,*APT] #f 
,! ,EXILE ON ,SAKHAL9 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,]IC ,POPHAM1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,!RE IS 9 ! ,NOR!RN ,PACIFIC1 CLOSE BY ! COA/S ( ,RUSSIAN ,MAN*URIA1 A WIDE ISL&--ONE ( ! L>GE/ 9 ! WORLD1--BUT SO \T ( ! WAY ( SEAF>]S1 SO WILD & B>R51 & SO DIFFICULT ( ACCESS1 ?AT UNTIL ! LA/ C5TURY IT WAS QUITE IGNOR$ & CONSID]$ AS A M]E APP5DIX TO ! CONT95T4 ,FEW PLACES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE >E WORSE ?AN ?IS ISL&2 !RE=E1 IT IS TO ,SAKHAL9 ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T S5DS N[ ITS H>D-LABOR COMMON-LAW EXILES4 

,A TREBLE AIM HAS ALWAYS BE5 PROSECUT$ BY EXILE TO ,SIB]IA3 TO GET RID ( CRIM9ALS 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! L[E/ EXP5SE TO ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T2 TO PROVIDE ! M9ES :I* W]E ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! ,EMP]ORS ) *EAP LABOR2 & TO COLONIZE ,SIB]IA4 ,= MANY YE>S IT WAS SUPPOS$ ?AT ?IS TREBLE AIM WAS A*IEV$2 AS LONG AS ! ,SIB]IANS C\LD NOT MAKE !IR VOICE HE>D O!RWISE ?AN ?R\< ! M$IUM ( GOV]NORS NOM9AT$ BY ,RUSSIA1 ! ILLUSION C\LD BE MA9TA9$4 ,BUT DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S IT HAS BECOME MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO /IFLE ! VOICES BO? ( ! ,SIB]IANS & ( ?OSE :O KN[ ! CONDITIONS ( EXILE1 & A :OLE LIT]ATURE HAS GR[N UP ( LATE :I* HAS DE/ROY$ ALL ! ABOVE ILLUSIONS4 ,! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,GOV]NM5T WAS COMPELL$ TO ORD] 9QUIRIES 9TO ! PRES5T CONDITION & RESULTS ( EXILE2 & ! 9QUIRIES FULLY CONFIRM$ ! OP9IONS EXPRESS$ BY PRIVATE EXPLOR]S4 

,IT APPE>$1 FIR/1 ?AT IF ! ,IMP]IAL ,CAB9ET REALLY GETS *EAP LABOR]S 9 ! H>D-LABOR CONVICTS1 :O EXTRACT SILV] & GOLD FROM ITS M9ES1 IT GETS !M AT TOO HEAVY A SACRIFICE ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,! SC&AL\S MANSLAU<T] :I* WAS GO+ ON AT !SE M9ES REVOLT$ ! PUBLIC CONSCI5CE4 ,IF HUNDR$S ( M5 C\LD BE SLAU<T]$ TW5TY YE>S AGO AT ,K>A1 9 ORD] TO RAISE GOLD TO ! AM\NT PRESCRIB$ FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 IF !Y C\LD BE OV]-WORK$ & UND]F$ SO AS TO DIE BY HUNDR$S 9 ! C\RSE ( ONE SUMM]1 & NOBODY D>$ TO UTT] A WORD AB\T IT1 IT BECAME IMPOSSIBLE TO DO ! SAME :5 ! FACTS W]E BR\<T TO PUBLIC KN[L$GE4 ,AFT] ! OP5+ ( ! NAVIGATION ON ! ,AMUR1 ! ,IMP]IAL GOLD M9ES AT ,K>A & ! ,IMP]IAL SILV]-WORKS ON ! ,GASIMUR W]E NO LONG] AT ! 5D ( ! WORLD4 ,AS TO ! SUPPOS$ *EAPNESS ( LABOR1 IT APPE>$ ?AT1 :ILE ! ,IMP]IAL ,CAB9ET REALLY HAD ! CONVICTS = A FEW P5CE A DAY1 !IR TRANSPORT FROM ,RUSSIA1 !IR T]RIBLE MORTALITY1 & ! MA9T5ANCE ( A L>GE ADM9I/RATION1 AS ALSO ( SOLDI]S & 1 ,COSSACKS1 & ! 9CR$IBLE NUMB] ( RUNAWAYS--ALL ?IS IMPLI$ SO HEAVY A *>GE ON ,RUSSIA & ,SIB]IA1 ?AT ! C\NTRY W\LD C]TA9LY BE ABLE TO PRES5T ! ,IMP]IAL FAMILY ) TWICE ! AM\NT ( GOLD & SILV] EXTRACT$ BY ! CONVICTS AT A MU* L[] CO/4 

,AS TO ! B5EFITS D]IV$ BY ,SIB]IA FROM COLONIZATION BY EXILES1 ?IS FALLACY C\LD NOT BE EASILY GOT RID (4 ,!RE /OOD ! FIGURES %[+ ?AT FROM #ag$ TO #ahhe NE>LY #a1#b1 EXILES HAD BE5 TRANSPORT$ TO ,SIB]IA1 &1 :ATEV] ! NUMB] ( RUNAWAYS & PREMATURE DEA?S1 /ILL MANY HUNDR$ ?\S&S HAD BE5 ADD$ 9 ?IS WAY TO ! POPULATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,IT WAS EV5 >GU$ ?AT IF ,SIB]IA HAS N[ A POPULATION ( #d1#a1 S\LS1 IT HAS BE5 *IEFLY 9DEBT$ = ?IS POPULATION TO ! EXILES4 

,! FIGURES GIV51 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]1 & MANY O!RS ( ! SAME K9D1 HAVE WEAK5$1 H[EV]1 ?IS FALLACY TOO4 ,! (FICIAL 9QUIRIES MADE 9 #ahge HAVE %[N ?AT1 ?\< !RE IS A NOTABLE P]C5TAGE ( DESC5DANTS FROM EXILES 9 ! #d11 9HABITANTS ( ,SIB]IA1 NEV]!LESS ! FREE IMMIGRATION HAS CONTRIBUT$ MU* MORE T[>DS ! COLONIZATION ( ! C\NTRY1 & 9TRODUC$ MU* BETT] ELEM5TS1 ?AN ! BAT*ES ( EXILES DEMORALIZ$ BY PROTRACT$ DET5TION 9 PRISONS1 EMASCULAT$ BY H>D LABOR1 & SETTL$ )\T HAV+ ! SLI<TE/ 9T5TION ( BEG9N+ A NEW LIFE 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,IF /ATI/ICS DO NOT 5TIRELY SUPPORT ! EXTREME VIEW ( SOME ,SIB]IANS1 :O >E 9CL9$ TO D5Y ?AT ALMO/ ANY P>T HAS BE5 PLAY$ BY EXILES 9 ! 9CREASE ( ! POPULATION ( !IR C\NTRY1 IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$1 AT LEA/1 ?AT ?IS 9CREASE IS A*IEV$ BY TOO GREAT AN AM\NT ( HUMAN SUFF]+1 BECAUSE F> LESS ?AN ONE-HALF ( ?OSE :O CROSS ! ,URALS 9 CONVICT-P>TIES BECOME P]MAN5T SETTL]S4  ,) REG>D TO ! O!R HALF1 IT IS A M]E BURD5 UPON ! COLONY8#a 

,! POOR RESULTS OBTA9$ 9 ,SIB]IA FROM COLONIZATION BY EXILES W\LD C]TA9LY NOT HAVE BE5 ACCEPT$ AS AN 9DUCEM5T TO EXT5D ! PRACTICE IF ! LIVES ( ! CONVICTS HAD BE5 TAK5 9TO ANY ACC\NT4  ,NEV]!LESS1 ! DESIRE ( HAV+ A SETTL$ ,RUSSIAN POPULATION ON ,SAKHAL9--BACK$ BY ! DESIRE ( ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]ALS ( ,SIB]IA1 ANXI\S TO GET RID ( ! YE>LY 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( H>D-LABOR CONVICTS BR\<T TO ! ,N]T*9SK M9ES--9CL9$ ! ,GOV]NM5T TO MAKE A NEW EXP]IM5T 9 ! H>D-LABOR COLONIZATION ( ?IS WILD ISL&4  ,SU* BE+ ! VIEWS HELD AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL ( ,SIB]IA F\ND NO LACK ( COMPLAC5T (FICIALS TO REPRES5T ! ISL& AS A MO/ APPROPRIATE PLACE = SU* EXP]IM5TS1 & TO DESCRIBE ITS COAL-M9ES AS SO MANY HIDD5 TREASURES4 ,! VOICES ( HONE/ EXPLOR]S--SCI5TIFIC PEOPLE1 M9+ 5G9E]S1 & (FIC]S :O REPRES5T$ ! ISL& = :AT IT WAS WOR?--W]E /IFL$2 & S9CE #ahfi ! /REAM ( H>D-LABOR CONVICTS HAS BE5 DIRECT$ ?I!R4 

,= SEV]AL YE>S NO?+ WAS HE>D AB\T ?IS FOOLI% ATTEMPT4  ,BUT F9ALLY ! TRU? BEGAN TO LEAK \T1 & WE N[ KN[ SUFFICI5T TO HAVE1 AT LEA/1 A BROAD IDEA ( ! EXP]IM5T4 

,AL?\< ITS SUP]FICIAL >EA 5TITLES IT TO OCCUPY ! FIR/ RANK AMID ! ISL&S ( ! GLOBE1 ,SAKHAL9 RANKS AMID ! LA/ 9 SUITABILITY = HABITATION4 ,NOVAYA ,ZEMLYA & ,NEW ,SIB]IA C]TA9LY LAY BEH9D IT2 BUT NOT MANY ISL&S BESIDES4  ,IT IS1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 A L9K BETWE5 ! ,JAPANESE >*IPELAGO & ! ,KURILIANS1 & ,JAPAN CONSID]$ IT AS A P>T ( ITS T]RITORY UNTIL ! ,RUSSIANS E/ABLI%$ !RE1 9 #a#h#e#c1 !IR FIR/ MILIT>Y PO/ 9 ! S\!RN P>T ( ! ISL&4 ,?REE YE>S LAT] ANO!R PO/ WAS SETTL$ AT ! ,DUE COAL-M9ES1 OPPOSITE ! M\? ( ! ,AMUR4  ,RUSSIA ?US TOOK POSSESSION ( ! ISL&1 & IT WAS EXPLOR$ BY A S]IES ( SCI5TIFIC EXP$ITIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( #ahf TO #a#h#f#g4 ,! MILIT>Y /ATIONS W]E RE9=C$2 SOME ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO RAISE COAL FROM ! ,JURASSIC COAL-LAY]S AT ,DUE1 & 9 #ahge ,JAPAN1 :I* CONT9U$ TO CONSID] ,S\? ,SAKHAL9 AS ITS [N T]RITORY1 AB&ON$ IT TO ,RUSSIA 9 EX*ANGE = ! ,KURILIAN ISL&S4 

,9 FACT1 !RE IS NO?+ ATTRACTIVE ON ! ISL&1 & AL?\< IT IS #fg MILES 9 L5G?1 & FROM #b TO #ae MILES 9 WID?1 ITS POPULATION H>DLY NUMB]S #e 9HABITANTS4 ,SOME #b ,<ILAKS C>RY ON A WRET*$ EXI/5CE BY HUNT+ 9 ! NOR?2 SOME #be ,A9OS--A BE>D$ PEOPLE AK9 TO ! ,KURILIANS-->E SCATT]$ 9 A FEW SETTLEM5TS 9 ! S\?2 & A FEW HUNDR$ ( ,OROKS1 I4E4 ,TUNGUSES1 LEAD A NOMADIC LIFE 9 ! M\NTA9S4  ,! ,A9OS >E REAL S]FS TO A FEW ,JAPANESE M]*ANTS :O SUPPLY !M ) CORN1 SALT1 & O!R NECESS>IES1 & 9 EX*ANGE MAKE ?IS WRET*$ PEOPLE WORK H>D = !M3  !Y TAKE ALL ! FI% !Y CAN CAT* 9 ! GULFS & AT ! M\?S ( A FEW RIV]S1 & LEAVE ! ,A9OS JU/ :AT IS /RICTLY NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 !IR POOR EXI/5CE4  ,?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY1 ?AT IS1 UND] ! ,*9ESE DOM9ION1 & LAT] ON1 UND] ! ,JAPANESE1 NOBODY EXCEPT POV]TY-/RICK5 HUNT]S & FI%]S W\LD SETTLE ON ,SAKHAL94 

,9 FACT1 ONLY HUNT]S & FI%]M5 C\LD F9D !RE ! MEANS ( LIV+4 ,NOT ?AT ! ISL& IS SITUAT$ 9 V]Y UNCONG5IAL LATITUDES4 LTS S\!RN EXTREMITY REA*ES ! #d#f? DEGREE1 & ITS NOR!RN PO9T DOES NOT EXT5D F>!R ?AN ! #e#d? DEGREE4 ,BUT ! W>M SEA-CURR5T1 :I* MI<T BR+ IT SOME ( ! W>M? ( ! ,*9ESE WAT]S1 DOES NOT REA* IT2 :ILE ! ICE-B\ND COLD CURR5T ISSU+ FROM ! 'GREAT CELL>' ( ! ,PACIFIC--! SEA ( ,OKHOTSK-- WA%ES ITS EA/]N COA/4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ! SUMM] ,RUSSIAN EXPLOR]S F\ND ! EA/ COA/-B\ND ) ICE-FIELDS & HEAPS ( FLOAT+ ICE :I* W]E BR\<T BY NOR!A/ W9DS4 ,& TO ! WE/1 ! N>R[ ELONGAT$ ISL& HAS ?AT IMM5SE REFRIG]ATOR--! COLD & HI< M\NTA9 TRACTS ( ,SIB]IA--SEP>AT$ FROM IT ONLY BY A N>R[ & %ALL[ *ANNEL4  ,! RAYS ( ! SUN >E CONCEAL$ BY HEAVY CL\DS & D5SE FOGS4 ,:5 ,M4 ,POLYAK(F L&$ AT ,DUE 79 ,MIDDLE ,SAKHAL971 AT ! 5D ( ,JUNE1 HE F\ND ! NEI<BOR+ HILLS COV]$ ) PAT*ES ( SN[1 & ! SOIL WAS FROZ5 AT A DEP? ( TW5TY-ONE 9*ES4 ,! SUMM] CROPS W]E H>DLY G]M9AT+1 & VEGETABLES C\LD NOT BE B$D$ \T BE=E ,JUNE #b?4 ,JUNE WAS DRAW+ TO A CLOSE1 & /ILL ! !RMOMET] HAD NEV] RIS5 ABOVE #f#d8 ,FAHR4 ,NOR HAD !RE YET BE5 A S+LE F9E DAY1 :ILE ?ICK FOGS 5VELOP$ COA/ & HILLS = EI<T DAYS 9 ! C\RSE ( ! MON?4 

,SEV]AL *A9S ( M\NTA9S1 FROM #b TO #e FEET HI<1 9T]SECT ! ISL&4 ,!IR DAMP OR /ONY SLOPES >E COV]$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM ) ?ICK =E/S--POOR =E/S1 CONSI/+ ( SPECIES *>ACT]I/IC ( ! SUB->CTIC REGION2 & BETWE5 ! HILLS ONE F9DS BUT N>R[1 DAMP1 M>%Y VALLEYS1 QUITE UNFIT1 AS A :OLE1 = AGRICULTURE4 ,! /EEP SLOPES ( ! M\NTA9S RUN D[N TO ! WAT]S ( ! *ANNEL1 SO ?AT NO ROAD C\LD BE LAID \T ALONG ! SEA-COA/1 UNLESS BY PI]C+ ! /ONY CRAGS2 &1 9 FACT1 !RE >E BUT TWO L>G] VALLEYS :I* 9T]SECT ! M\NTA9S3 ?AT ( ! ,DUE RIV]1 CONT9U$ TO ! NOR?-EA/ BY ! ,TYM2 & ?AT ( ! ,PORONAI 9 ! S\? ( ! ISL&4 

,IT IS TO ! =M]1 CLOSE BY ! SPOT :]E COAL-LAY]S >E F\ND1 ?AT ! H>D-LABOR CONVICTS HAVE BE5 DIRECT$4 ,M4 ,POLYAK(F1 :O VISIT$ ,SAKHAL9 9 #a#h#h#a-#b1 ON A SCI5TIFIC MISSION FROM ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES1 DESCRIBES ?US ! VALLEY :I* 9 ! FALLACIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN RUL]S WAS TO BECOME A C5T] = ,RUSSIAN CIVILIZATION ON ! ISL&4 ,! HILLS :I* 5CLOSE ! N>R[ VALLEY >E MO/LY B>R51 & !IR SLOPES >E TOO /EEP TO BE ADORN$ ) CORN-FIELDS4 ,AS TO ! BOTTOM ( ! VALLEY1 IT IS COV]$ ) A ?ICK LAY] ( HEAVY CLAY1 COAT$ BUT ) A ?9 %EET ( >ABLE SOIL4 ,! :OLE IS EXCE$+LY M>%Y4 0,ONE CAN WALK ON IT )\T S9K+ V]Y DEEPLY 9 ! MUD2 BUT IT IS 9T]SECT$ BY PEAT-MOORS & DEEP M>%ES4 4 4 ,NO:]E IS ! GR\ND FIT = AGRICULTURE4 4 4 4 ,IT MO/LY RESEMBLES ?AT ( ! WOR/ P>TS ( ,OLONETS1 ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT IT IS (T5 COV]$ ) POOLS ( WAT]1 EV5 9 ! =E/S1 & ?AT EV5 ! K9D ( CULTIVATION :I* IS C>RI$ ON 9 ,OLONETS BY MEANS ( CLE>+ & BURN+ ! =E/S IS R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE BY ! M>%Y GR\ND ( ! =E/S !MSELVES40 0,!SE CONDITIONS R5D] BO? AGRICULTURE & G>D5+ IMPOSSIBLE 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,DUE40 ,ONLY A V]Y FEW PAT*ES HI<] UP ! VALLEY1 & ON ! UPP] ,TYM CAN BE UTILIZ$ = AGRICULTURAL & G>D5+ PURPOSES4 ,BUT !SE FEW PAT*ES :I* >E MET ) SPORADICALLY1 >E ALREADY MO/LY UND] CULTIVATION4#b 

,IT IS1 H[EV]1 PRECISELY !RE1 ?AT IS1 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! ,DUE COAL-M9ES1 ?AT ! H>D LABOR CONVICTS >E SETTL$ AFT] HAV+ F9I%$ !IR T]MS ( IMPRISONM5T AT ! H>D-LABOR PRISON ( ,ALEX&ROVSK4 ,! SETTLEM5T >\ND ?IS PRISON IS EXCE$+LY GLOOMY4 ,!RE >E TWO BIG B>RACKS :I* BE> ! MIME ( PRISONS2 A FEW H\SES >E SCATT]$R\ND AB\T2 & BEYOND !M BEG9S ! WILD]NESS4 ,ONLY ,LITTLE ,ALEX&ROVSK1 HI<] UP ! VALLEY1 & ! FEW H\SES ( ,KORSAKOVA HAVE ! ASPECT ( A MORE PROSP]\S SETTLEM5T2 BUT !RE AGA9 ALL L& AVAILABLE = G>D5+ IS ALREADY UND] CULTIVATION4 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 PRECISELY ) ! AIM ( HAV+ P]MAN5T AGRICULTURAL SETTLEM5TS ?AT ! CONVICTS W]E S5T TO ,SAKHAL94 ,IT WAS SUPPOS$ ?AT AFT] HAV+ PASS$ ONE P>T ( !IR T]MS AT WORK 9 ! COAL-M9ES !Y W\LD BE SETTL$ >\ND ! M9ES1 & RAISE CORN SUFFICI5T TO SUPPORT !MSELVES & TO PROVIDE ! P5AL COLONY ) SUPPLIES ( FOOD4 

,FUR!R UP ! VALLEY :I*--ACCORD+ TO ! CONCOCT$ REPORTS ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION-- WAS TO BECOME A GRAN>Y = ,SAKHAL91 ! SOIL IS ! SAME2 & ! SMALL SETTLEM5TS ( ,RYKOVO & ,MALO-,TYMOVSKAYA--0! MO/ APPROPRIATE SPOT = AGRICULTURE ON ALL ! ISL&0 --HAVE TO SUPPORT ! SAME /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,NATURE4   ,OATS DO NOT RIP5 !RE1 & ONLY B>LEY CAN BE GR[N4  ,AS TO ! ROADS :I* CONNECT !SE SETTLEM5TS1 !Y >E SIMPLY IMPASSABLE4 ,TRACKS HAVE BE5 CUT ?R\< ! =E/S1 BUT HORSES S9K 9 ! M>%ES4 ,MU* HOPE HAD BE5 PLAC$ ALSO 9 ! VALLEY ( ! ,TYM1 :I* CONT9UES ! ,ALEX&ROVSK VALLEY TO ! NOR?-EA/1 & REA*ES ! ,SEA ( ,OKHOTSK4 ,BUT ITS M>%Y SOIL1 & /ILL MORE ! COLD & FOGS ( ! ,SEA ( ,OKHOTSK1 R5D] AGRICULTURE QUITE IMPOSSIBLE 9 ?IS VALLEY1 EXCEPT AT ITS TOP4  ,ITS VEGETATION IS SUB-POL>2 & ON ! SEA-COA/ IT HAS ALL ! *>ACT]S ( ! TUNDRA4 0,IF LATT] ON10 ,M4 ,POLYAK(F WRITES 9 AN (FICIAL REPORT1 0A FEW SPOTS AVAILABLE = OR*>DS & CORN-FIELDS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! VALLEY ( ! ,TYM1 AFT] A C>EFUL SE>*1 IT W\LD BE ADVISABLE TO AWAIT ! RESULTS OBTA9$ 9 ! ALREADY EXI/+ SETTLEM5TS BE=E CREAT+ NEW ONES2 & ALL ! MORE AS GREAT DIFFICULTY IS ALREADY EXP]I5C$ 9 SUPPLY+ !SE SETTLEM5TS ) FOOD1 & AS !RE IS ALREADY N[ A S]I\S LACK ( PROVISIONS 9 ! COLONY4 ,AS TO ! HOPE 5T]TA9$ ( CREAT+ VILLAGES AT ! M\? ( ! ,TYM1 IT W\LD BE A DELUSION TO 5T]TA9 IT1 ! REGION BE+ A REGION ( TUNDRAS & POL>-BIR*40 

,!SE CONCLUSIONS1 MO/ CAUTI\SLY EXPRESS$--TOO CAUTI\SLY P]HAPS-->E FULLY SUPPORT$ BY ?OSE >RIV$ AT BY ,DR4 ,PETRI 9 #a#h#h#c1 ) ! DIFF]5CE ?AT ! ,ITALIAN ,DOCTOR IS LESS CAUTI\S ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN SCI5TI/4 ,! :OLE 0COLONIZATION ( ,SAKHAL910 HE WROTE TO ! ,JAHRESB]I*T ( ! ,B]N ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY = #a#h#h#c-#h#d1 IS A BIG LIE CIRCULAT$ BY ! AU?ORITIES4  ,:ILE ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES %[ ON PAP] ?AT !RE >E ALREADY #bg ACRES UND] CULTIVATION1 ! SURVEY ( ,M4 ,K>AULOVSKI HAS %[N ?AT ONLY #acge >E CULTIVAT$2 ! #g FAMILIES ( H>D-LABOR CONVICTS :O W]E PROMIS$ TO HAVE TW5TY ACRES ( >ABLE SOIL P] MALE S\L1 HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 CLE>+ LESS ?AN TWO ACRES P] FAMILY4#c ,DR4 ,PETRI'S CONCLUSION IS ?AT ! ISL& IS QUITE UNFIT = AGRICULTURE1 & ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T HAS BE5 9DUC$ TO TAKE ?IS FALSE /EP BY ! FALSE REPORTS ( PEOPLE 9T]E/$ 9 ! UND]TAK+4 

,AS F> AS WE CAN N[ JUDGE1 EXP]I5CE HAS FULLY CONFIRM$ ! VIEWS HELD BY ,M4 ,POLYAK(F & ,DR4 ,PETRI4 ,! RAIS+ ( CORN IS SUBJECT TO SU* DIFFICULTIES & UNC]TA9TY1 ?AT ! NEW SETTL]S HAVE HAD TO BE MA9TA9$ UNTIL N[ ON FOOD BR\<T FROM ,RUSSIA1 & !RE IS NO HOPE ( IMPROVEM5T4  ,FOOD IS TRANSPORT$ FROM ! VALLEY ( ! ,DUE TO ?AT ( ! ,TYM 7,D]B9SKOYE71 ACROSS A *A9 ( M\NTA9S1 ON FOOT1 ON ! BACKS ( ! CONVICTS1 = DI/ANCE ( SIXTY MILES2#d  & ONE CAN EASILY GUESS :AT ,M4 ,POLYAK(F'S WORDS AB\T A 0LACK ( PROVISIONS0 REALLY MEAN4  ,AS TO ! FEW FREE SETTL]S :O W]E 9DUC$ BY FALSE PROMISES TO LEAVE !IR HOMES 9 ,TOBOLSK & TO SETTLE AT ,TAKOY1 />T+ !RE A VILLAGE ( TW5TY-FIVE H\SES2 !Y W]E COMPELL$ TO LEAVE ,SAKHAL9 AFT] A ?REE YE>S' DESP]ATE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 9HOSPITABLE CLIMATE & SOIL4 ,NO SUBSIDIES ( ! ,CR[N W\LD HELP !M4 ,!Y W]E COMPELL$ TO MIGRATE AGA9 & TO SETTLE ON ! CONT95T1 ON ! ,PACIFIC COA/4 

,SURELY1 ,SAKHAL9 WILL NEV] BECOME AN AGRICULTURAL COLONY4 ,IF SETTL]S >E MA9TA9$ !RE AS !Y >E 9 ! L[] ,AMUR1 !Y WILL REMA9 A BURD5 UPON ! ,/ATE2 ! ,GOV]NM5T WILL BE COMPELL$1 SOON] OR LAT]1 TO P]MIT MO/ ( !M TO EMIGRATE ELSE:]E1 OR TO PROVIDE !M = YE>S & YE>S ) FOOD4 ,CATTLE-BRE$+ MI<T BE MORE SUCCESSFUL4 ,BUT ALL ?AT C\LD BE EXPECT$ W\LD BE ?AT A FEW COLONI/S1 LIV+ BY MEANS ( !IR CATTLE & A LITTLE FI%+1 W\LD REMA9 !RE4 

,MU* ADO WAS MADE 9 ,RUSSIA AB\T ! ,SAKHAL9 COAL-M9ES4 ,BUT 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 TOO1 !RE WAS MU* EXAGG]ATION4 ,! ,SAKHAL9 COAL IS REPUT$ 9 ! ,EA/ AS PREF]ABLE TO ! ,AU/RALIAN2 BUT IT IS CONSID]$ AS MU* 9F]IOR TO ! ,NEWCA/LE OR ,C>DIFF COAL4 #e 

,! EXTRACTION ( COAL ON ,SAKHAL9 WAS ALREADY BEGUN 9 #a#h#e#h1 & DUR+ ! FIR/ T5 YE>S #c1 TONS W]E EXTRACT$4 ,BUT MIX$ AS IT WAS ) /ONE1 IT WAS ( A BAD QUALITY1 :ILE ! EXTRACTION 7:I* WAS C>RI$ ON BY ! LI<T ( /E>9E C&LES7 #fCO/ 9 REALITY FABUL\S PRICES4 ,BUT ! COAL 9 /OCK RAPIDLY ACCUMULAT$1 :ILE BAT*ES UPON BAT*ES ( CONVICTS W]E S5T EV]Y YE>2 SO ?AT N[ !Y >E OCCUPI$ 9 LAY+ D[N ROADS ON ! %ORE TO BR+ ,DUE 9TO EASY COMMUNICATION ) ,ALEX&ROVSK4  ,A TUNNEL IS !RE=E PI]C$ 9 ! ROCKS2 BUT ?IS FAM\S TUNNEL :I* WAS TO ADD TO ! FAME ( ,SAKHAL9 :5 ITS COMPLETION WAS ANN\NC$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS1 WAS NOT YET T]M9AT$ AT ALL 9 #a#h#h#f3 IT WAS A LOOP-HOLE ?R\< :I*4 M5 C\LD PASS ONLY CREEP+4 

,! WOR/ IS1 H[EV]1 ?AT ON ! :OLE CIRCUMF]5CE ( ,SAKHAL9 !RE IS NOT A S+LE H>BOR1 & ?AT ! APPROA* TO ITS COA/S IS ALWAYS DIFFICULT [+ TO ! FOGS1 ! LATE >RIVAL ( SUMM]1 & ! WANT ( BEACONS 9 ! ,T>T>IAN ,/RAIT4  ,AT ,DUE1 ! ROAD/EAD IS OP5 TO ALL W9DS4 ,! GREAT BAY ( ,PATI5CE IS TOO %ALL[1 ! DEP? BE+ ONLY F\R FA?OMS AT A DI/ANCE ( HALF A MILE FROM ! COA/4 ,! BE/ BAY--! ,ANIVA--:I* FREEZES ONLY = A FEW WEEKS1 IS ALSO OP5 TO ALL W9DS & HAS NO H>BORS4  ,ONLY ! ,MORDV9(F ,BAY HAS A GOOD AN*ORAGE4 

,DECADES & DECADES MU/ ELAPSE BE=E ! ,SAKHAL9 COAL C\LD COMPETE ) ,EUROPEAN COAL 9 ! ,*9ESE PORTS2 & 9 ! MEANTIME1 A HUNDR$ & TW5TY M5 W\LD FULLY SUPPLY ! ,SIB]IAN FLOTILLA ( ! ,RUSSIAN NAVY ) ! #e TONS :I* REPRES5T ITS ANNUAL CONSUMPTION4 ,?\S&S ( CONVICTS HAVE ?US NO?+ TO DO ON ,SAKHAL91 & ! COAL !Y C\LD RAISE W\LD BE YE>S & YE>S )\T F9D+ ANY USE4 

,! FIR/ BAT* ( EI<T HUNDR$ CONVICTS WAS S5T TO ,SAKHAL9 SEV5TE5 YE>S AGO1 9 #a#h#f#i4 ,FOLL[+ ! E/ABLI%$ TRADITIONS1 ! ,ADM9I/RATION C\LD 9V5T NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO S5D !M ACROSS ,SIB]IA 2 ?AT IS1 ?OSE :O W]E %IPP$ FROM ! ,K>A GOLDM9ES HAD TO MAKE A J\RNEY ( #b MILES D[N ! ,AMUR1 & ?OSE :O W]E BR\<T FROM ,RUSSIA HAD A J\RNEY ( NO LESS ?AN #dg MILES TO BE DONE1 BE=E REA*+ ,NIKOLAEVSK AT ! M\? ( ! ,AZNUR4 

,! RESULTS ( SU* A J\RNEY W]E REALLY T]RIFIC4 ,:5 ! FIR/ P>TY ( #be M5 REA*$ ,NIKOLAEVSK1 ALL1 #b#e1 EXCEPT ! DEAD1 W]E SUFF]+ FROM SCURVY2 FIFTY W]E 5TIRELY LAID UP ) ! SAME DISEASE2#g & !SE W]E ! M5 :O 0W]E TO BEG9 ! COLONIZATION ( ,SAKHAL96 ,NO WOND] ?AT DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ! MORTALITY WAS #aag 9 ! ?\S&1 & ?AT EA* MAN WAS TAK5 TO ! HOSPITAL ON AN AV]AGE ( ?REE TIMES A YE>4#h  

,IT WAS ONLY AFT] A S]IES ( LIKE BLUND]S :I* W]E L\DLY D5\NC$ EV5 9 ! GAGG$ ,PRESS1 ?AT ! TRANSPORT ( CONVICTS TO ,SAKHAL9 VIA ,SIB]IA WAS AB&ON$1 & !Y W]E S5T VIA ,ODESSA & ! CANAL ( ,SUEZ4 ,IT MU/ BE FRE% 9 ! MEMORIES ( ,5GLI%M5 9 :AT CONDITIONS ! TRANSPORT WAS MADE ON ?IS NEW R\TE1 & :AT A CRY ( 9DIGNATION WAS RAIS$ 9 ! ,5GLI% ,PRESS4 ,?+S >E A LITTLE BETT] DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 & WE HAVE BE=E US REPORTS ( M$ICAL (FIC]S :I* /ATE ?AT ! TRANSPORT ( CONVICTS ON %IPS FROM ,ODESSA HAS LATT]LY BE5 MADE UND] REASONABLE CONDITIONS4 ,BUT AGA91 LA/ MON?1 ! NEWS CAME ?AT ! LA/ TRANSPORT S5T \T 9 #ahhf WAS OV]TAK5 BY AN EPIDEMIC ( SMALL POX1 & ?AT ! MORTALITY WAS ONCE MORE DREADFUL4 ,! CU/OM>Y (FICIAL D5IAL WILL SURELY APPE>1 BUT :OM WILL IT CONV9CE8 

,LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T ! CONDITION ( CONVICTS ON ,SAKHAL9 ITSELF4 ,9 #a#h#g#i1 A REPORT APPE>$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS1 SIGN$ BY A ,RUSSIAN M]*ANT1 /AT+ ?AT ! >BITR>Y CONDUCT ( ! *IEF COMM&] AT ,SAKHAL9 KNEW NO LIMITS4 ,! ,PRISON ,ADM9I/RATION WAS ACCUS$ ( /EAL+ ! LA/ COPP]S ( ! CONVICTS4 ,A DOCTOR1 ,MR4 ,A4 ,A41 WROTE 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#h1 FROM ,ALEX&ROVSK3 0,I AM ORD]$ TO ! ,KORSAK(F HOSPITAL 7ON ! S\? COA/71 BUT ,I CANNOT REA* IT BE=E NEXT ,JUNE4 ,MY COLLEAGUE AB&ONS HIS PO/ 4 4 4 HE CAN NO LONG] BE> ALL ?AT IS GO+ ON !RE60 ,SIGNIFICANT WORDS1 :I* P]MIT A ,RUSSIAN READ] TO GUESS ! TRU?1 ESPECIALLY :5 !Y >E FOLL[$ BY !SE3 0,! *IEF ( ! SETTLEM5T SELDOM VISITS ! B>RACKS2 HE DOES NOT APPE> O!RWISE ?AN SURR\ND$ BY >M$ W>D]S4 ,! GOV]NOR ( ! PRISON D>E NOT APPE> AMONG ! CONVICTS40#i ,LAT] ON1 WE SAW 9 ! ,/RANA 7A ,/4 ,PET]SBURG NEWSPAP]71#a AN ACC\NT ( ! DISORD]S DISCOV]$ ON ,SAKHAL9 BY ! ,*IEF ,COMM&] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,PACIFIC SQUADRON4 ,IT APPE>$ ?AT :ILE ! POOR] CONVICTS W]E COMPELL$ TO HEAVIE/ LABOR1 9 *A9S1 RI* SC\NDRELS & ?IEVES W]E KEPT 9 A QUITE PRIVILEG$ POSITION2 !Y LIV$ FREE ON ! ISL&1 SQU&]$ MONEY1 & MADE FE/IVALS TO ! AU?ORITIES4 

,! ABOVE-M5TION$ REVELATIONS PROVOK$ AN (FICIAL 9QUIRY4 ,! NEWSPAP]S ANN\NC$ IT ) GREAT REJOIC+1 BUT :AT BECAME ( IT NOBODY KN[S2 & NO NEWS HAVE P5ETRAT$ S9CE 9 ! PRESS1 EXCEPT ?OSE BR\<T 9 BY ,DR4 ,PETRI4 ,! OV]CR[D+ 9 ! ,ALEX&ROVSK PRISON MU/ BE T]RIBLE4 ,IT HAS BE5 BUILT = #f 9MATES1 BUT IT HAD #aac M5 9 #a#h#h#a1 & #bbc 9 #a#h#h#b4 ,SOME PROVISIONAL B>RACKS MU/ HAVE BE5 ]ECT$1 ,I SUPPOSE4 ,BUT ,I IMAG9E :AT 0PROVISIONAL B>RACKS 0 MU/ BE 9 ,SAKHAL96 

,IT IS EVID5T FROM :AT WAS SAID ABOVE ?AT ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTY = ! ,SAKHAL9 ADM9I/RATION IS TO LODGE ! CONVICTS1 & TO 9V5T AN OCCUPATION = ?OSE :O >E LIB]AT$4 ,!RE BE+ NO PLACE1 EI!R 9 ,RUSSIA OR 9 ,SIB]IA1 :]E H>D-LABOR CONVICTS CAN BE KEPT1 MORE & MORE ( !M >E S5T EV]Y YE> TO ,SAKHAL94 ,9 ,SIB]IA1 AFT] !IR LIB]ATION1 !Y RECEIVE AN ALLOTM5T ( L& & AGRICULTURAL IMPLEM5TS1 & !N1 AFT] TWO YE>S1 ! ,GOV]NM5T TR\BLES NO MORE AB\T !M4 ,BUT1 :AT IS TO BE DONE = !M ON ,SAKBAL98 ,AGRICULTURE BE+ ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE1 PEOPLE >E LIT]ALLY />V+ 9 ! NEW SETTLEM5TS1 & FOOD = !M MU/ BE BR\<T FROM ,RUSSIA1 SUBJECT TO ACCID5TS ( ALL K9DS4 ,SO = 9/ANCE1 LA/ SUMM]1 IT APPE>$ 9 ! 7SEMI(FICIAL7 PAP]1 PUBLI%$ AT ,VLADIVO/OK1 ?AT ! %IPM5T ( FL\R DE/9AT$ = ,SAKHAL9 >RIV$ ALL DAMAG$1 & FULL ( WORMS & BEETLES4 ,AN 9QUIRY HAD BE5 ORD]$2 ( C\RSE1 IT WILL BE MADE1 BUT PEOPLE ON ,SAKHAL9 WILL REMA9 9 ! MEANTIME )\T FOOD4 

,SAKBAL9 IS M]ELY A NEW $ITION ( :AT ,I SAW TW5TY YE>S AGO ON ! ,AMUR & ! ,USURI1 BUT 9 /ILL WORSE CONDITIONS4 ,AS TO BUY+ FOOD1 !Y HAVE TO PAY TW5TY RUBLES = A SACK ( FIVE PUDS ( RYE FL\R ( ! WOR/ QUALITY 7FIFTY %ILL+S ! #af LBS471 & C]TA9LY D\BLE ?AT PRICE AS SOON AS SOME ACCID5T HAS HAPP5$ TO ! ,CR[N /ORES4 ,! AGRICULTURI/S1 :O W]E SUPPOS$ SOON TO SUPPLY ! PRISON ) ALL NECESS>IES1 & :O SURELY W\LD HAVE DONE SO 9 REASONABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 MU/ !MSELVES BE SAV$ FROM />VATION4 ,IT IS NOT ON TWO ACRES P] FAMILY1 CLE>$ FROM B5EA? ! M>%Y =E/S1 ?AT !Y CAN POSSIBLY SUBSI/4 

,ONE ( ! GREAT 9DUCEM5TS ( ,SAKHAL9 9 ! EYES ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION WAS ?AT ESCAPES WILL BE EXCE$+LY DIFFICULT4 ,?IS 9DUCEM5T SURELY EXI/S4 ,NOT ?AT ESCAPES >E IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 #a#h#g1 NO LESS ?AN SIXTE5 P]C5T ( ! PRISON]S ESCAP$ NEV]!LESS4 ,BUT MO/ ( !M >E TAK5 BY ! 9DIG5ES1 & EI!R KILL$ BY !M :5 !Y HAVE BE5 CAPTUR$ F> AWAY FROM ! MILIT>Y PO/S1 OR RETURN$ TO ! PO/1 IF ! NATIVES F9D IT WOR? :ILE TO MAKE ! J\RNEY4 ,EA* PRISON] CAPTUR$ 9 ,SIB]IA BY 9DIG5ES IS VALU$ AT T5 RUBLES :5 BR\<T BACK ALIVE1 & FIVE RUBLES :5 KILL$4 ,?REE RUBLES 9 ! LATT] CASE & SIX RUBLES 9 ! =M] DO S]VE ON ,SAKHAL9 TO 9DUCE ! ,<ILIAKS TO HUNT ! RUNAWAYS4 ,!Y DO SO 9 ! MO/ B>B>\S WAY1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! ,SAKHAL9 AU?ORITIES HAVE DI/RIBUT$ RIFLES AMONG !M4 ,DR4 ,PETRI WRITES ?AT ONCE !Y CAME ACROSS A P>TY ( NONCON=MI/S BELONG+ TO ! SECT ( BYEGUNY 7RUNN]S71 :OM !IR RELIGI\S BELIEFS PRESCRIBE TO BREAK COMPLETELY ) ! PRES5T WORLD--GIV5 UP TO ! ,ANTI-,*RI/--& TO LIVE A LIFE ( RE/LESS W&]]S1 :O NEV] HAVE A H\SE OR ANY K9D ( PROP]TY4 ,!Y W]E TWELVE1 !Y HAD 9FANTS 9 >MS4 ,ALL W]E KILL$ BY ! ,<ILIAKS4 ,! MO/ REM>KABLE ?+ IS ?AT !SE WRET*$ CREATURES HAVE NO HATR$ AGA9/ ! RUNAWAY CONVICTS3 !Y KEEP ON ! BE/ T]MS IF ! CONVICT CAN GIVE !M SOME?+ WOR? ! ?REE RUBLES4 ,BUT IF HE CANNOT PAY ! R$EMPTION1 !Y KILL HIM PITILESSLY1 9 ORD] TO RECEIVE ! ?REE RUBLES FROM ! PRISON ADM9I/RATION4 ,AS SOON AS ! PREMIUM WAS TEMPOR>ILY ABOLI%$1 !Y W]E ! FIR/ TO HELP ! ESCAPES4 0,:AT WILL Y\0--\R RUNAWAYS SAY--0!Y >E />V+ !MSELVES1 & ?REE RUBLES & \R CLO? >E A GREAT TEMPTATION = A />V+ PEOPLE40 

,& /ILL ESCAPES >E NUM]\S4 ,! RUNAWAYS MAKE !IR WAY TO ! S\?-EA/ ) ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTIES1 ACROSS HILLS & =E/S1 & WAIT TILL !Y SI<T FROM ! COA/ AN ,AM]ICAN :AL]4 ,SOME ( !M CROSS ! ,T>T>IAN ,/RAIT1 SIX MILES 9 WID? AT ,CAPE ,POGOBI1 :5 AN ICE-BRIDGE CONNECTS ,SAKHAL9 ) ! CONT95T2 :IL/ O!RS1 AGA91 MAKE A RAFT ( ?REE OR F\R TREES1 & 5TRU/ !MSELVES TO ! R\< SEA4 ,! S*OON] 0,VO/OK0 REC5TLY1 MET ) SU* A RAFT 9 ! *ANNEL4 ,A BLACK PO9T HAV+ BE5 SI<T$ FROM ! S*OON]1 %E APPROA*$ IT1 & F\ND TWO M5 ON A RAFT ( F\R LOGS4 ,!Y HAD ) !M A PAIL ( S(T WAT]1 SOME BLACK BREAD BISCUITS1 TWO PIECES ( BRICK-TEA1 & SO !Y FLOAT$ ALONG )\T HAV+ ANY IDEA :]E ! CURR5T W\LD L& !M4 ,:5 ASK$ :]E !Y W]E GO+--,!RE1 TO ,RUSSIA60 !Y ANSW]$1 PO9T+ T[>DS ! ,WE/4 ,MO/ ( !M P]I% FROM ! SQUALLS1 O!RS DUR+ ! DREADFUL SN[/ORMS-- ,AMUR SN[/ORMS1 :I* SOMETIMES BURY ,NIKOLAEVSK = SEV]AL DAYS UND] ! SN[4 ,& :5 ON ! CONT95T1 !Y 5DURE ! MO/ T]RIBLE SUFF]+S BE=E REA*+ ! 9HABIT$ P>TS ( ! ,AMUR4 ,CANNIBALISM HAS BE5 SPOK5 (4 

,& YET SOME RUNAWAYS SUCCE$ TO RETURN TO ,RUSSIA4 ,A FEW YE>S AGO1 ONE ( !M1 ,KAMOL(F1 :O HAD REA*$ HIS NATIVE VILLAGE1 BUT WAS BETRAY$ BY SOME P]SONAL 5EMY1 WAS BR\<T BE=E A ,C\RT2 & HIS SIMPLE SPEE* MOV$ ! HE>TS ?R\< ,RUSSIA4 ,HE HAD W&]$ = TWO YE>S ACROSS LAKES & RIV]S1 ?R\< ! =E/S & OV] ! ,/EPPES1 BE=E REA*+ HIS H\SE4 ,HE F\ND HIS WIFE WAIT+ = HIS RETURN4 ,HE WAS HAPPY = A FEW WEEKS4 0,! /REAMS1 ! /ORMY ,BAIKAL1 ! T]RIBLE SN[/ORMS DID ME NO H>M10 HE SAID2 0 BEA/S PITI$ ME4 ,M5--MY [N VILLAG]S--W]E PITILESS2 !Y BETRAY$ ME6 0 

0,!RE1 TO ,RUSSIA60 ?AT IS ! IDEA :I* HAUNTS EV]Y EXILE4 ,!Y MAY S5D HIM TO ,SAKHAL9--HIS ?\<TS WILL ALWAYS DRAW HIM WE/W>D1 & EV5 FROM ,SAKHAL9 HE WILL TRY TO RETURN TO HIS NATIVE VILLAGE1 TO F9D \T HIS AB&ON$ H\SE1 ,! SY/EM ( EXILE HAS S]V$ ITS TIME IF ! EXILES MU/ BE S5T TO ! LONELY ISL& 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ESCAPES4 

,WE HOPE ! DAYS >E NOT F> DI/ANT :5 IT WILL BE DEF9ITELY DONE AWAY )4 ,! SOON] ! BETT]2 BECAUSE ,SIB]IA IS L>GE1 & ADM9I/RATIVE FANCIES HAVE NO B\NDS4 ,:O KN[S IF TOMORR[ ! :IM WILL NOT SEIZE !M TO CREATE NEW AGRICULTURAL COLONIES 9 ! ,L& ( ! ,T*UKT*IS1 OR ON ,NOVAYA ,ZEMLYA1 & SACRIFICE NEW HECATOMBS ( SUFF]]S = NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO PROVIDE A FEW (FICIALS ) LUCRATIVE APPO9TM5TS8 

,AT ANY RATE1 ! IGNORAMUSES ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG SEEM TO HAVE AB&ON$ !IR FANTA/ICAL S*EMES ( MAK+ A P5AL COLONY ( ,SAKHAL94 ,! LA/ NEWS IS ?AT !Y >E PLANN+ TO 5L>GE ! ,K>A PRISONS1 & TO S5D !RE ONE ?\S& MORE CONVICTS2 :ILE ! AB&ON$ SILV]-M9ES ( ,N]T*9SK >E TO BE REOP5$4 ,9 ! MATT] ( EXILE1 AS 9 SO MANY O!RS1 WE >E REV]T+ TO ! V]Y SAME PO9T :]E WE W]E ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S AGO1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,CRIMEAN ,W>4 

#a ,SEE ,YADR9TSEFF'S ,SIB]IA1 & ,VO/O*NOYE ,OBOZR5IE4 

#b ,I4 ,POLYAK(F1 ,REISE NA* D] ,9SEL ,SAKHAL9 9 D5 ,JAHR5 #a#h#h#a-#h#b4 ,A US DEM ,RUSSIS*5 UB]SETZT VON ,DR4 ,>ZRUNI4 ,B]L91 #a#h#h#d4--,RUSSIAN ORIG9AL 9 ! ,9VEZTIA ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY1 #a#h#h#c4 

#c 0,JAHRESB]I*T D] ,GEOGRAPHIS*5 ,GESELLS*AFT VON ,B]N10 #a#h#h#c-#h#d1 PP4 #abi & #c#i4 ,SEE ALSO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG'S ,H]OLD1 ,N,N4 #c#e#cN-#c#e#f4 #a#h#h#d4 

#d  ,DR4 ,PETRI1 L4C4 

#e ,ACCORD+ TO ,DR4 ,PETRI ! ,SAKHAL9 COAL CO/S FROM SEV5 TO SEV5 & A HALF DOLL>S P] TON1 :ILE ! ,JAPANESE & ,AU/RALIAN >E PAID ONLY FIVE DOLL>S4 

#f ,KOPP5'S 0,SAKHAL92 ITS ,COAL ,M9ES & ,COAL ,9DU/RY10 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #a#h#g#e4 ,A MO/ RELIABLE WORK4 

#g ,TAHLB]G1 0,EXILE TO ,SAKHAL910 9 ,VYE/NIK ,EVROPY1 ,MAY1 #a#h#g#i4 

#h ,KOPP51 L4C4 

#i ,! ,PORYADOK1 PUBLI%$ BY ,PR(ESSOR ,/ASULEVIT* 7SUPPRESS$ S9CE71 ,SEPTEMB] #h 7#b71 #a#h#h#a4 

#a ,JANU>Y #c#a1 #a#h#h#b4 ,DR4 ,PETRI1 L4C4 

7,S\RCE3 ,9 ,RUSSIAN & ,FR5* ,PRISONS1 ,LONDON3 ,W>D & ,D[NEY2 #a#h#h#g47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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