,9 ,! ,TRADITION 
,:]E ,\R ,POLITICS ,COMES ,FROM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,TEXT 3 

,A,C,F3 ! FIR/ T5 YE>S 

,! ,%,I,P,W,R,E,C,K ,( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM 9 ! LATE #gS MEANT ?AT !RE WAS NO 
AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION1 NOT EV5 A SKELETAL ONE1 ?AT C\LD RELATE TO ! 
RIOTS ( #aiha & TO ! M9]S /RIKE ( #a#i#h#d-#e AS WELL AS TO MOBILIZATIONS LIKE ! 
,/OP ! ,CITY ACTIONS ( #a#i#h#d4 ,BUT 9 AUTUMN #aihd TWO COMRADES1 ONE A VET]AN ( ! 
,O,R,A_/,A,W,A_/,L,C,G1 HAD RETURN$ FROM ,FRANCE :]E !Y HAD BE5 LIV+ & WORK+ & 
:]E !Y HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,A DECISION WAS 
MADE TO SET UP ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,DISCUSSION ,GR\P 7,L,C,D,G7 ) ! AIM ( 
CREAT+ A SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION4 ,COPIES ( ! ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN 
,COMMUNI/S1 LEFT OV] FROM ! ,A,W,A_/,L,C,G DAYS1 W]E DI/RIBUT$ TO BOOK%OPS1 ) A 
CONTACT ADDRESS = ! ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNI/ ,DISCUSSION ,GR\P 7,A,C,D,G74 ,PROGRESS WAS 
SL[1 UNTIL CONTACT ) ! COMRADE :O PRODUC$ ,VIRUS1 A DUPLICAT$ MAGAZ9E ?AT 
DEF9$ ITSELF AS 0,AN>*O-SOCIALI/04 ,?IS COMRADE HAD BROK5 ) ! POLITICS ( ! ,S,W,P 
& RAPIDLY MOV$ 9 AN AN>*I/ DIRECTION4 ,AP>T FROM ITS S5SE ( HUMOR1 ,VIRUS WAS 
DEF9$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T BY ITS CRITIQUES ( ,L59ISM & ( ,M>XISM-NOT SURPRIS+ 
CONSID]+ ! COMRADE'S PA/ EXP]I5CES4 ,FROM ISSUE #e ,VIRUS BECAME ! M\?PIECE 
( ! ,L,C,D,G1 & !RE W]E A S]IES ( >TICLES ON LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION4 ,O!R PEOPLE 
W]E ATTRACT$ TO ! GR\P1 & IT TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO ! ,A,C,D,G1 :I* PROCLAIM$ A 
LONG-T]M AIM ( SETT+ UP A NATIONAL AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS CAME MU* 
SOON] ?AN EXPECT$1 ) ! GR[? ( ! GR\P1 & A SPL9T] FROM ! ,DIRECT ,ACTION 
,MOVEM5T1 ,SYNDICALI/ ,FI<T1 M]G+ ) ! GR\P4 ,9 ,M>* #aihf ! ,AN>*I/ 
,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION WAS (FICIALLY F\ND$1 ) AN AGRE$ SET ( AIMS & PR9CIPLES 
& CON/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE ?AT HAD BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 ! PREVI\S SIX MON?S4 

,VACUUM 

,?OSE AN>*I/S :O F\ND$ ! ,A,C,F FELT ?AT !RE WAS A VACUUM 9 ! MOVEM5T NOT 
FILL$ BY EI!R ! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ,MOVEM5T 7,D,A,M7 OR ,CLASS ,W>4 ,! OBJECTIONS TO 
AN>*O-SYNDICALISM :I* W\LD BECOME MORE DEF9$ 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S1 PRECLUD$ 
US JO9+ ,D,A,M4 ,:IL/ WE WELCOM$ ! IMAG9ATIVE APPROA* ( ,CLASS ,W>1 WE SAW ?AT 
!Y LACK$ A /RATEGY = ! CON/RUCTION ( A COH]5T NATIONAL ORGANIZATION & = ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( !ORY4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICS ( ! ,A,C,F IS DEALT ) TO A GREAT EXT5T 9 ! 
ACCOMPANY+ >TICLE ON ,ORGANIZE6 ,:AT %\LD BE REM>K$ UPON IS ! QUANTUM LEAP 
?AT ! ,A,C,F MADE 9 ITS CRITIQUE ( ! UNIONS4 ,A CRITIQUE ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS 
DEEP5$ & /R5G!N$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,A,C,F BROKE ) ! IDEAS ( RANK-&- 
FILISM :I* HAD *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,O,R,A_/,A,W,A_/,L,C,G P]IOD1 AS WELL AS ANY FALSE NOTIONS 
AB\T NATIONAL LIB]ATION & SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,?AT ?IS WAS A*IEV$1 & A*IEV$ ON 
A COLLECTIVE LEVEL1 SEEMS TO HAVE SURPRIS$ SOME ( \R CRITICS4 ,= !M1 ANY DEVELOPM5T 
( POLITICS MU/ 9VOLVE VICI\S 9FI<T+ & SPLITS1 ACCU/OM$ AS !Y >E TO ,BOL%EVIK 
WAYS ( FUNCTION+4 ,?AT ?IS WAS A*IEV$ )\T SU* A SPLIT PO9TS TO ! 9CREAS+ 
POLITICAL MATURITY ( ! ,A,C,F4 ,! OV]ALL !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,A,C,F WAS LI<T 
YE>S AHEAD ( MO/ >TICLES PRODUC$ 9 ! PREVI\S P]IOD4 ,?IS IS VITALLY IMPORTANT4 ,= 
,AN>*I/-COMMUNISM TO SURVIVE IT MU/ DEVELOP BO? ITS !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,9 ?IS 
RESPECT ! ,A,C,F HAS MADE IMPORTANT /EPS =W>D4 

,UNLIKE ! PREVI\S ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,A,C,F HAS MA9TA9$ A C]TA9 /ABILITY4 ,IT HAS 
SURVIV$ ! LA/ T5 YE>S 9 TIMES ( GREAT POLITICAL 9ACTIVITY 7,DESPITE HI< PO9TS ( 
/RUGGLE LIKE ! ANTI-,POLL ,TAX MOVEM5T74 ,! NUMB] ( MILITANTS FULLY COMMITT$ TO ! 
ORGANIZATION HAVE 9CREAS$ & ! ,A,C,F HAS A MU* MORE /ABLE BASE ?AN IT HAD AT ITS 
F\NDATION4 

,! ,A,C,F HAS ALSO DEVELOP$ ITS POLITICS ?R\< ! COLLECTIVE PREP>ATION ( A ,MANIFE/O 
& ,PROGRAM :I* WILL BE PUBLI%$ ?IS YE>4 ,! ,A,C,F HAS ANALYZ$ ! *ANGES 9 
CAPITALISM & DEVELOP$ A /RATEGY :I* IT BELIEVES CAN BE ( USE 9 HELP+ RE-CREATE A 
REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,! ANALYZES DEVELOP$ 9 ! PAGES ( ,ORGANIZE6 & )9 ! ,A,C,F 9 G5]AL HAVE 
HAD !IR EFFECT ON :AT PASSES = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA94 ,! ORGANIZATIONAL 
MOVES ?AT ,CLASS ,W> 9/IGAT$ 7TURN+ ITSELF FROM A PAP] GR\P 9TO AN ORGANIZATION7 
W]E 9FLU5C$ TO A GREAT EXT5T BY ! /RONG >GUM5TS = ! CON/RUCTION ( 
REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS )9 ! PAGES ( ,VIRUS ,SIMIL>LY ! ,AIMS & 
,PR9CIPLES ( BO? ! ,SCOTTI% ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION & ! ,TYNESIDE ,AN>*I/ ,GR\P 
W]E 9FLU5C$ TO AN EXT5T BY ! POLITICS ( ! ,A,C,F4 

,/RONG CONTRIBUTION 

,! ,A,C,F HAS MADE A /RONG CONTRIBUTION1 ALONG ) ?AT ( O!R GR\PS & 
ORGANIZATIONS1 TO ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,?IS IS 
P>T ( A LONG-T]M PROCESS DAT+ BACK TO ! #gS1 :5 ! /RUGGLE BEGAN TO RECLAIM ! 
MOVEM5T FROM ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ANY TALK ( CLASS ANALYSIS1 7& = ?AT MATT] ( 
REVOLUTION ITSELF7 & (F]$ V>I\S V]SIONS ( PACIFISM1 LIB]ALISM1 9DIVIDUALISM1 & 
GRADUALISM4 ,:IL/ !SE ELEM5TS /ILL EXI/1 ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES CLASS /RUGGLE 
AN>*I/S HAS 9CREAS$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,?IS ( C\RSE CANNOT JU/ BE PUT D[N TO ! 
!ORETICAL ILLUM9ATIONS ( ONE OR SEV]AL GR\PS1 BUT TO ! />K REALITY ( ! RUL+ CLASS 
ATTACK 9 ! LA/ #b YE>S4 

,SO MU* = SOME ( ! POSITIVE PO9TS ( ! ,A,C,F EXP]I5CE4 ,:AT ( ! NEGATIVE 
PO9TS ( ! ,A,C,F BALANCE-%EET8 

,! ,A,C,F REMA9S A COMP>ATIVELY SMALL ORGANIZATION4 ,ITS DESIRE TO CREATE OR BE ! 
COMPON5T ( A L>GE REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION & MOVEM5T HAS FAIL$ TO HAPP54 
,MANY >E PUT (F JO9+ A GR\P :]E A /RONG COMMITM5T & A LOT ( DET]M9ATION >E 
REQUIR$4 ,MANY LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES >E AS YET UNCONV9C$ ( ! NE$ TO CREATE A 
SPECIFIC LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y REMA9 TI$ TO ! IDEAS ( LOCAL GR\PS1 
OR AT BE/ REGIONAL F$]ATIONS LOOSELY L9K$1 BE+ ADEQUATE = ! V]Y DIFFICULT TASKS ( 
9TRODUC+ LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & PRACTICES TO ! MASS ( ! POPULATION4 
,!Y REMA9 UNCONV9C$ ( ! NE$ = A UNIFI$ /RATEGY & PRACTICE1 = IDEOLOGICAL 
& TACTICAL UNITY & COLLECTIVE ACTION AS WE 9 ! ,A,C,F HAVE 9SI/$ UPON CONSI/5TLY4 
,SOME REMA9 MESM]IZ$ BY ! MY?S ( NATIONALISM & NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 SOME BY 
ILLUSIONS 9 ! UNIONS4 ,!Y SEEM TO BE UNCONV9C$ = ! NE$ = A PUBLICATION1 
DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T ,BRITA91 UND] ! CONTROL ( ITS WRIT]S & SELL]S :I* C\LD BE AN 
EFFECTIVE WEAPON 9 ! FI<T TO DEVELOP ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,( C\RSE SOME LOCAL 
GR\PS OR REGIONAL F$]ATIONS PRODUCE SOME F9E PUBLICATIONS1 & WE 9 ! ,A,C,F W\LD 
5C\RAGE ! PROLIF]ATION ( ALL SORTS ( PROPAG&A & DISCUSSION PUBLICATIONS1 :E!R 
!Y MI<T BE BAS$ ON A T[N1 A DI/RICT1 A WORKPLACE OR 9DU/RY1 OR AIM$ AT A P>TICUL> 
9T]E/ GR\P4 ,BUT ALONGSIDE ?IS MU/ BE A PUBLICATION ?AT ADDRESSES ITSELF & RESPONDS 
TO ! NE$S & PROBLEMS ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE ON A ,BRITA9-WIDE BASIS4 

,AS WE NOT$ 9 ,VIRUS #i1 9 LATE #a#i#h#f-E>LY #aihg 30,!RE HAS BE5 LITTLE %>+ ( 
EXP]I5CES AMONG LIB]T>IANS 9 V>I\S CAMPAIGNS & /RUGGLES4 ,EV5 ON SOME?+ 
AS BASIC AS A DEMON/RATION1 LIB]T>IANS HAVE M>*$ SEP>ATELY & 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( 
! DEMON/RATION04 ,?IS /ILL REMA9S TRUE TODAY1 DESPITE SEV]AL ATTEMPTS BY ! ,A,C,F OV] 
! YE>S TO 5C\RAGE COORD9ATIONS1 & EV5 7/ILL7 ON BASIC ?+S LIKE A UNIT$ 
CONT+5T ON A DEMO4 ,LIB]T>IANS REMA9 )9 !IR SEP>ATE LOCAL GR\PS & 
ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!RE IS LITTLE DIALOGUE & LITTLE ATTEMPT = UNIT$ ACTIVITY1 = =UMS & 
DEBATES :]E !SE >E POSSIBLE4 

,& YET NOT S9CE ! PRE-,WORLD ,W> #a P]IOD & ! LATE #fS HAS !RE BE5 SU* A 
POT5TIAL = ! GR[? ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! COLLAPSE ( 
,/AL9ISM1 ! *ANGES )9 SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY-9CLUD+ ! ,BRITI% V>IETY ( ,LABORISM- 
) ! 5D ( WELF>ISM1 & ! EFFECTS ( BO? ( !SE ON ,TROTSKYISM1 HAVE CREAT$ A 
SPACE :I* REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S MU/ FILL4 ,?AT IS :Y WE WILL CONT9UE TO >GUE = A 
SPECIFIC1 UNIFI$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION1 = COORD9ATION & DIALOGUE BETWE5 
LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES1 = A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 ,WE WILL CONT9UE TO >GUE = 
!SE ) DET]M9ATION4 ,ONE ( ! PO9TS WE HAVE ALWAYS MADE IS ?AT AN ,AN>*I/ 
MOVEM5T CANNOT BE BUILT OV]NI<T1 ?R\< BLU/]1 HYPE OR /UNTS4 ,/EADY1 CONSI/5T 
WORK C>RI$ \T ) PATI5CE & DOGG$ DET]M9ATION1 UNGLAM\R\S & NOT READILY 
REW>D+ AS IT MAY SEEM1 IS :AT A MOVEM5T IS BUILT ON4 ,& WE ?9K ?AT SU* AN 
APPROA* WILL EV5TUALLY PAY (F4 

,\R FRI5DS1 CRITICS & 5EMIES %\LD ALL TAKE NOTE4 ,WE DO NOT 9T5D TO GO AWAY4 ,WE WILL 
CONT9UE TO WORK T[>DS ! GREATE/ IDEA HUMANITY HAS EV] ?\<T & DREAM$ (4 
,= US ! VISION ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1 9 :I* ALL >E FREE & EQUAL & LIVE 9 
H>MONY ) EA* O!R & ) NATURE1 IS SOME?+ WOR? FI<T+ =4 ,IT CONT9UES TO 
BE AN 9SPIRATION = US1 A LI<?\SE 9 ! D>KNESS ( ! HUMAN NI<T4 ,WE WILL CONT9UE 
TO HOLD AL(T PR\DLY ! R$ & BLACK BANN] ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 

,/& ) US6 ,JO9 US6 

,FROM #a/ 9T]NATIONAL @& UP TO ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

,!ORETICAL UND]/&+ 

,?IS >TICLE IS NEI!R A FAMILY TREE NOR A SY/EMATIC OV]VIEW ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS OV] ! LA/ #ae YE>S1 BUT RA!R AN ATTEMPT TO GIVE RECOGNITION TO ?OSE :O HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO \R POLITICAL UND]/&+4 ,AN AU!NTIC REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IS ALWAYS 9 A /ATE ( DEVELOPM5T1 BUILD+ UPON :AT HAS GONE BE=E IT & TRY+ TO MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO A CORE ( IDEAS & PRACTICE :I* REMA9S AT ! V]Y C5T] ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,!ORY1 \R UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD1 HASN'T EVOLV$ 9 A /RAI<T L9E1 BUT HAS RA!R DEVELOP$ 9 FITS & />TS RELATIVE TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE ITSELF4 ,(T5 LESSONS LE>N$ APPE> TO BE 'LO/' & !N 'F\ND' AGA9 YE>S LAT]4 ,REVOLUTION>IES APPE> TO HAVE SOMETIMES SP5T TIME REPEAT$LY RE-9V5T+ ! :EEL4 ,EV5TS 9 ONE C\NTRY MAY REMA9 ALMO/ UNKN[N 9 O!RS = L+UI/IC & O!R REASONS4 ,GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS MAY BE APPROA*+ SIMIL> CONCLUSIONS FROM DIFF]5T />T+ PO9TS1 UNAW>E ( EA* O!R'S EF=TS4 ,IDEOLOGICAL ANIMOSITIES (T5 ) B>ELY RATIONAL BASES MAY MEAN SU* EF=TS NEV] B5EFIT FROM ! CROSS-POLL9ATION ( IDEAS4 

,! ,A,C,F EM]G$ 9 #a#i#h#e_/#h#f 7AS ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,DISCUSSION ,GR\P7 AS AN ATTEMPT TO REM$Y ! LACK ( COH]5T CLASS POLITICS & ORGANIZATION AMONG ,BRITI% AN>*I/S4 ,BEYOND ?AT OBJECTIVE ! ,A,C,F HAD TO DEF5D AN UNDOGMATIC APPROA*1 :IL/ REJECT+ A HAPHAZ>D ECLECTICISM :I* W\LD GU>ANTEE POLITICAL P>ALYZES4 

,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 

0,! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS ! TASK ( ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF0 

,?IS MOTTO ( ! ,I,W,M,A1 PROBABLY P5N$ BY ,K>L ,M>X1 DEF9$ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>IES :O VIEW$ ! WORK+ CLASS TO BE ! AG5T ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 7,M>X1 ,BAKUN97 & ?OSE :O SAW ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! TASK ( O!R =CES 7,! ,UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/S1 ,PR\DHONI/S & ! ,BLANQUI/S74 ,! DIVISION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL BETWE5 ! 'COMMUNI/S' 7! ,M>XI/S7 & ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S 7AN>*I/S7 CREAT$ TWO 'W+S' ( SOCIALISM4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ,M>XI/S 7SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ,L59I/S7 HAVE PAID LIP S]VICE TO ! MOTTO ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL :IL/ ACT+ TO NEGATE IT 9 PRACTICE4 ,DESPITE ALL MANN]S ( CONFUSIONS1 TACTICAL DEAD-5DS & BETRAYALS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S HAVE REMA9$ LOYAL TO IT4 

,! ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S 

,NO ,A,F BOOK/ALL IS COMPLETE )\T AT LEA/ A FEW ( ! CLASSICS ( :AT MI<T BE T]M$ TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ ?\<T4 

,AL?\< ,BAKUN91UNABLE TO 5VISAGE A COMMUNISM )\T ! /ATE1 HAD BE5 A COLLECTIVI/ & HAD DEF5D$ A =M ( EX*ANGE ECONOMY1 BY ! #a#h#hS ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAD REJECT$ ,PR\DHONI/IC ECONOMICS 9 FAVOR ( COMMUNISM4 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 IS RI<TLY CONSID]$ ! LEAD+ EXPON5T ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM EI!R SIDE ( ! TURN ( ! #a#i? ,C5TURY & HIS BOOK1 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( BREAD 7#a#h#h#h7 IS G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS ! MO/ COG5T WORK ( 9SURRECTION>Y1 AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT ANY REVOLUTION :I* FAIL$ TO IMM$IATELY COMMUNIZE SOCIAL RELATIONS1 EXPROPRIATE ! B\RGEOISIE & ABOLI% ! WAGES SY/EM WAS B\ND TO RECREATE A =M ( PRIVATE PROP]TY BAS$1 EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY4 ,! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S ATTACK$ ! NOTION ( A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! CONT9UATION ( ! MONEY SY/EM1 EV5 IF CA% HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY LABOR V\*]S OR O!R TOK5S4 ,UNLIKE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T1 = :OM ! CONT9UATION ( WAGE LABOR1 UND] /ATE CONTROL1 WAS CONSID]$ A C5TRAL FEATURE ( 'SOCIALISM'1 ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S >GU$ = A SOCIETY BAS$ UPON ! IDEA ( ',FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO NE$'4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T 

,AN>*I/ COMMUNISM HAD ITS P>TISANS 9 MO/ P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO LI/ EV5 A FRACTION ( :O MADE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO ! E>LY !ORY & MOVEM5T BUT NOTABLE >E ,C>LO ,CAFI]O1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON & ,KOTOKU ,%USUI4 ,)9 ! MOVEM5T !RE EXI/$ V>I\S TACTICAL DIFF]5CES4 ,AT A DEEP] LEVEL !RE W]E DIVISIONS BETWE5 PRO-ORGANIZATION CURR5TS1 SU* AS ?OSE >\ND ! =M] SOCIAL DEMOCRAT ,M,P ,JOHANN ,MO/ & ,]RICO ,MALATE/A & ANTI-ORGANIZATION CURR5TS1 SU* AS ?OSE >\ND ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI4 ,ON ! QUE/ION ( TRADE UNIONISM & SYNDICALISM !RE W]E ALSO DIVISIONS4 ,AL?\< A MAJORITY ( AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S SUPPORT$1 CRITICALLY OR O!RWISE1 ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 ! E>LY CRITICS ( ANY ID5TIFICATION ( AN>*ISM ) SYNDICALISM1 SU* AS ,MALATE/A1 HAD A PR(\ND 9FLU5CE UPON ! E>LY ,A,C,F AS WE LOOK$ AT AN>*I/ CRITICISMS ( TRADE UNIONISM4 ,9DE$1 ,MALATE/A'S PRAGMATIC AN>*ISM HAS BE5 IMPORTANT TO ! ,A,F 9 MANY >EAS4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE 

,! DOM9ATION ( RE=MI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T WASN'T ONLY *ALL5G$ BY AN>*I/S4 ,9 MANY C\NTRIES ANTI-P>LIAM5T>I/ OPPOSITIONS DEVELOP$ & 9 ,BRITA9 A SECTION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE1 A SPLIT FROM ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION DEF5D$ AN ANTI-/ATI/ COMMUNI/ POSITION1 REJECT+ EQUALLY ! POLICY ( NATIONALIZATION PUT =W>D BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y CONDEMN$ 0,/ATE SOCIALISM1 BY :ATEV] NAME IT IS CALL$1 :OSE AIM IT W\LD BE TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS :ILE LEAV+ ! PRES5T SY/EM ( CAPITAL & WAGES /ILL 9 OP]ATION40 ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE #a#h#h#e4 

,! ,ANTI-/ATI/ COMMUNI/S1 :O 9CLUD$ ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS & ,JOSEPH ,LANE1 W]E AMONG ! E>LIE/ CRITICS ( TRADE UNIONISM1 :I* !Y LIK5$ TO ! GREASE ?AT OILS ! 'MA*9E ( EXPLOITATION'4 ,9 HIS 'ANTI-/ATI/ COMMUNI/ MANIFE/O' ( #ahhg ,LANE DESCRIB$ ! TRADE UNIONS AS 0BECOM+ LITTLE BETT] ?AN B5EFIT SOCIETIES4440 & REJECT$ ! CAMPAIGN = ! #h H\R DAY AS A 'PALLIATIVE MEASURE'4 ,= ! LIKES ( ,MORRIS1 SOCIALISM OR COMMUNISM WASN'T AB\T %ORT] WORK+ H\RS1 WELF>E RELIEF OR BETT] WAGES1 BUT WAS AB\T CREAT+ ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* PEOPLE C\LD LIVE DIFF]5TLY4 ,! DESIRE TO LIVE DIFF]5TLY IS C5TRAL TO1 = EXAMPLE1 \R ,MANIFE/O = ! ,MILL5NIUM4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS1 ,FEBRU>Y & ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 %OOK ! WORLD & SP>K$ A WAVE ( /RUGGLES ACROSS ! GLOBE4 ,!SE EV5TS W]E 9SPIRATIONAL TO ! WORK+ CLASS & TO AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S :O HAD OPPOS$ ! SLAU<T] ( ! ',GREAT ,W>'4 ,! SOVIETS 7C\NCILS7 & ! FACTORY COMMITTEES1 :I* EM]G$ AS ORGANS ( WORK+ CLASS P[] 9 ! WORKPLACE & 9 SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 REPRES5T$ A BREAK ) P>LIAM5T>ISM & B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[]1 :I* HAD ! TACIT SUPPORT ( ! MO/ ACTIVE WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS1 QUICKLY REVEAL$ ITSELF AS AN USURPATION ( P[] FROM ! WORK+ CLASS & ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' EM]G$ AS ACTUALLY A DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT AS ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,! OPPOSITION TO ! USURPATION ( P[] WASN'T LONG 9 COM+ FROM ! WORK]S & FROM REVOLUTION>IES1 9CLUD+ SOME )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY ITSELF4 ,! FACTORY COMMITTEES :I* WORK]S HAS ORGANIZ$ TO RUN 9DU/RY CO-ORD9AT$ RESI/ANCE & ADVOCAT$ 'WORK]S CONTROL' AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( 'ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T'4 ,! WORK]S HOP$ TO KEEP DECISION MAK+ AT ! GRASS-ROOTS LEVEL4 ,:IL/ NOT ! SAME AS COMMUNIZATION1 !SE ATTEMPTS AT WORK]S SELF-MANAGEM5T W]E1 AT LEA/ EXAMPLES ( SELF-ACTIVITY & ATTEMPTS AT E/ABLI%+ AUTONOM\S WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION AGA9/ ! /ATE & ! IMPOSITION ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T AS ADVOCAT$ BY ,L594 

,! AN>*I/S 

,! ,RUSSIAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ATTACK$ ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS BEGUN 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 CALL+ = ! 0IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ITS REPLACEM5T BY A SOCIALI/ SY/EM ON AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ L9ES04 ,CONSID]+ ! TRADE UNIONS 7:I* W]E DOM9AT$ BY ,M5%EVIK SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & ,BOL%EVIKS7 0DEAD ORGANIZATIONS0 !Y DESCRIB$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEES AS ! 0FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONAL =M ( ! 5TIRE WORK]S' MOVEM5T0 UPON :OSE %\LD]S 0! REVOLUTION HAS PLAC$ ! TASK ( RECON/RUCT+ ECONOMIC LIFE ALONG COMMUNI/ L9ES04 ,PROGRAM ( ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,CONF]5CE1 ,MOSC[ ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#h4 

,E>LI] ?AT YE> )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 ! SO-CALL$ ',LEFT' COMMUNI/S1 CRITICIZ$ ! POLICY ( ! P>TY :I* SMO!R$ ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! WORK]S SAY+ 0SOCIALISM & ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( WORK WILL EI!R BE BUILT BY ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 OR IT WILL NOT BE BUILT AT ALL2 BUT !N SOME?+ ELSE WILL BE ]ECT$1 NAMELY /ATE CAPITALISM40 ,KOMMUNI/ ,NO4#b1 ,APRIL #a#i#a#h4 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T 

,9 ! ,UKRA9E FROM #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a ! IMPOSITION ( /ATE CAPITALISM WAS RESI/$ GUN 9 H& BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ! ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY L$ BY ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO4 ,:5 NOT 5GAG$ 9 COMBAT ) ! L& [N]S1 ,G]MAN ADV5TUR]S1 ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/S OR ! ',R$' >MY1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 5C\RAG$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( VOLUNT>Y 0WORK+0 COMMUNES ( PEASANTS & WORK]S4 ,AL?\< !SE1 LIKE ! FACTORY COMMITTEES1 W]E EXPRESSIONS ( WORK+ CLASS SELF-ACTIVITY !Y W]E UNABLE TO ATTEMPT A TOTAL COMMUNIZATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS PRIOR TO !IR DE/RUCTION BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,IF SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY IS IMPOSSIBLE1 SOCIALISM 9 ONE REGION IS LIKEWISE4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! ,RUSSIAN & ,UKRA9IAN REVOLUTIONS REMA9 AN 9SPIRATION = US AS !Y %[ ! POT5TIALITY ( WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION & ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM 

,! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION 7#a#i#a#h-#b#c7 SAW REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS BY WORK]S TO SET UP ORGANS ( C\NT]-P[] SU* AS T]RITORIAL C\NCILS & WORKPLACE COMMITTEES4 ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ !MSELVES 9 !SE CLASS MOVEM5TS1 TRY+ TO PU% !M AS F> AS !Y W\LD GO4 ,! C\NCILS W]E1 H[EV]1 DOM9AT$ 9 MO/ >EAS BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATS :OSE AIM WAS TO E/ABLI% A 7CAPITALI/7 REPUBLIC & PUT !MSELVES 9TO P[]4 ,:]E ?+S GOT \T ( CONTROL ! 'SOCIALI/S' HAD NO HESITATION 9 US+ ! MO/ REACTION>Y MILIT>I/ ELEM5TS TO MURD] ! REBELS & CRU% ! 9CIPI5T REVOLUTION4 

,! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ,G]MAN C\NCILS L$ SOME REVOLUTION>IES TO VIEW WORK]S C\NCILS AS ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( WORK]S SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,MO/ ( !SE ADVOCATES ( C\NCIL REVOLUTION HAD BE5 ON ! EXTREME LEFT ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES ( ,G]MANY & ,HOLL& 7PEOPLE LIKE ,OTTO ,RUHLE1 A =M] SOCIAL DEMOCRAT ,M,P7 OR 9 SMALL GR\PS 9 OPPOSITION TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & TO ! WORLD W> 7SU* AS ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/S ( ,G]MANY 7,I,K,D774 ,ORIG9ALLY DEF9+ !MSELVES AS LEFT COMMUNI/S1 !Y W]E LOYAL TO ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION & ! NEW ,COMMUNI/ 9T]NATIONAL BUT CRITICAL ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y & TRADE UNION POLICY ( ! ,L59I/S4 ,AGA9/ ELECTORALISM !Y PRON\NC$ 0,ALL P[] TO ! WORK]S C\NCILS0 & 5C\RAG$ WORK]S TO AB&ON ! TRADE UNIONS & =M '9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS' ?AT W\LD BE EXPLICITLY ANTI-CAPITALI/4 

,H>D AS ,/EEL1 ,CLE> AS ,GLASS 

,! LEFT COMMUNI/S1 DESPITE BE+ 9 A MAJORITY1 W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! FL$GL+ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #aib & F\ND$ !IR [N ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY1 ) >\ND #d1 MEMB]S4 ,! NEW P>TY V[$ TO BE 0,AS H>D AS /EEL1 AS CLE> AS GLASS01 CONSI/+ ( ONLY ! MO/ RESOLUTE COMMUNI/S4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY1 IT REJECT$ ! IDEA ( 'LEAD]%IP POLITICS'1 CALL$ = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 NOT ! P>TY1 & OPPOS$ ! IDEA ( '9JECT+' CONSCI\SNESS 9TO ! WORK+ CLASS FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,ALL ( ?IS E>N$ ,L59'S IRE & HIS ',LEFT ,W+ ,COMMUNISM2 ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD]' SP5DS MU* TIME ATTACK+ ! LEFT COMMUNI/S' 0AN>*I/0 DEVIATIONS4 

,SOME LEFT COMMUNI/S1 :O AFT] A DEF9ITIVE BREAK ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 BECAME KN[N AS C\NCIL COMMUNI/S1 REJECT$ ! IDEA ( SEP>ATE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS & CREAT$ A 'UNIT>Y' 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION TO P>ALLEL ?AT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY4 ,O!RS REJECT$ ANY?+ BUT ! LOOSE/ =M ( ORGANIZATION & 5D$ UP BE+ LITTLE MORE ?AN 9DIVIDUALI/S4 

,MO/ ( ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S CONSID]$ !MSELVES ,M>XI/S & MANY %>$ A COMMON CONTEMPT = AN>*ISM1 CONSID]+ IT A 'PETIT-B\RGEOIS' IDEOLOGY4 ,! ,G]MAN CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*I/S AT ?IS TIME W]E V]Y /RONG1 ?\< (T5 DIVID$4 ,AFT] #a#i#b#e1 SECTIONS ( ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T WORK$ TOGE!R ) ! AN>*I/S 9 'ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN BLOCS'4 

,! POSITIVE LEGACY ( ! LEFT _/,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S MU/ BE !IR !ORETICAL BREAK?R\<S 9 !IR ANALYSIS ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY & 9 !IR UND]/&+ ( ! C5TRALITY ( WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,!IR NEGATIVE LEGACY CAN BE SUMM$ UP 9 ! FETI%IZATION ( ! C\NCIL =M1 AT ! EXP5SE ( ITS ACTUAL CONT5T AT ANY GIV5 TIME4 ,?IS L$ TO ! IDEOLOGY ( 'C\NCILISM'1 :I* T5D$ TO SEE ! C\NCILS AS ! ANSW] TO ALL PROBLEMS1 A MIRROR IMAGE ( ! ,L59I/ FETI%IZATION ( ! ,P>TY =M4 ,DESPITE !IR FAIL+S1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS & ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ !ORY >E V]Y IMPORTANT = ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 

,! ,A,P,C,F 

,! ',BRITI%' CONTRIBUTION TO ! C\NCIL COMMUNI/ TRADITION IS MA9LY ! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION 7,A,P,C,F71 :I* FROM #aiba UNTIL ! MID-#a#i#dS DEF5D$ SIMIL> POLITICS TO ?OSE DESCRIB$ ABOVE4 ,! ,A,P,C,F1 H[EV]1 DESCRIB$ ITSELF AS 0AN>*O-M>XIAN0 & ATTEMPT$ TO UTILIZE :AT IT SAW AS ! BE/ 9 BO? 'TRADITIONS'4 

,DUR+ ! 9T]-W> YE>S IT WAS ! MO/ CONSI/5T AMONG A SMALL NUMB] ( GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS :O DEF5D$ A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ POLITICS & WAS ONE ( ! FEW CURR5TS TO OPPOSE ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO ON REVOLUTION>Y 9T]NATIONALI/ GR\NDS1 DESCRIB+ ALL ! BELLIG]5T /ATES1 9CLUD+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 AS IMP]IALI/4 

,! ,PLAT=M 

',!RE IS NO S+LE HUMANITY1 !RE IS A HUMANITY1 ( CLASSES1 SLAVES & MA/]S'4 ,! #aibf ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/S WAS )\T D\BT ! MO/ REM>KABLE CONTRIBUTION TO AN>*I/ POLITICS & PRACTICE = P]HAPS A QU>T] ( A C5TURY4 ,WRITT5 BY ,PIOTR ,>%9OV1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 ,IDA ,METT & O!R REVOLUTION>Y REFUGEES FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 ! ,PLAT=M WAS UNCOMPROMIS+1 COH]5T & TI<TLY >GU$4 ,IT CON/ITUT$ A TURN+ PO9T 9 AN>*ISM1 A BREAK ) ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL T5D5CIES1 :I* HAD PLAGU$ ! MOVEM5T LIKE A 0YELL[ FEV]04 ,! ,PLAT=M >GU$ ?AT ! AN>*I/S HAD TO BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T !IR TASK AS ! 0ORGANIZ$ VANGU>D0 ( ! WORK+ CLASS6 ,:IL/ ! ,A,F HAS NEV] DESCRIB$ ITSELF AS A ,PLAT=MI/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,PLAT=M HAS S]V$ TO 9OCULATE US FROM ! 0YELL[ FEV]0 & WE 5DORSE ITS CALL = !ORETICAL & TACTICAL UNITY4 

,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

0,!RE CAN BE ABSOLUTELY NO COMMON GR\ND BETWE5 EXPLOIT]S & EXPLOIT$ :I* %ALL PREVAIL1 ONLY BATTLE CAN DECIDE4 ,B\RGEOISIE OR WORK]S4 ,C]TA9LY NOT BO? ( !M AT ONCE04 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#c#h4 

,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & REVOLUTION ILLUM9AT$ TWO FACTS4 ,ONE1 ?AT APOLITICAL AN>*ISM IS B\ND TO FAIL4 ,TWO1 ?AT ANTI-FASCISM IS US$ BY P>T ( ! RUL+ CLASS TO UNITE ! WORK+ CLASS 9 DEF5SE ( DEMOCRATIC CAPITALISM4 

,! /ATE ( 'DUAL P[]' :I* EXI/$ FOLL[+ ! E>LY P>T ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY & ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,REPUBLIC ZONE1 9EVITABLY GAVE WAY TO ! DOM9ATION ( ! ,REPUBLICAN-,/AL9I/-,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT B\RGEOISIE4 ,! OPPORTUNITY TO CRU% ! REPUBLICAN & NATIONALI/ B\RGEOISIE WAS A REAL ONE = >M$ WORK]S & PEASANTS BUT ! P[] ( ! /ATE REMA9$ 9TACT & ! 9ITIATIVES ( ! AN>*I/S RAPIDLY UND]M9$4 ,! LA/ ATTEMPT TO RE-ASS]T ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ MASSES TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! ,MAYDAYS ( #a#i#c#g4 ,! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I1 ) ITS 'AN>*I/' M9I/]S TO ! =E1 CALL$ (F ! ESCALAT+ CLASS W> & ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION WAS DEAD4 ,! DISSID5T ,C,N,T-,F,A,I MILITANTS1 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURUTTI1 SUMM$ IT UP SAY+ ?AT 'DEMOCRACY DEFEAT$ ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 NOT FASCISM'4 ,ANTIFASCI/ ,SPA9 HAD DE/ROY$ ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & PAV$ ! WAY = ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 

,W,W#b & AFT]3 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 ,HUNG>Y '#e#f1 ,SOLID>ITY1 ,NOIR ET ,R\GE1 LEAD+ UP TO ,MAY '#f#h 

,F,E,W ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,$ ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L GR\PS OPPOS$ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> FROM A CLASS POSITION4 ,?OSE M9ORITIES :O DID 9CLUD$ ! AN>*I/S1 C\NCIL COMMUNI/ 7! REMNANTS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#bS 9 ,G]MANY1 ,HOLL& & ELSE:]E7 & LEFT COMMUNI/S SU* AS ! ,BORDIGI/S 7,ITALIAN COMMUNI/S 9 EXILE :O SUPPORT$ ! POSITIONS ( ! FIR/ LEAD] ( ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY74 ,9 OCCUPI$ ,EUROPE !SE GR\PS W]E ISOLAT$ & FAC$ GREAT DANG]S 9 TRY+ TO CONT9UE ANY POLITICAL 9T]V5TION4 ,DUR+ ! W> YE>S !ORET6ICAL DEVVELOPM5TS W]E UND]/&ABLY LIMIT$1 MILITANTS W]E TOO BUSY DODG+ BULLETS1 ! DRAFT ETC4 ,FOLL[+ ! !SIS ( !IR DECEAS$ LEAD]1 ! ,TROTSKVI/S PR$ICT$ ! 9EVITABLE COLLAPSE ( ! PO/W> ,SOVIET ,UNION TO B>B>ISM CAPITALISM OR ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION 7READ *ANGE (' LEAD]%IP7 :I* W\LD PUT ,RUSSIA BACK ON ! ROAD TO SOCIALISM4 

,SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CONS5SUS 

,OPTIMISM AB\T POSSIBILITIES = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! W> WAS %>$ BY MANY ON ! LEFT1 AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S 9CLUD$4 ,MEMORIES ( ! WAVE ( REVOLUTION AT ! 5D ( ! FIR/ WORLD W> REMA9$4 ,H[EV]1 ! WAY ! PRE-W> REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY HAD BE5 SMA%$1 & ! DOM9ANCE ( ?OSE 'H]OES ( ! RESI/ANCE'1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY4 MEANT ?AT UPHEAVAL WAS LIMIT$ TO /RIKE MOVEM5TS RA!R ?AN 9SURRECTIONS4 ,B5EFIT+ FROM ! ECONOMIC BOOM BR\<T BY PO/W> RE/RUCTUR+1 A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CONS5SUS PREVAIL$ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE ONCE P[]FUL WORK]S' MOVEM5TS W]E N[ UND] ! ,/AL9I/ JACKBOOT1 HAV+ BE5 'LIB]AT$' BY ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,SO4 MANY REVOLUTION>IES FELT ! NE$ TO REASSESS ! SOCIALI/ PROJECT 9 LI<T ( ! DEVELOPM5TS OV] ! PA/ #c YE>S4 ,9 #a#i#d#f4 A DISSID5T FACTION DEVELOP$ )9 ! ,FR5* SECTION ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 :OSE LEAD+ LI<TS 9CLUD$ ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS4 ,CLAUDE ,LE=T & ,FRANCOIS ,LYOT>D4 ,!IR MOVEM5T AWAY FROM ,TROTSKYI/ OR?ODOXY L$ !M TO LEAVE ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL &1 9 #a#i#d#e4 TO LAUN* A J\RNAL1 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE 7,SOCIALISM OR ,B>B>ISM7 :I* REJECT$ ! ,TROTSKYI/ IDEA ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A 0DEG5]AT$ WORK]S /ATE04 ,RA!R1 ,SO,B >GU$ ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UIION WAS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,9 ITSELF1 ?IS WAS H>DLY A REVELATION1 AFT] ALL ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAD BE5 *>ACT]IZ$ AS SU*1 BY AN>*I/S & LEFT COMMUNI/S1 AS E>LY AS #a#i#b#a1 ,:AT WAS 9NOVATIVE WAS ! IDEA DEVELOP$ BY ,SO,B ( ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( SOCIETY AS A UNIV]SAL PH5OM5ON4 ( :I* ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS A P>TICUL> V>IATION 70TOTALIT>IAN0 AS OPPOS$ TO 0FRAGM5T$0 AS 9 ! ,WE/74 ,?IS !ORY ( BUREAUCRATIZATION HAD CONSEQU5CES = ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( ,SO,B'S POLITICS4 ,E>LY MEET+S ( ,SO,B W]E ATT5D$ BY -- AMONG O!RS -- ,FR5* ,BORDIGI/S1 ,FONT5IS & FELL[ COMRADES1 & BY ! PEOPLE :O W\LD LAT] SET UP ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! MEET+S MU/ HAVE BE5 V]Y 9T]E/+6 

,AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE 

,O!R ?AN ANALYZ+ ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ! GR\P ALSO FOCUS$ ON ! IMPORTANCE ( WORK]S' AUTONOM\S /RUGGLES AGA9/ !IR (FICIAL 'REPRES5TATION'1 SU* AS ! ,LABOR & ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES4 BUT P>TICUL>LY AGA9/ ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,CA/ORIADIS MADE NO ATTEMPT TO HIDE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 9 HIS UND]/&+ ( SOCIALISM AS SOME?+ ! WORK+ CLASS DOES4 RA!R ?AN SOME?+ ?AT IS DONE TO IT OR IS =C$ UPON IT BY OBJECTIVE CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,! PO/ W> BOOM :I* %[$ LITTLE SIGN ( ABAT+ L$ SOME )9 ,SO,B1 P>TICUL>LY BUT NOT ONLY ,CA/ORIADIS1 TO BELIEVE ?AT CAPITALISM HAD OV]COME ITS T5D5CY TO FALL 9TO P]IODIC CRISIS & ?AT1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE PO9T$ TO A DIFF]5T CRISIS1 NAMELY ?AT ( ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE UND] BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM4 ,= ,CA/ORIADIS4 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! [N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! WORK]S HAD BE5 SUP]S$$ BY ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ORD]-GIV]S & ORD]-TAK]S1 BETWE5 ! BUREAUCRACY & ?OSE :O C>RY \T ! ORD]S ( ! BUREAUCRATS4 ,! /RUGGLE1 !RE=E1 HAD COME D[N TO ! /RUGGLE OV] :O MANAGES PRODUCTION1 ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES OR ANO!R /RATA4 ,9 T]MS ( APPROA* TO ORGANIZATIONAL CONC]NS4 ,SO,B />T$ (F FROM A P>TYI/ P]SPECTIVE HUT BECAME MORE SPONTANEI/ UNTIL ITS DEMISE 9 #a#i#f#f4 ,CA/ORIADIS HIMSELF DROPP$ \T ( POLITICAL LIFE TO BECOME A PR(ESSIONAL 9TELLECTUAL 7A CRITICAL PSY*OLOGI/ NO LESS674 ,SOON AFT]1 ,FRANCOIS ,LYOT>D F\ND WELL-PAID WORK DEF5D+ CLASS SOCIETY & !ORETICAL CRET9ISM AS A GURU ( PO/-MOD]NISM4 ,9 #a#i#f#c1 ,SO,B SPLIT & A GR\P KN[N AS ,P\VOIR ,\VRI] 7,WORK]S' ,P[]4 NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! ,BRITI% ,TROT GR\P7 EM]G$1 CRITICAL ( ! 'NEW' CLASS ANALYSIS1 >GU+ = A MORE 'TRADITIONAL' CLASS ANALYSIS & ! NE$ = A VANGU>D-TYPE ORGANIZATION NOT SO F> REMOV$ FROM ?AT ( ! ,TROTSKYI/S4 ,?IS GR\P %[$ H[ A POLITICAL CURR5T CAN GET IT HALF RI<T6 

,PLAT=MISM 

,! 9FLU5CE ! ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMNIUNI/S 7SEE ',9 ! TRADITION3 P>T ONE'7 WAS FELT P>TICUL>LY /RONGLY 9 ,FRANCE & ! DEBATE BETWE5 ,PLAT=MI/S & ,SVN!SI/S RAG$ 9 ,FRANCE ?R\<\T ! #a#i#cS1 ,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> PUT !SE >GUM5TS ON ICE = A TIME BUT !Y IMM$IATELY RESURFAC$ ) ! COM+ ( 'PEACE'4 ,! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION BECAME1 = A TIME1 DOM9AT$ BY ,PLAT=MI/S4 *ANG+ ITS NAME TO ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,C,L7 & EXCLUD+ ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ! *ANGES4 ,! ,F,C,L EMPHASIZ$ 5GAGEM5T 9 ! DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLES ( ! EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$ & AN OPPOSITION TO PHILOSOPHICAL NAVEL-GAZ+4 

,MANIFE/O ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM 

,9 #a#i#e#c4 ,GEORGES ,FONT5IS ( ! ,F,C,L PUBLI%$ ! ,MANIFE/O ( ,LIBET>IAN ,COMMUNISM4 ,! ,MANIFE/O1 :I* REMA9$ UNTRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% UNTIL ALMO/ #ce YE>S LAT]1 REMA9S PROBABLY ! MO/ COH]5T EXAMPLE ( ,PLAT=MI/ WRIT+ AVAILABLE4 ,9 IT1 ,FONT5IS P[]FULLY >GUES ?AT AN>*ISM IS A PRODUCT ( SOCIAL & CLASS /RUGGLE & NOT AN 0AB/RACT PHILOSOPHY0 OR 09DIVIDUALI/ E?IC04 ,RA!R1 HE /ATES1 0,IT WAS BORN 9 & \T (' ! SOCIAL & IT HAD TO WAIT = A GIV5 HI/ORIC P]IOD & A GIV5 /ATE ( CLASS ANTAGONISM = AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ ASPIRATIONS ?AT ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE & ,NOIR ET ,R\GE TO %[ !MSELVES CLE>LY = ! PH5OM5ON OR REVOLT TO RESULT 9 A COH]5T & COMPLETELY REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTION40 ,! ,MANIFE/O LIKE ! ,PLAT=M BE=E IT1 DEF5D$ !ORETICAL UNITY2 TACTICAL UNITY2 COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITV & A COLLECTIVE ME?OD ( ACTION1 ORGANIZ$ ?R\< A SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION4 ,:IL/ IT REJECT$ ! NOTION ( ! ',DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT' AS A T]M TOO OP5 TO 9T]PRETATION TO BE ( USE1 ! ,MANIFE/O WAS VIEW$ BY SOME TO LEAN TOO MU* T[>DS A ,L59ISM SANS ,L594 

,NOIR ET ,R\GE & ! ,GR\PES ,AN>*I/ES D',ACTION ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE 

,9 #a#i#e#e1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*I/ ,ACTION ,GR\PS 7,G,A,>7 SPLIT FROM ! ,F$]ATION ,COMMUNI/E ,LIB]TAIRE 7,F,C,L71 UNHAPPY ) ALL DIRECTION ! ,F,C,L WAS TAK+ 79CLUD+ FLIRTATIONS ) 'REVOLUTION>Y' ELECTORALISM671BUT WI%+ TO CONT9UE TO DEF5D ,PLAT=MISM4 ,! GR\P LAUN*$ A MAGAZ9E ,NOIR ET ,R\GE 7,BLACK & ,R$7 9 #a#i#e#f1 :I* CONT9U$ UNTIL #a#i#g4 ,! GR\P *ANG$ ITS NAME TO ,NOIR ET ,R\GE 9 #aifa & A YE> LAT] SOME ( ?OSE 9VOLV$ REJO9$ ! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION4 ,NOIR ET ,R\GE HAD AS !IR 9ITIAL AIM TO 0,PREP>E ! BASIS ( A REJUV5AT$ AN>*ISM & 9 ORD] TO DO ?IS ! GR\P ATTEMPT$ A REAPPRAISAL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CES ( ! #b? C5TURY1 P>TICUL>LY ! EXP]I5CES ( WORK]'S' C\NCILS 9 ,RUSSIA & ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION BUT ALSO ?OSE ( ,HUNG>Y #aief & ! MORE REC5T ATTEMPTS AT 'SELF-MANAGEM5T' 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA & ,ALG]IA4 ,?IS L$ ! GR\P1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] #a#i#f#a1 TO CRITICIZE ALL 'TRADITIONAL' REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 9CLUD+ ,PLAT=MISM4 ,IT W\LD APPE> W]E CONV]G+ FROM V]Y DIFF]5T BACKGR\NDS DUR+ ! #a#i#eS & E>LY #a#i#fS4 ,UNLIKE ! MAJORITY ( ! ,G,A,>1 ! MAGAZ9E GR\P TURN$ AWAV FROM A /RESS ON ORGANIZATION T[>DS A MORE SPONTANE\S APPROA*4 ,UNLIKE ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE H[EV]4 LITTLE ( !IR WRIT+ WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE & SO !IR PIONE]+ ATTEMPTS TO 'REJUV5ATE' AN>*ISM >E ALMO/ UNKN[N \TSIDE ,FRANCE4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ 9FAM\S ASSOCIATE ( ,NOIR ET ,R\GE WAS ,DANIEL ,COHN--,B5DIT4 ',DANNY ! ,R$'4 :O W\LD PLAY A ROLE AS SPOKESP]SON = ! ,MAY EV5TS 9 ,FRANCE4 ,NOIR ET ,R\GE1 LIKE ,SO,B1 & ! ,SITUATIONI/S 7SEE BEL[7 HAD AN IMPORTANT 9FLU5CE ON ! BUILDUP TO ,MAY #fh & ! EV5TS !MSELVES1 DESPITE ! LIMIT$ CIRCULATION ( !IR IDEAS & PUBLICATIONS4 ,SOME?+ WOR? REMEMB]+ :5 PLODD+ ON ) \R ACTIVITIES & PROPAG&A4 

,GRUPPI ,AN>*ICI D',AZIONE ,PROLET>IA 

,9 PO/W> ,ITALY1 AN>*I/S 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,PLAT=MI/ TRADITION & BY ! CRITICAL ,M>XISM ( ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ ,K>L ,KORS* EM]G$4 ,!Y OPPOS$ ! DIRECTION ( ! L>GE SYN!SI/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I71 :I* WAS BEG9N+ TO REJECT CLASS ANALYSIS 9 FAVOR ( A VAGUE HUMANI/IC V]SION ( AN>*ISM4 ,UNLIKE ! ,FR5* ,PLAT=MI/S1 ! ,ITALIANS DECID$ TO SPLIT (F FROM ! ,F,A,I & =M !IR [N ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS ( ,PROLET>IAN ,ACTION 7,G,A,A,P7 9 #a#i#d#i_/#e4 ,!Y EMPHA6SIS$ ! NE$ = A RIGOR\S POLITICAL APPROA*1 AN 5GAGEM5T ) ,M>XISM1 & DEF5D$ ! CLASS BASIS ( AN>*ISM4 ,MU* ( !IR 5]GY WAS 5GAG$ 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM1 9 ! %APE ( ! MASSIVE ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,ON AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL !Y CALL$ = ! OP5+ ( A REVOLUTION>V ',?IRD ,FRONT' AGA9/ ,AM]ICAN ANC ,SOVIET IMP]IALISM & W]E P>T ( ! %ORT-LIV$ ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ALONGSIDE COMRADES 9 ,FRANCE & ,SPA94 ,ISOLAT$ FROM TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM & ULTIMATELY M>G9ALIZ$ BY ,/AL9ISM 9 A P]IOD ( L[ CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! ,G,A,A,P EV5TUALLY M]G$ ) ,AZIONE ,COMUNI/A1 A CONF$]ATION ( DISSID5T ,TROTSKVI/1 ,BORDIGI/ & =M] ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MILITANTS1 FROM :I* !Y W]E AFT] A %ORT TIME EFFECTIVELY EXPELL$4 ,?IS L$ TO ! GR\P'S DIS9TEGRATION4 

,HUNG>Y #aief 

,! ,HUNG>IAN UPRIS+ ( #aief CAME AS A BREA? ( FRE% AIR AGA9/ ! /9K ( ,/AL9ISM & HAD REP]CUSSIONS WORLD-WIDE1 9SPIR+ MANY SOCIALI/S ( ! PO/W> G5]ATION TO QUE/ION NOT ONLY ! VALIDITY ( 'ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM' BUT TO ASK 0:AT IS ! CONT5T (' SOCIALISM80 ,! !SIS ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE CONC]N+ ! ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC NATURE ( AU!NTIC SOCIALISM SEEM$ ACUTELY RELEVANT4 ,! GR\P ITSELF TOOK ! VIEW ?AT3 0444 OV] ! CO9+ YE>S1 ALL SIGNIFICANT QUE/IONS WILL BE COND5S$ 9TO ONE3 >E Y\ = OR AGA9/ ! ACTION & ! PROGRAM ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S80 ,SO :AT EXACTLY WAS ! ,HUNG>IAN ,RESOLUTION & :Y WAS IT SU* A TURN+ PO9T8 ,HUNG>Y 9 #aief WAS UND] ! GOV]NM5T ( ,IM] ,NAGY1 A WAT]$-D[N ,/AL9I/ 5TRU/$ BY ,MOSC[ TO 'LIB]ALIZE' ,HUNG>Y TO PUT A SECURE LID ON SOCIAL DISCONT5T4 ,DESPITE HIS 'RE=MS'1 ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION 9 ! NAME ( SOCIALISM CONT9U$ TO 5G5D] OPPOSITION4 ,ON #b#cRD ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#f1 FOLL[+ A MOBILIZATION 9 ! CAPITAL1 ,BUDAPE/1 BY /UD5TS DEM&+ MOD]ATE RE=M1 SOME ( A #b1 CR[D ( DEMON/RATORS ATTACK$ ! /ATE RADIO /ATION & SO BEGAN ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLT1 ,IF /UD5TS & 9TELLECTUALS HAD PROVID$ ! SP>K1 IT WAS ! WORK+ CLASS :O C>RI$ ! FLAME & MADE SURE ?AT ! >RIVAL ( ,SOVIET TANKS WAS MET ) FI]CE RESI/ANCE4 ,OV] ! NEXT FEW DAYS A WAVE ( 9SURRECTION>Y F]VOR 5VELOP$ ,HUNG>Y AS WORK]S LEFT !IR FACTORIES & (FICES TO TAKE P>T 9 ASSAULTS UPON ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! LOCAL 'R$ B\RGEOISIE' & !IR SECRET POLICE4 ,WORK]S' C\NCILS EM]G$ 9 EV]Y 9DU/RIAL C5T]1 EFFECTIVELY TAK+ P[] AT ALL LEVELS4 ,!SE C\NCILS COORD9AT$ AT A LOCAL & REGIONAL LEVEL & ATTEMPT$ TO REALIZE A =M ( WORK]S' CONTROL 9 ! WORKPLACES4 ,! 'PROGRAM' (' ! WORK]S' C\NCILS V>I$ FROM >EA TO >EA BUT NO:]E DID !Y CALL = ! RE9TRODUCTION ( FREE M>KET CAPITALISM4 ,! LIMITATIONS ( !IR =M ( WORK]S' CONTROL NEV] HAD TIME TO %[ !MSELVES AS ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION1 FAIL+ TO SPREAD BEYOND ITS NATIONAL BORD]S1 ESS5TIALLY SUCCUMB$ TO ! MILIT>Y MI<T ( ! ,SOVIET >MY4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ! C\NCILS1 :I* DEVELOP$ SPONTANE\SLY4 )\T ! LEAD]%IP ( ANY VANGU>D P>TY & :I* )9 A MATT] ( DAYS TOOK RESPONSIBILITY = PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION & COMMUNICATION ON A NATIONAL LEVEL HAD AN 5ORM\S IMPACT ON ?OSE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WILL+ TO SEE PA/ ,/AL9I/ LIES AB\T AN ATTEMPT$ 'CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION' BY 'NATIONALI/S'4 ,:ATEV] ! LIMITATIONS ( ! C\NCILS PROGRAM1 ! FACT ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS HAD ONCE MORE %[N ITS CAPACITY = AUTONOM\S ACTION WAS AN 9SPIRATION = ?OSE FI<T+ = WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,SOLID>ITY 

,?REE YE>S LAT] 9 ,BRITA91 A CURR5T DEVELOP$1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 :I* BROKE ) ,TROTSKYISM 79 ?IS CASE ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,LEAGUE L$ BY ,G]RY ,HEALY74 ,ORIG9ALLY CALL$ ,SOCIALISM ,REAFFIRM$1 ! GR\P W\LD BECOME KN[N AS ,SOLID>ITY & EXI/ 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R = ALMO/ #c YE>S4 ,AL?\< 9ITIALLY SEE+ ITSELF AS A ,M>XI/ GR\P CRITICAL ( ! ,BOL%EVIK H]ITAGE1 IT SOON DEVELOP$ ITS [N *>ACT] AS A 'NATIONAL ORGANIZATION' ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S4 ,9 #aifa IT PUBLI%$ AN ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ! KEY /ATEM5T ( ! ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE GR\P & CONSEQU5TLV PUBLI%$ MU* ( ! WRIT+ ( ,CA/ORIADIS 7UND] ! P5 NAME ,PAUL ,C>DAN71 9CLUD+ HIS PO/-#a#i#f#d WORK4 ,LIKE ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,SOLID>ITY DEF5D$ ! NE$ = WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ( SOCIETY1 BUT NOT ALL ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION FULLY ACCEPT$ HIS NOTION ( ! NEW REVOLUNTION>Y 'SUBJECT' BE+ 0ORD] TAK]S0 RA!R ?AN PROLET>IANS4 ,! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7SEE BEL[7 SUGGE/$ ?AT1 ?ANKS TO ,SOLID>ITY'S TRANSLATOR4 ! GR\P RECEIV$ ,CA/ORIADIS' WORK 0444 LIKE ! LI<T ?AT >RIVES ON ,E>? FROM />S ?AT HAVE ALREADY LONG BURN$ \T0 & W]E UNAW>E ?AT ! F\ND] ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE HAD LONG S9CE DI$1 POLITICALLY SPEAK+4 ,AL?\< ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION G5]ALLV REJECTS ! T]M 'SELF-MANAGEM5T' ) ALL ITS AMBIGUITY4 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT MANY PEOPLE )9 ,SOLID>ITY 9T]PRET$ ! T]M AS MEAN+ ! 5D ( PRODUCTION = SALE OR EX*ANGE4 ,:ATEV] ,SOLID>ITY'S WEAKNESSES 7NOT LEA/ !IR FAIRLY LAX ATTITUDE TO MA9TA9+ AN 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION & !IR LACK ( POLITICAL DIRECTION AFT] !Y EFFECTIVELY SPLIT >\ND #a#i#h74 ,SOLID>ITY WAS 9VOLV$ 9 IMPORTANT REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY & PUBLI%+ = AT LEA/ #b ( ITS #c YE>S1 PRODUC+ A WEAL? ( LIT]ATURE DEF5D+ A COH]5T VISION ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ?AT WAS UNAVAILABLE ELSE:]E4 ,COMP>$ TO MANY ( ! 'CLASS /RUGGLE' AN>*I/S 9 ,BRITA9 DUR+ ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 !Y DEVELOP$ A CONSI/5T BODY ( POLITICS ?AT RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ = WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION \TSIDE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC & ,L59I/ MODELS4 

,! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 

,! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS =M$ 9 #a#i#e#g1 FROM ! UNIFICATION ( ?REE AVANT-G>DE >TI/IC_/CULTURAL GR\PS4 ,= ! FIR/ FIVE YE>S ( ITS EXI/5CE1 ITS MA9 !ORETICAL FOCUS WAS ON DEVELOP+ A CRITIQUE ( >T1 CULTURE1 T[N PLANN+ & ANV?+ ELSE ?AT !Y CONSID]$ WOR? CRITIQU+4 ,ONLY 9 #a#i#f#b4 DID ! GR\P -- :I*1 AL?\< NUM]ICALLY SMALL4 WAS GEOGRAPHICALLY SPREAD ACROSS ,EUROPE 7BAS$ MA9LV 9 ,FRANCE7 -- REALLY DEVELOP A POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE BAS$ ON SALVAG+ :AT WAS AU!NTICALLY REVOLUTION>Y FROM ! HI/ORY & PRACTICE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,MU* ( !IR E>LY POLITICAL ORI5TATION WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 &1 LIKE ?AT GR\P4 !IR AMBITION WAS TO HELP 9 ! CREATION ( A 'NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T' BAS$ UPON ! PROLET>IAT ( ! '9DU/RIAL ADVANC$ C\NTRIES'4 ,BY ! TIME ! SITUATIONI/S HAD =MULAT$ !IR POSITIONS1 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE HAD1 H[EV]1 LO/ HOPE 9 ! PROLET>IAT & HAD LO/ ANY DYNAMIC PRES5CE 9 REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL LIFE 7SEE ABOVE74 ,ONE MAJOR PROBLEM ) ANY APPRAISAL ( ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL IS ! LEGACY LEFT BY SOME ( !IR FOLL[]S & 9TEPRET]S 7KN[N SOMETIMES AS ,PRO-,SITUS74 :I* LEAVES !M LOOK+ LIKE DISGRUNTL$1 DE/RUCTIVE 9TELLECTUALS ) V]Y LITTLE POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO MAKE4 ,ACTUALLY1 JUDG$ ON !IR [N WRIT+S & RECORD ( ACTIVITY1 !Y W]E F> FROM ! '>TY MISFITS' !IR OPPON5TS W\LD LIKE TO PA9T !M4 ,! SITUATIONI/S TOOK ,M>X'S CONCEPTION ( ALI5ATION & APPLI$ IT TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE RA!R ?AN JU/ TO ! WORLD ( WORK4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT ALI5AT$ LABOR WAS C5TRAL TO EXI/5CE 9 ALL ASPECTS ( DAILY LIFE1 AS PROLET>IANS W]E CONFRONT$ BY !IR [N ALI5ATION AT EV]Y TURN AH\T4 LN CULTURE1 SPORT1 SEXUALITY1 $UCATION1 PSEUDO-REBELLION1 EV]Y?+ ?AT C\LD BE TURN$ 9TO A COMMODITV HAD BE54 ,?IS SOCIETY ( M$IAT$ IMAGES4 ( 'SPECTACLE' C\LD ONLY BE SWEPT AWAY BY A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION & ! REALIZATION ( 0G5]ALIZ$ SELF-MANAGEM5T01 :I* = ! SITUATIONI/S MEANT ! ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR & ! /ATE3 0,! ONLY REASON ! SITUATIONI/S DO NOT CALL !MSELVES COMMUNI/S IS SO AS NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! CADRES ( PRO-,SOVIET OR PRO-,*9ESE ANTI-WORK] BUREAUCRACIES40 .<,ITALIAN SECTION ( ! ,S,I1 #a#i#f#i.> ,SO1 BY !IR ACTIONS %\LD !Y BE JUDG$4 ,9 ! ,MAY #aifh EV5TS 9 ,P>IS ! SITUATIONI/S4 !IR COMRADES & ALLIES W]E FAC$ ) A REAL-LIFE REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,DID !Y CUT ! MU/>D8 ,F9D \T NEXT TIME4 

,FRANCE '#f#h & ITS AFT]MA? 

,?IS IS P>T ?REE ( ,9 ,! ,TRADITION1 A R\<LY *RONOLOGICAL \TL9E ( ! V>I\S POLITICAL EV5TS1 MOVEM5TS & IDEAS :I* HAVE 9FLU5C$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION4 

,WE LEFT (F LA/ TIME HAV+ LOOK$ AT CURR5TS :I* EM]G$ DUR+ ! #a#i#fS1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,BRITI%-BAS$ ,SOLID>ITY & ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7SEE ,ORGANIZE6 _?#e#c74 ,BO? ( !SE GR\PS W]E TO SEE 9 ! EV5TS 9 ,FRANCE ( ,MAY-,JUNE #a#i#f#h1 CONFIRMATION ( !IR >GUM5T ?AT A MOD]N REVOLUTION W\LD BE ONE :I* W\LD DEVELOP ?R\< ! AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY ( MILLIONS ( 'ORD9>Y' PEOPLE & A REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! (FICIAL 'REPRES5TATIVES' ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 ! UNIONS1 LABOR & COMMUNI/ P>TIES4 

,?ANKS TO ! TIRELESS EF=TS ( ! B\RGEOIS M$IA1 ',MAY '#f#h' HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO A '/UD5T REVOLT' C5T]$ 5TIRELY ON ,P>IS & 9 P>TICUL> ! OCCUPI$ ,SORBONNE ,UNIV]SITY1 :I* 9VOLV$ SOME B>RICADE BUILD+1 SOME FI<T+ ) ! POLICE & A LOAD ( HOT AIR4 ,! MOD]N M$IA 5JOYS PO9T+ TO ! SUBSEQU5T POLITICAL TRAJECTORIES ( V>I\S P>TICIPANTS1 NOTABLY ! 'SPOKESP]SON' ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT1 !N A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/1 N[ A ,N,A,T,O SUPPORT+ ,GRE5 ,M,P1 AS PRO( ?AT ! EV5TS HAD NO LONG LA/+ EFFECT1 W]E JU/ AN \TBUR/ ( Y\?FUL EXUB]ANCE BY ! *ILDR5 ( ! B\RGEOISIE ETC4 

,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION CONT9UES TO HAUNT CAPITALISM 

,! REALITY ( ! EV5TS ( ,MAY-,JUNE1 0! GREATE/ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE S9CE ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE0 7,9T]NATIONAL ,SITUATIONNI/E1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#i7 IS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,AL?\< ! ACTIONS ( ! /UD5TS PROVID$ A DETONATOR1 ! ACTUAL SOCIAL EXPLOSION WAS MANIFE/$ 9 ! L>GE/ WILDCAT /RIKE 9 HI/ORY1 ! OCCUPATION ( WORKPLACES ACROSS ! C\NTRY & ! PRO(1 IF PRO( W]E NE$$1 ?AT ! SPECT] ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION CONT9UES TO HAUNT CAPITALISM4 

,SUP]FICIALLY1 ! 9SURG5CE ( ,MAY #aifh APPE>S TO HAVE COME \T ( NO:]E4 ,9 ,FRANCE & 9 ,EUROPE G5]ALLY1 CLASS /RUGGLE WAS AT A L[-EBB2 !RE APPE>$ A MASSIVE DEPOLITICIZATION1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE & PROSPECTS = ANY MOVEM5T = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE SEEM$ P>TICUL>LY REMOTE4 

,H[EV]1 AMONG L>GE SECTORS ( ! WORK+ CLASS EXI/$ A LONG-/&+ BITT]NESS BORN ( LONG-NEGLECT$ GRIEVANCES CONC]N+ WAGE CLAIMS & SIMM]+ RES5TM5TS OV] CONDITIONS ( WORK4 ,AMONG Y\NG WORK]S P>TICUL>LY !RE EXI/$ A S5SE ?AT ! MIS]Y ( ! PREVI\S G5]ATION WASN'T = !M4 ,IT WAS AMONG ?IS P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 9CLUD+ ! 'BL\SONS NOIR'1 ! MEMB]S ( /REET GANGS1 ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SP>K IGNIT$ & !Y W]E USUALLY ! FIR/ TO JO9 ! /UD5TS ON ! /REETS1 9 ORD] TO 'HAVE A GO' AT ! POLICE4 

,9 ! ,UNIV]SITIES1 ! HI<-S*OOLS & ,9 MANY WORKPLACES !RE W]E ALSO V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS :O HAD BE5 AGITAT+ = YE>S1 SOME ( :OM W]E OR HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 V>I\S LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ CURR5TS \TL9$ 9 P>T #b ( ,9 ,! ,TRADITION4 ,PRIOR TO ! ,MAY-,JUNE EV5TS !SE GR\PS HAD 5JOY$ A GR[?1 BUT ONE ?AT C\LD NOT BE DESCRIB$ AS L>GE OR RAPID4 ,H[EV]1 REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS HAD A SMALL BUT GR[+ AUDI5CE AMONG SIGNIFICANT SECTIONS ( /UD5TS & WORK]S4 

,! ORIG9AL AGITATION HAD ITS ORIG9S 9 ! ,NANT]RE CAMPUS ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P>IS1 A NEW ULTRA-MOD]N NI<TM>E ( GLASS & /EEL /UCK 9 ! MIDDLE ( A MA9LY ,ALG]IAN IMMIGRANT WORK+ CLASS >EA4 ,9 ,APRIL #aifg SOME MALE /UD5TS SET UP CAMP \TSIDE ! FEMALE DORMITORIES 9 PROTE/ AGA9/ SEXUAL SEGREGATION1 SETT+ A BALL ( DISS5T ROLL+ :I* CULM9AT$ 9 A /UD5T BOYCOTT ( LECTURES 9 ,NOVEMB]4 

,M>* #b#bND 

,ON ,M>* #b#bND #aifh A GR\P ( /UD5TS OCCUPI$ ! UNIV]SITY ADM9I/RATIVE BUILD+ 9 PROTE/ AGA9/ ! >RE/ ( MEMB]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,VIETNAM ,COMMITTEE 7ANTI-,VIETNAM W> PROTE/S W]E TAK+ PLACE ACROSS ! GLOBE74 ,?IS WAS ! BIR? ( ! ,M>* #b#bND ,MOVEM5T 7,M#b#b71 AN AFF9ITY-TYPE GR\P ( ! AMORPH\S ,NEW ,LEFT1 BUT :I* 9CLUD$ AN>*I/S & PEOPLE 9FLU5C$ BY ,SITUATIONI/ IDEAS4 ,! ,M#b#b 'SPOKESMAN' ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,NOIR ET ,R\GE GR\P ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S 7SEE ,9 ! ,TRADITION P>T #b7 &1 ?ANKS TO ! M$IA1 HIS FACE BECAME ! FACE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,ALSO AMONG ! /UD5T AGITATION W]E ! ,5RAGES1 BY NO MEANS ALL /UD5TS !MSELVES1 BUT RA!R A GR\P ( TR\BLEMAK]S CLOSE TO ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,FROM ! /UD5T SIDE !SE GR\PS ATTEMPT$ TO PU% ! MOVEM5T AS F> AS IT C\LD GO1 AGA9/ ! =CES ( ,/AL9ISM & 'MOD]NISM' :I* ATTEMPT$ TO KEEP ! /RUGGLE A SECTIONAL ONE CONF9$ TO IMPROV+ ! CONDITIONS ( ! MONKEYS 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ZOO4 

,! ,MAY EV5TS BEGAN ) ! CALL = A DEMON/RATION BY ! ,M#b#b = ,MONDAY1 ,MAY #f?1 9 ORD] TO CO9CIDE ) A DISCIPL9>Y HE>+ 9VOLV+ ,M#b#b MEMB]S AT ! ,SORBONNE & ! (FICIAL DAY = BEG9N+ EXAMS4 ,! ACADEMIC AU?ORITIES1 HOP+ TO CRU% ! MILITANT M9ORITY1 CLOS$ ! ,SORBONNE & CALL$ 9 ! RIOT POLICE1 ! ,C,R,S ON ,FRIDAY #cRD ,MAY4 ,VIOL5T CLA%ES OCCURR$ 9 ! ,LAT9 ,QU>T] 7! >EA >\ND ! ,UNIV]SITY7 :IL/ ! COPS ATTEMPT$ TO PICK UP ! TR\BLEMAK]S & G5]ALLY 9TIMIDATE ! /UD5T POPULATION4 ,! (FICIAL /UD5T UNION 7,U,N,E,F7 & ! LECTUR]S UNION CALL$ AN IMM$IATE /RIKE 9 PROTE/4 ,?IS CONT9U$ OV] ! WEEK5D AS AN EM]G5CY C\RT JAIL$ SIX /UD5T 'AGITATORS' & ! AU?ORITIES BANN$ ! PLANN$ ,MONDAY DEMON/RATION4 ,! M>* W5T AHEAD & WAS ! BIGGE/ SE5 9 ,P>IS S9CE ! ,ALG]IAN W>4 ,BETWE5 ! ,MONDAY & ! FOLL[+ ,FRIDAY ! MOM5TUM 9CREAS$ ) EV] L>G] NUMB]S 9 ! /REETS1 TALK+1 PLANN+1 ORGANIZ+4 ,ON ! ,FRIDAY ! FIR/ B>RICADES W5T UP & ! SITUATION TOOK A SEMI-9SURRECTION>Y TURN FOLL[+ A #c1 /RONG M>* :]E ! ,UNIV]SITY /UD5TS W]E JO9$ BY L>GE NUMB]S ( HI< S*OOL /UD5TS & LOCAL WORK]S4 ,! POLICE RESPONSE WAS BRUTAL 9 ! EXTREME BUT ! SITUATION WAS *ANG+ FROM A '/UD5T' PROTE/ ISOLAT$ 9 ,P>IS TO SOME?+ :I* W\LD 5GULF MILLIONS ?R\<\T ,FRANCE1 ?AT IS A CLASS MOVEM5T4 

,ON ,MAY #a#c?1 REALIZ+ ?AT A GRASSROOTS REVOLT WAS GA!R+ MOM5TUM1 ! TRADE UNIONS1 L$ BY ! ,/AL9I/ ,C,G,T1 CALL$ A ONE-DAY PROTE/ /RIKE 9 ORD] TO LET (F A LITTLE /EAM & TO MA9TA9 SOME SORT ( LEAD]%IP ROLE4 ,! DEMON/RATION ( AT LEA/ #b1 7SOME E/IMATE A F> HI<] FIGURE7 CONTA9$ WORK]S FROM EV]Y 9DU/RY & WORKPLACE4 ,AT ! '(FICIAL' 5D ( ! M>* ! ,C,G,T /EW>DS1 ( :I* !RE W]E AT LEA/ #a11 MANAG$ TO GET MO/ ( ! CR[D TO DISP]SE1 AL?\< !Y NE$$ TO PHYSICALLY 9TIMIDATE MANY NONP>TY ACTIVI/S 9 ORD] MA9TA9 CONTROL4 ,?\S&S /ILL MANAG$ TO CONV]GE ON ! ,*AMP DE ,M>S AT ! FOOT ( ! ,EIFFEL T[] TO DISCUSS JU/ :]E ! /RUGGLE WAS GO+4 

,! CORRECT LEAD]%IP 

,ON ! #a#c? ALSO1 ! ,SORBONNE WAS VACAT$ BY ! ,C,R,S & SUBSEQU5TLY OCCUPI$ BY /UD5TS & O!RS4 ,9 AN ATMOSPH]E :I* HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ AS 'EUPHORIC' ! UNIV]SITY BUILD+S W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO A VA/ >5A ( REVOLUTION>Y DISCUSSION & ACTION1 #bd H\RS A DAY4 ,! ORIG9AL OCCUPI]S W]E SOON JO9$ BY DELEGATIONS FROM O!R $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTES1 FROM ! HI< S*OOLS 7:]E ! ,JEUNESSE ,AN>*I/E ,COMMUNI/E 7,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,Y\?7 ORGANIZATIONS PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 =M+ ,ACTION ,COMMITTEES7 & FROM FACTORIES & (FICES4 ,V>I\S COMMITTEES DEVELOP$ ) RESPONSIBILITIES = ! OCCUPATION1 PROPAG&A1 LIAISON COMMITTEES ) ! WORK]S & O!R /UD5TS4 ,L59I/ GR\PS >GU$ ) EA* O!R OV] ! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( IT ALL & :O W\LD BE PROVID+ ! CORRECT LEAD]%IP4 ,FUNNILY 5\<1 NONE ( !M W]E REQUIR$ TO DO SO4 ,?OSE :O REALLY WANT$ TO DEVELOP ! MOVEM5T AS F> IT W\LD GO ATTEMPT$ TO DEEP5 ! BREAK ) B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & TO 5C\RAGE ! WORK+ CLASS TO TAKE ?+S 9TO ITS [N H&S 7& \T ( ?OSE ( ! P>TIES & UNIONS74 

,OCCUPATION ( ! WORKPLACES 

,! OCCUPATION ( FACTORIES & O!R WORKPLACES BEGAN ON ,MAY #a#d? :5 ! ,SUD ,AVIATION PLANT AT ,NANTES WAS OCCUPI$ BY ITS WORK]S4 ,! NEXT DAY ! ,R5AULT FACTORIES AT ,CLEON & ,FL9S W]E OCCUPI$ & OV] ! NEXT C\PLE ( DAYS ! WILDCAT /RIKE WAVE WAS SPREAD ALL OV] ,FRANCE4 ,FEW MAJOR WORKPLACES W]E NOT AFFECT$1 EV5 9 SMALL RURAL T[NS4 ,ACTION ,COMMITTEES W]E SET UP 9 NUMB]LESS FACTORIES & (FICES & R$ 7& SOMETIMES BLACK67 FLAGS W]E HOI/$ OV] BUILD+ SITES1 RAILWAY /ATIONS1 S*OOLS & PI!ADS4 ,BY ,MONDAY ,MAY #b? ! :OLE ( ,FRANCE WAS P>ALYZ$4 ,/UD5TS W]E TALK+ ) WORK]S & WORK]S W]E TALK+ AMONG !MSELVES1 ! MA9 QUE/ION BE+ 0H[ F> >E WE GO+ TO TAKE ?IS804 ,BACK 9 ! ,SORBONNE1 REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS )9 ! ,OCCUPATION ,COMMITTEE ISSU$ A CALL = 0! IMM$IATE OCCUPATION ( ALL ! FACTORIES 9 ,FRANCE & ! =MATION ( WORK]S C\NCILS04 ,= A P]IOD IT LOOK$ AS IF A REVOLUTION :I* W\LD GO F> BEYOND M]ELY GETT+ RID ( ! ,GAULLI/ GOV]NM5T WAS A DI/9CT POSSIBILITY4 ,:5 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,OCCUPATION ,COMMITTEE PREV>ICAT$1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS1 SITUATIONI/S & MEMB]S ( ! ,5RAGES GR\P =M$ A ,COMMITTEE = ,MA9TA9+ ! ,OCCUPATIONS ON ,MAY #a#i?1 :I* CONT9U$ TO CALL = ! CREATION ( WORK]S C\NCILS4 ,?IS CALL WAS E*O$ BY V>I\S GR\PS 9VOLV$ 9 ! /RUGGLE 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,FRANCE1 :IL/ 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( WORK]S JO9$ ! /RIKE MOVEM5T4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! WEEK #a MILLION W]E ON /RIKE4 

,= ! ABOLITION ( BOSSES6 

,BUT ! DEAD H& ( ,/AL9ISM & ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY /ILL LAY HEAVILY UPON ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ON ! #b#d? ! ,C,G,T CALL$ A MASS DEMON/RATION ( ITS MEMB]S 9 ,P>IS4 ,! ,M>* #b#bND ,MOVEM5T & ! ,ACTION ,COMMITTEES CALL$ = A DEMON/RATION >\ND ! SLOGANS 0,NO TO P>LIAM5T>Y SOLUTIONS6 ,NO TO NEGOTIATIONS :I* ONLY PROP UP CAPITALISM6 ,WORK]S6 ,PEASANTS6 ,/UD5TS6 ,WORK]S6 ,TEA*]S6 ,S*OOLBOYS6 7SIC7 ,LET US ORGANIZE & CO-ORD9ATE \R /RUGGLE3 ,= ! ABOLITION ( ,BOSSES6 ,ALL P[] TO ! ,WORK]S60 ,! ,C,G,T ASSEMBL$1 9 AN EF=T TO DEMOBILIZE1 >\ND #b1 WORK]S1 ! REVOLUTION>Y DEMON/RATION BE+ >\ND #a1 /RONG4 ,DUR+ ! LATT] DEMON/RATION ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE WAS BURNT D[N & V>I\S GOV]NM5T M9I/RIES W]E SAV$ NOT BY ! NUMB]S ( RIOT COPS BUT ! SUCCESS ( ! ,TROTSKYI/S ,Y\NG ',REVOLUTION>Y' ',COMMUNI/S' & ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ( ! (FICIAL /UD5T UNION 9 TURN+ ! DEMON/RATORS BACK 9TO ! 'SECURITY' ( ! ,LAT9 ,QU>T]4 ,ON ! SAME DAY 9 ,BORDEAUX1 DEMON/RATORS ATTEMPT$ TO /ORM ! MUNICIPAL BUILD+S & ?AT NI<T /REET FI<T+ OCCURR$ 9 ,P>IS1 ,LYONS1 ,NANTES & O!R CITIES4 

,REACTION>Y MOBILIZATION 

,! /RUGGLE HAD REA*$ A CRITICAL PO9T & ! P[] :I* APPE>$ = ! TAK+ BEGAN TO LOOK LIKE IT WAS SLIPP+ FROM ! GRASP ( ! W\LD-BE REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! ,MAY #b#g? ,C,G,T DEMON/RATION ( P]HAPS HALF A MILLION WORK]S PASS$ (F ) LITTLE OR NO 9CID5T4 ,?REE DAYS LAT] ,PRESID5T ,DE ,GAULLE 

ANN\NC$ AN ELECTION )9 #d DAYS & SUPPORT]S ( ! ,G5]AL & ( ! MA9T5ANCE ( CAPITALISM G5]ALLY SUDD5LY S5S$ ?AT ! MOVEM5T HAD /ALL$4 ,A REACTION>Y MOBILIZATION TOOK PLACE ) HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( ,FRANCE'S B\RGEOISIE & !IR PETIT-B\RGEOIS HANG]S ON SWAMP+ ,P>IS1 CALL+ = ORD]1 SUPPORT = ! POLICE & A VIOL5T DEA? = ! ,JEW1 ,COHN-,B5DIT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE HAD BE5 LO/ & IT ONLY REMA9$ = ! TRADE UNIONS TO /EP 9 & M$IATE T[>DS AN ORD]LY RETURN TO NORMALITY4 

,NOT ALL WORK]S 7& C]TA9LY NOT ALL /UD5TS7 W5T BACK TO 'NORMALITY' SO COMPLIANTLY4 ,! /RIKES 9 ! IMPORTANT SECTORS SU* AS ! RAILWAY1 PO/ & 9 ! M9ES CONT9U$ 9TO ! FIR/ WEEK ( ,JUNE4 ,! C> WORK]S AT ,R5AULT1 ,PEUGEOT & ,CITRO5 CONT9U$ TO OCCUPY4 ,BUT AS ! ,C,G,T & ! O!R UNIONS ORGANIZ$ A RETURN TO WORK NATIONALLY1 ! MO/ 9TRANSIG5T SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS F\ND !MSELVES 9CREAS+LY ISOLAT$ & SUBJECT TO /ATE REPRESSION4 ,ON ,JUNE #g? ! ,R5AULT WORKS AT ,FL9S WAS SUBJECT TO A PRE-DAWN RAID & ! OCCUPY+ WORK]S EXPELL$ AT GUNPO9T4 ,SPORADIC FI<T+ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE >\ND ! PLANT CONT9U$ = ?REE DAYS4 ,9 V>I\S P>TS ( ,FRANCE PICKETS REFUS$ TO BUDGE & W]E HAV+ TO BE BATT]$ \T ( ! PLANTS & BACK TO NORMALITY4 

,9 ! ,PEUGEOT WORKS 9 ,SO*AUX AN ATTACK BY ! ,C,R,S WAS REPULS$ BY VOLLEYS ( BOLTS & O!R METAL OBJECTS4 ,9 RESPONSE ! POLICE OP5$ FIRE ON ! WORK]S1 KILL+ TWO4 ,AFT] A #cf H\R BATTLE1 ,SO*AUX WAS F9ALLY 'NORMALIZ$'4 ,MO/ C> WORK]S VOT$ TO RETURN BY ! #a#g?1 ! /RIK+ RADIO & ,T,V WORK]S W]E ! LA/ TO RETURN1 HOLD+ \T UNTIL ! SECOND WEEK ( ,JULY4 ,AS = ! /UD5TS1 ! ,SORBONNE WAS CLE>$ BY ! ,C,R,S ON ! #a#f?1 O!RS HELD \T = A FEW MORE WEEKS4 ,MILITANTS 9SI/$ 0! /RUGGLE CONT9UES 01 AS 9DE$ IT DOES1 BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL 9 ,FRANCE WAS PET]+ \T4 ,! /RUGGLE WAS TO CONT9UE1 BUT ELSE:]E4 ,SOLID>ITY1 9 ! EYEWITNESS ACC\NT ,P>IS MAY #aifh 

CONCLUD$ ?AT ! EV5TS PO9T$ TO ! NE$ =3 

444! CREATION ( A NEW K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T444/RONG 5\< TO \TWIT ! BUREAUCRATIC MANEUV]S1 AL]T 5\< DAY BY DAY TO EXPOSE ! DUPLICITY ( ! 'LEFT LEAD]%IPS1 DEEPLY 5\< IMPLANT$ TO EXPLA9 ! TO ! WORK]S ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! /UD5TS' /RUGGLE1 TO PROPAGATE ! IDEA ( AUTONOM\S /RIKE COMMITTEES 7L9K+ UP UNION & NONUNION MEMB]S71 ( WORK]S MANAGEM5T & WORK]S C\NCILS4 

,I,T,A,L,I,A,N ,S,U,M,M,] 

',MAY #a#i#f#h' WAS FOLL[$ BY ! ,ITALIAN ',HOT ,SUMM]' ( #aifi 7:I* ACTUALLY BEGAN 9 ,AUTUMN #a#i#f#h71 :]E A WAVE ( /RIKES & FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 (T5 \TSIDE & AGA9/ ! UNION /RUCTURES SPREAD OV] 9DU/RIAL ,ITALY4 ,MASS /RIKE MEET+S W]E OP5$ UP TO '\TSID]S' -- LOCAL PEOPLE1 /UD5TS & REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS4 ,P>TICUL>LY COMBATIVE C> WORK] /RIKES BROKE \T 9 ,ALFA ,ROMEO & ,FIAT PLANTS & !RE W]E /REET CONFRONTATIONS ) ! COPS ?R\<\T ! YE>4 ,UNIV]SITY1 BUT P>TICUL>LY HI< S*OOL1 /UD5TS W]E 9VOLV$ 9 /RUGGLES :I* E*O$ ?OSE ( ! ,FR5* /UD5TS MOBILIZATIONS4 

,?IS WAVE ( /RUGGLE GAVE BIR? TO MANY ORGANIZATIONS1 BO? AT ! LEVEL ( ! FACTORIES & 9 ! BROAD] SOCIAL MILIEU1 ! MO/ NOTABLE BE+ ,LOTTA ,CONT9UA 7,! ,CONT9U+ ,/RUGGLE7 & ,AUTONOMIA ,OP]AIA 7,WORK]S ,AUTONOMY74 ,! ANTI-UNION NATURE ( ! /RUGGLES ALSO GAVE RISE TO :AT BECAME ! !ORY & ACTIVITY ( 'WORK]S AUTONOMY' 7NOT SYNONYM\S ) ! ORGANIZATION ( ! SAME NAME71 :I* ! NEW ORGANIZATIONS ATTEMPT$ TO RELATE TO4 ,WORK]S W]E TAK+ !IR /RUGGLES ON TO ! /REETS1 US+ IMAG9ATIVE DIRECT ACTIONS4 ,OCCUPATIONS ( CITY C5T]S & SIEGES ( MUNICIPAL BUILD+S CONT9U$ ?R\<\T ! #a#i#gS4 

,RE/RUCTUR+ 

,/RUGGLES 9 ,ITALY ALSO TOOK PLACE >\ND ! PRISONS1 :I* FROM ! E>LY #a#i#gS W]E 9CREAS+LY HOME TO REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS1 (T5 CULM9AT+ 9 MASSIVE DEMON/RATIONS & PRISON RIOTS4 ,! P]IOD ( HEI<T5$ CLASS /RUGGLES H]ALD$ 9 #aifh UND]W5T A TRANS=MATION AS A NEW EMPLOY]S (F5SIVE1 BAS$ UPON ! DESIRE TO AVOID ! EM]G+ ECONOMIC CRISIS1 9VOLV$ A TE*NOLOGICAL RE/RUCTUR+ ( 9DU/RY & ! 5D ( ! 'WORK]S =TRESSES' ( ! MASSIVE PLANTS4 ,ON A POLITICAL LEVEL1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS 9CREAS+LY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! /ATE /RUCTURES 9 RETURN = ITS COMPLICITY 9 ?IS RE/RUCTUR+4 ,?IS 9TEGRATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS 9 P>T RESPONSIBLE = ! EM]G5CE ( URBAN >M$ /RUGGLE 9 ! MID-#gS4 

,>M$ /RUGGLE 

,9DE$1 9 ,ITALY1 ! #a#i#gS W]E DEF9$ BY TWO ASPECTS4 ,FIR/LY1 A LEVEL ( MILITANCY AMONG A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S BO? EMPLOY$ & UNEMPLOY$ :I* MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE BO? 9 ! FACTORIES & ON A T]RITORIAL BASIS & :I* >GUABLY REA*$ ITS HI< PO9T 9 ! 'MOVEM5T ( '#g#g'4 ,SECONDLY1 ! 0>M$ /RUGGLE = COMMUNISM0 C>RI$ \T BY SEV]AL ,L59I/ GR\PS :I*1 :5 NOT ACTUALLY /ATE SPONSOR$ CONTRIBUT$ NO?+ TO ! ACTUAL CLASS /RUGGLES :I* !Y CLAIM$ TO SOMEH[ 'LEAD'4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( ! LATT]1 :I* LEFT ! WORK+ CLASS AS SPECTATORS TO !IR [N 'LIB]ATION'1 T5D TO OV]%AD[ ! ACTUAL CONT5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLES ?AT TOOK PLACE & ANY REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 

,& 9 'SOCIALI/' ,POL&444 

,! /RIKES & OCCUPATIONS W]E E*O$ 9 ! PROLET>IAN 9SURG5CY 9 ,POL& 9 #a#i#g-#a1 :5 WORK]S RESPOND$ TO 'SOCIALI/' AU/]ITY MEASURES ) !IR V]Y [N ,MAY '#f#h 7ONLY 9 ,DECEMB] & ,JANU>Y67 BURN+ D[N ! RUL+ ,/AL9I/ P>TY HEADQU>T]S TO ! TUNE ( ! ,9T]NATIONALE4 ,9 >EAS ( ! C\NTRY ! WORK+ CLASS WAS EFFECTIVELY MA/] ( ! SITUATION4 ,AS 9 ,FRANCE1 & 9DE$ ,ITALY1 ! WORK+ CLASS BALK$ AT 'GO+ ! :OLE HOG' BUT EXHIBIT$ A NE$ & DESIRE TO1 IF ONLY TEMPOR>ILY1 GO BEYOND ALL =MS ( REPRES5TATION & TO DEVELOP AN AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY4 ,& ALL ?IS )\T ! LEAD]%IP ( ! SELF-PROCLAIM$ VANGU>DS4444 

,! ,MAY-,JUNE EV5TS 9 ,FRANCE W]E ! CLE>E/ CONFIRMATION ?AT ONLY A MASS SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* /RET*$ TO EV]Y SECTOR ( EXPLOIT$ HUMANITY C\LD 5D ! *AOS ( CAPITALISM4 

,NEW ,LEFT1 ,PLAT=MISM1 ,WILDCAT 

,?IS1 ! F\R? P>T ( \R LOOK AT ! POLITICAL !ORIES & MOVEM5TS :I* HAVE 9FLU5C$ \R DEVELOPM5T1 TAKES 9 ! LA/ #ce YE>S4 ,IT HAS BE5 A P]IOD ( GREAT WORLDWIDE *ANGE & A P]IOD :]E NEW IDEAS HAVE EM]G$ & OLD ONES1 SEEM+LY ECLIPS$1 HAVE BE5 R$ISCOV]$4 

,! ,NEW ,LEFT 

,! ',NEW ,LEFT' :I* EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#fS ATTEMPT$ TO DI/+UI% ITSELF FROM ! OLD LEFT ( ! E/ABLI%$ ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ,LABORISM & ,/AL9IS$ SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL4 ,IT EMBRAC$ ! SO-CALL$ ',SECOND WAVE' ( FEM9ISM1 SEXUAL LIB]ATION & HOMOSEXUAL EQUALITY4 ,ALONGSIDE ANTIRACISM1 ALL !SE IDEAS SEEM MA9/REAM TODAY BUT TO ! OLD LEFT EV5 #d YE>S AGO !Y W]E NEW & />TL+ IDEAS4 ,C]TA9LY ! NOTION ( WOM5'S' LIB]ATION & ( RACIAL EQUALITY HAD BE5 PRES5T S9CE ! BIR? ( SOCIALISM1 BUT R>ELY W]E !Y SE5 AS C5TRAL TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,SUP]FICIALLY1 MU* ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT APPE>$ G5U9ELY LIB]T>IAN1 G5U9ELY 9T]E/$ 9 A TRULY SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 REALITY1 MU* ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT WAS TI$ CLOSELY TO EI!R ,L59ISM 7QUITE (T5 ,MAOI/ OR ,TROTSKYI/7 OR TO MORE OP5LY RE=MI/ CURR5TS ( ?\<T4 ,! ,NEW ,LEFT MAY HAVE REJECT$ ! WOR/ EXCESSES ( ,/AL9ISM BUT G5]ALLY FELL %ORT ( MAK+ ANY CRITIQUE ( TOP-D[N V]SIONS ( SOCIALISM & 9 MANY WAYS COPI$ ! FAIL$ POLITICS ( ! PA/1 NOT LEA/ 9 !IR WILL+NESS TO SUPPORT ANY?+ ?AT MOV$ 9CLUD+ EV]Y 'NATIONAL LIB]ATION' RACKET ?AT EM]G$4 

,IT IS ( LITTLE SURPRISE !N ?AT MANY ( ! LEAD+ LI<TS ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT W]E TO RE- APPE> 9 ! LA/ #ce YE>S AS ?OR\<LY E/ABLI%M5T FIGURES1 ACADEMICS & M$IA-GURUS4 

,SO1 A BALANCE %EET ( ! EFFECT ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT %[S ?AT AL?\< IT MANAG$ TO BR+ UP CRUCIAL QUE/IONS1 AB\T :AT LIB]ATION MU/ 9VOLVE1 :I* HAD REMA9$ M>G9AL = MANY YE>S1 IT WAS UNABLE TO GIVE ANY ANSW]S4 

,SO :AT ( ! LIB]T>IANS8 

,! EV5TS 9 ,FRANCE 9 #aifh 7SEE ,9 ! ,TRADITION PT4#c7 HAD GIV5 AN>*I/ & O!R REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS BO? A BIG SURPRISE & A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION4 ,9 ! P]IOD ( ! E>LY #a#i#gS AN>*I/1 LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/1 C\NCIL & LEFT COMMUNI/ GR\P EM]G$ ACROSS ,EUROPE 9 A WAVE ( 9T]E/ AMONG Y\NG WORK]S & /UD5TS = ME?ODS ( UND]/&+ & *ANG+ ! WORLD >\ND !M4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AT ?IS TIME HAD BE5 AT A P>TICUL>LY L[ EBB1 HAV+ NEV] RECOV]$ FROM ! ECLIPSE ( ! MOVEM5T DUR+ ! #a#i#cS- #a#i#dS4 ,C]TA9LY SMALL CURR5TS /ILL EXI/$ 7SEE ,9 ! ,TRADITION PT4 #c7 & SOME ( !SE HAD ATTEMPT$ TO R5OVATE & BR+ =W>D NEW IDEAS4 ,H[EV]1 MU* ( :AT PASS$ = A MOVEM5T WAS FIRMLY EMB$D$ 9 A HAPPI] PA/ & F\ND IT DIFFICULT TO RELATE TO ! 'Y\? REVOLT' ( ! LATE #fS4 ,9 ! ,FR5* EV5TS ( '#f#h ! '(FICIAL' AN>*I/S HAD PLAY$ AN ESS5TIALLY M>G9AL ROLE4 

,SO1 MU* RE-9V5T+ ( ! :EEL TOOK PLACE 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS4 

,BRITI% ,PLAT=MISM 

#aig SAW ,BRITA9'S FIR/ ,PLAT=MI/ GR\P1 ) ! =M+ ( ! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*I/S 7,O,R,A74 ,AL?\< ?IS ORGANIZATION SIGNIFI$ A BREAK ) ! *AOTIC SYN!SI/ APPROA* TO AN>*ISM HI!RTO EMPLOY$ 9 PO/- W> ,BRITA91 MU* ( ITS POLITICS SEEM$ TO E*O ! ,TROTSKYI/ LEFT4 ,EV5TUALLY A L>GE P>T ( ! ORGANIZATION 5D$ UP JO9+ ! ,TROTSKYI/ CAMP ITSELF4 ,SUBSEQU5T ,PLAT=MI/-ORI5TAT$ AN>*O-COMMUNI/ GR\PS1 SU* AS ! ,AN>*I/ ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION 7,A,W,A7 & ! %ORT-LIV$ ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,GR\P ALSO DISPLAY$ ,L59I/ & RE=MI/ T5D5CIES ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY SEE !IR AB&ON+ LIB]T>IAN POLITICS4 ,BUT ! LEGACY ( !SE GR\PS WAS IMPORTANT = TWO REASONS4 ,ONE1 !Y HAD1 PRIOR TO !IR DEG5]ATION1 E/ABLI%$ A BRIDGEHEAD AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT T5D5CIES )9 ,BRITI% AN>*ISM1 NOTABLY 9DIVIDUALISM & ANTI-ORGANISATIONALISM4 ,& SECONDLY !Y %[$ LAT] MILITANTS H[ NOT TO CREATE CONSI/5TLY REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS 7A LESSON UN=TUNATELY LO/ UPON ! ,AN>*I/ ,WORK]S ,GR\P ( ! #a#i#hS_/#iS474 

,>\ND ! SAME P]IOD ( ! MID TO LATE #a#i#gS O!R T5D5CIES ALSO BEGAN TO EM]GE1 NOTABLY FROM AN UNLIKELY S\RCE ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7,S,P,G,B74 ,?IS P>TY1 CELEBRAT+ ITS C5T5>Y 9 #b#d1 DEF5DS A P>TICUL>1 & 9DE$ CONSI/5T1 V]SION ( ,M>XISM ?AT REFUSES ANY COMPROMISE ) 'RE=MISM' OR /RUGGLES >\ND BREAD & BUTT] ISSUES1 9/EAD ORGANIZ+ TO 'MAKE SOCIALI/S' ?R\< PROPAG&A & TO CONTE/ ELECTIONS4 ,SOME Y\NG] MEMB]S )9 ! ,S,P,G,B HAD BEGAN TO QUE/ION ! TIMELESS OR?ODOXIES ( ! P>TY4 ,!SE CRITICAL ELEM5TS BEGAN TO COME TOGE!R 9 A DISCUSSION CIRCLE :I* QUICKLY REALIZ$ ?AT ! WAY =W>D DID NOT LIE )9 ! MONOLI?IC ATMOSPH]E ( ! P>TY4 

,9 ! MID SEV5TIES ?IS FACTION F\ND ITSELF \TSIDE ! P>TY4 ,CALL+ ITSELF ',LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM' IT ATTEMPT$ TO RE-ASSESS MU* ( ! POLITICS \TL9$ 9 ,9 ,! ,TRADITION P>TS #a-#c :IL/ REMA9+ 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS4 ,AFT] *ANG+ IT'S NAME TO ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION ?IS GR\P JO9$ ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ GR\P ,SOLID>ITY 7SEE ,9 ! TRADITION PT4#b71 BE=E EMBRAC+ AN UNOR?ODOX C\NCILISM 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS AS ! GR\P ,WILDCAT4 ,WILDCAT1 BAS$ MA9LY 9 ! ,NOR? ,WE/ ( ,5GL&1 WAS AMONG A V]Y FEW CURR5TS ?AT ACTUALLY ATTEMPT$ TO CREATIVELY ADVANCE COMMUNI/ POLITICAL !ORY 9 ! #a#i#hS4 

,DEMOCRACY 

,PEOPLE 9VOLV$ ) ,WILDCAT & ,WORK]S ,PLAYTIME1 A LEFT COMMUNI/ J\RNAL 9 ,LONDON1 AMONG O!RS1 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 DISCUSSIONS ON ! NATURE ( DEMOCRACY & ! FETI%IZATION ( DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES4 ,( C\RSE1 COMMUNI/S HAVE ALWAYS REJECT$ REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY 9 ITS CLASSICAL LIB]AL DEMOCRATIC-P>LIAM5T>IAN =M1 BUT N[ ! CONT5T1 NOT JU/ ! =M ( DEMOCRACY WAS BE+ QUE/ION$4 ,SOMETIMES ?IS TOOK A CONSCI\SLY VANGU>DI/ TONE1 BUT BESIDES ! RHETORIC !RE W]E S]I\S QUE/IONS RAIS$ AB\T ! NE$ = WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS TO PU% AHEAD ) ACTION1 REG>DLESS ( ! \TCOME ( BALLOTS1 %[S ( H&S ETC4 ,!SE QUE/IONS W]E1 P>TIALLY AT LEA/1 EM]G+ BECAUSE ( ! PRACTICAL /RUGGLES ?AT W]E TAK+ PLACE 9 ! ,BRITI% COALFIELDS DUR+ ! #a#i#h#d-#h#e M9]S /RIKE4 ,! CAPITALI/ M$IA & SECTIONS ( ! LEFT & F> LEFT W]E 9SI/+ ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,M9EWORK]S %\LD HAVE HELD A BALLOT 9 ORD] TO HAVE BR\<T 9TO ! /RIKE ?\S&S ( SCABB+ ,NOTT+HAM%IRE M9]S4 

,COMMUNI/S BEGAN TO TALK ( A NE$ = ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO1 :5 NECESS>Y1 TO IGNORE 'MAJORITY' DECISIONS & TO F9D WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ 9 AN EGALIT>IAN WAY )\T FETI%IZ+ ! ATOMIZ+ NATURE ( DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+4 ,!SE IDEAS W]E REALLY A REFLECTION ( H[ WORK]S 9 /RUGGLE 7P>TICUL>LY ! ,HIT ,SQUADS ( ! ,M9]S ,/RIKE7 HAVE TO OP]ATE 9 ORD] TO BE EFFECTIVE4 

,! S]IAL IS CONCLUD$ NEXT ISSUE ) DEVELOPM5TS 9 9T]NATIONAL LIB]T>IAN ?\<T @& /RUGGLE OV] ! LA/ #b YE>S OR SO4 

,M9]S' ,/RIKE1 ,CLASS ,W>1 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY @& ,GRE5S1 ,C,O,B,A,S 

,?IS1 ! F9AL P>T ( ! ,9 ! ,TRADITION S]IES1 LOOKS AT DEVELOPM5TS 9 9T]NATIONAL LIB]T>IAN ?\<T & /RUGGLE OV] ! LA/ #b OR SO YE>S4 

,WE F9I%$ P>T ,F\R ) A BRIEF LOOK AT ! ,M9]S ,/RIKE ( #a#i#h#d-#a#i#h#e & ! IMPACT ?IS BRUTAL /RUGGLE HAD UPON ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! /RIKE %[$ ! COMBATITIVITY1 ! FI]CE 9TELLIG5CE & ! PRACTICAL CAPABILITY ( AN HI/ORIC SECTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! M9EWORK]S & !IR FRI5DS & FAMILIES4 ,IT ALSO %[$ ! SEV]E LIMITATIONS ( TRADE UNIONISM & ( ! LEFT & ! WEAKNESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 

,DEM&+ ! IMPOSSIBLE8 

,! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,M9EWORK]S REPEAT$LY CALL$ = SOLID>ITY ACTION FROM O!R UNION LEAD]%IPS1 TO1 9EVITABLY1 NO AVAIL4 

,SECTIONS ( ! ,L59I/ LEFT EI!R CALL$ = 9CREASES 9 MASS PICKET+ 7,S,W,P7 OR = ! ,TRADES ,UNION ,CONGRESS TO CALL A ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 7,MILITANT1 ,W,R,P74 ,! =M] 'TACTIC' WAS %[N TO BE1 ON ITS [N1 A DEAD 5D AT ,ORGREAVE :]E ! MASS$ M9]S W]E BATT]$ & DISP]S$ 9 COSSACK /YLE BY M\NT$ POLICE4 ,! SECOND TACTIC WAS M]ELY REFLECTIVE ( ! BANKRUPTCY ( ,TROTSKYISM1 MO/ ( :OSE P>TISANS C\LD ?9K NO FUR!R ?AN CALL+ UPON ! BUREAUCRATS TO %[ A LEAD1 OR TO WORK]S TO 0COME ?R\< ! EXP]I5CE0 ( DEM&+ ! IMPOSSIBLE FROM ?AT BUREAUCRACY4 

,MEAN:ILE1 RANK & FILE ,N,U,M MEMB]S1 !IR FAMILIES1 FRI5DS & SUPPORT]S W]E ORGANIZ+ ,HIT ,SQUADS TO T>GET SCABS & !IR SUPPORT]S & TO DEF5D !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,! TRADITIONS ( ,TRADE ,UNION PRACTICE /ILL HELD MO/ M9]S BACK FROM ATTEMPT+ TO REA* \T TO O!R SECTORS ( ! WORK+ CLASS DIRECTLY1 NOT VIA ! BUREAUCRACIES ( ! (FICIAL UNION /RUCTURES4 ,?IS WID5+ ( ! /RUGGLE W\LD NOT HAVE GU>ANTE$ VICTORY1 BUT ITS FAILURE TO EM]GE CONDEMN$ ! /RUGGLE TO DEFEAT4 

,! AN>*I/ RESPONSE 

,! AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T RESPOND$ TO ! /RIKE 9 FRACTUR$ WAY1 REFLECT+ ! FRACTUR$ NATURE ( ?AT MOVEM5T4 

,AL?\< LIB]T>IANS ADD$ TO ! NUMB]S ON PICKET L9ES1 AT DEMON/RATIONS & 9 G5]AL SUPPORT WORK1 !RE WAS LITTLE CO- ORD9AT$ ACTIVITY & A V]Y LIMIT$ AM\NT ( S]I\S ANALYSIS4 ,SMALL COLLECTIVES SU* AS ! ,LONDON ,WORK]S ,GR\P 7AN OP5 GR\P ( C\NCILLI/S1 AN>*I/S1 AUTONOMI/S ETC47 ! ,WILDCAT GR\P 9 ,MAN*E/] & ,C>ELESS ,TALK GR\P 9 ,/AF=D%IRE W]E AMONG A M9ORITY :O ATTEMPT$ TO ADDRESS ! ISSUES 7SU* AS ! NE$ TO CRITICIZE ! ,N,U,M & ! NE$ = ! /RUGGLE TO BE SPREAD BY WORK]S !MSELVES7 ?AT W]E BE+ IGNOR$ ELSE:]E4 

,CLASS ,W> 

,ONE GR\P1 :I* EM]G$ DUR+ ! ,M9]S ,/RIKE1 & :I* WAS TO SUBSEQU5TLY HAVE A CONSID]ABLE IMPACT UPON ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA9 & BEYOND1 WAS ,CLASS ,W>4 ,! ,CLASS ,W> GR\P & ITS EPONYM\S TABLOID-/YLE NEWSPAP] HAD ITS ORIG9 AMONG WORK+ CLASS AN>*I/S LIV+ 9 ,S\? ,WALES & ,LONDON4 ,ANNOY$ & FRU/RAT$ ) :AT !Y SAW AS ! CLE> LACK ( DYNAMISM & G5]AL IRRELEVANCE ( ! AN>*I/ 'SC5E' 9 ,BRITA9 AT ! P]IOD1 !Y ADOPT$ A POPULI/ & HI<LY ACTIVI/ APPROA*4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ?IS GR\P1 :I* DEVELOP$ A NOM9ALLY NATIONAL F$]AL /RUCTURE 9 #a#i#h#f1 S5T A %OCK WAVE ?R\< ! AN>*I/ 'SC5E'1 :I* AT ?AT TIME1 ) R>E EXCEPTION1 WAS UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( PACIFISM1 MORALI/IC EXCLUSIVI/ LIFE/YLE 'POLITICS' &_/OR 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,CLASS ,W>1 NOT SURPRIS+LY1 EMPHASIZ$ A POPULI/ V]SION ( CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM1 PROMOT+ WORK+ CLASS COMBATIVITY1 FOCUS+ ON COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN WORKPLACE /RUGGLES4 ,!IR PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( !IR EXI/5CE1 O!R ?AN ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( ! NEWSPAP]1 9VOLV$ HEADL9E-GRABB+ HECKL+ & PUBLIC H>ASSM5T ( V>I\S 7HI<LY DES]V+7LEFT FIGURES4 ,AFT] A P]IOD ( 9V5TIVE1 BUT 9EVITABLY LESS ?AN SUCCESSFUL '/UNTS' SU* AS ! ',BA% ! ,RI*' EV5TS1 ! NEW F$]ATION LOOK$ MORE S]I\SLY AT !IR POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,?IS P]IOD ( 9T5SE DISCUSSION CULM9AT$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( A BOOK TITL$ ',UNF9I%$ ,BUS9ESS3 ! POLITICS ( ,CLASS ,W>' 7#a#i#i#b7 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO \TL9E A NEW & DI/9CT POLITICS ?AT DI/ANC$ ITSELF IF NOT FROM ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 !N AT LEA/ FROM ! PRES5T AN>*I/ MILIEU4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY ! BOOK1 SOME:AT UNCONV9C+LY1 EMBRAC$ A LIB]T>IAN TAKE ON ,M>XISM4 ,AL?\< A CONSID]ABLE SECTION ( ,CLASS ,W> REJECT$ MU* ( ! ,UNF9I%$ ,BUS9ESS !SIS1 ! BOOK ITSELF WAS AT LEA/ A S]I\S ATTEMPT TO BO? R5OVATE LIB]T>IAN ?\<T & TO ADDRESS ! ISSUE ( CLASS AT ! 5D ( ! #b? C5TURY4 ,9 DO+ SO IT BORR[$ HEAVILY FROM ! POLITICS ( ! ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/S 7SEE P>T #b ( ,9 ! ,TRADITION74 

,REG>DLESS ( ! BOOK1 ! ACTUAL ,CLASS ,W> ,F$]ATION1 H[EV]1 CONT9U$ TO BE A SYN!SIS ( ,PLAT=MI/ AN>*ISM1 AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM1 C\NCIL COMMUNISM & V>I\S O!R T5D5CIES1 ALL PA9T$ 9 POPULI/ COLORS4 ,?IS CREAT$ AN ONGO+ T5SION 9 ! ORGANIZATION1 :I*1 ?\< IT CONTA9$ A C]TA9 DYNAMIC1 9EVITABLY L$ TO AN 9CONSI/5CY 9 POLITICAL L9E ) REG>D TO FUNDAM5TALS SU* AS ! NATURE ( ! TRADE UNIONS & NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES4 

,AFT] A DECADE ( TRY+ TO EXTRICATE ITSELF FROM :AT IT DESCRIB$ AS ! 0AN>*I/ <ETTO0 ! ,CLASS ,W> ,F$]ATION EV5TUALLY DISSOLV$ ITSELF AFT] A F9AL $ITION ( ! PAP] /YL$ ',AN OP5 LETT] TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T' :]E !Y /AT$ ?AT 0,AFT] ALMO/ #ae YE>S ( SOMETIMES 9T5SE & FRANTIC ACTIVITY1 ,CLASS ,W> IS /ILL T9Y 9 NUMB] &1 AS F> AS MANY 9 ! ORGANIZATION >E CONC]N$1 GO+ NO:]E04 ,A SMALL RUMP ( MILITANTS CONT9U$ ! ORGANIZATION1 :I* DECID$ TO DESCRIBE ITSELF AS EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ COMMUNI/1 ?\< MA9TA9+ A POPULI/ & 9CREAS+LY C\NT]-CULTURAL P]SPECTIVE4 

,BUT NO DISCUSSION ( 9T]NATIONAL LIB]T>IAN ?\<T 9 ! LA/ #b YE>S CAN IGNORE ! LEGACY ( ,CLASS ,W>4 ,CLASS ,W>1 :I* 9 P>T AT LEA/ WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! EXP]I5CE ( PUNK 9 ! #a#i#gS1 BREA!D NEW LIFE 9TO ! AN>*I/ BODY-POLITIC & BR\<T A FRE%1 FI]CELY COMBATIVE VISION ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,?IS VISION1 :I* BURN$ BRI<TLY = A %ORT TIME1 9FLU5C$ MANY Y\NG WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS1 NEW TO POLITICS4 ,!IR IRREV]5T APPROA* %OOK UP A COMPLAC5T LIB]T>IAN MILIEU4 ,&1 IF NO?+ ELSE1 !IR EMPHASIS ON AN ANTAGONI/IC & EMPHATICALLY CLASS POLITICS BE+ C5TRAL TO LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION1 HELP$ RETURN AN>*ISM TO ITS WORK+ CLASS ROOTS4 

,A DIFF]5T DIRECTION8 

,IF A GR\P LIKE ,CLASS ,W> DI/+UI%$ ITSELF 9 ITS EMPHASIS ON CLASS1 !N O!R LIB]T>IAN CURR5TS W]E DEVELOP+ IDEAS :I* APPE>$ TO BE MOV+ 9 A DIFF]5T DIRECTION1 ?AT ( PRIORITIZ+ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION ( ! PLANET4 

,AL?\< LIB]T>IANS SU* AS ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,$W>D ,C>P5T] & ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 W]E AMONG ! FIR/ PEOPLE ANY:]E TO ADDRESS ISSUES ( 5VIRONM5T & HUMAN SCALE ECONOMICS1 MU* ( ! PRODUCTIVISM & TE*NOPHILIA ( CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY WAS %>$ BY E>LY SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S 9CLUD$4 

,?IS FAILURE TO ADDRESS ! ALI5AT+ & 5VIRONM5T DE/ROY+ NATURE ( UNFETT]$ ECONOMIC 'PROGRESS' WAS EVID5T 9 ! BRUTAL 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! SO- CALL$ SOCIALI/ NATIONS4 ,! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ITS SATELLITES SANG ! PRAISES ( ! LATE/ SUP]-DAM OR ! NEWE/ TRACTOR PRODUCTION FIGURES4 ,BUT IT WAS REFLECTIVE ( ! LACK ( 5VIRONM5TAL AW>5ESS G5]ALLY1 ?AT MANY ( ?OSE :O SAW ! 'EXI/+ SOCIALI/' NATIONS = :AT !Y W]E1 NAMELY /ATE CAPITALI/ DICTATOR%IPS1 FAIL$ TO RECOGNIZE ! GROTESQUE NATURE ( ! PRODUCTIVI/ IDEOLOGY !Y REFLECT$4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY 

,A REVOLUTION>Y ANTI-CAPITALI/ UND]/&+ ( GRE5 POLITICS WAS SL[ 9 DEVELOP+4 ',ECOLOGY' WAS EQUAT$ ) ! 'CONS]VATIONISM' ( ! PA/ :I* MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 HANK]$ AFT] A PRE- 9DU/RIAL GOLD5 AGE & HID A REACTION>Y AG5DA4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! WORK ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 & HIS BOOK ',\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T' 7#a#i#f#b7 ?AT A SOCIAL ECOLOGY W\LD BEG9 TO EM]GE BAS$ UPON A REVOLUTION>Y HUMANISM4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE WAS MO/ =CEFULLY >GU$ 9 ! #aihb WORK ',! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM'4 

,AT ! C5T] ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY WAS ! REALIZATION ?AT ! PRODUCTIVI/ NATURE ( CAPITALISM WAS WRAPP$ UP 9 HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATIONS AS MU* AS 9 ! NE$ = CAPITAL TO CON/ANTLY EXP&4 ,SO ?IS PRODUCTIVISM & ! DESIRE TO DOM9ATE ! E>? >E CONTA9$ ALSO )9 SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGIES1 P>TICUL>LY ,M>XISM :I* ALSO DEF5D HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,EV5 BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( ,PRIMITIVISM OR ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,BOOK*9 REALIZ$ ! DANG] ( AN ECOLOGICAL UND]/&+ ?AT WAS BAS$ UPON A MISAN?ROPIC1 ANTI- HUMANI/ IDEOLOGY4 

0,9 UTOPIA MAN NO MORE RETURNS TO HIS ANCE/RAL IMM$IACY ) NATURE ?AN AN>*O-COMMUNISM RETURNS TO PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM4 ,:E!R N[ OR 9 ! FUTURE1 HUMAN RELATION%IPS ) NATURE >E M$IAT$ BY SCI5CE1 TE*NOLOGY & KN[L$GE4 ,BUT :E!R SCI5CE1 TE*NOLOGY & KN[L$GE WILL IMPROVE NATURE TO ITS [N B5EFIT WILL DEP5D UPON MAN'S ABILITY TO IMPROVE HIS SOCIAL CONDITION4 ,EI!R REVOLUTION WILL CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ) NEW ECOTE*NOLOGIES & ECOCOMMUNITIES1 OR HUMANITY & ! NATURAL WORLD AS WE KN[ IT TODAY WILL P]I%40 7,PO/-SC>CITY AN>*ISM1 #a#i#g74 

,BOOK*9'S VISION ( A MASSIVELY DEC5TRALIZ$1 /ATELESS & CLASSLESS SOCIETY :I* RATIONALLY UTILIZES TE*NOLOGY 9 ORD] TO BO? SAVE ! PLANET & TO SAVE HUMANITY REMA9S A M9ORITY CURR5T )9 MA9/REAM GRE5 ?\<T & ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ! ON H&1 RE=MI/ GRE5 P>TIES & PRESSURE GR\PS REMA9 5TIRELY )9 ! CAMP ( A K9D]1 G5TL] CAPITALISM1 :IL/ ON ! O!R ,PRIMITIVI/ & PO/-PRIMITIVI/ GR\PS PREF] TO RAGE AGA9/ CIVILIZATION ITSELF :IL/ FOLL[+ AN EQUALLY RE=MI/ TRAJECTORY4 

,!RE IS MU* TO CRITICIZE 9 ,BOOK*9'S >GUM5TS4 ,HIS REJECTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS MOTOR =CE ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION1 HIS SUPPORT = A 'LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM' :I* T5DS TO EQUATE TO ELECTORALISM ETC4 ,BUT HIS >GUM5TS ON ! NE$ = A LIB]ATORY TE*NOLOGY & AN ANTI-HI]>*ICAL PRAXIS HAVE C]TA9LY 9FLU5C$ ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION & EV5 SOME ( HIS O/5SIBLE CRITICS 9 ! ECOLOGICAL RESI/ANCE4 

,GRE5 REVOLUTION 

,9 ! E>LY #a#i#iS1 MU* ( ! CROSS F]TILIZATION BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ & GRE5 ?\<T F\ND ORGANIZATIONAL =M 9 ,BRITA9 ) ! J\RNAL ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION3 A REVOLUTION>Y NEWSPAP] WORK+ = ECOLOGICAL SURVIVAL1 HUMAN LIB]ATION & DIRECT ACTION4 ,?\< %ORT-LIV$1 ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION ATTEMPT$ AN ECLECTIC1 BUT COH]5T APPROA*1 EMBRAC+ 0444AN UNBROK5 TRADITION ( /RUGGLE04 ,?IS TRADITION 9CLUD$ ! ,DIGG]S ( ! ,5GLI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS & ! ,M>XI/ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,IT CALL$ = A 0,GRE5 & LIB]T>IAN CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM0 & UND]/OOD ?AT 0,! W> AGA9/ ! PLANET IS A CLASS W>04 ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION WAS CAU<T REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,! COLLAPSE ( 'COMMUNISM' 

,! 5D ( 'EXI/+ SOCIALISM' ) ! DEA? ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! O!R /ATE CAPITALI/ DICTATOR%IPS WAS WELCOM$ BY LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S1 NOT LEA/ ?OSE FEW :O LIV$ 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES4 ,HOPES W]E >TIFICIALLY HI< ?AT ! POSSIBILITY ( A NEW WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T = A SELF- MANAG$ SOCIALISM W\LD EM]GE1 SOMEH[1 FROM ! WRECKAGE ( !SE SOCIETIES4 ,BUT1 AL?\< A BLOSSOM+ ( LIB]T>IAN & ANTI-CAPITALI/ GR\PS1 NEWSPAP]S ETC4 WAS ALMO/ IMM$IATE1 ! REALITY WAS ?AT1 9/ABILITY1 E?NIC CONFLICT & MASSIVE ATTACKS UPON WORK+ CLASS LIV+ CONDITIONS W]E ! NORM ACROSS ! =M] ',SOCIALI/' /ATES AS PRIVATE CAPITALISM >RIV$4 

,= ! ,/AL9I/ LEFT ACROSS ! WORLD ! 'COLLAPSE ( COMMUNISM' CREAT$ CRISIS & DEEP5$ S*ISMS4 ,BUT ! ,TROTSKYI/ LEFT ALSO FELT ! EFFECTS4 ,! ,WORK]S ,/ATES1 H[EV] DEG5]AT$ OR DE=M$1 W]E = !M /ILL EXAMPLES ( NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,!IR COLLAPSE LEFT !M 9 AN AWKW>D SITUATION4 

,= ?OSE :O CONSID]$ !SE SO-CALL$ ,WORK]S ,/ATES AS V>IANTS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 H[EV]1 !IR DEMISE ALSO HAD A /RANGELY NEGATIVE IMPACT4 ,C]TA9LY WE HAD NO ILLUSION ?AT \R ,GOD HAD FAIL$1 BUT ! REL5TLESS TRUMPET+ ( ! ',5D ( ,COMMUNISM' & BY EXT5SION1 ( ALL COLLECTIVE SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY CAPITALISM1 BY ! B\RGEOISIE WAS DEMORALIZ+4 0,LOOK AT :AT HAPP5S :5 Y\ HAVE A REVOLUTION4 ,DICTATOR%IP & UNFRE$OM 9EVITABLY FOLL[S60 H>P$ ! RUL+ CLASS1 0,GIVE UP N[604 ,AS NO WAVE ( RESI/ANCE TO ! NEW REIGN ( FREE M>KET ECONOMICS SEEM$ TO BE =?COM+ FROM ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! =M] ,SOVIET ,BLOC1 ! E>LY N9ETIES LOOK$ BLEAK4 

,! RETURN ( WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION 

,! DEFEAT ( ! M9]S /RIKE WAS AN 5ORM\S BL[ TO WORK+ CLASS CONFID5CE4 ,! SUBSEQU5T UNSUCCESSFUL /RUGGLES 9 ,BRITI% 9DU/RY SU* AS ?OSE ( ! PR9T WORK]S AT ,W>R+TON & ,WAPP+1 ALONG ) ! G5]AL RUN-D[N ( MANUFACTUR+1 LEFT MANY FEEL+ DESPOND5T4 ,! COMMUNITY BAS$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,POLL ,TAX 9 ! LATE #a#i#hS-E>LY #a#i#iS1 :IL/ 9SPIR+1 DID NOT SIGNAL ! BEG9N+S ( A NEW WORK+ CLASS COMBATIVITY4 ,BY #a#i#i#f1 ! ,LIV]POOL ,DOCK]S' FI<T APPE>$ LIKE A /RUGGLE FROM ANO!R ]A4 ,&1 DESPITE ! EF=TS O ! ,DOCK]S TO 9T]NATIONALIZE ! /RUGGLE & TO SEEK NEW ALLIES 9 ! DIRECT ACTION ORI5T$ MOVEM5TS SU* AS ,RECLAIM ! ,/REETS1 ! DEAD H& ( ! ,TRANSPORT & ,G5]AL ,WORK]S ,UNION 5SUR$ DEFEAT4 

,AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE8 

,9 P>TS ( ,EUROPE DUR+ ! P]IOD ( #aihf UNTIL ! MID-N9ETIES1 NEW DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE W]E TAK+ PLACE4 ,AS EV]Y:]E1 WORK+ CLASS LIV+ CONDITIONS W]E UND] ATTACK & AS EV]Y:]E1 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS W]E DESP]ATELY TRY+ TO MA9TA9 !IR NEGOTIAT+ POSITIONS & TO CONTROL ANY AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE4 

,9 ,ITALY1 SELF-ORGANIZ$ CO-ORD9ATIONS ( WORK]S BEGAN TO EM]GE DUR+ #a#i#h#e1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG TEA*]S1 RAILWAY WORK]S & METALWORK]S4 ,!SE CO- ORD9ATIONS W]E \TSIDE ! EXI/+ UNION &1 :]E ! TRADITIONAL UNIONS EXI/$1 QUICKLY 5T]$ 9TO CONFLICT ) !M4 ,AL?\< DIFF]5T NAMES W]E US$ 9 DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES & REGIONS1 ! MOVEM5T BECAME KN[N AS ! ,C,O,B,A,S MOVEM5T 7FROM ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,BASE7 & US$ MASS ASSEMBLIES1 RECALLABLE DELEGATES & MILITANT TACTICS TO CONDUCT !IR /RUGGLES4 ,! POLITICAL COMPLEXION ( ! MOVEM5T WAS DIV]SE & 9CLUD$ V>I\S ELEM5TS FROM ! OLD ,WORK]S ,AUTONOMY MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#gS1 AS WELL AS ,TROTSKYI/S1 AN>*I/S & O!RS4 ,MO/LY ITS /R5G? LAY 9 MOBILIZ+ ?OSE WORK]S :O W]E F$-UP ) ! RESPONSE ( ! E/ABLI%$ UNIONS TO ATTACKS UPON !IR SECTORS4 

,AL?\< ! ,C,O,B,A,S MOVEM5T WAS A POSITIVE EXAMPLE ( SELF-ORGANIZATION1 IT SUFF]$ FROM SECTIONALISM & ! DESIRE O SOME ( ITS ACTIVI/S TO BECOME A NEW TRADE UNION1 A LITTLE MORE LEFT & A LITTLE LESS BUREAUCRATIC ?AN ! TRADITIONAL ONES4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiia ! ,C,O,B,A,S1 ALONGSIDE ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION1 ! ,U,S,I1 ORGANIZ$ A SELF-MANAG$ G5]AL /RIKE AGA9/ ! ,GULF ,W>1 :I* 9VOLV$ #b1 PEOPLE4 ,?IS 9ITIATIVE BR\<T MORE PEOPLE \T F> MORE ?AN ! COMB9$ MEMB]%IP ( ! COMMITTEES & ,U,S,I PUT TOGE!R4 

,A YE> LAT] A =MAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,C,U,B 7,UNIT$ RANK & FILE CONF$]ATION7 WAS E/ABLI%$1 UNIT+ WORK]S ACROSS V>I\S SECTORS4 ,?IS 'ALT]NATIVE' UNION IS TODAY ONE ( SEV]AL 9 ,ITALY1 9CLUD+ ! ,UNI,COBAS1 :I* HAS AN EXPLICITLY LIB]T>IAN P]SPECTIVE4 ,!SE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE DEVELOP$ !IR [N BUREAUCRATIC PRACTICES & OP]ATE SOME:]E BETWE5 A POLITICAL GR\P1 A TRADE UNION & !IR ORIG9AL ROLE AS A TOOL ( LIAISON & CO- ORD9AT$ /RUGGLE4 

,FRANCE3 E*OES ( #a#i#f#h8 

,9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ! E>LY #a#i#iS A SIMIL> DEVELOPM5T TOOK PLACE AS WORK]S 9 ! HEAL? S]VICE1 TRANSPORT WORK]S1 PO/IES1 WORK]S 9 ! C> 9DU/RY1 ! AIRPORTS & ELSE:]E BEGAN TO SELF-ORGANIZE4 ,!Y E/ABLI%$ 9DEP5D5T ,LIAISON ,COMMITTEES :I* ATTEMPT$ TO CO-ORD9ATE ACTIVITY 9 !IR SECTORS4 ,!SE ,COMMITTEES W]E CON/ANTLY HAV+ TO \T MANEUV] ! V>I\S E/ABLI%$ TRADE UNIONS1 !MSELVES COMPET+ = RECOGNITION & ADVANTAGE4 ,WILDCAT /RIKES 9VOLV+ LORRY DRIV]S1 NURSES & C>E WORK]S1 BR\<T ?\S&S ( SELF-ORGANIZ$ WORK]S \T4 ,:5 !SE /RUGGLES DI$ D[N1 SOME FOLL[+ MORE SUCCESS ?AN O!RS1 ! 9DEP5D5T ,COMMITTEES T5D$ NOT TO E/ABLI% !MSELVES1 AS 9 ,ITALY1 AS P]MAN5T /RUCTURES4 ,MANY ( ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 !SE /RIKES 9 #a#i#i-#a#i#i#b W]E SUBSEQU5TLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! MASS /RIKE WAVE ( ! ,HOT ,AUTUMN ( #a#i#i#e4 ,PUBLIC SECTOR WORK]S RESPOND$ TO PROPOS$ ATTACKS UPON SOCIAL SECURITY1 P5SIONS & ! PUBLIC BUDGET ) A S]IES ( /RIKES1 MASS DEMON/RATIONS & OCCUPATIONS4 ,) E*OES ( #aifh 7SEE ,9 ,! ,TRADITION P>T #c71 AT TIMES ?IS TOOK ON AN ALMO/ 9SURRECTIONAL *>ACT] ) PIT*$ BATTLES BETWE5 COAL M9]S & POLICE1 ! OCCUPATION ( PUBLIC BUILD+S & B>RICADES RIS+ 9 T[NS & CITIES ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ) UNION HELP1 ! MO/ ACTIVE GR\PS ( WORK]S1 SU* AS ! RAIL WORK]S1 W]E ISOLAT$ & ! /RUGGLES PET]$ \T4 

,:AT SU* EV5TS PO9T TO IS ?AT EV5 9 A P]IOD :]E ! RUL+ CLASS SEEMS TO HAVE EXT+UI%$ ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT & ANY VISION ( A BETT] WORLD1 ! BASIC CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM CREATE RESI/ANCE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! /RANGLEHOLD ( BUREAUCRATS & (FICIALS IS *ALL5G$ BY ! 9NATE CREATIVITY ( ! MASS ( WORK+ PEOPLE1 TIME & TIME AGA94 

,9 ! TRADITION8 

,! ,9 ! ,TRADITION S]IES HAS ATTEMPT$ TO DRAW ! V]Y BRIEFE/ \TL9E ( ! IDEAS1 PEOPLE & EV5TS ?AT HAVE 9FLU5C$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,MO/ ( ! EV5TS HAVE ALL[$ US 9SI<TS 9TO H[ PEOPLE ATTEMPT TO PRACTICALLY SOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( ORGANIZATION & /RUGGLE4 ,MANY HAVE BE5 9SPIRATIONAL & WE HAVE LE>N$ MO/ FROM ! ACTIVITY ( 7EXTRA7ORD9>Y PEOPLE TRY+ TO UND]/& & *ANGE !IR WORLD4 

,! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ACCEPTS NO GURU1 NO !ORETICAL ,GOD OR MA/]4 ,WE ?9K NO LIB]T>IAN GR\P OR 9DIVIDUAL %\LD4 ,BUT WE REJECT ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM & AHI/ORICAL APPROA*ES1 BO? ( :I* >E F> TOO COMMON AMONG AN>*I/S4 ,NEI!R DO WE FAVOR AN ECLECTICISM ?AT SIMPLY BORR[S FROM H]E & !RE )\T CRITICAL APPRECIATION4 ,WE HOPE ?AT READ]S WILL SEEK \T = !MSELVES ! ?9K]S1 GR\PS & MOVEM5TS ?AT WE HAVE TALK$ AB\T4 ,WE HOPE ?AT READ]S WILL TAKE ! TIME TO CONTACT US1 DEM&+ TO KN[ :Y WE HAV5'T COV]$ X1 Y & Z6 ,SO MANY IMPORTANT EV5TS & !ORIES HAV5'T MADE IT 9TO ! P>TS1 P]HAPS WE %\LD HAVE />T$ WORK ON A BOOK SEV]AL YE>S AGO6 

,BUT1 9 A P]IOD SU* AS \R [N1 :5 LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS >E GR[+ 9 >EAS :]E !Y HAD NEV] EXI/$ UNTIL ! LA/ #b YE>S1 !N ! NE$ = AN 5GAGEM5T ) :]E WE HAVE BE5 IS C5TRAL TO ANY UND]/&+ ( :]E WE >E GO+ 9 ! FUTURE4 ,WE HOPE ?AT ,9 ! ,TRADITION HAS MADE A SMALL CONTRIBUTION TO MAK+ ?AT 5GAGEM5T POSSIBLE4 

,! ,5,D 7= N[674 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JULY #a1 #bb 3 ,9 ,! ,TRADITION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,9 ,! ,TRADITION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/