,9FIDELS1 ,FREE?9K]S1 ,HUMANI/S1 & ,UNBELIEV]S ,/IRN]1 ,MAX 7#a#h#f - #a#h#e#f7 ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S ,TEXT 3 0,! TRU? WE>S LONG] ?AN ALL ! GODS2 = IT IS ONLY 9 ! TRU?'S S]VICE1 & = LOVE ( IT1 ?AT PEOPLE HAVE OV]?R[N ! GODS & AT LA/ ,GOD HIMSELF4 0,! TRU?0 \TLA/S ! D[NFALL ( ! WORLD ( GODS1 = IT IS ! IMMORTAL S\L ( ?IS TRANSITORY WORLD ( GODS2 IT IS ,DEITY ITSELF40 -- ,MAX ,/IRN] ,JOHANN ,KASP> ,S*MIDT1 BETT] KN[N AS ,MAX ,/IRN] 7! NOM DE PLUME HE ADOPT$ FROM A S*OOLY>D NICKNAME HE HAD ACQUIR$ AS A *ILD BECAUSE ( HIS HI< BR[ .<,/IRN.>71 ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH]1 :O RANKS AS ONE ( ! LIT]>Y GR&FA!RS ( NIHILISM1 EXI/5TIALISM & AN>*ISM1 ESPECIALLY ( 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM4 ,/IRN] HIMSELF EXPLICITLY D5I$ HOLD+ ANY ABSOLUTE POSITION 9 HIS PHILOSOPHY1 FUR!R /AT+ ?AT IF HE MU/ BE ID5TIFI$ ) SOME 0-ISM0 LET IT BE EGOISM -- ! ANTI!SIS ( ALL IDEOLOGIES & SOCIAL CAUSES1 AS HE CONCEIV$ ( IT4 ,/IRN]'S MA9 WORK IS ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N1 ALSO KN[N AS ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N 7,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5TUM 9 ,G]MAN71 :I* WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#d#d1 & HAS S9CE APPE>$ 9 NUM]\S $ITIONS & TRANSLATIONS4 ,/IRN] WAS BORN 9 ,BAYREU?1 ,BAV>IA1 ON ,OCTOB] #b#e1 #a#h#f4 ,:AT LITTLE IS KN[N ( HIS LIFE IS MO/LY DUE TO ! ,SCOTTI% BORN ,G]MAN WRIT] ,JOHN ,H5RY ,MACKAY1 :O WROTE A BIOGRAPHY ( ,/IRN] 7,MAX ,/IRN] - SE9 ,LEB5 UND SE9 ,W]K71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,G]MAN 9 #a#h#i#h4 ,A #be ,5GLI% TRANSLATION HAS N[ APPE>$4 ,/IRN] ATT5D$ UNIV]SITY 9 ,B]L91 :]E HE ATT5D$ ! LECTURES ( ,HEGEL1 :O WAS TO BECOME A VITAL S\RCE ( 9SPIRATION = HIS ?9K+1 & ON ! /RUCTURE ( :OSE WORK ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ,SPIRIT 7,PHANOM5OLOGIE DES ,GEI/ES71 HE MODEL$ HIS [N BOOK4 7,HEGEL'S 9FLU5CE ON ,/IRN]'S ?9K+ IS DEBATABLE1 & IS DISCUSS$ 9 MORE DETAIL BEL[47 ,:ILE 9 ,B]L9 9 #a#h#d#a1 ,/IRN] SOMETIMES P>TICIPAT$ 9 A DISCUSSION GR\P ( Y\NG PHILOSOPH]S CALL$ 0,! ,FREE0 .<,DIE ,FREI5.>1 & :O HI/ORIANS HAVE SUBSEQU5TLY CATEGORIZ$ AS SO-CALL$ ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS4 ,SOME ( ! BE/ KN[N NAMES 9 #a#i? C5TURY LIT]ATURE W]E MEMB]S ( ?IS DISCUSSION GR\P1 9CLUD+ ,BRUNO ,BAU]1 ,K>L ,M>X1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*1 & ,>NOLD ,RUGE4 ,:ILE SOME ( ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS W]E EAG] SUBSCRIB]S TO ,HEGEL'S DIALECTICAL ME?OD1 & ATTEMPT$ TO APPLY DIALECTICAL APPROA*ES TO ,HEGEL'S CONCLUSIONS1 ! 0LEFT W+0 MEMB]S ( ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS1 E4G4 ?OSE NAM$ ABOVE1 BROKE ) ,HEGEL4 ,FEU]BA* & ,BAU] L$ ?IS *>GE4 ,FREQU5TLY ! DEBATES W\LD TAKE PLACE AT ,HIPPEL'S1 A ,WE9/UBE 7W9E B>7 9 ,FRI$RI*/RASSE1 ATT5D$ BY1 AMONG O!RS1 ! Y\NG ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 AT ?AT TIME /ILL ADH]5TS ( ,FEU]BA*4 ,! ONLY PORTRAIT WE HAVE ( ,/IRN] CONSI/S ( A C>TOON BY ,5GELS1 DRAWN =TY YE>S LAT] FROM MEMORY ON ! REQUE/ ( ,/IRN]'S BIOGRAPH] ,JOHN ,H5RY ,MACKAY4 ,/IRN] WORK$ AS A S*OOLTEA*] EMPLOY$ 9 AN ACADEMY = Y\NG GIRLS :5 HE WROTE HIS MAJOR WORK ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N1 :I* 9 P>T IS A POLEMIC AGA9/ BO? ,HEGEL & SOME ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS 7E4G4 ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*1 ,BRUNO ,BAU]71 BUT ALSO AGA9/ COMMUNI/S AS ,WILHELM ,WEITL+ & AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 NOT TO M5TION ,FEU]BA*4 ,HE RESIGN$ HIS TEA*+ POSITION 9 ANTICIPATION ( ! CONTROV]SY >IS+ FROM HIS MAJOR WORK'S PUBLICATION 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#d#d4 ,/IRN] M>RI$ TWICE2 HIS FIR/ WIFE WAS A H\SEHOLD S]VANT ) :OM HE FELL 9 LOVE AT AN E>LY AGE4 ,SOON AFT] !IR M>RIAGE1 %E DI$ DUE TO COMPLICATIONS ) PREGNANCY 9 #a#h#c#h4 ,9 #ahdc HE M>RI$ ,M>IE ,DAHNH>DT1 AN 9TELLECTUAL ASSOCIAT$ ) ,DIE ,FREI54 ,!Y DIVORC$ 9 #a#h#d#f4 ,! BITT] IRONIC D$ICATION ( ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N - 0TO MY SWEE!>T ,M>IE ,DAHNH>DT0 - MAY H9T AT ! REASONS = ! %ORTNESS ( !IR LIAISON4 ,M>IE LAT] CONV]T$ TO CA?OLICISM & DI$ #aib 9 ,LONDON4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ CURI\S EV5TS 9 ?OSE TIMES WAS ?AT ,/IRN] PLANN$ & F9ANC$ 7) HIS SECOND WIFE'S 9H]ITANCE7 AN ATTEMPT BY SOME ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS TO [N & OP]ATE A MILK-%OP ON COOP]ATIVE PR9CIPLES4 ,?IS 5T]PRISE FAIL$ BECAUSE ! ,G]MAN DAIRY F>M]S H>BOR$ SUSPICIONS ( !SE WELL-DRESS$ 9TELLECTUALS ) !IR CONFUS+ TALK AB\T PR(IT-%>+ & O!R HI<-M9D$ IDEALS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! MILK %OP ITSELF APPE>$ SO O/5TATI\SLY DECORAT$ ?AT MO/ ( ! CU/OM]S FELT TOO POORLY DRESS$ TO BUY !IR MILK !RE4 ,AFT] ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N1 ,/IRN] PUBLI%$ ,G]MAN TRANSLATIONS ( ,ADAM ,SMI?'S ,! ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS & ,JEAN-,BAPTI/E ,SAY'S ,TRAITE D',ECONOMIE ,POLITIQUE1 & A SET ( HIS REPLIES TO HIS CRITICS W]E COLLECT$ 9 A SMALL WORK TITL$ ,HI/ORY ( ,REACTION 7#a#h#e#b74 ,9 #a#h#e#f1 ,/IRN] DI$ 9 ,B]L91 ,PRUSSIA FROM AN 9FECT$ 9SECT BITE4 ,AS ! /ORY GOES1 ,BRUNO ,BAU] WAS ! ONLY ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN PRES5T AT HIS FUN]AL4 ,/IRN]'S 7,ASSIGN$7 ,PLACE 9 ! ,HI/ORY ( ,PHILOSOPHY ,! /ATUS ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,MAX ,/IRN] HAS BE5 L>GELY DET]M9$ BY HIS CRITICISM ( O!RS1 & HIS TREATM5T BY HIS CRITICS4 ,HIS L5G?Y REPUDIATION ( ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY HAS RES]V$ AN HI/ORICALLY DUBI\S NI*E = HIS NAME 9 ! LI/ ( 0,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS0 (F]$ 9 /&>D HI/ORIES ( #a#i? C5TURY PHILOSOPHY1 &1 P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANTLY 7SO F> AS KEEP+ HIS WORKS 9 PR9T71 ! P]CEIV$ IMPORTANCE ( HIS PHILOSOPHY 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! Y\NG ,K>L ,M>X HAS E>N$ HIM A FOOTNOTE 9 MANY READ+ LI/S4 ,! NUMB] ( PAGES ,M>X & ,5GELS DEVOTE TO ATTACK+ ,/IRN] 9 7! UNEXPURGAT$ TEXT (7 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY EXCE$S ! TOTAL ( ,/IRN]'S WRITT5 WORKS4 ,M>X'S 9COH]5T 7& FREQU5TLY AD HOM9EM7 SCRE$ HAS L$ A FEW ( HIS FOLL[]S 9 EA* G5]ATION TO 9VE/IAGE ! S\RCE TEXT ?AT 9SPIR$ SO MU* VITUP]ATION4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ,/IRN]'S CRITICAL 5GAGEM5T ) ,FEU]BA*IAN ,HUMANISM1 ,G]MAN ,LIB]ALISM1 & O!R IDEOLOGIES ( HIS ]A1 WE MAY SAY ?AT ,/IRN]'S PURELY NEGATIVE ASSOCIATIONS ) ,HEGEL & ,M>XISM ALONE HAVE BE5 SUFFICI5T TO ASSIGN HIM A P]MAN5T PLACE 9 ! CANON ( ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY --ALBEIT A PLACE ( 9FAMY4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O VALUE ,/IRN]'S CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,WE/]N TRADITION T5D TO FOCUS ON ! NEGATIVE >GUM5TS ( ,! ,EGO & ITS ,[N1 VIZ41 HIS CONDEMNATION ( ! SOCIAL1 MORAL1 RELIGI\S & POLITICAL CONDITIONS ?AT SURR\ND$ HIM 9 #a#i? C5TURY ,EUROPE4 ,AL?\< ,/IRN] PROVIDES PL5TY ( SU* 0NEGATIVE0 MAT]IAL = \R CONSID]ATION1 IT IS DISAPPO9T+ TO F9D ?AT ! 0POSITIVE ASPECT0 7OR 0POSIT$ T5ETS07 ( HIS PHILOSOPHY HAS BE5 SO R>ELY TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION 9 EVALUAT+ HIS SIGNIFICANCE4 ,AL?\< LESS OV]TLY PREJUDICIAL TO ,/IRN]'S WORK1 ! SMALL LIT]ATURE ( COMP>ATIVE ESSAYS ?AT HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO RELATE ,/IRN] 9 ,NIETZS*EAN T]MS 7E4G41 ,R4,W4,K4 ,PATT]SON1 ,! ,NIHILI/IC ,EGOI/1 @& ,JOHN ,C>ROLL1 #a#i#g#d1 ,BREAK ,\T FROM ! ,CRY/AL ,PALACE7 HAVE ALSO OBSCUR$ ! PRIM>Y S\RCE TEXT BY R$UC+ ,/IRN]'S WORK 9TO A SET ( PO9TS ?AT CAN 7OR CANNOT BE7 VALIDAT$ 9 ! LITLY ME?ODOLOGICAL3 TO DESCRIBE ,/IRN] SIMPLY 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ,HEGEL 7OR ,M>X1 OR ,FEU]BA*1 ETC47 MU/ 9EVITABLY FAIL TO T\* ON ! HE>T ( HIS [N PHILOSOPHY1 = ! PLA9 REASON ?AT HIS [N >GUM5TS /& 9DEP5D5T ( 7& 9 RADICAL CONTRADI/9CTION TO7 ! COMMON ASSUMPTIONS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY ,G]MAN TRADITION4 ,PHILOSOPHY ,/IRN]'S MA9 WORK IS ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N 7ORG4 ',D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5TUM'71 :I* APPE>$ 9 ,LEIPZIG 9 #a#h#d#d4 ,ONE CAN *>T ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS PHILOSOPHY ?R\< A S]IES ( >TICLES ?AT APPE>$ %ORTLY BE=E ?IS C5TRAL WORK 7! >TICLES ,! ,FALSE ,PR9CIPLE ( ,\R ,$UCATION & ,>T & ,RELIGION FURNI%+ P>TICUL> 9T]E/74 ,9 ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N ,/IRN] LAUN*ES A RADICAL ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & 9DIVIDUALI/ CRITIQUE ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,PRUSSIAN SOCIETY1 & MOD]NITY & MOD]N WE/]N SOCIETY AS SU*1 & (F]S AN APPROA* TO HUMAN EXI/5CE :I* DEPICTS ! SELF AS A CREATIVE NON-5TITY1 BEYOND LANGUAGE & REALITY1 AS G5]ALLY CONCEIV$ ( 9 ! WE/]N PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION4 ,9 %ORT1 ! BOOK PROCLAIMS ?AT ALL RELIGIONS & IDEOLOGIES RE/ ON EMPTY CONCEPTS1 ?AT1 ONCE UND]M9$ BY 9DIVIDUAL SELF-9T]E/1 BREAK AP>T TO REVEAL !IR EMPT9ESS4 ,! SAME HOLDS TRUE = ?OSE ( SOCIETY'S 9/ITUTIONS1 ?AT UPHOLD !SE CONCEPTS1 BE IT ! /ATE1 LEGISLATION1 ! *UR*1 ! SY/EMS ( $UCATION1 OR O!R 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CLAIM AU?ORITY OV] ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,/IRN]'S >GUM5T EXPLORES & EXT5DS ! LIMITS ( ,HEGELIAN CRITICISM1 AIM+ HIS CRITIQUE ESPECIALLY AT ?OSE ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES 7P>TICUL>LY COLLEAGUES AMONG ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*71 EMBRAC+ POPUL> 'IDEOLOGIES'1 EXPLICITLY 9CLUD+ NATIONALISM1 /ATISM1 LIB]ALISM1 SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM & HUMANISM4 ,9 ! TIME ( SPIRITS ?\E REVEAL$1 CAN REAL 9DIVIDUAL ACTION1 P[] & ID5TITY TAKE PLACE4 ,9DIVIDUAL SELF-REALIZATION RE/S ON EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S DESIRE TO FULFILL HIS EGOISM1 BE IT BY 9/9CT1 UNKN[+LY1 UNWILL+LY - OR CONSCI\SLY1 FULLY AW>E ( HIS SELF-9T]E/ ,! PRIM>Y DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AN UNWILL+ & A WILL+ EGOI/1 IS ?AT ! FIR/ WILL BE 'POSSESS$' BY AN EMPTY IDEA1 OR A 'SPOOK'1 9 ! HOPE ?AT ?IS IDEA WILL MAKE HIM HAPPY1 & ! LA/1 9 CONTRA/1 WILL BE ABLE TO FREELY *OOSE ! WAYS ( HIS EGOISM1 & 5JOY HIMSELF :ILE DO+ IT4 ,! CONTRA/ IS ALSO EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL BE+ ! POSSESSOR ( HIS CONCEPTS AS OPPOS$ TO BE+ POSSESS$ !REBY4 ,ONLY :5 ONE REALIZES ?AT ALL SACR$ TRU?S SU* AS LAW1 RIE NO?+ O!R ?AN >TIFICIAL CONCEPTS1 & NOT HOLY AU?ORITIES TO BE OBEY$1 CAN ONE ACT FREELY4 ,9 ,/IRN]'S IDIOM1 TO BE FREE IS TO BE BO? ONE'S [N 0CREATURE0 79 ! S5SE ( 'CREATION'7 & ONE'S [N 0CREATOR0 7DISLOCAT+ ! TRADITIONAL ROLE ASSIGN$ TO ! GODS73 ,SACR$ ?+S EXI/ ONLY = ! EGOI/ :O DOES NOT ACKN[L$GE HIMSELF1 ! 9VOLUNT>Y EGOI/ 444 9 %ORT1 = ! EGOI/ :O W\LD LIKE NOT TO BE AN EGOI/1 & ABASES HIMSELF 7COMBATS HIS EGOISM71 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ABASES HIMSELF ONLY = ! SAKE ( 0BE+ EXALT$01 & !RE=E ( GRATIFY+ HIS EGOISM4 ,BECAUSE HE W\LD LIKE TO CEASE TO BE AN EGOI/1 HE LOOKS AB\T 9 HEAV5 & E>? = HI<] BE+S TO S]VE & SACRIFICE HIMSELF TO2 BUT1 H[EV] MU* HE %AKES & DISCIPL9ES HIMSELF1 9 ! 5D HE DOES ALL = HIS [N SAKE444 . ?IS ACC\NT ,I CALL HIM ! 9VOLUNT>Y EGOI/4 444,AS Y\ >E EA* 9/ANT1 Y\ >E Y\R [N CREATURE 9 ?IS V]Y 'CREATURE' Y\ DO NOT WI% TO LOSE Y\RSELF1 ! CREATOR4 ,Y\ >E Y\RSELF A HI<] BE+ ?AN Y\ >E1 & SURPASS Y\RSELF 444 JU/ ?IS1 AS AN 9VOLUNT>Y EGOI/1 Y\ FAIL TO RECOGNIZE2 & !RE=E ! 'HI<] ESS5CE' IS TO Y\ --AN ALI5 ESS5CE4 444 ,ALI5NESS IS A CRIT]ION ( ! 0SACR$04 .<,IBIDEM1 ,CAMBRIDGE $ITION1 P4 #c#g-#h.> ,/IRN] HAS BE5 BROADLY UND]/OOD AS A PROPON5T ( BO? PSY*OLOGICAL EGOISM & E?ICAL EGOISM1 AL?\< ! LATT] POSITION CAN BE DISPUT$1 MA9TA9+ ?AT !RE IS NO S5SE 9 ,/IRN]'S WRIT+1 9 :I* ONE '\Y TO ,/IRN]'S T5ETS4 ,H[EV]1 HE MAY BE UND]/OOD AS A RATIONAL EGOI/ 9 ! S5SE ?AT HE APP>5TLY CONSID]$ IT IRRATIONAL NOT TO ACT 9 ONE'S SELF 9T]E/4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,/IRN] REPEAT$LY REF]S TO A FUNDAM5TAL /ATE ( EXI/5CE1 :I* HE SEEMS TO VIEW AS IDEAL1 'LIKE ! BIRD1 :O S+S BECAUSE IT IS A S+]'4 ,HE PROVOKES HIS READ]S ) REF]5CES TO !IR *RI/IAN-ADOPT$ FE> ( !IR [N NUDITY1 5C\RAG+ !M TO ?R[ AWAY SU* FIX$ IDEAS1 TO SEE & BECOME ':O !Y REALLY >E'4 ,9 SU* T]MS1 ,/IRN]'S EGOISM MAY BE SE5 AS 'E?ICAL' & P]HAPS EV5 AS IDEALI/IC4 ,AN>*ISM ,! POLITICAL RAMIFICATIONS ( ,/IRN]'S WORK >E SOMETIMES DESCRIB$ AS A =M ( 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM4 ,/IRN] H[EV] DOES NOT ID5TIFY HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/1 & 9CLUDES AN>*I/S AMONG ! P>TIES SUBJECT TO HIS CRITICISM4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,/IRN]'S POLITICAL DOCTR9E REPUDIATES REVOLUTION 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE1 & RIDICULES SOCIAL MOVEM5TS AIM$ AT OV]TURN+ ! /ATE AS TACITLY /ATI/ 7I4E41 AIM$ AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW /ATE !REAFT]71 PUTT+ =? 9/EAD A UNIQUE MODEL ( SELF-EMP[]M5T & SOCIAL *ANGE ?R\< 0UNION ACTIVISM0 --AL?\< ! DEF9ITION & EXPLANATION ( ! LATT] IS UNIQUE TO ,/IRN]1 & DOES NOT RESEMBLE A /&>D SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E ( TRADE UNIONISM4 ,SOME PEOPLE SEE ,]N/ ,JUNG]'S REVOLUTION>Y CONS]VATIVE CONCEPT ( ! AN>* AS A MORE FAI?FUL R5DITION ( ,/IRN]'S ?\Y PHILOSOPHY7 LEAD HIM TO A NAMELESS VOID1 )\T MEAN+ & )\T EXI/5CE2 A SO-CALL$ 'CREATIVE NO?+' FROM :I* M9D & CREATIVITY WILL >ISE4 ,! 'NO?+' ,/IRN] >RIVES AT1 9 ! PROCESS ( TE>+ D[N EV]Y ABSOLUTE CONCEPT 7EV]Y ABSOLUTE DESCRIPTION7 \TSIDE ( HIMSELF1 HE LAT] DESCRIB$ AS AN '5D-PO9T ( LANGUAGE'1 MEAN+ ?IS IS :]E ALL DESCRIPTION COMES TO AN 5D2 IT CANNOT BE DESCRIB$4 ,BUT ?IS IS ALSO ! PLACE :]E ALL DESCRIPTION BEG9S1 :]E ! 9DIVIDUAL SELF CAN DESCRIBE 7& !RE=E CREATE7 ! WORLD 9 ITS [N MEAN+4 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ?IS 'CREATIVE NO?+'1 :I* ,/IRN] /RIVES SO H>D TO >GUE = & EXPLA91 TO ! EXT5T ?AT HIS WORK 9VOKES POETRY & VIVID IMAG]Y TO GIVE MEAN+ TO HIS WORDS - BUT HELPLESSLY CANNOT DESCRIBE BY WORDS ALONE1 IT IS WOR? BE>+ HIS ,HEGELIAN ORIG9S 9 M9D4 ,! 'CREATIVE NO?+' BY ITS DIALECTICAL %ORTCOM+S CREATES ! NE$ = A DESCRIPTION1 = MEAN+4 ,Y\ NE$ ! WORD 'NO?+' TO DESCRIBE NO?+ - !RE=E NO?+ IS A P>ADOX4 ,Y\ CANNOT SAY 'NO?+' )\T SOMEONE SAY+ IT1 AT ! V]Y LEA/4 ,& Y\ NE$ ! CONCEPT ( SELF TO DESCRIBE :O IS DESCRIB+ IT4 ,! NO?+ GIVES WAY TO 9DIVIDUAL MEAN+1 EXI/5CE & P[]4 ,/IRN] ELABORAT$ ON HIS ATTEMPT ON DESCRIB+ ! UNDESCRIBABLE 9 ! ESSAY 0,/IRN]'S ,CRITICS01 WRITT5 BY ,/IRN] 9 RESPONSE TO ,FEU]BA* & O!RS 79 CU/OM ) ! TIME1 HE REF]S TO HIMSELF 9 ! ?IRD P]SON7 3 ,/IRN] SPEAKS ( ! ,UNIQUE & SAYS IMM$IATELY3 ,NAMES NAME Y\ NOT4 ,HE >TICULATES ! WORD1 SO LONG AS HE CALLS IT ! ,UNIQUE1 BUT ADDS NONE!LESS ?AT ! ,UNIQUE IS ONLY A NAME4 ,HE ?US MEANS SOME?+ DIFF]5T FROM :AT HE SAYS1 AS P]HAPS SOMEONE :O CALLS Y\ ,LUDWIG DOES NOT MEAN A ,LUDWIG 9 G5]AL1 BUT MEANS ,Y\1 = :I* HE HAS NO WORD4 74447 ,IT IS ! 5D PO9T ( \R PHRASE WORLD1 ( ?IS WORLD 9 :OSE 0BEG9N+ WAS ! ,WORD40 -- ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,/IRN]'S ,CRITICS ,ONE MIE BORN 7SEE REF]5CE TO ! MOD]N !ORI/ ,JULIA ,KRI/EVA BEL[74 0,SELF-,[N]%IP0 & ! PHILOSOPHY ( 0NO SELF0 ,9 A PECULI> BUT =MALLY ACURATE S5SE1 WE C\LD SUMM>IZE ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N AS 0AN E?IC ( [N+ ! WORLD04 ,! BOOK BO? OP5S & CLOSES ) A QUOTATION FROM ,GOE! ?AT READS 0,I HAVE TAK5 UP MY CAUSE )\T F\NDATION01 ) ! 7UN/AT$7 NEXT L9E ( ! POEM BE+ 0444& ALL ! WORLD IS M9E04 ,CONTR>Y TO ! COMMON GLOSS ON ! ,/IRN]1 ONE ( HIS C5TRAL DOCTR9ES IS ?AT ! SELF 0IS NO?+02 & 9 REALIZ+ ?IS ONE IS SAID TO 0[N ! WORLD01 BECAUSE 7AS ! BOOK /ATES 9 ITS LA/ L9E37 0ALL ?+S >E NO?+ TO ME0 .<,IBIDEM41 P4 #c#b#d.>4 ,?IS PHILOSOPHICAL /&PO9T1 & ! TYPE ( IMAG]Y US$ TO ADVANCE IT1 REMA9S %OCK+ TO ! ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION ?AT ,/IRN] EM]G$ FROM1 & /ILL 9 \R TIMES1 AU?ORS SU* AS ,DAVID ,LEOPOLD 79 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,CAMBRIDGE ,$ITION ( .-,! ,EGO444.-1 #aiie @& REPR9T$ 9 #b7 EXPRESS /UNN$ DISBELIEF AT MO/ ( :AT ,/IRN] HAS TO SAY AB\T ! NATURE ( M9D1 WORLD1 & 0PROP]TY0 7AS HE DEF9ES IT74 ,H[EV]1 FROM O!R PHILOSOPHICAL P]SPECTIVES ,/IRN]'S CONCLUSION ?AT 0! ,I0 7OR 0! EGO7 IS NO?+ IS LESS SURPRIS+2 BO? ?IS & ! RELAT$ T5ET ?AT 0! WORLD IS EMPTY0 HAVE NO SIMIL> ,WE/]N PREC$5T1 BUT RECALL TO M9D CLOSELY COMP>ABLE S5TIM5TS FROM CANONICAL ,!RAVADA ,BUDDHISM3 ,BY BR++ ! ESS5CE 9TO PROM95CE ONE DEGRADES ! HI!RTO MISAPPREH5D$ APPE>ANCE TO A B>E SEMBLANCE1 A DECEPTION4 ,! ESS5CE ( ! WORLD1 SO ATTRACTIVE & SPL5DID1 IS = HIM :O LOOKS TO ! BOTTOM ( IT -- EMPT9ESS2 EMPT9ESS IS --WORLD'S ESS5CE 7WORLD'S DO+S74 .<,IBIDEM1 P4 #d.> 444 .<,F.>OR 'BE+' IS AB/RACTION1 AS IS EV5 '! ,I'4 ,ONLY ,I AM NOT AB/RACTION ALONE3 ,I AM ALL 9 ALL1 CONSEQU5TLY1 EV5 AB/RACTION OR NO?+3 ,I AM ALL & NO?+2 ,I AM NOT A M]E ?\ ,I SAY3 LIB]ATE Y\RSELF AS F> AS Y\ CAN1 & Y\ HAVE DONE Y\R P>T2 = IT IS NOT GIV5 TO EV]Y ONE TO BREAK ?R\< ALL LIMITS1 OR1 MORE EXPRESSIVELY1 NOT TO EV]YONE IS ?AT A LIMIT :I* IS A LIMIT = ! RE/4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 DO NOT TIRE Y\RSELF ) TOIL+ AT ! LIMITS ( O!RS2 5\< IF Y\ TE> D[N Y\RS4 .<444.> ,HE :O OV]TURNS ONE ( HIS LIMITS MAY HAVE %[N O!RS ! WAY & ! MEANS2 ! OV]TURN+ ( !IR LIMITS REMA9S !IR AFFAIR4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,/IRN] DESCRIBES ?IS WORLD-VIEW1 9 BRIEF1 AS 05JOYM5T01 & HE FREQU5TLY GLOSSES ! 0NO?+NESS0 ( ! NON-SELF AS 0UNUTT]ABLE0 7P4 #c#a#d7 OR 0UNNAMABLE0 7P4 #a#c#b71 0UNSPEAKABLE0 YET 0A M]E WORD0 7P4 #a#f#d2 CF4 ,/IRN]'S COMM5TS ON ! ,SKEPTIC CONCEPTS AT>AXIA & APHASIA1 P4 #b#f74 ,?IS E?IC ( SELF-LIB]ATION IS A /RIK+ CONTRA/ TO ! EXHORTATIONS ON DUTY1 OB$I5CE1 & PUBLIC MORALITY COMMON TO ,KANT1 ,HEGEL1 & EV5 ANTI-E/ABLI%M5T AU?ORS LIKE ,M>X :O DREW SO MU* ( !IR VOCABUL>Y FROM ! =M] G5]ATION4 ,LOVE ,)\T ,AU?ORITY1 ,COMPASSION ,)\T ,OBLIGATION ,CONTR>Y TO ! COMMON GLOSS ON ,/IRN]1 ?IS COMB9$ TEA*+ ( 0EGOISM0 & ! ILLUSORY NATURE ( ! EGO IS NOT ASSOCIAT$ ) A LIFE ( RAPACI\S SELF-9T]E/1 BUT RA!R1 AS ! AU?OR /ATES REPEAT$LY1 IS P>T ( A LIFE ( 0LOVE0 & 0COMPASSION0 7= 0EV]Y FEEL+ BE+072 BUT ?IS 0CONSCI\SLY EGOI/IC0 LOVE COMES ) ! IMPORTANT CAVEAT ?AT !SE FEEL+S >E )\T ! 0ALI5NESS0 ( A RELIGION1 & >E NO LONG] SOCIAL 0DUTIES01 NOR 0FIX$ NOTIONS01 NOR EV5 0PASSIONS03 444.<,LOVE.> CUTS NO BETT] FIGURE ?AN ANY O!R PASSION . ,I OBEY . BL9DLY4 ,! AMBITI\S MAN1 :O IS C>RI$ AWAY BY AMBITION444 HAS LET ?IS PASSION GR[ UP 9TO A DESPOT AGA9/ :OM HE AB&ONS ALL P[] ( DISSOLUTION2 HE HAS GIV5 UP HIMSELF BECAUSE HE CANNOT DISSOLVE HIMSELF1 & CONSEQU5TLY CANNOT ABSOLVE HIMSELF FROM ! PASSION3 HE IS POSSESS$4 ,I LOVE M51 TOO1 NOT M]ELY 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT EV]Y ONE4 ,BUT ,I LOVE !M ) ! CONSCI\SNESS ( MY EGOISM2 ,I LOVE !M BECAUSE LOVE MAKES ME HAPPY1 ,I LOVE BECAUSE LOV+ IS NATURAL TO ME1 IT PLEASES ME4 ,I KN[ NO 'COMM&M5T ( LOVE'4 ,I HAVE A FELL[-FEEL+ ) EV]Y FEEL+ BE+1 & !IR TORM5T TORM5TS1 !IR REFRE%M5T REFRE%ES ME TOO444 .<,IBIDEM1 P4 #b#e#h.> ,9T]PRET+ ,/IRN]'S CONCEPT ( 0,[N]%IP0 ,TURN+ TO ! 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,CAMBRIDGE $ITION ( .-,! ,EGO & ITS ,[N.- PROVID$ BY ,DAVID ,LEOPOLD 7,IBIDEM1 PG4 XXXI71 WE F9D A BADLY FLAW$ SKET* ( ?IS IMPORTANT ASPECT ( ,/IRN]'S WORK3 444 .<,W.>H5 ,/IRN] TALKS ( ! EGOI/ BE+ '[N]' ( ! WORLD IT SEEMS SIMPLY TO 9DICATE ! ABS5CE ( OBLIGATIONS ON ! EGOI/ --A BLEAK & UNCOMPROMIS+ VISION ?AT HE CAPTURES 9 AN APPROPRIATELY ALIM5T>Y IMAGE3 0,:]E ! WORLD COMES 9 MY WAY -- & IT COMES 9 MY WAY EV]Y:]E -- ,I CONSUME IT TO ! QUIET HUNG] ( MY EGOISM4 ,= ME Y\ >E NO?+ BUT -- MY FOOD1 EV5 AS ,I TOO AM F$ UPON & TURN$ TO USE BY Y\4 ,WE HAVE ONLY ONE RELATION TO EA* O!R1 ?AT ( USABL5ESS1 ( UTILITY1 ( USE4 ,WE [E EA* O!R NO?+4 7P4 #b#f#c70 ,! SUPPOS$LY 0BLEAK & UNCOMPROMIS+ VISION0 ?AT HE ALLUDES TO ON PAGE #bfc IS 9 FACT A DESCRIPTION ( A BIRD S++ 9 A TREE = ! %E] JOY ( CREAT+ ITS [N SONG2 ! IMAGE IS NOT 0BLEAK01 BUT POSITIVELY EBULLI5T4 ,/IRN]'S WORDS IMM$IATELY PREC$+ ! QUOTATION ?AT ,LEOPOLD HAS TAK5 \T ( CONTEXT >E AS FOLL[S3 ,BUT NOT ONLY NOT . = Y\R SAKE1 NOT EV5 = ! TRU?'S SAKE EI!R DO ,I SPEAK \T :AT ,I ?9K4 ,NO3 ,I S+ AS ! BIRD S+S1 ,?AT ON ! B\< ALI Y\ = IT BECAUSE ,I -- NE$ . E>S4 .<,IBIDEM1 #b#f#c.> ,/IRN]'S 9T5D$ MEAN+ = ! WORD 'USE' . 9 ?IS EXC]PT IS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! METAPHOR ( ! S++ BIRD3 ! BIRD'S SONG IS REW>D 5\< = ! ACT ( S++1 BUT YET ! P]=M] HAS SOME 'USE' = AN AUDI5CE4 ,! V]Y NEXT /ATEM5T 70:]E ! WORLD COMES 9 MY WAY4440 ETC47 BROAD5S ! MEAN+ TO 5COMPASS ALL SORTS ( CREATIVE 5GAGEM5T ) ! WORLD 7I4E41 ,/IRN]'S PO9T IS NOT LIMIT$ TO BIRDS OR VOCALI/S71 & ! P>AGRAPH 5DS ) A RE-AFFIRMATION ( ! C5TRAL PO9T ( ! METAPHOR1 NAMELY1 ?AT ! P]=M] HAS NO OBLIGATION TO ! AUDI5CE1 BUT S+S \T ( %E] JOY = ! ACT ( P]=M+4 ,?US1 IT SEEMS1 ! AUDI5CE IS 5C\RAG$ TO GET ! SAME 'USE' \T ( ! P]=MANCE1 VIZ41 MUTUAL JOY_/5JOYM5T )\T ANY OBLIGATIONS B9D+ ! TWO P>TIES4 ,BY TAK+ ! QUOTE \T ( CONTEXT1 ,LEOPOLD EFFECTIVELY IMPOSES AN UN9T5D$ MEAN+ UPON ! V]B 0USE0 . AS SOMEH[ IMPLY+ 09/RUM5TAL TREATM5T0 7P4 XXXI71 BUT ! SPECIFIC 0USE0 ?AT ,/IRN] H]E DESCRIBES IS ! 5JOYM5T ( A LI/5] = A SONG1 OR ( A S+] = ! V]Y ACT ( S++4 ,?IS MISUSE ( ! S\RCE TEXT IS FUR!R DEMON/RAT$ :5 WE CONSID] ,/IRN]'S WORDS IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! QUOTATION SELECT$ BY ,LEOPOLD3 ,WE [E EA* O!R NO?+1 = :AT ,I SEEM TO [E Y\ ,I [E AT MO/ TO MYSELF4 ,IF ,I %[ Y\ A *E]FUL AIR 9 ORD] TO *E] Y\ LIKEWISE1 !N Y\R *E]FULNESS IS ( CONSEQU5CE TO ME1 & MY AIR S]VES MY WI%444 .<,IBIDEM.> ,:]EAS ,LEOPOLD ABRUPTLY 5DS HIS QUOTATION ) 0,WE [E EA* O!R NO?+0 7FULL /OP1 I4E41 FAIL+ TO PROVIDE AN ELLIPSIS TO 9DICATE ?AT HE IS BREAK+ (F ,/IRN] 9 MID-S5T5CE7 ! ORIG9AL TEXT REIT]ATES ?AT ! SUBJECT BE+ DISCUSS$ IS1 9 FACT1 ! IMP>T+ ( *E]FULNESS 7)\T ANY DEBT BE+ [$ BETWE5 ! P>TIES *E]$ UP1 I4E41 BECAUSE EA* *E]S ! O!R = HIS [N DELIACT]IZES IT 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION 7OP4 CIT4 SUPRA74 ,9 ?AT 9/ANCE1 ! S\RCE TEXT ACTUALLY PRES5TS A DISCUSSION ( H[ PEOPLE CAN SPREAD JOY TO ONE-ANO!R 7) DETA*M5T1 & NO S5SE ( MUTUAL OBLIGATION71 EXPLA9$ BY WAY ( A RA!R IMPI% & FEY SIMILE4 ,:AT ,LEOPOLD GLOSSES AS AN 0ALIM5T>Y IMAGE0 IS 9 FACT A BIRD'S 0HUNG]0 = ! S\ND ( ITS [N SONG 9 ! ACT ( *E]+ ITSELF 7& O!RS7 UP4 ,LEOPOLD ABUSES ! SAME PASSAGE AGA9 7P4 XXXI7 :5 HE ATTEMPTS1 9 EFFECT1 TO HAVE ,/IRN] CONDEMN HIS [N WRIT+ BY TAK+ A QUOTATION \T ( CONTEXT3 ,AS ,/IRN]'S [N MEIOTIC PR$ICTION HAS IT3 'V]Y FEW' ( US WILL 'DRAW JOY' 7P4 #b#f#c7 FROM ?IS PICTURE4 .<,IBIDEM1 XXXI.> ,IS ?IS A FAIR REPRES5TATION ( ,/IRN]'S OP9ION ( HIS [N WORK AS AN AU?OR ON PAGE #b#f#c8 ,NO1 IT IS NOT2 ON ?AT PAGE1 ,/IRN] SPECIFICALLY DESCRIBES HIMSELF AS COMP>ABLE TO A S++ BIRD 9 IMP>T+ JOY TO O!RS 7AS %[N ABOVE7 )\T HAV+ ANY OBLIGATION T[>D HIS AUDI5CE4 ,HIS SEP>ATE /ATEM5T ?AT 'V]Y FEW WILL DRAW JOY FROM IT' IS PUT =? 9 DIRECT CONTRA/ TO ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*'S M$IEVAL POLICY ( ')HOLD+ ! ,BIBLE FROM ! LAITY' SO ?AT ! IGNORANT BLISS ( ! MASSES W\LD NOT BE TR\BL$ BY ITS DETAILS4 ,9 ! PASSAGE QUOT$ BY ,LEOPOLD1 ,/IRN] IS ASS]T+ ?AT HIS WRIT+ WILL TR\BLE ! BLISS ( ! IGNORANT1 BUT 7LIKE ! BIRD ?AT IS COMPELL$ TO S+7 HE FEELS HE MU/ 0SCATT]0 HIS ?\GUM5T 7SU/A9$ ?R\<\T ! BOOK1 E4G41 P4 #a#b#g1 #a#c#b1 #c#i-#a#b7 ?AT ! CORRECT ATTITUDE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL 7OR 0CRITIC07 IS TO PROCE$ ) AN OP5 M9D1 & AN OP5 HE>T1 NOT ) ! 9T5TION ( PROTECT+ HIS AUDI5CE FROM TRU?S TOO T]RIBLE TO TELL4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 9 ?IS PASSAGE1 ! EMPHASIS IS ON WRIT+ )\T ANY PRECONCEPTIONS 7VIZ41 9CLUD+ SU* VAGUE ASSUMPTIONS AS :AT 0! PUBLIC GOOD0 MIGUES1 5TAIL PREJUDICE1 EV5 :5 !SE OBLIGATIONS >E REPRES5T$ AS A K9D ( 5?USIASM1 PASSION1 OR LOVE 7E4G41 C5SOR%IP 0\T ( LOVE = ! ,*UR*01 0444= ! ,NATION01 ETC474 ,AL?\< ANY SU* OBLIGATION MAY BE PORTRAY$ AS A =M ( LOVE1 ,/IRN]'S ASS]TION IS ?AT 0BECAUSE PRECONCEIV$1 IT IS A PREJUDICE0 7P4 #b#f#b74 ,9 T]MS CLOSELY COMP>ABLE TO ! CLASSICAL ,SKEPTICISM ( ,SEXTUS ,EMPIRICUS1 ,/IRN] DIRECTS US TO EXAM9E ! CRIT]ION ( TRU? ?AT UND]LIES \R >GUM5TS AS AN UNEXAM9$ PROPOSITION2 ?IS 0FIR/ PRESUPPOSITION0 P]V]TS TRUE PHILOSOPHY 7GLOSS$ AS 0DISCOV]Y01 & ELSE:]E AS 0SELF-DISCOV]Y07 9TO M]E DOGMATISM 7P4 #c#i74 ,/IRN] MA9TA9S ?AT LOVE1 TOO1 CAN BE SUBV]T$ BY 0DOGMATISM01 VIZ41 S5TIM5TS ?AT PHILOSOPH]S HAVE SO MU* PRAIS$1 SU* AS ! LOVE = HUMANITY 9 G5]AL1 & ! LOVE = TRU?1 ,/IRN] CRITICIZES AS 0N>R[0 FEEL+S COMP>$ TO ! OP5-M9D$ IMPULSE ( ONE :O LOVES FROM ! FREE PLAY ( ! PASSIONS 7H]E POS$ AS P>ALLEL TO ! BIRD S++ FROM PURE JOY73 ,I DO NOT LIMIT MYSELF TO ONE FEEL+ = M51 BUT GIVE FREE PLAY TO ALL ?AT ,I AM CAPABLE (4 .<444.> ,) ?IS1 ,I CAN KEEP MYSELF OP5 TO EV]Y IMPRESSION )\T BE+ TORN AWAY BY ONE ( !M4 ,I CAN LOVE1 LOVE ) A FULL HE>T1 & LET ! MO/ CONSUM+ GL[ ( PASSION BURN 9 MY HE>T1 )\T TAK+ ! BELOV$ ONE = ANY?+ ELSE ?AN ! N\RI%M5T ( MY PASSION1 ON :I* IT EV] REFRE%ES ITSELF ANEW4 .<,IBIDEM1 P4 #b#f#b.> ,9 ?IS QUOTATION WE F9D AGA9 ?AT ! 0ALIM5T>Y0 IMAG]Y ?AT ,LEOPOLD COMPLA9S ( IS F> FROM 0BLEAK02 IT SIMPLY POSITS ! ROLE ( ! BELOV$ AS 0FUEL+0 ! PASSION ( LOV] 7AS AK9 TO ! AUDI5CE 0FUEL+0 ! PASSION ( ! P]=M] --,/IRN] DESCRIBES BO? AS RECIPROCAL RELATION%IPS ( 0UTILITY01 &1 ?US1 ( 0UNION074 ,IT MAY BE COMPLA9$ ?AT ,/IRN] IS US+ NE$LESSLY C]EBRAL 7& UNFAMILI>7 T]MS 9 DESCRIB+ ! S+]'S IMPULSE TO P]=M AS 0! QUIET HUNG] ( EGOISM01 OR 9 SPEAK+ ( ! 0N\RI%M5T0 ( PASSION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS 9TELLECTUALLY DI%ONE/ = ,LEOPOLD TO *>ACT]IZE 0! ABS5CE ( OBLIGATIONS ON ! EGOI/0 9 NEGATIVE T]MS BY TAK+ ,/IRN]'S PSY*OLOGICALLY LOAD$ VOCABUL>Y \T ( CONTEXT1 & SUGGE/+ TO ! READ] ?AT ! APPE>ANCE ( ! WORD 0USE0 MEANS ?AT ,/IRN] 5DORSES ! 09/RUM5TAL TREATM5T0 7XXXI7 ( PEOPLE1 OR ?AT ,/IRN] IS LIT]ALLY TELL+ PEOPLE !Y \D ONE-ANO!R AS FOOD 79 ! QUOTE ?AT ,LEOPOLD HAS TAK5 \T ( CONTEXT FROM PAGE #b#f#c7 :5 ?IS IS 9 FACT AN IMAGE EMPLOY$ 9 AN >GUM5T ?AT PEOPLE %\LD SPREAD JOY TO ONE-ANO!R )\T ANY FEEL+S ( OBLIGATION1 & MOREOV] 79 A SEP>ATE BUT RELAT$ >GUM5T7 ?AT AU?ORS %\LD WRITE )\T DOGMATIC PRECONCEPTIONS4 ,9SURRECTION VS4 ,REVOLUTION ,/IRN]'S E?IC IS NOT REVOLUTION>Y 7HE DOES NOT CALL = HIS READ] TO REBEL1 AS DOES ,M>X71 NOR IS IT ONE ( 5JO9+ A MORAL DUTY OR OBLIGATION UPON ! READ] 7AS ) ,KANT1 ,HEGEL1 & SO MANY O!RS71 BUT HE 9/EAD DESCRIBES HIS [N SOCIAL & MORAL ROLE AS COMP>ABLE TO A FIGURE NO MORE OBSCURE TO ! ,WE/]N TRADITION ?AN ,JESUS ,*RI/3 ,! TIME .<9 :I* ,JESUS LIV$.> WAS POLITICALLY SO AGITAT$ ?AT1 AS IS SAID 9 ! GOSPELS1 PEOPLE ?\RAIGN$ HIM = 'POLITICAL 9TRIGUE'1 & YET ! SAME GOSPELS REPORT ?AT HE WAS PRECISELY ! ONE :O TOOK ! LEA/ P>T 9 !SE POLITICAL DO+S4 ,BUT :Y WAS HE NOT A REVOLUTION>Y1 NOT A DEMAGOGUE1 AS ! ,JEWS W\LD GLADLY HAVE SE5 HIM8 .<444.> ,BECAUSE HE EXPECT$ NO SALVATION FROM A *ANGE ( CONDITIONS1 & ?IS :OLE BUS9ESS WAS 9DIFF]5T TO HIM4 ,HE WAS NOT A REVOLUTION>Y1 LIKE ,CES>1 BUT AN 9SURG5T3 NOT A /ATE-OV]TURN]1 BUT ONE :O /RAI .<,JESUS.> WAS NOT C>RY+ ON ANY LIB]AL OR POLITICAL FI ,BUT1 EV5 ?\< NOT A R+LEAD] ( POPUL> MUT9Y1 NOT A DEMAGOGUE OR REVOLUTION>Y1 HE 7& EV]Y ONE ( ! ANCI5T ,*RI/IANS7 WAS SO MU* ! MORE AN 9SURG5T :O LIFT$ HIMSELF ABOVE EV]Y?+ ?AT SEEM$ SO SUBLIME TO ! GOV]NM5T & ITS OPPON5TS1 & ABSOLV$ HIMSELF FROM EV]Y?+ ?AT !Y REMA9$ B\ND TO .<444.>2 PRECISELY BECAUSE HE PUT FROM HIM ! UPSETT+ ( ! E/ABLI%$1 HE WAS ITS DEADLY 5EMY & REAL ANNIHILATOR444 .<,IBIDEM P4 #b#h-#a.> ,AS ,/IRN] SPECIFIES 9 A FOOTNOTE 7P4 #b#h71 HE H]E USES ! WORD 9SURG5T 09 ITS ETYMOLOGICAL S5SE02 ?US1 0TO RISE ABOVE0 ! RELIGION & GOV]NM5T ( ONE'S [N TIMES BY 0/RAIY :O M]ELY BR+S AB\T A 0*ANGE ( CONDITIONS0 BY DISPLAC+ ONE GOV]NM5T ) ANO!R3 ,! REVOLUTION AIM$ AT NEW >RANGEM5TS2 9SURRECTION LEADS US NO LONG] TO LET \RSELVES BE >RANG$1 BUT TO >RANGE \RSELVES1 & SETS NO GLITT]+ HOPES ON '9/ITUTIONS'4 ,IT IS NOT A FI IT IS ONLY A WORK+ =? ( ME \T ( ! E/ABLI%$4 .<444.> ,N[1 AS MY OBJECT IS NOT AN OV]?R[ ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] BUT MY ELEVATION ABOVE IT1 MY PURPOSE & DE$ >E NOT POLITICAL OR SOCIAL BUT 7AS DIRECT$ T[>D MYSELF & MY [NNESS ALONE7 AN EGOI/IC PURPOSE 9DE$4 .<,IBIDEM1 P4 #b#h.> ,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y REIT]ATE ?AT ,/IRN] IS US+ ! LANGUAGE ( E?ICAL PHILOSOPHY TO DIRECT ! READ] TO PURSUE HIS OR H] [N 0UPLIFTM5T0 --BO? ?AT !Y MIE CLE>LY 9COMPATABLE ) ,LEOPOLD'S CONCLUSION 79 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,CAMBRIDGE $ITION7 ?AT ,/IRN] 0444SAW HUMANK9D AS 'FRETT$ 9 D>K SUP]/ITION' BUT D5I$ ?AT HE S\E0 7,IBIDEM1 P4 XXXII74 ,AL?\< IT IS TE*NICALLY TRUE ?AT ,/IRN] REFUSES TO DESCRIBE HIMSELF AS DIRECTLY LIB]AT+ O!RS1 HIS /AT$ PURPOSE !SE QUOTATIONS IS PRECISELY TO A*IEVE ! 05LIE0 ( O!RS BY WAY ( DEMON/RATION --& 09SURRECTION0 AS HE DEF9ES IT4 ,CRITIQUE ( ,*RI/IANITY &_/OR_/AS ,DOGMATISM ,! PASSAGES QUOT$ ABOVE SEEM TO EXHAU/ ! FEW PO9TS ( CONTACT BETWE5 ,/IRN]'S PHILOSOPHY & E>LY ,*RI/IANITY4 ,IT IS M]ELY ,JESUS AS AN 0ANNIHILATOR0 ( ! E/ABLI%$ BIASES & PRECONCEPTIONS ( ,ROME ?AT ,/IRN] CAN RELATE TO --HE HAS NO?+ BUT SCORN = ,*RI/IANITY AS ! BASIS ( A NEW DOGMATISM ?AT WAS TO OSSIFY SOON !REAFT]4 ,HIS REASON = 0CIT+0 ! CULTURAL *ANGE SP>K$ BY ,JESUS1 IS 7EXPLICITLY7 ?AT HE WANTS ! ,*RI/IAN IDEOLOGIES ( #a#i? C5TURY ,EUROPE TO COLLAPSE1 MU* AS ! IDEOLOGY ( HEA!N ,ROME DID BE=E IT 7E4G41 0. WILL 5D ) ! CA/+ (F ( ! IDEAL1 ) 'CONTEMPT = ! SPIRIT'01 P4 #c#b74 ,AS ) ! CLASSICAL ,SKEPTICS BE=E HIM1 ,/IRN]'S ME?OD ( SELF-LIB]ATION IS EXPRESSLY OPPOS$ TO FAI? OR BELIEF 9 ! BROADE/ POSSIBLE S5SE ( ! T]M2 HE 5VISIONS A LIFE FREE FROM 0DOGMATIC PRESUPPOSITIONS0 7P4 #a#c#e1 #c#i7 OR ANY 0FIX$ /&PO9T0 7P4 #b#i#e74 ,IT IS NOT M]ELY ,*RI/IAN DOGMA ?AT HIS EPI/EMOLOGY W\LD REPUDIATE1 BUT ALSO A WIDE V>IETY ( ,EUROPEAN IDEOLOGIES ?AT >E EFFECTIVELY CONDEMN$ AS CRYPTO-,*RI/IAN = PUTT+ HYPO/ATIZ$ IDEAS 9 AN EQUIVAL5T1 9JUNTIVE ROLE3 ,AMONG MANY TRANS=MATIONS1 ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT BECAME 9 TIME ! 'ABSOLUTE IDEA' .<9 ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY.>1 :I* AGA9 9 MANIFOLD REFRACTIONS SPLIT 9TO ! DIFF]5T IDEAS ( PHILAN?ROPY1 REASONABL5ESS1 CIVIC VIRTUE1 & SO ON4 .<444.> ,ANTIQUITY1 AT ITS CLOSE1 HAD GA9$ ITS [N]%IP ( ! WORLD ONLY :5 IT HAD BROK5 ! WORLD'S OV]P[]+NESS & 'DIV9ITY'1 RECOGNIZ$ ! WORLD'S P[]LESSNESS & 'VANITY'4 .<444.> .<,! PHILOSOPH]S ( \R TIME SAY.> ,CONCEPTS >E TO DECIDE EV]Y:]E1 CONCEPTS TO REGULATE LIFE1 CONCEPTS TO RULE4 ,?IS IS ! RELIGI\S WORLD .<( \R TIME.>1 TO :I* ,HEGEL GAVE A SY/EMATIC EXPRESSION1 BR++ ME?OD 9TO ! NONS5SE & COMPLET+ ! CONCEPTUAL PRECEPTS 9TO A R\ND$1 FIRMLY-BAS$ DOGMATIC4 ,EV]Y?+ IS SUNG ACCORD+ TO CONCEPTS & ! REAL MAN1 ,I1 AM COMPELL$ TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO !SE CONCEPTUAL LAWS4 .<444.> ,LIB]ALISM SIMPLY BR\PET2 HUMAN 9/EAD ( DIV9E1 POLITICAL 9/EAD ( ECCLESIA/ICAL1 'SCI5TIFIC' 9/EAD ( DOCTR9AL1 OR1 MORE G5]ALLY1 REAL CONCEPTS & ET]NAL LAWS 9/EAD ( 'CRUDE DOGMAS' & PRECEPTS4 .<,IBIDEM1 P4 #h#g-#h.> ,! ?9K] IS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! BELIEV] ONLY BY BELIEV+ MU* MORE ?AN ! LATT]1 :O1 ON HIS P>T1 ?9KS ( MU* LESS AS SIGNIFI$ BY HIS FAI? 7CRE$74 ,! ?9K] HAS A ?\S& T5ETS ( FAI? :]E ! BELIEV] GETS ALONG ) FEW2 BUT ! ! =M] BR+S COH]5CE 9TO HIS T5ETS1 & TAKE ! COH]5CE 9 TURN = ! SCALE TO E/IMATE !IR WOR? BY4 P4 #cd ,:AT ,/IRN] PROPOSES IS A RADICAL ALT]NATIVE TO DISP5SE ) DOGMATISM1 ROOT & BRAN*2 IT IS NOT ?AT CONCEPTS %\LD RULE PEOPLE1 BUT ?AT PEOPLE %\LD RULE CONCEPTS4 ,! 0NO?+NESS0 ( ALL TRU? IS ROOT$ 9 ! 0NO?+NESS0 ( ! SELF1 BECAUSE ! EGO IS ! CRIT]ION ( 7DOGMATIC7 TRU?4 ,AGA91 ,/IRN] SEEMS CLOSELY COMP>ABLE TO ! ,SKEPTICS 9 ?AT HIS RADICAL EPI/EMOLOGY DIRECTS US TO EMPHASIZE EMPIRICAL EXP]I5CE 7! 0UNM$IAT$0 RELATION%IP ( M9D AS WORLD1 & WORLD AS M9D7 BUT LEAVES ONLY A V]Y LIMIT$ VALIDITY TO ! CATEGORY ( 0TRU?04 ,:5 WE REG>D ! IMPRESSIONS ( ! S5SES ) DETA*M5T1 SIMPLY = :AT !Y >E 7E4G41 NEI!R GOOD NOR EVIL71 WE MAY /ILL CORRECTLY ASSIGN TRU? TO !M1 ) ! CONSCI\S AW>5ESS ?AT \R [N DESIRE IS 79 EFFECT7 ! CRIT]ION ( TRU?3 ,*RI/IANITY TOOK AWAY FROM ! ?+S ( ?IS WORLD ONLY !IR IRRESI/IBL5ESS .<444.>4 ,9 LIKE MANN] ,I RAISE MYSELF ABOVE TRU?S & !IR P[]3 AS ,I AM ABOVE ! S5SUAL1 SO ,I AM ABOVE ! TRU?4 ,BE=E ME TRU?S >E AS COMMON & AS 9DIFF]5T AS ?+S2 !Y DO NOT C>RY ME AWAY1 & DO NOT 9SPIRE ME ) 5?USIASM4 ,!RE EXI/S NOT EV5 ONE TRU?1 NOT RI ,9 WORDS & TRU?S .<444.> !RE IS NO SALVATION = ME1 AS LITTLE AS !RE IS = ! ,*RI/IAN 9 ?+S & VANITIES4 ,AS ! RI*ES ( ?IS WORLD DO NOT MAKE ME HAPPY1 SO NEI!R DO ITS TRU?S4 .<444.> ,ALONG ) WORLDLY GOODS1 ALL SACR$ GOODS TOO MU/ BE PUT AWAY AS NO LONG] VALUABLE4 7P4 #c#g7 ,TRU?S >E MAT]IAL1 LIKE VEGETABLES & WE$S2 AS TO :E!R VEGETABLE OR WE$1 ! DECISION LIES 9 ME4 7P4 #c#a#c7 ,9 PLACE ( SU* SY/EMS ( BELIEFS1 ,/IRN] PRES5TS A DETA*$ LIFE ( NON-DOGMATIC1 OP5-M9D$ 5GAGEM5T ) ! WORLD 0AS IT IS0 7UNM$IAT$ BY SU* HYPO/ATIZATIONS1 UNPOLLUT$ BY 0PRESUPPOS$ TRU?0 ( ANY K9D71 C\PL$ ) ! AW>5ESS ?AT !RE IS NO S\L1 NO P]SONAL ESS5CE ( ANY K9D1 BUT ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL'S UNQIU5ESS CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 ITS 0CREATIVE NO?+NESS0 PRIOR TO ALL CONCEPTS4 ,P[] ',P[]' IS ( C5TRAL IMPORTANCE = ,/IRN]1 & CAN BE/ BE DESCRIB$ AS A =M ( M5TAL CREATIVITY1 REPRES5T$ AS ! KEY TO PSY*OLOGICAL & SOCIAL POSSIBILITY ( RADICAL *ANGE4 ,/IRN] C\NT]POSES HIS NOTION ( 0P[]0 TO ! LIB]AL DISC\RSE ON SOCIAL RIACT]I/IC FEATURE ( LIB]ALISM1 :I* FUMES AGA9/ 0PRIVILEGE0 BECAUSE IT .<9/EAD.> APPEALS TO 0RIRY ! MATT] ANY FUR!R ?AN ?IS FUM+2 PRIVILEGES DO NOT FALL BE=E RIE M]ELY =MS ( RIT 9TO NO?+NESS :5 IT IS 5TW9$ ) MI4 .<.-,! ,EGO & ITS ,[N.-1 ,CAMBRDIGE ,$ITION1 P4 #b#b#i1 TRANSLATION AM5D$ BY ,E4,M4.> ,9 ,/IRN]'S S5SE P[]1 ALSO REF]R$ TO AS ! ACQUISITION ( 'PROP]TY'1 HAS A BROAD MEAN+1 RANG+ FROM ! SMILE ( ! *ILD1 ?AT ACQUIRES ITS MO!RS' LOVE1 OV] ! S5SUAL & MAT]IAL PLEASURES & MEAN+S ( TAK+ :AT ONE DESIRES1 TO ! :OLESALE ATTRIBUTION ( MEAN+1 VALUE & EXI/5CE 9 LANGUAGE & LIFE4 ,P[] 9 ?IS S5SE IS SYNONYM\S ) ! DYNAMICS ( UTT] AUTONOMY1 & ! ABILITY ( *ANGE1 ( EXI/5CE1 ( LIFE ITSELF4 ,/IRN] AS ,HEGELIAN8 ,/IRN]'S CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL %[S A PR(\ND AW>5ESS ( ,HEGEL'S WORK1 &1 >GU$ BY S*OL>S SU* AS ,K>L ,LO) & ,LAWR5CE ,/EPELEVI*1 SUGGE/S A VITAL 9FLU5CE ( ,HEGEL'S ?9K+1 9 ,/IRN]'S 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T & L9E ( ?9K+ -- EV5 IF ,/IRN]'S MATURE PHILOSOPHY MAY COMPRISE A ?OR\< REPUDIATION ( ,HEGELIANISM1 9 =M AS WELL AS CONT5T4 ,/IRN] EMPLOYS SOME ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5TS ( ,HEGELIAN /RUCTURE & MANY ( ,HEGEL'S BASIC PRESUPPOSITIONS TO >RIVE AT HIS CONCLUSIONS4 ,/EPELEVI* >GUES1 ?AT :ILE ,! ,EGO & HIS [N EVID5TLY HAS AN 0UN-,HEGELIAN /RUCTURE & TONE TO ! WORK AS A :OLE01 AS WELL AS BE+ FUNDAM5TALLY HO/ILE TO ,HEGEL'S CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! SELF & ! WORLD1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,HEGEL & ,/IRN] >E NOT RELAT$ ON ! MO/ 9TIMATE LEVEL4 ,! MA9 JUNCTURE LEAD+ FROM ,HEGEL TO ,/IRN] IS F\ND .<9 ,! ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ! ,SPIRIT.> AT ! T]M9ATION ( A PH5OM5OLOGICAL PASSAGE TO ABSOLUTE KN[L$GE4 ,/IRN]'S WORK IS MO/ CLE>LY UND]/OOD :5 IT IS TAK5 TO BE ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION1 ':AT ROLE WILL CONSCI\SNESS PLAY AFT] IT HAS TRAV]S$ ! S]IES ( %APES KN[N AS 'UNTRUE' KN[L$GE & HAS ATTA9$ TO ABSOLUTE KN[L$GE8 -- ,LAWR5CE ,/EPELEVI*1 ',MAX ,/IRN] AS ,HEGELIAN1 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,HI/ORY ( ,IDEAS1 V4#a#e1 PP4 #e#i#g-#f#a#d 7#a#i#h#e74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 TO GO BEYOND ,HEGEL 9 TRUE DIALECTICAL FA%ION IS TO CONT9UE ,HEGEL'S PROJECT1 & ,/EPELEVI* >GUES P]SUASIVELY ?AT ?IS EF=T ( ,/IRN]'S IS1 9 FACT A COMPLETION ( ,HEGEL'S PROJECT4 ,/EPELEVI* CONCLUDES HIS >GUM5T REF]R+ TO ,JEAN ,HYPPOLITE1 :O 9 SUMM+ UP ! 9T5TION ( ! ,PH5OM5OLOGY1 /AT$ 3 0,! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD IS F9I%$2 ALL ?AT IS NE$$ IS = ! SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUAL TO R$ISCOV] IT 9 HIMSELF40 ,/IRN] AS AN ,E9ZIG] TOOK HIMSELF DIRECTLY TO BE ?AT 'SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUAL' & !N W5T ON AS A ,HEGELIAN TO PROPOSE ! PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CE :I* W\LD ULTIMATELY FOLL[ UPON ?AT !ORETICAL R$ISCOV]Y1 ! FREE PLAY ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! OBJECTS ( ITS [N DET]M9ATION3 0,! IDOLS EXI/ ?R\< ME2 ,I NE$ ONLY REFRA9 FROM CREAT+ !M ANEW1 !N !Y EXI/ NO LONG]3 'HI<] P[]S' EXI/ ONLY ?R\< MY EXALT+ !M & ABAS+ MYSELF4444 ,MY 9T]C\RSE ) ! WORLD CONSI/S 9 MY 5JOY+ IT1 & SO CONSUM+ IT = MY SELF-5JOYM5T0 7,EGO1 #c#a#i7 -- ,LAWR5CE ,/EPELEVI*1 ',MAX ,/IRN] AS ,HEGELIAN' ,! ,QUE/ION ( ,RACISM 9 ,/IRN]'S ,OEUVRE4 ,OP9IONS AMONG S*OL>S HAVE BE5 /RONGLY DIVID$ AS TO H[ ! T]MS 0RACISM0 & 0RACIALISM0 APPLY TO ,/IRN]'S OEUVRE4 ,?OSE :O REJECT ! ACCUSATION ?AT ,/IRN] WAS A RACI/ CAN PO9T TO ,/IRN]'S PROTACT$ 7& CONSI/5T7 OPPOSITION TO BIGOTRY & NATIONALISM ( ANY K9D1 & HIS MANY PASSAGES ATTACK+ ! RACISM ( ,G]MANS AS N>R[-M9D$ 0TRIBALISM0 & 0,TEUTONOMANIA04 ,H[EV]1 = MANY MOD]N READ]S1 ,/IRN]'S USE ( ! 7N[ ODI\S7 #a#i? C5TURY RACIAL CATEGORIES 0,MONGOLOID0 & 0,NEGRO0 CON/ITUTE P[]FUL PRIMA FACIE EVID5CE1 & MAY CAUSE !M TO IGNORE HIS DIRECT >GUM5TS AGA9/ RACI/ NATIONALISM4 ,/IRN]'S C5TRAL >GUM5T 7OR 0ME?OD07 ON ! QUE/ION ( RACIAL ID5TITY H+ES ON HIS ASS]TION ?AT E?NICITY IS AN ILLUSORY & 9VIDI\S NOTION 7V>I\SLY EXPLOIT$ BY NATIONALISM1 LIB]ALISM1 & ! ,*UR* 9 HIS CONTEMPOR>Y ,G]MANY7 & ?AT CAN BE BROK5 BY ! UNIQ5ESS 7& 0NO?+NESS07 ( ! EGO4 ,) ! LATT] BREAK+ ( ! ILLUSION A FREE 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 PEOPLE ( DIFF]5T E?NICITIES IS SUPPOS$ TO 5SUE2 ?IS SEEMS TO WORK FROM A COSMOPOLITAN OR 0MULTI-CULTURAL0 ASSUMPTION :]E9 EA* DI/9CT E?NICITY OR RELIGION %\LD 0ASS]T . DI/9CTNESS OR PECULI>ITY3 Y\ NE$ NOT GIVE WAY OR R5\NCE Y\RSELF .0 7P4 #a#h#e74 ,?IS IS A /RIK+ CONTRA/ TO ! WIDESPREAD PRESUMPTION ( ! TIME ?AT E?NIC M9ORITIES 9 ,EUROPE W]E OBLIG$ TO ASSIMILATE OR ELSE DEP>T4 ,/IRN] EXCORIATES ! PRESUMPTION ?AT E?NIC DIVISIONS CAN BE 0DISSOLV$0 BY ! =C$ IMPOSITION ( A NATIONALI/IC ID5TITY1 & SIMIL>LY REJECTS ! LIB]AL CLAIMS ?AT ! ISSUE WILL DISAPPE> IF ONLY /ATE P[] W\LD PROVIDE 0EQUAL RIE C]TA9LY ALL EQUAL = ! /ATE4 ,BUT IT WILL DIVIDE !M1 & ADVANCE !M OR PUT !M 9 ! RE>1 ACCORD+ TO ITS SPECIAL 5DS1 IF ON NO O!R ACC\NT444 ,PEOPLE CONCEIVE ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! OPPOSITION . TOO =MALLY & WEAKLY :5 !Y WANT ONLY TO 'DISSOLVE' IT 9 ORD] TO MAKE ROOM = A ?IRD ?+ ?AT %ALL 'UNITE'4 ,! OPPOSITION DES]VES RA!R TO BE %>P5$4 .<444.> ,\R WEAKNESS CONSI/S NOT 9 ?IS1 ?AT WE >E 9 OPPOSITION TO O!RS1 BUT 9 ?IS1 ?AT WE >E NOT COMPLETELY SO2 ?AT WE >E NOT 5TIRELY SEV]$ FROM !M1 ?AT WE /ILL SEEK A 0,COMMUNION01 A 0,BOND01 ?AT 9 COMMUNION WE HAVE AN IDEAL4 ,ONE FAI?1 ONE GOD1 ONE IDEA1 ONE HAT1 = ALL6 ,IF ALL W]E BR\E NOT SEEK+ TO BE 9 ! RITY .1 & >E /&+ ) . NEI!R ON 0! BASIS ( RID$ AS ! NEW PO9T 9 COMMON1 OR AS A NEW P>ITY1 BUT H]E ! P>ITY CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 ! DISP>ITY1 AN EQALITY ( DISP>ITY1 & . ?AT .ISES.> ONLY = HIM :O POSES ! TWO 9 0COMP>ISON04 . ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,DAVID ,LEOPOLD HAS BADLY MIS9T]PRET$ ONE ( ! MO/ 9FLAMMATORY PASSAGES 7DEAL+ ) RACE7 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,CAMBRIDGE $ITION 7OP4 CIT4 SUPRA74 ,! PASSAGE APPE>S AS A NON-SEQUITOR 70EPISODICALLY01 9 ,LEOPOLD'S T]MS7 FROM PG4 #f#b-#f#e1 & C]TA9LY DOES EMPLOY (F5SIVE RACIAL T]MS1 BUT1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 !SE T]MS >E EMPLOY$ TO RIDICULE ! 7!N MA9/REAM7 ,EUROPEAN CONCEPTIONS ( !IR [N HI/ORY & E?NIC H]ITAGE4 ,! PASSAGE 9 QUE/ION BEG9S . BY CLAIM+ ?AT ! P]IOD ,WE/]N S*OL>S COMMONLY REF] TO AS 0,EUROPEAN ANTIQUITY0 7VIZ41 CLASSICAL ,GREECE & ,ROME7 %\LD 9/EAD BE T]M$ 0! ,NEGROID AGE01 VIZ41 ! P]IOD 9 :I* 0,EGYPT &444 NOR!RN ,AFICA 9 G5]AL0 >E CULTURALLY PR$OM9ANT OV] ,EUROPE4 ,LEOPOLD'S ASSESSM5T SEEMS TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ?IS PASSAGE IS NOT 9T5D$ TO 9SULT BLACK PEOPLE1 BUT IS RA!R A PO9T$ ATTEMPT TO UPSET ! 7HI/ORICALLY FALSE1 BUT /ILL PREVAL5T7 ,EUROPEAN ASSUMPTIONS ?AT PA9T MOD]N RACIAL PREJUDICES ONTO ANCI5T HI/ORY1 E4G41 CLAIM+ ?AT ! ,A!NIANS1 OR EV5 ! ,EGYPTIANS1 W]E 9 SOME S5SE 0,EUROPEANS0 OR E?NICALLY 0,CAUCASIAN01 :]EAS ! ,HITTITES1 & ADJAC5T PEOPLES ( ,ASIA ,M9OR1 ETC41 >E PRESUM$ TO BE 0NON:ITE0 5EMIES 9 ?IS APOCRYPHAL RACIALIZATION ( BRONZE AGE HI/ORY4 ,AGA9/ ?IS MIASMA ( RACIAL PREJUDICES1 ,/IRN] BRA%LY ASS]TS ?AT !SE ANCI5T PEOPLES W]E ALL 0,NEGRO01 9CLUD+ ! 7MU* MY?IFI$7 ,A!NIAN ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS4 ,HE BRIEFLY EXP&S ON ?IS TO SAY ?AT ALL ( CLASSICAL 0,EUROEPAN0 PHILOSOPHY IS 9 FACT ,AFRICAN 9 *>ACT]1 A CLE> ATTEMPT TO LAMPOON ! HI/ORICI/ RACIALISM ( AU?ORS SU* AS ,HEGEL4 ,HIS NEXT ASS]TION IS ?AT CURR5TLY 7VIZ41 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY7 ,EUROPEANS >E E?NICALLY ,MONGOLOID1 NOT ,CAUCASIAN3 !Y FOLL[ A ,MONGOLIAN RELIGION1 >E WOR%IP+ A ,MONGOLIAN GOD1 & HAVE ! SAME SOCIAL IDEALS AS ?OSE ( DYNA/IC ,*9A4 ,?US1 :ILE ,EUROPEAN ,*RI/IANS IMAG9E !MSELVES TO BE SUP]IOR TO ,ASIAN IDOLATORS1 ,/IRN] ASS]TS ?AT ,EUROPEANS HAVE M]ELY 0WRE/L$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S ) . SPIRITUAL BE+S0 AS ! ,*9ESE1 & /ILL DREAM ( GO+ TO 0! ,MONGOLIAN HEAV51 ,TI501 AFT] !Y DIE4 . ,AS ) ! FIR/ PHASE ( ! >GUM5T1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ,/IRN] IS NOT US+ !SE T]MS TO 9SULT ,ASIANS1 BUT IS ?R[+ ! E/ABLI%$ 7,EUROC5TRIC7 PRECONCEPTIONS ( HI/ORY BACK UPON ,EUROPEANS1 & JUD+ !M TO BE 79 !IR [N RACI/ T]MS7 M]ELY 0,MONGOLOID0 9 !IR BELIEFS4 . ,AL?\< ! PASSAGE IS LIKELY TO BE (F5SIVE TO MEMB]S ( ANY RELIGION 7OR ALMO/ ANY E?NICITY7 IT IS ALSO NOTEWOR?Y ?AT ,/IRN] H]E ASS]TS ?AT ! DYNA/IC EMPIRE ( ,CONFUCIAN ,*9A IS A MORE ADVANC$ CIVILIZATION ?AN ?AT ( ,EUROPE1 BUT1 FROM HIS P]SPECTIVE1 ?IS ADVANCEM5T IS 9 PRECISELY ! WRONG DIRECTION1 VIZ41 T[>D HI]>*Y1 PATRI>*Y1 & ! REPRESSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BY OBLIGATION & LAW4 ,= ?OSE :O HAVE /UDI$ ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,HI/ORY1 ,/IRN] SEEMS TO HAVE 9CLUD$ A DIRECT 9V]SION ( ! ,HEGELIAN CONCEPTION ( FRE$OM 7BAS$ AS IT WAS UPON A RACI/ HI/ORICAL DIALECTIC1 & ! GLORIFICATION ( LAW & OBLIGATION AS ! PRECONDITION ( 0FRE$OM ( ! SPIRIT073 ,TO WANT TO W9 FRE$OM = ! SPIRIT IS ,MONGOLISM2 FRE$OM ( ! SPIRIT IS ,MONGOLIAN FRE$OM1 FRE$OM ( FEEL+1 MORAL FRE$OM1 & SO =?4 ,EFFECTIVELY1 ,/IRN] IS H]E SAY+ ?AT :AT ,G]MANS IMAG9E TO BE ! 0NEW0 PHILOSOPHY ( FRE$OM 7ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL1 A PHILOSOPHY EXCLUSIVE TO !IR RACE1 & TO !IR TIME7 IS REALLY JU/ A ?R[BACK TO AN ANCI5T & REPRESSIVE NOTION ?AT WAS ALREADY PREVAL5T 9 CLASSICAL ,*9A 7OR 0,MONGOLDOM0 AS ,/IRN] /YLES IT74 ,C]TA9LY1 IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT ! PASSAGE 9 QUE/ION IS EXTREMELY (F5SIVE2 MO/ MOD]N READ]S WILL LIKELY FEEL 9SULT$ BY IT1 OR BY ! 7N[ ANTIQUAT$7 T]MS IT EMPLOYS4 ,/IRN] CLE>LY LACK$ ANY DETAIL$ UND]/&+ ( CLASSICAL ,*9ESE CIVILIZATION1 & SIMPLY EMPLOYS A LIMIT$ SKET* ( ITS REPRESSIVE1 HI]>*ICAL ELEM5TS AS P>T ( A REPROA* AGA9/ ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION 9 HIS [N TIMES4 ,! PRIM>Y PURPOSE ( ! PASSAGE SEEMS TO BE TO UPSET ! LONG-/&+ CONCEITS ( ,EUROPEAN PREEM95CE1 & IT DOES NOT E/ABLI% A RACIALI/ HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( ITS [N4 ,:AT ,LEOPOLD & O!R CRITICS SEEM TO HAVE FAIL$ TO UND]/& IS ?AT :AT ,/IRN] DUBBS CLIMB+ 0! LADD] ( CULTURE1 OR CIVILIZATION0 . IS NOT A PROCESS ?AT HE SEEKS TO GLORIFY 7AS ,HEGEL & SO MANY O!RS DID71 BUT RA!R TO REPUDIATE2 ?US1 IT IS NOT 9CONSI/5T ?AT ,/IRN] ID5TIFIES ! CULTURE ( ,CONFUCIAN ,*9A ) GREAT] ADVANCEM5T & YET1 AT ! SAME TIME1 CONSID]S IT ABHORR5T4 ,9 ?IS PASSAGE 0,CIVILIZATION0 IS GLOSS$ AS ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! WORLD TO ! RULE ( 0! HI]>*Y ( ! SPIRIT01 VIZ41 ! 9CULCATION ( 0HABIT1 OR SECOND NATURE01 & ! PROLIF]ATION ( 0PR9CIPLES0 & 0LAWS0 ON ! BASIS ( ! 5JO9$ OBLIGATIONS ( MAN TO 0HEAV504 . ,?US1 ONLY AT ! CONCLUSION ( ! PASSAGE DOES ,/IRN] DEF9E :AT HE MEANS BY ! T]M 0,MONGOLISM01 VIZ41 0. UTT] ABS5CE ( ANY RI REPRES5TS NON-S5SU\SNESS & UNNATURE44404 . ,9 SOME RESPECTS1 ?IS CRITIQUE ( CIVILIZATION & CULTURE 7AS SU*7 SEEMS TO ANTICIPATE MU* LAT] ?9K]S SU* AS ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN4 ,9FLU5CE ,/IRN]'S WORK DID NOT GO UNNOTIC$ AMONG HIS COLLEAGUES1 ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS4 ,/IRN]'S ATTACKS ON IDEOLOGY1 9 P>TICUL> ,FEU]BA*'S HUMANISM1 =C$ ,FEU]BA* 9TO PR9T4 ,MOSES ,HESS 7AT ?AT TIME CLOSE TO ,M>X7 & ,SZELIGA 7AN ADH]5T ( ,BRUNO ,BAU]7 ALSO REPLI$ TO ,/IRN]4 ,/IRN] ANSW]$ ! CRITICISM 9 A ,G]MAN P]IODICAL1 9 ! >TICLE ,/IRN]'S ,CRITICS 7ORG4 ,REC5S5T5 ,/IRN]S1 ,SEPT #a#h#d#e71 :I* CL>IFIES SEV]AL PO9TS ( 9T]E/ TO READ]S ( ! BOOK - ESPECIALLY 9 RELATION TO ,FEU]BA*4 ,TO BEG9 )1 ,5GELS WAS SPONTANE\SLY 5?USIA/IC AB\T ! BOOK1 & EXPRESS$ HIS OP9IONS FREELY 9 A LETT] TO ,M>X4 ,LAT]1 ,M>X WROTE A HI/RIONIC 9DICTM5T ( ,/IRN]1 COAU?OR$ ) ,5GELS1 SPANN+ SEV]AL HUNDR$ PAGES 79 ! ORIG9AL1 UNEXPURGAT$ TEXT7 ( HIS BOOK ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY 7ORG4 ,DIE DEUTS*E ,IDEOLOGIE74 ,! BOOK WAS WRITT5 9 #ahde - #a#h#d#f1 BUT NOT PUBLI%$ UNTIL #a#i#c#b4 ,M>X'S L5G?Y1 F]OCI\S POLEMIC AGA9/ ,/IRN] HAS S9CE BE5 CONSID]$ AN IMPORTANT TURN+ PO9T 9 ,M>X'S 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T FROM 0IDEALISM0 TO 0MAT]IALISM04 ,:ILE ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY SO ASSUR$ ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N A PLACE ( CURI\S 9T]E/ AMONG ,M>XI/ READ]S1 ,M>X'S RIDICULE ( ,/IRN] HAS PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! SUBSEQU5T M>G9ALIZATION ( ,/IRN]'S WORK1 9 POPUL> & ACADEMIC DISC\RSE4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S1 ,/IRN]'S ?9K+ HAS PROV$ AN 9TELLECTUAL *ALL5GE1 REM9ISC5T ( ! *ALL5GE ,C>TESIAN CRITICISM BR\ACT]IZ$ AS DI/URB+1 SOMETIMES EV5 CONSID]$ A DIRECT ?REAT TO CIVILIZATION2 SOME?+ ?AT \S TE/IMONY TO ! RADICAL ?REAT HE POS$2 MO/ WRIT]S :O READ & W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ,/IRN] FAIL$ TO MAKE ANY REF]5CES TO HIM OR ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N AT ALL 9 !IR WRIT+4 ,AS ! R5[N$ >T CRITIC ,H]B]T ,READ HAS OBS]V$1 ,/IRN]'S BOOK HAS REMA9$ '/UCK 9 ! GIZZ>D' ( ,WE/]N CULTURE S9CE IT FIR/ APPE>$4 ,IT HAS BE5 >GU$ ?AT ,NIETZS*E DID READ ,/IRN]'S BOOK1 YET EV5 HE DID NOT M5TION ,/IRN] ANY:]E 9 HIS WORK1 HIS LETT]S1 OR HIS PAP]S4 ,NIETZS*E'S ?9K+ SOMETIMES RESEMBLES ,/IRN]'S TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT ,$U>D VON ,H>TMANN CALL$ HIM A PLAGI>I/4 ,?IS SEEMS TOO SIMPLE AN EXPLANATION ( :AT ,NIETZS*E MID PR$ECESSOR ( ,NIETZS*E4 ,?US ,NIETZS*E - AS ) ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM 9 #a#h#d#e_/#d#f - DID NOT REALLY PLAGI>IZE ,/IRN] BUT 9/EAD 0SUP]S$$0 HIM BY CREAT+ A PHILOSOPHY4 ,SEV]AL O!R AU?ORS1 PHILOSOPH]S & >TI/S HAVE CIT$1 QUOT$ OR O!RWISE REF]R$ TO ,MAX ,/IRN]4 ,!Y 9CLUDE ,ALB]T ,CAMUS 7,9 ,! ,REBEL71 ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK]1 ,DORA ,M>SD51 ,GEORG ,BR&ES1 ,RUDOLF ,/E9]1 ,ROB]T ,ANTON ,WILSON1 ,ITALIAN 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/ ,FRANK ,BR&1 ! NOTORI\S ANTI>TI/ ,M>CEL ,DU*AMP1 SEV]AL WRIT]S ( ! SITUATIONI/ MOVEM5T1 & ,MAX ,]N/1 :O TITL$ A #aibe PA9T+ ,L'UNIQUE ET SA PROPRIETE4 ,! ,ITALIAN DICTATOR ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I READ & WAS 9SPIR$ BY ,/IRN]1 & MADE SEV]AL REF]5CES TO HIM 9 HIS NEWSPAP] >TICLES1 PRIOR TO RIS+ TO P[]4 ,HIS LAT] WRIT+S W\LD UPHOLD A VIEW OPPOS$ TO ,/IRN]1 A TRAJECTORY MIRROR$ BY ! COMPOS] ,RI*>D ,WAGN]4 ,S9CE ITS APPE>ANCE 9 #a#h#d#d1 ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N HAS SE5 P]IODIC REVIVALS ( POPUL>1 POLITICAL & ACADEMIC 9T]E/1 BAS$ >\ND WIDELY DIV]G5T TRANSLATIONS & 9T]PRETATIONS -- SOME PSY*OLOGICAL1 O!RS POLITICAL 9 !IR EMPHASIS4 ,TODAY1 MANY IDEAS ASSOCIAT$ ) PO/-LEFT AN>*Y CRITICISM ( IDEOLOGY & UNCOMPROMIS+ 9DIVIDUALISM - >E CLE>LY RELAT$ TO ,/IRN]'S4 ,HE HAS ALSO BE5 REG>D$ AS PIONE]+ 9DIVIDUALI/ FEM9ISM1 S9CE HIS OBJECTION TO ANY ABSOLUTE CONCEPT ALSO CLE>LY C\NTS G5D] ROLES AS 'SPOOKS'4 ,HIS IDEAS W]E ALSO ADOPT$ BY PO/-AN>*ISM1 ) ,SAUL ,NEWMAN L>GELY 9 AGREEM5T ) MANY ( ,/IRN]'S CRITICISMS ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM1 9CLUD+ HIS REJECTION ( REVOLUTION & ESS5TIALISM4 ,/IRN]'S DEMOLITION ( ABSOLUTE CONCEPTS DI/URBS TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS ( ATTRIBUTION ( MEAN+ TO LANGUAGE & HUMAN EXI/5CE1 & CAN BE SE5 AS PIONE]+ A MOD]N M$IA !ORY :I* FOCUSES ON DYNAMIC CONCEPTIONS ( LANGUAGE & REALITY1 9 CONTRA/ TO REALITY AS SUBJECT TO ANY ABSOLUTE DEF9ITION4 ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D'S CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM & DEVELOPM5T ( A DYNAMIC !ORY ( M$IA1 SIMULATION & '! REAL' EMPLOYS SOME ( ! SAME ELEM5TS ,/IRN] US$ 9 HIS ,HEGELIAN CRITIQUE )\T1 H[EV]1 MAK+ REC\RSE TO V]Y MU* ?AT LIES AT ! HE>T ( ! PLUMB-L9E LIB]T>IAN CORE ( ,/IRN]'S PHILOSOPHY4 ,?\< MANY 9 ! PO//RUCTURALI/ CAMP HAVE *AMPION$ ,/IRN]'S ?\E :OLLY 9COMPATIBLE2 ,/IRN] W\LD NEV] AGREE1 = EXAMPLE1 ) ?AT FUNDAM5TAL PO//RUCTURALI/ IDEA1 ?AT AS A PRODUCT ( SY/EMS1 ! SELF IS UND]M9$4 ,= ,/IRN]1 ! SELF CANNOT BE A M]E PRODUCT ( SY/EMS4 ,!RE REMA9S1 9 ! ,/IRN]IAN S*EMA1 AS DESCRIB$ 9 ! ABOVE1 A PLACE DEEP )9 ! SELF :I* LANGUAGE & SOCIAL SY/EMS CANNOT DE/ROY4 ,?IS IDEA F9DS EXPRESSION1 P]HAPS1 9 A CONCEPT PUT =W>D BY ! CONTEMPOR>Y PHILOSOPH] ,JULIA ,KRI/EVA2 ! 'SEMIOTIC *ORA'1 AS %E CALLS IT1 REPRES5TS A /ATE ( M9D :I* PR$ATES ! 9CULCATION ( ! SOCIAL APP>ATUS 9 ! M9D ( ! Y\NG *ILD4 ,COMM5TS BY ,CONTEMPOR>IES ,TW5TY YE>S AFT] ! APPE>ANCE ( ,/IRN]'S BOOK1 ! AU?OR ,FRI$RI* ,ALB]T ,LANGE WROTE ! FOLL[+3 ,/IRN] W5T SO F> 9 HIS NOTORI\S WORK1 ',D] ,E9ZIGE UND ,SE9 ,EIG5?UM' 7#a#h#d#e71 AS TO REJECT ALL MORAL IDEAS4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT 9 ANY WAY1 :E!R IT BE EXT]NAL =CE1 BELIEF1 OR M]E IDEA1 PLACES ITSELF ABOVE ! 9DIVIDUAL & HIS CAPRICE1 ,/IRN] REJECTS AS A HATEFUL LIMITATION ( HIMSELF4 ,:AT A PITY ?AT TO ?IS BOOK -- ! EXTREME/ ?AT WE KN[ ANY:]E -- A SECOND POSITIVE P>T WAS NOT ADD$4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 EASI] ?AN 9 ! CASE ( ,S*ELL+'S PHILOSOPHY2 = \T ( ! UNLIMIT$ ,EGO ,I CAN AGA9 BEGET EV]Y K9D ( ,IDEALISM AS MY WILL & MY IDEA4 ,/IRN] LAYS SO MU* /RESS UPON ! WILL1 9 FACT1 ?AT IT APPE>S AS ! ROOT =CE ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT MAY REM9D US ( ,S*OP5HAU] -- ,HI/ORY ( ,MAT]IALISM1 II4 #bef ,QUOTATIONS 0,! GREAT >E GREAT ONLY BECAUSE WE >E ON \R KNEES4 ,LET US RISE60 0,! TRU? WE>S LONG] ?AN ALL ! GODS2 = IT IS ONLY 9 ! TRU?'S S]VICE1 & = LOVE ( IT1 ?AT PEOPLE HAVE OV]?R[N ! GODS & AT LA/ ,GOD HIMSELF4 0,! TRU?0 \TLA/S ! D[NFALL ( ! WORLD ( GODS1 = IT IS ! IMMORTAL S\L ( ?IS TRANSITORY WORLD ( GODS2 IT IS ,DEITY ITSELF40 0,BE=E :AT IS SACR$1 PEOPLE LOSE ALL S5SE ( P[] & ALL CONFID5CE2 !Y OCCUPY A P[]LESS & HUMBLE ATTITUDE T[>D IT4 ,& YET NO ?+ IS SACR$ ( ITSELF1 BUT BY MY DECL>+ IT SACR$1 BY MY DECL>ATION1 MY JUDGM5T1 MY B5D+ ! KNEE2 9 %ORT1 BY MY CONSCI5CE40 0,! ,/ATE CALLS ITS [N VIOL5CE LAW1 BUT ?AT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CRIME40 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bba 3 ,9FIDELS1 ,FREE?9K]S1 ,HUMANI/S1 & ,UNBELIEV]S -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,9FIDELS1 ,FREE?9K]S1 ,HUMANI/S1 & ,UNBELIEV]S -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/