,*APT] #c 
,! ,NEGOTIATION 7#a7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>NE ,ROSS 

,TEXT 3 

#c4 ,! ,N,E,G,O,T,I,A,T,I,O,N 7#a7 

,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #ba 

,:AT IS A FACT8 

,?IS WAS NOT A PO/-MOD]N PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE2 IT WAS A NEGOTIATION ( :AT WAS TO BECOME 9T]NATIONAL LAW4 ,BUT ?IS ESS5TIAL QUE/ION B$EVIL$ \R DISCUSSION4 ,WE C\LD NOT AGREE ON ! FACTS4 

,WE W]E MEET+ DAY AFT] DAY1 = SEV]AL H\RS AT A TIME4 ,\R DISCUSSIONS TOOK PLACE 9 A N>R[1 CRAMP$ ROOM CALL$ ! ,N,A,M CAUCUS ROOM4 ,N,A,M IS ! ACRONYM = ! ,NON-,ALIGN$ ,MOVEM5T1 ! GR\P+ ( ?OSE /ATES ?AT DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W> SAW !MSELVES AS ASSOCIAT$ ) NEI!R ,N,A,T,O NOR ! ,W>SAW ,PACT4 ,AL?\< ! ,COLD ,W> IS OV]1 ! ,N,A,M LIVES ON1 AS DOES ITS ROOM1 :I* IS NEXT TO ! ROOM NEXT TO ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL 7P]HAPS A SITUATIONAL REFLECTION ( ! ,N,A,M'S DI/ANT RELATION%IP TO REAL P[]74 ,! ROOM IS TOO SMALL = ! ,N,A,M1 :I* HAS #aaf MEMB]S2 9DE$ IT IS TOO SMALL = ! FIFTE5 DELEGATES ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL4 ,! TABLE ONLY ACCOMMODAT$ T5 PEOPLE1 TI<TLY SQUEEZ$ TOGE!R1 SO :OEV] 5T]$ ! ROOM LA/ HAD NO SEAT AT ! TABLE1 & WAS =C$ TO SIT ON ! UNCOM=TABLE *AIRS BEH9D1 L9+ ! WALL4 ,:5 ! NEGOTIATIONS BEGAN1 !RE W\LD BE AN UNG5TLEMANLY RU% = ! TABLE SEATS1 & :OEV] WAS LA/ 9 ! ROOM W\LD HAVE TO SP5D ! NEXT SEV]AL H\RS AWKW>DLY BALANC+ !IR NEGOTIAT+ PAP]S ON !IR KNEES4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS PROBLEM DID NOT LA/ LONG4 ,AFT] ! FIR/ FEW DAYS1 SOME ( ! SMALL] NONP]MAN5T.<#a#a.> ,C\NCIL DELEGATES /OPP$ BO!R+ TO ATT5D ! NEGOTIATIONS AT ALL1 EV5 ?\< !IR C\NTRIES W\LD HAVE TO VOTE ON ! \TCOME4 

,IT MI<T SEEM CYNICAL OR EV5 IDLE NOT TO BO!R TO ATT5D NEGOTIATIONS ON SU* AN IMPORTANT SUBJECT AS ! FUTURE ( SANCTIONS ON ,IRAQ4 ,BUT !SE W]E SMALL DELEGATIONS1 HEAVILY OV]LOAD$ ) ! MANY AG5DA ITEMS ON ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL1 & ! TRU? WAS ?AT !Y W]E IRRELEVANT4 ,SOME ( ! MORE COMPET5T NONP]MAN5T DELEGATIONS W]E (T5 ABLE TO MAKE A MEAN+FUL CONTRIBUTION TO ,C\NCIL NEGOTIATIONS1 DESPITE ! LIMITATIONS ( !IR T9Y SIZE 7!Y MI<T HAVE ?REE OR F\R OV]WORK$ DIPLOMATS COV]+ ! 5TIRE AG5DA ( ! ,C\NCIL1 :]E ,BRITA91 BY CONTRA/1 HAD AT LEA/ A DOZ574 ,BUT !IR ROLE WAS REALLY MORE ?AT ( SPECTATORS AT ! MA9 FI<T4 ,WE ALL KNEW ?AT !Y W\LD VOTE = :ATEV] \TCOME ! P]MAN5T MEMB]S C\LD AGREE TO1 & !Y KNEW IT TOO4 ,SO NOT BO!R+ TO ATT5D WAS1 9 A S5SE1 5TIRELY RATIONAL ON !IR P>T4 ,IT ALSO MEANT ?AT !RE WAS MORE ROOM AT ! TABLE4 

,\R NEGOTIATION WAS TO AGREE ! T]MS ( :AT WE CALL$ ! 0ROLLOV]0 ( ! ,OIL-=-,FOOD PROGRAM 9 ,IRAQ4 ,EV]Y SIX MON?S ! T]MS ( ! PROGRAM HAD TO BE NEGOTIAT$ AFRE% 9 ORD] = ! ,C\NCIL TO AGREE1 BY ADOPT+ A NEW RESOLUTION1 TO IMPLEM5T ! PROGRAM4 ,BUT AL?\< TE*NICALLY ?IS WAS :AT ! NEGOTIATION WAS AB\T1 ! ACTUAL DISCUSSION WAS CONC]N$ ) H[ MU* OR H[ LITTLE WE W]E GO+ TO EASE SANCTIONS ON ,IRAQ1 = ! RESOLUTION ON ! ,OIL-=-,FOOD PROGRAM ALSO /IPULAT$1 9 >CANE YET (T5 IMPRECISE DETAIL1 :AT ,IRAQ C\LD & C\LD NOT IMPORT OR EXPORT1 & H[ !SE FL[S W]E TO BE REGULAT$4.<#a#b.> 

,& ?IS WAS :Y WE C\LDN'T AGREE ! FACTS4 ,BY #b#a1 :5 ?IS NEGOTIATION TOOK PLACE1 ! DEBATE OV] SANCTIONS ON ,IRAQ HAD CALCIFI$ 9TO TWO OPPOS+ & 5TIRELY 9COMPATIBLE VIEWS4 

,ON ! ONE SIDE W]E US 7! ,BRITI%7 & ! ,AM]ICANS1 ) P]HAPS ONE OR TWO SYMPA!TIC NONP]MAN5T MEMB]S1 LIKE ! ,DUT*1 & ON ! O!R EV]YONE ELSE1 L$ BY ! ,FR5* &1 LESS >TICULATELY1 BY ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,! ,U,S_/,U,K VIEW WAS ?AT SANCTIONS W]E ESS5TIAL 9 ! FACE ( ,IRAQ'S NONCOMPLIANCE ) ITS OBLIGATIONS TO DIS>M ( ITS ,WEAPONS ( ,MASS ,DE/RUCTION4.<#a#c.> ,IF !RE WAS HUMANIT>IAN SUFF]+ 9 ,IRAQ1 IT WAS ! FAULT ( ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T = ITS FAILURE TO COMPLY ) ITS DIS>MAM5T OBLIGATIONS & = FAIL+ TO IMPLEM5T PROP]LY ! ,OIL-=-,FOOD PROGRAM1 :I* S9CE #aiif HAD EXI/$ TO ALL[ ,IRAQ TO PUR*ASE1 ?R\< ! ,U,N1 NECESS>Y HUMANIT>IAN SUPPLIES1 9CLUD+ ALL TYPES ( FOOD & M$IC9E4 

,TO JU/IFY \R >GUM5T WE C\LD DEPLOY A :OLE >RAY ( 0FACTS01 = EXAMPLE ?AT 9 NOR!RN ,IRAQ1 :]E ! ,U,N RA!R ?AN ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T WAS 9 *>GE ( RUNN+ ! PROGRAM1 HOSPITALS & S*OOLS W]E BE+ SET UP & OP]AT$ SMOO?LY1 & SUPPLIES W]E BE+ SUCCESSFULLY DELIV]$ TO ?OSE :O NE$$ !M 79DE$1 SO SUCCESSFUL WAS ! ,OIL-=-,FOOD PROGRAM 9 ! NOR? ?AT ! ,KURDI% P>TIES W\LD LOBBY US TO MAKE SURE ?AT IT W\LDN'T BE /OPP$ IF SANCTIONS EV] HAD TO BE LIFT$74 ,ANO!R FACT CONSI/$ ( ! REPORTS ( ! ,U,N ADM9I/RATORS ( ! PROGRAM1 ! ,(FICE ( ! ,IRAQ ,PROGRAM1 :I* SUGGE/$ ?AT IT WAS DELIV]+ HUMANIT>IAN IMPROVEM5TS4 ,9 ADDITION1 A R\T9E >GUM5T US$ BY \R POLITICIANS WAS ! FACT ?AT ,SADDAM WAS BUILD+ & FURNI%+ LAVI% PALACES :ILE HIS PEOPLE W]E SUFF]+ 7WE T5D$ NOT TO USE ?IS >GUM5T 9 NEGOTIATION2 SOMEH[ IT SEEM$ TOO CRUDE & PROPAG&I/1 SOME?+ WE DIPLOMATS W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE ABOVE74 ,WE C\LD CITE IMPORT ORD]S1 PLAC$ ?R\< ! ,U,N 7AS ALL IMPORT ORD]S1 LEGAL ONES AT LEA/1 HAD TO BE7 = LUDICR\SLY UNNECESS>Y GOODS1 LIKE #a1 TONS 7YES1 TONS7 ( NECKTIES OR #b#e1 MUSICAL DOORBELLS4 ,CIG>ETTES & :ISKEY W]E BE+ IMPORT$ BY ! REGIME 9 VA/ QUANTITIES4 ,ALL ( ?IS MEANT ?AT IT WAS ALL ! FAULT ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ,IRAQ1 NOT ( SANCTIONS1 IF PEOPLE W]E SUFF]+4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE1 ! OPPON5TS ( SANCTIONS HAD ASSEMBL$ AN EQUALLY DEVA/AT+ >RAY ( 0FACTS04 ,!Y CIT$ EVID5CE ( HOSPITALS )\T M$IC9ES1 UND]N\RI%$ *ILDR51 S*OOLS ) NEI!R BOOKS NOR DESKS1 SEWAGE SY/EMS )\T SP>E P>TS1 P[] /ATIONS ?AT DIDN'T WORK1 AMBULANCES )\T TIRES4 ,!Y C\LD TROT \T ONE REPORT AFT] ANO!R1 SOME FROM ,N,G,OS1 SOME FROM ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T 7:I* SURPASS$ ITSELF 9 ! HY/]ICAL LANGUAGE IT US$ TO DESCRIBE ! SUFF]+ ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE7 & SOME FROM ! ,U,N4 ,MO/ FAM\SLY1 !RE WAS A ,U,N,I,C,E,F REPORT :I*1 PROJECT+ FROM MORTALITY DATA FROM BE=E ! FIR/ ,GULF ,W>1 E/IMAT$ ?AT SOME #e1 *ILDR5 HAD DI$ 9 ! P]IOD S9CE SANCTIONS W]E FIR/ IMPOS$1 DEA?S ?AT W\LD NOT HAVE OCCURR$ IF PRE-SANCTIONS MORTALITY RATES HAD REMA9$ /ABLE4 ,?IS RA!R COMPLICAT$ & MEASUR$ JUDGM5T HAD BE5 SPUN BY OPPON5TS ( SANCTIONS 9TO ! /ATEM5T ?AT SANCTIONS HAD KILL$ HALF A MILLION ,IRAQI *ILDR51 :I*1 ,U,N,I,C,E,F W\LD SAY1 WAS AN OV]SIMPLIFICATION ( !IR CONCLUSION 7EV5 IF IT MI<T NEV]!LESS BE TRUE74 ,& SIMPLIFICATION BEGETS EXAGG]ATION1 AS ,OSAMA B9 ,LAD5 WAS LAT] TO SAY ?AT SANCTIONS HAD KILL$ TWO MILLION ,IRAQI *ILDR54 

,TO EA* & EV]Y FACT ON EI!R SIDE ( ! >GUM5T1 WE DEVELOP$ C\NT]-FACTS4 ,:5 O!RS RAIS$ ! ,U,N,I,C,E,F REPORT1 WE W\LD POLITELY NOD & SAY SOME?+ LIKE3 YES1 ?AT'S A S]I\S FIGURE BUT 7CUE FR[N7 IT IS BAS$ ON ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T FIGURES -- :I* IT WAS -- & 7SUCK TEE?7 ,I'M AFRAID WE CANNOT TREAT ?OSE AS RELIABLE4 ,& TO EV]Y ONE ( \R >GUM5TS1 ! ,FR5* & ,RUSSIANS DEPLOY$ !IR [N BATT]Y ( REBUTTALS4 ,!Y W\LD >GUE1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ! NOR!RN PROV9CES ( ,IRAQ RECEIV$ A DISPROPORTIONATELY L>GE %>E ( ! PROCE$S FROM ! ,OIL-=-,FOOD PROGRAM 7:I* WAS TRUE1 AL?\< ! DISPROPORTION WAS NOT 5\< TO EXPLA9 ! DIFF]5CE 9 WELF>E 9 ! NOR?74 ,! EGREGI\S EXAMPLES ( ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T WA/AGE & 9EFFICI5CY DID NOT %[ ?AT SANCTIONS %\LD CONT9UE 9 !IR CURR5T =M1 ETC4 ,ON BO? SIDES !RE W]E SKILL$ DIPLOMATS :O SP5T !IR TIME SC\R+ ,U,N REPORTS & WRIT+ BRIEFS1 D$ICAT+ !IR 9TELLIG5CE & 5]GY TO RUBBI%+ ONE ANO!R4 ,IF ! NEGOTIATIONS BECAME /UCK1 AS !Y ALWAYS DID1 AT ! LEVEL ( ! DELEGATES OR 0EXP]TS01.<#a#d.> AS !Y >E KN[N 9 ! 9SID] LANGUAGE ( ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL1 WE W\LD ORGANIZE A R\ND ( NEGOTIATION AT AMBASSADOR LEVEL4 ,!RE EXACTLY ! SAME >GUM5TS W\LD BE REPEAT$1 EXCEPT BY DIFF]5T PEOPLE & ) MORE OR LESS FLU5CY1 DEP5D+ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL -- ! ,RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS NOT ONLY A BRILLIANT & LUCID ADVOCATE 9 ,5GLI%1 BUT ALSO HAD A ?OR\< FAMILI>ITY ) ! >GUM5TS4 ,! ONLY O!R SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CE WAS ?AT ! AMBASSADORIAL DISCUSSION W\LD TAKE PLACE 9 ANO!R ROOM1 ?IS TIME ! 09=MAL0 ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL *AMB]4 

,! RESULT1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 WAS TOTAL DEADLOCK4 ,NEGOTIATION BECAME A T$I\S RECITATION ( !IR 0FACTS0 & \R 0FACTS01 ?R[N TO & FRO ACROSS ! TABLE4 ,WE ONLY P]SI/$ 9 ?IS TR5* W>F>E BECAUSE EA* ( US WAS TRY+ TO CONV9CE ! NONP]MAN5T MEMB]S ?AT WE W]E RI<T1 9 ! HOPE ?AT ?IS W\LD CONV9CE !M LAT] TO VOTE = ?IS OR ?AT PROPOSAL 9 ! RESOLUTION4 ,?IS TOO WAS L>GELY A WA/E ( TIME S9CE !Y KNEW ?AT ANY ( ! P]MAN5T MEMB]S C\LD BLOCK ANY PROPOSAL !Y DIDN'T LIKE1 & 9 ANY CASE ! CROSSFIRE ( >GUM5TS SOON MADE ! DEBATE UN9TELLIGIBLE4 ,IT GOT SO BAD ?AT WE W\LD REJECT ANY?+ ! ,FR5* & ,RUSSIANS PROPOS$ SIMPLY BECAUSE IT WAS !IR PROPOSAL1 & VICE V]SA4 ,9DE$1 ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS WE W\LD 9TRODUCE A NEW PROPOSAL 7SAY1 TO MODIFY SOME ASPECT ( ! PROCESS TO SCRE5 EXPORTS TO ,IRAQ7 ONLY TO HAVE IT OPPOS$ )\T CONCESSION BY ! O!R SIDE4 ,!N1 SIX MON?S LAT]1 COME ! NEXT 0ROLLOV]0 DEBATE1 !Y W\LD PROPOSE EXACTLY ! SAME IDEA1 ONLY ?IS TIME WE W\LD OPPOSE IT1 BECAUSE WE C\LDN'T BELIEVE ?AT !RE WASN'T SOME HIDD5 CAT* :I* W\LD ALL[ ! ,IRAQI REGIME & !IR ALLIES A LOOPHOLE4 

,Y\ WILL NOTICE ONE MAJOR ABS5TEE 9 ?IS DISCUSSION3 ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,AS WE IRRITABLY TRAD$ >GUM5TS 9 ! ,N,A,M CAUCUS ROOM1 ORD9>Y ,IRAQIS W]E /RUGGL+ ) A DEFUNCT ECONOMY1 EK+ \T !IR DW9DL+ 9COMES & COP+4 ,IT IS ALL TOO EASY TO SEE N[ H[ !IR FATES C\LD BECOME A DEBAT+ PO9T 9 A FETID NEGOTIATION *AMB]4 ,:AT WE ALL LACK$ 9 ?AT NA/Y OV]HEAT$ LITTLE ROOM WAS ANY S5SE ( :AT WAS REALLY GO+ ON4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y S\RCE ( 9=MATION WAS 9 SOME WAY COMPROMIS$ & ?US C\LD BE DISMISS$ BY ONE SIDE OR ! O!R4 ,= ! ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICANS WE C\LD ALWAYS DEPLOY ONE >GUM5T IF ALL O!RS FAIL$1 & ?IS WAS ?AT ANY REPORT COM+ \T ( ,IRAQ WAS 9EVITABLY QUE/IONABLE S9CE ORGANIZATIONS C\LD ONLY OP]ATE !RE UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T4 ,EV5 ! ,U,N ITSELF C\LD NOT BE IMP>TIAL3 WE SUSPECT$ SOME AG5CIES ( BECOM+ 0POLITICIZ$0 7AS IF EV]Y?+ WAS NOT ALREADY POLITICIZ$ 9 ?IS DEBATE71 L$ BY PEOPLE ) AN 0AG5DA04 ,O!R AG5CIES W]E LESS SUSPECT1 & IT WAS !IR REPORTS ?AT WE T5D$ TO QUOTE4 ,?US OBS]V]S ( ! DEBATE W]E TREAT$ TO ! ABSURD SPECTACLE ( EA* SIDE QUOT+ SUPPOS$LY IMP>TIAL ,U,N REPORTS AT ONE ANO!R -- &1 AS ,G]MA9E ,GRE] ONCE SAID1 0ALL QUOTATIONS >E TAK5 \T ( CONTEXT3 ?AT'S :AT !Y >E40.<#a#e.> ,ALL \R 9=MATION WAS \T ( CONTEXT4 

,H[EV]1 ,I %\LD NOT PLAY ?IS 0HE SAYS1 %E SAYS0 PO9T TOO F>4 ,! ABS5CE ( GOOD1 H>D1 RELIABLE DATA & \R [N SKILL AT DEMOLI%+ \R OPPON5TS' >GUM5TS HELP$ US AVOID A V]Y IMPORTANT TRU?1 P]HAPS EV5 ,! ,TRU?4 ,!RE MAY NOT HAVE BE5 GOOD FACTS1 BUT ?AT %\LD NOT HAVE PREV5T$ US FROM SEE+ ! OBVI\S4 ,AFT] SEV]AL R\NDS ( ?IS TYPE ( DISCUSSION1 ,I BEGAN TO F9D IT DEEPLY DI/URB+4 ,!RE IS SOME?+ V]Y WRONG AB\T SITT+ >\ND A TABLE 9 ,NEW ,YORK >GU+ AB\T H[ MANY *ILDR5 >E DY+ 9 ,IRAQ & :OSE FAULT IT WAS4 ,BY #ba ,I HAD BE5 DO+ ! JOB = OV] ?REE YE>S4 ,I HAD MET A L>GE NUMB] ( ,U,N /AFF]S & ,N,G,O WORK]S1 AS WELL AS MANY DIPLOMATS FROM O!R C\NTRIES :O W]E PRES5T 9 ,IRAQ 7NEI!R WE NOR ! ,AM]ICANS HAD HAD DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS & ?US EMBASSIES 9 ,BA<DAD S9CE ! 9VASION ( ,KUWAIT71 & EV5 ! OCCASIONAL 0REAL0 7I4E4 NON-GOV]NM5T7 ,IRAQI4 ,!SE W]E NOT PEOPLE ) AN 0AG5DA04 ,& !Y ALL AGRE$ ON ONE PO9T4 ,?+S W]E BAD & HAD BE5 BAD = A LONG TIME4 ,I SL[LY REALIZ$1 AS ,I %\LD HAVE DONE LONG BE=E1 ?AT IT WAS MU* MORE IMPORTANT TO DO :AT WE C\LD TO AMELIORATE ! SITUATION ?AN TO EXP5D \R 5]GIES ATTRIBUT+ BLAME = IT4 

,?IS REALIZATION HAD BEGUN SL[LY TO FILT] 9TO ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T MORE G5]ALLY4 ,! LOBBY AGA9/ SANCTIONS 9 ,BRITA9 WAS CONSID]ABLY MORE VOCIF]\S & WELL-ORGANIZ$ ?AN 9 ! ,U,S 7P]HAPS SIMPLY BECAUSE ( PROXIMITY74 ,\R M9I/]S W]E F9D+ IT 9CREAS+LY H>D TO JU/IFY SANCTIONS 9 ! FACE ( PICTURES ( *ILDR5 DY+ = LACK ( NECESS>Y DRUGS OR OV]FL[+ SEWAGE SY/EMS 7!Y W]E NOT AS PRACTIC$ AS ! DIPLOMATS W]E 9 FIR+ (F ! B>RAGE ( C\NT] >GUM5TS1 T5D+ 9/EAD TO RELY ON ! WEAK] =MS ( G5]ALIZ$ PROPAG&A -- PALACES & :ISKEY AGA974 ,A POLEMICAL FILM AGA9/ SANCTIONS BY ,JOHN ,PILG] HAD MADE A P>TICUL> IMPACT 7IT WAS NEV] %[N ON G5]AL RELEASE 9 ! ,U,S74 ,& SO ! GOV]NM5T DECID$ TO REVIEW ITS POLICY4 

,A POLICY REVIEW S\NDS GR&1 BUT IT IS NOT4 ,! T]M CONJURES UP IMAGES ( LE>N$ M&>9S B5T OV] REAMS ( DOCUM5TS1 SCRUT9IZ+1 EXAM9+1 WEI<+ UP ! OPTIONS4 ,:5 WE AT ! ,MISSION W]E TOLD !RE W\LD BE A REVIEW1 ,I IMAG9$ ?\<TFUL MISSIVES B\NC+ >\ND BETWE5 EMBASSIES & ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 M9I/]S1 EXP]TS1 CIVIL S]VANTS ALL JO9$ TOGE!R 9 A COMMON 5DEAVOR1 ! SELECT1 ! POLICYMAK]S4 ,WE W]E CLEV]1 WE W]E CONC]N$1 WE W\LD GET IT RI<T4 ,I WAS WRONG4 

,! REVIEW BEGAN 9 E>LY #aiii & IT WAS NOT COMPLETE UNTIL ! NEXT YE>4 ,IT CONSI/$ L>GELY ( A DESULTORY EX*ANGE ( ILL-9=M$ LETT]S FROM S5IOR (FICIALS4 ,MO/ ( !M W]E SO IGNORANT ( ! EXI/+ MEASURES ?AT !Y W\LD PROPOSE *ANGES ?AT HAD LONG AGO BE5 9TRODUC$4 ,ALL ( \R VIEWS1 9CLUD+ M9E1 W]E UN9HIBIT$ BY ANY CONNECTION ) EMPIRICAL REALITY ON ! GR\ND4 ,ONE (FICIAL1 FROM ! ,M9I/RY ( ,DEF5SE1 OP9$ 9 /RONG T]MS ?AT S9CE SANCTIONS W\LD 0NEV] WORK01 ! ONLY REC\RSE WAS MILIT>Y ACTION 7MY COLLEAGUES & ,I AT ! MISSION ?\<T ?IS LAU<ABLE AT ! TIME1 LITTLE REALIZ+ :AT WAS LAT] TO FOLL[74 ,CONTRIBUTIONS FROM \R EMBASSIES 9 ! REGION W]E FACILE1 0,! .<9S]T NAME ( ,>AB POPULATION.> WILL WELCOME SOME EAS+ ( SANCTIONS1 AS !RE IS CONSID]ABLE CONC]N ON ! /REET.<#a#f.> AT !IR HUMANIT>IAN IMPACT40 ,&1 ?IS BE+ GOV]NM5T1 ! REVIEW WAS SECRET4 ,WE MI<T MUTT] TO A FEW O!R DIPLOMATS ?AT WE W]E 0HAV+ A ?9K0 AB\T SANCTIONS1 BUT ! L>GE NUMB] ( ,N,G,OS & CONC]N$ 9DIVIDUALS -- HUMANIT>IAN EXP]TS1 ACADEMICS -- :O HAD TAK5 AN 9T]E/ 9 ?IS CONTROV]SIAL ISSUE W]E IGNOR$1 UNLESS WE ! (FICIALS HAPP5$ TO BO!R TO READ !IR REPORTS1 :I* MO/ ( US DIDN'T4 ,WE W]E TOO BUSY4 

,P>T ( ! PROBLEM WAS ?AT SANCTIONS POLICY WAS SO COMPLEX ?AT ONLY A V]Y FEW PEOPLE UND]/OOD IT4 ,AT ! ,MISSION1 MO/ ( \R CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! REVIEW CONSI/$ ( CORRECT+ ! MISUND]/&+S ( O!R S5IOR (FICIALS4 ,ONLY :5 A P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL WAS PUT 9 *>GE ( ! :OLE REVIEW DID ANY COH]5CE />T TO EM]GE4 ,HE TOOK ! TR\BLE TO SP5D SOME TIME ON ! SUBJECT1 & LE>N SOME ( ITS 9TRICACIES4 ,:5EV] M9I/]S BECAME 9VOLV$1 ! DEBATE W\LD HAVE TO BE R$UC$ TO SU* A LEVEL ( SIMPLICITY ?AT ALL MEAN+ WAS REMOV$4 ,ONE P>TICUL> M9I/] W\LD OCCASIONALLY T\* ON ! SUBJECT ) HIS ,AM]ICAN OPPOSITE NUMB]4 ,! RECORDS W\LD %[ ?AT A FEW G5]ALITIES W\LD BE EX*ANG$1 0YES1 ,I AGREE WE NE$ A RE?9K1 BETT] FOCUS1 ?AT K9D ( ?+04 ,!N ! CONV]SATION W\LD MOVE ON TO MORE EXCIT+ TOPICS1 ) ! DETAILS1 AS EV]1 0LEFT = ! (FICIALS04 ,! TR\BLE WAS ?AT ! DETAILS W]E ! POLICY4 ,ONLY ONCE1 MU* LAT]1 9 ?IS LONG PROCESS DID ONE M9I/] -- TO HIS GREAT CR$IT -- BO!R TO GET TO GRIPS ) ! DETAIL4 ,WE W]E 9 ! ?ICK ( TRY+ TO P]SUADE ! ,RUSSIAN =EIGN M9I/] TO ACCEPT :AT HAD BECOME \R NEW REVIS$ SANCTIONS PROPOSAL4 ,AT HIS REQUE/1 ,I WROTE ! M9I/] A #b-PAGE BRIEF ON ! TOPIC4 ,HE READ IT ?AT NI<T & ! NEXT DAY DEPLOY$ IT TO DEVA/AT+ EFFECT4 ,IVANOV APPE>$ COMPLETELY /UNN$4 

,AFT] SEV]AL TORTU\S MON?S ( ! REVIEW1 WE MANAG$ TO AGREE 9SIDE ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE ON :AT WE %\LD DO4 ,! SUMM>Y ( ! IDEA WAS SIMPLE3 ! PRES5T SITUATION WAS ?AT ,IRAQ WAS NOT ALL[$ TO IMPORT ANY?+ EXCEPT ?OSE GOODS :I* W]E EXPLICITLY APPROV$ BY ! ,U,N ,SANCTIONS ,COMMITTEE4 ,N[1 WE W\LD ALL[ ,IRAQ TO IMPORT ANY?+ EXCEPT ?OSE ITEMS :I* W]E EXPLICITLY PROHIBIT$4 ,A SORT ( REV]SAL4 ,! CONCEPT WAS NEAT -- GOOD = S\NDBITES -- BUT ! DETAILS W]E COMPLICAT$ & DIFFICULT4 ,MOREOV]1 BE=E WE C\LD EV5 BEG9 TO P]SUADE ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL TO ADOPT ! NEW SY/EM1 WE HAD TO P]SUADE ! ,AM]ICANS4 ,?IS WAS TO PROVE MU* H>D] ?AN WE ANTICIPAT$1 BECAUSE ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T1 UNLIKE ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T1 WAS UND] NO POLITICAL PRESSURE TO ALT] SANCTIONS AT ALL4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y W]E WORRI$ ?AT ANY NEW SY/EM W\LD BE CONDEMN$ BY ! ,REPUBLICAN RI<T AS 0GO+ S(T0 ON ,SADDAM 7?IS WAS DUR+ ! LA/ DAYS ( ! ,CL9TON ADM9I/RATION74 ,! COMPLEXITY ( ! POLICY ALSO MEANT ?AT \R M9I/]S W]E R>ELY ABLE TO EX]T ANY LEV]AGE 9 !IR CONTACTS ) ! ,AM]ICANS 7LEAV+ IT TO ! (FICIALS1 9V>IABLY74 ,H[EV]1 LONG SESSIONS AT 0,/ATE0 7AS WE 9SID]S CALL IT7 & 5DLESS CAJOL+ TELEGRAMS TO GET 0,LONDON0 TO PRESSURE 0,WA%+TON0 EV5TUALLY HAD !IR EFFECT4 

,& SO1 ) ! ,AM]ICANS SOME:AT RELUCTANTLY ON BO>D1 WE W5T TO ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL & PROPOS$ \R NEW MEASURE1 SOON TO BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! PRESS1 ?\< NEV] BY US1 AS 0SM>T SANCTIONS0 79VIT+ ! OBVI\S RETORT1 FROM ,IRAQ'S ,DEPUTY ,PRIME M9I/] ,T>IQ ,AZIZ1 ?AT PREVI\S SANCTIONS HAD BE5 0/UPID074 ,& ?US IT WAS ?AT ,I F\ND MYSELF *AIR+ A MEET+ ( ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL 0EXP]TS0 TO TRY TO GET !M TO AGREE TO IT4 7,S9CE IT WAS \R PROPOSAL1 WE HAD TAK5 IT UPON \RSELVES TO CONV5E & *AIR ! MEET+S47 

,IT WAS AT FIR/ A ?RILL TO NEGOTIATE 9T]NATIONAL LAW = ONE'S C\NTRY4 ,:5 ,I FIR/ DID IT1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( MY T\R 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,I W\LD B\ND \T ( B$ EV]Y MORN+ AT ! EXCITEM5T ( ! PROSPECT4 ,I REMEMB] BE+ SO ?RILL$ ?AT ,I :OOP$ TO MYSELF 9 ! %[]3 W[1 ?IS WAS ! BUS9ESS1 ! H>D CORE4 ,BUT BY ! TIME WE CAME TO NEGOTIATE 0SM>T SANCTIONS0 7WE SOON WE>ILY ACCEPT$ ! NAME2 EV]YONE ELSE WAS US+ IT71 ,I WAS A LITTLE MORE JAD$4 ,?IS WAS MY SEV5? 0ROLLOV]0 ( ! ,OIL-=-,FOOD PROGRAM4 ,MO/ ( ! 0EXP]TS0 HAD *ANG$1 BUT ! >GUM5TS HAD REMA9$ ! SAME4 ,9DE$1 IT FELT AS IF ,I WAS /UCK 9 AN UNFUNNY DIPLOMATIC V]SION ( 0,GR\NDHOG ,DAY0 ) ! SAME EPISODE BE+ REPLAY$ OV] & OV] AGA94 ,Y\ SAY 0CIVILIAN DEPRIVATION02 ,I SAY 0,IRAQI NON-COOP]ATION04 ,FRE% IDEAS W]E H>D TO COME BY1 & EV5 :5 !Y APPE>$1 !Y W]E 9V>IABLY REJECT$4 ,?IS NEW 9ITIATIVE -- SM>T SANCTIONS -- WAS FRE%] & BETT] ?AN MO/1 BUT \R CLEV] NEW WEAPON FAIL$ TO ALT] ! NATURE ( ! W> -- WE W]E BACK 9 ! TR5*ES1 HURL+ ! SAME OLD CAN>DS1 & ,I WAS /ILL /UCK 9 ?AT SAME HORRID AIRLESS ,N,A,M CAUCUS ROOM4 

,?IS TIME R\ND ! ATMOSPH]E WAS P>TICUL>LY BAD4 ,YE>S ( >GUM5T HAD 5TR5*$ DEEP ANIMOSITIES AMONG ! 0EXP]TS04 ,NATIONAL DIFF]5CES HAD BECOME P]SONAL FEUDS4 ,:5 ! ,AM]ICAN DELEGATE SPOKE1 ! ,FR5* W\LD />E AT ! CEIL+ & SMIRK4 ,:5 ! ,FR5* HAD !IR TURN1 ! ,AM]ICANS W\LD %UFFLE !IR PAP]S & :ISP] TO ONE ANO!R4 ,IT WAS UNPLEASANT TO BE 9 ?AT ROOM4 ,& IT BECAME CLE>1 SOON AFT] WE BEGAN1 ?AT WE W\LD BE /UCK !RE = A V]Y LONG TIME4 

,! ,AM]ICANS FELT ?AT S9CE !Y W]E (F]+ SU* A MASSIVE NEW CONCESSION1 EV]YONE %\LD GRATEFULLY ACCEPT IT )\T QUE/ION4 ,! ,FR5* & ,RUSSIANS1 UNACCU/OM$ TO SU* FLEXIBILITY1 W]E EXAGG]AT$LY SUSPICI\S1 QU]Y+ EV]Y T9Y DETAIL = FE> ?AT WE W]E DECEITFULLY 9TRODUC+ SOME NEW & UNW>RANT$ MEANS ( CONTROL4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T HAT$ ! NEW S*EME1 REALIZ+ ?AT IF IT WORK$ AS WE HOP$1 IT W\LD REMOVE ONCE & = ALL ! HUMANIT>IAN >GUM5T TO LIFT SANCTIONS4 ,TO :AT EXT5T !IR OPPOSITION TO ! 9ITIATIVE PLAY$ A P>T 9 ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN HO/ILITY1 ,I DO NOT KN[ & ONLY ?OSE GOV]NM5TS C\LD ANSW] 7& !Y WILL NOT DO SO71 BUT ! FACT ?AT ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T WAS SO IMPLACABLY AGA9/ ! S*EME DID NO?+ TO HELP \R CAUSE1 :ATEV] ! CYNICISM LY+ BEH9D !IR REASONS4 ,ALL ?IS PRODUC$ ! +R$I5TS = YET ANO!R NA/Y1 SL[ & UNPRODUCTIVE NEGOTIATION4 

,AFT] ! TALKS BEGAN LATE ONE WEEK1 ,I RETURN$ TO ,LONDON TO ATT5D ! W$D+ ( AN OLD FRI5D4 ,! EV5T WAS A RESPITE FROM MY DESSICAT+ WORK 9 ,NEW ,YORK & ! S++ ( ! *OIR UPLIFT$ ME4 ,ON ! FLI<T BACK TO ,NEW ,YORK1 AN IDEA OCCURR$ TO ME4 ,! FOLL[+ ,MONDAY1 MY COLLEAGUE & ,I TOOK A PORTABLE MUSIC PLAY] 9TO ! ,N,A,M CAUCUS ROOM4 ,I MADE A SUGGE/ION4 ,:Y DIDN'T WE TAKE IT 9 TURNS TO PLAY A SONG AT ! BEG9N+ ( EA* SESSION8 

,I TURN$ TO MY COLLEAGUE1 & HE TURN$ ON A ,C,D FROM ! ,BRITI% S+]1 =M]LY ( ,! ,JAM1 ,PAUL ,WELL]3 

,DAY BY DAY 

,GO+1 JU/ :]E ,I'M GO+ 

,GETT+ TO :]E 

,WE %\LD BE GO+ 

,! DELEGATES W\LD USUALLY FIDGET & *ATT] AT ! BEG9N+ ( EA* SESSION4 ,IT W\LD TAKE SEV]AL M9UTES = PEOPLE TO SETTLE D[N & WORK1 & LONG] /ILL = !M TO LI/5 TO EA* O!R4 ,?IS TIME IT WAS DIFF]5T4 ,SIL5CE FELL AS ! SONG BEGAN2 A S5SE ( TRANQUILITY SPREAD AMONG US4 ,I CAU<T ! EYE ( ! ,BANGLADE%I DELEGATE & HE SMIL$4 ,AFT] ! SONG1 ,I ASK$ ,G4 TO EXPLA9 :Y HE HAD *OS5 IT & :Y HE LIK$ IT4 ,! O!R DELEGATES LI/5$ QUIETLY4 ,&1 :5 WE BEGAN \R DISCUSSIONS1 GO+ L9E-BYL9E ?R\< ! DRAFT RESOLUTION WE HAD PROPOS$1 ! RANCOR & ACIDUL\S TONE ( E>LI] SESSIONS HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,! DIFF]5CES ( SUB/ANCE W]E /ILL AS ACUTE1 BUT ! ACRIMONY HAD PASS$4 ,! NEXT DAY ! ,*9ESE DELEGATE BR\<T 9 A BEAUTIFUL1 HAUNT+ TUNE FROM M$IEVAL ,*9A RELAT+1 HE TOLD US1 ! LA/ MOM5TS ( A DOOM$ G5]AL AS HE FAC$ HIS 5EMY4 ,! DAY AFT] ?AT1 ! ,BANGLADE%I BR\<T 9 A LOVE SONG1 SUNG BY A %EPH]D 9 ! VA/ DELTA AT ! HE>T ( ?AT C\NTRY1 A SONG ( UNREQUIT$ LOVE4 

,& SO ! NEGOTIATIONS PROCE$$4 ,ONE AFT]NOON1 ! ,REUT]S CORRESPOND5T AT ! ,U,N TELEPHON$ ME AT ! MISSION4 ,%E HAD SE5 US C>RY+ ! MUSIC PLAY] 9TO ! ,N,A,M CAUCUS ROOM4 ,! ,FR5* DELEGATE HAD TOLD H] :AT IT WAS =4 ,%E ASK$ ME TO CONFIRM ! /ORY &1 S9CE !RE WAS NO PO9T 9 D5Y+ IT1 ,I DID4 ,%E RAN ! /ORY1 & FROM !RE1 ?+S BEGAN TO GET \T ( H&4 ,JU/ AS \R [N DISCUSSIONS BORE PRECI\S LITTLE RELATION TO ! REALITIES ( LIFE 9 ,IRAQ1 ! REPRES5TATIONS ( \R MUSIC 9ITIATIVE HAD EV5 SCANTI] CONNECTION TO :AT WAS GO+ ON 9 ?AT LITTLE ROOM4 ,! ,B,B,C GOT HOLD ( ! /ORY & MANAG$ TO 9T]VIEW ,PAUL ,WELL] AB\T ! USE ( HIS SONG4 ,G5]\SLY1 HE SAID HE WAS PLEAS$ & ?AT IT WAS SOMEH[ APPROPRIATE ?AT WE HAD US$ HIS SONG TO CALM HO/ILITIES BECAUSE IT WAS AB\T LOVE4 ,!Y ALSO 9T]VIEW$ A PR(ESSOR ( MUSIC1 :O WAS 9TRIGU$ ?AT WE HAD *OS5 NONL+UI/IC NEGOTIAT+ TE*NIQUES4 ,! ,BRITI% PRESS BEGAN TO RUN ! /ORY1 AS DID SOME ( ! ,U,S PRESS4 ,!N ! ,IRAQI AMBASSADOR WAS 9T]VIEW$ AB\T IT & EXPRESS$ HIS \TRAGE ?AT WE W]E TRIVIALIZ+ ! FATE ( HIS PEOPLE4 ,9SPIR$ P]HAPS BY ?IS1 ! ,TUNISIAN AMBASSADOR RAIS$ A COMPLA9T 9 A =MAL SESSION ( ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL 7HIS DELEGATE 9 ! ROOM HAD TOLD ME HE HAD 5JOY$ ! MUSIC & WAS BUSY PLANN+ HIS [N SONG74 ,WE HAD TO /OP4 ,BUT ! /ORY DID NOT NE$ \R MUSIC TO KEEP RUNN+4 ,IT N[ CIRCL$ ! WORLD ) >TICLES 9 ,EUROPE1 ,ASIA &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,AN ANTI-SANCTIONS CAMPAIGN] WROTE TO A MASS-M>KET ,BRITI% NEWSPAP] SAY+ ?AT ,I WAS A DISGRACE TO ! ,BRITI% =EIGN S]VICE4 

,IT WAS UNCOM=TABLE = ONCE TO BE ! OBJECT RA!R ?AN ! SUBJECT4 ,DIPLOMATS1 P>TICUL>LY ,BRITI% ONES :O SPEAK ) A COM=TABLE ANONYMITY 70,BRITI% DIPLOMATS SAID01 0,WE/]N (FICIALS COMM5T$071 >E US$ TO PRIVACY4 ,ONLY R>ELY DO WE F9D \RSELVES 9 ! UNG5]\S LI<T ( PUBLICITY4 ,AT FIR/1 ,I 5JOY$ ! ATT5TION & FELT RA!R CLEV] & PLEAS$ ) MYSELF 7A ,G]MAN DIPLOMAT APPROA*$ ME 9 ! CORRIDORS ( ! ,U,N & SAID IT WAS ! COOLE/ ?+ HE'D EV] HE>D (74 ,AS ! COMM5T>Y TURN$ MORE CRITICAL1 ,I NATURALLY LIK$ IT LESS & ,I BEGAN TO REALIZE H[ \R ACTIONS W\LD BE SE54 ,WE W]E US$ TO C>RY+ ON 9 PRIVATE -- N[ = ONCE1 \R MA*9ATIONS W]E PUBLIC & IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! WORLD1 :5 IT SAW :AT WE W]E UP TO1 W\LD NOT BE :OLLY APPROV+4 ,! MUSIC 9 ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL BECAME A ,RORS*A* TE/ = ! ,IRAQI SANCTIONS DEBATE4 ,9 ! ,U,S PRESS1 & MO/LY 9 ! ,BRITI% PRESS TOO1 9 SU* COMM5T AS !RE WAS1 ?IS WAS AN AMUS+1 SOME:AT CURI\S LITTLE 9CID5T4.<#a#g.> ,9 ! ,>AB PRESS1 \R MUSIC WAS SE5 AS YET ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ! CRASS 9HUMANITY ( WE/]N DIPLOMATS1 DANC+ ON ! GRAVES ( ,IRAQI *ILDR54 

,! NEGOTIATIONS MOV$ ON TO ! DEADL9E ( ! 5D ( ?AT SIX-MON? SPAN ( ! ,OIL-=-,FOOD PROGRAM4 ,MUSIC NOT)/&+1 WE FAIL$ TO OV]COME ! OBJECTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIANS 7! ,FR5* CAME >\ND SOON]73 !RE W]E MORE QUE/IONS OV] ! CONT5TS ( ! LI/S ( PROHIBIT$ ITEMS ?AN !RE WAS TIME TO RESOLVE1 & = MON?S TO COME ! ,U,S WAS MIR$ 9 HI<LY COMPLEX NEGOTIATIONS OV] ! SPECIFICATIONS ( PROHIBIT$ GOODS4.<#a#h.> ,IRAQI RESI/ANCE REMA9$ 9TRACTABLE4 ,\R SM>T SANCTIONS W\LD HAVE TO WAIT = ! NEXT ROLLOV] SIX MON?S LAT]1 :5 !Y W]E AT LA/ AGRE$4 ,G4 WAS 9 *>GE ( ! NEGOTIATIONS ?IS TIME3 ,I HAD VOLUNTE]$ TO S]VE A BRIEF SPELL 9 \R EMBASSY 9 ,KABUL4 ,!RE WAS NO MUSIC1 JU/ ,G'S QUIET PR(ESSIONALISM TO GUIDE ! NEGOTIATIONS4 ,& !Y MANAG$ TO AGREE4 ,BUT BY !N ,WA%+TON WAS WELL ON ITS WAY TO DECID+ AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T C\RSE1 & SM>T SANCTIONS WAS NO LONG] SE5 AS ! NECESS>Y R$EEM] ( A BAD POLICY4 

,SANCTIONS ON ,IRAQ W]E 9HUMANE & ,I WAS 9TIMATELY 9VOLV$ 9 BO? !IR MA9T5ANCE & !IR DESIGN4 ,MANY PEOPLE SUFF]$ AS A RESULT ( \R MISCONCEIV$ POLICY4 ,SOMEH[1 9 \R CREATION ( TWO IRRECONCILABLE N>RATIVES ( :AT WAS 0REALLY0 GO+ ON1 REALITY -- AT LEA/ ?AT ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE -- GOT LO/4 ,H[ DID ?IS HAPP58 

,A TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS W\LD PORTRAY ?IS EPISODE AS A TALE ( AN 9EVITABLE COLLISION ( ! IRRECONCILABLE 9T]E/S ( NATION /ATES SITT+ ON ! ,C\NCIL4 ,U,S 9T]E/S W]E TO MA9TA9 SANCTIONS 7DESPITE ! LAT] CLAIMS ( ! ,U,S & ,U,K GOV]NM5TS1 \R 9T]NAL ASSESSM5TS W]E ?AT SANCTIONS W]E HI<LY EFFECTIVE 9 PREV5T+ SIGNIFICANT RE>MAM5T BY ,IRAQ74 ,BRITI% 9T]E/S W]E TO AMELIORATE ! EFFECTS ( SANCTIONS 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE !IR 9T]NATIONAL ACCEPTABILITY1 & ?US TO MA9TA9 !M4 ,! ,RUSSIANS & ,FR5* W\LD SAY ?AT !IR 9T]E/ WAS TO MAKE SURE ?AT \R NEW SANCTIONS 9ITIATIVE DID NOT 9 FACT MAKE MATT]S WORSE = ! ,IRAQI POPULATION 7!RE W]E 9DE$ SOME GR\NDS = SUPPOS+ ?AT ! ELABORATE NEW SY/EM WE HAD DESIGN$ W\LD1 AT LEA/ 9ITIALLY1 MAKE IT MORE COMPLICAT$ TO EXPORT GOODS TO ,IRAQ74 ,BUT BO? ( C\RSE HAD SUB/ANTIAL ECONOMIC 9T]E/S AT /AKE TOO3 ! ,IRAQI REGIME HAD SIGN$ CONTRACTS ) A NUMB] ( ,RUSSIAN1 ,FR5* & ,*9ESE OIL COMPANIES = ! EXPLOITATION ( ,IRAQ'S 5ORM\S RES]VES :5 SANCTIONS W]E LIFT$4 

,PUT MORE CRITICALLY1 ALL ( US W]E FAIL+ 9 \R RESPONSIBILITY UND] ! ,U,N *>T] TO MAXIMIZE SECURITY & M9IMIZE SUFF]+4 ,RUSSIAN & ,FR5* 9TRANSIG5CE NO D\BT GAVE GREAT COM=T TO ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T 9 ITS CAMPAIGN TO RESI/ COOP]ATION ) ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL4 ,I HAVE LITTLE HESITATION 9 SAY+ ?IS3 ,IRAQI DIPLOMATS W\LD TELL ME SO1 AS !Y CR[$ ?AT SANCTIONS W]E CRUMBL+ & IT WAS WE1 ! ,U,K & ! ,U,S1 :O W]E ISOLAT$ 9 ! WORLD1 NOT !M4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,I HAVE EQUALLY LITTLE D\BT ?AT1 = \R P>T1 AL?\< WE MAY NOT HAVE HAD LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! WELF>E ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE1 WE HAD A MORAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,WE %\LD HAVE DONE A LOT MORE A LOT SOON] TO R$UCE ! UNQUE/IONABLY H>MFUL EFFECTS ( SANCTIONS4 ,IT W\LD BE TOO EASY TO BLAME ?IS ON ! ,AM]ICANS1 & 9DE$ !Y W]E EV5 LESS 9CL9$ TO EASE SANCTIONS ?AN ! ,BRITI% W]E1 BUT WE C\LD HAVE DONE MORE1 A LOT MORE4 ,!RE W]E GOOD ALT]NATIVES1 :I* W]E NEV] PROP]LY PURSU$4.<#a#i.> 

,ANO!R =M ( ANALYSIS W\LD SEE ?IS AS A /ORY ( BAD GR\P DYNAMICS1 ) Y\NG TO MIDDLE-AG$ PEOPLE1 MO/LY M51 >GU+ & NOT LI/5+1 REFUS+ TO ACCORD TO ONE ANO!R EV5 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT !Y MI<T BE RI<T4 ,& 9DE$ !RE WAS SOME?+ UGLY GO+ ON 9 ?AT GR\P4 ,PETTY RIVALRIES & ANIMOSITIES W]E ALL[$ TO 9FLU5CE DEBATE ON A MU* L>G] ISSUE4 ,TO MY %AME ,I REMEMB] ! PLEASURE ,I FELT AT MY LITTLE TRIUMPHS1 SU* AS :5 ! ,U,K DRAFT RESOLUTION BECAME ! ONLY DRAFT UND] DISCUSSION & ! RIVAL ,FR5* DRAFT FELL AWAY1 IRRELEVANT & DEFEAT$ LIKE A VANQUI%$ KNI<T 7NOT = NO?+ IS ! 5TRANCE TO ! ,BRITI% AMBASSADOR'S RESID5CE 9 ,NEW ,YORK L9$ ) PR9TS ( ,WAT]LOO74 ,WE W\LD :9E TO \R AMBASSADOR :5 ! ,FR5* HAD BE5 P>TICUL>LY RUDE1 &1 LIKE A GOOD ,DAD1 HE W\LD R+ UP ! ,FR5* AMBASSADOR TO ADMONI% HIM4 ,IT WAS MORE ?AN A LITTLE *ILDI%4 

,BUT !RE WAS SOME?+ ELSE GO+ ON TOO1 SOME?+ ?AT MY ACC\NT MAY HAVE MADE CLE> TO ! READ] BUT DID NOT BECOME CLE> TO ME UNTIL LONG AFT] ,I LEFT ! MISSION4 ,WE BELIEV$ ?AT WE W]E DEAL+ ) REAL FACTS & REAL PEOPLE4 ,WE HAD A POSITIVE BELIEF 9 9=MATION4 ,\R 9=MATION WAS GOOD2 \R OPPON5TS' WAS BIAS$4 ,& ( C\RSE !Y BELIEV$ ! OPPOSITE4 ,ONE ( US MU/ HAVE BE5 WRONG4 

,IF1 9/EAD ( PLAY+ MUSIC1 WE C\LD HAVE TRANSPORT$ \RSELVES TO ! W>D ( A *ILDR5'S HOSPITAL 9 ,SADDAM CITY1 A SLUM ( ,BA<DAD1 OR TO A S*OOL2 IF WE C\LD HAVE SP5T SIX MON?S 9 ,IRAQ 9/EAD ( SIX MON?S 9 NEGOTIATION1 !N ?+S MI<T HAVE BE5 DIFF]5T4 ,I SUSPECT -- ,I DO NOT KN[1 & NEV] WILL -- ?AT \R >GUM5TS W\LD HAVE SUBSID$ & WE W\LD HAVE S\<T 9/EAD TO F9D PRACTICAL WAYS TO DO SOME?+4 ,MY COLLEAGUES & ,I SP5T MANY H\RS DREAM+ UP S*EMES TO TRY TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS 9 ,IRAQ 7HI/ORY WILL NOT LONG REMEMB] ! 0CA% COMPON5T01 A S*EME TO ALL[ ! ,U,N TO FUND PROJECTS ) DIRECT CA% LOCALLY1 RA!R ?AN HAV+ TO IMPORT ALL GOODS ?R\< ! ,OIL-=-,FOOD PROGRAM74 ,NONE ( !M CAME TO ANY?+4 ,:5 WE PROPOS$ !M1 !Y W]E BLOCK$4 ,:5 \R OPPON5TS ADVOCAT$ SIMIL> IDEAS1 WE W]E TRUCUL5T4 ,WE ONCE PROPOS$ A VISIT BY A TEAM ( 0OBJECTIVE0 ,U,N-APPO9T$ EXP]TS 7REAL EXP]TS ?IS TIME1 NOT ! DIPLOMATS73 AL?\< WE MANAG$ TO GET ! ,C\NCIL TO AGREE ! 9ITIATIVE1 ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T REFUS$ TO ALL[ !M 94 ,I EV5 APPLI$ TO VISIT MYSELF 9 ORD] TO SEE ) MY [N EYES 7ONE'S [N EYES ( C\RSE BE+ 5TIRELY RELIABLE WITNESSES ( ! 0TRU?073 ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T D5I$ MY VISA APPLICATION4 ,ABS5T ANY 5C\NT] ) REALITY1 WE WORK$ 9 A FUTILE AB/RACTION4 

,( C\RSE ALL 9=MATION1 :OEV] M$IATES IT1 IS SOME?+ LESS ?AN :AT IT IS DESCRIB+4 ,NO AM\NT ( /ATI/ICS CAN CONVEY ! BOTTOMLESS AGONY ( ! LOSS ( A *ILD4 ,NO WORDS1 ESPECIALLY ! DRY VOCABUL>Y ( (FICIAL REPORTS1 CAN CAPTURE :AT SUFF]+ IS4 ,IT IS A LONG WAY BETWE5 ,NEW ,YORK & ,BA<DAD4 ,:5EV] 9=MATION MADE ! J\RNEY1 SOME?+ WAS LO/ 5 R\TE4 ,IT W\LD HAVE TAK5 A HUGE LEAP ( IMAG9ATION SITT+ 9 A /UFFY ROOM ON ! BANKS ( ! ,EA/ ,RIV] TO ?9K AB\T ! REAL NE$S ( ,IRAQI PEOPLE3 NOT 9 DOLL>S & TONS1 BUT 9 HUMAN1 EMOTIONAL T]MS4 ,OCCASIONALLY ,I TRI$1 BUT IT WAS TOO UNCOM=TABLE & UNPLEASANT4 ,I C\LD NOT1 = EXAMPLE1 BR+ MYSELF TO WAT* ,JOHN ,PILG]'S FILM UNTIL LONG AFT] ,I LEFT ! JOB4 ,I DIDN'T WANT TO KN[ :AT WAS HAPP5+ !RE3 IT WAS EASI] TO DISMISS ,PILG] AS A POLEMICI/ & C>RY ON ) \R [N V]SION ( REALITY4 

,ONE ?+ AB\T ?IS DEBATE IS N[ CLE> TO ME4 ,WE *OSE ! 0FACTS0 TO SUIT ! POLICY1 & NOT ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,HAD WE BE5 CONFRONT$ ) ! UN>GUABLE TRU? ( ACTUAL EXP]I5CE1 WE W\LD NOT HAVE F\ND IT SO EASY TO DO ?IS4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY ! JUNIOR DIPLOMATS 9 ,NEW ,YORK :O W]E BUSY CREAT+ \R [N V]SIONS ( :AT WAS 0REALLY0 HAPP5+1 IT WAS ! 5TIRE GOV]NM5T4 ,:ILE WE W]E >GU+ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,LONDON W\LD 5C\RAGE US ON4 ,TOGE!R WE W\LD READ ! SAME REPORTS FROM ! ,U,N 9 ORD] TO F9D 9 !M EV5 MORE EGREGI\S EXAMPLES ( ,IRAQI MALFEASANCE1 ! MORE EASILY TO >GUE \R CASE ?AT IT WAS 0ALL ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T'S FAULT04 ,9DE$ !RE WAS PL5TY ( SU* EVID5CE4 ,I CLE>LY REMEMB]1 DISMAL ?\< ! MEMORY IS1 SKIM-READ+ D5SE & POORLY-WRITT5 ,U,N REPORTS1 LOOK+ = ! KEY S5T5CES 70,!RE HAS YET TO BE SUFFICI5T COOP]ATION FROM ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T 9 IMPLEM5T+ ?IS ASPECT ( ! PROGRAM07 TO HI<LI<T 9 \R TELEGRAMS BACK TO ,LONDON & !N DEPLOY LIKE H& GR5ADES 9 ! NEGOTIATIONS4 ,!SE S5T5CES W\LD /& \T TO ME AS IF 9 BOLD TYPE :ILE ! MORE NUANC$ 9=MATION W\LD FADE ALMO/ LIT]ALLY 9TO NO?+NESS2 & !Y BECAME M9I-FACTOIDS ?AT W\LD ASSUME A LIFE ( !IR [N1 REPLAY$ FIR/ 9 \R TELEGRAMS1 !N PICK$ \T BY A DESK (FIC] 9 ,LONDON = A M9I/]IAL PRESS CONF]5CE4 ,IF ! M9I/] REMEMB]$ ?IS FACTOID1 HE MI<T USE IT 9 O!R 9T]VIEWS1 & R\ND & R\ND IT W5T4 

,?IS IS NOT A PROBLEM ?AT WAS UNIQUE TO ! >GUM5TS OV] ,IRAQI SANCTIONS4 ,IT IS COMMON TO ALL =EIGN POLICY &1 DESPITE ! EXPLOSION ( 09=MATION0 9 TODAY'S E-WORLD1 IT SEEMS TO BE GETT+ WORSE4 ,= ! GREAT] ! AM\NT ( 9=MATION1 ! GREAT] ! NE$ = SIMPLIFY+ N>RATIVES TO 0EXPLA90 :AT IS GO+ ON4 

,ALL 9=MATION1 H[EV] COMPREH5SIVE IT ATTEMPTS TO BE1 9EVITABLY EMBODIES A SELECTION & R$UCTION FROM REALITY4 ,NO ONE SEES ) ! EYES ( GOD4 ,9 ! MASS ( AVAILABLE 9=MATION1 9EVITABLE SELECTIONS HAVE TO BE MADE AB\T :AT TO USE 9 ORD] TO DECIDE POLICY4 ,9 ! ,BRITI% =EIGN S]VICE1 !RE IS AN ALL-TOO-HUMAN T5D5CY TO SEEK \T & RELAY ! 9=MATION ?AT CONFIRMS \R VIEW ( ! WORLD4 ,& ! FUR!R AWAY ONE IS FROM REALITY1 ! WORSE ! T5D5CY IS4 ,WE W]E #f1 MILES FROM ! ,IRAQI REALITY WE W]E >BITRAT+2 !RE W]E TIMES :5 WE MI<T AS WELL HAVE BE5 TALK+ AB\T ! SURFACE ( ! MOON4 

,!RE IS A BELIEF 9 GOV]NM5T ?AT WE1 ! POLICYMAK]S1 SIT AT ! APEX ( A PYRAMID ( 9=MATION4 ,NO ONE 9 GOV]NM5T IS SILLY 5\< TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y KN[ EV]Y?+1 BUT !Y HAVE GREAT FAI? ?AT AS ! 9=MATION AB\T REALITY AT ! BASE ( ! PYRAMID IS PASS$ UPW>D1 ONLY ITS UNNECESS>Y ELEM5TS >E FILT]$ AWAY1 LEAV+ ONLY ! ESS5TIAL 0FACTS0 = ?OSE AT ! SUMMIT ON :I* TO BASE !IR DECISIONS4 ,CIVIL S]VICE CULTURE 9 ,BRITA9 REIFIES ! SKILL ( TAK+ L>GE QUANTITIES ( 9=MATION & R$UC+ IT TO ! KEY ESS5TIALS 7! TE/+ ( ?IS SKILL IS A C5TRAL P>T ( ! 5TRANCE EXAM9ATIONS74 ,FROM :AT ,I HAVE SE5 ( ,G]MANY & ! ,U,S 7TWO =EIGN S]VICES :I* ,I KN[ BETT] ?AN O!RS71 O!R GOV]NM5T S]VICES VALUE ?IS SKILL TOO4 ,& IT IS EASY TO SEE :Y4 ,! WORLD IS A COMPLICAT$ PLACE4 ,!RE IS F> TOO MU* 9=MATION AB\T EV]Y?+4 ,DECISION-MAK]S CANNOT POSSIBLY ABSORB ALL ! 9=MATION AVAILABLE1 SO !Y RELY ON R$UCTIONS P]=M$ BY ?OSE L[] D[N ! PYRAMID4 ,BUT1 AS ?IS EPISODE ILLU/RATES1 SOMETIMES AT LEA/1 :AT IS ESS5TIAL MAY NOT BE :AT IS PRES5T$ TO ! DECISION-MAK]2 & 9DE$ IT MAY BE ! V]Y ?+ ?AT IS LEFT \T4 ,:AT WAS ESS5TIAL AB\T DECISIONS AB\T SANCTIONS ON ,IRAQ8 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT AT LEA/ P>T ( :AT WAS ESS5TIAL WAS ! CONDITION ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE3 !IR REALITY4 ,& ?AT REALITY PLAY$ V]Y LITTLE P>T 9 \R DELIB]ATIONS4 ,WE TALK$ AB\T IT2 WE EV5 CLAIM$ TO C>E AB\T IT 7REMEMB] ! PHRASE :I* MU/ HAVE TRIPP$ ACROSS M9I/]IAL TONGUES A ?\S& TIMES1 0,WE HAVE NO QU>REL ) ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE0874 ,WE ?\<T WE W]E TALK+ AB\T FACTS1 OR AT LEA/ REPRES5TATIONS ( FACTS1 BUT !Y W]E ! WRONG ONES4 

,AL?\< WE W]E WRONG1 WE W]E CONFID5T 9 \R WRONGNESS4 ,!RE W]E MANY O!RS TELL+ US WE W]E WRONG1 BUT WE IGNOR$ !M4 ,U,N /AFF MEMB]S1 ,N,G,OS1 ORD9>Y ,IRAQIS 79CLUD+ ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ,SADDAM7 W\LD TELL US ?AT SANCTIONS W]E CAUS+ CONSID]ABLE SUFF]+4 ,BUT \R ASSIGN$ ROLES AS DIPLOMATS GAVE US ! CONFID5CE1 SOME W\LD SAY >ROGANCE1 TO DISMISS !IR CONC]NS4 ,!Y W]E SUSPECT1 POLITICIZ$1 MOTIVAT$ BY S5TIM5T OR POLITICS1 :]EAS \R MOTIVES RE/$ ON ! ELEVAT$ PLANE ( DIPLOMACY2 IF !SE MOTIVES W]E NOT PURE1 !Y W]E NONE!LESS ! RI<T ONES = ?IS DISC\RSE3 WE HAD 0\R0 SECURITY1 ! REGION'S SECURITY1 EV5 ! WORLD'S SECURITY AT HE>T4 

,\R PHYSICAL LOCATION MADE SU* 9S\CIANCE EASI]4 ,IT WAS V]Y DIFFICULT = LOBBYI/S OR ACTIVI/S TO KN[ :O WE W]E4 ,IF !Y MANAG$ TO ID5TIFY US1 IT WAS H>D] /ILL = !M TO MEET US4 ,WE C\LD SIMPLY REFUSE1 LEAV+ DEMON/RATORS TO YELL ON ! /REETS \TSIDE1 F> BEL[ \R (FICES MANY /ORIES 9 ! AIR4 ,\R NEGOTIATIONS TOOK PLACE 9 SMALL ROOMS DEEP 9SIDE ! ,U,N COMPLEX1 9ACCESSIBLE TO ALL EXCEPT ?OSE DELEGATIONS ALL[$ TO ATT5D4 ,! PRESS & \TSID]S C\LD NOT GET NE>4 ,S9CE #i_/#a#a ! F5C+ & ! SECURITY *ECKS >\ND !SE BA/IONS ( DIPLOMACY HAVE ONLY BECOME ?ICK]4 

,IF DISS5T]S EV] DID MANAGE TO MEET US1 WE C\LD EASILY DISMISS !IR >GUM5TS4 ,EV5 IF MISGUID$1 WE W]E HI<LY V]S$ 9 ! FACTS & NUANCES ( ! SANCTIONS DEBATE4 ,/EEP$ 9 ! REPORTS1 >GUM5TS & C\NT]->GUM5TS1 WE C\LD EASILY \TMANEUV] ! E>NE/ CAMPAIGN]S :O CAME TO PRES5T AN ALT]NATIVE VIEW1 ONE P]HAPS MORE CLOSELY ALIGN$ TO 0REALITY04 

,! LESSON IS CLE>4 ,LIKE ! WORLD1 POLICY IS COMPLICAT$4 ,AT ALL TIMES1 ! SUFF]+ ( O!RS %\LD BE GIV5 DUE HE$1 EV5 PRIORITY ABOVE ALL O!R REQUIREM5TS4 ,POLICY-MAK+ DOES NOT B5EFIT FROM SECRECY OR PRIVACY4 ,K>L ,POPP] TOLD US ?IS MANY DECADES AGO1 BUT WE HAVE NOT YET LE>N$ HIS LESSON4 ,9=MATION IS NOT RELIABLE1 UNLESS IT IS CON/ANTLY REEXAM9$1 *ECK$ & TE/$ AGA9/ REALITY4 ,O!RS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE MO/ AFFECT$ BY POLICY1 MU/ BE ALL[$ TO P>TICIPATE1 OR AT LEA/ TO BE HE>D4 

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