,APP5DIX1 ,P>T #e 
,ABBREVIATIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,K5 ,KNABB 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,HEL5E ,FLEURY 

,TEXT 3 

,ABBREVIATIONS 

  
 ,C,P   ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY   ,T,R   ,TROTSKYI/   ,V,F   ,VIETNAMESE RADICAL :O HAD SP5T TIME 9 ,FRANCE   ,A,I,P   MEMB] ( ,ANNAMITE ,9DEP5D5CE ,P>TY 7#a#i#b#g-#a#i#b#i7   ,T,N   MEMB] ( ,?ANH ,NI5 7#a#i#b#e-#a#i#c7   ,I,C,P   MEMB] ( ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY_/,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,VIETNAM 7#a#i#c-7   ,L,O   MEMB] ( ONE OR MORE ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION GR\PS 7CA4 #a#i#b#h-#a#i#c#d7   ,L,L   MEMB] ( ,LA ,LUTTE GR\P 7#a#i#c#c-#a#i#d#f7   ,L,I,C   MEMB] ( ,LEAGUE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/S 7#a#i#c#e-#a#i#c#i1 #a#i#d#e-#a#i#d#f7   ,W,M   MEMB] ( ,WORK]S' ,MILITIA 7#a#i#d#e-#a#i#d#f7   ,U,O,I   MEMB] ( ,UNION ,\VRI]E ,9T]NATIONALE 7,FRANCE1 #a#i#d#h-#a#i#e#b7   ,C,C,G   MEMB] ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ ,GR\P 7,P>IS1 #a#i#e#d-#a#i#i#f7   

.<#a.> ,SOME ,WEB S\RCES GIVE ! MISLEAD+ IMPRESSION ?AT !RE WAS A SIGNIFICANT AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 9 E>LY ,VIETNAMESE /RUGGLES4 ,CLOS] EXAM9ATION USUALLY REVEALS ?AT ! SUPPOS$ CONNECTION IS EXTREMELY FLIMSY4 ,! PIONE]+ ANTICOLONIAL LEAD] ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU1 = EXAMPLE1 IS SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS 0A PROPON5T ( AN>*ISM0 M]ELY BECAUSE 0HIS ?9K+ REFLECT$ C]TA9 DI/9CTLY AN>*I/ !MES1 NOTABLY ANTI-IMP]IALISM & DIRECT ACTION10 & BECAUSE HE WAS ON GOOD T]MS ) A FEW AN>*I/S HE MET 9 ,JAPAN & ,*9A -- ?\< HE WAS ON EQUALLY GOOD T]MS ) MON>*I/S1 NATIONALI/S1 SOCIALI/S & MILIT>I/S1 & ! ORGANIZATIONS HE F\ND$ ADVOCAT$ NO?+ MORE RADICAL ?AN A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y OR A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,HIS OV]RID+ GOAL WAS TO DRIVE \T ! ,FR5*2 POLITICAL GR\PS & IDEOLOGIES 9T]E/$ HIM ONLY 9S(> AS !Y MI<T CONTRIBUTE TO ?AT GOAL4 ,UNTIL LATE 9 HIS LIFE HE SC>CELY MANIFE/$ ANY 9T]E/ EV5 9 SOCIALISM1 LET ALONE AN>*ISM4 7,= MORE ON ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU1 SEE ,FOOTNOTE #f#a47  

 ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H IS A DIFF]5T MATT]4 ,HIS ECLECTIC & ROMANTIC P]SPECTIVE DID 9DE$ REFLECT SOME AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 7PICK$ UP FROM HIS YE>S 9 ,P>IS74 ,?IS AN>*ISM WAS BL5D$ ) A V>IETY ( O!R ,EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHICAL & CULTURAL CURR5TS FROM ,R\SSEAU TO ,NIETZS*E1 & S9CE ,N9H WAS A V]Y POPUL> & *>ISMATIC FIGURE1 ?OSE !MES UND\BT$LY HAD SOME 9FLU5CE DUR+ ! #a#i#bS1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! MORE $UCAT$ URBAN Y\?4 ,HUE-,TAM ,HO ,TAI'S ,RADICALISM & ! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,VIETNAMESE ,REVOLUTION GIVES A GOOD ACC\NT ( ! CULTURAL F]M5T ( ?AT P]IOD1 :I* S]V$ AS A PRELUDE TO ! MORE DIRECTLY SOCIAL & POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#cS4  

 ,! ONLY EXPLICIT ,VIETNAMESE AN>*I/ M5TION$ 9 ! PRES5T BOOK IS ,TR9H ,HUNG ,NGAU4 7,O!R S\RCES DESCRIBE HIM AS A 0NATIONALI/ ) AN>*I/ LEAN+S407 ,ACCORD+ TO ,NGO ,VAN1 HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,JEUNE ,ANNAM MOVEM5T 7#a#i#b#f7 & 9 ! NEWSPAP] ,L',ANNAM 7#a#i#b#f-#a#i#b#h7 & WAS ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ,LA ,LUTTE 7#a#i#c#c72 BUT HE )DREW FROM ! LATT] AFT] ! ?IRD ISSUE 0BECAUSE HE WAS UNABLE TO EXPRESS HIS AN>*I/ IDEAL )9 IT0 7,VIETNAM #a#i#b-#a#i#d#e1 P4 #b#a#b74 ,HE LAT] TOOK P>T 9 ! ,9DO*9ESE ,CONGRESS MOVEM5T 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g74 

.<#b.> ,ALLUSION TO ,ORWELL3 0,:O CONTROLS ! PA/ CONTROLS ! FUTURE3 :O CONTROLS ! PRES5T CONTROLS ! PA/0 7,N9ETE5 ,EI<TY-,F\R1 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c74 

.<#c.> ,H]E IS ,BAUDELAIRE'S POEM 7#a#h#e#a71 FOLL[$ BY A TRANSLATION3  

,LA ,CLO*E ,FELEE 

,I,I E/ AM] ET D\X1 P5DANT LES NUITS D'HIV]1  

 ,D'EC\T]1 PRES DU FEU QUI PALPITE ET QUI FUME1  

 ,LES S\V5IRS LO9TA9S L5TEM5T S'ELEV]  

 ,AU BRUIT DES C>ILLONS QUI *ANT5T DANS LA BRUME4 

,BI5HEUREUSE LA CLO*E AU GOSI] VIG\REUX  

 ,QUI1 MALGRE SA VIEILLESSE1 AL]TE ET BI5 PORTANTE1  

 ,JETTE FIDELEM5T SON CRI RELIGIEUX1  

 ,A9SI QU'UN VIEUX SOLDAT QUI VEILLE S\S LA T5TE6 

,MOI1 MON AME E/ FELEE1 ET LORSQU'5 SES 5NUIS  

 ,ELLE VEUT DE SES *ANTS PEUPL] L'AIR FROID DES NUITS1  

 ,I,I >RIVE S\V5T QUE SA VOIX AFFAIBLIE 

,SEMBLE LE RALE EPAIS D'UN BLESSE QU'ON \BLIE  

 ,AU BORD D'UN LAC DE SANG1 S\S UN GR& TAS DE MORTS1  

 ,ET QUI MEURT1 SANS B\G]1 DANS D'IMM5SES EF=TS4 

,! ,CRACK$ ,BELL 

 ,IT IS BITT] & SWEET1 DUR+ ! W9T] NI<TS1  

 TO LI/51 BESIDE ! QUIV]+1 SMOK+ FIRE1  

 TO DI/ANT MEMORIES SL[LY RIS+  

 AT ! S\ND ( ! BELLS *IM+ 9 ! FOG4  

 ,BLESS$ IS ! /RONG-?ROAT$ BELL1  

 AL]T & HEAL?Y DESPITE ITS OLD AGE1  

 :I* FAI?FULLY S5DS =? ITS PI\S TONES1  

 LIKE AN OLD SOLDI] KEEP+ WAT* UND] HIS T5T6  

 ,BUT ,I -- MY S\L IS CRACK$1 & :5 9 ITS DI/RESS  

 IT WANTS TO FILL ! COLD NI<T AIR ) ITS SONGS1  

 IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT ITS 5FEEBL$ VOICE  

 SEEMS LIKE ! ?ICK DEA?-RATTLE ( A W\ND$ MAN1 =GOTT5  

 BESIDE A LAKE ( BLOOD1 LY+ B5EA? A MASS ( CORPSES1  

 DY+ BUT UNABLE TO MOVE DESPITE IMM5SE EF=TS4  

 ,?AT IS A FAIRLY LIT]AL TRANSLATION4 ,= SOME MORE POETIC ATTEMPTS 7NONE V]Y SATISFACTORY71 SEE HTTP3_/_/FLEURSDUMAL4ORG_/POEM_/#a#e#g4 

.<#d.> 0,HUNDR$ ,FL[]S0 MOVEM5T 7#a#i#e#f-#a#i#e#g73 A CAMPAIGN 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T1 5C\RAG+ PEOPLE TO FREELY EXPRESS !IR VIEWS ON NATIONAL POLICY QUE/IONS4 ,:5 MILLIONS ( LETT]S W]E RECEIV$1 MO/ ( !M HI<LY CRITICAL ( ! ,MAOI/ REGIME1 ! MOVEM5T WAS BR\<T TO A PROMPT HALT & ! MO/ CRITICAL AU?ORS W]E R\ND$ UP & 9T]N$ 9 0RE$UCATION0 CAMPS4 

.<#e.> ,L9ES FROM ,BRASS5S'S SONG 0,LES ,FUN]AILLES D'ANTAN0 7,! ,FUN]ALS ( ,LONG ,AGO71 CA4 #a#i#e#f4 

.<#f.> ,! QUOTE IS FROM ,PASCAL'S ,P5SEES _?#e#i#c 7NOTE ?AT ! NUMB]+ IS DIFF]5T 9 SOME $ITIONS74 

.<#g.> ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i73 ,9 ,JULY #aicf ! FASCI/IC G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO 7SUPPORT$ BY ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I7 LAUN*$ A MILIT>Y UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! REC5TLY ELECT$ ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T4 ,! LATT]1 FE>+ G5U9E POPUL> AUTONOMY1 HAD REFUS$ TO >M ! PEOPLE1 !REBY 5ABL+ ,FRANCO'S =CES TO RAPIDLY TAKE OV] HALF ( ! C\NTRY4 ,SEE+ NO ALT]NATIVE1 ! AN>*I/-ORI5T$ WORK]S & PEASANTS BYPASS$ ! GOV]NM5T1 SEIZ$ >MS & !MSELVES TOOK UP ! FI<T AGA9/ ,FRANCO -- A PROCESS :I* RAPIDLY OV]FL[$ 9TO A WIDESPREAD & V]Y RADICAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DID EV]Y?+ 9 ITS P[] TO CRU% ?IS REVOLUTION1 9 ! NAME ( UNITY 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FRANCO 7:O ULTIMATELY PREVAIL$ ANYWAY1 9 P>T DUE TO ! DEMORALIZATION RESULT+ FROM ! ,/AL9I/S' VICI\S ATTACKS ON ! POPUL> REVOLUTION74 ,! BE/ G5]AL HI/ORY IS ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT5'S ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,SEE ALSO ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7$471 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,COLLECTIVES3 ,WORK]S' ,SELF-,MANAGEM5T 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4  

,P\MI/AS3 MEMB]S ( ! ,P,\,M 7,P>TIDO ,OBR]O DE ,UNIFICACION ,M>XI/A_/,WORK]S ,P>TY = ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION71 A REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ P>TY ALLI$ ) ! AN>*I/S1 OPPOS$ TO ,/AL9ISM1 & SOME:AT AT ODDS ) ,TROTSKYISM4 ,DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ! ,P\MI/AS W]E HUNT$ D[N & KILL$ OR IMPRISON$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,GEORGE ,ORWELL'S ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA IS AN ACC\NT ( HIS EXP]I5CES FI<T+ 9 ! ,P,\,M MILITIA4 

.<#h.> WORK]S C\NCILS3 ,! C\NCIL =M WAS 9V5T$ BY /RIK+ WORK]S DUR+ ! #aie ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 7SOVIET IS ! ,RUSSIAN WORD = 0C\NCIL074 ,:5 SOVIETS REAPPE>$ 9 #a#i#a#g1 !Y W]E SUCCESSIVELY SUPPORT$1 MANIPULAT$1 DOM9AT$ & COOPT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O SOON SUCCE$$ 9 TRANS=M+ !M 9TO P>ODIES ( !MSELVES3 RUBB] /AMPS ( ! 0,SOVIET ,/ATE40 ,WORK]S C\NCILS HAVE NEV]!LESS CONT9U$ TO REAPPE> SPONTANE\SLY AT ! MO/ RADICAL MOM5TS 9 SUBSEQU5T HI/ORY1 9 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 ,HUNG>Y & ELSE:]E 79CLUD+ ! #aide ,HONGAI-,CAMPHA 0,COMMUNE0 9 ,VIETNAM71 BECAUSE !Y REPRES5T ! OBVI\S SOLUTION TO ! NE$ = A PRACTICAL =M ( NONHI]>*ICAL POPUL> SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,! CLASSIC WORK ON ! SUBJECT IS ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK'S ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4  

,BAV>IA3 ,FOLL[+ ! SURR5D] ( ,G]MANY AT ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I 7,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h71 ! ,BAV>IAN REGION ( ,G]MANY OV]?REW ITS LOCAL MON>*Y & DECL>$ ITSELF AN 9DEP5D5T /ATE1 ) 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/ ,KURT ,EISN] AS ,PRIME ,M9I/] SUPPORT$ BY C\NCILS ( WORK]S & SOLDI]S4 ,EISN]'S ASSASS9ATION 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiai WAS FOLL[$ BY A *AOTIC & RAPIDLY *ANG+ SUCCESSION ( MORE OR LESS RADICAL REGIMES1 9CLUD+ A %ORT-LIV$ 0,C\NCILI/ ,REPUBLIC0 :OSE LEAD]S 9CLUD$ AN>*I/S ,]I* ,MUHSAM1 ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 ,]N/ ,TOLL] & ,]T ,M>UT 7,B4 ,TRAV574 ,IT WAS MILIT>ILY CRU%$ 9 ,MAY #aiai BY ! ,G]MAN 0,SOCIALI/0 GOV]NM5T4  

,KRON/ADT3 ,9 ,M>* #aiba ! SAILORS ( ,KRON/ADT1 :O HAD BE5 AMONG ! MO/ >D5T P>TICIPANTS 9 ! #aiag ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T1 CALL+ = A G5U9E P[] ( POPUL> DEMOCRATIC SOVIETS AS OPPOS$ TO ! RULE ( ! 0,SOVIET ,/ATE40 ,D5\NC$ AS REACTION>IES1 !Y W]E CRU%$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ REGIME4 ,SEE ,IDA ,METT'S ,! ,KRON/ADT ,UPRIS+ & ,PAUL ,AVRI*'S ,KRON/ADT #a#i#b#a4  

,HUNG>Y3 ,9 #aief ! PEOPLE ( ,HUNG>Y REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN-IMPOS$ ,/AL9I/ REGIME4 ,?\< ! MOVEM5T WAS NOM9ALLY 9 FAVOR ( A RE=M GOV]NM5T UND] ,IM] ,NAGY1 A NATIONWIDE NETWORK ( WORK]S C\NCILS WAS ! REAL P[] 9 ! C\NTRY UNTIL IT WAS CRU%$ BY ! 9VAD+ ,RUSSIAN >MY4 ,SEE ,&Y ,&]SON'S ,HUNG>Y '#e#f4 

.<#i.> ,! ,M>X QUOTE IS FROM 0,CRITICAL ,NOTES ON ! ,>TICLE ',! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIA & ,SOCIAL ,RE=M' 0 7#a#h#d#d74 

.<#a.> ,SU]TE3 ,FR5* COLONIAL ,SECURITY ,POLICE1 9 *>GE ( 9VE/IGAT+ CRIM9AL & POLITICAL (F5SES4 

.<#a#a.> COOLIE3 ,R\<LY EQUIVAL5T TO 0DAY LABOR]10 0COOLIE0 WAS ! COMMON T]M1 US$ BY ! ,*9ESE & ,VIETNAMESE AS WELL AS !IR COLONIAL RUL]S1 = ! L[E/-LEVEL WORK]S4 ,UNSKILL$ & ILLIT]ATE1 !Y W]E PAID ! B>E M9IMUM = H>D PHYSICAL LABOR4 

.<#a#b.> ,ANNAMITE3 ,FOLL[+ ! TRADITION ( ! PREVI\S ,*9ESE RUL]S1 ! ,FR5* REF]R$ TO ! 5TIRE 9DIG5\S ,VIETNAMESE POPULATION AS 0,ANNAMITES10 AL?\< ,ANNAM WAS ONLY ONE ( ?REE ,VIETNAM REGIONS 9 ,FR5* ,9DO*9A 7SEE P4 #b#c#i74 ,! T]M WAS /ILL WIDELY US$ DUR+ ! P]IOD DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 AL?\< IT WAS T5D+ TO BE REPLAC$ BY 0,VIETNAMESE0 DUR+ ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#dS4 

.<#a#c.> ,( ! CONFISCAT$ BOOKS1 ,PAUL ,G5TIZON'S ,MU/APHA ,KEMAL \ L',ORI5T 5 M>*E 7,MU/AFA ,KEMAL1 OR ,! ,ORI5T ON ! ,MOVE7 7#a#i#b#i7 IS AB\T ! ,TURKI% NATIONALI/ LEAD] ,KEMAL ,ATATURK4 ,GEORGES ,G>ROS'S ,=C]IES HUMA9ES 7,HUMAN ,HO?\SES7 7#a#i#b#f7 IS AB\T E>LY ANTICOLONIAL /RUGGLES 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS'S ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 7#a#h#d#g7 IS A CRUCIAL HI/ORICAL DOCUM5T ?AT HAS LITTLE CONNECTION ) ! 0,COMMUNI/0 P>TIES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,LEON ,TROTSKY'S ,! ,P]MAN5T ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#b#i7 EXP\ND$ HIS VIEW ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,RUSSIA1 & 9 O!R EV5 MORE UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 W\LD BE UNABLE 7OR UNWILL+7 TO C>RY \T A 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION10 & ?AT !RE=E ! PROLET>IAT W\LD NE$ TO TAKE ! LEAD TO ACCOMPLI% SU* A GOAL2 & ?AT 9 SO DO+1 IT W\LD PU% ?+S BEYOND ! B\RGEOIS /AGE4 ,L\IS ,R\BAUD'S ,VIETNAM3 LA TRAG$IE 9DO*9OISE 7,VIETNAM3 ,! ,9DO*9ESE ,TRAG$Y7 7#a#i#c#a7 IS A D5UNCIATION ( COLONIAL REPRESSION4 ,JOHN ,RE$'S ,T5 ,DAYS ,?AT ,%OOK ! ,WORLD 7#a#i#b#b7 IS A FIR/H& ACC\NT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,M>X BIOGRAPHY IS PROBABLY ,DAVID ,RIAZANOV'S ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ,!IR ,LIVES & ,WORKS 7#a#i#b#g74 ,SUN ,YAT-S5 7#a#h#f#f-#a#i#b#e7 WAS A LEAD] ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION ( #aiaa & ! F\ND] ( ! ,GUOM9DANG 7,*9ESE ,NATIONALI/ ,P>TY74 ,]I* ,M>IA ,REM>QUE'S ,ALL ,QUIET ON ! ,WE/]N ,FRONT 7#a#i#b#h7 IS AN ANTIW> NOVEL AB\T ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,SILVIO ,PELLICO'S ,MY ,PRISONS 7#a#h#c#c7 IS AN ACC\NT ( T5 YE>S 9 ,ITALIAN PRISONS4 

.<#a#d.> ,C5TRAL ,PRISON 7,MAISON ,C5TRALE1 LIT]ALLY 0,C5TRAL ,H\SE073 ! MA9 ,SAIGON PRISON4 

.<#a#e.> ,L9ES FROM ,VICTOR ,HUGO'S POEM 0,DICTE APRES JUILLET #a#h#c0 7,DICTAT$ AFT] ,JULY #a#h#c71 AB\T ! #ahc REVOLUTION4 

.<#a#f.> ,NGO ,VAN WAS V]Y BIG BY ,VIETNAMESE /&>DS 7SIX FEET TALL71 SO AV]AGE-SIZE CLO!S W\LD NOT FIT HIM4 

.<#a#g.> ,UNLESS O!RWISE 9DICAT$1 0,LEAGUE0 ALWAYS REF]S TO ! ,LEAGUE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/S1 ! ,TROTSKYI/ GR\P F\ND$ BY ,LU ,SANH ,HANH1 ,NGO ,VAN & ,TR9H ,VAN ,LAU 9 #a#i#c#e1 DE/ROY$ 9 #a#i#c#i1 & REVIV$ 9 #a#i#d#e4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! 0LEGAL ,TROTSKYI/S0 ( ! ,LA ,LUTTE GR\P1 :O TOOK P>T 9 ELECTIONS & REGI/]$ !IR PUBLICATIONS1 ! ,L,I,C WAS AN ILLEGAL GR\P :I* FOCUS$ ON UND]GR\ND ORGANIZ+ & CL&E/9E PUBLICATIONS4 

.<#a#h.> ,9 ,MAY #aicf A ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T 7AN ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALI/1 ,COMMUNI/1 & O!R MORE OR LESS C5T]-LEFT P>TIES7 WAS ELECT$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,ITS 9CEPTION WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A NATIONWIDE WAVE ( /RIKES & FACTORY OCCUPATIONS4 

.<#a#i.> NOTABLES3 WEAL?Y1 LIT]ATE OR RESPECT$ LOCAL 0WOR?IES40 ,C\NCILS ( NOTABLES W]E ! ADM9I/RATIVE P[] 9 ! PEASANT COMMUNITIES UND] ! OLD IMP]IAL REGIME & CONT9U$ UND] ! ,FR5* COLONIAL REGIME TO S]VE AS ! L[E/ RUNG ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 COLLECT+ TAXES1 R\ND+ UP CONSCRIPTS1 DISP5S+ JU/ICE = M9OR CRIMES1 ETC4 

.<#b.> ,P\LO ,CONDORE 7A4K4A4 ,CON ,SON ,ISL&73 AN ISL& LY+ (F ! COA/ ( S\!RN ,VIETNAM4 ,9 #ahfa ! ,FR5* COLONIAL GOV]NM5T BUILT A P5AL COLONY !RE TO HOLD POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,9 #ai$ IT WAS TURN$ OV] TO ! ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE GOV]NM5T1 :I* CONT9U$ TO USE IT = ! SAME PURPOSE4 ,IT ATTA9$ 9T]NATIONAL NOTORIETY 9 ,JULY #aig :5 ,AM]ICAN CONGRESSIONAL REPRES5TATIVES1 FOLL[+ A MAP DRAWN BY A =M] 9MATE1 BROKE AWAY FROM ! (FICIAL GUID$ T\R & UNCOV]$ HORR5D\S ILL-TREATM5T ( PRISON]S4 ,PHOTOGRAPHS ( SOME ( ! HORRORS 70TIG] CAGES10 TORTURE-CAUS$ MUTILATIONS1 ETC47 APPE>$ 9 ,LIFE MAGAZ9E & CONTRIBUT$ TO ! GR[+ ,AM]ICAN OPPOSITION TO ! ,VIETNAM ,W>4 

.<#b#a.> ,9 TRADITIONAL ,VIETNAMESE FAMILIES ! FIR/ *ILD IS REF]R$ TO AS NUMB] ,TWO1 TO FOOL ! EVIL SPIRITS :O W\LD LIKE TO MAKE (F ) ! FIR/BORN4 ,NGO ,VAN'S N>RATIVE M5TIONS ,SI/] ,TWO1 ,SI/] ,FIVE1 ,BRO!R ,SEV5 7ALL FROM A PREVI\S M>RIAGE71 ,BRO!R ,T51 ,BRO!R ,TWELVE & ,BRO!R ,?IRTE5 7,VAN HIMSELF1 ! Y\NGE/71 SO !RE W]E A TOTAL ( TWELVE *ILDR5 9 HIS FAMILY4 ,! ONES NOT M5TION$ HAD EI!R DI$ Y\NG OR GR[N UP & MOV$ AWAY 7AS HAD ,SI/] ,TWO & ,SI/] ,FIVE74 ,BRO!R ,T5 WAS TORTUR$ TO DEA? BY ! ,FR5* 9 #a#i#d#f4 

.<#b#b.> VU3 %ORT = VU ET APPR\VE 7SE5 & APPROV$74 ,! ,FR5* WORD W\LD SEEM 0CABALI/IC0 7MY/]I\S7 TO ! ,VIETNAMESE *ILDR54 

.<#b#c.> CAPITATION TAX3 A P]SONAL TAX IMPOS$ ON EA* ADULT 9DIVIDUAL1 REG>DLESS ( 9COME4 ,?\< TRIVIAL = ! RI* OR MIDDLE CLASSES1 IT AM\NT$ TO A SIGNIFICANT PORTION ( A POOR P]SON'S WAGES & A VIRTUAL IMPOSSIBILITY = PEASANTS LIV+ L>GELY \TSIDE ! MONEY ECONOMY4 

.<#b#d.> ,LADY ,HIEU'S BANYAN TREE1 PLANT$ 9 MEMORY ( A G5]\S RI* LADY :O LIV$ NE> ,NGO ,VAN'S VILLAGE1 PROVID$ %ADE = WOM5 RETURN+ FROM ! M>KET UND] ! HOT SUN4 ,SEE ,NGO ,VAN & ,HEL5E ,FLEURY'S ,CONTES D'AUTREFOIS DU ,VIETNAM1 PP4 #h-#h#a4 

.<#b#e.> ,SLI<TLY ABRIDG$ PASSAGE FROM ,BAUDELAIRE'S ,PREFACE TO ,PI]RE ,DUPONT'S ,*ANTS ET *ANSONS 7#a#h#d#i74 

.<#b#f.> ,CON/ITUTIONALI/ ,P>TY3 A V]Y MOD]ATE RE=MI/ T5D5CY1 BEGUN 9 #aiag AS A LOOSE 9T]E/ GR\P ( M]*ANTS1 L&[N]S1 BUREAUCRATS & J\RNALI/S & BECOM+ AN (FICIALLY RECOGNIZ$ POLITICAL P>TY CA4 #a#i#b#c4 ,IT S\<T LIB]ALIZATION ( C]TA9 LAWS & 9CREAS$ /ATUS = A SMALL ELITE ( ,VIETNAMESE B\RGEOIS & (FICIALS UND] ,FR5* RULE1 BUT OPPOS$ DEM&S = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE OR SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,ITS MA9 LEAD]1 ,BUI ,QUANG ,*IEU1 HAD A HORROR ( MASS DEMOCRACY1 TO SAY NO?+ ( MASS ACTION4 ,! NOTION ( GRANT+ VOT+ RI<TS & ACCESS TO ,FR5* CITIZ5%IP TO A SOME:AT L>G] SEGM5T ( ! POPULATION CAUS$ HIM TO 0%UDD] AT ! ?\<T ( ADMITT+ UNDESIRABLES 9TO ! GREAT ,FR5* FAMILY3 PEOPLE )\T MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD & )\T CULTURE4444 ,I CANNOT HELP BE+ S]I\SLY DI/URB$ :5 ,I ?9K ?AT IF1 BY SOME EXTRAORD9>Y MEASURES1 MASS NATURALIZATION WAS DECRE$ 9 ,CO*9*9A1 ! RESULT ( A LEGISLATIVE ELECTION C\LD DEP5D ON ! VOTE ( \R COOKS & RICK%AW BOYS40 ,! FACT ?AT ! COLONI/S 7= :OM ,DE ,LA ,*EVROTI]E WAS ONE ( ! LEAD+ SPOKESM57 C\LD VIEW SU* TIMID RE=MI/S AS DANG]\SLY RADICAL GIVES SOME MEASURE ( H[ REACTION>Y ! ,FR5* COLONIAL SY/EM WAS4 

.<#b#g.> ,PHAN ,*AU ,TR9H3 ,ON ,PHAN ,*AU ,TR9H & ! O!R E>LY ANTICOLONIAL LEAD]1 ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU1 SEE ,FOOTNOTE #f#a4 

.<#b#h.> ,! QUOTE IS FROM ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU'S ,DISC\RSE ON ! ,ORIG9 ( ,9EQUALITY 7#a#g#e#d74 

.<#b#i.> ,RI*EP9'S ,LA ,*ANSON DES ,GUEUX 7#a#h#g#f7 WAS CONSID]$ SO IMMORAL & OBSC5E ?AT ! AU?OR1 PUBLI%] & PR9T] W]E EA* S5T5C$ TO A MON? 9 PRISON4 ,! GUEUX W]E NOT ONLY TRAMPS BUT ! D[N-&-\T 9 G5]AL -- BEGG>S1 PICKPOCKETS1 VAGABONDS1 HOMELESS /REET PEOPLE1 ETC4 

.<#c.> ,PHAN ,VAN ,TRUONG'S ,UNE HI/OIRE DE CONSPIRATEURS ANNAMITES A ,P>IS 7#a#i#b#h7 WAS REPR9T$ ) AN ,9TRODUCTION BY ,NGO ,VAN 7,L',9SOMNIAQUE1 #b#c74 ,! QUOTATION IS FROM PP4 #b-#b#a ( ?AT $ITION4 

.<#c#a.> 0,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H ,SECRET ,SOCIETY03 ,! EXI/5CE ( ?IS SUPPOS$ SECRET SOCIETY REMA9S D\BTFUL4 ,MO/ ( ! 0EVID5CE0 = IT 7/ORIES ( BIZ>RE 9ITIATION RITES1 ETC47 WAS CONCOCT$ BY ! ,SU]TE & PRODUC$ BY TORTURE1 & EV5 MO/ ( ! PEASANTS :O W]E TORTUR$ D5I$ ANY SU* AFFILIATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E ?AT ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H'S W&]+S ?R\< ! C\NTRYSIDE DID NOT HAVE SOME SUBV]SIVE AIMS4 ,9 #aibf HE HAD MADE PUBLIC /ATEM5TS TO ! EFFECT ?AT HE WAS 9CL9+ T[>D A MORE SPIRITUAL PA? & HAD EXPRESS$ 9T]E/ 9 ! REC5TLY =M$ ,CAO ,DAI SECT4 ,9 E>LY #aibh HE %AV$ HIS HEAD LIKE A ,BUDDHI/ MONK & BEGAN TRAVEL+ BY BICYCLE FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE SELL+ A M$IC9AL BALM ?AT HE HAD CONCOCT$4 ,?\< HE HIMSELF DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE DONE ANY 0ORGANIZ+10 HIS COMRADES MAY HAVE DONE SO AMONG ! PEASANTS :O GA!R$ >\ND TO MEET HIM & LI/5 TO HIS TALKS2 OR O!R UND]GR\ND GR\PS MAY HAVE US$ HIS NAME AS A RALLY+ SYMBOL TO 5HANCE !IR [N APPEAL2 OR !RE MAY SIMPLY HAVE BE5 LOOSE ASSOCIATIONS AMONG PEOPLE :O %>$ A SYMPA?Y ) HIM & HIS 0TEA*+S40 ,AFT] REFUT+ MO/ ( ! EVID5CE = ! EXI/5CE ( SU* A SECRET SOCIETY1 ,NGO ,VAN NOT$ ?AT 0,N9H 9SPIR$ ! PEASANTS ) A QUASI-MY/ICAL CONFID5CE2 MANY ( !M FELT READY TO FOLL[ HIM )\T KN[+ EXACTLY :]E OR H[4444 ,HE HAD SUCCE$$ 9 CREAT+ A VIRTUAL PEASANT MOVEM5T1 ?\< ONE F> REMOV$ FROM A DISCIPL9$ & /RUCTUR$ ORGANIZATION0 7,VIETNAM #a#i#b-#a#i#d#e1 P4 #i#e74 ,SEE ALSO ,HUE-,TAM ,HO ,TAI'S ,RADICALISM & ! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,VIETNAMESE ,REVOLUTION1 PP4 #a#h#f-#a#i#e4 

.<#c#b.> ,BAZ93 ,A DETAIL$ ACC\NT ( ! ASSASS9ATION 7,HOANG ,VAN ,DAO1 ,VIET ,NAM ,QUOC ,DAN ,DANG3 ,A ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,HI/ORY ( A ,NATIONAL ,/RUGGLE1 #a#i#b#g-#a#i#e#d1 PP4 #c#e-#d#a7 GIVES ! NAME AS ,]NE ,BAZ94 ,MO/ ,WEB REF]5CES GIVE ,H]VE ,BAZ91 BUT ?IS MAY BE SIMPLY A CASE ( AN ]RONE\S M5TION 9 ,WIKIP$IA BE+ 5DLESSLY REPEAT$4 

.<#c#c.> #d.0 DEA? RATE3 ,AL?\< ?IS MAY SEEM IMPROBABLY HI<1 (FICIAL S\RCES CONFIRM ?AT V]Y HI< DEA? RATES W]E COMMON4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,PHU ,RI5G PLANTATION SUP]VISORS 9=M$ ! ,FR5* ,COLONIAL ,M9I/] ?AT #ag P]C5T ( !IR WORK]S DI$ 9 #a#i#b#g1 & ?IS WAS UND\BT$LY A CONS]VATIVE FIGURE S9CE ! SUP]VISORS HAD AN 9T]E/ 9 COV]+ UP AS MANY ( ! DEA?S AS POSSIBLE4 ,RELIABLE /UDIES 9DICATE ?AT MANY ( ! PLANTATIONS HAD AN AV]AGE ANNUAL DEA? RATE ( OV] #b P]C5T4 

.<#c#d.> ,Y5 ,BAI REVOLT 7#a#i#c73 ,?IS REVOLT WAS 9/IGAT$ BY ! ,VIET ,NAM ,QUOC ,DAN ,DANG 7,NATIONAL ,P>TY ( ,VIETNAM71 A RADICAL NATIONALI/ ORGANIZATION F\ND$ 9 ,HANOI 9 #aibg BY ! Y\NG TEA*] ,NGUY5 ,?AI ,HOC4 ,BY ! FOLL[+ YE> IT HAD #ae MEMB]S ORGANIZ$ 9TO #ab CL&E/9E CELLS4 ,ITS VIOL5T AUDACITY AL>M$ ! COLONIAL REGIME1 BUT SOON BR\<T AB\T ITS D[NFALL4 ,! #aibi ASSASS9ATION ( ,BAZ9 BY A R5EGADE ,V,N,Q,D,D MEMB] L$ TO NUM]\S >RE/S2 ! DEFEAT ( ! ,Y5 ,BAI REVOLT A YE> LAT] L$ TO ! GR\P'S VIRTUAL ANNIHILATION4 ,NGUY5 ,?AI ,HOC & TWELVE O!R LEAD]S W]E GUILLOT9$ & HUNDR$S ( O!R MEMB]S W]E CAPTUR$ & GIV5 HEAVY S5T5CES4 ,! ,V,N,Q,D,D NEV] REALLY RECOV]$ FROM ?IS BL[1 ?\< REMNANTS ( ! GR\P ESCAP$ TO S\!RN ,*9A & RETURN$ TO ,VIETNAM FIFTE5 YE>S LAT] 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 FI<T+ 9 ! RANKS ( ! 0,?IRD ,DIVISION0 ?AT APPE>S 9 ,*APT] #g4 

.<#c#e.> ,NAMES 9 P>5!SES USUALLY REF] TO PROV9CES4 0,HANH ,LAM 7,?ANH ,*UONG70 ?US MEANS ! T[N OR VILLAGE ( ,HANH ,LAM 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,?ANH ,*UONG4 ,NOTE ALSO ?AT MO/ ( ! EV5TS DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS BOOK TOOK PLACE 9 ,CO*9*9A 7! S\!RN REGION ( ,VIETNAM7 UNLESS IT IS SPECIFICALLY 9DICAT$ ?AT !Y TOOK PLACE 9 ,ANNAM 7! C5TRAL REGION7 OR ,TONK9 7! NOR!RN REGION74 

.<#c#f.> ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY3 ,?IS NAME WAS IMPOS$ BY ! ,COM9T]N 9 ! HOPE ( EV5TUALLY 9CLUD+ 9SURG5T GR\PS FROM ,LAOS & ,CAMBODIA1 BUT 9 REALITY ! ,I,C,P WAS ALWAYS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ,VIETNAMESE4 

.<#c#g.> 0,MOSC[ TRA9EES0 7RET\RS DE ,MOSC\1 LIT]ALLY 0RETURNEES FROM ,MOSC[073 RADICALS :O HAD SP5T TIME 9 ,MOSC[ BE+ TRA9$ AS CADRES = ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

.<#c#h.> RE/RICT$ RESID5CE 79T]DICTION DE SEJOR73 AN ORD] SPECIFY+ ?AT SOMEONE HAD TO LIVE 9 A P>TICUL> PLACE OR WAS BANN$ FROM P>TICUL> PLACES4 

.<#c#i.> ,SAIGON ,CITY ,C\NCIL3 ,9 ORD] TO CREATE ! APPE>ANCE ( DEMOCRACY 9 ,CO*9*9A1 ! ,FR5* COLONIAL REGIME E/ABLI%$ A FEW 0REPRES5TATIVE0 BODIES SU* AS MUNICIPAL & COLONIAL C\NCILS4 ,!SE BODIES HAD V]Y LIMIT$ P[]S1 & 9 ANY CASE ONLY A T9Y P]C5TAGE ( PROP]TY-[N+ NATIVES W]E ALL[$ TO VOTE1 SO ! ALLOTT$ PORTION ( 9DIG5\S REPRES5TATIVES T5D$ TO BE FAIRLY CONS]VATIVE4 

.<#d.> 9VITATION AU VOYAGE 79VITATION TO TRAVEL73 TITLE ( A ,BAUDELAIRE POEM 7#a#h#e#d74 

.<#d#a.> ,L9E FROM ,BAUDELAIRE'S POEM 0,MOE/A ET ]RABUNDA0 7,SAD & ,RE/LESS7 7#a#h#e#e74 

.<#d#b.> ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#h73 NOTORI\S FRAMEUPS1 N[ UNIV]SALLY DISCR$IT$1 9 :I* MANY ( ! ORIG9AL LEAD]S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY GAVE FALSE & (T5 OBVI\SLY ABSURD 0CONFESSIONS0 & W]E !N %OT4 ,TROTSKY 7!N 9 EXILE7 WAS CONSID]$ ! >* VILLA9 & WAS TRI$ 9 ABS5TIA4 ,! O!R OLD ,BOL%EVIKS CONFESS$ TO CONSPIR+ ) HIM & ) ,WALL ,/REET OR ! ,NAZIS OR ! ,JAPANESE IMP]IAL GOV]NM5T TO ASSASS9ATE ,/AL91 SABOTAGE ,RUSSIAN PRODUCTION1 ETC4 ,! TRIALS HELP$ ,/AL9 GET RID ( POT5TIAL RIVALS & DISC\RAGE ANY RESI/ANCE TO HIS P[]2 BUT ! IDEA ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! ORIG9AL LEAD]S ( ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION HAD BE5 PLOTT+ AGA9/ ! 0,SOVIET REGIME0 = YE>S WAS SO OBVI\SLY ABSURD ?AT IT DISILLUSION$ C\NTLESS ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S & SYMPA?IZ]S >\ND ! WORLD4 

.<#d#c.> ,9DO*9ESE ,CONGRESS MOVEM5T 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g73 AN ATTEMPT TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! ELECTION ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T 9 ,FRANCE BY ORGANIZ+ POPUL> ACTION COMMITTEES ?R\<\T ,9DO*9A :I* W\LD S5D DELEGATES TO MEET 9 A CONGRESS 9 ,SAIGON TO PRES5T DEM&S = IMPROV+ CONDITIONS 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,! IDEA TURN$ \T TO BE V]Y POPUL> & HUNDR$S ( COMMITTEES W]E ORGANIZ$1 BUT ! COLONIAL REGIME SUPPRESS$ ! MOVEM5T BE=E ANY CONGRESS C\LD CONV5E4 

.<#d#d.> ,AUPRES DE MA BLOND3 POPUL> ,FR5* SONG DAT+ FROM ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY4 

.<#d#e.> ,LE ,TEMPS DU MEPRIS 7,DAYS ( ,CONTEMPT73 #aice NOVEL AB\T A ,COMMUNI/ MILITANT IMPRISON$ 9 A ,NAZI CONC5TRATION CAMP4 

.<#d#f.> ,CEL9E'S ,VOYAGE AU B\T DE LA NUIT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#c#b4 ,! PASSAGES QUOT$ >E FROM ,RALPH ,MANHEIM'S TRANSLATION 7,J\RNEY TO ! ,5D ( ! ,NI<T1 ,NEW ,DIRECTIONS1 #a#i#h#c1 PP4 #e#f-#e#g1 #a#i#c-#a#i#d1 #c#d#e7 ) A FEW SLI<T MODIFICATIONS4 ,! LA/ TWO L9ES >E FROM A #aiac POPUL> SONG4 

.<#d#g.> ,L59'S 0,TE/AM5T03 LETT] WRITT5 DUR+ ,L59'S LA/ ILLNESS 9 ,DECEMB] #aibb TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 /AT+ HIS VIEWS ON H[ ! REGIME %\LD PROCE$ FOLL[+ HIS DEA?4 ,! LETT] FEATUR$ A %>P ATTACK ON ,/AL9'S BRUTALITY & DECEITFULNESS & URG$ HIS REMOVAL FROM ! POSITION ( ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,P>TY4 ,IT ALSO CRITICIZ$ ,TROTSKY'S BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES4 ,! 0,TE/AM5T0 WAS SUPPRESS$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S & (FICIALLY ACKN[L$G$ ONLY 9 #aief BY ,KHRU%*EV4 

.<#d#h.> ,! R5[N$ WRIT] ,&RE ,GIDE HAD SYMPA?IZ$ ) ,COMMUNISM1 BUT FOLL[+ A VISIT TO ! ,U,S,S,R 9 #aicf HE EXPRESS$ HIS DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RETURN FROM ! ,U,S,S,R 7#a#i#c#f7 & ,AFT]?\<TS ON ! ,U,S,S,R 7#a#i#c#g74 

.<#d#i.> ,QUOTATION FROM ,VICTOR ,HUGO'S PLAY ,RUY ,BLAS 7#a#h#c#h74 

.<#e.> ,VI*Y GOV]NM5T 7#a#i#d-#a#i#d#d73 A FASCI/IC PUPPET /ATE 9 ! S\!A/]N >EA ( ,FRANCE :I* REMA9$ NOM9ALLY 9DEP5D5T AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,FR5* =CES BY ,NAZI ,G]MANY4 ,M>%AL ,PHILIPPE ,PETA9 WAS HEAD ( /ATE1 & HIS GOV]NM5T COOP]AT$ ) ! ,NAZIS :O HAD OCCUPI$ ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY4 

.<#e#a.> ,! ,9DO*9A COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION WAS PRO-,VI*Y1 SO ! ,JAPANESE OCCUPATION =CES HAD FELT COM=TABLE LEAV+ IT 9 PLACE4 ,AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,VI*Y REGIME 9 ,FRANCE 7,AUGU/ #a#i#d#d71 ! COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION'S LOYALTY TO ,JAPAN BECAME MU* MORE D\BTFUL1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! EV5T ( AN ,ALLI$ 9VASION4 ,! ,JAPANESE ?US FELT OBLIG$ TO TAKE OV] ! DIRECT ADM9I/RATION ( ,9DO*9A & TO PREEMPT A POT5TIAL ,FR5* REBELLION4 

.<#e#b.> ,BAO ,DAI3 ! LA/ EMP]OR ( ,VIETNAM4 ,DUR+ ! ,JAPANESE OCCUPATION HE 0RUL$0 AS A ,JAPANESE PUPPET4 ,9 #aide HE W5T 9TO EXILE1 !N RETURN$ 9 #aidi TO RULE AS A ,FR5* PUPPET DUR+ ! ,9DO*9A ,W>4 ,9 #aiee HE WAS \/$ BY HIS PRIME M9I/]1 ,NGO ,D9H ,DIEM1 & EMIGRAT$ TO ,FRANCE4 

.<#e#c.> ,NAM ,BO 70,S\? ,C\NTRY073 ANO!R NAME = ,CO*9*9A1 ! S\!RN P>T ( ,VIETNAM4 

.<#e#d.> 0,?IRD ,DIVISION03 AN 9DEP5D5T NATIONALI/ ANTICOLONIALI/ >MY 9CLUD+ SURVIV+ MEMB]S ( ! ,V,N,Q,D,D & L$ BY ,NGUY5 ,HOA ,HIEP4 ,! ,DIVISION SOMETIMES HAD AS MANY AS #a#e1 M5 & SUCCESSFULLY F\<T BO? ! ,FR5* & ! ,VIETM9H FROM LATE #aide TO E>LY #a#i#d#f4 ,IT WAS EV5TUALLY =C$ TO DISB& & DISP]SE 9TO ! POPULATION1 9 P>T BECAUSE ! ,VIETM9H HAD BEGUN PROVID+ ! ,FR5* ) 9=MATION ON ITS LOCATIONS & MOVEM5TS4 

.<#e#e.> ,GURKHAS3 ,NEPALESE SOLDI]S S]V+ 9 ! ,BRITI% COLONIAL >MY4 

.<#e#f.> 0,TA ,?U ,?AU'S GR\P03 ,IT IS UNCLE> :AT GR\P ?IS REF]S TO4 

.<#e#g.> ,TRAN ,VAN ,?A*'S F9AL NOTE3 ,?IS PHOTOCOPY WAS S5T TO ,NGO ,VAN BY ,TRAN ,VAN ,?A*'S SON4 ,IT READS3 0,BRO!R ,TWO3 ,I LEAVE MY *ILDR5 9 Y\R H&S4 ,PLEASE TAKE C>E ( !M4 #b#b-#a-#d#e40 

.<#e#h.> ,! ,9DO*9A ,W> -- ! W> BETWE5 ! ,VIETNAMESE 7PRIM>ILY ! ,VIETM9H ONCE IT HAD DE/ROY$ ALL ! RIVAL OPPOSITION =CES7 & ! ,FR5* -- IS USUALLY CONSID]$ TO HAVE BEGUN 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#d#f1 BUT !RE W]E PRELIM9>Y MANEUV]S & SKIRMI%ES DUR+ ! PREVI\S YE>4 ,! ,VIETM9H RECEIV$ AID FROM ,RUSSIA & ,*9A 7AFT] ! ,*9ESE ,/AL9I/S' VICTORY 9 #a#i#d#i71 & ! ,FR5* W]E L>GELY SUPPORT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! W> 5D$ 9 #ai$ ) ! DEFEAT ( ! ,FR5* AT ,DI5 ,BI5 ,PHU4 ,AT ! ,G5EVA ,CONF]5CE 9 ,JULY #a#i#e#d1 ,VIETNAM1 ,CAMBODIA & ,LAOS W]E GRANT$ 9DEP5D5CE4 ,VIETNAM WAS TEMPOR>ILY P>TITION$ BETWE5 ! ,NOR? 7RUL$ BY ! ,VIETM9H7 & ! ,S\? 7RUL$ BY ,EMP]OR ,BAO ,DAI7 P5D+ A NATIONWIDE ELECTION ?AT W\LD UNIFY ! C\NTRY4 ,AFT] DEPOS+ ,BAO ,DAI1 ,S\? ,VIETNAM PRESID5T ,NGO ,D9H ,DIEM REFUS$ TO GO ?R\< ) SU* AN ELECTION1 BE+ AW>E ?AT ! ,VIETM9H W\LD EASILY W9 IT4 ,:5 ! ,VIETCONG 7A NEW 9C>NATION ( ! ,VIETM9H7 BEGAN ATTACK+ ,DIEM'S DICTATOR%IP 9 ! LATE #a#i#eS1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BACK$ ,DIEM ) MONEY1 >MS1 ADVIS]S1 & EV5TUALLY HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( TROOPS4 ,?IS ,SECOND ,9DO*9A ,W> 7#a#i#f-#a#i#g#e71 MORE COMMONLY KN[N AS ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 WAS ULTIMATELY WON BY ! GU]RILLA =CES ( ! ,VIETCONG & ! REGUL> >MY ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 

.<#e#i.> ,WORLD ,)\T ,VISA 7#a#i#d#g73 NOVEL AB\T AN 9T]NATIONAL GR\P ( EXILES /UCK 9 ,VI*Y ,FRANCE DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,! AU?OR1 ,JEAN ,MALAQUAIS1 LAT] TOOK P>T 9 ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ ,GR\P M5TION$ ON P4 #b#c4 

.<#f.> 0,OCTOB]0 GR\P3 ,SO CALL$ FROM ITS #a#i#c#a-#a#i#c#b J\RNAL ,?ANG ,MUOI 7,OCTOB]74 ,AL?\< ?IS IS ! ONLY USE ( ?IS T]M 9 ! PRES5T BOOK1 9 O!R ACC\NTS 7P>TICUL>LY ,TROTSKYI/ ONES CONC]N$ ) RETROSPECTIVELY DI/+UI%+ ! CORRECT OR 9CORRECT L9ES ( DIFF]5T GR\PS7 0! ,OCTOB] GR\P0 OR 0! ,OCTOB] T5D5CY0 IS (T5 US$ 9 A LOOSE G5]AL WAY TO REF] TO ! ONGO+ T5D5CY >\ND ,HO ,HUU ,TUONG1 :I* IS CONTRA/$ ) ! ,LA ,LUTTE GR\P4 ,9 ?IS BROAD S5SE1 ! 0,OCTOB]0 T5D5CY IS SE5 AS 9CLUD+ ! ,LEAGUE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/S = ! ,CON/RUCTION ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 7#a#i#c#e-#a#i#c#i71 ! ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/S = ! ,CON/RUCTION ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 7#a#i#c#f71 ! J\RNAL ,LE ,MILITANT 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g71 ! REVIV$ J\RNAL ,?ANG ,MUOI 7#a#i#c#h-#a#i#c#i71 ! BULLET9 ,?AY ,?O 7#a#i#c#h71 ! ,SAIGON PAP] ,TIA ,SANG 7#a#i#c#i71 & ! REVIV$ ,LEAGUE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/S 7#a#i#d#e-#a#i#d#f74 ,!SE GR\PS & PUBLICATIONS CRITICIZ$ ! ,LA ,LUTTE GR\P = ITS ACCOMMODATIONS ) ! ,/AL9I/S & T5D$ TO PUT MORE /RESS ON UND]GR\ND GRASSROOTS AGITATION2 BUT ! TWO T5D5CIES ALSO OV]LAPP$ & COLLABORAT$ 9 MANY REG>DS4 ,?IS IS PROBABLY :Y ,NGO ,VAN1 ?\< PO9T+ \T P>TICUL> TACTICAL DIFF]5CES 9 P>TICUL> CIRCUM/ANCES1 DID NOT USE ! 0,OCTOB] GR\P0 LABEL1 SO AS NOT TO PRES5T ! HI/ORY AS A SIMPLI/IC /UGGLE BETWE5 TWO DI/9CT RIVAL CURR5TS4 

.<#f#a.> ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU 7#a#h#f#g-#a#i#d73 PIONE]+ ANTICOLONIAL LEAD]4 ,9 #aid HE F\ND$ ! ,VIETNAM ,MOD]NIZATION ,SOCIETY1 :OSE GOAL WAS TO DRIVE ! ,FR5* FROM ,9DO*9A & E/ABLI% A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y UND] ! REBEL PR9CE ,CUONG ,DE4 ,! FOLL[+ YE> HE & ,CUONG ,DE SLIPP$ \T ( ! C\NTRY & W5T TO ,JAPAN1 :I* WAS AT ?AT TIME SE5 AS A POSSIBLE MODEL = ,EA/ ,ASIAN 9DEP5D5CE 7IT HAD A*IEV$ AN IMPRESSIVE MOD]NIZATION DUR+ ! ,MEIJI ,]A & HAD JU/ WON ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE W> ( #a#i#d-#a#i#e74 ,! ,JAPANESE AU?ORITIES DID NOT (F] ANY DIRECT AID = ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU'S MILIT>Y S*EMES1 BUT T5TATIVELY ALL[$ HIM TO ORGANIZE AN 0,EA/]N ,/UDY ,MOVEM5T10 :I* BR\<T MORE ?AN TWO HUNDR$ ,VIETNAMESE /UD5TS TO ,JAPAN TO LE>N AB\T MOD]N DEVELOPM5TS !RE & ELSE:]E 9 ! \TSIDE WORLD1 TO MEET 9SURG5TS FROM ,*9A & O!R ,ASIAN C\NTRIES1 & TO BE ABLE TO DISCUSS ANTICOLONIAL /RATEGIES )\T C5SOR%IP OR FE> ( >RE/4 ,UND] ,FR5* DIPLOMATIC PRESSURE !Y W]E ALL EXPELL$ FROM ,JAPAN 9 #a#i#i4 ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU RELOCAT$ TO ,SIAM & !N TO ,*9A4 ,! #aiaa ,*9ESE REVOLUTION 9FLU5C$ HIM TO GO BEYOND MON>*ISM & 9 #aiab HE =M$ ! ,VIETNAM ,RE/ORATION ,SOCIETY1 D$ICAT$ TO E/ABLI%+ A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC BY MEANS ( >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,OV] ! NEXT FEW YE>S ?IS ORGANIZATION C>RI$ \T OR 9SPIR$ A NUMB] ( ASSASS9ATIONS & ABORTIVE REVOLTS 9 ,VIETNAM1 & ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU WAS S5T5C$ TO DEA? 9 ABS5TIA4 ,9 #aibe HE WAS KIDNAPP$ 9 ,%AN<AI1 BR\<T BACK TO ,VIETNAM & S5T5C$ TO H>D LABOR = LIFE4 ,P>DON$ BY ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL ,V>5NE1 HE LIV$ UND] H\SE >RE/ 9 ,HUE UNTIL HIS DEA?4  

 ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU HAD MADE SOME SIGNIFICANT BREAKS FROM PREVI\S ANTICOLONIAL REVOLTS1 :I* HAD G5]ALLY BE5 LIMIT$ TO REACTION>Y NATIVI/ P]SPECTIVES 7APPEALS = LOYALTY TO ! ,EMP]OR & = ! RE/ORATION ( ! ,CONFUCIAN FEUDAL SY/EM74 ,BUT HIS SOCIAL AW>5ESS WAS M9IMAL1 HIS =EIGN-BAS$ ORGANIZATIONS FAIL$ TO G5]ATE ANY SU/A9$ MOVEM5T )9 ,VIETNAM1 & HIS S*EMES TO ELICIT SUPPORT FROM O!R C\NTRIES 9V>IABLY FELL ?R\<4 ,HIS 9FLU5CE WAS PRIM>ILY AS AN 9SPIR+ SYMBOL ( P]SEV]ANCE 9 ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4  

 ,HE CAN BE CONTRA/$ 9 MANY WAYS ) HIS SLI<TLY Y\NG] CONTEMPOR>Y ,PHAN ,*AU ,TR9H 7#a#h#g#b-#a#i#b#f74 ,:ILE ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU FOCUS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON DRIV+ \T ! ,FR5* )\T PAY+ MU* ATT5TION TO SOCIAL QUE/IONS & WAS UNTIL LATE 9 HIS LIFE QUITE WILL+ TO USE MON>*ISM AS A RALLY+ PO9T1 ,PHAN ,*AU ,TR9H WAS %>PLY OPPOS$ TO MON>*ISM & TO ! :OLE M&>9 FEUDAL SY/EM & WI%$ TO USE C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ,FR5* CULTURE TO *ALL5GE ?AT SY/EM & REVOLUTIONIZE TRADITIONAL ,VIETNAMESE SOCIETY 7HE WAS A GREAT ADMIR] ( ,R\SSEAU & ,MONTESQUIEU74 ,PHAN ,*AU ,TR9H WAS ALSO DUBI\S AB\T ! ADVISABILITY ( VIOL5T /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! F> SUP]IOR ,FR5* =CES1 & FAVOR$ A MORE GRADUAL /RATEGY C5T]$ ON $UCATION & CULTURAL ISSUES4 ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU PO9T$ \T ?AT DESPITE ,FRANCE'S PRET5SE ( 0CIVILIZ+0 ! NATIVES1 ITS COLONIAL SY/EM BRUTALLY REPRESS$ ANY POT5TIALLY SUBV]SIVE $UCATION1 RESI/+ EV5 RA!R M9IMAL ATTEMPTS TO FO/] LIT]ACY1 LET ALONE ANY DISSEM9ATION ( ! VALUES ( ! ,FR5* ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,PHAN ,*AU ,TR9H WAS ALL TOO AW>E ( ?AT BRUTALITY 7HE HAD DONE TIME AT ,P\LO ,CONDORE71 BUT HE NOT$ ?AT ! SCATT]$ ATTEMPTS AT VIOL5T RESI/ANCE 5C\RAG$ BY ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU'S GR\PS HAD L$ TO NO?+ BUT HORR5D\S REPRESSION & DEMORALIZATION4  

 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! TWO LEAD]S' /RATEGIES W]E COMPLEM5T>Y AS WELL AS CONTRADICTORY4 ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU'S ORGANIZATIONS HAD CLOSE CONNECTIONS ) 0FREE S*OOLS0 & 0CULTURE C5T]S0 )9 ,VIETNAM1 :I* SPREAD KN[L$GE ( MOD]N SUBJECTS SU* AS SCI5CE1 GEOGRAPHY & HI/ORY TO ?\S&S ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE & :I* ALSO S]V$ AS C5T]S = PUBLIC DISCUSSION & POPUL> DRAMA & AS LIBR>IES & PUBLI%]S1 DISSEM9AT+ SUBV]SIVE POEMS1 SONGS1 SATIRES1 & TRANSLATIONS ( ,WE/]N WORKS4 ,! MO/ POPUL> SPEAK] AT !SE C5T]S WAS ,PHAN ,*AU ,TR9H 7BE=E HE WAS IMPRISON$ & !N EXIL$ TO ,FRANCE74  

 ,PHAN ,*AU ,TR9H'S *ALL5G+ ( TRADITIONAL VALUES UND\BT$LY HAD A SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE ON ! MULTIFACET$ CULTURAL F]M5T ( ! #a#i#bS2 YET HIS DEA? 9 #aibf IRONICALLY S]V$ AS A CATALY/ = MORE DIRECT POLITICAL CONFRONTATIONS ( ! SORT ?AT HE HAD TRI$ TO AVOID -- CONFRONTATIONS :I* W]E AT ! SAME TIME F> MORE SOCIALLY COMPLEX ?AN ! MILIT>I/IC ATTACKS ?AT HAD BE5 5VISAG$ BY ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU4  

 ,= AN 9=MATIVE ACC\NT ( ?IS E>LY P]IOD1 SEE ,DAVID ,M>R'S ,VIETNAMESE ,ANTICOLONIALISM #a#h#h#e-#a#i#b#e4 

.<#f#b.> FAM9E3 ,9 #aidd & #aide BETWE5 ONE & TWO MILLION PEOPLE DI$ ( />VATION 9 ,TONK9 & NOR!RN ,ANNAM4 ,?IS WAS P>TLY DUE TO BAD WEA!R & TO ! W>1 BUT ALSO TO ! FACT ?AT ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL ,DEC\X HAD HO>D$ OV] #e1 B>RELS ( RICE = PR(ITABLE EXPORT4 

.<#f#c.> 0! FIR/ PR9T$ 444 PUBLICATION03 A REM9D] ( ! DIFFICULTIES ( RADICAL PUBLICATION UND] ! COLONIAL REGIME4 ,MO/ LEAFLETS1 NEWSLETT]S1 ETC41 W]E SECRETLY PRODUC$ BY V>I\S CRUDE =MS ( MIMEOGRAPH+4 

.<#f#d.> #aibi 444 ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY3 ,9 #aibi SEV]AL DIFF]5T 0COMMUNI/0 GR\PS OR T5D5CIES EXI/$ 9 V>I\S REGIONS ( ,VIETNAM1 9CLUD+ ! ,?ANH ,NI51 AN 0,ANNAM ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY0 & AN 0,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40 ,9 #aic MO/ ( !SE GR\PS M]G$ TO =M ! ,VIETNAM ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,ON ,COM9T]N ORD]S1 ?IS NAME WAS *ANG$ TO ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7SEE ,FOOTNOTE #c#f74 ,! #aibi ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY REF]R$ TO H]E WAS ! E>LI] GR\P4 

.<#f#e.> ,NAVILLE & ,R\SSET HAD AB&ON$ ! ,TROTSKYI/ P>TY ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ! ,/AL9I/S W]E C>RY+ \T ! REVOLUTION ?R\< !IR PO/W> TAKEOV] ( ,EA/ ,EUROPE & HAD !REBY UND]M9$ ! BASIS ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ POSITIONS4 ,NGUY5 ,VAN ,L9H IMPLI$ ?AT HE & HIS COMRADES HAD NOT 5DUR$ ! BRUTAL /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! ,/AL9I/S ONLY TO CAPITULATE TO !M ON SU* A BIZ>RE & FLIMSY 0!ORETICAL0 BASIS4 

.<#f#f.> ,QUOTATION FROM ,*9H ,PHU ,NGAM 7,LAM5T ( A ,SOLDI]'S ,WIFE71 AN EI<TE5?-C5TURY POEM BY ,DANG ,TRAN ,CON4 

.<#f#g.> ,= REASONS BO? P]SONAL & POLITICAL1 ,NGO ,VAN SAID V]Y LITTLE AB\T HIS FAMILY 9 HIS PUBLI%$ WRIT+S4 ,BY ! TIME HE EMIGRAT$ TO ,FRANCE HE HAD BECOME E/RANG$ FROM ! P>TN] M5TION$ ON P4 #a#h4 ,HE HAD ?REE *ILDR53 SON ,DO 7BORN #a#i#c#b71 DAU<T] ,OANH 7BORN #a#i#c#e71 & SON ,DA 7BORN #a#i#d#c74 ,DA JO9$ ,VAN 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#e#f4 ,DO WAS AMONG ! 0BOAT PEOPLE0 :O ESCAP$ FROM ,VIETNAM DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#gS 7HE TOO CAME TO ,FRANCE74 ,OANH /AY$ 9 ,VIETNAM & DID NOT SEE H] FA!R AGA9 UNTIL #a#i#i#g1 DUR+ ! TRIP M5TION$ 9 ,HEL5E ,FLEURY'S 9TRODUCTORY ESSAY4 

.<#f#h.> ,AU PAYS D',HELOISE CONSI/S ( SEV]AL FRAGM5T>Y *APT]S4 ,! EXC]PTS TRANSLAT$ 9 ! PRES5T BOOK HAVE BE5 RE>RANG$ & 9 A FEW CASES COND5S$4 ,?IS P>AGRAPH1 = EXAMPLE1 IS A V]Y BRIEF SUMM>Y ( A SEV]AL-PAGE ACC\NT 9 ! ORIG9AL BOOK AB\T ! TRIBULATIONS ( ,VIETNAMESE DRAFT$ 9TO ,EUROPEAN S]VICE DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,NGO ,VAN'S FRI5D ,DANG ,VAN ,LONG LAT] WROTE A :OLE BOOK ON ! TOPIC3 ,NGUOI ,VIET O ,PHAP #a#i#d-#a#i#e#d 7,! ,VIETNAMESE 9 ,FRANCE1 #a#i#d-#a#i#e#d7 7,P>IS3 ,T,S ,N<I5 ,CUU1 #a#i#i#g74 

.<#f#i.> ,L9ES FROM ,BAUDELAIRE'S POEM 0,L',HORLOGE0 7,! ,CLOCK7 7#a#h#f74 

.<#g.> ,QUOTATION FROM ,M>X'S ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY 7#a#h#d#g71 ,*APT] #a1 ,P>T #b4 

.<#g#a.> ,S\RCE ( QUOTATION UNKN[N4 

.<#g#b.> ,MAXIMILI5 ,RUBEL 7#a#i#e-#a#i#i#f73 ,BORN 9 :AT IS N[ ,UKRA9E1 ,RUBEL EMIGRAT$ TO ,VI5NA1 !N TO ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,HE WAS NOT$ = HIS NUM]\S WORKS REEXAM9+ ,M>X'S ACTUAL WRIT+S & POSITIONS1 AS OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( ! V>I\S MOVEM5TS CLAIM+ TO BE 0,M>XI/40 ,9 >TICLES SU* AS 0,M>X AS A ,!ORI/ ( ,AN>*ISM10 HE %[$ H[ ! /ATE-SOCIALI/ CURR5TS 7,L59ISM1 ,TROTSKYISM1 ,/AL9ISM1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ETC47 >E 9CONSI/5T ) ,M>X'S P]SPECTIVE1 & 9 P>TICUL> H[ ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] 9 #aiag WAS QUITE ! CONTR>Y ( ! AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS 5VISAG$ BY ,M>X4 ,AFT] ,RUBEL'S DEA?1 ,NGO ,VAN PUBLI%$ A SMALL BOOK 9 MEMORY ( !IR YE>S ( FRI5D%IP & %>$ /RUGGLES3 ,AVEC ,MAXIMILI5 ,RUBEL1 UNE AMITIE1 UNE LUTTE #a#i#e#d-#a#i#i#f4 

.<#g#c.> ,I,C,O3 ,F\ND$ 9 #aieh 7ORIG9ALLY UND] ! NAME ,9=MATIONS ET ,LIAISONS ,\VRI]ES71 ,I,C,O /EMM$ FROM A SPLIT 9 ! ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE GR\P4 ,AFT] ! DISSOLUTION ( ,I,C,O 9 #a#i#g#c1 SOME ( ITS P>TICIPANTS1 9CLUD+ ,NGO ,VAN1 C>RI$ ON SIMIL> ACTIVITIES & PUBLICATIONS 9 ! 0,E*ANGES ET ,M\VEM5T0 NETWORK1 :I* WAS =M$ 9 #aige & IS /ILL ACTIVE4 

.<#g#d.> 0,LITTLE ,R$ ,BOOK03 ,QUOTATIONS FROM ,*AIRMAN ,MAO4 ,NGO ,VAN LAT] WROTE A CRITIQUE ( ?IS COLLECTION & ( ,MAOISM 9 G5]AL 7SEE ,BIBLIOGRAPHY1 P4 #b#d#h74 

.<#g#e.> ,C,F,D,T 7,CONF$]ATION ,FRANCAISE ,DEMOCRATIQUE DU ,TRAVAIL_/,FR5* ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR73 SOCIALI/-LEAN+ NATIONAL LABOR UNION4 

.<#g#f.> ,C,G,T 7,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL_/,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR73 NATIONAL LABOR UNION DOM9AT$ BY ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

.<#g#g.> 0KN[ H[ TO 5D A /RIKE03 ,9 #a#i#c#f1 DUR+ ! /RIKES ACCOMPANY+ ! ELECTION ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LEAD] ,MAURICE ,?OREZ DECL>$1 0,WE MU/ RECOGNIZE :5 IT'S TIME TO T]M9ATE A /RIKE IF \R DEM&S >E MET1 & :5 IT'S TIME TO CONS5T TO A COMPROMISE IF NOT ALL ( !M >E WON40 ,! ,FR5* EXPRESSION1 0,IL FAUT SAVOIR T]M9] UNE GREVE10 CAN ALSO BE UND]/OOD AS 0,WE MU/ KN[ H[ TO 5D A /RIKE10 & EV] S9CE ?AT TIME ?IS ACCID5TAL CONFESSION ( UNION BUREAUCRATS' ACTUAL CONS]VATIVE ROLE HAS BE5 S>CA/ICALLY EVOK$ BY RADICAL WORK]S4 

.<#g#h.> ,GR5ELLE ,ACCORDS3 AN AGREEM5T NEGOTIAT$ ,MAY #b#e-#b#g1 #a#i#f#h1 AT ! ,M9I/RY ( ,SOCIAL ,AFFAIRS ON ,RUE DE ,GR5ELLE 9 ,P>IS BY ,JACQUES ,*IRAC 7REPRES5T+ ! GOV]NM5T71 ,GEORGES ,SEGUY 7REPRES5T+ ! LABOR UNIONS71 & ! ,FR5* ,CONF$]ATION ( ,BUS9ESS ,5T]PRISES 7REPRES5T+ ! BOSSES74 ,! AGREEM5T1 :I* CALL$ = A #b#e.0 9CREASE 9 ! M9IMUM WAGE1 A #a.0 9CREASE 9 AV]AGE REAL WAGES1 & SOME O!R B5EFITS1 WAS REJECT$ BY ! RANK-&-FILE WORK]S4 

.<#g#i.> ,WALDECK-,RO*ET3 HEAD ( ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4  

,COMMUN>DS3 P>TISANS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7#a#h#g#a74  

,V]SAILLES3 SEAT ( ! ,FR5* ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC GOV]NM5T ?AT MASSACR$ ! ,COMMUN>DS4 

.<#h.> ,U,N,E,F 7,UNION ,NATIONALE DES ,ETUDIANTS DE ,FRANCE73 ,FR5* ,NATIONAL ,/UD5T ,UNION4  

,M>* #b#bND ,MOVEM5T3 ECLECTIC RADICAL /UD5T ORGANIZATION CREAT$ ON ,M>* #b#b1 #a#i#f#h4 ,! AN>*I/ ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT WAS ITS MO/ FAM\S SPOKESP]SON1 BUT IT ALSO 9CLUD$ ,TROTSKYI/S1 ,MAOI/S1 ETC4 

.<#h#a.> ,TET ,(F5SIVE3 ,A NATIONALLY COORD9AT$ MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN LAUN*$ BY ! ,VIETCONG ON ,JANU>Y #c1 #aifh 7,VIETNAMESE ,NEW ,YE>74 ,AL?\< ! CAMPAIGN WAS V]Y CO/LY 9 ,VIETCONG LIVES1 IT SUCCE$$ 9 %OCK+ & DEMORALIZ+ ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC1 MAK+ IT MORE DIFFICULT = ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T TO CLAIM ?AT VICTORY WAS JU/ >\ND ! CORN]4 

.<#h#b.> ,ALLUSION TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,W> ,CRIMES ,TRIBUNAL 7#a#i#f#f-#a#i#f#g7 ORGANIZ$ BY ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL & ,JEAN-,PAUL ,S>TRE4 

.<#h#c.> ,! 0POPUL> S5TIM5T0 WAS A WIDESPREAD ANTI-,AM]ICANISM1 NOT ONLY ON ! P>T ( ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY SUPPORT]S BUT ALSO BY ,PRESID5T DE ,GAULLE1 :O WAS /RIV+ TO C>VE \T AN 9DEP5D5T POSITION 7E4G4 BY )DRAW+ ,FRANCE FROM ,N,A,T,O7 & 9 ! PROCESS ALIGN+ ,FRANCE CLOS] TO ! ,COMMUNI/ BLOC4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,APP5DIX1 ,P>T #e -- ,UPDAT$4 

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