 BUT N[ ?AT !Y >E TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN !Y WILL C]TA9LY W9 = HIM AN HONORABLE PLACE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,HIS TWO NOVELS1 ,! ,C>E] ( A ,NIHILI/ 7,&REI ,KOZHUH(F 9 ,RUSSIAN7 & ,! ,/UNDI/ ,PAVEL ,RUD5KO1 AS ALSO HIS E>LI] SKET*ES1 ,UND]GR\ND ,RUSSIA1 REVEAL$ HIS REM>KABLE LIT]>Y TAL5T1 BUT A /UPID RAILWAY ACCID5T PUT AN 5D TO HIS Y\NG LIFE1 SO RI* 9 VIGOR & ?\<T & SO FULL ( PROMISES4 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE M5TION$ ?AT ! GREATE/ ,RUSSIAN WRIT] ( \R [N TIME1 ,L,E,O ,T,O,L,/,O,Y1 CANNOT HAVE MANY ( HIS WORKS PR9T$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ?AT !RE=E HIS FRI5D1 ,V4 ,T,*,],T,K,(,F1 HAS />T$ 9 ,5GL& A REGUL> PUBLI%+ (FICE1 BO? = PUBLI%+ ,TOL/OY'S WORKS & = BR++ TO LI<T ! RELIGI\S MOVEM5TS :I* >E GO+ ON N[ 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ! PROSECUTIONS DIRECT$ AGA9/ !M BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,T,*,],N,Y,%,E,V,S,K,I,Y ,& 0,! ,C,O,N,T,E,M,P,O,R,>,Y0 

   ,! MO/ PROM95T AMONG POLITICAL WRIT]S 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF HAS UND\BT$LY BE5 ,T,*,],N,Y,%,E,V,S,K,I,Y 7#a#h#b#h-#a#h#h#i71 :OSE NAME IS 9DISSOLUBLY CONNECT$ ) ?AT ( ! REVIEW1 ,SOVREM5NIK 7,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y74 ,! 9FLU5CE :I* ?IS REVIEW EX]CIS$ ON PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ! YE>S ( ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 7 #a#h#e#g-#f#b7 WAS EQUAL TO ?AT ( ,H]Z5'S ,BELL1 & ?IS 9FLU5CE WAS MA9LY DUE TO ,T*]NY%EVSKIY1 & P>TLY TO ! CRITIC ,DOBROLUB(F4 

   ,T*]NY%EVSKIY WAS BORN 9 ,S\!A/]N ,RUSSIA1 AT ,S>AT(F-HIS FA!R BE+ A WELL $UCAT$ & RESPECT$ PRIE/ ( ! CA!DRAL-& HIS E>LY $UCATION HE RECEIV$1 FIR/ AT HOME1 & NEXT 9 ! ,S>AT(F SEM9>Y4 ,HE LEFT ! SEM9>Y1 H[EV]1 9 #a#h#d#d1 & TWO YE>S LAT] 5T]$ ! PHILOLOGICAL DEP>TM5T ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,UNIV]SITY4 

   ,! QUANTITY ( WORK :I* ,T*]NY%EVSKIY P]=M$ DUR+ HIS LIFE1 & ! IMM5SITY ( KN[L$GE :I* HE ACQUIR$ 9 V>I\S BRAN*ES1 WAS SIMPLY /UP5D\S4 ,HE BEGAN HIS LIT]>Y C>E] BY WORKS ON PHILOLOGY & LIT]>Y CRITICISM2 & HE WROTE 9 ?IS LA/ BRAN* ?REE REM>KABLE WORKS1 ,! ,A,ES!TICAL ,RELATIONS BETWE5 ,>T & ,REALITY1 ,SKET*ES ( ! ,GOGOL P]IOD1 & ,LESS+ & HIS ,TIME1 9 :I* HE DEVELOP$ A :OLE !ORY ( ES!TICS & LIT]>Y CRITICISM4 ,HIS MA9 WORK1 H[EV]1 WAS ACCOMPLI%$ DUR+ ! F\R YE>S1 #a#h#e#h-#f#b1 :5 HE WROTE 9 ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y1 EXCLUSIVELY ON POLITICAL & ECONOMICAL MATT]S4 ,!SE W]E ! YE>S ( ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 & OP9ION1 BO? 9 ! PUBLIC AT L>GE & 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T SPH]ES1 WAS QUITE UNSETTL$ EV5 AS TO ! LEAD+ PR9CIPLES :I* %\LD BE FOLL[$ 9 ACCOMPLI%+ IT4 ,! TWO MA9 QUE/IONS W]E3 %\LD ! LIB]AT$ S]FS RECEIVE ! L& :I* !Y W]E CULTIVAT+ = !MSELVES :ILE !Y W]E S]FS1 & IF SO-ON :AT CONDITIONS8 ,& NEXT-%\LD ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY 9/ITUTIONS BE MA9TA9$ & ! L& HELD1 AS ( OLD1 9 COMMON-! VILLAGE COMMUNITY BECOM+ 9 ?IS CASE ! BASIS = ! FUTURE SELF-GOV]NM5T 9/ITUTIONS8 ,ALL ! BE/ M5 ( ,RUSSIA W]E 9 FAVOR ( AN ANSW] 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE TO BO? !SE QUE/IONS1 & EV5 9 ! HI<] SPH]ES OP9ION W5T ! SAME WAY2 BUT ALL ! REACTIONI/S & 0ESCLAVAGI/0 S]F-[N]S ( ! OLD S*OOL BITT]LY OPPOS$ ?IS VIEW4 ,!Y WROTE MEMOIRS UPON MEMOIRS & ADDRESS$ !M TO ! ,EMP]OR & ! ,EMANCIPATION ,COMMITTEES1 & IT WAS NECESS>Y1 ( C\RSE1 TO ANALYZE !IR >GUM5TS & TO PRODUCE WEI<TY HI/ORICAL & ECONOMICAL PRO(S AGA9/ !M4 ,9 ?IS /RUGGLE ,T*]NY%EVSKIY1 :O WAS1 ( C\RSE1 AS WAS ,H]Z5'S ,BELL1 ) ! ADVANC$ P>TY1 SUPPORT$ IT ) ALL ! P[]S ( HIS GREAT 9TELLIG5CE1 HIS WIDE ]UDITION1 & HIS =MIDABLE CAPACITY = WORK2 & IF ?IS P>TY C>RI$ ! DAY & F9ALLY CONV]T$ ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 & ! (FICIAL LEAD]S ( ! ,EMANCIPATION ,COMMITTEES TO ITS VIEWS1 IT WAS C]TA9LY TO A GREAT EXT5T [+ TO ! 5]GY ( ,T*]NY%EVSKIY & HIS FRI5DS4 

   ,IT MU/ ALSO BE SAID ?AT 9 ?IS /RUGGLE ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y & ,! ,BELL F\ND A /RONG SUPPORT 9 TWO ADVANC$ POLITICAL WRIT]S FROM ! ,SLAVOPHILE CAMP3 ,K,O,%,E,L,E,F,F 7#a#h#f-#a#h#h#c7 & ,Y,U,R,I,Y ,S,A,M,>,9 7#a#h#a#i-#a#h#g#f74 ,! =M] HAD ADVOCAT$1 S9CE #a#h#d#g-BO? 9 WRIT+ & 9 PRACTICE-! LIB]ATION ( ! S]FS 0) ! L&10 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 & PEASANT SELF-GOV]NM5T1 & N[ ,KO%ELEFF & ,SAM>91 BO? 9FLU5TIAL L&LORDS1 5]GETICALLY SUPPORT$ !SE IDEAS 9 ! ,EMANCIPATION ,COMMITTEES1 :ILE ,T*]NY%EVSKLY F\<T = !M 9 ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y & 9 HIS ,LETT]S )\T AN ,ADDRESS 7WRITT5 APP>5TLY TO ,ALEX&] ,I,I & PUBLI%$ ONLY LAT] ON 9 ,SWITZ]L&74 

   ,NO LESS A S]VICE DID ,T*]NY%EVSKIY R5D] TO ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIETY BY $UCAT+ IT 9 ECONOMICAL MATT]S & 9 ! HI/ORY ( MOD]N TIMES4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT HE ACT$ ) A WOND]FUL P$AGOGICAL TAL5T4 ,HE TRANSLAT$ ,MILL'S ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 & WROTE ,NOTES TO IT1 9 A SOCIALI/IC S5SE2 MOREOV]1 9 A S]IES ( >TICLES1 LIKE ,CAPITAL & ,LABOR1 ,ECONOMICAL ,ACTIVITY & ! ,/ATE1 HE DID HIS BE/ TO SPREAD S\ND ECONOMIC IDEAS4 ,9 ! DOMA9 ( HI/ORY HE DID ! SAME1 BO? 9 A S]IES ( TRANSLATIONS & 9 A NUMB] ( ORIG9AL >TICLES UPON ! /RUGGLE ( P>TIES 9 MOD]N ,FRANCE4 

   ,9 #ahfc ,T*]NY%EVSKIY WAS >RE/$1 & :ILE HE WAS KEPT 9 ! =TRESS HE WROTE A REM>KABLE NOVEL1 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 ,FROM ! >TI/IC PO9T ( VIEW ?IS NOVEL LEAVES MU* TO BE DESIR$2 BUT = ! ,RUSSIAN Y\? ( ! TIMES IT WAS A REVELATION1 & IT BECAME A PROGRAM4 ,QUE/IONS ( M>RIAGE1 & SEP>ATION AFT] M>RIAGE 9 CASE SU* A SEP>ATION BECOMES NECESS>Y1 AGITAT$ ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY 9 ?OSE YE>S4 ,TO IGNORE SU* QUE/IONS WAS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,& ,T*]NY%EVSKIY DISCUSS$ !M 9 HIS NOVEL1 9 DESCRIB+ ! RELATIONS BETWE5 HIS H]O9E1 ,VY]A ,PAVLOVNA1 H] HUSB& ,LOPUKH(F & ! Y\NG DOCTOR ) :OM %E FELL 9 LOVE AFT] H] M>RIAGE-9DICAT+ ! ONLY SOLUTIONS :I* P]FECT HONE/Y & /RAI<T=W>D COMMON S5SE C\LD APPROVE 9 SU* A CASE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE PREA*$-9 VEIL$ WORDS1 :I* W]E1 H[EV]1 P]FECTLY WELL UND]/OOD-,F\RI]ISM1 & DEPICT$ 9 A MO/ ATTRACTIVE =M ! COMMUNI/IC ASSOCIATIONS (1 ( PRODUC]S4 ,HE ALSO %[$ 9 HIS NOVEL :AT TRUE 0,NIHILI/S0 W]E1 & 9 :AT !Y DIFF]$ FROM ,TURGU5EFF'S ,BAZ>(F4 ,NO NOVEL ( ,TURGU5EFF & NO WRIT+S ( ,TOL/OY OR ANY O!R WRIT] HAVE EV] HAD SU* A WIDE & DEEP 9FLU5CE UPON ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIETY AS ?IS NOVEL HAD4 ,IT BECAME ! WAT*WORD ( ,Y\NG ,RUSSIA1 & ! 9FLU5CE ( ! IDEAS IT PROPAGAT$ HAS NEV] CEAS$ TO BE APP>5T S9CE4 

   ,9 #ahfd ,T*]NY%EVSKIY WAS EXIL$ TO H>D LABOR 9 ,SIB]IA1 = ! POLITICAL & SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A :I* HE HAD BE5 MAK+2 & = FE> ?AT HE MI<T ESCAPE FROM ,TRANSBAIKALIA HE WAS SOON TRANSPORT$ TO A V]Y SECLUD$ SPOT 9 ! F> ,NOR? ( ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA-,VILUISK-:]E HE WAS KEPT TILL #a#h#h#c4 ,!N ONLY WAS HE ALL[$ TO RETURN TO ,RUSSIA & TO SETTLE AT ,A/RAKHAN4 ,HIS HEAL?1 H[EV]1 WAS ALREADY QUITE BROK54 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE UND]TOOK ! TRANSLATION ( ! ,UNIV]SAL ,HI/ORY ( ,WEB]1 TO :I* HE WROTE LONG ADD5DA1 & HE HAD TRANSLAT$ TWELVE VOLUMES ( IT :5 DEA? OV]TOOK HIM 9 #a#h#h#i4 ,/ORMS ( POLEMICS HAVE RAG$ OV] HIS GRAVE1 AL?\< HIS NAME1 EV5 YET1 CANNOT BE PRON\NC$1 NOR HIS IDEAS DISCUSS$1 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS4 ,NO O!R MAN HAS BE5 SO MU* HAT$ BY HIS POLITICAL ADV]S>IES AS ,T*]NY%EVSKIY4 ,BUT EV5 !SE >E B\ND TO RECOGNIZE N[ ! GREAT S]VICES HE R5D]$ TO ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS1 & HIS IMM5SE $UCATIONAL 9FLU5CE4 

,! ,S,A,T,I,R,E3 ,S,A,L,T,Y,K,(,F 

,) ALL ! RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ UPON POLITICAL LIT]ATURE 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! SATIRE NECESS>ILY BECAME ONE ( ! FAVORITE MEANS ( EXPRESS+ POLITICAL ?\<T4 ,IT W\LD TAKE TOO MU* TIME TO GIVE EV5 A %ORT SKET* ( ! E>LI] ,RUSSIAN SATIRI/S1 AS 9 ORD] TO DO ?AT ONE W\LD HAVE TO GO BACK AS F> AS ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,( ,GOGOL'S SATIRE ,I HAVE ALREADY SPOK52 CONSEQU5TLY ,I %ALL LIMIT MY REM>KS UND] ?IS HEAD TO ONLY ONE REPRES5TATIVE ( MOD]N SATIRE1 ,S,A,L,T,Y,K,(,F1 :O IS BETT] KN[N UND] HIS NOM-DE-PLUME ,( ,S,*,$,R,9 7#a#h#b#f-#a#h#h#i74 

,! 9FLU5CE ( ,SALTYK(F 9 ,RUSSIA WAS V]Y GREAT1 NOT ONLY ) ! ADVANC$ SECTION ( ,RUSSIAN ?\<T1 BUT AMONG ! G5]AL READ]S AS WELL4 ,HE WAS P]HAPS ONE ( ,RUSSIA'S MO/ POPUL> WRIT]S4 ,H]E ,I MU/ MAKE1 H[EV]1 A P]SONAL REM>K4 ,ONE MAY TRY AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO KEEP TO AN OBJECTIVE /&PO9T 9 ! APPRECIATION ( DIFF]5T WRIT]S1 BUT A SUBJECTIVE ELEM5T WILL NECESS>ILY 9T]F]E1 & ,I P]SONALLY MU/ SAY ?AT AL?\< ,I ADMIRE ! GREAT TAL5T ( ,SALTYK(F1 ,I NEV] C\LD BECOME AS 5?USIA/IC OV] HIS WRIT+S AS ! V]Y GREAT MAJORITY ( MY FRI5DS DID4 ,NOT ?AT ,I DISLIKE SATIRE3 ON ! CONTR>Y2 BUT ,I LIKE IT MU* MORE DEF9ITE ?AN IT IS 9 ,SALTYK(F4 ,I FULLY RECOGNIZE ?AT HIS REM>KS W]E SOMETIMES EXTREMELY DEEP1 & ALWAYS CORRECT1 & ?AT 9 MANY CASES HE =ESAW COM+ EV5TS LONG BE=E ! COMMON READ] C\LD GUESS !IR APPROA*2 ,I FULLY ADMIT ?AT ! SATIRICAL *>ACT]IZATIONS HE GAVE ( DIFF]5T CLASSES ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY BELONG TO ! DOMA9 ( GOOD >T1 & ?AT HIS TYPES >E REALLY TYPICAL--& YET1 ) ALL ?IS1 ,I F9D ?AT !SE EXCELL5T *>ACT]IZATIONS & !SE ACUTE REM>KS >E TOO MU* LO/ AMID A DELUGE ( 9SIGNIFICANT TALK1 :I* WAS C]TA9LY MEANT TO CONCEAL !IR PO9T FROM ! C5SOR%IP1 BUT :I* MITIGATES ! %>PNESS ( ! SATIRE & T5DS *IEFLY TO DEAD5 ITS EFFECT4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,I PREF]1 9 MY APPRECIATION ( ,SALTYK(F TO FOLL[ \R BE/ CRITICS1 & ESPECIALLY ,K4 ,K4 ,>,S,5,I,E,F,F1 TO :OM WE [E TWO VOLUMES ( EXCELL5T ,CRITICAL ,/UDIES4 

,SALTYK(F BEGAN HIS LIT]>Y C>E] V]Y E>LY &1 LIKE MO/ ( \R BE/ WRIT]S1 HE KNEW SOME?+ ( EXILE4 ,9 #ahdh HE WROTE A NOVEL1 ,A ,COMPLICAT$ ,AFFAIR1 9 :I* SOME SOCIALI/IC T5D5CIES W]E EXPRESS$ 9 ! %APE ( A DREAM ( A C]TA9 POOR FUNCTION>Y4 ,IT SO HAPP5$ ?AT ! NOVEL APPE>$ 9 PR9T JU/ A FEW WEEKS AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION ( #ahdh HAD BROK5 \T1 & :5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T WAS ESPECIALLY ON ! AL]T4 ,SALTYK(F WAS !REUPON EXIL$ TO ,VYATKA1 A MIS]ABLE PROV9CIAL T[N 9 ,EA/ ,RUSSIA1 & WAS ORD]$ TO 5T] ! CIVIL S]VICE4 ,! EXILE LA/$ SEV5 YE>S1 DUR+ :I* HE BECAME ?OR\<LY ACQUA9T$ ) ! WORLD ( FUNCTION>IES GR\P$ >\ND ! ,GOV]NOR ( ! ,PROV9CE4 ,!N 9 #aheg BETT] TIMES CAME = ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 & ,SALTYK(F1 :O WAS ALL[$ TO RETURN TO ! CAPITALS1 UTILIZ$ HIS KN[L$GE ( PROV9CIAL LIFE 9 WRIT+ A S]IES ( ,PROV9CIAL ,SKET*ES4 

,! IMPRESSION PRODUC$ BY !SE ,SKET*ES WAS SIMPLY TREM5D\S4 ,ALL ,RUSSIA TALK$ ( !M4 ,SALTYK(F'S TAL5T APPE>$ 9 !M 9 ITS FULL =CE1 & ) !M WAS OP5$ QUITE A NEW ]A 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,A GREAT NUMB] ( IMITATORS BEGAN 9 !IR TURN TO DISSECT ! ,RUSSIAN ADM9I/RATION & ! FAILURE ( ITS FUNCTION>IES4 ,( C\RSE1 SOME?+ ( ! SORT HAD ALREADY BE5 DONE BY ,GOGOL1 BUT ,GOGOL1 :O WROTE TW5TY YE>S BE=E1 WAS COMPELL$ TO CONF9E HIMSELF TO G5]ALITIES1 :ILE ,SALTYK(F WAS 5ABL$ TO NAME ?+S BY !IR NAMES & TO DESCRIBE PROV9CIAL SOCIETY AS IT WAS--D5\NC+ ! V5AL NATURE ( ! FUNCTION>IES1 ! ROTT5NESS ( ! :OLE ADM9I/RATION1 ! ABS5CE ( COMPREH5SION ( :AT WAS VITAL 9 ! LIFE ( ! C\NTRY1 & SO ON4 

,:5 ,SALTYK(F WAS P]MITT$ TO RETURN TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 AFT] HIS EXILE1 HE DID NOT AB&ON ! S]VICE ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* HE HAD BE5 COMPELL$ TO 5T] AT ,VYATKA4 ,) BUT A %ORT 9T]RUPTION HE REMA9$ A FUNCTION>Y TILL ! YE> #a#h#f#h1 & TWICE DUR+ ?AT TIME HE WAS ,VISE-,GOV]NOR1 & EV5 ,GOV]NOR ( A PROV9CE4 ,IT WAS ONLY !N ?AT HE DEF9ITELY LEFT ! S]VICE1 TO ACT1 ) ,NEKRAS(F1 AS CO$ITOR ( A MON?LY REVIEW1 ,OTE*E/V5NYIA ,ZAPISKI1 :I* BECAME AFT] ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ADVANC$ DEMOCRATIC ?\<T 9 ,RUSSIA1 & RETA9$ ?IS POSITION TILL #a#h#h#d1 :5 IT WAS SUPPRESS$ 9 ITS TURN4 ,BY ?AT TIME ! HEAL? ( ,SALTYK(F WAS BROK5  D[N1 & AFT] A V]Y PA9FUL ILLNESS1 DUR+ :I* HE NEV]!LESS CONT9U$ TO WRITE1 HE DI$ 9 #a#h#h#i4 

,! ,PROV9CIAL ,SKET*ES DET]M9$ ONCE = ALL ! *>ACT] ( ,SALTYK(F'S WORK4 ,HIS TAL5T ONLY DEEP5$ AS HE ADVANC$ 9 LIFE1 & HIS SATIRES W5T MORE & MORE PR(\NDLY 9TO ! ANALYSIS ( MOD]N CIVILIZ$ LIFE1 ( ! MANY CAUSES :I* /& 9 ! WAY ( PROGRESS1 & ( ! 9F9ITY ( =MS :I* ! /RUGGLE ( REACTION AGA9/ PROGRESS IS TAK+ N[ADAYS4 ,9 HIS ,9NOC5T ,TALES HE T\*$ UPON SOME ( ! MO/ TRAGIC ASPECTS ( S]FDOM4 ,!N1 9 HIS REPRES5TATION ( ! MOD]N KNI<TS ( 9DU/RIALISM & PLUTOCRACY1 ) !IR APPETITES = MONEY MAK+ & 5JOYM5TS ( ! L[] SORT1 !IR HE>TLESSNESS1 & !IR HOPELESS MEANNESS1 ,SALTK(F ATTA9$ ! HEI<TS ( DESCRIPTIVE >T2 BUT HE EXCELL$ P]HAPS EV5 MORE 9 ! REPRES5TATION ( ?AT 0AV]AGE MAN0 :O HAS NO GREAT PASSIONS1 BUT = ! M]E SAKE ( NOT BE+ DI/URB$ 9 ! PROCESS ( 5JOYM5T ( HIS PHILI/9E WELL-BE+ WILL NOT RECOIL BE=E ANY CRIME AGA9/ ! BE/ M5 ( HIS TIME1 &1 IF NE$ BE1 WILL L5D A READY H& TO ! WOR/ 5EMIES ( PROGRESS4 ,9 FLAGELLAT+ ?AT 0AV]AGE MAN10 :O1 [+ TO HIS UNMITIGAT$ C[>DICE1 HAS ATTA9$ SU* A LUXURI\S DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,SALTYK(F PRODUC$ HIS GREATE/ CREATIONS4 ,BUT :5 HE CAME TO T\* ?OSE :O >E ! REAL G5IUSES ( REACTION--?OSE :O KEEP 0! AV]AGE MAN0 9 FE>1 & 9SPIRE REACTION1 IF NE$ BE1 ) AUDACITY & F]OCITY--!N ,SALTYK(F'S SATIRE EI!R RECOIL$ BE=E ITS TASK1 OR ! ATTACK WAS VEIL$ 9 SO MANY FUNNY & PETTY EXPRESSIONS & WORDS ?AT ALL ITS V5OM WAS GONE4 

,:5 REACTION HAD OBTA9$ ! UPP] H&1 9 #a#h#f#c1 & ! C>RY+ \T ( ! RE=MS ( #ahfa & ( ?OSE /ILL TO BE UND]TAK5 FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! V]Y OPPON5TS ( !SE RE=MS1 & ! =M] S]F-[N]S :]E DO+ ALL !Y C\LD 9 ORD] TO RECALL S]FDOM ONCE AGA9 TO LIFE1 OR1 AT LEA/1 SO TO B9D ! PEASANT BY OV]-TAXATION & HI< R5TS AS TO PRACTICALLY 5?RALL$ HIM ONCE MORE1 ,SALTYK(F BR\<T \T A /RIK+ S]IES ( SATIRES :I* ADMIRABLY REPRES5T$ ?IS NEW CLASS ( M54 ,! ,HI/ORY ( A ,CITY1 :I* IS A COMIC HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN1 FULL ( ALLUSIONS TO  CONTEMPOR>Y CURR5TS ( ?\<T4 ,! ,DI>Y ( A ,PROV9CIAL 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ,LETT]S FROM ! ,PROV9CES1 & ,! ,POMPAD\RS BELONG TO ?IS S]IES2 :ILE 9 ,?OSE ,G5TLEM5 ( ,TA%K5T HE REPRES5T$ ALL ?AT CR[D :I* HA/5$ N[ TO MAKE =TUNES BY RAILWAY BUILD+1 ADVOCACY 9 RE=M$ TRIBUNALS1 & ANNEXATION ( NEW T]RITORIES4 ,9 !SE SKET*ES1 AS WELL AS 9 ?OSE :I* HE DEVOT$ TO ! DESCRIPTION ( ! SAD & SOMETIMES PSY*OLOGICALLY UNS\ND PRODUCTS ( ! TIMES ( S]FDOM 7,! ,G5TLEM5 ,GOLOVL(FS1 ,PO%EKHONSK ,ANTIQUITY71 HE CREAT$ TYPES1 SOME ( :I*1 LIKE ,JUDU%KA HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$ AS ALMO/ ,%AKESPE>IAN4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ! E>LY EI<TIES1 :5 ! T]RIBLE /RUGGLE ( ! T]RORI/S AGA9/ AUTOCRACY WAS OV]1 & ) ! ADV5T ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I REACTION WAS TRIUMPHANT1 ! SATIRES ( ,S*$R9 BECAME A CRY ( DESPAIR4 ,AT TIMES ! SATIRI/ BECOMES GREAT 9 HIS SAD IRONY1 & HIS ,LETT]S TO MY ,AUNT WILL LIVE1 NOT ONLY AS AN HI/ORICAL BUT ALSO AS A DEEPLY HUMAN DOCUM5T4 

,IT IS ALSO WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT ,SALTYK(F HAD A REAL TAL5T = WRIT+ TALES4 ,SOME ( !M1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :I* DEALT ) *ILDR5 UND] S]FDOM1 W]E ( GREAT BEAUTY4 

,L,I,T,],>,Y ,C,R,I,T,I,C,I,S,M 

,! MA9 *ANNEL ?R\< :I* POLITICAL ?\<T F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S WAS LIT]>Y CRITICISM1 :I* CONSEQU5TLY HAS REA*$ ) US A DEVELOPM5T & AN IMPORTANCE ?AT IT HAS 9 NO O!R C\NTRY4 ,! REAL S\L ( A ,RUSSIAN MON?LY REVIEW IS ITS >T-CRITIC4 ,HIS >TICLE IS A MU* GREAT] EV5T ?AN ! NOVEL ( A FAVORITE WRIT] :I* MAY APPE> 9 ! SAME NUMB]4 ,! CRITIC ( A LEAD+ REVIEW IS ! 9TELLECTUAL LEAD] ( ! Y\NG] G5]ATION2 & IT SO HAPP5$ ?AT ?R\<\T ! LA/ HALF-C5TURY WE HAVE HAD 9 ,RUSSIA A SUCCESSION ( >T-CRITICS :O HAVE EX]CIS$ UPON ! 9TELLECTUAL ASPECTS ( !IR [N TIMES A F> GREAT]1 & ESPECIALLY A F> MORE WIDE 9FLU5CE ?AN ANY NOVELI/ OR ANY WRIT] 9 ANY O!R DOMA94 ,IT IS SO G5]ALLY TRUE ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL ASPECT ( A GIV5 EPO* CAN BE BE/ *>ACT]IZ$ BY NAM+ ! >T-CRITIC ( ! TIME :O EX]CIS$ ! MA9 9FLU5CE4 ,IT WAS ,BYEL9SKIY 9 ! ?IRTIES OR =TIES1 ,T*]NY%EVSKIY & ,DOBROLUB(F 9 ! FIFTIES & !1 E>LY SIXTIES1 & ,PIS>EFF 9 ! LAT] SIXTIES & SEV5TIES1 :O W]E RESPECTIVELY ! RUL]S ( ?\<TS 9 !IR G5]ATION ( $UCAT$ Y\?4 ,IT WAS ONLY LAT] ON1 :5 REAL POLITICAL AGITATION BEGAN--TAK+ AT ONCE TWO OR ?REE DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS1 EV5 9 ! ADVANC$ CAMP--?AT ,MIHAILOVSKIY1 ! LEAD+ CRITIC FROM ! EI<TIES UNTIL ! PRES5T TIME1 /OOD NOT = ! :OLE MOVEM5T BUT MORE OR LESS = ONE ( ITS DIRECTIONS4 

,?IS MEANS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT LIT]>Y CRITICISM HAS 9 ,RUSSIA C]TA9 SPECIAL ASPECTS4 ,IT IS NOT LIMIT$ TO A CRITICISM ( WORKS ( >T FROM ! PURELY LIT]>Y OR AES!TIC PO9T ( VIEW4 ,:E!R A ,RUD91 OR A ,KAT]9A >E TYPES ( REAL1 LIV+ BE+S1 & :E!R ! NOVEL OR ! DRAMA IS WELL BUILT1 WELL DEVELOP$1 & WELL WRITT5--!SE >E1 ( C\RSE1 ! FIR/ QUE/IONS CONSID]$4 ,BUT !Y >E SOON ANSW]$2 & !RE >E 9F9ITELY MORE IMPORTANT QUE/IONS1 :I* >E RAIS$ 9 ! ?\<TFUL M9D BY EV]Y WORK ( REALLY GOOD >T3 ! QUE/IONS CONC]N+ ! POSITION ( A ,RUD9 OR A ,KAT]9A 9 SOCIETY2 ! P>T1 BAD OR GOOD1 :I* !Y PLAY 9 IT2 ! IDEAS :I* 9SPIRE !M1 & ! VALUE ( !SE IDEAS2 & !N--! ACTIONS ( ! H]OES1 & ! CAUSES ( !SE ACTIONS1 BO? 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL4 ,9 A GOOD WORK ( >T ! ACTIONS ( ! H]OES >E EVID5TLY :AT !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 UND] SIMIL> CONDITIONS 9 REALITY2 O!RWISE IT W\LD NOT BE GOOD >T4 ,!Y CAN BE DISCUSS$ AS FACTS ( LIFE4 

,BUT !SE ACTIONS & !IR CAUSES & CONSEQU5CES OP5 ! WIDE/ HORIZONS TO A ?\<TFUL CRITIC1 = AN APPRECIATION ( BO? ! IDEALS & ! PREJUDICES ( SOCIETY1 = ! ANALYSIS ( PASSIONS1 = A DISCUSSION ( ! TYPES ( M5 & WOM5 :I* PREVAIL AT A GIV5 MOM5T4 ,9 FACT1 A GOOD WORK ( >T GIVES MAT]IAL = DISCUSS+ NE>LY ! :OLE ( ! MUTUAL RELATIONS 9 A SOCIETY ( A GIV5 TYPE4 ,! AU?OR1 IF HE IS A ?\<TFUL POET1 HAS HIMSELF EI!R CONSCI\SLY OR (T5 UNCONSCI\SLY CONSID]$ ALL ?AT4 ,IT IS HIS LIFE-EXP]I5CE :I* HE GIVES 9 HIS WORK4 ,:Y1 !N1 %\LD NOT ! CRITIC BR+ BE=E ! READ] ALL ?OSE ?\<TS :I* MU/ HAVE PASS$ ?R\< ! AU?OR'S BRA91 OR HAVE AFFECT$ HIM UNCONSCI\SLY :5 HE PRODUC$ !SE SC5ES1 OR PICTUR$ ?AT CORN] ( HUMAN LIFE8 

,?IS IS :AT ,RUSSIAN LIT]>Y CRITICS HAVE BE5 DO+ = ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S2 & AS ! FIELD ( FICTION & POETRY IS UNLIMIT$1 !RE IS NOT ONE ( ! GREAT SOCIAL & HUMAN PROBLEMS :I* !Y MU/ NOT ?US HAVE DISCUSS$ 9 !IR CRITICAL REVIEWS4 ,?IS IS ALSO :Y ! WORKS ( ! F\R CRITICS JU/ NAM$ >E AS EAG]LY READ & RE-READ N[ AT ?IS MOM5T AS !Y W]E TW5TY OR FIFTY YE>S AGO3 !Y HAVE LO/ NO?+ ( !IR FRE%NESS & 9T]E/4 ,IF >T IS A S*OOL ( LIFE--! MORE SO >E SU* WORKS4 

,IT IS EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT >T-CRITICISM 9 ,RUSSIA TOOK FROM ! V]Y \TSET 79 ! TW5TIES7 & QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL IMITATION ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! *>ACT] ( PHILOSOPHICAL AES!TICS4 ,! REVOLT AGA9/ PSEUDO-CLASSICISM HAD ONLY JU/ BEGUN UND] ! BANN] ( ROMANTICISM1 & ! APPE>ANCE ( ,PU%K9'S ,RUSLAN & ,LUDMILA HAD JU/ GIV5 ! FIR/ PRACTICAL >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( ! ROMANTIC REBELS1 :5 ! POET ,V,5,E,V,I,T,9,(,F 7SEE ,*4 ,I,I471 SOON FOLL[$ BY ,N,A,D,E,Z,H,D,9 7#a#h#d-#a#h#e#f7 & ,P,O,L,E,V,O,Y 7#a#g#i#f-#a#h#d#f7--! REAL F\ND] ( S]I\S J\RNALISM 9 ,RUSSIA--LAID ! F\NDATIONS ( NEW >T-CRITICISM4 ,LIT]>Y CRITICISM1 !Y MA9TA9$1 MU/ ANALYZE1 NOT ONLY ! AES!TIC VALUE ( A WORK ( >T1 BUT1 ABOVE ALL1 ITS LEAD+ IDEA--ITS 0PHILOSOPHICAL10--ITS SOCIAL MEAN+4 

,V5EVIT9(F1 :OSE [N POETRY BORE SU* A HI< 9TELLECTUAL /AMP1 BOLDLY ATTACK$ ! ABS5CE ( HI<] IDEAS AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN ROMANTICS1 & WROTE ?AT 0! TRUE POETS ( ALL NATIONS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 PHILOSOPH]S :O REA*$ ! HI<E/ SUMMITS ( CULTURE40 ,A POET :O IS SATISFI$ ) HIS [N SELF1 & DOES NOT PURSUE AIMS ( G5]AL IMPROVEM5T1 IS ( NO USE TO HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4"9 

,NADEZHD9 FOLL[$ ON ! SAME L9ES1 & BOLDLY ATTACK$ ,PU%K9 = HIS ABS5CE ( HI<] 9SPIRATION & = PRODUC+ A POETRY ( :I* ! ONLY MOTIVES W]E 0W9E & WOM540 ,HE REPROA*$ \R ROMANTICS ) AN ABS5CE ( E?NOGRAPHICAL & HI/ORIC TRU? 9 !IR WORK1 & ! MEANNESS ( ! SUBJECTS !Y *OSE 9 !IR POETRY4 ,AS TO ,POLEVOY1 HE WAS SO GREAT AN ADMIR] ( ! POETRY ( ,BYRON & ,VICTOR ,HUGO ?AT HE C\LD NOT P>DON ,PU%K9 & ,GOGOL ! ABS5CE ( HI<] IDEAS 9 !IR WORK4 ,HAV+ NO?+ 9 IT ?AT MI<T RAISE M5 TO HI<] IDEAS & ACTIONS1 !IR WORK C\LD /& NO COMP>ISON :ATEV] ) ! IMMORTAL CREATIONS ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ,HUGO1 & ,GOE!4 ,?IS ABS5CE ( HI<] LEAD+ IDEAS 9 ! WORK ( ,PU%K9 & ,GOGOL SO MU* IMPRESS$ ! LA/ TWO CRITICS ?AT !Y DID NOT EV5 NOTICE ! IMM5SE S]VICE :I* !SE F\ND]S ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE W]E R5D]+ TO US BY 9TRODUC+ ?AT S\ND NATURALISM & REALISM :I* HAVE BECOME S9CE SU* A DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ,RUSSIAN >T1 & ! NE$ ( :I* BO? ,NADEZHD9 & ,POLEVOY W]E ! FIR/ TO RECOGNIZE4 ,IT WAS ,BYEL9SKIY :O HAD TO TAKE UP !IR WORK1 TO COMPLETE IT1 & TO %[ :AT WAS ! TE*NIQUE ( REALLY GOOD >T1 & :AT ITS CONT5TS \<T TO BE4 

,TO SAY ?AT ,B,Y,E,L,9,S,K,I,Y 7#a#h#a-#a#h#d#h7 WAS A V]Y GIFT$ >T-CRITIC W\LD ?US MEAN NO?+4 ,HE WAS 9 REALITY1 AT A V]Y SIGNIFICANT MOM5T ( HUMAN EVOLUTION1 A TEA*] & AN $UCATOR ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY 9 >T--ITS VALUE1 ITS PURPORT1 ITS COMPREH5SION--BUT ALSO 9 POLITICS1 9 SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 & 9 HUMANIT>IAN ASPIRATIONS4 

,HE WAS ! SON ( AN OBSCURE >MY-SURGEON1 & SP5T HIS *ILDHOOD 9 A REMOTE PROV9CE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,WELL PREP>$ BY HIS FA!R1 :O KNEW ! VALUE ( KN[L$GE1 HE 5T]$ ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 BUT WAS EXCLUD$ FROM IT 9 #ahcb = A TRAG$Y :I* HE WROTE1 9 ! /YLE ( ,S*ILL]'S ,ROBB]S1 & :I* WAS AN 5]GETIC PROTE/ AGA9/ S]FDOM4 ,ALREADY HE HAD JO9$ ! CIRCLE ( ,H]Z51 ,OG>Y(F1 ,/ANKEVIT*1 ETC41 & 9 #ahcd HE BEGAN HIS LIT]>Y C>E] BY A CRITICAL REVIEW ( LIT]ATURE :I* AT ONCE ATTRACT$ NOTICE4 ,FROM ?AT TIME TILL HIS DEA? HE WROTE CRITICAL >TICLES & BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES = SOME ( ! LEAD+ REVIEWS1 & HE WORK$ SO EXTREMELY H>D ?AT AT ! AGE ( ?IRTY-EI<T HE DI$ FROM CONSUMPTION4 ,HE DID NOT DIE TOO SOON4 ,! REVOLUTION HAD BROK5 \T 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & :5 ,BYEL9SKIY WAS ON HIS DEA?B$ AN AG5T ( ! ,/ATE-POLICE W\LD CALL FROM TIME TO TIME TO ASC]TA9 :E!R HE WAS /ILL ALIVE4 ,! ORD] WAS GIV5 TO >RE/ HIM1 IF HE %\LD RECOV]1 & HIS FATE C]TA9LY W\LD HAVE BE5 ! =TRESS & AT ! BE/--EXILE4 

,:5 ,BYEL9SKIY FIR/ BEGAN TO WRITE HE WAS 5TIRELY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! IDEALI/IC ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,HE WAS 9CL9$ TO MA9TA9 ?AT ,>T IS SOME?+ TOO GREAT & TOO PURE TO HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) ! QUE/IONS ( ! DAY4 ,IT WAS A REPRODUCTION ( 0! G5]AL IDEA ( ! LIFE ( NATURE40 ,ITS PROBLEMS W]E ?OSE ( ! ,UNIV]SE--NOT ( POOR M5 & !IR PETTY EV5TS4 ,IT WAS FROM ?IS IDEALI/IC PO9T ( VIEW ( ,BEAUTY & ,TRU? ?AT HE EXPOS$ ! MA9 PR9CIPLES ( ,>T1 & EXPLA9$ ! PROCESS ( >TI/IC CREATION4 ,9 A S]IES ( >TICLES ON ,PU%K9 HE WROTE1 9 FACT1 A HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE D[N TO ,PU%K91 FROM ?AT PO9T ( VIEW4 

,HOLD+ SU* AB/RACT VIEWS1 ,BYEL9SKIY EV5 CAME1 DUR+ HIS /AY AT ,MOSC[1 TO CONSID]1 ) ,HEGEL1 ?AT 0ALL ?AT :I* EXI/S IS REASONABLE10 & TO PREA* 0RECONCILIATION0 ) ! DESPOTISM ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4 ,H[EV] UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,H]Z5 & ,BAKUN9 HE SOON %OOK (F ! FOGS ( ,G]MAN METAPHYSICS1 &1 REMOV+ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 OP5$ A NEW PAGE ( HIS ACTIVITY4 

,UND] ! IMPRESSION PRODUC$ UPON HIM BY ! REALISM ( ,GOGOL1 :OSE BE/ WORKS W]E JU/ APPE>+1 HE CAME TO UND]/& ?AT TRUE POETRY IS REAL3 ?AT IT MU/ BE A POETRY ( LIFE & ( REALITY4 ,& UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T :I* WAS GO+ ON 9 ,FRANCE HE >RIV$ AT ADVANC$ POLITICAL IDEAS4 ,HE WAS A GREAT MA/] ( /YLE1 & :ATEV] HE WROTE WAS SO FULL ( 5]GY1 & AT ! SAME TIME BORE SO TRULY ! /AMP ( HIS MO/ SYMPA!TIC P]SONALITY1 ?AT IT ALWAYS PRODUC$ A DEEP IMPRESSION UPON HIS READ]S4 ,& N[ ALL HIS ASPIRATIONS T[>DS :AT IS GR& & HI<1 & ALL HIS B\NDLESS LOVE ( TRU?1 :I* HE =M]LY HAD GIV5 9 ! S]VICE ( P]SONAL SELF-IMPROVEM5T & IDEAL ,>T1 W]E GIV5 TO ! S]VICE ( MAN )9 ! POOR CONDITIONS ( ,RUSSIAN REALITY4 ,HE PITILESSLY ANALYZ$ ?AT REALITY1 & :]EV] HE SAW 9 ! LIT]>Y WORKS :I* PASS$ UND] HIS EYES1 OR ONLY FELT1 9S9C]ITY1 HAU<T9ESS1 ABS5CE ( G5]AL 9T]E/1 ATTA*M5T TO OLD-AGE DESPOTISM1 OR SLAV]Y 9 ANY =M--9CLUD+ ! SLAV]Y ( WOMAN--HE F\<T !SE EVILS ) ALL HIS 5]GY & PASSION4 ,HE ?US BECAME A POLITICAL WRIT] 9 ! BE/ S5SE ( ! WORD AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HE WAS AN >T-CRITIC2 HE BECAME A TEA*] ( ! HI<E/ HUMANIT>IAN PR9CIPLES4 

,9 HIS ,LETT] TO ,GOGOL CONC]N+ ! LATT]'S ,CORRESPOND5CE ) ,FRI5DS 7,SEE ,*4 ,I,I,I47 HE GAVE QUITE A PROGRAM ( URG5T SOCIAL & POLITICAL RE=MS2 BUT HIS DAYS W]E NUMB]$4 ,HIS REVIEW ( ! LIT]ATURE = ! YE> #a#h#d#g1 :I* WAS ESPECIALLY BEAUTIFUL & DEEP1 WAS HIS LA/ WORK4 ,DEA? SP>$ HIM FROM SEE+ ! D>K CL\D ( REACTION 9 :I* ,RUSSIA WAS WRAPP$ FROM #ahdh TO #a#h#e#e4 

,V,A,L,],I,A,N ,M,A,Y,K,(,F 7#a#h#b#c-#a#h#d#g71 :O PROMIS$ TO BECOME A CRITIC ( GREAT P[] ON ! SAME L9ES AS ,BYEL9SKIY1 DI$ UN=TUNATELY TOO Y\NG1 & IT WAS ,T*]NY%EVSKIY1 SOON FOLL[$ BY ,DOBROLUB(F1 :O CONT9U$ & FUR!R DEVELOP$ ! WORK ( ,BYEL9SKIY & HIS PR$ECESSORS4 

,! LEAD+ IDEA ( ,T,*,],N,Y,%,E,V,S,K,I,Y WAS ?AT >T CANNOT BE ITS [N AIM2 ?AT LIFE IS SUP]IOR TO >T2 & ?AT ! AIM ( >T IS TO EXPLA9 LIFE1 TO COMM5T UPON IT1 & TO EXPRESS AN OP9ION AB\T IT4 ,HE DEVELOP$ !SE IDEAS 9 A ?\<TFUL & /IMULAT+ WORK1 ,! ,A,ES!TIC ,RELATIONS ( ,>T TO ,REALITY1 9 :I* HE DEMOLI%$ ! CURR5T !ORIES ( AES!TICS1 & GAVE A REALI/IC DEF9ITION ( ! ,BEAUTIFUL4 ,! S5SATION--HE WROTE--:I* ! ,BEAUTIFUL AWAK5S 9 US IS A FEEL+ ( BRI<T HAPP9ESS1 SIMIL> TO ?AT :I* IS AWAK5$ BY ! PRES5CE ( A BELOV$ BE+4 ,IT MU/ !RE=E CONTA9 SOME?+ DE> TO US1 & ?AT DE> SOME?+ IS LIFE4 0,TO SAY ?AT ?AT :I* WE NAME ',BEAUTY' IS LIFE2 ?AT ?AT BE+ IS BEAUTIFUL 9 :I* WE SEE LIFE--LIFE AS IT \<T TO BE ACCORD+ TO \R CONCEPTION--& ?AT OBJECT IS BEAUTIFUL :I* SPEAKS TO US ( LIFE--?IS DEF9ITION1 WE %\LD ?9K1 SATISFACTORILY EXPLA9S ALL CASES :I* AWAK5 9 US A FEEL+ ( ! BEAUTIFUL40 ,! CONCLUSION TO BE DRAWN FROM SU* A DEF9ITION WAS ?AT ! BEAUTIFUL 9 >T1 F> FROM BE+ SUP]IOR TO ! BEAUTIFUL 9 LIFE1 CAN ONLY REPRES5T ?AT CONCEPTION ( ! BEAUTIFUL :I* ! >TI/ HAS BORR[$ FROM LIFE4 ,AS TO ! AIM ( >T IT IS MU* ! SAME AS ?AT ( SCI5CE1 AL?\< ITS MEANS ( ACTION >E DIFF]5T4 ,! TRUE AIM ( >T IS TO REM9D US ( :AT IS 9T]E/+ 9 HUMAN LIFE1 & TO TEA* US H[ M5 LIVE & H[ !Y \<T TO LIVE4 ,?IS LA/ P>T ( ,T*]NY %EVSKIY TEA*+S WAS ESPECIALLY DEVELOP$ BY ,DOBROLUB(F4 

,D,O,B,R,O,L,U,B,(,F 7#a#h#c#f-#a#h#f#a7 WAS BORN 9 ,NIZHNIY ,NOVGOROD1 :]E HIS FA!R WAS A P>I% PRIE/1 & HE RECEIV$ HIS $UCATION FIR/ 9 A CL]ICAL S*OOL1 & AFT] ?AT 9 A SEM9>IUM4 ,9 #ahec HE W5T TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & 5T]$ ! ,P$AGOGICAL ,9/ITUTE4 ,HIS MO!R & FA!R DI$ ! NEXT YE>1 & HE HAD !N TO MA9TA9 ALL HIS BRO!RS & SI/]S4 ,LESSONS1 = :I* HE WAS PAID RIDICUL\SLY L[ PRICES1 & TRANSLATIONS1 ALMO/ EQUALLY BADLY PAID--ALL ?AT 9 ADDITION TO HIS /UD5T'S DUTIES--MEANT WORK+ T]RIBLY H>D1 & ?IS BROKE D[N HIS HEAL? AT AN E>LY AGE4 ,9 #ahee HE MADE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( ,T*]NY%EVSKIY &1 HAV+ F9I%$ 9 #aheg HIS /UDIES AT ! ,9/ITUTE1 HE TOOK 9 H& ! CRITICAL DEP>TM5T ( ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y1 & AGA9 WORK$ PASSIONATELY4 ,F\R YE>S LAT]1 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#h#f#a1 HE DI$1 AT ! AGE ( TW5TY-FIVE1 HAV+ LIT]ALLY KILL$ HIMSELF BY OV]WORK1 LEAV+ F\R VOLUMES ( CRITICAL ESSAYS1 EA* ( :I* IS A S]I\S ORIG9AL WORK4 ,SU* ESSAYS AS ,! ,K+DOM ( ,D>KNESS1 ,A ,RAY ( ,LI<T1 ,:AT IS ,OBLOMOVISM8 ,:5 COMES ! ,REAL ,DAY8 HAD ESPECIALLY A PR(\ND EFFECT ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! Y\? ( ?OSE TIMES4 

,NOT ?AT ,DOBROLUB(F HAD A V]Y DEF9ITE CRIT]ION ( LIT]>Y CRITICISM1 OR ?AT HE HAD A V]Y DI/9CT PROGRAM AS TO :AT WAS TO BE DONE4 ,BUT HE WAS ONE ( ! PURE/ & ! MO/ SOLID REPRES5TATIVES ( ?AT TYPE ( NEW M5--! REALI/-IDEALI/1 :OM ,TURGU5EFF SAW COM+ BY ! 5D ( ! FIFTIES4 ,!RE=E1 9 :ATEV] HE WROTE ONE FELT ! ?OR\<LY MORAL & ?OR\<LY RELIABLE1 SLI<TLY ASCETIC 0RIGORI/0 :O JUDG$ ALL FACTS ( LIFE FROM ! /&>D (--0,:AT GOOD WILL !Y BR+ TO ! TOIL+ MASSES80 OR1 0,H[ WILL !Y FAVOR ! CREATION ( M5 :OSE EYES >E DIRECT$ ?AT WAY80 ,HIS ATTITUDE T[>DS PR(ESSIONAL ES!TICS WAS MO/ CONTEMPTU\S1 BUT HE FELT DEEPLY HIMSELF & 5JOY$ ! GREAT WORKS ( >T4 ,HE DID NOT CONDEMN ,PU%K9 = HIS LEVITY1 OR ,GOGOL = HIS ABS5CE ( IDEALS4 ,HE DID NOT ADVISE ANYONE TO WRITE NOVELS OR POEMS ) A SET PURPOSE3 HE KNEW ! RESULTS W\LD BE POOR4 ,HE ADMITT$ ?AT ! GREAT G5IUSES W]E RI<T 9 CREAT+ UNCONSCI\SLY1 BECAUSE HE UND]/OOD ?AT ! REAL >TI/ CREATES ONLY :5 HE HAS BE5 /RUCK BY ?IS OR ?AT ASPECT ( REALITY4 ,HE ASK$ ONLY FROM A WORK ( >T1 :E!R IT TRULY & CORRECTLY REPRODUC$ LIFE1 OR NOT8 ,IF NOT1 HE PASS$ IT BY2 BUT IF IT DID TRULY REPRES5T LIFE1 ! HE WROTE ESSAYS AB\T ?IS LIFE2 & HIS >TICLES W]E ESSAYS ON MORAL1 POLITICAL OR ECONOMICAL MATT]S--! WORK ( >T YIELD+ ONLY ! FACTS = SU* A DISCUSSION4 ,?IS EXPLA9S ! 9FLU5CE ,DOBROLUB(F EX]CIS$ UPON HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,SU* ESSAYS WRITT5 BY SU* A P]SONALITY W]E PRECISELY :AT WAS WANT$ 9 ! TURMOIL ( ?OSE YE>S = PREP>+ BETT] M5 = ! COM+ /RUGGLES4 ,!Y W]E A S*OOL ( POLITICAL & MORAL $UCATION4 

,P,I,S,>,E,F,F 7#a#h#d#a-#a#h#f#h71 ! CRITIC :O SUCCE$$1 SO TO SPEAK1 ,DOBROLUB(F1 WAS A QUITE DIFF]5T MAN4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 A RI* FAMILY ( L&LORDS & HAD RECEIV$ AN $UCATION DUR+ :I* HE HAD NEV] KN[N :AT IT MEANT TO WANT ANY?+2 BUT HE SOON REALIZ$ ! DRAWBACKS ( SU* A LIFE1 & :5 HE WAS AT ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG UNIV]SITY HE AB&ON$ ! RI* H\SE ( HIS UNCLE & SETTL$ ) A POOR /UD5T COMRADE1 OR LIV$ 9 AN AP>TM5T ) A NUMB] ( O!R /UD5TS--WRIT+ AMID !IR NOISY DISCUSSIONS OR SONGS4 ,LIKE ,DOBROLUB(F1 HE WORK$ EXCESSIVELY H>D1 & A/ONI%$ EV]YONE BY HIS V>I$ KN[L$GE & ! FACILITY ) :I* HE ACQUIR$ IT4 ,9 #a#h#f#b1 :5 REACTION WAS BEG9 P]MITT$ A COMRADE TO PR9T 9 A SECRET PR9T+ (FICE AN >TICLE ( HIS--! CRITICISM ( SOME REACTION>Y POLITICAL PAMPHLET --- :I* >TICLE HAD NOT RECEIV$ ! AU?ORIZATION ( ! C5SOR%IP4 ,! SECRET PR9T+ (FICE WAS SEIZ$1 & ,PIS>EFF WAS LOCK$ = F\R YE>S 9 ! =TRESS ( ,/4 ,PET] & ,/4 ,PAUL4 ,!RE HE WROTE ALL ?AT MADE HIM WIDELY KN[N 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,:5 HE CAME \T ( PRISON HIS HEAL? WAS ALREADY BROK51 & 9 ! SUMM] ( #ahfh HE WAS DR[N$ :ILE BA?+ 9 ONE ( ! ,BALTIC SEA-SIDE RESORTS4 

,UPON ! ,RUSSIAN Y\? ( HIS [N TIME1 & CONSEQU5TLY ON :ATEV] %>E1 AS M5 & WOM5 LAT] ON1 !Y BR\<T TO ! G5]AL PROGRESS ( ! C\NTRY1 ,PIS>EFF EX]CIS$ AN 9FLU5CE :I* WAS AS GREAT AS ?AT ( ,BYEL9SKIY1 ,T*]NY%EVSKIY1 & ,DOBROLUB(F4 ,H]E AGA9 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DET]M9E ! *>ACT] & ! CAUSE ( ?IS 9FLU5CE BY M]ELY REF]R+ TO ,PIS>EFF'S CANONS 9 >T CRITICISM4 ,HIS LEAD+ IDEAS ON ?IS SUBJECT CAN BE EXPLA9$ 9 A FEW WORDS2 HIS IDEAL WAS 0! ?\<TFUL REALI/ 0--! TYPE :I* ,TURGU5EFF HAD JU/ REPRES5T$ 9 ,BAZ>(F1 & :I* ,PIS>EFF FUR!R DEVELOP$ 9 HIS CRITICAL ESSAYS4 ,HE %>$ ,BAZ>(F'S L[ OP9ION ( >T1 BUT1 AS A CONCESSION1 DEM&$ ?AT ,RUSSIAN >T %\LD1 AT LEA/1 REA* ! HEI<TS :I* >T HAD REA*$ ) ,GOE!1 ,HE9E & ,BORNE 9 ELEVAT+ MANK9D--OR ELSE ?AT ?OSE :O >E ALWAYS TALK + ( >T1 BUT CAN PRODUCE NO?+ APPROA*+ IT1 %\LD RA!R GIVE !IR =CES TO SOME?+ MORE )9 !IR REA*4 ,?IS IS :Y HE DEVOT$ MO/ ELABORATE >TICLES TO DEPRECIAT+ ! FUTILE POETRY ( ,PU%K94 ,9 E?ICS HE WAS 5TIRELY AT ONE ) ! 0,NIHILI/0 ,BAZ>(F1 :O B[$ BE=E NO AU?ORITY BUT ?AT ( HIS [N REASON4 ,& HE ?\<T 7LIKE ,BAZ>(F 9 A CONV]SATION ) ,PAVEL ,PETROVIT*7 ?AT ! MA9 PO9T1 AT ?AT GIV5 MOM5T1 WAS TO DEVELOP ! ?OR\<1 SCI5TIFICALLY-$UCAT$ REALI/1 :O W\LD BREAK ) ALL ! TRADITIONS & MI/AKES ( ! OLD5 TIME1 & W\LD WORK1 LOOK+ UPON HUMAN LIFE ) ! S\ND COMMON-S5SE ( A REALI/4 ,HE EV5 DID SOME?+ HIMSELF TO SPREAD ! S\ND NATURAL SCI5CE KN[L$GE ?AT HAD SUDD5LY DEVELOP$ 9 ?OSE YE>S1 & WROTE A MO/ REM>KABLE EXPOSITION ( ,D>W9ISM 9 A S]IES ( >TICLES 5TITL$ ,PROGRESS 9 ! ,WORLD ( ,PLANTS & ,ANIMALS4 

,BUT--TO QUOTE ! P]FECTLY CORRECT E/IMATE ( ,SKABIT*EVSKIY--0ALL ?IS DOES NOT1 H[EV]1 DET]M9E ,PIS>EFF'S POSITION 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,9 ALL ?IS HE ONLY EMBODI$ A C]TA9 MOM5T ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN Y\?1 ) ALL ITS EXAGG]ATIONS40 ,! REAL CAUSE ( ,PIS>EFF'S 9FLU5CE WAS ELSE:]E1 & MAY BE BE/ EXPLA9$ BY ! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE4 ,!RE APPE>$ A NOVEL 9 :I* ! AU?OR HAD TOLD H[ A GIRL1 GOOD-HE>T$1 HONE/1 BUT QUITE UN$UCAT$1 QUITE COMMONPLACE AS TO H] CONCEPTIONS ( HAPP9ESS & LIFE1 & FULL ( ! CURR5T SOCIETY-PREJUDICES1 FELL 9 LOVE1 & WAS BR\<T TO ALL SORTS ( MIS =TUNES4 ,?IS GIRL--,PIS>EFF AT ONCE UND]/OOD--WAS NOT 9V5T$4 ,?\S&S UPON ?\S&S ( LIKE GIRLS EXI/1 & !IR LIVES HAVE ! SAME RUN4 ,!Y >E--HE SAID--0,MUSL9 ,GIRLS40 ,!IR CONCEPTION ( ! UNIV]SE DOES NOT GO MU* BEYOND !IR MUSL9 DRESSES4 ,& HE REASON$1 H[ ) !IR 0MUSL9 $UCATION0 & !IR 0MUSL9-GIRL CONCEPTIONS10 !Y MU/ UNAVOIDABLY COME TO GRIEF4 ,& BY ?IS >TICLE1 :I* EV]Y GIRL 9 EV]Y $UCAT$ FAMILY 9 ,RUSSIA READ1 & READS /ILL1 HE 9DUC$ ?\S&S UPON ?\S&S ( ,RUSSIAN GIRLS TO SAY TO !MSELVES3 0,NO1 NEV] WILL ,I BE LIKE ?AT POOR MUSL9 GIRL4 ,I WILL CONQU] KN[L$GE2 ,I WILL ?9K2 & ,I WILL MAKE = MYSELF A BETT] FUTURE40 ,EA* ( HIS >TICLES HAD A SIMIL> EFFECT4 ,IT GAVE TO ! Y\NG M9D ! FIR/ %OCK4 ,IT OP5$ ! Y\NG MAN'S & ! Y\NG WOMAN'S EYES TO ?OSE ?\S&S ( DETAILS ( LIFE :I* HABIT MAKES US CEASE TO P]CEIVE1 BUT ! SUM ( :I* MAKES PRECISELY ?AT /IFL+ ATMOSPH]E UND] :I* ! H]O9ES ( 0 ,KRE/OVSKIY-PSEUDONYM 0 US$ TO WI!R4 ,FROM ?AT LIFE1 :I* C\LD PROMISE ONLY DECEPTION1 DULLNESS & VEGETATIVE EXI/5CE1 HE CALL$ ! Y\? ( BO? SEXES TO A LIFE FULL ( ! LI<T ( KN[L$GE1 A LIFE ( WORK1 ( BROAD VIEWS & SYMPA?IES1 :I* WAS N[ OP5$ = ! 0?\<TFUL REALI/40 

,! TIME HAS NOT YET COME TO FULLY APPRECIATE ! WORK ( ,M,I,H,A,I,L,O,V,S,K,I,Y 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#d71 :O 9 ! SEV5TIES BECAME ! LEAD+ CRITIC1 & REMA9$ SO TILL HIS DEA?4 ,MOREOV]1 HIS PROP] POSITION C\LD NOT BE UND]/OOD )\T MY 5T]+ 9TO MANY DETAILS CONC]N+ ! *>ACT] ( ! 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA = ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S1 & ?IS MOVEM5T HAS BE5 EXTREMELY COMPLEX4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT ) ,MIHAILOVSKIY LIT]>Y CRITICISM TOOK A PHILOSOPHICAL TURN4 ,)9 ?IS P]IOD ,SP5C]'S PHILOSOPHY HAD PRODUC$ A DEEP S5SATION 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ,MIHAILOVSKIY SUBMITT$ IT TO A SEV]E ANALYSIS FROM ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL /&PO9T1 %[+ ITS WEAK PO9TS & WORK+ \T HIS [N ,!ORY ( ,PROGRESS1 :I* WILL C]TA9LY BE SPOK5 ( ) RESPECT 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE :5 IT BECOMES KN[N \TSIDE ,RUSSIA4 ,HIS V]Y REM>KABLE >TICLES ON ,9DIVIDUALISM1 ON ,H]OES & ! ,CR[D1 ON ,HAPP9ESS1 HAVE ! SAME PHILOSOPHICAL VALUE2 :ILE EV5 FROM ! FEW QUOTATIONS FROM HIS ,LEFT & ,RI<T ,H& ( ,C\NT ,TOL/OY1 :I* W]E GIV5 9 A PREC$+ *APT]1 IT IS EASY TO SEE :I* WAY HIS SYMPA?IES GO4 

,( ! O!R CRITICS ( ! SAME T5D5CIES ,I %ALL ONLY NAME ,S,K,A,B,I,T,*,E,V,S,K,I,Y 7BORN #a#h#c#h71 ! AU?OR ( A V]Y WELL WRITT5 HI/ORY ( MOD]N ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 ALREADY M5TION$ 9 !SE PAGES2 ,K4 ,>,S,5,I,E,F,F 7BORN #a#h#c#g71 :OSE ,CRITICAL ,/UDIES 7#a#h#h#h7 >E ! MORE 9T]E/+ AS !Y DEAL AT SOME L5G? ) SOME ( ! LESS KN[N POETS & ! Y\NG] CONTEMPOR>Y WRIT]S2 & ,P4 ,P,O,L,E,V,O,Y 7#a#h#c#i-#a#i#c71 ! AU?OR ( MANY HI/ORICAL NOVELS & ( A POPUL> & QUITE VALUABLE ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE2 BUT ,I AM COMPELL$ TO PASS OV] 9 SIL5CE ! VALUABLE CRITICAL WORK DONE BY ,D,R,U,Z,H,9,9 7#a#h#b#d-#a#h#f#d7 AFT] ! DEA? ( ,BYEL9SKIY1 AS ALSO ,A4 ,G,R,I,G,O,R,I,E,F,F 7 #a#h#b#b-#a#h#f#d71 A BRILLIANT & ORIG9AL CRITIC FROM ! ,SLAVOPHILE CAMP4 ,!Y BO? TOOK ! 0AES!TICAL0 PO9T ( VIEW & COMBAT$ ! UTILIT>IAN VIEWS UPON ,>T1 BUT HAD NO GREAT SUCCESS4 

,T,O,L,/,O,Y',S 0,:,A,T ,I,S ,>,T80 

,IT IS ?US SE5 ?AT = ! LA/ EI<TY YE>S1 BEG9N+ ) ,V5EVIT9(F & ,NADEZHD91 ,RUSSIAN >T-CRITICS HAVE WORK$ TO E/ABLI% ! IDEA ?AT >T HAS A RAISON D'ETRE ONLY :5 IT IS 09 ! S]VICE ( SOCIETY0 & CONTRIBUTES T[>DS RAIS+ SOCIETY TO HI<] HUMANIT>IAN CONCEPTIONS --BY ?OSE MEANS :I* >E PROP] TO >T1 & DI/+UI% IT FROM SCI5CE4 ,?IS IDEA :I* SO MU* %OCK$ ,WE/]N READ]S :5 ,PR\DHON DEVELOP$ IT HAS BE5 ADVOCAT$ 9 ,RUSSIA BY ALL ?OSE :O HAVE EX]CIS$ A REAL 9FLU5CE UPON CRITICAL JUDGM5T 9 >T MATT]S4 ,& !Y W]E SUPPORT$ DE FACTO BY SOME ( \R GREATE/ POETS1 SU* AS ,L]MONT(F & ,TURGU5EFF4 ,AS TO ! CRITICS ( ! O!R CAMP1 LIKE ,DRUZH991 ,ANN5K(F & ,A4 ,GRIGORIEFF1 :O TOOK EI!R ! OPPOSITE VIEW ( 0>T = >T'S SAKE10 OR SOME 9T]M$IATE VIEW--:O PREA*$ ?AT ! CRIT]IUM ( >T IS 0,! ,BEAUTIFUL0 & CLUNG TO ! !ORIES ( ! ,G]MAN AES!TICAL WRIT]S--!Y HAVE HAD NO HOLD UPON ,RUSSIAN ?\<T4 

,! METAPHYSICS ( ! ,G]MAN AES!TICAL WRIT]S WAS MORE ?AN ONCE DEMOLI%$ 9 ! OP9ION ( ,RUSSIAN READ]S --ESPECIALLY BY ,BYEL9SKIY1 9 HIS ,REVIEW ( ,LIT]ATURE = #a#h#d#g1 & BY ,T*]NY%EVSKIY 9 HIS ,A,ES!TIC ,RELATIONS ( ,>T TO ,REALITY4 ,9 ?IS ,REVIEW ,BYEL9SKIY FULLY DEVELOP$ HIS IDEAS CONC]N+ ,>T 9 ! S]VICE ( MANK9D1 & PROV$ ?AT AL?\< ,>T IS NOT ID5TICAL ) ,SCI5CE1 & DIFF]S FROM IT BY ! WAY IT TREATS ! FACTS ( LIFE1 IT NEV]!LESS HAS ) IT A COMMON AIM4 ,! MAN ( SCI5CE DEMON/RATES--! POET %[S2 BUT BO? CONV9CE2 ! ONE BY HIS >GUM5TS1 ! O!R--BY HIS SC5ES FROM LIFE4 ,! SAME WAS DONE BY ,T*]NY%EVSKIY :5 HE MA9TA9$ ?AT ! AIM ( ,>T IS NOT UNLIKE ?AT ( ,HI/ORY3 ?AT IT EXPLA9S TO US LIFE1 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY ,>T :I* %\LD M]ELY REPRODUCE FACTS ( LIFE )\T ADD+ TO \R COMP5SATION ( IT W\LD NOT BE ,>T AT ALL4 

,!SE FEW REM>KS WILL EXPLA9 :Y ,TOL/OY'S ,:AT IS ,>T8 PRODUC$ MU* LESS IMPRESSION 9 ,RUSSIA ?AN ABROAD4 ,:AT /RUCK US 9 IT WAS NOT ITS LEAD+ IDEA1 :I* WAS QUITE FAMILI> TO US1 BUT ! FACT ?AT ! GREAT >TI/ ALSO MADE IT HIS [N1 & WAS SUPPORT+ IT BY ALL ! WEI<T ( HIS >TI/IC EXP]I5CE2 & !N1 ( C\RSE1 ! LIT]>Y =M HE GAVE ! IDEA4 ,MOREOV]1 WE READ ) ! GREATE/ 9T]E/ HIS WITTY CRITICISMS ( BO? ! 0DECAD5T0 W\LD-BE POETS & ! LIBRETTOS ( ,WAGN]'S OP]AS2 TO :I* LATT]1 LET ME ADD BY ! WAY1 ,WAGN] WROTE1 9 PLACES1 WOND]FULLY BEAUTIFUL MUSIC1 AS SOON AS HE CAME TO DEAL ) ! UNIV]SAL HUMAN PASSIONS1--LOVE1 COMPASSION1 5VY1 ! JOY ( LIFE1 & SO ON1 & =GOT ALL AB\T HIS FAIRY-TALE BACKGR\ND4 

,:AT IS ,>T8 (F]$ ! MORE 9T]E/ 9 ,RUSSIA BECAUSE ! DEF5D]S ( PURE ,>T & ! HAT]S ( ! 0NIHILI/S 9 ,>T0 HAD BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO QUOTE ,TOL/OY AS ( !IR CAMP4 ,9 HIS Y\? 9DE$ HE SEEMS NOT TO HAVE HAD V]Y DEF9ITE IDEAS AB\T ,>T4 ,AT ANY RATE1 :51 9 #a#h#e#i1 HE WAS RECEIV$ AS A MEMB] ( ! ,SOCIETY ( ,FRI5DS ( ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE1 HE PRON\NC$ A SPEE* ON ! NECESSITY ( NOT DRAGG+ ,>T 9TO ! SMALL] DISPUTES ( ! DAY1 TO :I* ! ,SLAVOPHILE ,HOMYAK(F REPLI$ 9 A FI]Y SPEE*1 CONTE/+ HIS IDEAS ) GREAT 5]GY4 

0,!RE >E MOM5TS--GREAT HI/ORIC MOM5TS0--,HOMYAK(F SAID--0:5 SELF-D5UNCIATION 7HE MEANT ON ! P>T ( ,SOCIETY7 HAS ESPECIAL1 9CONTE/ABLE RI<TS4444,! 'ACCID5TAL' & ! 'TEMPOR>Y' 9 ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( A NATION'S LIFE ACQUIRE !N ! MEAN+ ( ! UNIV]SAL & ! BROADLY HUMAN1 BECAUSE ALL G5]ATIONS & ALL NATIONS CAN UND]/&1 & DO UND]/&1 ! PA9FUL MOANS & ! PA9FUL CONFESSIONS ( A GIV5 G5]ATION OR A GIV5 NATION404440,AN >TI/0--HE CONT9U$--0IS NOT A !ORY2 HE IS NOT A M]E DOMA9 ( ?\<T & C]EBRAL ACTIVITY4 ,HE IS A MAN--ALWAYS A MAN ( HIS [N TIME--USUALLY ONE ( ITS BE/ REPRES5TATIVES444,[+ TO ! V]Y IMPRESSIONABILITY ( HIS ORGANISM1 )\T :I* HE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 AN >TI/1 HE1 MORE ?AN ! O!RS1 RECEIVES BO? ! PA9FUL & ! PLEASANT IMPRESSIONS ( ! ,SOCIETY 9 ! MID/ ( :I* HE WAS BORN40  

,%[+ ?AT ,TOL/OY HAD ALREADY TAK5 JU/ ?IS /& PO9T 9 SOME ( HIS WORKS2 = EXAMPLE1 9 DESCRIB+ ! DEA? ( ! HORSE-DRIV] 9 ,?REE ,DEA?S1 ,HOMYAK(F CONCLUD$ BY SAY+3 0,YES1 Y\ HAVE BE51 & Y\ WILL BE ONE ( ?OSE :O D5\NCE ! EVILS ( ,SOCIETY4 ,CONT9UE TO FOLL[ ! EXCELL5T WAY Y\ HAVE *OS540"9 

,AT ANY RATE1 9 ,:AT IS ,>T8 ,TOL/OY 5TIRELY BREAKS ) ! !ORIES ( 0,>T = ,>T'S SAKE10 & MAKES AN OP5 /& BY ! SIDE ( ?OSE :OSE IDEAS HAVE BE5 EXP\ND$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES4 ,HE ONLY DEF9ES /ILL MORE CORRECTLY ! DOMA9 ( ,>T :5 HE SAYS ?AT ! >TI/ ALWAYS AIMS AT COMMUNICAT+ TO O!RS ! SAME FEEL+S :I* HE EXP]I5CES AT ! SI<T ( NATURE OR ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,NOT TO CONV9CE1 AS ,T*]NY%EVSKIY SAID1 BUT TO 9FECT ! O!RS ) HIS [N FEEL+S1 :I* IS C]TA9LY MORE CORRECT4 ,H[EV]1 0FEEL+0 & 0?\<T0 >E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,A FEEL+ SEEKS WORDS TO EXPRESS ITSELF1 & A FEEL+ EXPRESS$ 9 WORDS IS A ?\<T4 ,& :5 ,TOL/OY SAYS ?AT ! AIM ( >TI/IC ACTIVITY IS TO TRANSMIT 0! HI<E/ FEEL+S :I* HUMANITY HAS ATTA9$0 & ?AT ,>T MU/ BE 0RELIGI\S0--?AT IS1 WAKE UP ! HI<E/ & ! BE/ ASPIRATIONS--HE ONLY EXPRESSES 9 O!R WORDS :AT ALL \R BE/ CRITICS S9CE ,V5EVIT9(F1 ,NADEZHD9 & ,POLEVOY HAVE SAID4 ,9 FACT1 :5 HE COMPLA9S ?AT NOBODY TEA*ES M5 H[ TO LIVE1 HE OV]LOOKS ?AT ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT GOOD ,>T IS DO+1 & :AT \R >T-CRITICS HAVE ALWAYS DONE4 ,BYEL9SKIY1 ,DOBROLUB(F & ,PIS>EFF1 & !IR CONT9UATORS HAVE DONE NO?+ BUT TO TEA* M5 H[ TO LIVE4 ,!Y /UDI$ & ANALYZ$ LIFE1 AS IT HAD BE5 UND]/OOD BY ! GREATE/ >TI/S ( EA* C5TURY1 & !Y DREW FROM !IR WORKS CONCLUSIONS AS TO 0H[ TO LIVE40 

,MORE ?AN ?IS4 ,:5 ,TOL/OY1 >M$ ) HIS P[]FUL CRITICISM1 *A/ISES :AT HE SO WELL DESCRIBES AS 0C\NT]FEITS ( ,>T10 HE CONT9UES ! WORK ?AT ,T*]NY%EVSKIY1 ,DOBROLUB(F & ESPECIALLY ,PIS>EFF HAD DONE4 ,HE SIDES ) ,BAZ>(F4 ,ONLY1 ?IS 9T]V5TION ( ! GREAT >TI/ GIVES A MORE DEADLY BL[ TO ! 0,>T = ,>T'S SAKE0 !ORY /ILL 9 VOGUE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ?AN ANY?+ ?AT ,PR\DHON OR \R ,RUSSIAN CRITICS1 UNKN[N 9 ! ,WE/1 C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE DONE4 

,AS TO ,TOL/OY'S IDEA CONC]N+ ! VALUE ( A WORK ( ,>T BE+ MEASUR$ BY ITS ACCESSIBILITY TO ! GREAT NUMB]1 :I* HAS BE5 SO FI]CELY ATTACK$ ON ALL SIDES1 & EV5 RIDICUL$--?IS ASS]TION1 AL?\< IT HAS P]HAPS NOT YET BE5 V]Y WELL EXPRESS$1 CONTA9S1 ,I BELIEVE1 ! G]MS ( A GREAT IDEA :I* SOON] OR LAT] IS C]TA9 TO MAKE ITS WAY4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT EV]Y =M ( >T HAS A C]TA9 CONV5TIONAL WAY ( EXPRESS+ ITSELF--ITS [N WAY ( 09FECT+ O!RS ) ! >TI/'S FEEL+S10 & !RE=E REQUIRES A C]TA9 TRA9+ TO UND]/& IT4 ,TOL/OY IS H>DLY RI<T 9 OV]LOOK+ ! FACT ?AT SOME TRA9+ IS REQUIR$ = RI<TLY COMPREH5D+ EV5 ! SIMPLE/ =MS ( >T1 & HIS CRIT]ION ( 0UNIV]SAL UND]/&+0 SEEMS !RE=E F>-FET*$4 

,H[EV]1 !RE LIES 9 :AT HE SAYS A DEEP IDEA4 ,TOL/OY IS C]TA9LY RI<T 9 ASK+ :Y ! ,BIBLE HAS NOT YET BE5 SUP]S$$1 AS A WORK ( ,>T ACCESSIBLE TO EV]YONE4 ,MI*ELET HAD ALREADY MADE A SIMIL> REM>K1 & HAD SAID ?AT :AT WAS WANT$ BY \R C5TURY WAS ,LE ,LIVRE1 ,! ,BOOK1 :I* %ALL CONTA9 9 A GREAT1 POETICAL =M ACCESSIBLE TO ALL1 ! EMBODIM5T ( NATURE ) ALL H] GLORIES & ( ! HI/ORY ( ALL MANK9D 9 ITS DEEPE/ HUMAN FEATURES4 ,HUMBOLDT HAD AIM$ AT ?IS 9 HIS ,COSMOS2 BUT GR& ?\< HIS WORK IS1 IT IS ACCESSIBLE TO ONLY ! V]Y FEW4 ,IT WAS NOT HE :O %\LD TRANSFIGURE SCI5CE 9TO POETRY4 ,& WE HAVE NO WORK ( ,>T :I* EV5 APPROA*ES ?IS NE$ ( MOD]N MANK9D4 

,! REASON IS SELF-EVID5T3 ,BECAUSE ,>T HAS BECOME TOO >TIFICIAL2 BECAUSE1 BE+ *IEFLY = ! RI*1 IT HAS TOO MU* SPECIALIZ$ ITS WAYS ( EXPRESSION1 SO AS TO BE UND]/OOD BY ! FEW ONLY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,TOL/OY IS ABSOLUTELY RI<T4 ,TAKE ! MASS ( EXCELL5T WORKS ?AT HAVE BE5 M5TION$ 9 ?IS BOOK4 ,H[ V]Y FEW ( !M WILL EV] BECOME ACCESSIBLE TO A L>GE PUBLIC6 ,! FACT IS1 ?AT A NEW ,>T IS 9DE$ REQUIR$4 ,& IT WILL COME :5 ! >TI/1 HAV+ UND]/OOD ?IS IDEA ( ,TOL/OY'S1 %ALL SAY TO HIMSELF3 0,I MAY WRITE HI<LY PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS ( >T 9 :I* ,I DEPICT ! 9N] DRAMA ( ! HI<LY $UCAT$ & REF9$ MAN ( \R [N TIMES2 ,I MAY WRITE WORKS :I* CONTA9 ! HI<E/ POETRY ( NATURE1 9VOLV+ A DEEP KN[L$GE & COMPREH5SION ( ! LIFE ( NATURE2 BUT1 IF ,I CAN WRITE SU* ?+S1 ,I MU/ ALSO BE ABLE1 IF ,I AM A TRUE >TI/1 TO SPEAK TO ALL3 TO WRITE O!R ?+S :I* WILL BE AS DEEP 9 CONCEPTION AS !SE1 BUT :I* EV]YONE1 9CLUD+ ! HUMBLE/ M9] OR PEASANT1 WILL BE ABLE TO UND]/& & 5JOY60 ,TO SAY ?AT A FOLK-SONG IS GREAT] ,>T ?AN A ,BEE?OV5 SONATA IS NOT CORRECT3 WE CANNOT COMP>E A /ORM 9 ! ,ALPS1 & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT1 ) A F9E1 QUITE MID-SUMM] DAY & HAY-MAK+4 ,BUT TRULY GREAT ,>T1 :I*1 NOT)/&+ ITS DEP? & ITS L(TY FLI<T1 WILL P5ETRATE 9TO EV]Y PEASANT'S HUT & 9SPIRE EV]YONE ) HI<] CONCEPTIONS ( ?\<T & LIFE--SU* AN ,>T IS REALLY WANT$4 

,S,O,M,E ,C,O,N,T,E,M,P,O,R,>,Y ,N,O,V,E,L,I,/,S 

,IT DOES NOT 5T] 9TO ! PLAN ( ?IS BOOK TO ANALYZE CONTEMPOR>Y ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S4 ,ANO!R VOLUME W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO DO !M JU/ICE1 NOT ONLY ON ACC\NT ( ! LIT]>Y IMPORTANCE ( SOME ( !M1 & ! 9T]E/ ( ! V>I\S DIRECTIONS 9 ,>T :I* !Y REPRES5T1 BUT ESPECIALLY BECAUSE 9 ORD] TO PROP]LY EXPLA9 ! *>ACT] ( ! PRES5T LIT]ATURE1 & ! DIFF]5T CURR5TS 9 ,RUSSIAN ,>T1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO 5T] 9TO MANY DETAILS CONC]N+ ! UNSETTL$ CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! C\NTRY HAS BE5 LIV+ DUR+ ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 ,MOREOV]1 MO/ ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WRIT]S HAVE NOT YET SAID !IR LA/ WORD1 & WE CAN EXPECT FROM !M WORKS ( EV5 GREAT] VALUE ?AN ANY !Y HAVE HI!RTO PRODUC$4 ,I AM COMPELL$1 !RE=E1 TO LIMIT MYSELF TO BRIEF REM>KS CONC]N+ ! MO/ PROM95T LIV+ NOVELI/S ( ! PRES5T DAY4 

,O,],T,E,L 7BORN #a#h#e#e7 HAS UN=TUNATELY AB&ON$ LIT]ATURE DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 JU/ AT A TIME :5 HIS LA/ NOVEL1 ,SMY5A 7,*ANG+ ,GU>DS71 HAD GIV5 PRO(S ( A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( HIS SYMPA!TIC TAL5T4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 ! BORD]L& ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,/EPPES1 & WAS BR\<T UP ON ONE ( ! L>GE E/ATES ( ?IS REGION4 ,LAT] ON HE W5T TO ! UNIV]SITY ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG &1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 WAS COMPELL$ TO LEAVE IT AFT] SOME 0/UD5TS' DISORD]S10 & WAS 9T]N$ 9 ! T[N ( ,TV]4 ,HE SOON RETURN$1 H[EV]1 TO HIS NATIVE ,/EPPE REGION1 :I* HE *]I%ES ) ! SAME LOVE AS ,NIKIT9 & ,KOLTS(F4 

,O]TEL BEGAN HIS LIT]>Y C>E] BY %ORT SKET*ES :I* >E N[ COLLECT$ 9 TWO VOLUMES UND] ! NAME ( ,NOTEBOOK ( A ,PRAIRIE-,MAN1 & :OSE MANN] SUGGE/S ,TURGU5EFF'S ,SPORTSMAN'S ,NOTEBOOK4 ,! NATURE ( ! PRAIRIES IS ADMIRABLY DESCRIB$ 9 !SE LITTLE /ORIES1 ) GREAT W>M? & POETRY1 & ! TYPES ( PEASANTS :O APPE> 9 ! /ORIES >E P]FECTLY TRUE TO NATURE1 )\T ANY ATTEMPTS AT IDEALIZATION1 AL?\< ONE FEELS ?AT ! AU?OR IS NO GREAT ADMIR] ( ! 09TELLECTUALS0 & FULLY APPRECIATES ! G5]AL E?ICS ( RURAL LIFE4 ,SOME ( !SE SKET*ES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :I* DEAL ) ! GR[+ B\GEOISIE DU VILLAGE1 >E HI<LY >TI/IC4 ,TWO ,C\PLES 7#a#h#h#g71 9 :I* ! P>ALLEL /ORIES ( TWO Y\NG C\PLES 9 LOVE--ONE ( $UCAT$ PEOPLE & ! O!R ( PEASANTS-->E GIV51 IS A /ORY EVID5TLY WRITT5 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! IDEAS ( ,TOL/OY1 & BE>+ TRACES ( A PRECONCEIV$ IDEA1 :I* SPOILS 9 PLACES ! >TI/IC VALUE ( ! NOVEL4 ,!RE >E NEV]!LESS ADMIRABLE SC5ES1 TE/IFY+ TO V]Y F9E P[]S ( OBS]VATION4 

,H[EV]1 ! REAL =CE ( ,O]TEL IS NOT 9 DISCUSS+ PSY*OLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 ,HIS TRUE DOMA9 IS ! DESCRIPTION ( :OLE REGIONS1 ) ALL ! V>IETY ( TYPES ( M5 :I* ONE F9DS AMID ! MIX$ POPULATIONS ( ,S\? ,RUSSIA1 & ?IS =CE APPE>S AT ITS BE/ 9 ,! ,G>D59S1 !IR ,RETA9]S1 !IR ,FOLL[]S1 & !IR ,5EMIES1 & 9 ,*ANG+ ,GU>DS4 ,RUSSIAN CRITICS HAVE1 ( C\RSE1 V]Y S]I\SLY & V]Y M9UTELY DISCUSS$ ! Y\NG H]OES1 ,EFREM & ,NI*OLAS1 :O APPE> 9 ,! ,G>D59S1 & !Y HAVE MADE A RIGOR\S 9QUIRY 9TO ! WAYS ( ?9K+ ( !SE Y\NG M54 ,BUT ?IS IS ( A QUITE SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE1 & ONE ALMO/ REGRETS ?AT ! AU?OR1 PAY+ A TRIBUTE TO HIS TIMES1 HAS GIV5 ! TWO Y\NG M5 MORE ATT5TION ?AN !Y DES]VE1 BE+ ONLY TWO MORE 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! GREAT PICTURE ( C\NTRY LIFE :I* HE HAS DRAWN = US4 ,! FACT IS1 ?AT JU/ AS WE HAVE 9 ,GOGOL'S TALES QUITE A WORLD OP5+ BE=E US--A ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE1 OR PROV9CIAL LIFE--SO ALSO H]E WE SEE1 AS ! V]Y TITLE ( ! NOVEL SUGGE/S1 ! :OLE LIFE ( A L>GE E/ATE AT ! TIMES ( S]FDOM1 ) ITS MASS ( RETA9]S1 FOLL[]S & FOES1 ALL GR\P$ R\ND ! HORSE-BRE$+ E/ABLI%M5T :I* MAKES ! FAME ( ! E/ATE & ! PRIDE ( ALL CONNECT$ ) IT4 ,IT IS ! LIFE ( ?AT CR[D ( PEOPLE1 ! LIFE AT ! HORSE-FAIRS & ! RACES1 NOT ! DISCUSSIONS OR ! LOVES ( A C\PLE ( Y\NG M51 :I* MAKES ! MA9 9T]E/ ( ! PICTURE2 & ?AT LIFE IS REALLY REPRODUC$ 9 AS MA/]LY A MANN] AS IT IS 9 A GOOD ,DUT* PICTURE REPRES5T+ SOME VILLAGE FAIR4 ,NO WRIT] 9 ,RUSSIA S9CE ,S]<EI ,AKSAK(F & ,GOGOL HAS SO WELL SUCCE$$ 9 PA9T+ A :OLE CORN] ( ,RUSSIA ) ITS SCORES ( FIGURES1 ALL LIV+ & ALL PLAC$ 9 ?OSE POSITIONS ( RELATIVE IMPOR TANCE :I* !Y OCCUPY 9 REAL LIFE4 

,! SAME P[] IS FELT 9 ,*ANG+ ,GU>DS4 ,! SUBJECT ( ?IS NOVEL IS V]Y 9T]E/+4 ,IT %[S H[ ! OLD NOBLE FAMILIES DIS9TEGRATE1 LIKE !IR E/ATES1 & H[ ANO!R CLASS ( M5--M]*ANTS & UNSCRUPUL\S ADV5TUR]S--GET POSSESSION ( !SE E/ATES1 :ILE A NEW CLASS MADE UP ( ! Y\NG] M]*ANTS & CL]KS1 :O >E BEG9N+ TO BE 9SPIR$ ) SOME IDEAS ( FRE$OM & HI<] CULTURE1 CON/ITUTES ALREADY ! G]M ( A NEW /RATUM ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES4 ,9 ?IS NOVEL1 TOO1 SOME CRITICS FA/5$ !IR ATT5 TION *IEFLY ON ! UND\BT$LY 9T]E/+ TYPES ( ! >I/OCRATIC GIRL1 ! ,NON-CON=MI/ PEASANT :OM %E BEG9S TO LOVE1 ! PRACTICAL ,RADICAL Y\NG M]*ANT--ALL PA9T$ QUITE TRUE TO LIFE2 BUT !Y OV]LOOK$ :AT MAKES ! REAL IMPORTANCE ( ! NOVEL4 ,H]E AGA9 WE HAVE QUITE A REGION ( ,S\? ,RUSSIA 7AS TYPICAL AS ! ,F> ,WE/ IS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES71 ?ROBB+ ) LIFE & FULL ( LIV+ M5 & WOM51 AS IT WAS SOME TW5TY YE>S AFT] ! LIB]A TION ( ! S]FS1 :5 A NEW LIFE1 NOT DEVOID ( SOME ,AM]ICAN FEATURES1 WAS BEG9N+ TO APPE>4 ,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ?IS Y\NG LIFE & ! DECAY+ MANSION IS V]Y WELL REPRODUC$1 TOO1 9 ! ROMANCES ( ! Y\NG PEOPLE--! :OLE BE>+ ! /AMP ( ! MO/ SYMPA!TIC 9DIVIDUALITY ( ! AU?OR4 

,K,O,R,O,L,5,K,O WAS BORN 79 #a#h#e#c7 9 A SMALL T[N ( ,WE/ ]N ,RUSSIA1 & !RE HE RECEIV$ HIS FIR/ $UCATION4 ,9 #ahgb HE WAS AT ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,ACADEMY ( ,MOSC[1 BUT WAS COMPELL$ TO LEAVE AFT] HAV+ TAK5 P>T 9 SOME /UD5TS' MOVEM5T4 ,LAT] ON HE WAS >RE/$ AS A 0POLITICAL10 & EXIL$1 FIR/ TO A SMALL T[N ( ! ,URALS1 & !N TO ,WE/]N ,SIB]IA1 & FROM !RE1 AFT] HIS REFUSAL TO TAKE ! OA? ( ALLEGIANCE TO ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I41 HE WAS TRANSPORT$ TO A ,YAKUT 5CAMPM5T SEV]AL HUNDR$ MILES BEYOND ,YAKUTSK4 ,!RE HE SP5T SEV]AL YE>S1 & :5 HE RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA 9 #a#h#h#f1 NOT BE+ ALL[$ TO /AY 9 ,UNIV]SITY T[NS1 HE SETTL$ AT ,NIZHNIY ,NOVGOROD4 

,LIFE 9 ! F> NOR?1 9 ! DES]TS ( ,YAKUTSK1 9 A SMALL 5CAMPM5T BURI$ = HALF ! YE> 9 ! SN[1 PRODUC$ UPON ,KOROL5KO AN EXTREMELY DEEP IMPRESSION1 & ! LITTLE /ORIES :I* HE WROTE AB\T ,SIB]IAN SUBJECTS 7,! ,DREAM ( ,MAK>1 ,! ,MAN FROM ,SAKHAL91 ETC471 W]E SO BEAUTIFUL ?AT HE WAS UNANIM\SLY RECOGNIZ$ AS A TRUE HEIR TO ,TURGU5EFF4 ,!RE IS 9 ! LITTLE /ORIES ( ,KOROL5KO A =CE1 A S5SE ( PROPORTION1 A MA/]Y 9 DEPICT+ ! *>ACT]S1 & AN >TI/IC F9I%1 :I* NOT ONLY DI/+UI% HIM FROM MO/ ( HIS Y\NG CONTEMPOR>IES1 BUT REVEAL 9 HIM A TRUE >TI/4 ,:AT ! ,=E/ ,SAYS1 9 :I* HE RELAT$ A DRAMATIC EPISODE FROM S]FDOM TIMES 9 ,LI?UANIA1 ONLY FUR!R CONFIRM$ ! HI< REPUTATION :I* ,KOROL5KO HAD ALREADY WON4 ,IT IS NOT AN IMITATION ( ,TURGU5EFF1 & YET IT AT ONCE RECALL$1 BY ITS COMPREH5SION ( ! LIFE ( ! =E/1 ! GREAT NOVELI/'S BEAUTIFUL SKET*1 ,! ,WOODL&S 7,POLYESIE74 ,9 ,BAD ,SOCIETY IS EVID5TLY TAK5 FROM ! AU?OR'S *ILDHOOD1 & ?IS IDYLL AMONG TRAMPS & ?IEVES :O CONCEAL$ !MSELVES 9 ! RU9S ( SOME T[] IS ( SU* BEAUTY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! SC5ES ) *ILDR51 ?AT EV]YONE F\ND 9 IT A TRULY 0,TURGU5EFF *>M40 ,BUT !N ,KOROL5KO CAME TO A HALT4 ,HIS ,BL9D ,MUSICIAN WAS READ 9 ALL LANGUAGES1 & ADMIR$--AGA9 = ITS *>M2 BUT IT WAS FELT ?AT ! OV]-REF9$ PSY*OLOGY ( ?IS NOVEL IS H>DLY CORRECT2 & NO GREAT] PRODUCTION WOR?Y ( ! EXTREMELY SYMPA!TIC & RI* TAL5T ( ,KOROL5KO HAS APPE>$ S9CE1 :ILE HIS ATTEMPTS AT PRODUC+ A L>G] & MORE ELABORATE ROMANCE W]E NOT CR[N$ ) SUCCESS4 

,?IS IS SOME:AT /RIK+1 BUT ! SAME W\LD HAVE TO BE SAID ( ALL ! CONTEMPOR>IES ( ,KOROL5KO1 AMONG :OM !RE >E M5 & WOM5 ( GREAT TAL5T4 ,TO ANALYZE ! CAUSES ( ?IS FACT1 ESPECIALLY ) REF]5CE TO SO GREAT AN >TI/ AS ,KOROL5KO1 W\LD C]TA9LY BE A TEMPT+ TASK4 ,BUT ?IS W\LD REQUIRE SPEAK+ AT SOME L5G? ( ! *ANGE :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN NOVEL DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S OR SO1 9 CONNECTION ) ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,A FEW H9TS WILL P]HAPS EXPLA9 :AT IS MEANT4 ,9 ! SEV5TIES QUITE A SPECIAL SORT ( NOVEL HAD BE5 CREAT$ BY A NUMB] ( Y\NG NOVELI/S--MO/LY CONTRIBUTORS ( ! REVIEW1 ,RUSSKOYE ,SLOVO4 ,! 0?\<TFUL REALI/0--SU* AS HE WAS UND]/OOD BY ,PIS>EFF--WAS !IR H]O1 & H[EV] IMP]FECT ! TE*NIQUE ( !SE NOVELS MI<T HAVE BE5 9 SOME CASES1 !IR LEAD+ IDEA WAS MO/ HONE/1 & ! 9FLU5CE !Y EX]CIS$ UPON ,RUSSIAN Y\? WAS 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION4 ,?IS WAS ! TIME :5 ,RUSSIAN WOM5 W]E MAK+ !IR FIR/ /EPS T[>DS HI<] $UCATION1 & TRY+ TO CONQU] SOME SORT ( ECONOMICAL & 9TELLECTUAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,TO ATTA9 ?IS1 !Y HAD TO SU/A9 A BITT] /RUGGLE AGA9/ !IR ELD]S4 0,MADAME ,KABANOVA0 & 0,DIKOY0 7SEE ,*4 ,V,I47 W]E ALIVE !N 9 A ?\S& GUISES1 9 ALL CLASSES ( SOCIETY1 & \R WOM5 HAD TO /RUGGLE H>D AGA9/ !IR P>5TS & RELATIVES1 :O DID NOT UND]/& !IR *ILDR52 AGA9/ 0,SOCIETY0 AS A :OLE1 :I* HAT$ ! 0EMANCIPAT$ WOMAN02 & AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* ONLY TOO WELL =ESAW ! DANG]S ?AT A NEW G5]ATION ( $UCAT$ WOM5 W\LD REPRES5T = AN AUTOCRATIC BUREAUCRACY4 ,IT WAS ( ! FIR/ NECESSITY1 !N1 ?AT AT LEA/ 9 ! M5 ( ! SAME G5]ATION ! Y\NG FI<T]S = WOM5'S RI<TS %\LD F9D HELP]S1 & NOT ?AT SORT ( M5 AB\T :OM ,TURGU5EFF'S H]O9E 9 ,CORRESPOND5CE WROTE 7SEE ,*4 ,I,V474 ,9 ?IS DIRECTION--ESPECIALLY AFT] ! SPL5DID BEG9N+ ?AT WAS MADE BY TWO WOM5 WRIT]S1 ,S,O,P,H,I,E ,S,M,I,R,N,O,V,A 7,! ,LITTLE ,FIRE1 ,! ,SALT ( ! ,E>?7 & ,O,L,G,A ,%,A,P,I,R--\R M5-NOVELI/S HAVE DONE GOOD S]VICE1 BO? 9 MA9TA9+ ! 5]GY ( WOM5 9 !IR H>D /RUGGLE & 9 9SPIR+ M5 ) RESPECT T[>DS ?AT /RUGGLE & ?OSE :O F\<T 9 IT4 

,LAT] ON A NEW ELEM5T BECAME PROM95T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN NOVEL4 ,IT WAS ! 0POPULI/0 ELEM5T--LOVE TO ! MASSES ( TOIL]S1 WORK AMONG !M 9 ORD] TO 9TRODUCE1 BE IT ! SLI<TE/ SP>K ( LI<T & HOPE1 9TO !IR SAD EXI/5CE4 ,AGA9 ! NOVEL CONTRIBUT$ IMM5SELY TO MA9TA9 ?AT MOVEM5T & TO 9SPIRE M5 & WOM5 9 ?AT SORT ( WORK1 AN 9/ANCE ( :I* HAS BE5 GIV5 ON A PREC$+ PAGE1 9 SPEAK+ ( ,! ,GREAT ,BE>4 ,! WORK]S 9 BO? !SE FIELDS W]E NUM]\S1 & ,I CAN ONLY NAME 9 PASS+ ,M,O,R,D,O,V,T,S,E,F,F 79 ,SIGNS ( ! ,TIMES71 ,S,*,E,L,L,]1 :O WROTE UND] ! NAME ( ,A4 ,M,I,K,H,A,I,L,(,F1 ,/,A,N,U,K,O,V,I,T,*1 ,N,O,V,O,D,V,O,R,S,K,I,Y1 ,B,>,A,N,T,S,V,I,T,*1 ,M,A,T,*,T,E,T,T1 ,M,A,M,91 & ! POET1 ,N,A,D,S,O,N1 :O ALL1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 WORK$ ?R\< ! NOVEL & POETRY 9 ! SAME DIRECTION4 

,H[EV]1 ! /RUGGLE = LIB]TY :I* WAS BEGUN AB\T #a#h#e#g1 AFT] HAV+ REA*$ ITS CULM9AT+ PO9T 9 #a#h#h#a1 CAME TO A TEMPOR>Y 5D1 & = ! NEXT T5 YE>S A COM PLETE PRO/RATION SPREAD AMID ! ,RUSSIAN 09TELLECTUALS40 ,FAI? 9 ! OLD IDEALS & ! OLD 9SPIR+ WAT*WORDS --- EV5 FAI? 9 M5--WAS PASS+ AWAY1 & NEW T5D5CIES BEGAN TO MAKE !IR WAY 9 ,>T--P>TLY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ?IS PHASE ( ! ,RUSSIAN MOVEM5T1 & P>TLY ALSO UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,A S5SE ( FATIGUE BECAME EVID5T4 ,FAI? 9 KN[L$GE WAS %AK54 ,SOCIAL IDEALS W]E RELEGAT$ TO ! BACKGR\ND4 0,RIGORISM0 WAS CONDEMN$1 & POPUL>I/0 BEGAN TO BE REPRES5T$ AS LUDICR\S1 OR1 :5 IT REAPPE>$1 IT WAS 9 SOME RELIGI\S =M1 AS ,TOL/OYISM4 ,9/EAD ( ! =M] 5?USIASM = 0MANK9D10 ! 0RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL0 W]E PROCLAIM$1 :I* 0RI<TS0 DID NOT MEAN EQUAL RI<TS = ALL1 BUT ! RI<TS ( ! FEW OV] ALL ! O!RS4 

,9 !SE UNSETTL$ CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL IDEAS \R Y\NG] NOVELI/S--ALWAYS ANXI\S TO REFLECT 9 !IR >T ! QUE/IONS ( ! DAY--HAVE HAD TO DEVELOP2 & ?IS CONFUSION NECESS>ILY /&S 9 ! WAY ( !IR PRODUC+ ANY?+ AS DEF9ITE & AS COMPLETE AS DID !IR PR$ECESSORS ( ! PREVI\S G5]ATION4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 NO SU* COMPLETE 9DI VIDUALITIES 9 SOCIETY2 & A TRUE >TI/ IS 9CAPABLE ( 9V5T+ :AT DOES NOT EXI/4 

,D,M,I,T,R,I,Y ,M,],Z,H,K,O,V,S,K,I,Y 7BORN #a#h#f#f7 MAY BE TAK5 TO ILLU/RATE ! DIFFICULTIES :I* A WRIT]1 EV5 :5 5D[$ ) A BY NO MEANS ORD9>Y TAL5T1 F\ND 9 REA*+ HIS FULL DEVELOPM5T UND] ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS :I* PREVAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! P]IOD JU/ M5TION$4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE HIS POETRY--AL?\< IT IS ALSO V]Y *>ACT]I/IC--& TAK+ ONLY HIS NOVELS & CRITICAL >TICLES1 WE SEE H[1 AFT] HAV+ />T$ ) A C]TA9 SYMPA?Y1 OR AT LEA/ ) A C]TA9 RESPECT1 = ?OSE ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S ( ! PREVI\S G5]ATION :O WROTE UND] ! 9SPIRATION ( HI<] SOCIAL IDEALS1 ,M]EZHKOVSKIY GRADUALLY BEGAN TO SUSPECT !SE IDEALS1 & F9ALLY 5D$ BY TREAT+ !M ) CONTEMPT4 ,HE F\ND ?AT !Y W]E ( NO AVAIL1 & HE BEGAN TO SPEAK MORE & MORE ( 0! SOV]EIGN RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL10 BUT NOT 9 ! S5SE 9 :I* !Y W]E UND]/OOD BY ,GODW9 & O!R EI<TE5? C5TURY PHILOSOPH]S1 NOR 9 ! S5SE :I* ,PIS>EFF ATTRIBUT$ TO !M :5 HE SPOKE ( ! 0 ?\<TFUL REALI/02 ,M]EZHOVSKIY TOOK !M 9 ! S5SE--DESP]ATELY VAGUE1 & N>R[ :5 NOT VAGUE-- ATTRIBUT$ TO !M BY ,NIETZS*E4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE BEGAN TO SPEAK MORE & MORE ( 0,BEAUTY0 & 0! WOR%IP ( ! ,BEAUTIFUL10 BUT AGA9 NOT 9 ! S5SE :I* IDEALI/S ATTRIBUT$ TO SU* WORDS1 BUT 9 ! LIMIT$1 ]OTIC S5SE 9 :I* 0,BEAUTY0 WAS UND]/OOD BY ! 0,A,ES!TICS0 ( ! LEISUR$ CLASS 9 ! =TIES4 

,! MA9 WORK :I* ,M]EZHKOVSKIY UND]TOOK (F]$ GREAT 9T]E/4 ,HE BEGAN A TRILOGY ( NOVELS 9 :I* HE 9T5D$ TO REPRES5T ! /RUGGLE ( ! ANTIQUE PAGAN WORLD AGA9/ ,*RI/IANITY3 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,HELL5IC LOVE & POETIC COMPREH5SION ( NATURE1 & ITS WOR%IP ( S\ND1 EXUB]ANT LIFE2 & ON ! O!R1 ! LIFE-DEPRESS+ 9FLU5CES ( ,JUDAIC ,*RI/IANITY1 ) ITS CONDEMNATION ( ! /UDY ( NATURE1 ( POETRY1 >T1 PLEASURE1 & S\ND1 HEAL?Y LIFE ALTOGE!R4 ,! FIR/ NOVEL ( ! TRILOGY WAS ,JULIAN ! ,APO/ATE1 & ! SECOND1 ,LEON>DO DA ,V9CI 7BO? HAVE BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%74 ,!Y W]E ! RESULT ( A C>EFUL /UDY ( ! ANTIQUE ,GREEK WORLD & ! ,R5AISSANCE1 & NOT)/&+ SOME DEFECTS 7ABS5CE ( REAL FEEL+1 EV5 9 ! GLORIFICATION ( ! WOR%IP ( ,BEAUTY1 & A C]TA9 ABUSE ( >*AEOLOGICAL DETAILS71 BO? CONTA9$ REALLY BEAUTIFUL & IMPRESSIVE SC5ES2 :ILE ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA--! NECESSITY ( A SYN!SIS BETWE5 ! POETRY ( NATURE ( ! ANTIQUE WORLD & ! HI<] HUMANIZ+ IDEALS ( ,*RI/IANITY--WAS =CIBLY IMPRESS$ UPON ! READ]4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ,M]EZHKOVSKIY'S ADMIRATION ( ANTIQUE 0,NATURISM0 DID NOT LA/4 ,HE HAD NOT YET WRITT5 ! ?IRD NOVEL ( HIS TRILOGY :5 MOD]N 0,SYMBOLISM0 BEGAN TO P5ETRATE 9TO HIS WORKS1 ) ! RESULT ?AT NOT)/&+ ALL HIS ABILITIES ! Y\NG AU?OR SEEMS N[ TO BE DRIFT+ /RAI<T T[>DS A HOPELESS MY/ICISM1 LIKE ?AT 9TO :I* ,GOGOL FELL T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS LIFE4 

,IT MAY SEEM /RANGE TO ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEANS1 & ESPECIALLY TO ,5GLI% READ]S1 TO HE> ( SU* A RAPID SUCCESSION ( DIFF]5T MOODS ( ?\<T 9 ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 SUFFICI5TLY DEEP TO EX]CISE SU* AN 9FLU5CE UPON ! NOVELS AS HAS JU/ BE5 M5TION$4 ,& YET SO IT IS1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! HI/ORICAL PHASE :I* ,RUSSIA IS LIV+ ?R\<4 ,!RE IS EV5 A V]Y GIFT$ NOVELI/1 ,B,O,B,O,R,Y,K,9 7BORN #a#h#c#f71 :O HAS MADE IT HIS PECULI> WORK TO DESCRIBE 9 NOVELS ! PREVAIL+ MOODS ( ,RUSSIAN $UCAT$ SOCIETY 9 !IR RAPID SUCCESSION = ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 ,! TE*NIQUE ( HIS NOVELS IS ALWAYS EXCELL5T 7HE IS ALSO ! AU?OR ( A GOOD CRITICAL WORK1 JU/ PUBLI%$1 ON ! 9FLU5CES ( ,WE/]N ROMANCE UPON ! ,RUSSIAN NOVEL74 ,HIS OBS]VATIONS >E ALWAYS CORRECT2 HIS P]SONAL PO9T ( VIEW IS ?AT ( AN HONE/ ADVANC$ PROGRESSIVE2 & HIS NOVELS CAN ALWAYS BE TAK5 AS TRUE & GOOD PICTURES ( ! T5D5CIES :I* PREVAIL$ AT A GIV5 MOM5T AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN 09TELLECTUALS40 ,= ! HI/ORY ( ?\<T 9 ,RUSSIA !Y >E SIMPLY 9VALUABLE2 & !Y MU/ HAVE HELP$ MANY A Y\NG READ] TO F9D HIS OR H] WAY AMID ! V>I\S FACTS ( LIFE2 BUT ! V>IETY ( CURR5TS :I* HAVE BE5 *RONICL$ BY ,BOBORYK9 W\LD APPE> SIMPLY PUZZL+ TO A ,WE/]N READ]4 

,BOBORYK9 HAS BE5 REPROA*$ BY SOME CRITICS ) NOT HAV+ SUFFICI5TLY DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 :AT WAS IMPORTANT 9 ! FACTS ( LIFE :I* HE DESCRIB$ & :AT WAS IRRELEVANT OR ONLY EPHEM]AL1 BUT ?IS IS H>DLY CORRECT4 ,! MA9 DEFECT ( HIS WORK LIES P]HAPS ELSE:]E2 NAMELY1 9 ?AT ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( ! AU?OR IS H>DLY FELT 9 IT AT ALL4 ,HE SEEMS TO RECORD ! KALEIDOSCOPE ( LIFE )\T LIV+ ) HIS H]OES1 & )\T SUFF]+ OR REJOIC+ ) !M4 ,HE HAS NOTIC$ & P]FECTLY WELL OBS]V$ ?OSE P]SONS :OM HE DESCRIBES2 HIS JUDGM5T ( !M IS ?AT ( AN 9TELLIG5T1 EXP]I5C$ MAN2 BUT NONE ( !M HAS IMPRESS$ HIM 5\< TO BECOME P>T ( HIMSELF4 ,!RE=E !Y DO NOT /RIKE ! READ] ) ANY SUFFICI5T DEP? ( IMPRESSION4 

,ONE ( \R CONTEMPOR>Y AU?ORS1 ALSO 5D[$ ) GREAT TAL5T1 :O IS PUBLI%+ A SIMPLY /UPEFY+ QUANTITY ( NOVELS1 IS ,P,O,T,A,P,5,K,O4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 #a#h#e#f1 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA1 & AFT] HAV+ /UDI$ MUSIC1 HE BEGAN WRIT+ 9 #a#h#h#a1 & AL?\< HIS LAT] NOVELS BE> TRACES ( TOO HA/Y WORK1 HE /ILL REMA9S A FAVORITE WRIT]4 ,AMID ! D>K COLORS :I* PREVAIL N[ AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN NOVELI/S1 ,POTAP5KO IS A HAPPY EXCEPTION4 ,SOME ( HIS NOVELS >E FULL ( HI<LY COMIC SC5ES1 & COMPEL ! READ] TO LAU< HE>TILY ) ! AU?OR4 ,BUT EV5 :5 !RE >E NO SU* SC5ES1 & ! FACTS >E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 SAD1 OR EV5 TRAGICAL1 ! EFFECT ( ! NOVEL IS NOT DEPRESS+--P]HAPS BECAUSE ! AU?OR NEV] DEP>TS FROM HIS [N PO9T ( VIEW ( A SATISFI$ OPTIMI/4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,POTAP5KO IS ABSOLUTELY ! OPPOSITE ( MO/ ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 & ESPECIALLY ( ,T*EH(F4 

,A4 ,P4 ,T,*,E,H,(,F 

,( ALL ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,RUSSIAN NOVELI/S ,A4 ,P4 ,T*EH(F 7#a#h#f-#a#i#d7 WAS UND\BT$LY ! MO/ DEEPLY ORIG9AL4 ,IT WAS NOT A M]E ORIG9ALITY ( /YLE4 ,HIS /YLE1 LIKE ?AT ( EV]Y GREAT >TI/1 BE>S ( C\RSE ! /AMP ( HIS P]SONALITY2 BUT HE NEV] TRI$ TO /RIKE HIS READ]S ) SOME /YLE-EFFECTS ( HIS [N3 HE PROBABLY DESPIS$ !M1 & HE WROTE ) ! SAME SIMPLICITY AS ,PU%K91 ,TURGU5EFF & ,TOL/OY HAVE WRITT54 ,NOR DID HE *OOSE SOME SPECIAL CONT5TS = HIS TALES & NOVELS1 OR APPROPRIATE TO HIMSELF SOME SPECIAL CLASS ( M54 ,FEW AU?ORS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HAVE DEALT ) SO WIDE A RANGE ( M5 & WOM51 TAK5 FROM ALL ! LAY]S1 DIVISIONS & SUBDIVISIONS ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY AS ,T*EH(F DID4 ,& ) ALL ?AT1 AS ,TOL/OY HAS REM>K$1 ,T*EH(F REPRES5TS SOME?+ ( HIS [N 9 >T2 HE HAS /RUCK A NEW VE91 NOT ONLY = ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 BUT = LIT]ATURE ALTOGE!R1 & ?US BELONGS TO ALL NATIONS4 ,HIS NE>E/ RELATIVE IS ,GUY DE ,MAUPASSANT1 BUT A C]TA9 FAMILY RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 ! TWO WRIT]S EXI/S ONLY 9 A FEW ( !IR %ORT /ORIES4 ,! MANN] ( ,T*EH(F1 & ESPECIALLY ! MOOD 9 :I* ALL ! SKET*ES1 ! %ORT NOVELS1 & ! DRAMAS ( ,T*EH(F >E WRITT51 >E 5TIRELY HIS [N4 ,& !N1 !RE IS ALL ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO WRIT]S :I* EXI/S BETWE5 CONTEMPOR>Y ,FRANCE & ,RUSSIA AT ?AT SPECIAL P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T ?R\< :I* \R C\NTRY HAS BE5 PASS+ LATELY4 

,! BIOGRAPHY ( ,T*EH(F CAN BE TOLD 9 A FEW WORDS4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 #a#h#f1 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA1 AT ,TAGANROG4 ,HIS FA!R WAS ORIG9ALLY A S]F1 BUT HE HAD APP>5TLY EXCEPTIONAL BUS9ESS CAPACITIES1 & FRE$ HIMSELF E>LY 9 HIS LIFE4 ,TO HIS SON HE GAVE A GOOD $UCATION--FIR/ 9 ! LOCAL GYMNASIUM 7COLLEGE71 & LAT] ON AT ! UNIV]SITY ( ,MOSC[4 0,I DID NOT KN[ MU* AB\T FACULTIES AT ?AT TIME10 ,T*EH(F WROTE ONCE 9 A %ORT BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE1 0& ,I DON'T WELL REMEMB] :Y ,I *OSE ! M$ICAL FACULTY2 BUT ,I NEV] REGRETT$ ?AT *OICE LAT] ON40 ,HE DID NOT BECOME A M$ICAL PRACTITION]2 BUT A YE>'S WORK 9 A SMALL VILLAGE HOSPITAL NE> ,MOSC[1 & SIMIL> WORK LAT] ON1 :5 HE VOLUNTE]$ TO /& AT ! HEAD ( A M$ICAL DI/RICT DUR+ ! *OL]A EPIDEMICS ( #a#h#i#b1 BR\<T HIM 9TO CLOSE CONTACT ) A WIDE WORLD ( M5 & WOM5 ( ALL SORTS & *>ACT]S2 &1 AS HE HIMSELF HAS NOTIC$1 HIS ACQUA9TANCE ) NATURAL SCI5CES & ) ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD ( ?\<T HELP$ HIM A GREAT DEAL 9 HIS SUBSEQU5T LIT]>Y WORK4 

,T*EH(F BEGAN HIS LIT]>Y C>E] V]Y E>LY4 ,ALREADY DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( HIS UNIV]SITY /UDIES--?AT IS1 9 #a#h#g#i1 HE BEGAN TO WRITE %ORT HUMOR\S SKET*ES 7UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,T*EHONTE7 = SOME WEEKLIES4 ,HIS TAL5T DEVELOP$ RAPIDLY2 & ! SYMPA?Y ) :I* HIS FIR/ LITTLE VOLUMES ( %ORT SKET*ES WAS MET 9 ! ,PRESS1 & ! 9T]E/ :I* ! BE/ ,RUSSIAN CRITICS 7ESPECIALLY ,MIKHAILOVSKIY7 TOOK 9 ! Y\NG NOVELI/1 MU/ HAVE HELP$ HIM TO GIVE A MORE S]I\S TURN TO HIS CREATIVE G5IUS4 ,) EV]Y YE> ! PROBLEMS ( LIFE :I* HE TREAT$ W]E DEEP] & MORE COMPLICAT$1 :ILE ! =M HE ATTA9$ BORE TRACES ( AN 9CREAS+LY F9E >TI/IC F9I%4 ,:5 ,T*EH(F DI$ LA/ YE>1 AT ! AGE ( ONLY =TY-F\R1 HIS TAL5T HAD ALREADY REA*$ ITS FULL MATURITY4 ,HIS LA/ PRODUCTION--A DRAMA--CONTA9$ SU* F9E POETICAL T\*ES1 & SU* A MIXTURE ( POETICAL MELAN*OLY ) /RIV+S T[>DS ! JOY ( A WELL-FILL$ LIFE1 ?AT IT W\LD HAVE SEEM$ TO OP5 A NEW PAGE 9 HIS CREATION IF IT W]E NOT KN[N ?AT CONSUMPTION WAS RAPIDLY UND]M9+ HIS LIFE4 

,NO ONE HAS EV] SUCCE$$1 AS ,T*EH(F HAS1 9 REPRES5T+ ! FAILURES' ( HUMAN NATURE 9 \R PRES5T CIVILIZATION1 & ESPECIALLY ! FAILURE1 ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! $UCAT$ MAN 9 ! FACE ( ! ALL-9VAD+ MEANNESS ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,?IS DEFEAT ( ! 09TELLECTUAL0 HE HAS R5D]$ ) A WOND]FUL =CE1 V>IETY1 & IMPRESSIV5ESS4 ,& !RE LIES ! DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( HIS TAL5T4 

,:5 Y\ READ ! SKET*ES & ! /ORIES ( ,T*EH(F 9 *RONOLOGICAL SUCCESSION1 Y\ SEE FIR/ AN AU?OR FULL ( ! MO/ EXUB]ANT VITALITY & Y\?FUL FUN4 ,! /ORIES >E1 AS A RULE1 V]Y %ORT2 MANY ( !M COV] ONLY ?REE OR F\R PAGES2 BUT !Y >E FULL ( ! MO/ 9FECT+ M]RIM5T4 ,SOME ( !M >E M]E F>CES2 BUT Y\ CANNOT HELP LAU<+ 9 ! HE>TIE/ WAY1 BECAUSE EV5 ! MO/ LUDICR\S & IMPOSSIBLE ONES >E WRITT5 ) AN 9IMITABLE *>M4 ,& !N1 GRADUALLY1 AMID ?AT SAME FUN1 COMES A T\* ( HE>TLESS VULG>ITY ON ! P>T ( SOME ( ! ACTORS 9 ! /ORY1 & Y\ FEEL H[ ! AU?OR'S HE>T ?ROBS ) PA94 ,SL[LY1 GRADUALLY1 ?IS NOTE BECOMES MORE FREQU5T2 IT CLAIMS MORE & MORE ATT5TION2 IT CEASES TO BE ACCID5TAL1 IT BECOMES ORGANIC--TILL AT LA/1 9 EV]Y /ORY1 9 EV]Y NOVEL1 IT /IFLES EV]Y?+ ELSE4 ,IT MAY BE ! RECKLESS HE>TLESSNESS ( A Y\NG MAN :O1 0= FUN10 WILL MAKE A GIRL BELIEVE ?AT %E IS LOV$1 OR ! HE>TLESSNESS & ABS5CE ( ! MO/ ORD9>Y HUMANIT>IAN FEEL+ 9 ! FAMILY ( AN OLD PR(ESSOR--IT IS ALWAYS ! SAME NOTE ( HE>TLESSNESS & MEANNESS :I* RES\NDS1 ! SAME ABS5CE ( ! MORE REF9$ HUMAN FEEL+S1 OR1 /ILL WORSE--! COMPLETE 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL BANKRUPTCY ( 0! 9TELLECTUAL40 

,T*EH(F'S H]OES >E NOT PEOPLE :O HAVE NEV] HE>D BETT] WORDS1 OR NEV] CONCEIV$ BETT] IDEAS ?AN ?OSE :I* CIRCULATE 9 ! L[E/ CIRCLES ( ! ,PHILI/9ES4 ,NO1 !Y HAVE HE>D SU* WORDS1 & !IR HE>TS HAVE BEAT5 ONCE UPON A TIME AT ! S\ND ( SU* WORDS4 ,BUT ! COMMON-PLACE EV]YDAY LIFE HAS /IFL$ ALL SU* ASPIRATIONS1 APA?Y HAS TAK5 ITS PLACE1 & N[ !RE REMA9S ONLY A HAPHAZ>D EXI/5CE AMID A HOPELESS MEANNESS4 ,! MEANNESS :I* ,T*EH(F REPRES5TS IS ! ONE :I* BEG9S ) ! LOSS ( FAI? 9 ONE'S =CES & ! GRADUAL LOSS ( ALL ?OSE BRI<T] HOPES & ILLUSIONS :I* MAKE ! *>M ( ALL ACTIVITY1 &1 !N1 /EP BY /EP1 ?IS MEANNESS DE/ROYS ! V]Y SPR+S ( LIFE3 BROK5 HOPES1 BROK5 HE>TS1 BROK5 5]GIES4 ,MAN REA*ES A /AGE :5 HE CAN ONLY ME*ANICALLY REPEAT C]TA9 ACTIONS FROM DAY TO DAY1 & GOES TO B$1 HAPPY IF HE HAS 0KILL$0 HIS TIME 9 ANY WAY1 GRADUALLY FALL+ 9TO A COMPLETE 9TELLECTUAL APA?Y1 & A MORAL 9DIFF]5CE4 ,! WOR/ IS ?AT ! V]Y MULTIPLICITY ( SAMPLES :I* ,T*EH(F GIVES1 )\T REPEAT+ HIMSELF1 FROM SO MANY DIFF]5T LAY]S ( SOCIETY1 SEEMS TO TELL ! READ] ?AT IT IS ! ROTT5NESS ( A :OLE CIVILIZATION1 ( AN EPO*1 :I* ! AU?OR DIVULGES TO US4 

,SPEAK+ ( ,T*EH(F1 ,TOL/OY MADE ! DEEP REM>K ?AT HE WAS ONE ( ?OSE FEW :OSE NOVELS >E WILL+LY RE-READ MORE ?AN ONCE4 ,?IS IS QUITE TRUE4 ,EV]Y ONE ( ,T*EH(F'S /ORIES--IT MAY BE ! SMALLE/ BAGATELLE OR A SMALL NOVEL1 OR IT MAY BE A DRAMA--PRODUCES AN IMPRESSION :I* CANNOT EASILY BE =GOTT54 ,AT ! SAME TIME !Y CONTA9 SU* A PR(USION ( M9UTE DETAIL1 ADMIRABLY *OS5 SO AS TO 9CREASE ! IMPRESSION1 ?AT 9 RE-READ+ !M ONE ALWAYS F9DS A NEW PLEASURE4 ,T*EH(F WAS C]TA9LY A GREAT >TI/4 ,BESIDES1 ! V>IETY ( ! M5 & WOM5 ( ALL CLASSES :I* APPE> 9 HIS /ORIES1 & ! V>IETY ( PSY*OLOGICAL SUBJECTS DEALT 9 !M1 IS SIMPLY A/\ND+4 ,& YET EV]Y /ORY BE>S SO MU* ! /AMP ( ! AU?OR ?AT 9 ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT ( !M Y\ RECOGNIZE ,T*EH(F1 ) HIS PROP] 9DIVIDUALITY & MANN]1 ) HIS CONCEPTION ( M5 & ?+S4 

,T*EH(F HAS NEV] TRI$ TO WRITE LONG NOVELS OR ROMANCES4 ,HIS DOMA9 IS ! %ORT /ORY1 9 :I* HE EXCELS4 ,HE C]TA9LY NEV] TRIES TO GIVE 9 IT ! :OLE HI/ORY ( HIS H]OES FROM !IR BIR? TO ! GRAVE3 ?IS W\LD NOT BE ! PROP] WAY 9 A %ORT /ORY4 ,HE TAKES ONE MOM5T ONLY FROM ?AT LIFE1 ONLY ONE EPISODE4 ,& HE TELLS IT 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! READ] =EV] RETA9S 9 MEMORY ! TYPE ( M5 OR WOM5 REPRE S5T$2 SO ?AT1 :5 LAT] ON HE MEETS A LIV+ SPECIM5 ( ?AT TYPE1 HE EXCLAIMS3 0,BUT ?IS IS ,T*EH(F'S ,IVAN(F1 OR ,T*EH(F'S ,D>L+60 ,9 ! SPACE ( SOME TW5TY PAGES & )9 ! LIMITATIONS ( A S+LE EPISODE !RE IS REVEAL$ A COMPLICAT$ PSY*OLOGICAL DRAMA--A WORLD ( MUTUAL RELATIONS4 ,TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! V]Y %ORT & IMPRESSIVE SKET*1 ,FROM A ,DOCTOR'S ,PRACTICE4 ,IT IS A /ORY 9 :I* !RE IS NO /ORY AFT] ALL4 ,A DOCTOR IS 9VIT$ TO SEE A GIRL1 :OSE MO!R IS ! [N] ( A L>GE COTTON MILL4 ,!Y LIVE !RE1 9 A MANSION CLOSE TO1 & )9 ! 5CLOSURE (1 ! IMM5SE BUILD+S4 ,! GIRL IS ! ONLY *ILD1 & IS WOR%IP$ BY H] MO!R4 ,BUT %E IS NOT HAPPY4 ,9DEF9ITE ?\<TS WORRY H]3 %E IS /IFL$ 9 ?AT ATMOSPH]E4 ,H] MO!R IS ALSO UNHAPPY ON ACC\NT ( H] D>L+'S UNHAPP9ESS1 & ! ONLY HAPPY CREATURE 9 ! H\SEHOLD IS ! EX-GOV]NESS ( ! GIRL1 N[ A SORT ( LADY-COMPANION1 :O REALLY 5JOYS ! LUXURI\S SURR\ND+S ( ! MANSION & ITS RI* TABLE4 ,! DOCTOR IS ASK$ TO /AY OV] ! NI<T1 & TELLS TO HIS SLEEPLESS PATI5T ?AT %E IS NOT B\ND TO /AY !RE3 ?AT A REALLY WELL-9T5TION$ P]SON CAN F9D MANY PLACES 9 ! WORLD :]E %E W\LD F9D AN ACTIVITY TO SUIT H]4 ,& :5 ! DOCTOR LEAVES NEXT MORN+ ! GIRL HAS PUT ON A :ITE DRESS & HAS A FL[] 9 H] HAIR4 ,%E LOOKS V]Y E>NE/1 & Y\ GUESS ?AT %E M$ITATES ALREADY AB\T A NEW />T 9 H] LIFE4 ,)9 ! LIMITS ( !SE FEW TRAITS QUITE A WORLD ( AIMLESS PHILI/9E LIFE HAS ?US BE5 UNVEIL$ BE=E Y\R EYES1 A WORLD ( FACTORY LIFE1 & A WORLD ( NEW1 LONG+S MAK+ AN IRRUPTION 9TO IT1 & F9D+ SUPPORT FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,Y\ READ ALL ?IS 9 ! LITTLE EPISODE4 ,Y\ SEE ) A /RIK+ DI/9CTNESS ! F\R MA9 P]SONAGES UPON :OM LI<T HAS BE5 FOCUS$ = A %ORT MOM5T4 ,& 9 ! HAZY \TL9ES :I* Y\ RA!R GUESS ?AN SEE ON ! PICTURE R\ND ! BRI<TLY LI<T$ SPOT1 Y\ DISCOV] QUITE A WORLD ( COMPLICAT$ HUMAN RELATIONS1 AT ! PRES5T MOM5T & 9 TIMES TO COME4 ,TAKE AWAY ANY?+ ( ! DI/9CTNESS ( ! FIGURES 9 ! LI<T$ SPOT1 OR ANY?+ ( ! HAZ9ESS ( ! REMA9D]--& ! PICTURE WILL BE SPOIL$4 

,SU* >E NE>LY ALL ! /ORIES ( ,T*EH(F4 ,EV5 :5 !Y COV] SOME FIFTY PAGES !Y HAVE ! SAME *>ACT]4 

,T*EH(F WROTE A C\PLE ( /ORIES FROM PEASANT LIFE4 ,BUT PEASANTS & VILLAGE LIFE >E NOT HIS PROP] SPH]E4 ,HIS TRUE DOMA9 IS ! WORLD ( ! 09TELLECTUALS0--! $UCAT$ & ! HALF-$UCAT$ PORTION ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY--& !SE HE KN[S 9 P]FECTION4 ,HE %[S !IR BANKRUPTCY1 !IR 9APTITUDE TO SOLVE ! GREAT HI/ORICAL PROBLEM ( R5OVATION :I* FELL UPON !M1 & ! MEANNESS & VULG>ITY ( EV]YDAY LIFE UND] :I* AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( !M SUCCUMB4 ,S9CE ! TIMES ( ,GOGOL NO WRIT] 9 ,RUSSIA HAS SO WOND]FULLY REPRES5T$ HUMAN MEANNESS UND] ITS V>I$ ASPECTS4 ,& YET1 :AT A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO6 ,GOGOL TOOK MA9LY ! \T] MEANNESS1 :I* /RIKES ! EYE & (T5 DEG5]ATES 9TO F>CE1 & !RE=E 9 MO/ CASES BR+S A SMILE ON Y\R LIPS OR MAKES Y\ LAU<4 ,BUT LAU<T] IS ALWAYS A /EP T[>DS RECONCILIATION4 ,T*EH(F ALSO MAKES Y\ LAU< 9 HIS E>LI] PRODUCTIONS1 BUT 9 PROPORTION AS HE ADVANCES 9 AGE1 & LOOKS MORE S]I\SLY UPON LIFE1 ! LAU<T] DISAPPE>S1 & AL?\< A F9E HUMOR REMA9S1 Y\ FEEL ?AT HE N[ DEALS ) A K9D ( MEANNESS & PHILI/9ISM :I* PROVOKES1 NOT SMILES BUT SUFF]+ 9 ! AU?OR4 ,A 0,T*EH(F SORR[0 IS AS MU* *>ACT]I/IC ( HIS WRIT+S AS ! DEEP FURR[ BETWE5 ! BR[S ( HIS LIVELY EYES IS *>ACT]I/IC ( HIS GOOD-NATUR$ FACE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! MEANNESS :I* ,T*EH(F DEPICTS IS MU* DEEP] ?AN ! ONE :I* ,GOGOL KNEW4 ,DEEP] CONFLICTS >E N[ GO+ ON 9 ! DEP?S ( ! MOD]N $UCAT$ M51 ( :I* ,GOGOL KNEW NO?+ SEV5TY YE>S AGO4 ,! 0SORR[0 ( ,T*EH(F IS ALSO ?AT ( A MU* MORE S5SITIVE & A MORE REF9$ NATURE ?AN ! 0UNSE5 TE>S0 ( ,GOGOL'S SATIRE4 

,BETT] ?AN ANY ,RUSSIAN NOVELI/1 ,T*EH(F UND]/&S ! FUNDAM5TAL VISE ( ?AT MASS ( ,RUSSIAN 0 9TELLECTUALS10 :O V]Y WELL SEE ! D>K SIDES ( ,RUSSIAN LIFE BUT HAVE NO =CE TO JO9 ?AT SMALL M9ORITY ( Y\NG] PEOPLE :O D>E TO REBEL AGA9/ ! EVIL4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ONLY ONE MORE WRIT] --& ?IS ONE WAS A WOMAN1 ,HVOS*9SKAYA 70,KRE/OVSKIY - PSEUDONYME071 :O CAN BE PLAC$ BY ! SIDE ( ,T*EH(F4 ,HE KNEW1 & MORE ?AN KNEW--HE FELT ) EV]Y N]VE ( HIS POETICAL M9D--?AT1 AP>T FROM A H&FUL ( /RONG] M5 & WOM51 ! TRUE CURSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN 09TELLECTUAL0 IS ! WEAKNESS ( HIS WILL1 ! 9SUFFICI5T /R5G? ( HIS DESIRES4 ,P]HAPS HE FELT IT 9 HIMSELF4 ,& :5 HE WAS ASK$ ONCE 79 #a#h#i#d7 9 A LETT]--0,:AT %\LD A ,RUSSIAN DESIRE AT ! PRES5T TIME80 HE WROTE 9 RETURN3 0,H]E IS MY REPLY3 DESIRE6 ,HE NE$S MO/ ( ALL DESIRE--=CE ( *>ACT]4 ,WE HAVE 5\< ( ?AT :9+ %APELESSNESS40 

,?IS ABS5CE ( /RONG DESIRE & WEAKNESS ( WILL HE CONT9UALLY1 OV] & OV] AGA91 REPRES5T$ 9 HIS H]OES4 ,BUT ?IS PR$ILECTION WAS NOT A M]E ACCID5T ( TEMP]AM5T & *>ACT]4 ,IT WAS A DIRECT PRODUCT ( ! TIMES HE LIV$ 94 

,T*EH(F1 WE SAW1 WAS N9ETE5 YE>S OLD :5 HE BEGAN TO WRITE 9 #a#h#g#i4 ,HE ?US BELONGS TO ! G5]ATION :I* HAD TO LIVE ?R\<1 DUR+ !IR BE/ YE>S1 ! WOR/ YE>S :I* ,RUSSIA HAS PASS$ ?R\< 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,) ! TRAGIC DEA? ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 & ! ADV5T TO ! ?RONE ( HIS SON1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I1 A :OLE EPO*--! EPO* ( PROGRESSIVE WORK & BRI<T HOPES HAD COME TO A F9AL CLOSE4 ,ALL ! SUBLIME EF=TS ( ?AT Y\NG] G5]ATION :I* HAD 5T]$ ! POLITICAL >5A 9 ! SEV5TIES1 & HAD TAK5 = ITS WAT*WORD ! SYMBOL3 0,BE ) ! PEOPLE60 HAD 5D$ 9 A CRU%+ DEFEAT--! VICTIMS MOAN+ N[ 9 =TRESSES & 9 ! SN[S ( ,SIB]IA4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 ALL ! GREAT RE=MS1 9CLUD+ ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 :I* HAD BE5 REALIZ$ 9 ! SIXTIES BY ! ,H]Z51 ,TURGU5EFF1 & ,T*]NY%EVSKIY G5]ATION1 BEGAN N[ TO BE TREAT$ AS SO MANY MI/AKES1 BY ! REACTION>Y ELEM5TS :I* HAD N[ RALLI$ R\ND ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 ,NEV] WILL A ,WE/]N] UND]/& ! DEP? ( DESPAIR & ! HOPELESS SADNESS :I* TOOK HOLD ( ! 9TELLECTUAL PORTION ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY = ! NEXT T5 OR TWELVE YE>S AFT] ?AT D\BLE DEFEAT1 :5 IT CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT IT WAS 9CAPABLE TO BREAK ! 9]TIA ( ! MASSES1 OR TO MOVE HI/ORY SO AS TO FILL UP ! GAP BETWE5 ITS HI< IDEALS & ! HE>TR5D+ REALITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT 0! EI<TIES0 W]E P]HAPS ! GLOOMIE/ P]IOD ?AT ,RUSSIA LIV$ ?R\< = ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,9 ! FIFTIES ! 9TELLECTUALS HAD AT LEA/ FULL HOPE 9 !IR =CES2 N[--!Y HAD LO/ EV5 !SE HOPES4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?OSE V]Y YE>S ?AT ,T*EH(F BEGAN TO WRITE2 &1 BE+ A TRUE POET1 :O FEELS & RESPONDS TO ! MOODS ( ! MOM5T1 HE BECAME ! PA9T] ( ?AT BREAK-D[N--( ?AT FAILURE ( ! 09TELLECTUALS0 :I* HUNG AS A NI<TM>E ABOVE ! CIVILIZ$ PORTION ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 ,& AGA91 BE+ A GREAT POET1 HE DEPICT$ ?AT ALL-9VAD+ PHILI/9E MEANNESS 9 SU* FEATURES ?AT HIS PICTURE WILL LIVE4 ,H[ SUP]FICIAL1 9 COMP>ISON1 IS ! PHILI/9ISM DESCRIB$ BY ,ZOLA4 ,P]HAPS1 ,FRANCE EV5 DOES NOT KN[ ?AT DISEASE :I* WAS GNAW+ !N AT ! V]Y M>R[ ( ! BONES ( ! ,RUSSIAN 09TELLECTUAL40 

,) ALL ?AT1 ,T*EH(F IS BY NO MEANS A PESSIMI/ 9 ! PROP] S5SE ( ! WORD2 IF HE HAD COME TO DESPAIR1 HE W\LD HAVE TAK5 ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! 09TELLECTUALS0 AS A NECESS>Y FATALITY4 ,A WORD1 SU* AS1 = 9/ANCE1 0F9 DE SIECLE10 W\LD HAVE BE5 HIS SOLACE4 ,BUT ,T*EH(F C\LD NOT F9D SATISFACTION 9 SU* WORDS BECAUSE HE FIRMLY BELIEV$ ?AT A BETT] EXI/5CE WAS POSSIBLE--& W\LD COME4 0,FROM MY *ILDHOOD0--HE WROTE 9 AN 9TIMATE LETT]--0,I HAVE BELIEV$ 9 PROGRESS1 BECAUSE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TIME :5 !Y US$ TO FLOG ME1 & :5 !Y /OPP$ TO DO SO .<9 ! SIXTIES.> WAS TREM5D\S40 

,!RE >E ?REE DRAMAS ( ,T*EH(F--,IVAN(F1 ,UNCLE ,VANYA 7,UNCLE ,JOHN71 & ,! ,*]RY-,TREE ,G>D51 :I* FULLY ILLU/RATE H[ HIS FAI? 9 A BETT] FUTURE GREW 9 HIM AS HE ADVANC$ 9 AGE4 ,IVAN(F1 ! H]O ( ! FIR/ DRAMA1 IS ! P]SONIFICATION ( ?AT FAILURE ( ! 09TELLECTUAL0 ( :I* ,I JU/ SPOKE4 ,ONCE UPON A TIME HE HAD HAD HIS HI< IDEALS & HE /ILL SPEAKS ( !M1 & ?IS IS :Y ,SA%A1 A GIRL1 FULL ( ! BETT] 9SPIRATIONS--ONE ( ?OSE F9E 9TELLECTUAL TYPES 9 ! REPRES5TATION ( :I* ,T*EH(F APPE>S AS A TRUE HEIR ( ,TURGU5EFF--FALLS 9 LOVE ) HIM4 ,BUT ,IVAN(F KN[S HIMSELF ?AT HE IS PLAY$ \T2 ?AT ! GIRL LOVES 9 HIM :AT HE IS NO MORE2 ?AT ! SACR$ FIRE IS ) HIM A M]E REM9ISC5CE ( ! BETT] YE>S1 IRRETRIEVABLY PA/2 & :ILE ! DRAMA ATTA9S ITS CULM9AT+ PO9T1 JU/ :5 HIS M>RIAGE ) ,SA%A IS GO+ TO BE CELEBRAT$1 ,IVAN(F %OOTS HIMSELF4 ,PESSIMISM IS TRIUMPHANT4 

,UNCLE ,VANYA 5DS ALSO 9 ! MO/ DEPRESS+ WAY2 BUT !RE IS SOME FA9T HOPE 9 IT4 ,! DRAMA REVEALS AN EV5 /ILL MORE COMPLETE BREAKD[N ( ! $UCAT$ 09TELLECTUAL10 & ESPECIALLY ( ! MA9 REPRES5TATIVE ( ?AT CLASS--! PR(ESSOR1 ! LITTLE GOD ( ! FAMILY1 = :OM ALL O!RS HAVE BE5 SACRIFIC+ !MSELVES1 BUT :O ALL HIS LIFE HAS ONLY WRITT5 BEAUTIFUL WORDS AB\T ! SACR$ PROBLEMS ( >T1 :ILE ALL HIS LIFE HE REMA9$ ! MO/ P]FECT EGOTI/4 ,BUT ! 5D ( ?IS DRAMA IS DIFF]5T4 ,! GIRL1 ,SONYA1 :O IS ! C\NT]P>T ( ,SA%A1 & HAS BE5 ONE ( ?OSE :O SACRIFIC$ !MSELVES = ! PR(ESSOR1 REMA9S MORE OR LESS 9 ! BACKGR\ND ( ! DRAMA1 UNTIL1 AT ITS V]Y 5D %E COMES =W>D 9 A HALO ( 5DLESS LOVE4 ,%E IS NEGLECT$ BY ! MAN :OM %E LOVES4 ,?IS MAN--AN 5?USIA/--PREF]S1 H[EV]1 A BEAUTIFUL WOMAN 7! SECOND WIFE ( ! PR(ESSOR7 TO ,SONYA1 :O IS ONLY ONE ( ?OSE WORK]S :O BR+ LIFE 9TO ! D>KNESS ( ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE LIFE1 BY HELP+ ! D>K MASS TO PULL ?R\< ! H>D%IPS ( !IR LIVES4 

,! DRAMA 5DS 9 A HE>T-R5D+ MUSICAL ACCORD ( DEVOTION & SELF-SACRIFICE ON BEHALF ( ,SONYA & H] UNCLE4 0,IT CANNOT BE HELP$0--,SONYA SAYS--0WE MU/ LIVE6 ,UNCLE ,JOHN1 WE %ALL LIVE4 ,WE %ALL LIVE ?R\< A LONG SUCCESSION ( DAYS1 & ( LONG NI<TS2 WE %ALL PATI5TLY BE> ! SUFF]+S :I* FATE WILL S5D UPON US2 WE %ALL WORK = ! O!RS--N[1 & LAT] ON1 9 OLD AGE1 KN[+ NO RE/2 & :5 \R H\R %ALL HAVE COME1 WE %ALL DIE )\T MURMUR1 & !RE1 BEYOND ! GRAVE "9 "9 "9 WE %ALL RE/60 

,!RE IS1 AFT] ALL1 A R$EEM+ FEATURE 9 ?AT DESPAIR4 ,!RE REMA9S ! FAI? ( ,SONYA 9 H] CAPACITY TO WORK1 H] READ9ESS TO FACE ! WORK1 EV5 )\T P]SONAL HAPP9ESS4 

,BUT 9 PROPORTION AS ,RUSSIAN LIFE BECOMES LESS GLOOMY2 9 PROPORTION AS HOPES ( A BETT] FUTURE = \R C\NTRY BEG9 TO BUD ONCE MORE 9 ! Y\?FUL BEG9N+S ( A MOVE M5T AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES 9 ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S1 TO ! CALL ( :I* ! $UCAT$ Y\? ANSW] IMM$IATELY2 9 PROPORTION AS ! 09TELLECTUALS0 REVIVE AGA91 READY TO SACRIFICE !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO CONQU] FRE$OM = ! GR& :OLE--! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE--,T*EH(F ALSO BEG9S TO LOOK 9TO ! FUTURE ) HOPE & OPTIMISM4 ,! ,*]RY-,TREE ,G>D5 WAS HIS LA/ SWAN-SONG1 & ! LA/ WORDS ( ?IS DRAMA S\ND A NOTE FULL ( HOPE 9 A BETT] FUTURE4 ,! *]RY-TREE G>D5 ( A NOBLE L&LORD1 :I* US$ TO BE A TRUE FAIRY G>D5 :5 ! TREES W]E 9 FULL BLOOM1 & NI<T+ALES SANG 9 !IR ?ICKETS1 HAS BE5 PITILESSLY CUT D[N BY ! MONEY-MAK+ MIDDLE CLASS MAN4 ,NO BLOSSOM1 NO NI<T+ALES--ONLY DOLL>S 9/EAD4 ,BUT ,T*EH(F LOOKS FUR!R 9TO ! FUTURE3 HE SEES ! PLACE AGA9 9 NEW H&S1 & A NEW G>D5 IS GO+ TO GR[ 9/EAD ( ! OLD ONE--A G>D5 :]E ALL WILL F9D A NEW HAPP9ESS 9 NEW SURR\ND+S4 ,?OSE :OSE :OLE LIFE WAS = !MSELVES ALONE C\LD NEV] GR[ SU* A G>D52 BUT SOME DAY SOON ?IS WILL BE DONE BY BE+S LIKE ,ANYA1 ! H]O9E1 & H] FRI5D1 0! P]PETUAL /UD5T40 4 4 4 

,! 9FLU5CE ( ,T*EH(F1 AS ,TOL/OY HAS REM>K$1 WILL LA/1 & WILL NOT BE LIMIT$ TO ,RUSSIA ONLY4 ,HE HAS GIV5 SU* A PROM95CE TO ! %ORT /ORY & ITS WAYS ( DEAL+ ) HUMAN LIFE ?AT HE HAS ?US BECOME A RE=M] ( \R LIT]>Y =MS4 ,9 ,RUSSIA HE HAS ALREADY A NUMB] ( IMITATORS :O LOOK UPON HIM AS UPON ! HEAD ( A S*OOL2 BUT--WILL !Y HAVE ALSO ! SAME 9IMITABLE POETICAL FEEL+1 ! SAME *>M+ 9TIMACY 9 ! WAY ( TELL+ ! ,/ORIES1 ?AT SPECIAL =M ( LOVE ( NATURE1 & ABOVE ALL1 ! BEAUTY ( ,T*EH(F'S SMILE AMID HIS TE>S8--ALL QUALITIES 9SEP>ABLE FROM HIS P]SONALITY4 

,AS TO HIS DRAMAS1 !Y >E FAVORITES ON ! ,RUSSIAN /AGE1 BO? 9 ! CAPITALS & 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,!Y >E ADMIRABLE = ! /AGE & PRODUCE A DEEP EFFECT2 & :5 !Y >E PLAY$ BY SU* A SUP]IOR CA/ AS ?AT ( ! ,>TI/IC ,!AT] AT ,MOSC[--AS ! ,*]RY-,TREE ,G>D5 WAS PLAY$ LATELY--!Y BECOME DRAMATIC EV5TS4 

,9 ,RUSSIA ,T*EH(F IS N[ P]HAPS ! MO/ POPUL> ( ! Y\NG] WRIT]S4 ,SPEAK+ ( ! LIV+ NOVELI/S ONLY1 HE IS PLAC$ IMM$IATELY AFT] ,TOL/OY1 & HIS WORKS >E READ IMM5SELY4 ,SEP>ATE VOLUMES ( HIS /ORIES1 PUBLI%$ UND] DIFF]5T TITLES--,9 ,TWILI<T1 ,SAD ,PEOPLE & SO ON --RAN EA* ?R\< T5 TO F\RTE5 $ITIONS1 :ILE FULL $ITIONS ( ,T*EH(F'S ,WORKS 9 T5 & F\RTE5 VOLUMES1 SOLD 9 FABUL\S NUMB]S 3 ( ! LATT]1 :I* WAS GIV5 AS A SUPPLEM5T TO A WEEKLY1 MORE ?AN #b1 COPIES W]E CIRCULAT$ 9 ONE S+LE YE>4 

,9 ,G]MANY ,T*EH(F HAS PRODUC$ A DEEP IMPRESSION2 HIS BE/ /ORIES HAVE BE5 TRANSLAT$ MORE ?AN ONCE1 SO ?AT ONE ( ! LEAD+ ,B]L9 CRITICS EXCLAIM$ LATELY3 0,TS*E*(F1 ,TS*E*(F1 & KE9 ,5DE60 7,T*EH(F1 ,T*EH(F1 & NO 5D7 ,9 ,ITALY HE BEG9S TO BE WIDELY READ4 ,& YET IT IS ONLY HIS /ORIES :I* >E KN[N BEYOND ,RUSSIA4 ,HIS DRAMAS SEEM TO BE TOO 0,RUSSIAN10 & !Y H>DLY CAN DEEPLY MOVE AUDI5CES \TSIDE ! BORD]S ( ,RUSSIA1 :]E SU* DRAMAS ( 9N] CONTRADICTION >E NOT A *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( ! MOM5T4 

,IF !RE IS ANY LOGIC 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETIES1 SU* A WRIT] AS ,T*EH(F HAD TO APPE> BE=E LIT]ATURE C\LD TAKE A NEW DIRECTION & PRODUCE ! NEW TYPES :I* ALREADY >E BUDD+ 9 LIFE4 ,AT ANY RATE1 AN IMPRESSIVE P>T+ WORD HAD TO BE PRON\NC$1 & ?IS IS :AT ,T*EH(F HAS DONE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

"9,NOTE3 ,I BORR[ !SE REM>KS AB\T ! PR$ECESSORS ( ,BYEL9SKIY FROM AN >TICLE ON ,LIT]>Y ,CRITICISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 BY ,PR(ESSOR ,IVAN(F1 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,5CYCLOPA$IC ,DICTION>Y1 ,VOL4 #c#b1 #g#g#a4 

"9,NOTE3 ,! SPEE* ( ,HOMYAK(F IS REPRODUC$ 9 ,SKABIT*EVSKIY'S ,HI/ORY 7#a4 C474 ,I WAS V]Y ANXI\S TO GET ,TOL/OY'S SPEE*1 BECAUSE ,I ?9K ?AT ! IDEAS HE EXPRESS$ AB\T 0! P]MAN5T 9 ,>T1 ! UNIV]SAL0 H>DLY DID EXCLUDE ! D5UNCIATION ( ! ILLS FROM :I* A SOCIETY SUFF]S AT A GIV5 MOM5T4 ,P]HAPS HE MEANT :AT ,NEKRAS(F ALSO MEANT :5 HE DESCRIB$ ! LIT]ATURE TO :I* ,S*$R9'S ,PROV9CIAL ,SKET*ES HAD GIV5 ORIG9 AS 0A FLAGELLATION ( ! PETTY ?IEVES = ! PLEASURE ( ! BIG ONES40 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS SPEE* WAS NOT PR9T$1 & ! MANUSCRIPT ( IT C\LD NOT BE F\ND4 

,B,I,B,L,I,O,G,R,A,P,H,I,C,A,L ,N,O,T,E,S 

,:ILE ?IS BOOK WAS BE+ PREP>$ = PR9T A WORK ( GREAT VALUE = ALL ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ LOV]S ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE APPE>$ 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,I MEAN ! ,AN?OLOGY ( ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE FROM ! E>LIE/ ,P]IOD TO ! PRES5T ,TIME1 BY ,LEO ,WI5]1 ASSI/ANT PR(ESSOR ( ,SLAVIC LANGUAGES AT ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY1 PUBLI%$ 9 TWO /ATELY VOLUMES BY ,MESSRS4 ,PUTNAM'S ,SONS AT ,NEW ,YORK4 ,! FIR/ VOLUME 7#d PAGES7 CONTA9S A RI* SELECTION FROM ! E>LIE/ DOCUM5TS ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE--! ANNALS1 ! EPIC SONGS1 ! LYRIC FOLK-SONGS1 ETC41 AS ALSO FROM ! WRIT]S ( ! SEV5TE5? & ! EI<TE5? C5TURIES4 ,IT CONTA9S1 MOREOV]1 A G5]AL %ORT SKET* ( ! LIT]ATURE ( ! P]IOD & A M5TION IS MADE ( ALL ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATIONS FROM ! E>LY ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,! SECOND VOLUME 7#e PAGES7 CONTA9S AB/RACTS1 ) %ORT 9TRODUCTORY NOTES & A FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY1 FROM ALL ! *IEF AU?ORS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BEG9N+ ) ,K>AMZ9 & 5D+ ) ,T*EH(F1 ,GORKIY1 & ,M]EZHKOVSKIY4 ,ALL ?IS HAS BE5 DONE ) FULL KN[L$GE ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE & ( EV]Y AU?OR2 ! *OICE ( *>ACT]I/IC AB/RACTS H>DLY C\LD BE BETT]1 & ! MANY TRANSLATIONS :I* ,MR4 ,WI5] HIMSELF HAS MADE >E V]Y GOOD4 ,9 ?IS VOLUME1 TOO1 ALL ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATIONS ( ,RUSSIAN AU?ORS >E M5TION$1 & WE MU/ HOPE ?AT !IR NUMB] WILL N[ RAPIDLY 9CREASE4 ,V]Y MANY ( ! ,RUSSIAN AU?ORS HAVE H>DLY BE5 TRANSLAT$ AT ALL1 & 9 SU* CASES !RE IS NO?+ ELSE LEFT BUT TO ADVISE ! READ] TO P]USE ,FR5* OR ,G]MAN TRANSLATIONS4 ,BO? >E MU* MORE NU M]\S ?AN ! ,5GLI%1 A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( ! ,G]MAN TRANSLATIONS BE+ EMBODI$ 9 ! *EAP $ITIONS ( ,REKLAM4 

,A WORK CONC]N+ ,MALO-,RUSSIAN 7,LITTLE-,RUSSIAN7 LIT]A TURE1 ON L9ES SIMIL> TO ?OSE FOLL[$ BY ,MR4 ,WI5]1 HAS APPE>$ LATELY UND] ! TITLE1 ,VIK2 ! ,C5TURY1 A ,COLLECTION ( ,MALO-,RUSSIAN ,POETRY & ,PROSE PUBLI%$ FROM #a< TO #a#h#i#h1 #c VOLS4 7,KIEV1 ,PET] ,B>SKI7 2 7ANALYZ$ 9 ,A!NEUM1 ,JANU>Y #aO1 #a#i#c47 

,( G5]AL WORKS :I* MAY BE HELPFUL TO ! /UD5T ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE ,I %ALL NAME ,RAL/ON'S ,E>LY ,RUSSIAN ,HI/ORY1 ,SONGS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,PEOPLE1 & ,RUSSIAN ,FOLK ,TALES 7#a#h#g#b-#a#h#g#d71 AS ALSO HIS TRANSLATION ( ,AFANASIEFF'S ,LEG5DS2 ,RAMBAUD'S ,LA ,RUSSIE EPIQUE 7#a#h#g#f7 & HIS EXCELL5T ,HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA 7,5GL4 TRANS47 2 ,LE ROMAN RUSSE1 BY ,VOGUE2 ,IMPRESSIONS ( ,RUSSIA1 BY ,GEORGE ,BR&ES 7TRANSLAT$ BY ,EA/MAN 2 ,BO/ON1 #a#h#h#i71 & HIS ,MOD]NE ,GEI/]1 :I* CONTA9S AN ADMIRABLE *APT] ON ,TURGU5EFF4 

,( G5]AL WORKS 9 ,RUSSIAN1 ! FOLL[+ MAY BE NAM$3 ,HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE 9 ,BIOGRAPHIES & ,SKET*ES1 BY ,P4 ,POLEVOY1 #b VOLS41 ILLU/RAT$ 7#a#h#h#c2 NEW $ITION1 5L>G$1 9 #a#i#c7 2 & HI/ORY ( ! ,NEW ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE FROM #ahdh TO #a#h#i#h1 BY ,A4 ,SKABIT*EVSKIY1 #d? $41 #a#i1 ) #eb PORTRAITS4 ,BO? >E RELIABLE1 WELL WRITT51 & NOT BULKY WORKS--! =M] BE+ RA!R POPUL> 9 *>ACT]1 :ILE ! SECOND IS A CRITICAL WORK :I* GOES 9TO ! ANALYSIS ( EV]Y WRIT]4 ,! REC5TLY PUBLI%$ ,GALL]Y ( ,RUSSIAN ,WRIT]S1 $IT$ BY ,I4 ,IGNAT(F 7,MOSC[1 #a#i#a71 CONTA9S OV] #be GOOD PORTRAITS ( ,RUSSIAN AU?ORS1 ACCOMPANI$ BY ONE PAGE NOTICES1 QUITE WELL WRITT51 ( !IR WORK4 ,A V]Y EXHAU/IVE WORK IS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE BY ,A4 ,PP91 9 #d VOLS41 7#a#h#h#i71 BEG9N+ ) ! E>LIE/ TIMES & 5D+ ) ,PU%K91 ,L]MONT(F1 ,GOGOL1 & ,KOLTS(F4 ,! SAME AU?OR HAS WRITT5 A ,HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN ,E?NOGRAPHY1 ALSO 9 #d VOLS4 ,AMONG WORKS DEAL+ ) PORTIONS ONLY ( ! ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE ! FOLL[+ MAY BE M5TION$3 ,T*]NY%EVSKIY'S ,CRITICAL ,>TICLES1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #ahic 2 ,ANN5K(F'S ,PU%K9 & ,HIS ,TIME2 4 ,MILL]'S ,RUSSIAN ,WRIT]S AFT] ,GOGOL2 ,M]EZHKOVSKIY'S BOOKS ON ,PU%K9 & ANO!R ON ,TOL/OY2 & ,>S5IEFF'S ,CRITICAL ,/UDIES ( ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE1 #b VOLS41 #ahhh 7M5TION$ 9 ! TEXT7 2 & ABOVE ALL1 ( C\RSE1 ! COLLECTIONS ( ,WORKS ( \R CRITICS3 ,BYEL9SKIY 7#a#b VOLS47 2 ,DOBROLUB(F 7#d VOLS471 ,PIS>EFF 7#f VOLS471 & ,MIHAILOVSKIY 7#f VOLS471 COMPLET$ BY HIS ,LIT]>Y ,REM9ISC5CES4 

,A WORK ( V]Y GREAT VALUE1 :I* IS /ILL 9 PROGRESS1 IS ! ,BIOGRAPHIC ,DICTION>Y ( ,RUSSIAN ,WRIT]S1 PUBLI%$ & NE>LY 5TIRELY WRITT5 BY ,S4 ,V5GU](F1 :O IS ALSO ! $ITOR ( NEW1 SCI5TIFICALLY PREP>$ $ITIONS ( ! COMPLETE WORKS ( SEV]AL AU?ORS 7,BYEL9SKIY IS N[ PUBLI%$74 ,EXCELL5T BIOGRAPHIES & CRITICAL SKET*ES ( ALL ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S WILL BE F\ND 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,5CYCLOPA$IA ,DICTION>Y ( ,BROCKHAUS-,EFRON4 ,! FIR/ TWO VOLUMES ( ?IS ,DICTION>Y 7!Y WILL BE COMPLET$ 9 AN ,APP5DIX7 W]E BR\<T \T AS A TRANSLATION ( ! ,LEXIKON ( ,BROCKHAUS2 BUT ! DIRECTION WAS TAK5 OV] 9 GOOD TIME BY A GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN M5 ( SCI5CE1 9CLUD+ ,M5DELEEFF1 ,WOIEIK(F1 ,V4 ,SOLOVI(F1 ETC41 :O HAVE MADE ( ! #hb VOLUMES ( ?IS ,DICTION>Y1 COMPLET$ 9 #aid 7AT #f %4 ! VOLUME7--ONE ( ! BE/ 5CYCLOPA$IAS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT ALL >TICLES ON *EMI/RY & *EMICAL TE*NICS HAVE BE5 EI!R WRITT5 OR C>EFULLY REVIS$ BY ,M5DELEEFF4 

,COMPLETE $ITIONS ( ! WORKS ( MO/ ( ! ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S HAVE LATELY BE5 PUBLI%$1 SOME ( !M BY ! $ITOR ,M>KS1 9 CONNECTION ) HIS WEEKLY ILLU/RAT$ PAP]1 AT A/\ND+LY L[ PRICES1 :I* CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ BY A CIRCULATION :I* EXCE$S #b1 COPIES EV]Y YE>4 ,! WORK ( ,GOGOL1 ,TURGU5EFF1 ,GONT*>(F1 ,O/ROVSKIY1 ,BOBORYK91 ,T*EH(F1 & SOME M9OR WRIT]S1 LIKE ,DANILEVSKIY & ,LYESK(F1 >E 9 ?IS CASE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,IDEAS & ,REALITIES 9 ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A ,KNOPF1 #a#i#a#e47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiad 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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