,APP5DIX1 ,P>T #b 
,*RONOLOGY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,K5 ,KNABB 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,HEL5E ,FLEURY 

,TEXT 3 

,*RONOLOGY 

  

,IT IS NO EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT A COLONIAL W> BEGAN ! MOM5T ,FR5* TROOPS L&$ 9 ,9DO*9A 9 #ahei & NEV] /OPP$4 ,ONCE E/ABLI%$1 ! COLONIAL REGIME 5GAG$ 9 AN ONGO+ BATTLE AGA9/ ! PEASANT & WORK] MASSES1 :O REMA9$ 9 LAT5T OR OP5 REVOLT UNTIL ! ,FR5* & !N ! ,AM]ICANS W]E F9ALLY DRIV5 \T MORE ?AN A C5TURY LAT]4 ,! FOLL[+ *RONOLOGY 7MO/LY DRAWN FROM ,NGO ,VAN'S ,VIETNAM #a#i#b-#a#i#d#e & FROM ! ,BRITI% $ITION ( AN E>LI] TEXT BY ,NGO ,VAN1 ,REVOLUTION>IES ,!Y ,C\LD ,NOT ,BREAK7 M5TIONS ONLY A FEW ( ! MORE SIGNIFICANT EV5TS 9 ORD] TO HELP ORI5T ! READ]4 

#a#f#a#e4 ,JESUIT MISSION>IES FIR/ SET FOOT 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,9 ORD] TO FACILITATE ! 9TRODUCTION ( ,*RI/IANITY !Y CREATE QUOC NGU1 A ,ROMANIZ$ TRANSCRIPTION ( ,VIETNAMESE1 TO REPLACE *U NOM1 ! TRADITIONAL ,VIETNAMESE WRIT+ SY/EM :I* US$ ,*9ESE-/YLE IDEOGRAMS & :I* HAD NOT BE5 G5]ALLY ACCESSIBLE TO ! COMMON PEOPLE4 ,AS 9 MANY O!R REGIONS1 ,*RI/IANITY & TRADE PREP>E ! WAY = EV5TUAL COLONIAL CONQUE/4 

#a#h#e#g-#a#h#g4 ,FR5* EMP]OR ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I LAUN*ES A 0,CA?OLIC ,CRUSADE0 ON ! PRETEXT ( PROTECT+ ! ,CA?OLICS P]SECUT$ BY ! ,EMP]OR ( ,VIETNAM1 ,TU ,DUC4 ,SAIGON IS TAK5 9 #ahei & ! PORT IS OP5$ TO ,FR5* M]*ANT %IPS4 ,TU ,DUC CALLS ON ! PEOPLE TO RESI/ ! =EIGN 9VAD]S4 ,REVOLTS SPREAD ?R\<\T ,CO*9*9A4 ,! ,FR5* RESPOND ) MASSACRES & ! PROCESS ( ANNEXATION CONT9UES4 

#a#h#g-#a#h#i#c4 ,AFT] ! FALL ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I 7,JULY #a#h#g7 & ! CRU%+ ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7,MAY #a#h#g#a71 ! ,FR5* ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC RESUMES ! CONQUE/4 ,9 #ahgd ,TU ,DUC IS =C$ TO SIGN A TREATY ( 0PEACE1 FRI5D%IP & P]PETUAL ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ! ,K+DOM ( ,ANNAM0 ?AT OBLIGES HIM TO RECOGNIZE ,FR5* SOV]EIGNTY OV] ,CO*9*9A1 TO OP5 ! ,R$ ,RIV] = ,FR5* COMM]CE ) ,*9A1 & TO OP5 ! PORTS ( ,QUI ,NHON1 ,HAIPHONG & ,HANOI4 

,TONK91 H[EV]1 IS NOT YET SUBDU$1 & ITS CONQUE/ CONT9UES UND] ! GOV]NM5T ( ,JULES ,F]RY 7#a#h#h-#a#h#h#e74 ,F]RY1 ONE ( ! BUT*]S ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 DECL>ES3 0,! SUP]IOR RACES HAVE ! DUTY TO CIVILIZE ! 9F]IOR RACES40 ,HE ALSO NOTES ?AT BY A =TUNATE CO9CID5CE ?IS NOBLE DUTY WILL ALSO G5]ATE SOME MORE MUNDANE B5EFITS3 0,EUROPE TODAY CAN BE CONSID]$ AS A COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISE ?AT IS FAC+ DECL9+ PR(ITS4 ,EUROPEAN CONSUMPTION IS SATURAT$2 NEW SECTORS ( CONSUM]S MU/ BE CULTIVAT$4444 ,COLONIES >E ! MO/ ADVANTAGE\S 9VE/M5T OPPORTUNITIES = ! CAPITAL ( RI* C\NTRIES40 

#a#h#i#c4 ,FRANCE HAS N[ CONQU]$ ALL ( :AT BECOMES KN[N AS ,FR5* ,9DO*9A1 CONSI/+ ( ,VIETNAM1 ,CAMBODIA & ,LAOS4 ,! COLONIZ]S DIVIDE ,VIETNAM 9TO ?REE REGIONS3 ,TONK9 9 ! NOR? 7CAPITAL3 ,HANOI71 ,ANNAM 9 ! C5T] 7CAPITAL3 ,HUE71 & ,CO*9*9A 9 ! S\? 7CAPITAL3 ,SAIGON74 ,TONK9 & ,ANNAM >E PROTECTORATES 7AS >E ,CAMBODIA & ,LAOS72 ,CO*9*9A IS A COLONY4 

,! 0,FR5*-PROTECT$0 ,TONK9ITES & ,ANNAMITES >E =MALLY LEFT UND] ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! NATIVE RUL]S & SUBJECT$ TO FEUDAL JUDICIAL REGIMES :OSE PUNI%M5TS 9CLUDE A :OLE RANGE ( TORTURES4 ,! ,CO*9*9ESE1 REF]R$ TO AS 0,FR5* SUBJECTS10 >E UND] DIRECT ,FR5* ADM9I/RATION & (FICIALLY GOV]N$ ACCORD+ TO A MODIFI$ V]SION ( ! ,FR5* ,P5AL ,CODE4 ,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 !Y >E SUBJECT$ TO ! SAME SORTS ( >BITR>Y BRUTALITIES AS ?OSE 9 ! PROTECTORATES4 

,FR5* PR(ITS >E BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( NATURAL RES\RCES 7COAL1 M9]ALS1 RUBB]1 RICE1 COTTON7 & *EAP LABOR4 ,! C\NTRY ALSO S]VES AS A MONOPOLY M>KET = 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTUR$ 9 ,FRANCE4 

,9 ADDITION TO ! 0NORMAL0 FUNCTION+ ( ! ECONOMY1 AN 9CR$IBLE LEVEL ( CORRUPTION PREVAILS4 ,AMONG NUM]\S O!R S*EMES 9VOLV+ L& PUR*ASES1 CON/RUCTION CONTRACTS1 ETC41 ! COLONIAL ADM9I/RATORS (T5 GRANT MONOPOLIES ON P>TICUL> PRODUCTS TO !MSELVES OR !IR CRONIES1 !N IMPOSE CONSUMPTION QUOTAS ON LOCAL POPULATIONS TO 9CREASE !IR PR(ITS4 

,! COLONIAL DOM9ATION UND]M9ES ! FEUDAL AGR>IAN ECONOMY BAS$ ON ! SO-CALL$ 0,ASIATIC MODE ( PRODUCTION0 BY 9TRODUC+ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 !REBY 5G5D]+ NEW SOCIAL CLASSES COMP>ABLE TO ?OSE ( ! RUL+ C\NTRY1 ?\< ) C]TA9 DIFF]5T *>ACT]I/ICS3  

,! PEASANTRY1 :I* COMPRISES ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 IS EXPLOIT$ BY ! L>GE L&[N]S4 ,CON/ANTLY ON ! V]GE ( />VATION1 ! MASS ( PEASANTS >E BL$ DRY NOT ONLY BY NATIVE L&[N]S BUT BY ! V>I\S TAXES IMPOS$ BY ! COLONIAL REGIME1 ESPECIALLY ! P]SONAL 0CAPITATION0 TAX4  

,AN AGRICULTURAL PROLET>IAT DEVELOPS 9 ! RICEFIELDS1 ! DOMA9S ALLOTT$ TO L>GE 5T]PRISES1 RUBB] PLANTATIONS1 ETC41 & 9 ! L&S BELONG+ TO ! ,CA?OLIC ,MISSION1 WORK+ UND] CONTRACT-LABOR CONDITIONS ?AT (T5 V]GE ON SLAV]Y4 0,! WORK]S WAKE UP AT #c3 A4M41 ASSEMBLE AT #d3 A4M41 & WORK TILL NI<TFALL4 ,! WORK] IS TI$ TO A PLANTATION = ?REE YE>S BY A DRA/IC CONTRACT ?AT =BIDS HIM TO WORK = ANY O!R EMPLOY] DUR+ ?AT P]IOD4 ,SIGN+ ON AT 4#d PIA/]S P] DAY1 HE IS UNAW>E ?AT AFT] PAY+ = HIS RATION ( RICE1 REIMBURS+ HIS ADVANCES1 & PAY+ V>I\S F9ES1 HIS NET E>N+S AT ! 5D ( ! MON? TURN \T TO BE F> LESS ?AN ! SUM ( HIS DAILY WAGES0 7(FICIAL REPORT ON ! ,MIMOT RUBB] PLANTATION BY ,LABOR ,9SPECTOR ,DELAM>RE1 ,M>* #a#i#b#h74 ,! MA/]S HAVE ! RI<T ( LIFE & DEA? OV] ! WORK]S1 & ! PLANTATIONS G5]ALLY HAVE !IR [N PRIVATE PRISONS & DUNGEONS4  

,ALONGSIDE1 !RE DEVELOPS A TOTALLY NEW 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ! M9ES & 9 ! L>GE COMPANIES ( PUBLIC WORKS1 ELECTRICITY1 CEM5T1 DI/ILL]IES & TRANSPORT4 ,!SE WORK]S HAVE NO ORGANIZATIONS & NO POLITICAL EXP]I5CE1 BUT GRADUALLY BECOME RADICALIZ$1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! CITIES4  

,! ,EUROPEAN & ,*9ESE B\RGEOISIE LEAD & DOM9ATE ! NATIVE B\RGEOISIE4  

,! NATIVE B\RGEOISIE & L&[N]S SUPPORT ! COLONIAL REGIME1 TO :I* !Y [E !IR PROSP]ITY4  

,A L>GE P>T ( ! NATIVE PETTY B\RGEOISIE IS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ADM9I/RATIVE & MILIT>Y APP>ATUS4  
  

#a#i#d4 ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU F\NDS ! ,VIETNAM ,MOD]NIZATION ,SOCIETY1 AIM$ AT EXPELL+ ! ,FR5* & E/ABLI%+ A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y UND] ! REBEL PR9CE ,CUONG ,DE4 ,! FOLL[+ YE> HE & ,CUONG ,DE ESCAPE TO ,JAPAN1 :]E !Y UNSUCCESSFULLY ATTEMPT TO 5LI/ ,JAPANESE AID4 

#a#i#a#b4 ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU1 N[ 9 EXILE 9 ,*9A1 F\NDS ! ,VIETNAM ,RE/ORATION ,SOCIETY1 :I* 9CITES SEV]AL ASSASS9ATIONS & ABORTIVE REVOLTS 9 ,VIETNAM4 

#a#i#bS4 ,A GR\P ( ,VIETNAMESE EMIGRANTS 9 ,P>IS >E REF]R$ TO BY !IR COMPATRIOTS AS 0,! ,FIVE ,DRAGONS03 ,PHAN ,*AU ,TR9H1 ,PHAN ,VAN ,TRUONG1 ,NGUY5 ,! ,TRUY51 ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H & ,NGUY5 ,AI ,QUOC 7H]EAFT] REF]R$ TO AS 0,HO ,*I ,M9H10 ! NAME HE ADOPT$ 9 #a#i#d#b74 ,?\< ( DIV]SE BACKGR\NDS & P]SPECTIVES1 !IR D5UNCIATIONS ( COLONIAL SUBJUGATION & !IR DET]M9ATION TO LIB]ATE !IR C\NTRY LAY ! GR\NDWORK = ! 0,9DO*9ESE REVOLUTION0 ( ! #a#i#cS4 

,ALL ( !M RETURN TO ,VIETNAM & OP5LY DEFY ! COLONIAL REGIME EXCEPT = ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 :O REMA9S \TSIDE ! C\NTRY1 %UTTL+ BETWE5 ,MOSC[ & ,*9A 7HE DOES NOT RETURN UNTIL #a#i#d#a74 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY S5DS A NUMB] ( O!R EMIGRANT ,VIETNAMESE /UD5TS TO ,MOSC[ TO BE TRA9$ AS PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES4 ,!Y WILL BECOME ! ,/AL9I/ CADRES ( ! FUTURE ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

#a#i#b#c-#a#i#b#f4 ,9 ,CO*9*9A1 ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H PUBLI%ES ,LA ,CLO*E ,FELEE1 ) ! IRONIC SUBTITLE3 0,J\RNAL = ! ,PROPAGATION ( ,FR5* ,IDEAS40 ,SEE+ ,VIETNAM AS SMO!R$ BY OPPRESSIVE SURVEILLANCE1 HE URGES ?OSE :O CAN TO VISIT ,FRANCE OR AT LEA/ TO BECOME FAMILI> ) ITS BE/ TRADITIONS1 SO AS TO 5L>GE !IR HORIZONS4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 AL?\< ,FRANCE IS ! S\RCE ( COLONIAL OPPRESSION1 !RE IS ALSO A SPIRIT ( LIB]ATION TO BE F\ND 9 ! L& ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 ! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

#a#i#b#e4 ,9 ,CANTON1 ,*9A1 UND] ! PATRONAGE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H F\NDS ! ,?ANH ,NI5 ,CA* ,MANG ,DONG ,*I ,HOI 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,Y\? ,LEAGUE74 ,MEMB]S >E GIV5 RIGOR\S IDEOLOGICAL & PRACTICAL TRA9+ 9 ,*9A1 !N S5T BACK TO ,VIETNAM4 ,! ,?ANH ,NI5 TAKES ROOT PRIM>ILY AMONG ! PEASANTRY1 SPREAD+ FROM ! ,NOR? TO ! ,S\?4 

#a#i#b#g4 ,9 ,HANOI A GR\P ( RADICAL TEA*]S & /UD5TS =M ! ,VIET ,NAM ,QUOC ,DAN ,DANG 7,V,N,Q,D,D_/,NATIONAL ,P>TY ( ,VIETNAM71 :OSE GOAL IS TO EXPEL ! ,FR5* FROM ,9DO*9A1 OV]?R[ ! NATIVE FEUDAL SY/EM & SET UP A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,AS MEANS1 !Y ADVOCATE CONSPIRACY1 MILIT>Y PLOTS & T]RORISM4 

,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c4 ,REVOLT ( ! 9FANTRY ( ,Y5 ,BAI 79 ,TONK971 9/IGAT$ BY ! ,V,N,Q,D,D4 ,! REVOLT IS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD & ! ,V,N,Q,D,D IS VIRTUALLY ANNIHILAT$4 

,! ,?ANH ,NI5 M]GES ) O!R SIMIL> GR\P+S TO =M ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,I,C,P74 

,MAY #aic ?R\< E>LY #a#i#c#a4 ,?\S&S ( PEASANTS M>* TO ADM9I/RATIVE C5T]S TO DEM& ! L[]+ ( ! CAPITATION TAX & ! ABOLITION ( =C$ LABOR4 ,! COLONIAL REGIME RESPONDS BY FIR+ 9TO ! UN>M$ CR[DS4 ,! PEASANTS %IFT TO MORE 9SURRECTION>Y ACTIONS1 ATTACK+ MILIT>Y PO/S & POLICE /ATIONS1 RELEAS+ PRISON]S1 LOOT+ M>KETS1 DE/ROY+ TAX RECORDS & EXECUT+ P>TICUL>LY HAT$ NOTABLES4 ,9 ! ,N<E ,AN & ,HA ,T9H PROV9CES ( ,ANNAM1 !Y ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO 0SOVIETS10 SEIZ+ L& & DI/RIBUT+ /OCKPIL$ FOOD4 ,!SE MOVEM5TS >E L>GELY SPONTANE\S1 BUT MANY 9VOLVE SIGNIFICANT ,I,C,P P>TICIPATION & 9FLU5CE4 ,9 ! REPRESSION ?AT FOLL[S1 ?\S&S ( PEASANTS >E MASSACR$1 ?\S&S MORE >E IMPRISON$1 & ! ,I,C,P IS SEV]ELY DAMAG$4 

#a#i#c-#a#i#c#b4 ,9SIDE ! ,I,C,P V>I\S OPPOSITIONAL T5D5CIES CRITICIZE ! CON/ANTLY %IFT+ ,MOSC[-DIRECT$ POLICIES 9 :I* ! ,P>TY'S POPUL> BASE S]VES ONLY AS PAWNS = MASS ACTIONS4 ,!SE T5D5CIES RALLY TO ! 0,LEFT ,OPPOSITION0 POSITIONS ( ,TROTSKY & HIS FOLL[]S1 DEM&+ 9DEP5D5CE & SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 L& TO ! PEASANTS & FACTORIES TO ! WORK]S2 :]EAS ! ,I,C,P CALLS = 9DEP5D5CE FIR/1 ) SOCIALISM TO FOLL[ AT SOME LAT] /AGE4 ,AMONG !SE OPPOSITIONAL CURR5TS IS A GR\P =M$ 9 ,SAIGON 9 #aica BY ,VIETNAMESE /UD5TS EXPELL$ FROM ,FRANCE4 ,IT IS ?IS GR\P ?AT ,NGO ,VAN JO9S 9 #a#i#c#b4 

,APRIL-,MAY #a#i#c#c4 ,! TRIALS ( #ba ACTIVI/S ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION & ( #aba MEMB]S ( ! ,I,C,P BR+ A TEMPOR>Y HALT TO ! UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T1 MO/ ( ! LEAD]S BE+ 9 PRISON OR DEPORT$ TO =C$-LABOR SITES4 

,ON ! OCCASION ( ! ,SAIGON ,CITY ,C\NCIL ELECTION1 ! ,/AL9I/S & ,TROTSKYI/S /ILL AT LIB]TY COME TOGE!R TO CREATE ! WEEKLY NEWSPAP] ,LA ,LUTTE1 AGREE+ TO REFRA9 FROM MUTUAL CRITICISM 9 ORD] TO JO9TLY CONFRONT ! COLONIAL REGIME ON ! LEGAL T]RA94 ,?IS A/ONI%+ & UNPREC$5T$ ALLIANCE 7CONSID]+ ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA & EV]Y:]E ELSE 9 ! WORLD ! ,/AL9I/ P>TIES >E CALL+ = ! EXT]M9ATION ( ,TROTSKYI/S7 COMES AB\T 9 P>T BECAUSE ,HO ,*I ,M9H & ! UPP] ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY REMA9 \TSIDE ! C\NTRY ) LITTLE POSSIBILITY ( DIRECTLY CONTROLL+ ! RANK-&-FILE P>TY MEMB]S )9 IT2 9 P>T BECAUSE ! ,VIETNAMESE ,TROTSKYI/S HAVE /RONG] ROOTS AMONG ! WORK]S ?AN DO ! ,/AL9I/S1 MAK+ IT DIFFICULT = ! LATT] TO EMPLOY !IR USUAL TACTICS2 & 9 P>T BECAUSE ! P>TISANS ON BO? SIDES HAVE %>$ EXTREMELY DIFFICULT CONDITIONS ( /RUGGLE & >E ANXI\S TO CREATE SOME BREA?+ ROOM = !MSELVES4 

#a#i#c#e4 ,AFT] ! ,LAVAL-,/AL9 ,PACT ALLY+ ,FRANCE & ,RUSSIA1 ! ,I,C,P1 FOLL[+ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 NO LONG] SPEAKS ( CLASS /RUGGLE OR ( COMBAT+ ,FR5* IMP]IALISM4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/S 9 ! ,LA ,LUTTE GR\P1 B\ND BY !IR UNIT$-FRONT AGREEM5T ) ! ,/AL9I/S1 REMA9 SIL5T4 ,9 PROTE/ AGA9/ ?IS SURR5D] ( PR9CIPLE1 ,LU ,SANH ,HANH1 ,NGO ,VAN & ,TR9H ,VAN ,LAU F\ND ! ,LEAGUE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/S = ! ,CON/RUCTION ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 & 9 A CL&E/9E PAP]1 ,TI5 ,DAO1 D5\NCE ,LA ,LUTTE'S ACCOMMODATION ) ! ,/AL9I/ BETRAYAL4 

#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g4 ,! ,POPUL> ,FRONT TAKES P[] 9 ,FRANCE1 BUT DECL>ES ITS 9T5TION TO MA9TA9 ,FRANCE'S COLONIAL EMPIRE4 ,9 ,VIETNAM1 WIDESPREAD ACTION COMMITTEES /RIVE TO CONV5E AN 0,9DO*9ESE ,CONGRESS0 ?AT WILL PRES5T !IR DEM&S TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,!SE COMMITTEES >E SOON REPRESS$4 ,A MASSIVE WAVE ( /RIKES FOLL[S & IS ALSO REPRESS$4 

,ON ORD]S FROM ,MOSC[1 ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PRESSURES ! ,VIETNAMESE ,/AL9I/S TO BREAK ) ! ,TROTSKYI/S4 ,! ,/AL9I/S QUIT ,LA ,LUTTE & IMM$IATELY F\ND ANO!R PAP]1 ,L',AVANT-G>DE1 9 :I* !Y D5\NCE !IR REC5T ,TROTSKYI/ ALLIES AS 0TW9 BRO!RS ( FASCISM40 

#a#i#c#h-#a#i#c#i4 ,! ,I,C,P ADOPTS A F]V5TLY PATRIOTIC POSITION1 SUPPORT+ ! COLONIAL GOV]NM5T'S CAMPAIGN = ! DEF5SE ( ,FR5* ,9DO*9A AGA9/ ! ,JAPANESE ?REAT BY TAK+ P>T 9 ! LAUN*+ ( A ,W> ,LOAN DRIVE & BY APPROV+ ! REGIME'S CONSCRIPTION ( AN ADDITIONAL #b1 ,VIETNAMESE SOLDI]S4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS UNPOPUL> POSITION1 ! ,I,C,P1 :I* HAS MADE AN ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOIS ,CON/ITUTIONALI/ ,P>TY 9 ! ,COLONIAL ,C\NCIL ELECTION1 IS DEFEAT$ 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#i4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 GET ?REE DELEGATES ELECT$ DESPITE AN EXPLICITLY RADICAL PLAT=M4 

,HO ,*I ,M9H IS 9FURIAT$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/ VICTORY4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#i1 FROM ,GUIL91 ,*9A1 HE WRITES A S]IES ( LETT]S TO HIS COMRADES 9 ,VIETNAM VILIFY+ ! ,TROTSKYI/S & P>ROT+ ! DELIRI\S & MURD]\S PROPAG&A ACCOMPANY+ ! REC5T ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS1 LETT]S :I* >E PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,/AL9I/S' ,HANOI PAP] ,NOT] ,VOIX4 ,SOME EXC]PTS3  
  

,! ,TROTSKYI/S ( ,*9A & O!R C\NTRIES 444 >E NO?+ BUT A B& ( EVILDO]S1 ! LAPDOGS ( 9T]NATIONAL FASCISM4444 ,9 COLLUSION ) ! POLICE & !IR ,JAPANESE MA/]S1 ! ,TROTSKYI/S 9FILTRATE WORK]S' /RIKES 9 ,%AN<AI & USE EV]Y POSSIBLE MEANS TO SABOTAGE ! MOVEM5T4444 ,9 ,SPA9 !Y CALL !MSELVES ! ,P>TIDO ,OBR]O DE ,UNIFICACION ,M>XI/A 7,P,\,M74444 ,IT IS !Y :O CON/ITUTE ! NE/S ( SPIES 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA & O!R PLACES1 9 ! S]VICE ( ,FRANCO4 ,IT IS !Y :O ORGANIZE ! FAM\S ,FIF? ,COLUMN1 ! ESPIONAGE ORGANIZATION ( ! ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN FASCI/ >MY4 ,! ,FR5* ,TROTSKYI/S >E PLOTT+ TO SABOTAGE ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,HAVE Y\ READ ! ACCUSATIONS AGA9/ ! ,TROTSKYI/S AT !IR TRIAL 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION8 ,DO+ SO WILL HELP Y\ SEE ! TRUE REPUGNANT FACE ( ,TROTSKYISM & ! ,TROTSKYI/S4444 ,!Y MU/ BE POLITICALLY EXT]M9AT$4  
  

#a#i#d4 ,! ,HITL]-,/AL9 ,PACT 7,AUGU/ #a#i#c#i7 LEADS TO A NEW AB\T-FACE ( ! ,I,C,P4 ,! ,/AL9I/S' FOCUS IS ONCE AGA9 ON ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FR5* IMP]IALISM1 :ILE ! M5ACE ( FASCISM IS PLAY$ D[N1 AL?\< ,NAZI ,G]MANY IS ON ! V]GE ( 9VAD+ ,FRANCE & ,JAPAN IS ON ! V]GE ( 9VAD+ ,9DO*9A4 ,! ,I,C,P ACCORD+LY LAUN*ES A PEASANT 9SURRECTION 9 ,CO*9*9A :I* IS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD3 ?\S&S >E KILL$ OR IMPRISON$1 & HUNDR$S ( O!RS >E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 

#a#i#d-#a#i#d#e4 ,! ,JAPANESE OCCUPY ,9DO*9A1 BUT ALL[ ! PRO-,VI*Y ,FR5* COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION TO CONT9UE TO MA9TA9 ORD] 7LEAV+ ! ,JAPANESE FREE TO 9VADE ,SIAM1 ,BURMA1 ,MALAYSIA1 ETC474 

#a#i#d#a4 ,HO ,*I ,M9H PUTS ASIDE ! ,COMMUNI/ LABEL & CREATES ! ,VIETM9H 7,VIET ,NAM ,DOC ,LAP ,DONG ,M9H ,HOI_/,FRONT = ! ,9DEP5D5CE ( ,VIETNAM74 ,HE ELIM9ATES CLASS /RUGGLE & AGR>IAN REVOLUTION FROM HIS PROGRAM SO AS NOT TO UPSET ! B\RGEOISIE & L&[N]S :OM HE HOPES TO 9CLUDE 9 ?IS FRONT4 ,DESPITE ! NEW LABEL1 ! ,VIETM9H IS EFFECTIVELY A CONT9UATION ( ! ,I,C,P4 

#a#i#d#a-#a#i#d#d4 ,FOLL[+ ,HITL]'S 9VASION ( ,RUSSIA 7,JUNE #a#i#d#a71 ,HO ,*I ,M9H ONCE AGA9 FOCUSES ON ! 0W> AGA9/ FASCISM0 & SEEKS ALLIANCES ) ! ,ALLIES1 9CLUD+ ! 0,FREE ,FR5*0 =CES UND] ,G5]AL DE ,GAULLE & ! ,AM]ICAN ,(FICE ( ,/RATEGIC ,S]VICES 7,O,S,S1 ! PR$ECESSOR ( ! ,C,I,A71 :I* PROVIDES HIM ) >MS & ADVIS]S4 

,M>*-,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e4 ,! ,JAPANESE TAKE OV] ! ADM9I/RATION ( ,9DO*9A1 %UNT+ ASIDE ! PREVI\SLY TOL]AT$ ,FR5* COLONIAL REGIME & PRES5T+ !MSELVES AS LIB]ATORS FROM ,WE/]N DOM9ATION4 

,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e4 ,! ,JAPANESE SURR5D]4 ,! ,ALLIES DECIDE ?AT ,VIETNAM WILL BE OCCUPI$ BY ! ,*9ESE TROOPS ( ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK 9 ! ,NOR? & BY ! ,ANGLO-,9DIAN TROOPS ( ,G5]AL ,GRACEY 9 ! ,S\?1 ) ! UND]/&+ ?AT ! C\NTRY WILL BE H&$ BACK TO ! ,FR5* AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 

,BE=E ! >RIVAL ( ! OCCUPATION TROOPS1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H'S ,VIETM9H1 PR(IT+ FROM ! POLITICAL VACUUM1 TAKES P[] 9 ,HANOI1 ORGANIZES A HUNT-D[N ( ,TROTSKYI/S 70TRAITORS TO ! ,HOMEL&071 DE/ROYS ! WORK]S C\NCILS =M$ BY ! M9]S ( ,HONGAI-,CAMPHA1 & PREV5TS ! FAM9E-/RICK5 PEASANTS FROM SEIZ+ & R$I/RIBUT+ L&4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ,SAIGON 5T]S 9TO A /ATE ( EFF]VESC5CE4 ,AMID A V>IETY ( POPUL> NETWORKS & NEW OR REVIV$ RADICAL OR NATIONALI/ GR\P+S1 ! ,/AL9I/ LEAD] ,TRAN ,VAN ,GIAU APPO9TS HIMSELF ! HEAD ( A 0,PROVISIONAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE40 ,SEV]AL NATIONALI/ GR\PS RALLY TO ?IS ,VIETM9H-DOM9AT$ GOV]NM5T4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #b#e1 A HUGE DEMON/RATION TAKES PLACE 9 ! C5T] ( ,SAIGON4 ,NGO ,VAN & O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/S TAKE P>T1 DEM&+ 0ALL P[] TO ! PEOPLE'S COMMITTEES0 -- POPUL> COMMITTEES ?AT HAVE BE5 SPONTANE\SLY SPR++ UP 9 ! CITY1 *ALL5G+ ! AU?ORITY ( ,TRAN ,VAN ,GIAU & HIS POLITICAL POLICE & >M$ GANGS4 

,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d#e4 ,9 ,HANOI1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H PROCLAIMS ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,VIETNAM1 :ILE 9 ,SAIGON ! ,VIETM9H ORGANIZES A MILIT>Y P>ADE & CALLS ON ! POPULATION TO WELCOME ! ,ALLI$ TROOPS ( ,G5]AL ,GRACEY4 ,ONCE 9 ! CITY1 ,GRACEY CONTEMPTU\SLY KICKS ! ,VIETM9H'S 0,PROVISIONAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE0 \T ( ! ,GOV]NOR'S ,PALACE & RE>MS ! ,FR5* COLONI/S4 ,! ,VIETM9H =CES AB&ON ! CITY & E/ABLI% !MSELVES 9 ! NEI<BOR+ C\NTRYSIDE1 URG+ ! PEOPLE TO 0REMA9 CALM0 :ILE !IR PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T SEEKS TO NEGOTIATE ) ! 9VAD+ =CES4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! MASSES ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE ( ,SAIGON1 REFUS+ TO ACCEPT ! RETURN ( ! DETE/$ COLONIZ]S1 SEEK 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE WAY TO >M !MSELVES SO AS TO DRIVE !M \T ( ! CITY4 ,NGO ,VAN & HIS COMRADES >E ( EXACTLY ! SAME M9D4 

,SEPTEMB] #b#c1 #a#i#d#e4 ,9SURRECTION 9 ,SAIGON4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,SAIGON SET UP B>RICADES ALL OV] ! CITY AGA9/ ! ,FR5*4 ,AFT] SEV]AL DAYS ( /REET FI<T+ ! ,FR5* GA9 CONTROL ( ! CITY1 BUT ! 9SURG5TS CONTROL ALL ! SURR\ND+ >EAS4 

,PURSU$ BO? BY V5GEFUL ,FR5* COLONI/S & BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 ,NGO ,VAN & HIS ,LEAGUE COMRADES REGR\P \TSIDE ,SAIGON & JO9 ! ,WORK]S' ,MILITIA1 A FI<T+ UNIT CREAT$ BY ! /REETC> WORK]S TO COMBAT ! ,FR5* :ILE REMA9+ 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,/AL9I/S & NATIONALI/S4 

#a#i#d#e-#a#i#d#f4 ,9 ! ,S\?1 ! ,VIETM9H KILL EV]Y ,TROTSKYI/ !Y CAN GET !IR H&S ON1 !N ATTACK ! ,CAO ,DAI & ,HOA ,HAO RELIGI\S SECTS & O!R 9DEP5D5T >M$ GR\PS :O >E OPPOS+ ! RETURN ( ! ,FR5*4 

,9 ! ,NOR?1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H ALLIES HIMSELF ) ! ,*9ESE OCCUPATION TROOPS 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 HIS P[]1 !N WELCOMES ! RETURN ( ,FR5* TROOPS 9 ORD] TO GET RID ( ! ,*9ESE4 ,AFT] KILL+ VIRTUALLY ALL ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 HE DE/ROYS ALL ! O!R NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS & RADICAL T5D5CIES1 !REBY E/ABLI%+ HIS TOTAL POLITICAL P[] 9 ! ,NOR? & HIS TOTAL CONTROL OV] ! RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,S\?4 

,?US IT /&S ON ! EVE ( ! ,?IRTY ,YE> ,W>4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,APP5DIX1 ,P>T #b -- ,UPDAT$4 

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