,9 ,DEF5CE ( ! ,TRU? 
,A REPLY TO 0,9 ,DEF5CE ( ,OCTOB]0 BY ,JOHN ,REES ( ! ,BRITI% ,S,W,P 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,ITALIAN ,M>XI/ ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI ONCE WROTE ?AT 0TO TELL ! TRU? IS A COMMUNI/ & REVOLUTION>Y ACT40 ,IF WE APPLY ?IS MAXIM TO MO/ ( ! LEFT1 WE W\LD DRAW ! OBVI\S CONCLUSION ?AT IT IS NEI!R COMMUNI/ NOR REVOLUTION>Y4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( ?IS M5TALITY1 REWRIT+ HI/ORY TO SUIT ! RECRUITM5T NE$S ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,ONE ( ! IRONIES ( HI/ORY IS ?AT ! ,TROTSKYI/S :O SP5T SO MU* TIME COMBAT+ ! 0,/AL9 S*OOL ( FALSIFICATION0 HAVE CREAT$ !IR [N4 

,I 

,! ,S,W,P IS NOTORI\S1 ( C\RSE1 = ITS 9ACCURATE DIATRIBES ON AN>*ISM4 ,PAT ,/ACK'S LAU<ABLY BAD 0,AN>*Y 9 ! ,U,K80 7,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW1 NO4 #b#d#f7 IS JU/ ! LATE/ 9 A LONG L9E ( >TICLES :OSE RELATION%IP TO REALITY IS ONE ( ACCID5TAL CO9CID5CE4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 :5 IT COMES TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 WE GET A SIMIL> DI/ORTIONS = A SIMIL> REASON3 ! NECESSITY TO MA9TA9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY?4 ,! IDEA ?AT ,L59ISM WORKS W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO >GUE IF AN ACCURATE ACC\NT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 7& ! ROLE ( ,BOL%EVISM )9 IT7 WAS WIDELY AVAILABLE TO RADICALS4 

,ONE ( ! P>TY'S MAJOR ATTEMPTS TO 0DEF5D0 ! ,BOL%EVIK TRADITION IS 0,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,OCTOB]0 BY ,JOHN ,REES1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM NO4 #eb & AS BE5 REPR9T$ HAS A PAMPHLET4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 A COMPREH5SIVE ANALYSIS ( ! :OLE >TICLE CANNOT BE DONE H]E &1 !RE=E1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONC5TRATE ON HIS ACC\NT ( ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5C$ ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T4 ,SU* AN ANALYSIS IS USEFUL = ?REE REASONS4 ,FIR/LY1 IT EXPOSES ! FLAWS 7& HONE/Y7 ( ,REES'S APPROA*4 ,SECONDLY1 IT %[S ! DEP?S TO :I* A SO-CALL$ 0REVOLUTION>Y0 WILL S9K TO JU/IFY HIS IDEOLOGY4 ,?IRDLY1 IT ALL[S US TO REVIEW ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & %[ ?AT !RE IS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! BANKRUPT POLITICS ( ,BOL%EVISM4 

,OBJECTIVE ,FACTORS 

,REES IS AT PA9S TO BLAME ! AU?ORIT>IAN POLICIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ON :AT HE CALLS 0! WEI<T ( OBJECTIVE FACTORS0 FAC+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 BY :I* HE MEANS ! COMB9$ IMPACT ( EV5TS ! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD NOT CONTROL 7NAMELY ECONOMIC DISRUPTION1 CIVIL W> & SO ON74 ,HE >GUES ?AT ! 0SUBJECTIVE FACTOR0 ( ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY PLAY$ HAD AN IMPACT 79DE$1 0WAS DECISIVE07 ON ! \TCOME ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION )9 ! 0*OICE BETWE5 CAPITULATION TO ! ,:ITES OR DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION ) :ATEV] MEANS W]E AT H&40 ,SU* AN >GUM5T EXPLA9S HIS DI%ONE/ ACC\NT ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T4 ,AFT] ALL1 !Y FAC$ ! SAME 0WEI<T ( OBJECTIVE FACTORS0 AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS YET DID NOT MAKE ! SAME *OICES1 ACT 9 ! SAME WAY1 OR COME TO ! SAME IDEOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS4 

,CLE>LY1 !N1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S UND]M9E ,REES'S BASIC !SIS & EFFECTIVELY REFUTES ! CLAIM ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NO *OICE BUT TO ACT AS !Y DID4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S PROVIDE /RONG EVID5CE ?AT ,BOL%EVIK POLITICS PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,SU* A CONCLUSION IS DANG]\S TO ,BOL%EVISM & SO ! ,MAKNOVI/ MOVEM5T MU/ BE ATTACK$1 REG>DLESS ( ! FACTS4 ,?IS ,REES DOES 9 ABUNDANCE1 DI/ORT+ & ABUS+ ! S\RCE MAT]IAL HE BASES HIS ACC\NT ON 9 ! PROCESS4 

,REES ON ,MAKHNO 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T1 NAM$ AFT] AN>*I/ ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 WAS A POPUL> PEASANT BAS$ >MY :I* WAS ACTIVE 9 ! ,UKRA9E FROM #aiah TO #a#i#b#a4 ,IT PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! ,:ITE ,G5]ALS ,D5IK9 & ,WRANGEL & PURSU$ ! AN>*I/ DREAM ( A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY BAS$ ON A F$]ATION ( FREE COMMUNES & WORK]S' C\NCILS 7SOVIETS74 ,REES1 H[EV]1 TALKS AB\T ! 0MUDDL$ AN>*ISM0 ( ,MAKHNO1 DISMISS+ ! :OLE MOVEM5T AS (F]+ NO ALT]NATIVE TO ,BOL%EVISM & BE+ )\T 0AN >TICULAT$ POLITICAL PROGRAM40 ,ULTIMATELY1 = ,REES1 ,MAKHNO'S 0AN>*ISM WAS A ?9 V5E] ON PEASANT REBELLION0 & :ILE 0ON PAP]0 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 0APPE>$ TO HAVE A MORE DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM0 ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 !Y W]E 0FRAUDS40 

,! REALITY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T WAS TOTALLY DIFF]5T ?AN ,REES'S CLAIMS4 ,WE %ALL ANALYZE HIS ACC\NT ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T 9 ORD] TO %[ EXACTLY H[ L[ ! SUPPORT]S ( ,BOL%EVISM WILL GO TO DI/ORT ! HI/ORICAL RECORD = !IR [N AIMS4 ,ONCE ! SELECTIVE & $IT$ QUOTATIONS PROVID$ BY ,REES >E CORRECT$1 ! PICTURE ?AT CLE>LY EM]GES IS ?AT RA!R ?AN ! ,MAKHNOVI/S BE+ 0FRAUDS10 IT IS ,REES' ACC\NT :I* IS ! FRAUD 7ALONG ) ! POLITICAL TRADITION :I* 9SPIR$ IT74 

,REES'S CRITIQUE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S COMPRISES ( TWO P>TS4 ,! FIR/ IS A HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T & ITS RELATION%IPS 7OR LACK ( !M7 ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :I* WE DISCUSS H]E4 ,! SECOND IS A DISCUSSION ( ! IDEAS :I* ! ,MAKHNOVI/S TRI$ TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE 7AS DISCUSS$ 9 ! NEXT ISSUE74 ,BO? ASPECTS ( HIS CRITIQUE >E EXTREMELY FLAW$4 ,9DE$1 ! ]RORS 9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T >E SO FUNDAM5TAL 7& SO AT ODDS ) HIS REF]5CES7 ?AT IT SUGGE/S ?AT IDEOLOGY OV]CAME OBJECTIVITY 7TO BE POLITE74 ,! BE/ ?AT CAN BE SAID ( HIS ACC\NT IS ?AT AT LEA/ HE DOES NOT RAISE ! TOTALLY DISCR$IT$ ACCUSATION ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E ANTI-,SEMITIC OR 0KULAKS40 ,H[EV]1 HE MORE ?AN MAKES UP = ?IS BY DI/ORT+ ! FACTS & REF]5CES HE USES4 ,9DE$1 IT W\LD BE NO EXAGG]ATION TO >GUE ?AT ! ONLY 9=MATION ,REES GETS CORRECT AB\T HIS S\RCES IS ! PAGE NUMB]4 

,TO GIVE A FLAVOR ( ! QUALITY ( ,REES'S S*OL>%IP1 WE CAN PO9T TO HIS COMP>ISON ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,TAMBOV REBELLION4 ,HE CLAIMS ?AT ,MAKHNO'S WAS ! 0SMALL] REBELLION0 ( ! TWO 9 SPITE ( ! FACTS ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S LA/$ LONG] 7OV] F\R YE>S COMP>$ TO LESS ?AT ONE71 />T$ 9 A L>G] >EA & LAT] EXP&$ 7! ,TAMBOV REVOLT WAS RE/RICT$ TO ! S\!RN HALF ( ONE PROV9CE7 & HAD MORE TROOPS 7A PEAK ( >\ND #d # COMP>$ TO >\ND #b 74 ,P]HAPS ,REES SIMPLY MEANT ?AT ,MAKHNO WAS PHYSICALLY SMALL] ?AN ,ANTONOV1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,TAMBOV REBELLION8 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 EV]Y DI/ORTION & ]ROR CANNOT BE CORRECT$ AS SPACE W\LD PROHIBIT IT4 ,AS SU*1 WE MU/ CONC5TRATE ON ! IMPORTANT ONES4 

,REES />TS BY SETT+ ! APPROPRIATE TONE4 ,HE /ATES ?AT ! 0ME?ODS US$ BY ,MAKHNO0 9 HIS 0FI<T AGA9/ ! ,R$ ,>MY (T5 MIRROR$ ?OSE US$ BY ! ,:ITES40 ,/RANGELY 5\<1 HE FAILS TO SPECIFY ANY4 ,HE QUOTES ,R$ ,>MY REPORTS FROM ! ,UKRA9IAN ,FRONT TO BLACK5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 US+ !M TO CONFIRM ! PICTURE HE DRAWS FROM 0! DI>Y ( ,MAKHNO'S WIFE0 FROM #a#i#b4 ,!SE DI>Y 5TRIES1 HE CLAIMS1 0BETRAY ! NATURE ( ! MOVEM5T0 :5 FI<T+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 E>LY #aib 7AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5G9E]$ ! \TLAW+ ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S74 ,! MAJOR PROBLEM = ,REES' CASE IS ! FACT ?AT ?IS DI>Y IS A FAKE & HAS BE5 KN[N TO BE A FAKE S9CE ,>%9OV WROTE HIS CLASSIC ACC\NT ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 #a#i#b#c4 .<#a.> ,REES IMPLICITLY ACKN[L$GES ?IS BY LAMELY ADMITT+ 79 AN 5D NOTE7 ?AT 0,MAKHNO SEEMS TO HAVE HAD TWO 'WIVES'0 

,AS REG>DS !SE 0ME?ODS10 ,REES SIMPLY %[S ?AT ,BOL%EVIKS W]E %OT BY ,MAKHNO'S TROOPS4 ,?IS W5T BO? WAYS1 AS ,REES FAILS TO NOTE4 ,9 0MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS ! ,BOL%EVIKS %OT ALL PRISON]S4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S %OT ALL CAPTUR$ (FIC]S UNLESS ! ,R$ RANK & FILE /RONGLY 9T]C$$ = !M4 ,! RANK & FILE W]E USUALLY S5T HOME1 ?\< A NUMB] VOLUNTE]$ = S]VICE ) ! ,9SURG5TS40 ,EQUALLY1 0.<O.>N ! OCCUPATION ( A VILLAGE BY ! ,R$ ,>MY ! ,*EKA W\LD HUNT \T & HANG ALL ACTIVE ,MAKHNOVITE SUPPORT]S2 AN AM5ABLE ,SOVIET W\LD BE SET UP2 (FICIALS W\LD BE APPO9T$ OR IMPORT$ TO ORGANIZE ! POOR PEASANTS 444 & ?REE OR F\R ,R$ MILITIA M5 LEFT AS >M$ SUPPORT = ! NEW VILLAGE BOSSES40 .<#b.> ,AS SU*1 ,REES' ACC\NT ( ,MAKHNOVI/ 0T]ROR0 AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEEMS SOME:AT HYPOCRITICAL4 ,WE CAN EQUALLY SURMISE ?AT ! ME?ODS US$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ALSO 0(T5 MIRROR$ ?OSE US$ BY ! ,:ITES06 ,& IT %\LD ALSO BE /RESS$ ?AT ! CONFLICT ,REES IS REF]R+ TO WAS NE$LESSLY />T$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS & SO ,REES IS ATTACK+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S = DEF5D+ !MSELVES6 

,BETRAY+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 

,AS REG>DS ! HI/ORICAL SUMM>Y ,REES PRES5TS1 IT W\LD BE FAIR TO SAY HIS ACC\NT ( ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,BOL%EVIKS >E A TOTAL DI/ORTION4 ,! TWO >MIES HAD ?REE 0PACTS0 & ,REES TOTALLY DI/ORTS ! FIR/ TWO4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 ,REES ALLEGES ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S BROKE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! OPPOSITE IS ! CASE - ! ,BOL%EVIKS TURN$ ON ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & BETRAY$ !M4 ,!SE FACTS >E H>DLY UNKN[N TO ,REES AS !Y >E CONTA9$ 9 ! V]Y BOOKS HE QUOTES AS EVID5CE = HIS REWRITT5 HI/ORY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,REES1 0.<C.>O-OP]ATION CONT9U$ UNTIL ,JUNE #aiai :5 ! ,9SURG5T ,>MY BROKE FROM ! ,R$ ,>MY0 & QUOTES ,MI*AEL ,PALIJ'S BOOK AS FOLL[S3 0AS SOON AS ,MAKHNO LEFT ! FRONT HE & HIS ASSOCIATES BEGAN TO ORGANIZE NEW P>TISAN DETA*M5TS 9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS' RE>1 :I* SUBSEQU5TLY ATTACK$ /RON<OLDS1 TROOPS1 POLICE1 TRA9S & FOOD COLLECTORS40 ,REES IS CLE>LY IMPLY+ ?AT ,MAKHNO ATTACK$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 APP>5TLY = NO REASON4 ,! TRU? IS TOTALLY DIFF]5T4 

,REES QUOTES ,PALIJ ON PAGE #a#g#g4 ,?IS PAGE IS FROM *APT] #a#f1 :I* IS CALL$ 0,! ,BOL%EVIKS ,BREAK ) ,MAKHNO40 ,AS ?IS WAS NOT 5\< ( A CLUE1 ,PALIJ PRES5TS SOME NECESS>Y BACKGR\ND TO ?IS EV5T4 ,HE NOTES ?AT 0! ,BOL%EVIKS R5EW$ !IR ANTI-,MAKHNO PROPAG&A4 ,TROTSKY1 9 P>TICUL>1 L$ A VIOL5T CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T40 ,HE ALSO M5TIONS ?AT 0.<A.>T ! SAME TIME1 ! SUPPLIES ( >MS & O!R W> MAT]IALS TO ,MAKHNO W]E /OPP$1 ?IS WEAK5+ ! ,MAKHNO =CES VIS-A-VIS ! ,D5IK9 TROOPS40 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL 0DECID$ TO CALL A F\R? CONGRESS ( PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 & P>TISANS0 = ,JUNE #a#e?1 #a#i#a#i1 :I* ,TROTSKY PROMPTLY BANN$ & W>N$ ! POPULATION ?AT 0P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,CONGRESS %ALL BE CONSID]$ AN ACT ( /ATE TREASON AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC & ! FRONT40 .<#c.> 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TRI$ TO BAN ! ?IRD CONGRESS 9 ,APRIL BUT HAD BE5 IGNOR$4 ,?IS TIME1 !Y MADE SURE ?AT !Y W]E NOT4 ,MAKHNO & HIS /AFF W]E NOT 9=M$ ( ,TROTSKY'S DICTATORIAL ORD] & LE>N$ ( IT ?REE DAYS LATT]4 ,ON ,JUNE #i?1 ,MAKHNO S5T A TELEGRAM 9=M+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS ?AT HE WAS LEAV+ HIS PO/ AS LEAD] ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,HE 0H&$ OV] HIS COMM& & LEFT ! FRONT ) A FEW ( HIS CLOSE ASSOCIATES & A CAVALRY DETA*M5T0 :ILE CALL+ UPON ! P>TISANS TO 0REMA9 AT ! FRONT TO HOLD (F ,D5IK9'S =CES40 ,TROTSKY ORD]$ HIS >RE/1 BUT ,MAKHNO WAS W>N$ 9 ADVANCE & ESCAP$4 ,ON ,JUNE #a#e-#a#f?1 MEMB]S ( ,MAKHNO'S /AFF 0W]E CAPTUR$ & EXECUT$ ! NEXT DAY40 ,N[ ,PALIJ REC\NTS H[ 0.<A.>S SOON AS ,MAKHNO LEFT ! FRONT HE & HIS ASSOCIATES BEGAN TO ORGANIZE NEW P>TISAN DETA*M5TS 9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS' RE>1 :I* SUBSEQU5TLY ATTACK$ /RON<OLDS1 TROOPS1 POLICE1 TRA9S & FOOD COLLECTORS40 

,PALIJ 0SUBSEQU5TLY0 REF]S TO ,MAKHNO AFT] ,D5IK9'S BREAK?R\< & HIS OCCUPATION ( ! ,UKRA9E4 0,! OPPRESSIVE POLICY ( ! ,D5IK9 REGIME10 HE NOTES1 0CONV9C$ ! POPULATION ?AT IT WAS AS BAD AS ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 & BR\<T A /RONG REACTION ?AT L$ ABLE Y\NG M5 444 TO LEAVE !IR HOMES & JO9 ,MAKHNO & O!R P>TISAN GR\PS40 ,AS ,MAKHNO PUT IT3 0,:5 ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 S\? ,UKRA9E BEGAN TO RETREAT 444 AS IF TO /RAI<T5 ! FRONT L9E1 BUT 9 REALITY TO EVACUATE ,UKRA9E 444 ONLY !N DID MY /AFF & ,I DECIDE TO ACT40 ,AFT] TRY+ TO FI<T ,D5IK9'S TROOPS1 HE RETREAT$ & CALL$ UPON HIS TROOPS TO LEAVE ! ,R$ ,>MY & REJO9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ,D5IK94 ,HE 0S5T AG5TS AMONG ! ,R$ TROOPS0 TO C>RY \T PROPAG&A URG+ !M TO /AY & FI<T ,D5IK9 ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 :I* !Y DID 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 ,?IS PROPAG&A WAS 0COMB9$ ) SABOTAGE40 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO EV5TS1 ,MAKHNO HAD 5T]$ ! T]RITORY ( POGROMI/ W>LORD ,HRYHOR'IV 7:I* DID NOT CONTA9 ,R$ TROOPS AS !Y W]E 9 CONFLICT7 & ASSASS9AT$ HIM4 .<#d.> 

,CLE>LY1 ,REES'S SUMM>Y LEAVES A LOT TO BE DESIR$6 ,RA!R ?AN ,MAKHNO ATTACK+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 IT WAS !Y :O BROKE ) HIM AS ,PALIJ1 ,REES'S S\RCE1 MAKES CLE>4 ,! DI%ONE/Y IS OBVI\S1 AL?\< UND]/&ABLE AS ,TROTSKY BANN+ A WORK]1 PEASANT & P>TISAN CONGRESS W\LD H>DLY FIT 9TO ,REES' ATTEMPT TO PORTRAY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/S OV]COME BY OBJECTIVE CIRCUM/ANCES6 ,GIV5 ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD SUCCESSFULLY HELD ?REE SU* CONGRESSES TO DISCUSS ! W> AGA9/ REACTION1 H[ C\LD OBJECTIVE CIRCUM/ANCES BE BLAM$ = ! DICTATORIAL ACTIONS ( ,TROTSKY & O!R LEAD+ ,R$ ,>MY (FIC]S 9 ! ,UKRA9E8 

,REES MOVES ONTO ! NEXT ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! 9SURG5TS & ! ,BOL%EVIKS :I* OCCURR$ AFT] ,D5IK9'S DEFEAT 7NE$LESS TO SAY1 HIS V]SION ( ,D5IK9'S DEFEAT D[NPLAYS ! ,MAKHNOVI/S KEY ROLE 9 IT74 ,AGA91 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BROKE IT & AGA9 ,REES ATTEMPTS TO BLAME ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,HE >GUES ?AT 0BY ! 5D ( #aiai ! IMM$IATE ,:ITE ?REAT WAS REMOV$4 ,MAKHNO REFUS$ TO MOVE HIS TROOPS TO ! ,POLI% FRONT TO MEET ! IMM95T 9VASION & HO/ILITIES ) ! ,R$ ,>MY BEGAN AGA9 ON AN EV5 MORE WIDESPREAD SCALE40 

,?IS1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 IS A TOTAL DI/ORTION ( ! FACTS4 ,FIR/LY1 IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! 0IMM95T0 9VASION BY ,POL& ,REES M5TIONS DID NOT OCCUR UNTIL ! #b#f? ( ,APRIL1 #a#i#b4 ,! BREAK ) ,MAKHNO OCCURR$ AS A RESULT ( AN ORD] ISSU$ ON ! #h? ( ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#b4 ,CLE>LY1 ! EXCUSE ( 0IMM95T0 9VASION WAS A COV]1 AS RECOGNIZ$ BY ALL ! HI/ORIANS ,REES HIMSELF USES4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,PALIJ3 

0,! AU?OR ( ! ORD] REALIZ$ AT ?AT TIME !RE WAS NO REAL W> BETWE5 ! ,POLES & ! ,BOL%EVIKS AT ?AT TIME & HE ALSO KNEW ?AT ,MAKHNO W\LD NOT AB&ON HIS REGION 444 ,UBOREVI* .<! AU?OR.> EXPLA9$ ?AT 'AN APPROPRIATE REACTION BY ,MAKHNO TO ?IS ORD] W\LD GIVE US ! *ANCE TO HAVE ACCURATE GR\NDS = \R NEXT /EPS' 444 .<,HE.> CONCLUD$3 ',! ORD] IS A C]TA9 POLITICAL MANEUV] &1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 WE EXPECT POSITIVE RESULTS FROM ,MAKHNO'S REALIZATION ( ?IS4'0 .<#e.> 

,FOOTMAN CONCURS1 NOT+ ?AT IT WAS 0ADMITT$ ON ! ,SOVIET SIDE ?AT ?IS ORD] WAS PRIM>ILY 'DICTAT$ BY ! NECESSITY' ( LIQUIDAT+ ,MAKHNOV%*9A AS AN 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T40 .<#f.> ,REES >GUES ?AT 0.<I.>N FACT IT WAS ,MAKHNO'S ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,R$ ,>MY :I* MADE 'A BRIEF RETURN ( ! ,:ITES POSSIBLE4'0 ,9 DEF5SE ( HIS CLAIMS1 ,REES QUOTES FROM ,W4 ,BRUCE ,L9COLN'S ,R$ ,VICTORY4 ,LOOK+ AT ?AT WORK WE DISCOV] ?AT ,L9COLN IS WELL AW>E :O IS TO BLAME = ! RETURN ( ! ,:ITES & IT IS NOT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S3 

0,ONCE ,TROTSKY'S ,R$ ,>MY HAD CRU%$ ,IUD5I* & ,KOL*AK & DRIV5 ,D5IK5'S =CES BACK UPON !IR BASES 9 ! ,CRIMEA & ! ,KUBAN1 IT TURN$ UPON ,MAKHNO'S P>TISAN =CES ) A V5GEANCE 444 .<,I.>N MID-,JANU>Y #a#i#b1 AFT] A TYPHUS EPIDEMIC HAD DECIMAT$ HIS =CES1 A REE/ABLI%$ ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DECL>$ ,MAKHNO AN \TLAW4 ,YET ! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD NOT FREE !MSELVES =M ,MAKHNO'S GRASP SO EASILY1 & IT BECAME ONE ( ! SUPREME IRONIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W> ?AT HIS ATTACKS AGA9/ ! RE> ( ! ,R$ ,>MY MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! RESURRECT$ ,:ITE >MIES 444 TO RETURN BRIEFLY TO ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E 9 #a#i#b40 .<#g.> 

,AFT] READ+ ! SAME FACT 9 ?REE DIFF]5T S\RCES1 ,REES REWRITES HI/ORY & REV]SES ! FACTS 9 TRUE ,/AL9I/ FA%ION4 ,CONSID] :AT ,REES IS 7DI/ORT$LY7 ACC\NT+4 ,! ,:ITE ,G5]ALS HAD BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,! CIVIL W> APPE>$ TO BE OV]4 ,YET ! ,BOL%EVIKS TURN ON !IR ALLIES AFT] ISSU+ AN ULTIMATUM :I* !Y KNEW W\LD NEV] BE OBEY$4 ,!Y PROVOK$ A CONFLICT ) AN ALLY AGA9/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,IT CANNOT BE JU/IFI$ 9 MILIT>Y T]MS1 AS ,REES TRIES TO DO4 

,! ?IRD & F9AL BREAK 

,! ?IRD PACT WAS SUGGE/$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 LI<T ( ,:ITE SUCCESS UND] ,WRANGEL4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS IGNOR$ ! (F] -- UNTIL ,WRANGEL'S BREAK ?R\< 9 MID-,SEPTEMB]4 ,REES >GUES ?AT ?IS F9AL PACT WAS 70UNSURPRIS+LY07 A 0TREATY ( CONV5I5CE ON ! P>T ( BO? SIDES & AS SOON AS ,WRANGEL WAS DEFEAT$ AT ! 5D ( ! YE> ! ,R$ ,>MY F\<T ,MAKHNO UNTIL HE GAVE UP ! /RUGGLE40 ,MAKHNO1 H[EV]1 0ASSUM$ .<?AT.> ! =?COM+ CONFLICT ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD BE LIMIT$ TO ! REALM ( IDEAS0 & ?AT !Y 0W\LD NOT ATTACK HIS MOVEM5T IMM$IATELY40 .<#h.> ,HE WAS WRONG4 ,9/EAD ! ,BOL%EVIKS ATTACK$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S )\T W>N+ &1 UNLIKE ! O!R BREAKS1 )\T PRETEXT4 

,LET US NOT =GET ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* ?IS BETRAYAL TOOK PLACE4 ,! C\NTRY WAS1 AS ,REES CONT9UALLY REM9DS US1 9 A /ATE ( ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAUS$1 9 P>T BY ! CIVIL W> & ON :I* HE BLAMES ! ANTI-WORK+ CLASS & DICTATORIAL ACTIONS & POLICIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,YET H]E !Y >E PROLONG+ ! CIVIL W> BY TURN+ 7YET AGA967 ON !IR ALLIES4 ,RES\RCES :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 US$ TO AID ! PO/W> REBUILD+ W]E US$ TO ATTACK !IR =M] ALLIES4 ,! TAL5TS & 5]GY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E DE/ROY$ OR WA/$ 9 A PO9TLESS CONFLICT4 ,%\LD WE BE SURPRIS$8 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD PREF]R$ TO COMP\ND !IR FOES DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> 7&1 9DIRECTLY1 AID ! V]Y ,:ITES !Y W]E FI<T+7 BY BETRAY+ !IR ,MAKHNOVI/ ALLIES ON TWO PREVI\S OCCASIONS4 ,CLE>LY1 ,BOL%EVIK POLITICS & IDEOLOGY PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ALL !SE DECISIONS4 ,!Y W]E NOT DRIV5 BY T]RIBLE OBJECTIVE CIRCUM/ANCES 79DE$1 !Y MADE !M WORSE74 

,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,P>TY 

,TO UND]/& :Y ! ,BOL%EVIKS BETRAY$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 WE NE$ TO CONSID] ! V]Y FACTOR :I* ,REES IS AT PA9S TO D[NPLAY -- ! 0SUBJECTIVE0 ROLE ( ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY4 

,EV] S9CE TAK+ P[] 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY ALI5AT$ FROM ! WORK+ CLASS 7SOME?+ ,REES SIMPLY FAILS TO ACKN[L$GE74 ,RA!R ?AN SUBJECT !MSELVES TO SOVIET DEMOCRACY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HELD ON TO P[] BY ANY MEANS NECESS>Y4 ,! SPR+ & SUMM] ( #aiah SAW 0GREAT ,BOL%EVIK LOSSES 9 ! SOVIET ELECTIONS40 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS =CIBLY DISB&$ SU* SOVIETS4 ,!Y CONT9UALLY PO/PON$ ELECTIONS & 0PACK.<$.> LOCAL SOVIETS ONCE !Y C\LD NOT LONG] C\NT ON AN ELECTORAL MAJORITY0 BY GIV+ REPRES5TATION TO ORGANIZATIONS !Y DOM9AT$ :I* MADE WORKPLACE ELECTIONS MEAN+LESS4 .<#i.> ,! REGIME REMA9$ 0SOVIET0 9 NAME ONLY4 

,!SE EV5TS OCCURR$ BE=E ! />T ( CIVIL W>4 ,H[EV] ,REES >GUES ?AT 0! REVOLUTION & CIVIL W> 444 W]E ONE0 & SO ! ,BOL%EVIKS CANNOT BE BLAM$ = ANY ( !IR ACTIONS4 ,?IS IS 9CR$UL\S4 ,L59 CORRECTLY >GU$ ?AT REVOLUTIONS 0GIVE RISE TO EXCEPTIONALLY COMPLICAT$ CIRCUM/ANCES40 ,HE /RESS$ ?AT REVOLUTION WAS 0! %>PE/1 MO/ FURI\S1 DESP]ATE CLASS W> & CIVIL W>4 ,NOT A S+LE GREAT REVOLUTION 9 HI/ORY HAS ESCAP$ CIVIL W>4 ,NO ONE :O DOES NOT LIVE 9 A %ELL C\LD IMAG9E ?AT CIVIL W> IS CONCEIVABLE )\T EXCEPTIONALLY COMPLICAT$ CIRCUM/ANCES40 .<#a.> ,IF ,BOL%EVISM CANNOT H&LE ! 9EVITABLE1 !N IT IS ONE MORE REASON TO REJECT IT6 

,!RE=E TO BLAME ! 9EVITABLE EFFECTS ( REVOLUTION = ! DEG5]ATION ( ,BOL%EVISM IS QUE/ION BEGG+4 ,REES >GUES ?AT IT 0IS A TRIBUTE TO ! P[] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS' POLITICS & ORGANIZATION ?AT !Y TOOK ! MEASURES NECESS>Y40 ,LET US CONSID] !SE MEASURES1 ! POLITICS ,REES CLAIMS HAD NO EFFECT ON ! \TCOME ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! SAME YE> AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS TWICE TURN$ ON ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ,TROTSKY 79 ,T]RORISM & ,COMMUNISM7 >GU$ ?AT !RE WAS 0NO SUB/ITUTION AT ALL0 :5 0! P[] ( ! P>TY0 REPLACES 0! P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 .<#a#a.> ,Z9OVIEV >GU$ AT ! #bND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COM9T]N ?AT 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS AT ! SAME TIME ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40 .<#a#b.>4 ,L59 HAD >GU$ 9 #aiai ?AT 0WE >E REPROA*$ ) HAV+ E/ABLI%$ A DICTATOR%IP ( ONE P>TY 444 WE SAY1 ',YES1 IT IS A DICTATOR%IP ( ONE P>TY6 ,?IS IS :AT WE /& = & WE %ALL NOT %IFT FROM ?AT POSITION 444 '0.<#a#c.> ,BY ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W>1 HE WAS >GU+ ?AT 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BE EX]CIS$ ?R\< AN ORGANIZATION EMBRAC+ ! :OLE ( ! CLASS 444 ,IT CAN BE EX]CIS$ ONLY BY A VANGU>D40 ,?IS WAS APPLICABLE TO 0ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES40 .<#a#d.> 

,?IS WAS APPLI$ TO ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,! F9AL AGREEM5T :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS RIPP$-UP CONSI/$ ( MILIT>Y & POLITICAL SECTIONS4 ,! POLITICAL AGREEM5T JU/ GAVE ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & AN>*I/S ! RI<TS 7SU* AS FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION & P>TICIPATION 9 SOVIET ELECTIONS7 !Y %\LD HAVE HAD ACCORD+ TO ! ,SOVIET ,CON/ITUTION6 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 H[EV]1 9SI/$ ON A F\R? PO9T ( ! POLITICAL AGREEM5T1 :I* WAS NEV] RATIFI$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS IT WAS 0ABSOLUTELY UNACCEPTABLE TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 .<#a#e.> 3 

0,ONE ( ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T BE+ ! /RUGGLE = ! SELF-ADM9I/RATION ( ! TOIL]S1 ! ,P>TISAN ,>MY BR+S UP A F\R? PO9T3 9 ! REGION ( ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T1 ! WORK] & PEASANT POPULATION IS TO ORGANIZE & MA9TA9 ITS [N FREE 9/ITUTIONS = ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION2 ?IS REGION IS SUBSEQU5TLY F$]AT$ ) ,SOVIET REPUBLICS BY MEANS ( AGREEM5TS FREELY NEGOTIAT$ ) ! APPROPRIATE ,SOVIET GOV]NM5TAL ORGAN40 .<#a#f.> 

,?IS IDEA ( WORK] & PEASANT SELF-MANAGEM5T1 LIKE SOVIET DEMOCRACY1 C\LD NOT BE RECONCIL$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY DICTATOR%IP AS ! EXPRESSION ( 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,AS SU*1 ,BOL%EVIK POLICY EXPLA9S ! BETRAYALS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,A LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVE TO ,BOL%EVISM C\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$ & WAS CRU%$4 

,REES >GUES ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E 09CL9$ TO MAKE A VIRTUE ( NECESSITY1 TO CLAIM ?AT ! H>% MEASURES ( ! CIVIL W> W]E ! EPITOME ( SOCIALISM40 ,! QUE/ION >ISES ( H[ COMMITT$ TO SOCIALI/ VALUES W]E ! LEAD+ ,BOL%EVIKS :5 !Y C\LD ELIM9ATE SOVIET1 MILIT>Y & WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY1 RAISE ! DICTATOR%IP ( !IR P>TY TO AN IDEOLOGICAL TRUISM & >GUE ?AT ?IS WAS SOCIALISM8 ,DOES ,REES REALLY BELIEVE ?AT SU* P]SPECTIVES HAD NO IMPACT ON H[ ! ,BOL%EVIKS ACT$ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION8 ,! BETRAYAL ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( ! 0SUBJECTIVE FACTOR0 ,REES SEEKS TO IGNORE4 ,IF Y\ ?9K1 AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS CLE>LY DID1 ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT EQUAL$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY1 !N ANY?+ :I* ?REAT5$ ! RULE ( ! P>TY HAD TO BE DE/ROY$4 ,:E!R ?IS WAS SOVIET DEMOCRACY OR ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DID NOT MATT]4 

,?US1 ,REES'S UND]LY+ OBJECTIVE IS TO PROVE ?AT ! POLITICS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NO 9FLU5CE ON ! \TCOME ( ! REVOLUTION -- IT WAS A PRODUCT PURELY ( 0OBJECTIVE FACTORS40 ,HE ALSO SUBSCRIBES TO ! CONTRADICTORY IDEA ?AT ,BOL%EVIK POLITICS W]E ESS5TIAL = ! SUCCESS ( ?AT REVOLUTION4 ,! FACTS ( ! MATT] >E ?AT PEOPLE >E FAC$ ) *OICES1 *OICES ?AT >ISE FROM ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS ?AT !Y FACE4 ,:AT DECISIONS !Y MAKE WILL BE 9FLU5C$ BY ! IDEAS !Y HOLD -- !Y WILL NOT OCCUR AUTOMATICALLY1 AS IF PEOPLE W]E ON AUTO-PILOT -- & !IR IDEAS >E %AP$ BY ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS !Y EXP]I5CE4 ,?US1 SOMEONE PLAC$ 9TO A POSITION ( P[] OV] O!RS WILL ACT 9 C]TA9 WAYS1 HAVE A C]TA9 WORLD VIEW1 :I* W\LD BE ALI5 TO SOMEONE SUBJECT TO EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,SO1 OBVI\SLY1 POLITICAL IDEAS MATT]1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ A REVOLUTION4 ,SOMEONE 9 FAVOR ( C5TRALIZATION1 C5TRALIZ$ P[] & :O EQUATES P>TY RULE ) CLASS RULE 7LIKE ,L59 & ,TROTSKY71 WILL ACT 9 WAYS 7& CREATE /RUCTURES7 TOTALLY DIFF]5T FROM SOMEONE :O BELIEVES 9 DEC5TRALIZATION1 F$]ALISM & WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY 7LIKE ! ,MAKHNOVI/S74 ,AS ! PRACTICE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S PROVES1 ,REES' BASIC !SIS IS FALSE4 ,FAC$ ) ! SAME 0OBJECTIVE FACTORS10 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DID EV]Y?+ !Y C\LD TO PROMOTE WORK+ CLASS SELF-MANAGEM5T & DID NOT REPLACE WORK+ CLASS P[] ) ! P[] ( 0REVOLUTION>IES40 

,I,I 

,9 ! FIR/ P>T ( 0,9 ,DEF5SE ( ! ,TRU?10 WE PROV$ H[ ,S,W,P MEMB] ,JOHN ,REES REWROTE ! HI/ORY ( ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5C$ ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T & ITS RELATION%IP ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 HIS >TICLE 0,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,OCTOB]40 7,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM1 NO4 #e#b74 ,US+ S\RCES ?AT CLE>LY >GU$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS BROKE ) & ATTACK$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ,REES PRES5T$ A RADICALLY DIFF]5T V]SION ( ! EV5TS & PORTRAY$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AS ! GUILTY P>TY4 ,MOREOV]1 WE 9DICAT$ ?AT ! ACTIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD ONLY BE EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( !IR IDEOLOGY :I*1 AT ! TIME1 WAS PROCLAIM+ TO ! WORLD ! NECESSITY ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY DUR+ A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,REES'S REWRIT+ ( HI/ORY WAS ONE P>T ( A D\BLE ATTACK ON ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,NOT 9T5T 9 REWRIT+ HI/ORY1 HE ALSO S\<T TO DISCR$IT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S BY ATTACK+ !IR IDEAS4 ,AS WE PROVE 9 ?IS SECTION1 ?IS ATTEMPT FAILS4 ,RA!R ?AN PRES5T AN HONE/ ACC\NT ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ PROGRAM & IDEAS1 ,REES SIMPLY ABUSES HIS S\RCE MAT]IAL AGA9 TO PRES5T A RADICALLY FALSE PICTURE ( ,MAKHNOVI/ !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,ONCE HIS DI/ORTIONS >E CORRECT$1 IT QUICKLY BECOMES CLE> ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S PROVID$ A REAL LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVE TO ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ,BOL%EVISM4 

,AN>*ISM 9 PRACTICE 

,AFT] DI/ORT+ ,MAKHNOVI/ RELATIONS ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,REES MOVES ONTO DI/ORT+ ! SOCIAL-POLITICAL IDEAS & PRACTICE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,LIKE HIS ACC\NT ( MILIT>Y ASPECTS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T1 HIS ACC\NT ( ITS !ORETICAL IDEAS & ITS ATTEMPTS TO APPLY !M AGA9 ABUSE ! FACTS4 

,= EXAMPLE1 ,REES /ATES ?AT UND] ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 0.<P.>AP]S C\LD BE PUBLI%$1 BUT ! ,BOL%EVIK & ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y PRESS W]E NOT ALL[$ TO CALL = REVOLUTION0 & REF]5CES ,PALIJ'S BOOK4 ,LOOK+ AT ! PAGE 9 QUE/ION1 WE DISCOV] A SOME:AT DIFF]5T ACC\NT4 ,:AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ACTUALLY 0PROHIBIT$0 WAS !SE P>TIES 0PROPAGAT.<+.> >M$ UPRIS+S AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T40 .<#a#g.> ,A CLE> REWRIT+ ( ! S\RCE MAT]IAL4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,PALIJ NOTES ?AT 0FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 PRESS1 ASSEMBLY & ASSOCIATION0 WAS IMPLEM5T$ UND] ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 0.<I.>N CONTRA/ TO ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME40 

,H[EV]1 ?IS DI/ORTION ( ! S\RCE MAT]IAL DOES GIVE US AN 9SI<T 9TO ! M5TALITY ( ,L59ISM4 ,AFT] ALL :5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 5T]$ A CITY OR T[N !Y 0IMM$IATELY ANN\NC$ TO ! POPULATION ?AT ! >MY DID NOT 9T5D TO EX]CISE POLITICAL AU?ORITY40 ,! WORK]S & PEASANTS W]E TO SET UP SOVIETS 0?AT W\LD C>RY \T ! WILL & ORD]S ( !IR CON/ITU5TS0 AS WELL AS 0ORGANIS.<+.> !IR [N SELF-DEF5SE =CE AGA9/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION & B&ITRY40 ,!SE POLITICAL *ANGES W]E MAT*$ 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 ) ! 0HOLD+S ( ! L&LORDS1 ! MONA/]IES & ! /ATE1 9CLUD+ ALL LIVE/OCKS & GOODS1 W]E TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO ! PEASANTS0 & 0ALL FACTORIES1 PLANTS1 M9ES1 & O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E TO BECOME PROP]TY ( ALL ! WORK]S UND] CONTROL ( !IR PR(ESSIONAL UNIONS40 .<#a#h.> 

,AS ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E CLE>LY DEF5D+ WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT SELF-GOV]NM5T1 A CALL = 0REVOLUTION0 7I4E4 0>M$ UPRIS+S AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T07 C\LD ONLY MEAN A C\P TO 9/ALL A ,BOL%EVIK P>TY DICTATOR%IP & ! 5D ( WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY4 ,>%9OV MAKES ! SITUATION CLE>3 

0,! ONLY RE/RICTION ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CONSID]$ NECESS>Y TO IMPOSE ON ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! LEFT ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES & O!R /ATI/S WAS A PROHIBITION ON ! =MATION ( ?OSE 'REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES' :I* S\<T TO IMPOSE A DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ,ALEKS&ROVSK & ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 RI<T AFT] ! OCCUPATION ( !SE CITIES BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HA/5$ TO ORGANIZE ,REVKOMS 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES7 SEEK+ TO ORGANIZE !IR POLITICAL P[] & GOV]N ! POPULATION 444 ,MAKHNO ADVIS$ !M TO GO & TAKE UP SOME HONE/ TRADE 9/EAD ( SEEK+ TO IMPOSE !IR WILL ON ! WORK]S 444 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S' ATTITUDE WAS COMPLETELY JU/IFI$ & CONSI/5T4 ,TO PROTECT ! FULL FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 PRESS1 & ORGANIZATION1 !Y HAD TO TAKE MEASURES AGA9/ =MATIONS :I* S\<T TO /IFLE ?IS FRE$OM1 TO SUPPRESS O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 & TO IMPOSE !IR WILL & DICTATORIAL AU?ORITY ON ! WORK]S40 .<#a#i.> 

,LITTLE WOND] ,REES DI/ORTS HIS S\RCE & ! ISSUES1 TRANS=M+ A POLICY TO DEF5D ! REAL REVOLUTION 9TO ONE :I* BANN$ A 0CALL = REVOLUTION06 ,WE %\LD BE GRATEFUL ?AT HE DI/ORT$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MESSAGE = IT ALL[S US TO 9DICATE ! DICTATORIAL NATURE ( ! REGIME & POLITICS ,REES IS DEF5D+4 

,REES CLAIMS ?AT 0,MAKHNO HELD ELECTIONS1 BUT NO P>TIES W]E ALL[$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 !M40 ,?IS IS PROBABLY D]IV$ FROM ,PALIJ'S COMM5T ?AT ! FREE SOVIETS W\LD 0C>RY \T ! WILL & ORD]S ( !IR CON/ITU5TS0 & 0.<O.>NLY WORK+ PEOPLE1 NOT REPRES5TATIVES ( POLITICAL P>TIES1 MI<T JO9 ! SOVIETS40 .<#b.> 

,REES COMM5TS 9DICATE ?AT HE IS NOT FAMILI> ) ! MAKE-UP ( ! SOVIETS1 :I* ALL[$ V>I\S P>TIES TO ACQUIRE VOT+ REPRES5TATION 9 ! SOVIET EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES 7& SO W]E NOT DIRECTLY ELECT$ BY ! PRODUC]S74 .<#b#a.> ,9 ADDITION1 ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S HAD (T5 ATTACK$ ! USE ( 0P>TY LI/S0 9 SOVIET ELECTIONS1 :I* TURN$ ! SOVIETS FROM WORK+ CLASS ORGANS 9TO TALK+-%OPS4 .<#b#b.> ,?IS USE ( P>TY-LI/S MEANT ?AT SOVIET DELEGATES C\LD BE ANYONE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! LEAD+ LEFT-W+ ,M5%EVIK ,M>TOV REC\NTS ?AT 9 E>LY #aib A *EMICAL FACTORY 0PUT UP ,L59 AGA9/ ME AS A C&IDATE .<TO ! ,MOSC[ SOVIET.>4 ,I RECEIV$ SEV5TY-SIX VOTES HE-EI<T 79 AN OP5 VOTE740 .<#b#c.> ,H[ W\LD EI!R ( !SE TWO 9TELLECTUALS ACTUALLY KN[ & REFLECT ! CONC]NS & 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S !Y W\LD BE 0DELEGATES0 (8 ,IF ! SOVIETS W]E MEANT TO BE ! DELEGATES ( WORK+ PEOPLE1 !N :Y %\LD NON-WORK+ CLASS MEMB]S ( POLITICAL P>TIES BE ELECT$ TO A SOVIET8 

,AS SU*1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ IDEAS ON SOVIETS DID NOT1 9 FACT1 MEAN ?AT WORK]S & PEASANTS C\LD NOT ELECT OR S5D DELEGATES :O W]E MEMB]S ( POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,!Y HAD NO PROBLEMS AS SU* ) DELEGATES :O HAPP5$ TO BE WORK+ CLASS P>TY MEMB]S4 ,!Y DID HAVE PROBLEMS ) DELEGATES REPRES5T+ ONLY POLITICAL P>TIES1 DELEGATES :O W]E NOT WORK]S & SOVIETS BE+ CIPH]S COV]+ P>TY RULE4 

,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! FACT ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,SOVIET CREAT$ AT ! ,OLEX&RIVSKE CONGRESS 9 LATE #aiai HAD ?REE ,COMMUNI/S ELECT$ TO IT4 ,( ! #ah WORK] DELEGATES AT ?AT CONGRESS1 SIX W]E ,M5%EVIKS & ! REMA9+ #ab 9CLUD$ ,COMMUNI/S .<#b#d.> ,AS SU*1 ! IDEA ?AT FREE SOVIETS EXCLUD+ MEMB]S ( POLITICAL P>TIES IS FALSE - !Y W]E ORGANIZ$ TO /OP P>TIES DOM9AT+ !M4 ,?IS C\LD1 ( C\RSE1 *ANGE4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REPLY TO ! FIR/ ,BOL%EVIK ATTEMPT TO BAN ONE ( !IR CONGRESSES3 

0,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL 444 HOLDS ITSELF ABOVE ! PRESSURE & 9FLU5CE ( ALL P>TIES & ONLY RECOGNIZES ! PEOPLE :O ELECT$ IT4 ,ITS DUTY IS TO ACCOMPLI% :AT ! PEOPLE HAVE 9/RUCT$ IT TO DO1 & TO CREATE NO OB/ACLES TO ANY LEFT SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 ! PROPAGATION ( IDEAS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IF ONE DAY ! ,BOL%EVIK IDEA SUCCE$S AMONG ! WORK]S1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL 444 WILL NECESS>ILY BE REPLAC$ BY ANO!R ORGANIZATION1 'MORE REVOLUTION>Y' & MORE ,BOL%EVIK40 .<#b#e.> 

,AS SU*1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S SUPPORT$ ! RI<T ( WORK+ CLASS SELF-DET]M9ATION1 AS EXPRESS$ BY ONE DELEGATE TO ,HULIAI ,POLE CONF]5CE 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#i3 

0,NO P>TY HAS A RI<T TO USURP GOV]NM5TAL P[] 9TO ITS H&S 444 ,WE WANT LIFE1 ALL PROBLEMS1 TO BE DECID$ LOCALLY1 NOT BY ORD] FROM ANY AU?ORITY ABOVE2 & ALL PEASANTS & WORK]S %\LD DECIDE !IR [N FATE1 :ILE ?OSE ELECT$ %\LD ONLY C>RY \T ! TOIL]S WI%40 .<#b#f.> 

,!RE=E1 ,REES' ATTEMPT TO IMPLY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E ANTI-DEMOCRATIC BACKFIRES ON ,BOL%EVISM4 ,! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS W]E NO LONG] ORGANS ( WORK+ CLASS P[] & HAD LONG S9CE BECOME LITTLE MORE ?AN RUBB]/AMPS = ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP4 ,UND] ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ! SOVIETS HAD 9DEP5D5CE & W]E MADE UP ( WORK+ PEOPLE & EXECUT$ ! WI%ES ( !IR ELECTORATE4 ,IF A WORK] :O WAS A MEMB] ( A POLITICAL P>TY C\LD CONV9CE !IR WORK MATES ( !IR IDEAS1 ! DELEGATE W\LD REFLECT ! DECISIONS ( ! MASS ASSEMBLY4 ,! 9PUT ( POLITICAL P>TIES W\LD EXI/ 9 PROPORTION TO !IR 9FLU5CE & !IR DOM9ATION ELIM9AT$4 

,MAK+ ! TRAILS RUN ON TIME 

,REES TRIES TO PA9T ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AS ANTI-WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS IS ! CORE ( HIS DISMISSAL ( !M AS A 0LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS40 ,HE GIVES ! EXAMPLE ( ,MAKHNO'S ADVICE TO RAILWAY WORK]S 9 ,ALEKS&ROVSK 0:O HAD NOT BE5 PAID = MANY WEEKS0 ?AT !Y %\LD 0SIMPLY *>GE PASS5G]S A FAIR PRICE & SO G5]ATE !IR [N WAGES40 ,HE /ATES ?AT ?IS 0ADVICE AIM$ AT REPRODUC+ ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS PATT]NS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE40 ,TWO PO9TS CAN BE RAIS$ TO ?IS >GUM5T4 

,FIR/LY1 WE %\LD HI<LI<T ! ,BOL%EVIK 7& SO1 PRESUMABLY1 0PROLET>IAN07 PATT]NS IMPOS$ ON ! RAILWAY WORK]S4 ,TROTSKY SIMPLY 0PLAC.<$.> ! RAILWAYM5 & ! P]SONAL ( ! REPAIR WORK%OPS UND] M>TIAL LAW0 & 0SUMM>ILY \/$0 ! LEAD]S ( ! RAILWAYM5'S TRADE UNION :5 !Y OBJECT$40 ,! ,C5TRAL ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,BODY ( ,RAILWAYS 7,TSEKTRAN7 HE CREAT$ WAS RUN BY HIM 0ALONG /RICTLY MILIT>Y & BUREAUCRATIC L9ES40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE APPLI$ HIS IDEAS ON ! 0MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR0 9 FULL4 .<#b#g.> ,COMP>$ TO ?IS1 ONLY AN IDEOLOGUE C\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ,MAKHNO'S ADVICE 7& IT WAS ADVICE1 NOT A DECREE IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE1 AS WAS ,TROTSKY'S7 CAN BE CONSID]$ WORSE4 ,9DE$1 BY BE+ BAS$ ON WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T IT WAS 9F9ITELY MORE SOCIALI/ ?AN ! MILIT>IZ$ ,BOL%EVIK /ATE CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,SECONDLY1 ,REES FAILS TO UND]/& ! NATURE ( AN>*ISM4 ,AN>*ISM >GUES ?AT IT IS UP TO WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE TO ORGANIZE !IR [N ACTIVITIES4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT1 ULTIMATELY1 IT WAS UP TO ! RAILWAY WORK]S !MSELVES 79 ASSOCIATION ) O!R WORK]S7 TO ORGANIZE !IR [N WORK & 9DU/RY4 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ IMPOS$ BY A FEW LEAD]S1 REAL SOCIALISM CAN ONLY COME FROM BEL[1 BUILT BY WORK+ PEOPLE BY !IR [N EF=TS & [N CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AN>*I/S CAN SUGGE/ IDEAS & SOLUTIONS1 BUT ULTIMATELY ITS UP TO WORK]S 7& PEASANTS7 TO ORGANIZE !IR [N AFFAIRS4 ,?US1 RA!R ?AN BE+ A S\RCE ( CONDEMNATION1 ,MAKHNO'S COMM5TS %\LD BE CONSID]$ AS PRAISEWOR?Y AS !Y W]E MADE 9 A SPIRIT ( EQUALITY & W]E BAS$ ON 5C\RAG+ WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,H[EV]1 ! BE/ REPLY TO ,REES IS SIMPLY ! FACT ?AT AFT] HOLD+ A 0G5]AL CONF]5CE ( ! WORK]S ( ! CITY0 AT :I* IT WAS 0PROPOS$ ?AT ! WORK]S ORGANIZE ! LIFE ( ! CITY & ! FUNCTION+ ( ! FACTORIES ) !IR [N =CES & !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS0 BAS$ ON 0! PR9CIPLES ( SELF-MANAGEM5T10 ! 0.<R.>AILROAD WORK]S TOOK ! FIR/ /EP 9 ?IS DIRECTION0 BY 0=M.<+.> A COMMITTEE *>G$ ) ORGANIZ+ ! RAILWAY NETWORK ( ! REGION40 .<#b#h.> 

,PEASANTS & REVOLUTION 

,REES /ATES ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 0DID NOT DI/URB ! AGE OLD CLASS /RUCTURE ( ! C\NTRYSIDE0 & ?AT ! 0REAL BASIS ( ,MAKHNO'S SUPPORT WAS NOT HIS AN>*ISM1 BUT HIS OPPOSITION TO GRA9 REQUISITION+ & HIS DET]M9ATION NOT TO DI/URB ! PEASANT ECONOMY40 ,HE QUOTES ,PALIJ3 

0,MAKHNO HAD NOT PUT AN 5D TO ! AGRICULTURAL 9EQUALITIES4 ,HIS AIM WAS TO AVOID CONFLICTS ) ! VILLAGES & TO MA9TA9 A SORT ( UNIT$ FRONT ( ! 5TIRE PEASANTRY40 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,REES W\LD HAVE A FIT IF IT W]E SUGGE/$ ?AT ! BASIS ( ,BOL%EVIK SUPPORT WAS NOT !IR SOCIALISM1 BUT !IR OPPOSITION TO ! WORLD W>6 ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS A SIDE ISSUE AS WE CAN DEMOLI% ,REES' >GUM5T SIMPLY BY %[+ H[ HE SELECTIVELY QUOTES FROM ,PALIJ'S WORK4 ,H]E IS ! ACTUAL CONTEXT ( ! 7CORRECT$7 QUOTE3 

0,PEASANTS' ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 9 ! REGION ( ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T W]E GREATLY IMPROV$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! E/ATES ( ! L&LORDS1 ! *UR*1 MONA/]IES1 & ! RI*E/ PEASANTS1 BUT ,MAKHNO HAD NOT PUT AN 5D TO ! AGRICULTURAL 9EQUALITIES4 ,HIS AIM WAS TO AVOID CONFLICTS )9 ! VILLAGES & TO MA9TA9 A SORT ( UNIT$ FRONT ( ! 5TIRE PEASANTRY40 .<#b#i.> 

,REES HAS1 AGA91 DI/ORT$ HIS S\RCE MAT]IAL1 CONV5I5TLY MISS+ \T ! 9=MATION ?AT ,MAKHNO HAD MO/ DEF9ITELY 0DI/URB$0 ! PEASANT ECONOMY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! RI* & FUNDAM5TALLY TRANS=M$ ! 0AGE OLD CLASS /RUCTURE06 ,9 FACT1 0,MAKHNO & HIS ASSOCIATES BR\<T SOCIOPOLITICAL ISSUES 9TO ! DAILY LIFE ( ! PEOPLE1 :O 9 TURN SUPPORT$ ! EXPROPRIATION ( L>GE E/ATES40 ,! (FICIAL ,MAKHNOVI/ POSITION WAS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! 0HOLD+S ( ! L&LORDS1 ! MONA/]IES1 & ! /ATE1 9CLUD+ ALL LIVE/OCK & GOODS1 W]E TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO ! PEASANTS40 ,AT ! SECOND CONGRESS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS & 9SURG5TS HELD 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#i1 IT WAS RESOLV$ ?AT 0ALL L& BE TRANSF]R$ TO ! H&S ( TOIL+ PEASANTS 444 ACCORD+ TO ! NORM ( EQUAL DI/RIBUTION40 .<#c.> ,?IS MEANT ?AT EV]Y PEASANT FAMILY HAD AS MU* L& AS !Y C\LD CULTIVATE )\T ! USE ( HIR$ LABOR4 

,?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/ POLICY WAS CORRECT CAN BE SE5 FROM ! FACT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS *ANG$ !IR POLICIES & BR\<T !M 9 L9E ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ONE4 ,! 9ITIAL ,BOL%EVIK POLICY MEET ) 0PEASANT RESI/ANCE0 & !IR 0AGRICULTURAL POLICY & T]RORISM BR\<T AB\T A /RONG REACTION AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME0 & BY ! 0MIDDLE ( #a#i#a#i1 ALL PEASANTS1 RI* & POOR1 DI/RU/$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS40 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#b1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0MODIFI$ !IR AGRICULTURAL POLICY0 BY 0DI/RIBUT+ ! =M]S L&LORDS'1 /ATE1 & *UR* L&S AMONG ! PEASANTS40 .<#c#a.> ,:I* WAS A V9DICATION ( ,MAKHNOVI/ POLICY4 

,AS SU*1 IT IS IRONIC ?AT ,REES ATTACKS ! ,MAKHNOVI/S = NOT PURSU+ ,BOL%EVIK PEASANT POLICIES4 ,CONSID]+ !IR ABSOLUTE FAILURE1 ! FACT ?AT ,MAKHNO DID NOT FOLL[ !M IS H>DLY CAUSE = CONDEMNATION6 ,9DE$1 GIV5 ! NUM]\S ANTI-,BOL%EVIK UPRIS+S & L>GE SCALE /ATE REPRESSION !Y PROVOK$1 ATTACK+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S = NOT PURSU+ SU* 9SANE POLICIES IS DEEPLY IRONIC4 ,AFT] ALL1 :O 9 ! MIDDLE ( A ,CIVIL ,W> MAKES MATT]S :OSE = !MSELVES BY CREAT+ MORE 5EMIES8 ,ONLY ! 9SANE - OR ! ,BOL%EVIKS6 ,WE CAN ALSO WOND] JU/ H[ S5SIBLE IS IT TO 0DI/URB0 ! ECONOMY ?AT PRODUCES ! FOOD Y\ EAT4 ,GIV5 ?AT ,REES 9 P>T BLAMES ,BOL%EVIK TYRANNY ON ! DISRUPTION ( ! ECONOMY1 IT SEEMS 9CR$UL\S ?AT HE FAULTS ,MAKHNO = NOT ADD+ TO ! *AOS BY FAIL+ TO 0DISRUPT ! PEASANT ECONOMY06 

,AFT] DI/ORT+ ! S\RCE MAT]IAL ONCE1 ,REES DOES IT AGA94 ,HE /ATES 0BY ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b0 ! LOCAL ,BOL%EVIKS 0HAD REV]S$ ! POLICY T[>DS ! PEASANTS & 9/ITUT$ ,COMMITTEES ( ,POOR ,PEASANTS1 !SE 'HURT ,MAKHNO 444 HIS HE>T H>D5$ & HE SOMETIMES ORD]$ EXECUTIONS4' ,?IS POLICY HELP$ ! ,BOL%EVIK ASC5DANCY40 ,REES QUOTES ,PALIJ AS EVID5CE4 ,WE %ALL QUOTE ! SAME PAGES3 

0,AL?\< !Y .<! ,BOL%EVIKS.> MODIFI$ !IR AGRICULTURAL POLICY BY 9TRODUC+ ON ,FEBRU>Y #e1 #a#i#b1 A NEW L& LAW1 DI/RIBUT+ ! =M] L&LORDS'1 /ATE & *UR* L&S AMONG ! PEASANTS1 !Y DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 PLACAT+ !M BECAUSE ( ! REQUISITIONS1 :I* ! PEASANTS CONSID]$ \TRI<T ROBB]Y 444 ,SUBSEQU5TLY ! ,BOL%EVIKS DECID$ TO 9TRODUCE CLASS W>F>E 9TO ! VILLAGES4 ,A DECREE WAS ISSU$ ON ,MAY #a#i1 #a#i#b1 E/ABLI%+ ',COMMITTEES ( ! ,POOR' 444 ,AU?ORITY 9 ! VILLAGES WAS DELEGAT$ TO ! COMMITTEES1 :I* ASSI/$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 SEIZ+ ! SURPLUS GRA9 444 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,POOR WAS PA9FUL TO ,MAKHNO BECAUSE !Y BECAME NOT ONLY P>T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ! PEASANTS OPPOS$1 BUT ALSO 9=M]S HELP+ ! ,BOL%EVIK SECRET POLICE 9 ITS P]SECUTION ( ! P>TISANS1 !IR FAMILIES & SUPPORT]S1 EV5 TO ! EXT5T ( HUNT+ D[N & EXECUT+ W\ND$ P>TISANS 444 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,MAKHNO'S 'HE>T H>D5$ & HE SOMETIMES ORD]$ EXECUTIONS :]E SOME G5]OSITY W\LD HAVE BE/[$ MORE CR$IT UPON HIM & HIS MOVEM5T4 ,?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS PREC$$ HIM ) ! BAD EXAMPLE WAS NO EXCUSE4 ,= HE CLAIM$ TO BE FI<T+ = A BETT] CAUSE4' ,AL?\< ! COMMITTEES 9 TIME GAVE ! ,BOL%EVIKS A HOLD ON EV]Y VILLAGE1 !IR ABUSE ( P[] DISORGANIZ$ & SL[$ D[N AGRICULTURAL LIFE 444 ,?IS POLICY ( T]ROR & EXPLOITATION TURN$ ALMO/ ALL SEGM5TS ( ,UKRA9IAN SOCIETY AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 SUB/ANTIALLY /R5G!N$ ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T1 & CONSEQU5TLY FACILITAT$ ! ADVANCE ( ! REORGANIZ$ ANTI-,BOL%EVIK =CE ( ,G5]AL ,WRANGEL FROM ! ,CRIMEA 9TO ,S\? ,UKRA9E1 ! ,MAKHNO REGION40 .<#c#b.> 

,AMAZ+ :AT A 04440 CAN HIDE1 IS IT NOT6 ,REES TURNS AN ACC\NT :I* IS AN 9DICTM5T ( ,BOL%EVIK POLICY 9TO A VICTORY & TRANS=MS IT SO ?AT ! VICTIMS >E PORTRAY$ AS ! VILLA9S6 ,GIV5 ! ACTUAL RECORD ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ATTEMPTS TO BREAK UP :AT !Y CONSID]$ ! 0AGE OLD CLASS /RUCTURE0 ( ! VILLAGES ) ! 0,COMMITTEES ( ! ,POOR10 IT IS CLE> :Y ,REES DI/ORTS HIS S\RCE4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ POLICIES W]E CLE>LY ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL AS REG>DS ! PEASANTRY4 ,!Y BROKE UP ! CLASS SY/EM 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE BY EXPROPRIAT+ ! RUL+ CLASS & DID NOT CREATE NEW CONFLICTS BY >TIFICIALLY IMPOS+ !MSELVES ONTO ! VILLAGES4 

,PEASANT ,COMMUNES 

,AFT] DI/ORT+ ! WEAL? ( 9=MATION ON ,MAKHNOVI/ L& POLICY1 ,REES TURNS TO !IR ATTEMPTS TO =M FREE AGR>IAN COMMUNES4 ,HE >GUES ?AT ,MAKHNO'S ATTEMPTS 0TO GO BEYOND ! TRADITIONAL PEASANT ECONOMY W]E DOOM$0 & QUOTES ,MAKHNO MEMOIRS :I* /ATE 0! MASS ( ! PEOPLE DID NOT GO OV]0 TO HIS PEASANT COMMUNES1 :I* ONLY 9VOLV$ A FEW HUNDR$ FAMILIES4 

,LOOK+ AT ,MAKHNO'S MEMOIRS A SOME:AT DIFF]5T PICTURE APPE>S4 ,MAKHNO DOES /ATE ?AT 0! MASS ( PEOPLE DID NOT OV] TO IT0 BUT1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 HE >GUES ?AT ?IS WAS BECAUSE ( 0! ADVANCE ( ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN >MIES1 !IR .<! PEASANTS.> [N LACK ( ORGANIZATION1 & !IR 9ABILITY TO DEF5D ?IS ORD] AGA9/ ! NEW 'REVOLUTION>Y' & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITIES4 ,= ?IS REASON ! TOIL+ POPULATION ( ! DI/RICT LIMIT$ !IR REAL REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY TO SUPPORT+ 9 EV]Y WAY ?OSE BOLD SPIRITS AMONG !M :O HAD SETTL$ ON ! OLD E/ATES .<( ! L&LORDS.> & ORGANIZ$ !IR P]SONAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ON FREE COMMUNAL L9ES40 .<#c#c.> 

,( C\RSE1 ,REES FAIL+ TO M5TION ! 0OBJECTIVE FACTORS0 FAC+ !SE COMMUNES DOES DI/ORT !IR SUCCESS 7OR LACK ( IT74 ,SOON AFT] ! COMMUNES W]E BE+ SET UP1 ! >EA WAS OCCUPI$ BY ,AU/RIAN TROOPS & IT WAS E>LY #aiai BE=E ! SITUATION WAS /ABLE 5\< TO ALL[ !IR RE9TRODUCTION4 ,CONFLICT ) ! ,:ITES & ,BOL%EVIKS RESULT$ 9 !IR DE/RUCTION 9 ,JULY #a#i#a#i4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 CAN IT BE SURPRIS+ ?AT ONLY A M9ORITY ( PEASANTS GOT 9VOLV$8 ,RA!R ?AN PRAISE ! ,MAKHNOVI/S = POSITIVE SOCIAL EXP]IM5TATION 9 DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCES1 ,REES %[S HIS IGNORANCE ( ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS FAC+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,HIS CONC]N = 0OBJECTIVE FACTORS0 IS DI/9CTLY SELECTIVE4 

,PAP] ,DECREES8 

,IRONICALLY1 ,REES /ATES ?AT GIV5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ PEASANT BASE1 IT IS 0H>DLY SURPRIS+0 ?AT 0MU* ( ,MAKHNO'S LIB]T>IANISM AM\NT$ TO LITTLE MORE ?AN PAP] DECREES40 ,IRONICALLY1 ! LI/ ( 0PAP] DECREES0 HE PRES5TS 7:5 NOT FALSE OR DI/ORT$7 >E ALSO FAIL+S ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7& TAK5 TO MORE EXTREME DEGREES BY !M76 ,AS SU*1 HIS LAMBA/ES AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S SEEM DEEPLY HYPOCRITICAL4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF ! ,BOL%EVIK VIOLATIONS ( PR9CIPLE CAN BE BLAM$ ON 0OBJECTIVE FACTORS0 !N :Y NOT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S8 

,H[EV]1 RA!R ?AN APPLY HIS MA9 !SIS TO ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 HE ATTEMPTS TO GR\ND ! FEW DEVIATIONS ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 ,MAKHNOVI/ PRACTICE & !ORY 9 ! PEASANT BASE ( ! >MY4 ,?IS IS AN ABUSE ( CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,AFT] ALL1 !SE DEVIATIONS W]E ALSO %>$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7AL?\< !Y DID NOT EV5 PAY LIP S]VICE TO ! IDEALS RAIS$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S74 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ELECTION ( COMM&]S4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S APPLI$ ?IS PR9CIPLE EXT5SIVELY BUT NOT COMPLETELY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS ABOLI%$ IT BY DECREE 7& DID NOT BLAME IT ON 0EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES0 NOR CONSID] IT AS A 0RETREAT0 AS ,REES ASS]TS74 ,UNLIKE ! ,R$ ,>MY1 ,MAKHNOVI/ POLICY WAS DECID$ BY MASS ASSEMBLIES & CONF]5CES4 ,N[1 IF ,REES 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 ( ! LIMITATIONS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S WAS TRUE1 DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT AN >MY ( A REGIME ) A PROLET>IAN BASE 7AS HE CONSID]S ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME7 CANNOT HAVE ELECT$ COMM&]S8 ,SIMIL>LY1 HIS ATTACK ON ,MAKHNO'S ADVICE TO ! RAILWAY WORK]S SUGGE/S1 AS NOT$ ABOVE1 ?AT A 0PROLET>IAN0 REGIME W\LD BE BAS$ ON ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR & NOT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AS SU*1 HIS PA!TIC ATTEMPT AT 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S SIMPLY %[S UP ! DICTATORIAL NATURE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,IF TRY+ TO LIVE UP TO LIB]T>IAN_/DEMOCRATIC IDEALS BUT NOT TOTALLY SUCCE$+ IS 0PETTY-B\RGEOIS0 :ILE DISMISS+ ?OSE IDEALS TOTALLY 9 FAVOR ( TOP-D[N1 AUTOCRATIC HI]>*IES IS 0PROLET>IAN0 !N SANE PEOPLE W\LD HAPPILY BE LABEL$ 0PETTY-B\RGEOIS06 

,CONCLUSION 

,AS %\LD BE CLE> BY N[1 ,REES' ACC\NT ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T IS DEEPLY FLAW$4 ,RA!R ?AN PRES5T AN HONE/ ACC\NT ! MOVEM5T1 HE ABUSES HIS S\RCES TO BLACK5 ITS NAME4 ,?IS IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ AS AN HONE/ ACC\NT ( ! MOVEM5T W\LD UND]M9E HIS BASIC >GUM5T ?AT ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES PLAY$ NO ROLE 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,FAC$ ) ! SAME 0OBJECTIVE FACTORS10 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DID NOT EMBRACE ! ,BOL%EVIK MANTRA ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP4 ,!Y REGUL>LY HELD WORK]S1 PEASANT & P>TISAN ASSEMBLIES & CONF]5CES TO DISCUSS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION1 PROMOT$ FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 ORGANIZATION & ASSEMBLY & DID ALL !Y C\LD TO PROMOTE SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS CONT9UALLY VIOLAT$ SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES & CREAT$ 9CREAS+LY BIZ>RE IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATIONS = !M4 ,& ,REES /ATES ?AT 0.<N.>EI!R ,MAKHNO'S SOCIAL PROGRAM NOR HIS POLITICAL REGIME C\LD PROVIDE AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS06 

,?IS 9DICATES ! WEAKNESS ( ,REES' MA9 !SIS AS1 CLE>LY1 ! 0SUBJECTIVE FACTOR0 ( ,BOL%EVIK POLITICS CANNOT BE IGNOR$ OR D[NPLAY$4 ,REES /ATES SOME:AT 9CR$UL\SLY ?AT ! 0DEGREE BY :I* WORK]S CAN 'MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY' DEP5DS ON ! WEI<T ( OBJECTIVE FACTORS BE>+ D[N ON !M4 ,AT ! HEI<T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE SU* FRE$OM CAN BE CONSID]ABLE1 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMP IT CAN BE R$UC$ TO VIRTUALLY Z]O40 ,PO/-,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 ONE ( ! KEY 0OBJECTIVE FACTORS0 BE>+ D[N ON ! WORK]S WAS1 QUITE SIMPLY1 ! ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY ITSELF4 ,LIKE ! ,U,S (FIC] 9 ,VIETNAM :O DE/ROY$ A VILLAGE 9 ORD] TO SAVE IT1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DE/ROY$ ! REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO SAVE IT 7OR1 MORE CORRECTLY1 !IR [N HOLD ON P[]1 :I* !Y ID5TIFI$ ) ! REVOLUTION74 ,AS ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S %[$1 !RE WAS NO OBJECTIVE FACTORS /OPP+ ! FREE ELECTION ( SOVIETS1 ! CALL+ ( WORK]S & PEASANTS CONF]5CES TO MAKE POLICY1 & PROTECT+ ! REAL GA9S ( REVOLUTION4 

,LITTLE WOND] ,REES SP5T SO MU* TIME LY+ AB\T ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 

,I,I,I 

,9 ! FIR/ TWO P>TS \R >TICLE1 WE HAVE REC\NT$ H[ ,JOHN ,REES ( ! ,S,W,P DI/ORT$ ! HI/ORY & POLITICS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 70,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,OCTOB]01 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM1 NO4 #e#b74 ,WE PROV$ H[ ,REES HAD MISUS$ HIS S\RCE MAT]IAL TO PRES5T A CLE>LY DI%ONE/ ACC\NT ( ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5C$ PEASANT >MY & H[ HE FAIL$ TO 9DICATE H[ ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ,BOL%EVIK BETRAYALS ( ?AT MOVEM5T4 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/S >E NOT ! ONLY WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T MISREPRES5T$ BY ,REES4 ,HE ALSO TURNS HIS ATT5TION ON ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT ( #a#i#b#a4 ,KRON/ADT WAS A NAVAL BASE & T[N :I* PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ALL ?REE ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS 7I4E4 9 #aie & #a#i#a#g74 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS W]E CONSID]$ ! VANGU>D ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASSES4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiba !Y ROSE 9 REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 DEM&+ 7AMONG O!R ?+S7 ! 5D ( ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP1 FREE SOVIET ELECTIONS & FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 ASSEMBLY1 PRESS & ORGANIZATION = WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 9 RETURN1 LABEL$ ! REVOLT AS 0,:ITE ,GU>DI/0 7I4E4 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y7 & REPRESS$ IT4 

,! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT IS CONSID]$ A KEY TURN+ PO9T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,AS IT OCCURR$ AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ITS REPRESSION CANNOT BE BLAM$ ON ! NE$ TO DEFEAT ! ,:ITES 7AS HAD O!R REPRESSION ( WORK+ CLASS /RIKES & PROTE/S74 ,= AN>*I/S LIKE ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 IT WAS ! F9AL /RAW & !Y HAD TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS DEAD4 

,KN[+ ?IS1 ,REES ATTEMPTS TO JU/IFY ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION ( ?IS REVOLT4 ,HE DOES ?IS 9 F\R WAYS4 ,FIR/LY1 BY >GU+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SAILORS ( #aiag HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY RAW PEASANT RECRUITS4 ,SECONDLY1 ?AT ! REVOLT HAD 0! SAME ROOT AS ! PEASANT REBELLIONS0 ( ,MAKHNO1 ,ANTONOV & O!RS4 ,?IRDLY1 BY PORTRAY+ ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS AS RESPONSIBLE = ! ,BOL%EVIKS ACTIONS BY REFUS+ TO NEGOTIATE4 ,F\R?LY1 BY >GU+ ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS PRO-,:ITE TO SOME DEGREE4 

,ALL F\R RATIONALES >E FALSE4 ,?IS IS EASY TO PROVE1 IT IS JU/ A CASE ( US+ ! SAME REF]5CES ?AT ,REES USES TO BUILD HIS CASE4 ,IF ?IS IS DONE1 IT WILL QUICKLY BE SE5 ?AT ,REES DI/ORTS ! EVID5CE1 SELECT+ QUOTES \T ( CONTEXT TO PROVE HIS CASE4 ,AS ) HIS ACC\NT ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 7SEE P>TS ,I & ,I,I71 IT IS CLE> ?AT ,REES HAS DI/ORT$ HIS S\RCE MAT]IAL DELIB]ATELY TO PA9T A RADICALLY FALSE PICTURE ( ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT4 

,WE DISCUSS ! FIR/ TWO RATIONALES 9 ?IS P>T1 ! LA/ TWO 9 P>T ,I,V4 

,A ,PEASANT REVOLT8 

,REES IS AT PA9S TO PORTRAY ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION AS 7ESS5TIALLY7 A REVOLT BY PEASANTS1 9 FAVOR ( PEASANT 9T]E/S4 ,AS ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 HE ?9KS ?AT BY PA9T+ ! ,KRON/ADT]S AS BE+ NON- OR ANTI-WORK+ CLASS !N ?IS1 SOMEH[1 JU/IFIES ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME & ITS POLICIES4 ,H5CE ,REES >GUES ?AT AL?\< 0PREC$$ BY A WAVE ( S]I\S BUT QUICKLY RESOLV$ /RIKES1 ! MOTIVATION ( ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION WAS MU* CLOS] TO ?AT ( ! PEASANTRY ?AN IT WAS TO DISSATISFACTION AMONG :AT REMA9$ ( ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS40 ,H[EV]1 ! FACTS ( ! MATT] >E DIFF]5T4 

,FIR/LY1 !RE IS ! QUE/ION ( ! SOCIAL CONTEXT 9 :I* REVOLT TOOK PLACE4 ,REES FAILS TO PRES5T AN ACCURATE ACC\NT ( ! /RIKE WAVE :I* PREC$$ 7& 9SPIR$7 ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT4 ,SECONDLY1 HE FAILS TO NOTE ! OBVI\S SIMIL>ITIES ( ! /RIK]S DEM&S & ?OSE RAIS$ BY ,KRON/ADT4 ,?IS IS UNSURPRIS+1 AS TO DO SO W\LD TOTALLY UND]M9E HIS CASE4 ,WE WILL LOOK AT EA* ISSUE 9 TURN1 US+ ! SAME S\RCES ?AT ,REES USES = EVID5CE = HIS CASE4 

,LOOK+ AT !SE 0S]I\S BUT QUICKLY RESOLV$ /RIKES10 WE CAN SAY ?AT ,REES D[NPLAYS ! IMPORTANCE ( !SE /RIKES 9 ! REVOLT & SIMPLY IGNORES H[ !Y W]E 0QUICKLY RESOLV$40 ,BY FAIL+ TO M5TION !SE ISSUES ,REES QUITE CLE>LY DELIB]ATELY FALSIFIES ! FACTS4 

,! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS SP>K$ (F BY ! /RIKES & OCCURR$ 9 SOLID>ITY ) !M4 ,! /RIKES />T$ ) 0/REET DEMON/RATIONS0 :I* 0W]E H]ALD$ BY A RA% ( PROTE/ MEET+S 9 ,PETROGRAD'S NUM]\S BUT DEPLET$ FACTORIES & %OPS40 ,SPEAK]S 0CALL$ = AN 5D TO GRA9 REQUISITION+1 ! REMOVAL ( ROADBLOCKS1 ! ABOLITION ( PRIVILEG$ RATIONS1 & P]MISSION TO B>T] P]SONAL POSSESSIONS = FOOD40 ,ON ! #b#d? ( ,FEBRU>Y1 ! DAY AFT] A WORKPLACE MEET+1 ! ,TRUBO*NY FACTORY WORK=CE D[N$ TOOLS & WALK$ \T ! FACTORY4 ,ADDITIONAL WORK]S FROM NE>BY FACTORIES JO9$ 94 ,! CR[D ( #b1 WAS DISP]S$ BY >M$ MILIT>Y CADETS4 ,! NEXT DAY1 ! ,TRUBO*NY WORK]S AGA9 TOOK TO ! /REETS & VISIT$ O!R WORKPLACES1 BR++ !M \T ON /RIKE TOO4 .<#c#d.> 

,A ?REE-MAN ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE WAS =M$ & ,Z9OVIEV 0PROCLAIM$ M>TIAL LAW0 ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#d?4 ,A CURFEW ( #a#aPM WAS PROCLAIM$1 ALL MEET+S & GA!R+S 79DOOR & \T7 W]E BANN$ UNLESS APPROV$ ( BY ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE & ALL 9FR+EM5TS W\LD BE DEALT ) ACCORD+ TO MILIT>Y LAW4 .<#c#e.> 

,AS P>T ( ?IS PROCESS ( REPRESSION1 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T HAD TO RELY ON ! KURSANTY 7,COMMUNI/ (FIC] CADETS7 AS ! LOCAL G>RISONS HAD BE5 CAU<T UP ! G5]AL F]M5T & C\LD NOT BE RELI$ UPON TO C>RY \T ! GOV]NM5T'S ORD]S4 ,HUNDR$S ( KURSANTY W]E CALL$ 9 FROM NEI<BOR+ MILIT>Y ACADEMIES TO PATROL ! CITY4 0,OV]NI<T ,PETROGRAD BECAME AN >M$ CAMP4 ,9 EV]Y QU>T] P$E/RIANS W]E /OPP$ & !IR DOCUM5TS *ECK$ 444 ! CURFEW .<WAS.> /RICTLY 5=C$40 ,! ,PETROGRAD ,*EKA MADE WIDESPREAD >RE/S4 .<#c#f.> 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS ALSO /EPP$ UP !IR PROPAG&A DRIVE4 ,! /RIK]S W]E W>N$ NOT TO PLAY 9TO ! H&S ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,AS WELL AS !IR NORMAL PRESS1 POPUL> P>TY MEMB]S W]E S5T TO AGITATE 9 ! /REETS1 FACTORIES & B>RACKS4 ,!Y ALSO MADE A S]IES ( CONCESSIONS SU* AS PROVID+ EXTRA RATIONS4 ,ON ,M>* #a/ 7AFT] ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT HAD />T$7 ! ,PETROGRAD SOVIET ANN\NC$ ! )DRAWAL ( ALL ROAD-BLOCKS & DEMOBILIZ$ ! ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI]S ASSIGN$ TO LABOR DUTIES 9 ,PETROGRAD4 .<#c#g.> 

,! ,BOL%EVIK SL&]+ ( ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS CANNOT BE IGNOR$1 AS ,REES DOES4 ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 A ,FR5* AN>*I/ TURN$ ,BOL%EVIK & A FAVORITE ,REES S\RCE1 REMEMB]$ ?AT HE WAS FIR/ TOLD ?AT 0,KRON/ADT IS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,:ITES0 & ?AT 0.<S.>MALL PO/]S /UCK ON ! WALLS 9 ! /ILL EMPTY /REETS PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ,G5]AL ,KOZLOVSKY HAD SEIZ$ ,KRON/ADT ?R\< CONSPIRACY & TREASON40 ,LAT] ! 0TRU? SEEP$ ?R\< LITTLE BY LITTLE1 PA/ ! SMOKESCRE5 PUT \T BY ! ,PRESS1 :I* WAS POSITIVELY B]S]K ) LIES0 79DE$1 HE /ATES ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK PRESS 0LI$ SY/EMATICALLY074 ,HE F\ND \T ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK'S (FICIAL L9E WAS 0AN ATROCI\S LIE0 & ?AT 0! SAILORS HAD MUT9I$1 IT WAS A NAVAL REVOLT L$ BY ! ,SOVIET40 ,H[EV]1 ! 0WORSE ( IT ALL WAS ?AT WE W]E P>ALYZ$ BY ! (FICIAL FALSEHOODS4 ,IT HAD NEV] HAPP5$ BE=E ?AT \R ,P>TY %\LD LIE TO US LIKE ?IS4 ',IT'S NECESS>Y = ! B5EFIT ( ! PUBLIC1' SAID SOME 444 ! /RIKE .<9 ,PETROGRAD.> WAS N[ PRACTICALLY G5]AL40 .<#c#h.> 

,?US A COMB9ATION ( =CE1 PROPAG&A & CONCESSIONS WAS US$ TO DEFEAT ! /RIKE 7:I* QUICKLY BECAME A G5]AL /RIKE74 ,AS ,PAUL ,>VI* NOTES1 0!RE IS NO D5Y+ ?AT ! APPLICATION ( MILIT>Y =CE & ! WIDESPREAD >RE/S1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! TIRELESS PROPAG&A WAG$ BY ! AU?ORITIES HAD BE5 9DISP5SABLE 9 RE/OR+ ORD]4 ,P>TICUL>LY IMPRESSIVE 9 ?IS REG>D WAS ! DISCIPL9E %[N BY ! LOCAL P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,SETT+ ASIDE !IR 9T]NAL DISPUTES1 ! ,PETROGRAD ,BOL%EVIKS SWIFTLY CLOS$ RANKS & PROCE$$ TO C>RY \T ! UNPLEASANT TASK ( REPRESSION ) EFFICI5CY & DISPAT*40 .<#c#i.> 

,IGNOR+ ! ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION & SY/EMATICALLY LY+ AGA9/ ,KRON/ADT1 ,REES >GUES ?AT ! 0,BOL%EVIK REGIME /ILL RE/$ ON ! %ATT]$ REMNANTS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS' APPEALS TO ! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S HAD MET ) LITTLE OR NO RESPONSE40 

,ONE HAS TO WOND] :AT PLANET ,REES IS ON4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD RE/$ ON ! 0%ATT]$ REMNANTS ( ! WORK+ CLASS0 !N !Y W\LD NOT HAVE HAD TO TURN ,PETROGRAD 9TO AN >M$ CAMP1 REPRESS ! /RIKES1 IMPOSE M>TIAL LAW & >RE/ MILITANT WORK]S4 ,! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS APPEALS 0MET ) LITTLE OR NO RESPONSE0 DUE TO ! ,BOL%EVIK CO]CION EX]CIS$ 9 ?OSE FATEFUL DAYS4 ,TO NOT M5TION ! ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION 9 ,PETROGRAD IS TO DELIB]ATELY DECEIVE ! READ]4 ,?AT ! ,KRON/ADT DEM&S W\LD HAVE MET ) /RONG RESPONSE 9 ,PETROGRAD CAN BE SE5 FROM ! ACTIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7:O DID NOT RE/ UPON ! WORK]S BUT RA!R >RE/$ !M74 

,?US ,REES' ACC\NT HAS NO BE>+ TO ! REALITY ( ! SITUATION 9 ,PETROGRAD NOR TO ! HI/ORY ( ! REVOLT ITSELF4 

,PEASANT DEM&S8 

,IT WAS ! LABOR PROTE/S & !IR REPRESSION :I* />T$ ! EV5TS 9 ,KRON/ADT4 ,:ILE MANY SAILORS HAD READ & LI/5$ TO ! COMPLA9TS ( !IR RELATIVES 9 ! VILLAGES & HAD PROTE/$ ON !IR BEHALF TO ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES1 IT TOOK ! ,PETROGRAD /RIKES TO BE ! CATALY/ = ! REVOLT4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y HAD O!R POLITICAL REASONS = PROTE/+ AGA9/ ! POLICIES ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,NAVY DEMOCRACY HAD BE5 ABOLI%$ BY DECREE & ! SOVIETS HAD BE5 TURN$ 9TO FIG-LEAVES ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP4 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ! CREW ( ! BATTLE%IPS ,PETROPAVLOVSK & ,SEVA/OPOL DECID$ TO ACT ONCE 0! NEWS ( /RIKES1 LOCK\TS1 MASS >RE/S & M>TIAL LAW0 9 ,PETROGRAD REA*$ !M4 ,!Y 0HELD A JO9T EM]G5CY MEET+ 9 ! FACE ( PROTE/S & ?REATS ( !IR COMMISS>S 444 .<&.> ELECT$ A FACT-F9D+ DELEGATION ( ?IRTY-TWO SAILORS :I*1 ON #bg ,FEBRU>Y1 PROCE$$ TO ,PETROGRAD & MADE ! R\ND ( ! FACTORIES444 ,!Y F\ND ! WORK]S :OM !Y ADDRESS$ & QUE/ION$ TOO FRI<T5$ TO SPEAK UP 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! HO/S ( ,COMMUNI/ FACTORY GU>DS1 TRADE UNION (FICIALS1 P>TY COMMITTEE M5 & ,*EKI/S40 .<#d.> 

,! DELEGATION RETURN$ ! NEXT DAY & REPORT$ ITS F9D+S TO A G5]AL MEET+ ( ! %IP'S CREWS & ADOPT$ ! RESOLUTIONS :I* W]E TO BE ! BASIS ( ! REVOLT4 

,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,REES 7LIKE MO/ ,L59I/S7 DOES NOT PROVIDE EV5 A SUMM>Y ( ! #ae PO9T PROGRAM ( ! REVOLT4 ,HE ASS]TS ?AT ! 0SAILORS REPRES5T$ ! EXASP]AT$ ( ! PEASANTRY ) ! ,W> ,COMMUNISM REGIME0 :ILE1 RA!R LAMELY1 NOT+ ?AT 0NO O!R PEASANT 9SURRECTION REPRODUC$ ! ,KRON/ADT]S DEM&S40 ,BY NOT PROVID+ ! DEM&S ( ! REBELS OR ! /RIK]S IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ! READ] TO EVALUATE ?IS 7CONTRADICTORY7 ASS]TION4 

,! FULL LI/ ( DEM&S >E AS FOLL[S3 

0#a4 ,IMM$IATE NEW ELECTIONS TO ! ,SOVIETS4 ,! PRES5T ,SOVIETS NO LONG] EXPRESS ! WI%ES ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,! NEW ELECTIONS %\LD BE BY SECRET BALLOT1 & %\LD BE PREC$$ BY FREE ELECTORAL PROPAG&A4 

#b4 ,FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ( ! PRESS = WORK]S & PEASANTS1 = ! ,AN>*I/S1 & = ! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 

#c4 ,! RI<T ( ASSEMBLY1 & FRE$OM = TRADE UNION & PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS4 

#d4 ,! ORGANIZATION1 AT ! LATE/ ON #a? ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 ( A ,CONF]5CE ( NON-,P>TY WORK]S1 SOLD]S & SAILORS ( ,PETROGRAD1 ,KRON/ADT & ! ,PETROGRAD ,DI/RICT4 

#e4 ,! LIB]ATION ( ALL POLITICAL PRISON]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 & ( ALL IMPRISON$ WORK]S & PEASANTS1 SOLDI]S & SAILORS BELONG+ TO WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS4 

#f4 ,! ELECTION ( A COMMISSION TO LOOK 9TO ! DOSSI]S ( ALL ?OSE DETA9$ 9 PRISONS & CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 

#g4 ,! ABOLITION ( ALL POLITICAL SECTIONS 9 ! >M$ =CES4 ,NO POLITICAL P>TY %\LD HAVE PRIVILEGES = ! PROPAGATION ( ITS IDEAS1 OR RECEIVE ,/ATE SUBSIDIES TO ?IS 5D4 ,9 ! PLACE ( ! POLITICAL SECTIONS V>I\S CULTURAL GR\PS %\LD BE SET UP1 D]IV+ RES\RCES FROM ! ,/ATE4 

#h4 ,! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ! MILITIA DETA*M5TS SET UP BETWE5 T[NS & C\NTRYSIDE4 

#i4 ,! EQUALIZATION ( RATIONS = ALL WORK]S1 EXCEPT ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 DANG]\S OR UNHEAL?Y JOBS4 

#a4 ,! ABOLITION ( ,P>TY COMBAT DETA*M5TS 9 ALL MILIT>Y GR\PS4 ,! ABOLITION ( ,P>TY GU>DS 9 FACTORIES & 5T]PRISES4 ,IF GU>DS >E REQUIR$1 !Y %\LD BE NOM9AT$1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! VIEWS ( ! WORK]S4 

#a#a4 ,! GRANT+ TO ! PEASANTS ( FRE$OM ( ACTION ON !IR [N SOIL1 & ( ! RI<T TO [N CATTLE1 PROVID$ !Y LOOK AFT] !M !MSELVES & DO NOT EMPLOY HIR$ LABOR4 

#a#b4 ,WE REQUE/ ?AT ALL MILIT>Y UNITS & (FIC] TRA9EE GR\PS ASSOCIATE !MSELVES ) ?IS RESOLUTION4 

#a#c4 ,WE DEM& ?AT ! ,PRESS GIVE PROP] PUBLICITY TO ?IS RESOLUTION4 

#a#d4 ,WE DEM& ! 9/ITUTION ( MOBILE WORK]S' CONTROL GR\PS4 

#a#e4 ,WE DEM& ?AT H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION BE AU?ORIZ$ PROVID$ IT DOES NOT UTILIZE WAGE LABOR40 .<#d#a.> 

,WE CAN SEE ?AT !SE DEM&S E*O$ ?OSE RAIS$ DUR+ ! ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD /RIKES ?AT PREC$$ ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,PAUL ,AVRI* RECORDS ?AT ! DEM&S RAIS$ 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y /RIKES 9CLUD$ 0REMOVAL ( ROADBLOCKS1 P]MISSION TO MAKE =AG+ TRIPS 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE & TO TRADE FREELY ) ! VILLAG]S1 .<&.> ELIM9ATION ( PRIVILEG$ RATIONS = SPECIAL CATEGORIES ( WORK+ M540 ,! WORK]S ALSO 0WANT$ ! SPECIAL GU>DS ( >M$ ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O C>RI$ \T A PURELY POLICE FUNCTION1 )DRAWN FROM ! FACTORIES0 & RAIS$ 0PLEAS = ! RE/ORATION ( POLITICAL & CIVIL RI<TS40 ,ONE UNSIGN$ MANIFE/O :I* APPE>$ >GU$ ?AT 0! WORK]S & PEASANTS NE$ FRE$OM4 ,!Y DO NOT WANT TO LIVE BY ! DECREES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!Y WANT TO CONTROL !IR [N DE/9IES40 ,IT URG$ ! /RIK]S TO DEM& ! LIB]ATION ( ALL >RE/$ SOCIALI/S & NONP>TY WORK]S1 ABOLITION ( M>TIAL LAW1 FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 PRESS & ASSEMBLY = ALL :O LABOR1 FREE ELECTIONS ( FACTORY COMMITTEES1 TRADE UNIONS1 & SOVIETS4 .<#d#b.> 

,AS CAN BE SE51 !SE DEM&S RELAT$ ALMO/ DIRECTLY TO PO9TS #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #a1 #aa & #ac ( ! ,KRON/ADT DEM&S4 ,AS ,AVRI* >GUES1 ! ,KRON/ADT DEM&S 0E*O$ ! DISCONT5TS NOT ONLY ( ! ,BALTIC ,FLEET BUT ( ! MASS ( ,RUSSIANS 9 T[NS & VILLAGES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,!MSELVES ( PLEBEIAN /OCK1 ! SAILORS WANT$ RELIEF = !IR PEASANT & WORK] K9FOLK4 ,9DE$1 ( ! RESOLUTION'S #ae PO9TS1 ONLY ONE -- ! ABOLITION ( ! POLITICAL DEP>TM5TS 9 ! FLEET -- APPLI$ SPECIFICALLY TO !IR [N SITUATION4 ,! REMA9D] 444 WAS A BROADSIDE AIM$ AT ! POLICIES ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM1 ! JU/IFICATION ( :I*1 9 ! EYES ( ! SAILORS & ( ! POPULATION AT L>GE1 HAD LONG S9CE VANI%$40 ,AVRI* >GUES ?AT MANY ( ! SAILORS HAD RETURN$ HOME ON LEAVE TO SEE ! PLI<T ( ! VILLAG]S ) !IR [N EYES PLAY$ AT P>T 9 FRAM+ ! RESOLUTION 7P>TICUL>LY ( PO9T #a#a1 ! ONLY PEASANT SPECIFIC DEM& RAIS$7 BUT 0.<B.>Y ! SAME TOK51 ! SAILORS' 9SPECTION T\R ( ,PETROGRAD'S FACTORIES MAY ACC\NT = !IR 9CLUSION ( ! WORK+M5'S *IEF DEM&S -- ! ABOLITION ( ROAD-BLOCKS1 ( PRIVILEG$ RATIONS1 & ( >M$ FACTORY SQUADS -- 9 !IR PROGRAM40 .<#d#c.> ,SIMPLY PUT1 ! ,KRON/ADT RESOLUTION M]ELY REIT]AT$ LONG /&+ WORK]S' DEM&S4 

,AS CAN BE SE51 A F> /RONG] CASE CAN BE MADE ?AT ! 0MOTIVATION0 ( ! REBELS W]E F> CLOS] TO 0DISSATISFACTION ( ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS0 ?AN 0?AT ( ! PEASANTRY40 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 BO? FROM ! DEM&S RAIS$ & ! FACT !Y W]E RAIS$ AFT] A DELEGATION ( SAILORS HAD RETURN$ FROM VISIT+ ,PETROGRAD4 

,?IS IS1 IRONICALLY1 IMPLICITLY CONFIRM$ BY ,REES HIMSELF1 :O NOTES ?AT 0NO O!R PEASANT 9SURRECTION REPRODUC$ ! ,KRON/ADT]S' DEM&S40 ,IF1 AS HE MA9TA9$ TWO PAGES PREVI\SLY1 ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION'S MOTIVATION WAS 0CLOS] TO ?AT ( ! PEASANTRY10 !N :Y DID NO O!R 0PEASANT 9SURRECTION0 REPRODUCE !IR DEM&S8 ,P]HAPS BECAUSE ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS NOT A PEASANT 9SURRECTION BUT RA!R A REVOLT BY ! POLITICIZ$ SAILORS 9 SOLID>ITY ) /RIK+ WORK]S8 

,CLE>LY ,REES' ACC\NT LEAVES A LOT TO BE DESIR$6 ,NO M5TION ?AT ! /RIKES W]E 0RESOLV$0 BY =CE NOR ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS NOT ONLY 0PREC$$0 BY ! /RIKES BUT WAS 9 SOLID>ITY ) !M & RAIS$ MANY ( ! SAME DEM&S6 ,NOT ?AT ,REES IS UNAW>E ( !SE FACTS -- !Y >E CONTA9$ 9 ! V]Y BOOKS HE USES = EVID5CE4 

,*ANG+ COMPOSITION OR *ANG+ ! FACTS8 

,! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT REFLECT$ 9T]E/S O!R ?AN PEASANT ONES IS ONE ?AT ,REES IS AT PA9S TO AVOID4 ,A MAJOR ASPECT ( HIS ACC\NT ( ,KRON/ADT IS TO PROVE ?AT ! SAILORS ( #aiba W]E NOT ?OSE ( #a#i#a#g4 ,AS HE PUTS IT1 0! COMPOSITION ( ! G>RISON HAD *ANG$0 BECAUSE 0! PEASANTS HAD 9CREAS$ !IR WEI<T 9 ! ,KRON/ADT40 ,HE APP>5TLY PRES5TS EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ?IS >GUM5T4 ,SADLY1 ON CLOSE 9SPECTION ,REES' EVID5CE FALLS AP>T AS IT SOON BECOMES CLE> ?AT HE HAS SIMPLY *]RY-PICK$ QUOTES TO SUPPORT HIS CASE1 IGNOR+ EVID5CE FROM ! SAME S\RCES :I* CONTRADICTS IT4 

,REES >GUES AS FOLL[S3 

0,9 ,SEPTEMB] & ,OCTOB] #aib ! WRIT] & ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY LECTUR] ,I]ONYMUS ,YAS9KSKY W5T TO ,KRON/ADT TO LECTURE #d NAVAL RECRUITS4 ,!Y W]E '/RAI<T FROM ! PL['4 ,& HE WAS %OCK$ TO F9D ?AT MANY1 '9CLUD+ A FEW P>TY MEMB]S1 W]E POLITICALLY ILLIT]ATE1 WORLDS REMOV$ FROM ! HI<LY POLITICIZ$ VET]AN ,KRON/ADT SAILORS :O HAD DEEPLY IMPRESS$ HIM'4 ,YAS9SKY WORRI$ ?AT ?OSE /EEL$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y FIRE' W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY '9EXP]I5C$ FRE%LY MOBILIZ$ Y\NG SAILORS'40 

,?IS QUOTE IS REF]5C$ TO ,ISRAEL ,GETZL]'S ,KRON/ADT #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 ,REES ACC\NT IS A FAIR V]SION ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ,YAS9SKYS' REPORT4 ,! QUOTE H[EV] CONT9UES EXACTLY AS REPRODUC$ BEL[3 

0,YAS9SKY WAS APPREH5SIVE AB\T ! FUTURE :51 'SOON] OR LAT]1 ,KRON/ADT'S VET]AN SAILORS1 :O W]E /EEL$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y FIRE & HAD ACQUIR$ A CLE> REVOLUTION>Y WORLD-VIEW W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY 9EXP]I5C$1 FRE%LY MOBILIZ$ Y\NG SAILORS'4 ,/ILL HE COM=T$ HIMSELF ) ! HOPE ?AT ,KRON/ADT'S SAILORS W\LD GRADUALLY 9FUSE !M ) !IR 'NOBLE SPIRIT ( REVOLUTION>Y SELF-D$ICATION' TO :I* ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA [$ SO MU*4 ,AS = ! PRES5T HE FELT REASSUR$ ?AT '9 ,KRON/ADT ! R$ SAILOR /ILL PR$OM9ATES4'0 .<#d#d.> 

,REES H&Y '$IT+' ( ?IS QUOTE TRANS=MS IT FROM ONE %[+ ?AT ?REE MON?S BE=E ! RIS+ ?AT ,KRON/ADT HAD RETA9$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT TO ONE IMPLY+ ! G>RISON HAD 9DE$ BE5 REPLAC$4 ,! DI%ONE/Y IS CLE>4 

,REES TRIES TO G5]ATE 0.<F.>UR!R EVID5CE ( ! *ANG+ CLASS COMPOSITION0 BY LOOK+ AT ! 0SOCIAL BACKGR\ND ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS AT ! BASE40 ,H[EV]1 HE GOES ON TO CONTRADICT HIMSELF AB\T ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY AT ! TIME4 ,ON PAGE #fa HE SAYS ! 0SAME FIGURES = ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY AS A :OLE 9 #aiba >E #b#h4#g.0 PEASANTS1 #d#a.0 WORK]S & #c4#h.0 :ITE COLL> & O!RS04 ,ON PAGE #ff H[EV] HE SAYS ! FIGURES AT ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W> 7ALSO #a#i#b#a7 W]E #a.0 FACTORY WORK]S1 #b#e.0 >MY & #f.0 9 0! GOV]NM5T OR P>TY MA*9E04 ,AN 5DNOTE SAYS EV5 ( ?OSE CLASS$ AS FACTORY WORK]S 0MO/ W]E 9 ADM9I/RATION40 ,! FIR/ SET ( FIGURES IS MORE USEFUL = ATTACK+ ,KRON/ADT & SO IS US$4 

,:AT IS ! BASIS ( ,REES 0FUR!R EVID5CE08 ,SIMPLY ?AT 9 0,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 SIX MON?S BE=E ! REVOLT1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD #d1#d#c#e MEMB]S AT ,KRON/ADT4 ,SOME #e P] C5T ( !SE W]E PEASANTS1 #d P]C5T WORK]S & #a P]C5T 9TELLECTUALS 444 ,?US ! P]C5TAGE ( PEASANTS 9 ! P>TY WAS CONSID]ABLY HI<] ?AN NATIONALLY 444 ,IF WE ASSUME .<MY EMPHASIS.> ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY WAS MORE WORK+ CLASS 9 COMPOSITION ?AN ! BASE AS A :OLE1 !N IT SEEMS LIKELY .<MY EMPHASIS.> ?AT ! PEASANTS HAD 9CREAS$ !IR WEI<T 9 ! ,KRON/ADT1 AS ,TROTSKY SUGGE/$40 

,SO ON ! BASIS ( AN ASSUMPTION1 IT MAY BE 0LIKELY0 ?AT ! 0CLASS COMPOSITION ( ! G>RISON0 HAD *ANG$6 ,IMPRESSIVE 0EVID5CE0 9DE$6 

,MOREOV]1 AS EVID5CE ( *ANG+ CLASS COMPOSITION !SE FIGURES >E NOT V]Y USEFUL4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE !Y DO NOT COMP>E ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,KRON/ADT ,BOL%EVIKS 9 #aiag TO ?OSE 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,GIV5 ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT BASE ALWAYS HAD A HI< P]C5TAGE ( PEASANTS 9 ITS RANKS1 IT FOLL[S ?AT 9 #aiag ! P]C5TAGE ( ,BOL%EVIKS ( PEASANT ORIG9 C\LD HAVE BE5 HI<] ?AN NORMAL AS WELL4 ,IF ?IS WAS ! CASE1 !N ,REES >GUM5T FALLS4 ,HE IS NOT COMP>+ ! APPROPRIATE FIGURES4 

,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y EASY = ,REES TO 9=M HIS READ]S ( ! REAL FACTS CONC]N+ ! *ANG+ COMPOSITION ( ! ,KRON/ADT G>RISON4 ,HE C\LD QUOT$ ,GETZL]'S WORK ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,GETZL] NOTES ?AT 0BY ! 5D ( #aiai ?\S&S ( VET]AN SAILORS1 :O HAD S]V$ ON MANY FRONTS ( ! CIVIL W> & 9 ! ADM9I/RATIVE NETWORK ( ! EXP&+ ,SOVIET /ATE1 HAD RETURN$ TO ! ,BALTIC ,FLEET & TO ,KRON/ADT1 MO/ BY WAY ( REMOBILIZATION40 .<#d#e.> ,HE GOES ON TO >GUE ?AT 0,YAS9SKY'S IMPRESSION ?AT VET]AN POLITICIZ$ ,R$ SAILOR /ILL PR$OM9AT$ 9 ,KRON/ADT AT ! 5D ( #aib IS BORNE \T BY ! H>D /ATI/ICAL DATA AVAILABLE REG>D+ ! CREWS ( ! TWO MAJOR BATTLE%IPS0 AT ,KRON/ADT4 ,?IS DEMON/RATES ?AT ! CREW ( ! BATTLE%IPS ,PETROPAVLOVSK & ,SEVA/OPOL1 :I* =M$ ! CORE ( ! RIS+1 W]E RECRUIT$ 9TO ! NAVY BE=E #a#i#a#g1 ONLY #f4#i.0 HAV+ BE5 RECRUIT$ BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#b#a4 .<#d#f.> ,?IS 9=MATION IS ON ! SAME PAGE AS ! E>LI] QUOTES ,REES USES BUT >E IGNOR$ BY HIM4 ,UNBELIEVABLY ,REES EV5 /ATES 0.<W.>E DO NOT KN[ H[ MANY NEW RECRUITS >RIV$ 9 ! ?REE MON?S BE=E ,KRON/ADT ]UPT$0 9 SPITE ( QUOT+ A S\RCE :I* 9DICATES ! COMPOSITION ( ! TWO BATTLE%IPS :I* />T$ ! REVOLT6 

,OR1 !N AGA91 HE C\LD HAVE REPORT$ ,SAMUEL ,F>B]'S SUMM>Y ( ,GETZL]'S 7& O!RS7 EVID5CE4 ,REES RA!R LAMELY NOTES ?AT ,F>B] 0DOES NOT LOOK AT ! FIGURES = ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS0 ,:Y %\LD HE :5 HE HAS ! APPROPRIATE FIGURES = ! SAILORS8 ,H]E IS ,F>B]'S ACC\NT ( ! FACTS3 

0?IS .<! CLASS COMPOSITION.> 9T]PRETATION HAS FAIL$ TO MEET ! HI/ORICAL TE/ ( ! GR[+ & RELATIVELY REC5T S*OL>%IP ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4444 ,9 FACT1 9 #a#i#b#a1 A SMALL] PROPORTION ( ,KRON/ADT SAILORS W]E ( PEASANT SOCIAL ORIG9 ?AN WAS ! CASE ( ! ,R$ ,>MY TROOPS SUPPORT+ ! GOV]NM5T 444 REC5TLY PUBLI%$ DATA /RONGLY SUGGE/ ?AT ! CLASS COMPOSITION ( ! %IPS & NAVAL BASE HAD PROBABLY REMA9$ UN*ANG$ S9CE BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,WE N[ KN[ ?AT1 GIV5 ! W>-TIME DIFFICULTIES ( TRA9+ NEW PEOPLE 9 ! TE*NICAL SKILLS REQUIR$ 9 ,RUSSIA'S ULTRA-MOD]N BATTLE%IPS1 V]Y FEW REPLACEM5TS HAD BE5 S5T TO ,KRON/ADT TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! DEAD & 9JUR$ SAILORS4 ,?US1 AT ! 5D ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 LATE #a#i#b1 NO LESS ?AN #i#c4#i P] C5T ( ! MEMB]S ( ! CREWS ( ! ,PETROPAVLOVSK & ! ,SEVA/OPOL 444 W]E RECRUIT$ 9TO ! NAVY BE=E & DUR+ ! #aiag REVOLUTIONS4 ,9 FACT1 #ei P] C5T ( !SE CREWS JO9$ ! NAVY 9 ! YE>S #a#i#a#d-#a#f1 :ILE ONLY #f4#h P] C5T HAD BE5 RECRUIT$ 9 ! YE>S #a#i#a#h-#b#a 444 ( ! APPROXIMATELY #a1 RECRUITS :O W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE TRA9$ TO REPL5I% ! ,KRON/ADT G>RISON1 ONLY A FEW MORE ?AN #a1 HAD >RIV$ BY ! 5D ( #a#i#b1 & ?OSE HAD BE5 /ATION$ NOT 9 ,KRON/ADT1 BUT 9 ,PETROGRAD1 :]E !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE TRA9$40 ' .<#d#g.> 

,& ,REES BEMOANS ,F>B] = NOT LOOK+ AT ! ,BOL%EVIK MEMB]%IP FIGURES6 ,YES1 ASSUMPTIONS & 0LIKELY0 CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM ASSUMPTIONS >E MORE IMPORTANT ?AN H>D /ATI/ICAL EVID5CE6 

,9 SUMM>Y1 ,REES HAS DI/ORT$ ! S\RCE MAT]IAL ON :I* HE BASES HIS >GUM5T4 ,! EVID5CE ,REES MU/]S = ! CLAIM ?AT ! 0COMPOSITION0 ( ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS 0HAD *ANG$0 BETWE5 #aiag & #aiba IS A USEFUL 9DICATION ( ! G5]AL ,L59I/ ME?OD :5 IT COMES TO ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 

,*ANG+ POLITICS8 

,AFT] /AT+ 0IF1 = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T1 WE ACCEPT ,SAM ,F>B]'S 9T]PRETATION ( ! EVID5CE0 7EVID5CE ,REES REFUSES TO 9=M ! READ] (7 ,REES !N TRIES TO SAVE HIS CASE4 ,HE /ATES ,F>B]'S 0PO9T ONLY HAS ANY VALIDITY IF WE TAKE ! /ATI/ICS 9 ISOLATION4 ,BUT 9 REALITY ?IS *ANGE .<6.> 9 COMPOSITION ACT$ ON A FLEET :OSE TIES ) ! PEASANTRY HAD REC5TLY BE5 /R5G!N$ 9 O!R WAYS4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS HAD REC5TLY BE5 GRANT$ LEAVE = ! FIR/ TIME S9CE ! CIVIL W>4 ,MANY RETURN$ TO !IR VILLAGES & CAME FACE TO FACE ) ! CONDITION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE & ! TRIALS ( ! PEASANTRY FAC$ ) FOOD DETA*M5TS40 

,( C\RSE1 SU* AN >GUM5T HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ,REES ORIG9AL CASE4 ,LET US NOT =GET ?AT HE >GU$ ?AT ! CLASS COMPOSITION ( ! G>RISON HAD *ANG$1 NOT ?AT ITS POLITICAL COMPOSITION HAD *ANG$4 ,FAC$ ) OV]:ELM+ EVID5CE AGA9/ HIS CASE1 HE NOT ONLY DOES NOT 9=M HIS READ]S ( IT1 HE *ANGES HIS ORIG9AL >GUM5T6 

,SO1 :AT ( ?IS >GUM5T8 ,IT IS H>DLY AN IMPRESSIVE ONE4 ,LET US NOT =GET ?AT ! REVOLT CAME AB\T 9 RESPONSE TO ! WAVE ( /RIKES 9 ,PETROGRAD1 NOT A PEASANT REVOLT4 ,MOREOV]1 ! DEM&S ( ! REVOLT PR$OM9ANTLY REFLECT$ WORK]S DEM&S1 NOT PEASANT ONES 7AS ,REES HIMSELF IMPLICITLY ACKN[L$GES74 ,HAD ! POLITICAL P]SPECTIVES 9 ,KRON/ADT *ANG$8 ,! ANSW] HAS TO BE NO1 !Y HAD NOT4 

,FIR/LY1 WE MU/ PO9T \T ?AT ,KRON/ADT 9 #aiag WAS NEV] DOM9AT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,AT ,KRON/ADT1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ALWAYS A M9ORITY & A 0RADICAL POPULI/ COALITION ( ,MAXIMALI/S & ,LEFT ,S,RS HELD SWAY1 ALBEIT PREC>I\SLY1 )9 ,KRON/ADT & ITS ,SOVIET40 ,! 0,BOL%EVISATION0 ( ,KRON/ADT 0& ! DE/RUCTION ( ITS MULTI-P>TY DEMOCRACY WAS NOT DUE TO 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5TS & LOCAL ,BOL%EVIK /R5G?1 BUT DECRE$ FROM \TSIDE & IMPOS$ BY =CE40 .<#d#h.> 

,! ,MAXIMALI/S W]E OCCUPI$ 0A PLACE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y SPECTRUM BETWE5 ! ,LEFT ,S,R'S & ! AN>*I/S :ILE %>+ ELEM5TS ( BO?40 ,! AN>*I/S 9FLU5CE 0HAD ALWAYS BE5 /RONG )9 ! FLEET0 & 0! SPIRIT ( AN>*ISM0 HAD BE5 0P[]FUL 9 ,KRON/ADT 9 #a#i#a#g0 & 0HAD BY NO MEANS DISSIPAT$0 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,LIKE ! AN>*I/S1 ! ,MAXIMALI/S 0PREA*$ A DOCTR9E ( TOTAL REVOLUTION0 & CALL$ = A 0'TOIL]S' SOVIET REPUBLIC' F\ND$ ON FREELY ELECT$ SOVIETS1 ) A M9IMUM ( C5TRAL /ATE AU?ORITY4 ,POLITICALLY1 ?IS WAS ID5TICAL ) ! OBJECTIVE ( ! ,KRON/ADT]S .<9 #a#i#b#a.>1 & ',P[] TO ! SOVIETS BUT NOT ! P>TIES' HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 A ,MAXIMALI/ RALLY+-CRY40 .<#d#i.> 

,ECONOMICALLY1 ! P>ALLELS 0>E NO LESS /RIK+40 ,!Y D5\NC$ GRA9 REQUISITION+ & DEM&$ ?AT 0ALL ! L& BE TURN$ OV] TO ! PEASANTS40 ,= 9DU/RY !Y REJECT$ ! ,BOL%EVIK !ORY & PRACTICE ( 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 OV] B\RGEOIS ADM9I/RATORS 9 FAVOR ( ! 0SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ITS SY/EMATIC DIRECTION BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! TOIL+ PEOPLE40 ,OPPOS$ TO NATIONALIZATION & C5TRALIZ$ /ATE MANAGEM5T 9 FAVOR ( SOCIALIZATION & WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,LITTLE WOND] HE /ATES ?AT ! 0POLITICAL GR\P CLOSE/ TO ! REBELS 9 TEMP]AM5T & \TLOOK W]E ! ,S,R ,MAXIMALI/S40 & /RESSES ?AT ,9DE$1 0.<O.>N NE>LY EV]Y IMPORTANT PO9T ! ,KRON/ADT PROGRAM1 AS SET =? 9 ! REBEL ,IZVE/IIA1 CO9CID$ ) ?AT ( ! ,MAXIMALI/S40 .<#e.> 

,CLE>LY1 ! POLITICAL COMPOSITION AT ,KRON/ADT HAD NOT *ANG$ MU* BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#b#a4 ,! DEM&S ( #aiba REFLECT$ ! POLITICAL TRADITIONS ( ,KRON/ADT1 :I* W]E NOT1 9 ! MA91 ,BOL%EVIK4 ,! SAILORS SUPPORT$ SOVIET P[] 9 #a#i#a#g1 NOT P>TY P[]1 & !Y AGA9 RAIS$ ?AT DEM& 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! POLITICAL COMPOSITION ( ! G>RISON WAS ! SAME AS 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,REES IS CLE>LY CLUT*+ AT /RAWS4 

,I,V 

,9 ! FIR/ ?REE P>TS \R >TICLE1 WE HAVE REC\NT$ H[ ,JOHN ,REES ( ! ,S,W,P DI/ORT$ ! HI/ORY & POLITICS ( BO? ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T & ,KRON/ADT REVOLT DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 70,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,OCTOB]01 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM1 NO4 #e#b74 ,WE PROV$ H[ ,REES HAD MISUS$ HIS S\RCE MAT]IAL TO PRES5T A CLE>LY DI%ONE/ ACC\NT ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & H[ HE FAIL$ TO 9DICATE H[ ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ,BOL%EVIK RELATION%IP ) !M4 

,9 P>T ,I,I,I1 WE 9DICAT$ H[ ,REES HAD DI/ORT$ HIS S\RCE MAT]IAL TO %[ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SAILORS ( #aiag HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY RAW PEASANT RECRUITS & TO PORTRAY ! REVOLT AS BE+ A 0PEASANT 9SURRECTION40 ,! FACTS %[ ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS HAD BE5 AT ,KRON/ADT S9CE #aiag & ?AT ! REVOLT HAD BE5 9 SOLID>ITY ) /RIK+ WORK]S & HAD REPEAT$ MANY ( !IR DEM&S4 

,N[ WE %[ H[ ,REES DI/ORTS ! EVID5CE 9 ORD] TO PORTRAY ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS AS RESPONSIBLE = ! ,BOL%EVIKS ACTIONS BY REFUS+ TO NEGOTIATE4 ,9 ! PROCESS HE 9V5TS A DEM& & ATTRIBUTES TO ! ,KRON/ADT]S4 ,WE ALSO H[ ?AT ,REES' ATTEMPTS TO %[ ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS PRO-,:ITE IS ALSO BAS$ ON ! SAME LACK ( CONC]N = HIS S\RCES4 

,:AT W]E !Y FI<T+ =8 

,:ILE ,REES FAILS TO PRES5T ! DEM&S ( ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS1 HE DOES /ATE ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT]S 9SI/$ 0?AT !Y W]E FI<T+ = A '?IRD REVOLUTION'1 FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION & = 'SOVIETS )\T P>TIES'0 ,:ILE ! ,KRON/ADT]S DID RAISE ! AN>*I/ SLOGAN ( ! 0?IRD REVOLUTION0 & CALL = FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 !Y DID NOT CALL = 0SOVIETS ) P>TIES40 ,AS ,PAUL ,AVRI* NOTES1 

0',SOVIETS )\T ,COMMUNI/S' WAS NOT1 AS IS (T5 MA9TA9$ BY BO? ,SOVIET & NON-,SOVIET WRIT]S1 A ,KRON/ADT SLOGAN40 

,NOR DID !Y AGITATE UND] ! BANN] 0SOVIETS )\T P>TIES40 ,!Y >GU$ = 0ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS & NOT TO P>TIES40 ,POLITICAL P>TIES W]E NOT TO BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! SOVIETS1 SIMPLY /OPP$ FROM DOM9AT+ !M & SUB/ITUT+ !MSELVES = !M4 ,AS ,AVRI* NOTES1 ! ,KRON/ADT PROGRAM 0DID ALL[ A PLACE = ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ! SOVIETS1 ALONGSIDE ! O!R LEFT-W+ ORGANIZATIONS 444 ,COMMUNI/S 444 P>TICIPAT$ 9 /R5G? 9 ! ELECT$ CONF]5CE ( DELEGATE1 :I* WAS ! CLOSE/ ?+ ,KRON/ADT EV] HAD TO ! FREE SOVIETS ( ITS DREAMS40 .<#e#a.> ,GIV5 ?AT ,REES QUOTES ! SLOGAN 0SOVIETS )\T P>TIES10 ! QUE/ION >ISES :I* S\RCE DOES HE USE8 ,NEI!R ,AVRI* OR ,GETZL] 9 !IR 9-DEP? ANALYZES ( ,KRON/ADT M5TION ?IS SLOGAN1 SUGGE/+ ?AT ,REES SIMPLY 9V5T$ IT4 

,NOT 9T5T 9 9V5T+ ,KRON/ADT DEM&S1 ,REES GOES ONE /EP FUR!R & TRIES TO BLAME ! ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION ( ! REVOLT ON ! SAILORS !MSELVES4 ,HE >GUES 09 ,PETROGRAD ,Z9OVIEV HAD ALREADY ESS5TIALLY )DRAWN ! MO/ DETE/$ ASPECTS ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM 9 RESPONSE TO ! /RIKES40 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,Z9OVIEV DID NOT )DRAW ! POLITICAL ASPECTS ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM1 JU/ SOME ( ! ECONOMIC ONES &1 AS ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS MA9LY POLITICAL1 !SE CONCESSIONS W]E NOT 5\< 79DE$1 ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION DIRECT$ AGA9/ WORK]S RI<TS & OPPOSITION SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ GR\PS 9CREAS$74 ,HE !N /ATES ! ,KRON/ADT]S 0RESPONSE .<TO !SE CONCESSIONS.> WAS CONTA9$ 9 !IR ,:AT ,WE ,>E ,FI<T+ ,=0 & QUOTES IT AS FOLL[S3 

0!RE IS NO MIDDLE GR\ND 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S 444 ,!Y GIVE ! APPE>ANCE ( MAK+ CONCESSIONS3 9 ,PETROGRAD PROV9CE ROAD-BLOCK DETA*M5TS HAVE BE5 REMOV$ & #a MILLION RUBLES HAVE BE5 ALLOTT$ = ! PUR*ASE ( FOOD/UFFS444 ,BUT ONE MU/ NOT BE DECEIV$ 444 ,NO !RE CAN BE NO MIDDLE GR\ND4 ,VICTORY OR DEA?60 

,:AT ,REES FAILS TO 9=M ! READ] IS ?AT ?IS WAS WRITT5 ON ,M>* #h?1 :ILE ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD />T$ MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS ON ! PREVI\S EV5+4 ,MOREOV]1 ! FACT ! 0RESPONSE0 CLE>LY /AT$ 0.<W.>I?\T A S+LE %OT1 )\T A DROP ( BLOOD1 ! FIR/ /EP HAS BE5 TAK5 .<( ! 0,?IRD ,REVOLUTION0.>4 ,! TOIL]S DO NOT NE$ BLOOD4 ,!Y WILL %$ IT ONLY AT A MOM5T ( SELF-DEF5SE0 IS NOT M5TION$4 .<#e#b.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS REAFFIRM$ !IR COMMITM5T TO NONVIOL5T REVOLT4 ,ANY VIOL5CE ON !IR P>T WAS 9 SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK ACTIONS4 ,NOT ?AT Y\ W\LD KN[ ?AT FROM ,REES' WORK4 

,PRO-,:ITE8 

,! ,KRON/ADT]S' REJECT$ EV]Y (F] ( HELP FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,C5T] & O!R OBVI\SLY PRO-,:ITE GR\P 7!Y DID ACCEPT HELP T[>DS ! 5D ( ! REBELLION FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,R$ ,CROSS :5 ! FOOD SITUATION HAD BECOME CRITICAL74 ,HI/ORIAN ,ISRAEL ,GETZL] /RESS$ ?AT 0! ,KRON/ADT]S W]E EXTREMELY RES5TFUL ( ALL GE/URES ( SYMPA?Y & PROMISES ( HELP COM+ FROM ! ,:ITE-,GU>DI/ EMIGRES40 ,HE QUOTES A ,R$ ,CROSS VISITOR :O /AT$ ?AT ,KRON/ADT 0WILL ADMIT NO ,:ITE POLITICAL P>TY1 NO POLITICIAN1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,R$ ,CROSS40 .<#e#d.> 

,AVRI* NOTES ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT]'S 0PASSIONATELY HAT$0 ! ,:ITES & ?AT 0BO? DUR+ & AFT]W>DS 9 EXILE0 !Y 09DIGNANTLY REJECT$ ALL GOV]NM5T ACCUSATIONS ( COLLABORATION ) C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS EI!R AT HOME OR ABROAD40 ,AS ! ,COMMUNI/S !MSELVES ACKN[L$G$1 NO \TSIDE AID EV] REA*$ ! 9SURG5TS4 .<#e#d.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 !RE WAS NO RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! REVOLT & ! ,:ITES4 

,OBVI\SLY AW>E ( ! SYMPA?Y :I* ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS GA9 FROM MO/ ( ! NON-,L59I/ LEFT 7& FROM SOME CRITICAL ,L59I/S71 ,REES TRIES TO BLACK5 !IR MEMORY BY ASSOCIAT+ !M ) ! ,:ITES4 ,AS HE PUTS IT1 ! OBVI\SLY DEMOCRATIC & SOCIALI/ DEM&S RAIS$ BY ,KRON/ADT 0HAS CONV9C$ MANY HI/ORIANS ?AT ?IS REVOLT WAS FUNDAM5TALLY DI/9CT FROM ! ,:ITE ,REBELLIONS40 ,BUT ?IS1 APP>5TLY1 IS NOT ! CASE AS 0ONE MU/ BE C>EFUL TO ANALYZE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CONSCI\S AIMS ( ! REBELS & ! POSSIBLE \TCOME ( !IR ACTIONS40 

,HE >GUES ?AT 0.<H.>AD ! ,KRON/ADT]S' DEM&S = 'SOVIETS )\T P>TIES' BE5 REALIZ$ !Y W\LD HAVE EXPRESS$ ! F]OCI\S1 ELEM5T HO/ILITY ( ! PEASANTS TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 P>TICUL> & TO ! CITIES 9 G5]AL 444 ! ,:ITES W]E ! ONLY REMA9+ POLITICAL =CE :I* C\LD HAVE PR(IT$40 ,IGNOR+ ! AWKW>D FACTS ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT]S RAIS$ NO SU* DEM& & IT WAS ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION ?AT HAD 5SUR$ ?AT !Y & ! ,:ITES W]E ! ONLY 0REMA9+ POLITICAL =CE0 >\ND1 ! QUE/ION BECOMES :E!R ,KRON/ADT WAS 7OBJECTIVELY7 PRO-,:ITE4 

,REES >GUES ?AT NET RESULT ( ,KRON/ADT'S 0UTOPIAN PROGRAM & ITS CLASS ROOT0 W\LD HAVE RESULT$ 9 C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 SOME?+ ! ,:ITES 0S5S$ 444 IMM$IATELY40 ,IGNOR+ 7YET AGA967 SOME AWKW>D FACTS 7SU* AS ,REES' NON-DISCUSSION ( ITS PROGRAM1 HIS 9V5TION ( ONE ( ITS SLOGANS & ! OV]:ELM+ EVID5CE AGA9/ ,REES' 0CLASS ROOT0 >GUM5T71 :AT CAN WE MAKE ( ?IS8 ,:AT EVID5CE DOES HE PRES5T8 

,REES >GUES ?AT ! ,:ITES 0HAD PR$ICT$ A RIS+ 9 ,KRON/ADT & ! ,:ITE ,NATIONAL ,C5T] ABROAD /RA9$ MI<T & MA9 TO PROVIDE FOOD = ! ,KRON/ADT]S 444 ,9DE$1 ! ,NATIONAL ,C5T] WAS ALREADY MAK+ PLANS = ! =CES ( ! ,FR5* NAVY & ?OSE ( ,G5]AL ,WRANGEL1 :O /ILL COMM&$ #g1 M5 9 ,TURKEY1 TO L& 9 ,KRON/ADT IF ! REVOLT W]E TO SUCCE$40 ,HE QUOTES A SECRET ,:ITE 0,MEMOR&UM0 ON ,KRON/ADT AS EVID5CE = HIS CLAIMS4 ,?IS IS CONTA9$ 9 ,PAUL ,AVRI*'S BOOK & SO WE TURN TO ?IS 9 ORD] TO REFUTE HIS CLAIMS4 

,! ,MEMOR&UM DOES PR$ICT ?AT A REVOLT W\LD TAKE PLACE & ALSO PR$ICTS ?AT 0EV5 IF ! ,FR5* ,COMM& & ! ,RUSSIAN ANTI-,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATIONS DO NOT TAKE P>T 9 ! PREP>ATION & DIRECTION ( ! UPRIS+1 A REVOLT WILL TAKE PLACE ALL ! SAME DUR+ ! COM+ SPR+1 BUT AFT] A BRIEF P]IOD ( SUCCESS IT WILL BE DOOM$40 ,AS REG>DS ! 0PLANS0 TO TRANSPORT ,FR5* & ,WRANGEL'S TROOPS TO ,KRON/ADT1 ! 0,MEMOR&UM0 /ATES ?AT ! 0,RUSSIAN ANT-,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATIONS %\LD HOLD ! POSITION ?AT !Y MU/ REFRA9 FROM CONTRIBUT+ TO ! SUCCESS ( ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION IF !Y DO NOT HAVE ! FULL ASSURANCE ?AT ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T HAS DECID$ TO TAKE ! APPROPRIATE /EPS 9 ?IS REG>D10 ! TRANSPORT+ ( TROOPS BE+ PO9T #d4 .<#e#e.> ,?IS1 TO /ATE ! OBVI\S1 IS NOT 0MAK+ PLANS 444 TO L&0 TROOPS BUT RA!R ! /AT+ ( ESS5TIAL PRECONDITIONS = ACTION4 

,! QUE/ION IS1 ( C\RSE1 WAS ?IS 0,MEMOR&UM0 ACTUALLY IMPLEM5T$8 ,AVRI* REJECTS ! IDEA ?AT IT EXPLA9S ! REVOLT3 

0,NO?+ HAS COME TO LI<T TO %[ ?AT ! ,SECRET ,MEMOR&UM WAS EV] PUT 9TO PRACTICE OR ?AT ANY L9KS HAD EXI/$ BETWE5 ! EMIGRES & ! SAILORS BE=E ! REVOLT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! RIS+ BORE ! E>M>KS ( SPONTANEITY 444 !RE WAS LITTLE 9 ! BEHAVIOR ( ! REBELS TO SUGGE/ ANY C>EFUL ADVANCE PREP>ATION4 ,HAD !RE BE5 A PRE>RANG$ PLAN1 SURELY ! SAILORS W\LD HAVE WAIT$ A FEW WEEKS LONG] = ! ICE TO MELT 444 ,! REBELS1 MOREOV]1 ALL[$ ,KAL99 .<A LEAD+ ,COMMUNI/.> TO RETURN TO ,PETROGRAD1 ?\< HE W\LD HAVE MADE A VALUABLE HO/AGE4 ,FUR!R1 NO ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO TAKE ! (F5SIVE 444 ,SIGNIFICANT TOO1 IS ! L>GE NUMB] ( ,COMMUNI/S :O TOOK P>T 9 ! MOVEM5T444 

0,! ,SAILORS NE$$ NO \TSIDE 5C\RAGEM5T TO RAISE ! BANN] ( 9SURRECTION444 ,KRON/ADT WAS CLE>LY RIPE = A REBELLION4 ,:AT SET IT (F W]E NOT ! MA*9ATIONS ( EMIGRE CONSPIRATORS & =EIGN 9TELLIG5CE AG5TS BUT ! WAVE ( PEASANT RIS+S ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY & ! LABOR DI/URBANCES 9 NEI<BOR+ ,PETORGRAD4 ,& AS ! REVOLT UNFOLD$1 IT FOLL[$ ! PATT]N ( E>LI] \TBUR/S AGA9/ ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T FROM #aie ?R\< ! ,CIVIL ,W>40 .<#e#f.> 

,HE EXPLICITLY >GUES ?AT :ILE ! ,NATIONAL ,C5T] HAD 0ANTICIPAT$0 ! REVOLT & 0LAID PLANS TO HELP ORGANIZE IT10 !Y HAD 0NO TIME TO PUT !SE PLANS 9TO EFFECT40 ,! 0]UPTION OCCURR$ TOO SOON1 SEV]AL WEEKS BE=E ! BASIC CONDITIONS ( ! PLOT 444 C\LD BE FULFILL$0 7SU* AS GA9+ ,FR5* SUPPORT74 ,IT 0IS NOT TRUE10 HE /RESSES1 0?AT ! EMIGRES HAD 5G9E]+ ! REBELLION40 ,! REVOLT WAS 0A SPONTANE\S & SELF-CONTA9$ MOVEM5T FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D40 .<#e#g.> 

,MOREOV]1 :E!R ! ,MEMOR&UM PLAY$ A P>T 9 ! REVOLT CAN BE SE5 FROM ! REACTIONS ( ! ,:ITE 0,NATIONAL ,C5T]0 TO ! UPRIS+4 ,FIR/LY1 !Y FAIL$ TO DELIV] AID TO ! REBELS NOR GET ,FR5* AID TO !M4 ,SECONDLY1 ,PR(ESSOR ,GRIMM1 ! *IEF AG5T ( ! ,NATIONAL ,C5T] 9 ,HELS+=S & ,G5]AL ,WRANGEL'S (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVE 9 ,F9L&1 /AT$ TO A COLLEAGUE AFT] ! REVOLT HAD BE5 CRU%$ ?AT IF A NEW \TBREAK %\LD OCCUR !N !IR GR\P MU/ NOT BE CAU<T UNAW>ES AGA94 ,AVRI* ALSO NOTES ?AT ! REVOLT 0CAU<T ! EMIGRES (F BALANCE0 & ?AT 0.<N.>O?+ 444 HAD BE5 DONE TO IMPLEM5T ! ,SECRET ,MEMOR&UM1 & ! W>N+S ( ! AU?OR W]E FULLY BORNE \T40 .<#e#h.> 

,IF ,KRON/ADT WAS A ,:ITE CONSPIRACY !N H[ C\LD ! ORGANIZATION ( ! CONSPIRACY HAVE BE5 CAU<T UNAW>ES8 

,AS REG>DS ,WRANGEL'S TROOPS1 ! FACTS >E ?AT !RE SIMPLY WAS NO REAL ?REAT1 AS ,AVRI* AGA9 MAKES PLA94 

,FIR/LY1 ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT BROKE \T MON?S AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,WE/]N ,RUSSIA4 ,WRANGEL HAD FL$ FROM ! ,CRIMEA 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E SO AFRAID ( ,:ITE 9VASION ?AT BY E>LY #aiba !Y DEMOBILIZ$ HALF ! ,R$ ,>MY 7SOME #b1#e1 M574 ,SECONDLY1 ! ,RUSSIAN EMIGRES 0REMA9$ AS DIVID$ & 9EFFECTUAL AS BE=E1 ) NO PROSPECT ( COOP]ATION 9 SI<T40 ,?IRDLY1 AS F> AS ,WRANGEL'S =CES GO1 !Y W]E 9 NO /ATE TO RE-9VADE ,RUSSIA4 ,HIS TROOPS W]E 0DISP]S$ & !IR MORAL SAGG+0 & IT W\LD HAVE TAK5 0MON?S 444 M]ELY TO MOBILIZE HIS M5 & TRANSPORT !M FROM ! ,M$IT]RANEAN TO ! ,BALTIC40 ,A SECOND FRONT 9 ! S\? 0W\LD HAVE MEANT ALMO/ C]TA9 DISA/]40 ,9DE$1 9 A CALL ISSU$ BY ! ,PETROGRAD ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ON ,M>* #e?1 !Y ASK$ ! REBELS3 0,HAV5'T Y\ HE>D :AT HAPP5$ TO ,WRANGEL'S M51 :O >E DY+ LIKE FLIES1 9 !IR ?\S&S ( HUNG] & DISEASE80 ,! CALL GOES ON TO ADD 0.<T.>HIS IS ! FATE ?AT AWAITS Y\1 UNLESS Y\ SURR5D] )9 #bd H\RS40 .<#e#i.> 

,CLE>LY1 ! PROSPECT ( A ,:ITE 9VASION WAS SLIM4 ,?IS LEAVES ! QUE/ION ( CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5TS4 ,AVRI* HAS ?IS TO SAY ON ?IS3 

0,AP>T FROM !IR [N 5]GETIC FUND-RAIS+ CAMPAIGN1 ! EMIGRES S\<T ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! ,5T5E P[]S4444 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T1 LOA! TO RESUME ! 9T]V5TIONI/ POLICIES ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 TURN$ A DEAF E> TO ALL SU* APPEALS4 ,! PROSPECTS ( ,BRITI% AID W]E EV5 DIMM] 444 ,! BE/ HOPE ( =EIGN SUPPORT CAME FROM ,FRANCE 444 ! ,FR5* REFUS$ TO 9T]F]E EI!R POLITICALLY OR MILIT>ILY 9 ! CRISIS40 ,! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T HAD ALSO 0)DREW ITS RECOGNITION ( ,WRANGEL'S DEFUNCT GOV]NM5T0 9 ,NOVEMB] #aib 0BUT CONT9U$ TO FE$ HIS TROOPS ON 'HUMANE GR\NDS1' MEAN:ILE URG+ HIM TO DISB&40 .<#f.> 

,?US1 ! CLAIM ?AT =EIGN 9T]V5TION WAS LIKELY SEEMS )\T BASIS4 ,L59 HIMSELF >GU$ ON ,M>* #a#f?1 #aiba ?AT 0! 5EMIES0 >\ND ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE W]E 0NO LONG] ABLE TO WAGE !IR W> ( 9T]V5TION0 & SO W]E LAUN*+ A PRESS CAMPAIGN 0) ! PRIME OBJECT ( DISRUPT+ ! NEGOTIATIONS = A TRADE AGREEM5T ) ,BRITA91 & ! =?COM+ TRADE AGREEM5T ) ,AM]ICA40 .<#f#a.> ,! DEMOBILIZ+ ( ! ,R$ ,>MY CONFIRMS ?IS P]SPECTIVE4 

,:ILE ! ,:ITES W]E EXTREMELY HAPPY ?AT ,KRON/ADT REVOLT$1 IT W\LD BE WEAK POLITICS 9DE$ ?AT BAS$ ITSELF ON ! REACTIONS ( REACTION>IES TO EVALUATE SOCIAL /RUGGLES4 ,SADLY1 ?IS IS EXACTLY :AT ,REES DOES4 

,BALANCE ( CLASS =CES8 

,JOHN ,REES CONT9UES BY >GU+ ?AT3 

0,AS IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! REVOLT WAS ISOLAT$ ,PETRI*5KO WAS =C$ TO COME TO T]MS ) ! REALITY ( ! BALANCE ( CLASS =CES4 ,ON #ac ,M>* ,PETRI*5KO WIR$ ,DAVID ,GRIMM1 ! *IEF ( ! ,NATIONAL ,C5T] & ,G5]AL ,WRANGEL'S (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVE 9 ,F9L&1 = HELP 9 GA9+ FOOD4 ,ON #af ,M>* ,PETRI*5KO ACCEPT$ AN (F] ( HELP FROM ,B>ON ,P ,V ,VILK91 AN ASSOCIATE ( ,GRIMM'S :OM '! ,BOL%EVIKS RI<TLY CALL$ A ,:ITE AG5T4' ,NONE ( ! AID REA*$ ! G>RISON BE=E IT WAS CRU%$1 BUT ! TIDE ( EV5TS WAS PU%+ ! SAILORS 9TO ! >MS ( ! ,:ITES1 JU/ AS ! LATT] HAD ALWAYS SUSPECT$ IT W\LD40 

,WE %\LD NOTE ?AT IT WAS DUE TO ! 0FOOD SITUATION 9 ,KRON/ADT 444 GR[+ DESP]ATE0 ?AT ,PETRI*5KO CONTACT$ ,GRIMM1 ASK+ HIM TO 0PETITION ,F9L& & O!R C\NTRIES = ASSI/ANCE0 & ! AID !Y ASK$ = WAS 0FOOD & M$IC9E0 FROM ! ,R$ ,CROSS4 .<#f#b.> ,IF ! REVOLT HAD SPREAD TO ,PETROGRAD & ! /RIK+ WORK]S !RE1 SU* REQUE/S W\LD HAVE BE5 UNNECESS>Y4 ,RA!R ?AN ISOLATION BE+ DUE TO 0! REALITY ( ! BALANCE ( CLASS =CES0 IT WAS DUE TO ! REALITY ( CO]CIVE =CES -- ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD SUCCESSFULLY REPRESS$ ! ,PETROGRAD /RIKES & SL&]$ ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT4 ,! KEY TO UND]/&+ ! ISOLATION ( ! REVOLT IS TO KN[ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD SUPPRESS$ ! WORK]S UPRIS+ 9 ,PETROGRAD 9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,M>* 7SOME?+ ,REES FAILS TO M5TION74 ,! ,KRON/ADT1 REVOLT WAS AN \TGR[? ( ! UPRIS+ 9 ,PETROGRAD & WAS CUT (F FROM ITS L>G] SOCIAL BASE & LOCALIZ$ ON A SMALL ISL&4 ,RA!R ?AN EXPRESS A 0BALANCE ( CLASS =CES10 ! ACCEPTANCE ( \TSIDE HELP SIMPLY EXPRESS$ ! P[] ( ,BOL%EVIK CO]CION OV] ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS4 

,SO1 GIV5 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP HAD LI$ TO & REPRESS$ ! ,PETROGRAD WORK+ CLASS1 ! ,KRON/ADT]S HAD FEW OPTIONS LEFT AS REG>DS AID4 ,REES'S >GUM5T SMACKS ( ! 0LOGIC0 ( ,RI<T AS REG>DS ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! ,CUBAN REVOLUTION & ! ,S&9I/AS4 ,ISOLAT$1 EA* ( !SE REVOLTS TURN$ TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION = AID ?US PROV+ :AT ! ,RI<T HAD ALWAYS KN[N FROM ! />T1 NAMELY !IR OBJECTIVELY ,COMMUNI/ NATURE & !IR P>T 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/ ,CONSPIRACY4 ,! ,/AL9I/S ALSO US$ SU* 0LOGIC10 US+ CAPITALI/ SUPPORT = ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION ( #aief & ! ,POLI% UNION ,SOLID>ITY AS EVID5CE TO JU/IFY !IR REPRESSION4 ,FEW REVOLUTION>IES W\LD EVALUATE SOCIAL /RUGGLES ON SU* AN ILLOGICAL & N>R[ BASIS BUT ,REES WANTS US TO DO SO ) ,KRON/ADT4 

,9 REALITY1 ( C\RSE1 ! FACT ?AT O!RS S\<T TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !SE 7& O!R7 SITUATIONS IS 9EVITABLE & IRRELEVANT4 ,! IMPORTANT ?+ IS :E!R WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE :]E 9 CONTROL ( ! REVOLT & :AT ! MA9 OBJECTIVES ( IT W]E4 ,BY ?IS CLASS CRIT]IA1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS REVOLUTION>Y AS1 LIKE ,HUNGRY #a#i#e#f1 ! CORE ( ! REVOLT WAS WORK+ PEOPLE & !IR C\NCILS4 ,IT WAS !Y :O W]E 9 CONTROL & CALL$ ! TUNE4 ,?AT ,:ITES TRI$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( IT IS AS IRRELEVANT TO EVALUAT+ ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT AS ! FACT ?AT ,/AL9I/S TRI$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! ,SPANI% /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FASCISM4 

,MOREOV]1 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( ! 0BALANCE ( CLASS =CES01 ,REES FAILS TO M5TION ! CLASS :I* HAD REAL P[] 7& ! RELAT$ PRIVILEGES7 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! TIME -- ! /ATE & P>TY BUREAUCRACY4 ,! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY W]E (FICIALLY P[]LESS4 ,! ONLY 9FLU5CE !Y EX]CIS$ 9 ! 0WORK]S' & PEASANTS /ATE0 WAS :5 !Y REBELL$1 =C+ 0!IR0 /ATE TO MAKE CONCESSIONS OR TO REPRESS !M 7SOMETIMES BO? HAPP5$74 ,! BALANCE ( CLASS =CES WAS BETWE5 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS & RUL+ BUREAUCRACY4 ,TO IGNORE ?IS FACTOR MEANS TO MISUND]/& ! PROBLEMS FAC+ ! REVOLUTION & ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT ITSELF4 

,AFT] ! REVOLT 

,REES QUOTES ,PAUL ,AVRI* TO SUPPORT HIS ASS]TION ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS1 9 FACT1 PRO-,:ITE4 ,HE >GUES AS FOLL[S3 

0,PAUL ,AVRI* 444 SAYS !RE IS 'UND5IABLE EVID5CE' ?AT ! LEAD]%IP ( ! REBELLION CAME TO AN AGREEM5T ) ! ,:ITES AFT] !Y HAD BE5 CRU%$ & ?AT 'ONE CANNOT RULE \T ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ?IS WAS ! CONT9UATION ( A LONG/&+ RELATION%IP4'0 

,:AT ,REES FAILS TO M5TION IS ?AT ,AVRI* IMM$IATELY ADDS 0.<Y.>ET A C>EFUL SE>* HAS YIELD$ NO EVID5CE TO SUPPORT SU* A BELIEF40 ,HE EV5 /ATES ?AT 0.<N.>O?+ HAS COME TO LI<T TO %[ ?AT 444 ANY L9KS HAD EXI/$ BETWE5 ! EMIGRES & ! SAILORS BE=E ! REVOLT40 ,H[ /RANGE ?AT ,REES FAILS TO QUOTE OR EV5 M5TION ,AVRI*'S CONCLUSION TO HIS [N SPECULATION6 ,AS = ! PO/-REVOLT L9KS BETWE5 ! 0LEAD]%IP0 ( ! REBELLION & ! ,:ITES1 ,AVRI* CORRECTLY >GUES ?AT 0.<N.>ONE ( ?IS PROVES ?AT !RE W]E ANY TIES BETWE5 ! .<,NATIONAL.> ,C5T] & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE EI!R BE=E OR DUR+ ! REVOLT4 ,IT W\LD SEEM1 RA!R1 ?AT ! MUTUAL EXP]I5CE ( BITT]NESS & DEFEAT1 & A COMMON DET]M9ATION TO OV]?R[ ! ,SOVIET REGIME1 L$ !M TO JO9 H&S 9 ! AFT]MA?40 .<#f#c.> ,SEE+ Y\ FRI5DS & FELL[ TOIL]S MURD]$ BY DICTATORS MAY AFFECT Y\R JUDGM5T1 UNSURPRIS+LY 5\<4 

,REES NOTES ?AT ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! REBELLION1 ,PETRI*5KO1 0GOT 9 T\* ) ,WRANGEL0 9 EXILE & 0JO9$ =CES0 ) HIM4 ,REES COMM5TS ?AT ! 0BALANCE ( CLASS =CES HAD F9ALLY BR\<T IDEOLOGY & REALITY 9TO ALIGNM5T40 ,IT SEEMS 9CR$IBLE ?AT A SELF-PROCLAIM$ SOCIALI/ C\LD BASE HIS CASE ON ! ACTIVITIES ( JU/ ONE 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT = ALL HIS TALK ( 0CLASS =CES10 ,REES SEEMS HAPPY TO DO JU/ ?AT4 

,LET US1 H[EV]1 ASSUME ?AT C]TA9 ELEM5TS 9 ! 0LEAD]%IP0 ( ! REVOLT W]E1 9 FACT1 SC\NDRELS4 ,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN :5 EVALUAT+ ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT8 

,WE MU/ PO9T \T ?AT ?IS 0LEAD]%IP0 WAS ELECT$ BY & UND] ! CONTROL ( ! 0CONF]5CE ( DELEGATES10 :I* WAS 9 TURN ELECT$ BY & UND] ! CONTROL ( ! RANK-&-FILE SAILORS1 SOLDI]S & CIVILIANS4 ,?IS BODY MET REGUL>LY DUR+ ! REVOLT 0TO RECEIVE & DEBATE ! REPORTS ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE & TO PROPOSE MEASURES & DECREES40 .<#f#d.> ,! ACTIONS ( ! 0LEAD]%IP0 W]E NOT 9DEP5D5T ( ! MASS ( ! POPULATION & SO1 REG>DLESS ( !IR [N AG5DAS1 HAD TO WORK UND] CONTROL FROM BEL[4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! REVOLT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO A DISCUSSION ( :E!R A FEW ( ! 0LEAD]%IP0 W]E 0BAD M50 OR NOT4 ,9DE$1 TO DO SO JU/ REFLECTS ! ELITISM ( B\RGEOIS HI/ORY -- YET ,REES DOES JU/ ?AT & R$UCES ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT & ITS 0IDEOLOGY0 D[N TO JU/ ONE P]SON 7,PETRI*5KO74 

,CONCLUSION 

,AS CAN BE SE51 ,REES HAS TOTALLY DI/ORT$ ! FACTS AS REG>DS ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION4 ,ON ALMO/ EV]Y PO9T1 ,REES DI/ORT$ HIS S\RCES4 ,HIS >GUM5T AB\T ! *ANG+ 0CLASS COMPOSITION0 ( ! ,KRON/ADT G>RISON DEP5DS ON HIS SUPPRESS+ ! NUM]\S FACTS :I* CONTRADICT IT 7FACTS ?AT EXI/ ON ! V]Y SAME PAGE HE QUOTES674 ,AS REG>DS ! OBJECTIVELY 0PRO-,:ITE0 NATURE ( ! REVOLT1 HIS >GUM5T IS EFFECTIVELY REFUT$ BY ! V]Y S\RCES HE USES AS EVID5CE4 ,ALL ?IS IS UNSURPRIS+1 AS ! SAME ABUSE ( ! S\RCE MAT]IAL WAS EVID5T 9 ,REES' ACC\NT ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T4 

,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT IS HIS ATTEMPTS TO JU/IFY ! ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION 9 T]MS ( ! CLASS NATURE ( ! REVOLT4 ,REES CAN ONLY DO ?IS BY RIPP+ ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT FROM ITS ROOTS 9 ! ,PETROGRAD /RIKE MOVEM5T & BY IGNOR+ BO? ! DEM&S ( ! /RIK]S & ( ! SAILORS4 ,?IS1 AGA91 IS UNSURPRIS+4 ,LIKE MO/ PRO-,BOL%EVIK ACC\NTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AFT] ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 ! WORK+ CLASS IS ABS5T FROM ,REES'S ACC\NT ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE A KEY ,L59I/ JU/IFICATION = ,BOL%EVIK TYRANNY IS ! CLAIM ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS DIS9TEGRAT$ SOON AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD SEIZ$ P[]4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS POSITION CANNOT BE DEF5D$4 ,= ALL ,REES' CLAIMS ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS DID WAS AN 0ATOMIZ$1 9DIVIDUALIZ$ MASS0 :I* WAS 0NO LONG] ABLE TO EX]CISE ! COLLECTIVE P[]0 ! FACTS >E ?AT ALL DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> P]IOD & 9 ,FEBRU>Y_/,M>* 9 #a#i#b#a1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S W]E ABLE TO TAKE COLLECTIVE ACTION UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! LEVEL ( A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,?IS IS IMPLICITLY ACKN[L$G$ BY ,REES :O NOTES ?AT ,KRON/ADT WAS PREC$$ BY A 0WAVE ( S]I\S 444 /RIKES0 ALL ACROSS ,RUSSIA4 ,H[ CAN AN 0ATOMIZ$1 9DIVIDUALIZ$ MASS0 9CAPABLE ( 0COLLECTIVE P[]0 MANAGE TO CONDUCT G5]AL /RIKES ?AT REQUIR$ M>TIAL LAW TO BREAK8 

,! EXPLANATION ( ?IS 0OV]SI<T0 IS SIMPLE4 ,COLLECTIVE WORK+ CLASS REVOLT & P[] WAS DIRECT$ T[>DS ! ,BOL%EVIKS FROM #aiah ONW>DS4 ,TO M5TION ?IS 7& ! RESULT+ ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION7 W\LD BE TO CONTRADICT ,REES' CLAIM ?AT 0.<I.>N ! CITIES ! ,R$S 5JOY$ ! FI]CE & VIRTUALLY UNDIVID$ LOYALTY ( ! MASSES ?R\<\T ! CIVIL W> P]IOD0 & SO GOES UNM5TION$4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS OPPOSITION BY ! WORK]S TO ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME DOES EXPLA9 ,BOL%EVIK SUPPORT = 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY0 7SEE P>T #a ( ?IS S]IES74 ,A P>TY :I* DID HAVE ! 0VIRTUALLY UNDIVID$ LOYALTY ( ! MASSES0 W\LD NOT NE$ TO UND]M9E SOVIET DEMOCRACY & RAISE ITS [N DICTATOR%IP TO AN IDEOLOGICAL TRUISM4 ,P]HAPS ,REES MEANS BY ?IS SOME?+ SIMIL> TO HIS CLAIM ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK 0RE/$0 UPON ! WORK+ CLASS 7AS IT WAS >RE/+ !M78 

,?IS P]HAPS EXPLA9S ,REES' ATTEMPT TO P]SONALIZE ! ,KRON/ADT EV5TS BY HIS DISCUSSION ( ,PETRI*5KO4 ,! CLASS CRIT]IA IS ! DECISIVE ONE1 SOME?+ :I* CANNOT BE EVALUAT$ BY ! ACTIONS ( JU/ ONE P]SON & TO EVALUATE ! REAL BALANCE ( CLASS =CES Y\ NE$ AN HONE/ ACC\NT ( ! EV5TS4 ,AS ,REES DOES NOT 7&1 9DE$1 CANNOT7 PRES5T SU* AN ACC\NT1 IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT HE LOOKS TO 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IRONICALLY1 HIS COMM5T ?AT ,PETRI*5KO'S LIAISONS ) ! ,:ITES DUR+ EXILE 0BR\<T IDEOLOGY & REALITY 9TO ALIGNM5T0 CAN BETT] BE APPLI$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION ( ,KRON/ADT & ! SUBSEQU5T RISE ( ,/AL9ISM4 

,ULTIMATELY1 BY AGREE+ ) ,TROTSKY ?AT SUPPRESS+ ,KRON/ADT WAS 0A TRAGIC NECESSITY10 ,REES IS ADMITT+ ?AT ! ,S,W,P W\LD DO ! SAME 7AS CAN BE SE51 HE CURR5TLY FOLL[S !IR EXAMPLE BY SL&]+ ! REVOLT7 & CONSID] A REGIME BAS$ ON REPRESSION ( WORK]S AS SOMEH[ 0SOCIALI/40 ,CLE>LY1 ! ,BOL%EVIK TRADITION SEES WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY & SELF-MANAGEM5T AS HAV+ LITTLE TO DO ) SOCIALISM & ?AT1 IF NECESS>Y1 !SE & ! SELF-EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN BE PO/PON$ PROVID$ PEOPLE LIKE ,L59 & ,TROTSKY RUN ! 0WORK]S' /ATE0 ON BEHALF ( ! WORK]S & RAISE ! R$ FLAG4 ,WORK+ PEOPLE WILL NEV] BE 9SPIR$ BY A SOCIALISM :I* REPRESSES !M & !IR H>D WON FRE$OMS 9 ! NAME ( !IR 0OBJECTIVE0 9T]E/S 7AS DEF9$ BY ! P>TY LEAD]S74 

,IF ! ,L59I/ TRADITION IS REVOLUTION>Y1 ,REES W\LD NOT NE$ TO REWRITE HI/ORY 9 ORD] TO DEF5D IT4 ,?AT SUGGE/S ?AT REVOLUTION>IES %\LD LOOK ELSE:]E = A !ORY ) :I* TO BO? UND]/& & *ANGE ! WORLD4 ,IF1 AS ,REES CLAIMS1 ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION IS BO? 0\R PA/0 & 0\R FUTURE10 !N HE %\LD NOT HAVE TO DI/ORT ITS HI/ORY & LEGACY SO4 

.<#a.> ,PET] ,>%9OV1 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T1 P4 #b#b#fF 

.<#b.> ,DAVID ,FOOTMAN1 ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,RUSSIA1 P4 #b#i#b-#c 

.<#c.> ,MI*AEL ,PALIJ1 ,! ,AN>*ISM ( ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 P4 #a#g#e-#f 

.<#d.> ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a#g#g1 P4 #a#i1 P4 #aia & P4 #agc 

.<#e.> ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #ba 

.<#f.> ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,RUSSIA1 PP4 #b#i-#a 

.<#g.> ,W ,BRUCE ,L9COLN1,R$ ,VICTORY1 P4 #cbg 

.<#h.> ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bca 

.<#i.> ,SAMUEL ,F>B]1 ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM1 PP4 #b#c-#d1 P4 #bb & P4 #cc 

.<#a.> ,WILL ! ,BOL%EVIKS ,MA9TA9 ,P[]81 P4 #h & P4 #ha 

.<#a#a.> ,TROTSKY /RESS$ ?AT 0IT CAN BE SAID ) COMPLETE JU/ICE ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,SOVIETS BECAME POSSIBLE ONLY BY MEANS ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 ,IT IS ?ANKS TO ! 444 P>TY 444 .<?AT.> ! ,SOVIETS 444 .<BECAME.> TRANS=M$ FROM %APELESS P>LIAM5TS ( LABOR 9TO ! APP>ATUS ( ! SUPREMACY ( LABOR40 ,9 #a#i#c#g1 HE WAS /ILL >GU+ ?IS3 0,?OSE :O PROPOSE ! AB/RACTION ( ,SOVIETS TO ! P>TY DICTATOR%IP %\LD UND]/& ?AT ONLY ?ANKS TO ! P>TY DICTATOR%IP W]E ! ,SOVIETS ABLE TO LIFT !MSELVES \T ( ! MUD ( RE=MISM & ATTA9 ! /ATE =M ( ! PROLET>IAT40 .<0,/AL9ISM & ,BOL%EVISM101 WWW4M>XI/S4ORGM.> 

.<#a#b.> ,PROCE$+S & ,DOCUM5TS ( ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS #a#i#b1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #aeb 

.<#a#c.> ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b#i1 P4 #ece 

.<#a#d.> ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #c#b1 P4 #b#a4 ,?IS WAS OBVI\S CONSID]$ A KEY LESSON ( ! REVOLUTION1 AS ,TROTSKY WAS /ILL SPEAK+ AB\T ! 0OBJECTIVE NECESSITY0 ( 0REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( A PROLET>IAN P>TY0 DUE 0! HET]OG5EITY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS0 9 #a#i#c#g6 0,AB/RACTLY SPEAK+10 HE /RESS$1 0IT W\LD BE V]Y WELL IF ! P>TY DICTATOR%IP C\LD BE REPLAC$ BY ! 'DICTATOR%IP' ( ! :OLE TOIL+ PEOPLE )\T ANY P>TY1 BUT ?IS PRESUPPOSES SU* A HI< LEVEL ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T AMONG ! MASSES ?AT IT CAN NEV] BE A*IEV$ UND] CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS40 .<,WRIT+S #a#i#c#f-#c#g1 PP4 #e#a#c-#d.> 

.<#a#e.> ,BOL%EVIK MILIT>Y HI/ORIAN1 QUOT$ BY ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bbe 

.<#a#f.> QUOT$ BY ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bbd 

.<#a#g.> ,PALIJ1 ,! ,AN>*ISM ( ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 P4 #aeb 

.<#a#h.> ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #aea 

.<#a#i.> ,>%9V1 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T1 P4 #a$ 

.<#b.> ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT1 P4 #aea 

.<#b#a.> ,SAMUEL ,F>B]1 ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM1 P4 #ca 

.<#b#b.> ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S1 P4 #ai 

.<#b#c.> QUOT$ BY ,ISRAEL ,GETZL]1 ,M>TOV1 P4 #bb 

.<#b#d.> ,MI*AEL ,MALET1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #a#a#a1 P4 #abd 

.<#b#e.> QUOT$ BY ,>%9OV1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #a#c-#d 

.<#b#f.> QUOT$ BY ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a$ 

.<#b#g.> ,M4 ,BR9TON1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 P4 #fg 

.<#b#h.> ,>%9OV1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #adi 

.<#b#i.> ,M4 ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bad 

.<#c.> ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #g#a1 P4 #aea & P4 #a$ 

.<#c#a.> ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #aef & P4 #bac 

.<#c#b.> ,M4 ,PALIJ1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #b#a#c-#d 

.<#c#c.> QUOT$ BY ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 PP4 #a#c-#b 

.<#c#d.> ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,KRON/ADT #a#i#b#a1 PP4 #c#g-#h 

.<#c#e.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #ci 

.<#c#f.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #d#f-#g 

.<#c#g.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #d#h-#i 

.<#c#h.> ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y1 PP4 #a#b#d-#f 

.<#c#i.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #e 

.<#d.> ,I4 ,GELZT]1 ,KRON/ADT #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a1 P4 #bab 

.<#d#a.> QUOT$ BY ,IDA ,METT1 ,! ,KRON/ADT ,REVOLT1 PP4 #c#g-#h 

.<#d#b.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #d#b-#c 

.<#d#c.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #g#d-#e 

.<#d#d.> ,GETZL]1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bg 

.<#d#e.> ,GETZL]1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #a#i#g-#h 

.<#d#f.> ,GETZL]1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bg 

.<#d#g.> ,SAMUEL ,F>B]1 ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM1 PP4 #a#i#b-#c 

.<#d#h.> ,GETZL]1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #agi & P4 #ahf 

.<#d#i.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a#g#a1 P4 #a#f#h1 P4 #afi & P4 #aga 

.<#e.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #a#g#a-#b 

.<#e#a.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #aha 

.<#e#b.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bdc 

.<#e#d.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a#h#g1 P4 #aab & P4 #abc 

.<#e#d.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a#h#g1 P4 #aab & P4 #abc 

.<#e#e.> QUOT$ BY ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #b#c#i-#d 

.<#e#f.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #a#a#a-#b 

.<#e#g.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #a#b#f-#g 

.<#e#h.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bab & P4 #abc 

.<#e#i.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a#c1 P4 #b#a#i1 P4 #adf & P4 #ae 

.<#f.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #a#a#g-#i & P4 #ae 

.<#f#a.> ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 ,KRON/ADT1 P4 #eb 

.<#f#b.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a#b#a-#b 

.<#f#c.> ,AVRI*1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #aaa & P4 #abi 

.<#f#d.> ,GETZL]1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bag 

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,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,9 ,DEF5CE ( ! ,TRU? -- ,UPDAT$4 

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