,9TEGRAL ,$UCATION ,I,I 

#ahfi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TAGS 3 M5 ( G5IUS1 RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL1 REALM ( SCI5CE1 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 9TELLECTUAL LABOR1 MANUAL LABOR1 HUMAN BE+S1 9DIVIDUAL CAPABILITIES1 PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,MAG ,BOISS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,WE HAVE %[N H[1 AS LONG AS !RE >E TWO OR  
MORE DEGREES ( 9/RUCTION = ! V>I\S  
/RATA ( SOCIETY1 !RE MU/1 ( NECESSITY1 BE  
CLASSES1 ?AT IS1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL  
PRIVILEGE = A SMALL NUMB] ( ! CONT5T$  
& SLAV]Y & MIS]Y = ! LOT ( !  
G5]ALITY ( M54 

,AS MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S  
,ASSOCIATION 7,I,W,M,A_/,A,I,T71 WE SEEK EQUALITY &1  
BECAUSE WE SEEK IT1 WE MU/ ALSO SEEK 9TEGRAL  
$UCATION1 ! SAME $UCATION = EV]YONE4 

,BUT IF EV]YONE IS S*OOL$ :O WILL WANT TO  
WORK8 WE HE> SOMEONE ASK4  ,\R ANSW] TO ?AT  
IS A SIMPLE ONE3 EV]YONE MU/ WORK &  
EV]YONE MU/ RECEIVE $UCATION4  ,TO ?IS1 IT  
IS V]Y (T5 OBJECT$ ?AT ?IS MIX+ (  
9DU/RIAL ) 9TELLECTUAL LABOR CANNOT BE1  
EXCEPT ONE OR ! O!R SUFF] BY IT4  ,!  
MANUAL WORK]S WILL MAKE POOR S*OL>S1 & !  
S*OL>S WILL NEV] BE MORE ?AN QUITE PA!TIC  
WORK]S4  ,TRUE1 9 ! SOCIETY ( TODAY :]E  
MANUAL LABOR & 9TELLECTUAL LABOR >E  
EQUALLY DI/ORT$ BY ! QUITE >TIFICIAL  
ISOLATION 9 :I* BO? >E KEPT4  ,BUT WE >E  
QUITE P]SUAD$ ?AT 9 ! R\ND$ HUMAN  
BE+1 EA* ( !SE PURSUITS1 ! MUSCUL> &  
! N]V\S1 MU/ BE DEVELOP$ 9 EQUAL MEASURE  
& ?AT F> FROM BE+ 9IMICAL EA* MU/ LEAN  
UPON1 5HANCE & RE9=CE ! O!R4  ,!  
SCI5CE ( ! SAGE WILL BECOME MORE FRUITFUL1  
MORE USEFUL & MORE EXPANSIVE :5 ! SAGE IS  
NO LONG] A /RANG] TO MANUAL LABOR1 & !  
LABORS ( ! WORKM51 :5 HE IS $UCAT$1  
WILL BE MORE 9TELLIG5T & ?US MORE  
PRODUCTIVE ?AN ?OSE ( AN IGNORANT WORKMAN4   
,FROM :I* IT FOLL[S ?AT1 = WORK'S SAKE AS  
MU* AS = ! SAKE ( SCI5CE1 !RE MU/ NO  
LONG] BE ?IS DIVISION 9TO WORK]S &  
S*OL>S & H5CE=? !RE MU/ BE ONLY M54 

,! RESULT ( ?IS IS ?AT ?OSE M5 :O >E  
TODAY1 ON ACC\NT ( !IR SUP]IOR 9TELLECTS1  
CAU<T UP 9 ! IVORY T[]S ( SCI5CE &  
:O1 ONCE !Y HAVE E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES 9  
?IS WORLD1 YIELD TO ! NE$ = A ?OR\<LY  
B\RGEOIS POSITION & B5D !IR EV]Y  
9V5TION TO ! EXCLUSIVE USE ( !  
PRIVILEG$ CLASS TO :I* !Y !MSELVES  
BELONG4  ,!SE M51 ,I SAY1 ONCE !Y BECOME  
TRULY ! FELL[S ( EV]YONE1 FELL[S NOT JU/  
9 !IR IMAG9ATION NOR JU/ 9 !IR SPEE*  
BUT 9 FACT1 9 !IR WORK1 WILL JU/ AS  
NECESS>ILY CONV]T !IR 9V5TIONS &  
APPLICATIONS ( !IR LE>N+ TO ! B5EFIT  
( ALL1 & ESPECIALLY APPLY !MSELVES TO !  
TASK ( MAK+ WORK 7! BASIS1 ! ONLY REAL  
& RI<TFUL BASIS ( HUMAN SOCIETY7 LI<T]  
& MORE DIGNIFI$4 

,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE &1 9DE$1 LIKELY ?AT  
DUR+ ! P]IOD ( FAIRLY L5G?Y TRANSITION  
:I* WILL1 NATURALLY1 SUCCE$ ! GREAT CRISIS  
( SOCIETY1 ! L(TIE/ SCI5CES WILL FALL  
CONSID]ABLY BEL[ !IR CURR5T LEVELS4   
,EQUALLY1 IT IS NOT TO BE D\BT$ ?AT LUXURY  
& EV]Y?+ CON/ITUT+ ! REF9EM5TS (  
LIFE WILL HAVE TO DISAPPE> FROM ! SOCIAL  
SC5E = QUITE A LONG TIME & WILL NOT BE  
ABLE TO REAPPE> AS ! EXCLUSIVE AMUSEM5TS (  
A FEW1 BUT WILL HAVE TO RETURN AS WAYS (  
DIGNIFY+ LIFE = EV]YBODY1 & !N ONLY  
ONCE SOCIETY HAS CONQU]$ NE$ 9 ALL ( US4   
,BUT W\LD ?IS TEMPOR>Y ECLIPSE ( ! L(TY  
SCI5CES BE SU* A MIS=TUNE8 ,:ATEV] SCI5CE  
MAY LOSE 9 T]MS ( SUBLIME ELEVATION1 WILL IT  
NOT W9 ?R\< ! EXT5SION ( ITS BASE8  
,D\BTLESS !RE WILL BE FEW] ILLU/RI\S  
SAGES1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME !RE WILL BE FEW]  
IGNORAMUSES TOO4  ,!RE WILL BE NO MORE (  
!SE M5 :O CAN T\* ! SKIES1 BUT1 ON !  
O!R H&1 MILLIONS ( M5 :O MAY BE DEGRAD$  
& CRU%$ TODAY WILL BE ABLE TO TREAD !  
E>? AS HUMAN BE+S3 NO DEMIGODS1 BUT NO  
SLAVES EI!R4  ,BO? ! SLAVE & ! DEMIGODS  
WILL A*IEVE HUMAN-NESS1 ! ONE BY RIS+ A  
LOT1 ! O!R BY /OOP+ A LITTLE4  ,?US NO  
LONG] WILL !RE BE A PLACE = DEIFICATION1  
NOR = CONTUMELY4  ,EV]YONE WILL %AKE H&S  
) HIS NEI<BOR &1 ONCE REUNIT$1 WE %ALL  
ALL M>* ) A NEW SPR+ 9 \R /EPS1  
ONW>DS TO NEW CONQUE/S1 9 ! REALM (  
SCI5CE AS 9 ! REALM ( LIFE ITSELF4 

,SO1 F> FROM HAV+ ANY MISGIV+S AB\T ?AT  
ECLIPSE ( SCI5CE - :I* WILL BE 9 ANY CASE  
ONLY A FLEET+ ONE WE \<T TO CALL = IT  
) ALL \R P[]S S9CE ITS EFFECT WILL BE TO  
HUMANIZE BO? S*OL> & MANUAL LABOR] &  
TO RECONCILE SCI5CE & LIFE4  ,& WE >E  
CONV9C$ ?AT1 ONCE WE HAVE A*IEV$ ?IS NEW  
F\NDATION1 ! PROGRESS ( MANK9D1 9 !  
REALM ( SCI5CE AS ELSE:]E 9 LIFE1 WILL  
V]Y QUICKLY \T/RIP EV]Y?+ ?AT WE HAVE  
SE5 & EV]Y?+ WE MI<T CONJURE UP 9 \R  
IMAG9ATIONS TODAY4  ,BUT H]E ANO!R QUE/ION  
CROPS UP3 WILL EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL HAVE AN EQUAL  
CAPACITY = ABSORB+ $UCATION TO ! SAME  
DEGREE8 ,LET US IMAG9E A SOCIETY ORGANIZ$  
ALONG ! MO/ EGALIT>IAN L9ES1 A SOCIETY 9  
:I* *ILDR5 WILL1 FROM BIR? ONW>DS1 />T  
\T ) ! SAME CIRCUM/ANCES ECONOMICALLY1  
SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY1 :I* IS TO SAY !  
SAME UPKEEP1 ! SAME $UCATION1 ! SAME  
9/RUCTION3 AMONG !SE ?\S&S ( T9Y  
9DIVIDUALS WILL !RE NOT BE AN 9F9ITE  
V>IETY ( 5?USIASMS1 NATURAL 9CL9ATIONS  
& APTITUDES8 

,SU* IS ! BIG >GUM5T ADVANC$ BY \R  
ADV]S>IES1 ! B\RGEOIS PURE & SIMPLE1 &  
! B\RGEOIS SOCIALI/S AS WELL4  ,!Y IMAG9E  
IT TO BE UNANSW]ABLE4  ,SO LET US TRY TO PROVE  
! OPPOSITE4  ,WELL1 TO BEG9 )1 BY :AT  
RI<T DO !Y MAKE !IR /& = !  
PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPABILITIES8 ,IS !RE  
ROOM = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPABILITIES 9  
SOCIETY AS AT PRES5T CON/ITUT$8 ,CAN !RE BE  
ROOM = ?AT DEVELOPM5T 9 A SOCIETY :I*  
CONT9UES TO HAVE ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE AS  
ITS F\NDATION8 ,SELF-EVID5TLY NOT2 =1 FROM  
! MOM5T ?AT ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE  
APPLIES1 ! C>E] ( *ILDR5 WILL NEV] BE  
DET]M9$ BY !IR 9DIVIDUAL GIFTS &  
APPLICATION3 IT WILL BE DET]M9$ PRIM>ILY BY  
!IR ECONOMIC CIRCUM/ANCES1 BY ! WEAL? OR  
POV]TY ( !IR FAMILIES4  ,WEAL?Y BUT EMPTY- 
HEAD$ HEIRS WILL RECEIVE A SUP]IOR $UCATION2  
! MO/ 9TELLIG5T *ILDR5 ( !  
PROLET>IAT WILL RECEIVE IGNORANCE AS !IR  
9H]ITANCE1 JU/ AS HAPP5S AT PRES5T4  ,SO1  
IS IT NOT HYPOCRITICAL1 :5 SPEAK+ NOT ONLY  
( SOCIETY AS IT IS TODAY BUT EV5 ( A  
RE=M$ SOCIETY :I* W\LD /ILL HAVE AS ITS  
FUNDAM5TS PRIVATE PROP]TY [N]%IP & !  
RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE - ,IS IT NOT SORDID  
SOPHI/RY TO TALK AB\T 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS BAS$  
ON 9DIVIDUAL CAPABILITIES8 ,!RE IS SU* A LOT  
( TALK TODAY ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 YET :AT  
PREVAILS IS NOT ! 9DIVIDUAL P]SON1 NOR !  
9DIVIDUAL 9 G5]AL1 BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL UPON  
:OM PRIVILEGE IS CONF]R$ BY HIS SOCIAL  
POSITION4  ,?US :AT C\NTS IS POSITION &  
CLASS4  ,JU/ LET ONE 9TELLIG5T 9DIVIDUAL  
FROM ! RANKS ( ! B\RGEOISIE D>E TO TAKE  
A /& AGA9/ ! ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES ( ?AT  
RESPECTABLE CLASS & Y\ WILL SEE H[ MU*  
!SE GOOD B\RGEOIS1 =EV] PRATTL+ AB\T  
9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY TODAY1 RESPECT HIS LIB]TY  
AS AN 9DIVIDUAL ,DON'T TALK TO US AB\T  
9DIVIDUAL ABILITIES6 ,IS IT NOT AN EV]YDAY  
?+ = US TO SEE ! GREATE/ ABILITIES (  
WORK+ M5 & B\RGEOIS =C$ TO GIVE WAY  
& EV5 TO K[T[ BE=E ! CRASS /UPIDITY  
( ! HEIRS TO ! GOLD5 CALF8 ,9DIVIDUAL  
LIB]TY - NOT PRIVILEG$ LIB]TY BUT HUMAN  
LIB]TY1 & ! REAL POT5TIAL ( 9DIVIDUALS  
- WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO 5JOY FULL EXPANSION 9  
A REGIME ( COMPLETE EQUALITY4  ,:5 !RE  
EXI/S AN EQUALITY ( ORIG9S = ALL M5 ON  
?IS E>? !N1 & ONLY !N 7)  
SAFEGU>DS1 ( C\RSE1 = ! SUP]IOR CALLS  
( FELL[%IP OR SOLID>ITY1 :I* IS & EV]  
%ALL REMA9 ! GREATE/ PRODUC] ( ALL  
SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 FROM HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE TO  
MAT]IAL WEAL?7 ONLY !N WILL ONE BE ABLE TO  
SAY1 ) MORE REASON ?AN ONE CAN TODAY1 ?AT  
EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS A SELF-MADE MAN4  ,H5CE \R  
CONCLUSION IS ?AT1 IF 9DIVIDUAL TAL5TS >E  
TO PROSP] & NO LONG] BE ?W>T$ 9  
BR++ =? !IR FULL FRUITS1 ! FIR/  
PRECONDITION IS ?AT ALL 9DIVIDUAL PRIVILEGES1  
ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL1 MU/ DISAPPE>1  
:I* IS TO SAY ?AT ALL CLASS DI/9CTIONS  
MU/ BE ABOLI%$4  ,?AT REQUIRES ?AT PRIVATE  
PROP]TY RI<TS & ! RI<TS ( 9H]ITANCE  
MU/ GO1 & EQUALITY MU/ TRIUMPH  
ECONOMICALLY1 POLITICALLY & SOCIALLY4 

,BUT ONCE EQUALITY HAS TRIUMPH$ & IS WELL  
E/ABLI%$1 WILL !RE BE NO LONA] ANY  
DIFF]5CE 9 ! TAL5TS & DEGREE (  
APPLICATION ( ! V>I\S 9DIVIDUALS8 ,!RE  
WILL BE A DIFF]5CE1 NOT SO MANY AS EXI/  
TODAY1 P]HAPS1 BUT !RE WILL ALWAYS BE  
DIFF]5CES4  ,( ?AT !RE CAN BE NO D\BT4   
,?IS IS A PROV]BIAL TRU? :I* WILL PROBABLY  
NEV] CEASE TO BE TRUE - ?AT NO TREE EV]  
BR+S =? TWO LEAVES ?AT >E EXACTLY  
ID5TICAL4  ,H[ MU* MORE WILL ?IS BE TRUE (  
M51 M5 BE+ MU* MORE COMPLICAT$ CREATURES  
?AN LEAVES4  ,BUT SU* DIV]SITY1 F> FROM  
CON/ITUT+ AN AFFLICTION IS1 AS ! ,G]MAN  
PHILOSOPH] ,FEU]BA* HAS =CEFULLY NOT$1 ONE  
( ! ASSETS ( MANK9D4  ,?ANKS TO IT1 !  
HUMAN RACE IS A COLLECTIVE :OLE :]E9 EA*  
HUMAN BE+ COMPLEM5TS ! RE/ & HAS NE$  
( !M2 SO ?AT ?IS 9F9ITE V>IATION 9  
HUMAN BE+S IS ! V]Y CAUSE & *IEF BASIS  
( !IR SOLID>ITY - AN IMPORTANT >GUM5T 9  
FAVOR ( EQUALITY4 

,BASICALLY1 EV5 9 TODAY'S SOCIETY1 IF ONE  
EXCEPTS TWO CATEGORIES ( M5 - M5 ( G5IUS  
& IDIOTS - & PROVID$ ONE AB/RACTS  
CONJUR$ UP >TIFICIALLY ?R\< ! 9FLU5CE  
( A ?\S& SOCIAL FACTORS SU* AS $UCATION1  
9/RUCTION1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /ATUS  
:I* CREATE DIFF]5CES NOT M]ELY )9 EA*  
SOCIAL /RATUM1 BUT 9 ALMO/ EV]Y FAMILY  
UNIT1 ONE WILL CONC$E ?AT FROM ! PO9T (  
VIEW ( 9TELLECTUAL GIFTS & MORAL 5]GY !  
VA/ MAJORITY ( M5 >E V]Y MU* ALIKE OR1 AT  
LEA/1 >E WOR? AB\T ! SAME - WEAKNESS 9  
ONE REG>D BE+ ALMO/ ALWAYS C\NT]BALANC$  
BY AN EQUIVAL5T /R5G? 9 ANO!R1 SO ?AT  
IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY :E!R ONE MAN  
*OS5 FROM ?IS MASS IS MU* ! SUP]IOR OR  
! 9F]IOR ( HIS NEI<BOR4  ,! VA/  
MAJORITY ( M5 >E NOT ID5TICAL BUT  
EQUIVAL5T & ?US EQUAL4   

,:I* MEANS ?AT ! L9E ( >GUM5T PURSU$  
BY \R ADV]S>IES IS LEFT ) NO?+ BUT !  
G5IUSES & ! IDIOTS4 

,AS WE KN[1 IDIOCY IS A PSY*OLOGICAL &  
SOCIAL AFFLICTION4  ,?US1 IT %\LD BE TREAT$  
NOT 9 ! S*OOLS BUT 9 ! HOSPITALS & ONE  
IS 5TITL$ TO EXPECT ?AT A MORE RATIONAL  
SY/EM ( SOCIAL HYGI5E - ABOVE ALL1 ONE ?AT  
C>ES MORE = ! PHYSICAL & MORAL WELL- 
BE+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AN ! CURR5T SY/EM  
- WILL SOME DAY BE 9TRODUC$ & ?AT TOGE!R  
) A NEW SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ ALONG EGALIT>IAN  
L9ES IT WILL EV5TUALLY ]ADICATE FROM !  
SURFACE ( ! E>? ?IS AFFLICTION ( IDIOCY1  
SU* A HUMILIATION TO ! HUMAN RACE4  ,AS =  
! M5 ( G5IUS1 ONE %\LD NOTE FIR/ ( ALL  
?AT1 HAPPILY OR UNHAPPILY1 ACCORD+ TO ONE'S  
MA9 PO9T ( VIEW1 SU* M5 HAVE NOT FEATUR$  
9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D EXCEPT AS !  
EXTREMELY R>E EXCEPTIONS TO ALL ( ! RULES  
KN[N TO US & ONE CANNOT ORGANIZE TO CAT]  
= EXCEPTIONS4  ,EV5 SO1 IT IS \R HOPE ?AT  
! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE WILL BE ABLE TO  
DISCOV]1 ?R\< A TRULY PRACTICAL POPUL>  
ORGANIZATION ( ITS COLLECTIVE ASSETS ! MEANS  
BY :I* TO R5D] SU* G5IUSES LESS  
NECESS>Y1 LESS 9TIMIDAT+ & MORE TRULY !  
B5EFACTORS ( US ALL4  ,= WE MU/ NEV] LOSE  
SI<T ( ,VOLTAIRE'S GREAT DICTUM3 ',!RE IS  
SOMEONE ) MORE WIT ?AN ! GREATE/  
G5IUSES1 & ?AT IS EV]YONE'4  ,SO IT IS  
M]ELY A QUE/ION ( ORGANIZ+ ?IS EV]YONE  
= ! SAKE ( ! FULLE/ LIB]TY ROOT$ 9  
! MO/ COMPLETE ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL &  
SOCIAL EQUALITY1 & ONE NE$ NO LONG] FE>  
! DICTATORIAL AMBITIONS & DESPOTIC  
9CL9ATIONS ( ! M5 ( G5IUS4 

,AS = TURN+ \T SU* M5 ( G5IUS ?R\<  
$UCATION1 ONE \<T TO BANI% ! ?\<T FROM  
ONE'S M9D4  ,MOREOV]1 ( ALL ! M5 ( G5IUS  
WE HAVE KN[N ?US F>1 NONE OR ALMO/ NONE  
EV] DISPLAY$ !IR G5IUS :ILE YET 9 !IR  
*ILDHOOD1 NOR 9 !IR ADOLESC5CE NOR YET 9  
!IR E>LY Y\?4  ,ONLY 9 !IR MATURE YE>S  
DID !Y EV] REVEAL !MSELVES G5IUSES &  
SEV]AL W]E NOT RECOGNIZ$ AS SU* UNTIL AFT]  
!IR DEA? :]EAS MANY SUPPOS$LY GREAT M5  
HAV+ HAD !IR PRAISES SUNG :ILE Y\?S BY  
BETT] M5 HAVE F9I%$ !IR C>E]S 9 !  
MO/ ABSOLUTE OBSCURITY4  ,SO IT IS NEV] 9 !  
*ILDHOOD YE>S1 NOR EV5 9 ! ADOLESC5T  
YE>S ?AT ONE CAN DISC]N & DET]M9E !  
COMP>ATIVE EXCELL5CIES & %ORTCOM+S (  
M51 NOR ! EXT5T ( !IR TAL5TS1 NOR !IR  
9BORN APTITUDES4  ,ALL ( !SE ?+S ONLY  
BECOME OBVI\S & >E GOV]N$ BY !  
DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL P]SON &1 JU/  
AS !RE >E SOME NATURES PRECOCI\S & SOME  
V]Y SL[ - AL?\< ! LATT] >E BY NO MEANS  
9F]IOR &1 9DE$1 >E (T5 SUP]IOR - SO  
NO S*OOLMA/] WILL EV] BE 9 A POSITION TO  
SPECIFY 9 ADVANCE ! C>E] OR NATURE ( !  
OCCUPATIONS :I* HIS *>GES WILL *OOSE ONCE  
!Y ATTA9 ! AGE :5 !Y HAVE ! FRE$OM  
TO *OOSE4 

,FROM :I* IT FOLL[S ?AT SOCIETY1  
DISREG>D+ ANY REAL OR IMAG9$ DIFF]5CES  
9 APTITUDES OR ABILITIES & POSSESS$ ( NO  
MEANS ( DET]M9+ !SE 9 ANY EV5T & (  
NO RI<T TO ALLOT ! FUTURE C>E] ( *ILDR5  
[ES !M ALL1 )\T A S+LE EXCEPTION1 AN  
ABSOLUTELY EQUAL $UCATION & 9/RUCTION4 

.<,EGALITE1 #ad ,AUGU/ #a#h#f#i.> 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

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