,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 
,! ,SYNDICALI/ *ALL5GE 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD BE=E #aiad 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI 

,TEXT 3 

,CONV]G5CE ,?R\< ,PRACTICE #b3 ,! ,TRADITIONAL ,LEFT 

,! ,SYNDICALI/ *ALL5GE 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD BE=E #aiad 

,LEWIS ,MATES 

#a7 ,9TRODUCTION 

,! ,BRITI% LABOR UNRE/ ( ! YE>S IMM$IATELY BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,GREAT ,W> SAW MILLIONS ( WORK+ DAYS LO/ 9 -USUALLY SUCCESSFUL 7UP TO A PO9T7- /RIKE ACTION & ! MU%ROOM GR[? ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,CLAIM+ ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL UNRE/ WAS BUT ONE SYMPTOM ( A DEEP] & T]M9AL MALAISE ?AT AFFLICT$ ,LIB]AL ,BRITA91 J\RNALI/ ,GEORGE ,DANG]FIELD LAT] FAM\SLY CLAIM$ ?AT '! ,GREAT ,G5]AL ,/RIKE ( #a#i#a#d' WAS '=E/ALL$ BY SOME BULLETS AT ,S>AJEVO4'.<#c#h#c.> ,MO/ HAVE DISMISS$ ,DANG]FIELD'S CONT5TION AS1 AT BE/1 EXAGG]AT$1 CLAIM+ ?AT 9DU/RIAL MILITANCY FAD$ AFT] ! NATIONAL M9]S' /RIKE ( #a#i#a#b4 ,H[EV]1 ,BOB ,HOLTON'S BOOK ON ,BRITI% SYNDICALISM TOOK ISSUE ) ?IS1 PO9T+ \T ?AT BY EXCLUD+ ! HEAVY 9FLU5CE ( ! M9]S ON /RIKE FIGURES1 ! NUMB] ( WORK+ DAYS LO/ TO DISPUTES ROSE EV]Y YE> FROM #aia TO ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d1 & SPREAD TO O!R >EAS #a#i#a#c-#a#i#a#d4 ,! ECONOMIC D[NTURN ( ! SUMM] ( #aiad COMB9$ ) AN 9CREAS+ C\NT](F5SIVE BY EMPLOY]S SUGGE/S ?AT1 ! 9DU/RIAL TURMOIL C\LD HAVE REA*$ A HI!RTO UNSE5 9T5SITY BUT = ! W> BREAK+ \T4 ,HOLTON ALSO S\<T TO ADDRESS ! QUE/ION ( ! 9FLU5CE ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM 9 ,BRITA91 :]E ! P5DULUM SWUNG TOO F> ! O!R WAY4.<#c#h#d.> ,NATURALLY1 :5 COMP>$ TO SYNDICALISM'S IMPACT 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA9 & O!R P>TS ( CONT95TAL ,EUROPE1 ITS ROLE 9 ,BRITA9 WAS ( LESS SIGNIFICANCE4.<#c#h#e.> ,BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL UNRE/ ( ?IS P]IOD (F]$ REVOLUTION>IES ( V>Y+ CRE$S POT5TIALLY V]Y FAVORABLE CONDITIONS TO ADVANCE !IR POLITICAL PROJECTS 9 ,BRITA94 ,! EM]G5CE ( SYNDICALI/ IDEAS 9 ?IS P]IOD SEEM$ P]FECTLY TIM$ TO GIVE COH]5CE & REVOLUTION>Y TEMP] TO AN EVID5T URGE TO REVOLT AMONG ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+-CLASS4 ,REC5T WORK BY AU?ORITIES SU* AS ,RI*>D ,PRICE & ,DAVID ,H[ELL HAS ?R[N MORE LI<T ON ?IS PH5OM5ON4.<#c#h#f.> ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,BRITA9 WAS AN AMALGAM ( 9FLU5CES FROM ! RE/ ( ! WORLD 7&1 TO A LESS] EXT5T AT HOME71 MO/LY ! ,U,S,A & ,FRANCE1 & F$ FROM1 & 9TO1 BO? ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ TRADITIONS4 ,AS ! /UDY BEL[ WILL %[1 IDEAS =M ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION C\LD 9 SOME CASES QUITE EASILY LEAD TO AN>*ISM4 ,YET !RE REMA9$ TO SOME EXT5T 9 SYNDICALISM ! TRADITIONAL DIFF]5CES 9 EMPHASIS BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ TRADITIONS4 ,AS SU*1 )9 SYNDICALISM !RE W]E BO? PO9TS ( CONV]G5CE BETWE5 ! TWO TRADITIONS & PO9TS ( DIV]G5CE2 A COMMONALITY DRIV+ ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S TOGE!R1 & CONT9U$ DIFF]5CES 
OV]1 IT HAS TO BE RECOGNIZ$1 FUNDAM5TALS1 ?AT CONT9U$ TO PU% !M AP>T1 EV5 9 ?IS APP>5TLY RELATIVELY UN-SECT>IAN ]A4 

,?IS >TICLE WILL EXAM9E !SE !MES AS !Y RELAT$ TO REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITY 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD BE=E ! ,GREAT ,W>4 ,FIR/LY1 IT CONSID]S ! CONTEXT 9 T]MS ( ! POLITICS ( ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD AT ?IS TIME & P>TICUL>LY ! ,DURHAM ,M9]S' ,ASSOCIATION 7,D,M,A7 & ! *ALL5GE ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY 7MO/LY ?R\<1 9 ,C\NTY ,DURHAM1 ! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY1 ,I,L,P74 ,! SECOND SECTION DISCUSSES ! IDEOLOGICAL ORIG9S ( SYNDICALISM 9 G5]AL T]MS & MORE SPECIFICALLY TO ! DEVELOP+ POLITICS ( ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD'S TWO MO/ SIGNIFICANT REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ ACTIVI/S1 ,GEORGE ,H>VEY & ,WILL ,LAW!R4 ,! F9AL TWO SECTIONS DEAL ) ! SYNDICALI/S' ACTIVITIES & A*IEVEM5TS1 & :AT ?IS CAN TELL US AB\T !IR 9FLU5CE1 & !N COMM5TS ON ! EXT5T TO :I* V>I\S K9DS ( SECT>IANISM & DOGMATISM CONSPIR$ AGA9/ ?IS 9FLU5CE1 MAK+ ?IS P]IOD SOME?+ ( A LO/ OPPORTUNITY = REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM 7& ) POT5TIAL CONTEMPOR>Y & FUTURE RELEVANCE74 

#b7 ,POT5TIALITIES 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD 

,SOME ( ! FIR/ %OTS ( ! WAVE ( LATE ,$W>DIAN 9DU/RIAL UNRE/ W]E FIR$ 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a1 A CONSID]ABLE PROPORTION ( LODGES AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,DURHAM ,M9]S' ,ASSOCIATION 7,D,M,A7 /RUCK AGA9/ ! ADVICE ( !IR EXECUTIVE4 ,?IS WAS SIGNIFICANT AS ! ,D,M,A'S L>GE MEMB]%IP 7#a#a#a1 FULL & #a#i1 HALF MEMB]S2 I4E4 UND]-#a#hS7 & EXT5SIVE F9ANCES MADE IT1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,DURHAM ,*RONICLE1 'UND\BT$LY ! /RONGE/ TRADE UNION 9 ! C\NTRY4'.<#c#h#g.> ,! /RIKE OCCURR$ BECAUSE ! ,COAL ,M9ES ,REGULATION ,ACT ( #aih HAD BECOME OP]ATIVE 9 ,DURHAM4 ,?IS /IPULAT$ ?AT NO ONE %\LD BE UND]GR\ND = MORE ?AN EI<T H\RS 9 ANY #bd 7?\< ?IS EXCLUD$ 'W9D+ TIME' 9 M9ES74 ,?IS SIGNIFICANTLY ALT]$ AN AGREEM5T 9 ,DURHAM FROM ,AUGU/ #ahi ?AT LIMIT$ ! WORK+ DAY ( HEW]S 7! ACTUAL COAL GETT]S7 TO SEV5 H\RS4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO MO/ O!R COALFIELDS1 BE=E #aih ! MAJORITY ( ,DURHAM COLLI]IES OP]AT$ A TWO-%IFT SY/EM = HEW]S 7#a#e COLLI]IES ) #g#f.0 ( ,DURHAM M9]S74.<#c#h#h.> ,! EFFECT ( ! #aih ACT WAS TO MAKE MANY O!R COLLI]IES 9/ITUTE ! ?REE-%IFT SY/EM 9 ORD] TO REMA9 COMPETITIVE2 #h#e.0 ( ,DURHAM HEW]S W]E SOON WORK+ A ?REE-%IFT SY/EM1 :I* WAS 9CR$IBLY UNPOPUL> = ! DISRUPTION IT BR\<T TO FAMILY & SOCIAL LIFE4.<#c#h#i.> 

,! UNPOPUL>ITY ( ! ,D,M,A LEAD]S1 & ESPECIALLY ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL1 ,LIB]AL ,M,P ,JOHN ,WILSON1 GREW 5ORM\SLY 9 !SE YE>S AS !Y OPPOS$ AFFILIATION TO ! ,M,F,G,B 7:OSE AFFILIATES HAD GA9$ 9CREAS$ WAGES1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,D,M,A7 & !N MI%&L$ ! 9AUGURATION ( ! #aih ACT4 ,! ,D,M,A EXECUTIVE'S HI<H&$NESS 9 ! NATIONAL M9]S' /RIKE ( #aiab ?AT SUCCESSFULLY SECUR$ A 7ADMITT$LY PALTRY7 M9IMUM WAGE MEANT ?AT IT ONLY V]Y N>R[LY SURVIV$ A LODGE VOTE ( CONFID5CE 
BY #c#b#a-#c#b VOTES 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#b4 ,! LEAD]%IP'S 9CREAS+ DETA*M5T FROM ITS RANK-&-FILE WAS OBVI\S4 ,YET1 BY IMAG9ATIVE USE ( ! UNION'S RULES1 A LACK ( DEMOCRACY 7= EXAMPLE1 ! VOT+ WEI<TS = LODGES 9 ,D,M,A C\NCIL1 ! TRADE UNION'S MA9 POLICY MAK+ BODY1 ONLY P>TLY REFLECT$ !IR RELATIVE MEMB]%IPS71 A 7ACCORD+ TO ,CRAIG ,M>%ALL7 DIVID$ OPPOSITION ?AT LACK$ LEAD]%IP FIGURES ( SUFFICI5T /&+ )9 ! UNION AS A :OLE1 & BECAUSE LEAD]S ( SU* 9/ITUTIONS >E 9V>IABLY DIFFICULT TO DISLODGE1 !Y RETA9$ !IR POSITIONS ( CONTROL4 ,YET1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>%ALL1 ! DIS5*ANT$ SECTIONS ( ! ,DURHAM RANK-&-FILE DID PROVIDE A TW(OLD RESPONSE ( RESI/ANCE4 ,FIR/LY1 IT PURSU$ ITS [N AGGRESSIVE & UN(FICIAL 7I4E4 NOT (FICIALLY 5DORS$ BY ! ,D,M,A'S C5TRAL LEAD]%IP7 /RIKE POLICY4 ,! MON?S BETWE5 ! 5D ( ! #aiab M9IMUM WAGE /RIKE & ! \TBREAK ( ! ,GREAT ,W> SAW A V]Y HI< LEVEL ( UN(FICIAL /RIKE ACTIVITY 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,DURHAM M9]S W]E UND]/&ABLY ANGRY AS !IR WAGES W]E ! SL[E/ GR[+ 9 ! C\NTRY1 BUT UN(FICIAL /RIKE ACTION WAS1 )\T ! 9/ITUTIONAL BACK+ ( ! ,D,M,A1 A RISKY & DEM&+ /RATEGY & ITS 9CREAS+ 9T5SITY SUGGE/$ ! /R5G? ( FEEL+ 9 ! LODGES4.<#c#i.> ,SECONDLY1 EF=TS TO RE=M ! ,D,M,A BECAME 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ FULLY 9 #a#i#a#a1 9 ! =M ( ! ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T1 A WELL-SUPPORT$ RANK-&-FILE 9ITIATIVE HEAD$ BY A GR\P ( ,I,L,P ACTIVI/S 9CLUD+ ,JACK ,LAWSON1 *ECKWEI<MAN ( ,ALMA LODGE4 ,! ,I,L,P WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 #ahic & BECAME ONE ( ! F\ND+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,! /RONG ,NONCON=MI/ TRADITION 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD PROV$ TO BE F]TILE GR\ND = ! ,I,L,P'S BR& ( E?ICAL SOCIALISM & IT SOON DEVELOP$ DEEP ROOTS 9 ! COAL >EAS4.<#c#i#a.> 

,! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T ALSO CAMPAIGN$ = ! ABOLITION ( ! ?REE-%IFT SY/EM1 = ! M9IMUM WAGE &1 :5 IT CAME1 = VA/ IMPROVEM5TS 9 ITS LEVELS & ! WAYS 9 :I* IT WAS ADM9I/]$4 ,IT ALSO AGITAT$ = ! ABOLITION ( ! WOR?LESS -- 9 ! EYES ( MANY M9]S- ,CONCILIATION ,BO>D4 ,ITS ORGANIZ+ C5T] WAS ! ,I,L,P- DOM9AT$ M9]S' LODGES ( ,WE/ ,PELTON NE> ! ,LABOR /RON<OLD T[N ( ,*E/]-LE-,/REET & ITS E>LY CONF]5CES DREW SUPPORT FROM MANY ( ! LODGES ( ! ,NOR?-WE/ ,DURHAM & ,*E/]-LE-,/REET CON/ITU5CIES4 ,BETWE5 ,JUNE & ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b1 ITS C\LD DRAW REPRES5TATIVES ( BETWE5 FIFTY & SIXTY LODGES TO ITS CONF]5CES ?AT AM\NT$ TO >\ND ONE ?IRD ( ! TOTAL ,D,M,A MEMB]%IP 7#d1 \T #a#b1 ,D,M,A MEMB]S7 OR MORE & IT CLAIM$ ! SUPPORT ( A FUR!R FIFTY LODGES4.<#c#i#b.> 

,H[EV]1 IT SEEM$ ?AT IT WAS ! ,D,M,A LEAD]S' P>TICUL> /YLE ( LEAD]%IP RA!R ?AN !IR LIB]ALISM AS SU* ?AT CAUS$ ! CONFLICT4 ,AS ,M>%ALL PO9T$ \T1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,NOTTS & ,D]BY%IRE M9]S' LEAD]S W]E ALSO LIB]ALS1 BUT !Y MADE MORE EF=T AT DIALOGUE ) !IR MEMB]S &1 AS !Y S]V$ ! PR(ITABLE DOME/IC 
M>KET1 BO? COALFIELDS SAW RELATIVELY M9OR DISPUTES4.<#c#i#c.> ,9 T]MS ( RANK-&-FILE CONFLICT ) LEAD]S1 ! ,D,M,A %>$ MU* 9 COMMON ) ! ,S\? ,WALES ,M9]S' ,F$]ATION 7,S,W,M,F74 ,BO? COALFIELDS W]E AMONG ! L>GE/ 9 ,BRITA94 ,PROVID+ WORK = SIMIL> NUMB]S ( M9]S1 ! ,D,M,A & ,S,W,M,F HAD SIMIL>LY L>GE MEMB]%IPS ?AT MADE !M BO? POT5TIALLY 9FLU5TIAL MEMB]S ( ! ,M9]S' ,F$]ATION ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7,M,F,G,B74.<#c#i#d.> ,FUR!RMORE1 BO? COALFIELDS W]E SUBJECT TO ! VICISSITUDES ( ! UNPR$ICTABLE EXPORT M>KET4 ,?IS MEANT ! M9E [N]S 9 BO? COALFIELDS W]E MORE S5SITIVE TO PRESSURES TO KEEP WAGES L[ 9 ORD] TO MAKE !IR PRODUCT COMPETITIVE ON ! 9T]NATIONAL M>KET4 ,9 ,S\? ,WALES ! [N]S EMPLOY$ ! 'SLID+ SCALE' >RANGEM5T1 :]EBY WAGE LEVELS ROSE & 7NORMALLY7 FELL AUTOMATICALLY ) COAL PRICES4 ,BO? M9]S' UNIONS ?US SAW /RONG RANK-&-FILE SUPPORT = A M9IMUM WAGE BUT HAD LEAD]%IPS :I*1 COGNIZANT ( ! RELATIVE PREC>I\SNESS ( 9T]NATIONAL COAL M>KETS1 S\<T DESP]ATELY TO M9IMIZE !IR DEM&S ON ! [N]S1 FE>FUL ?AT IF WAGES W5T TOO HI<1 [N]S W\LD BE ?R[N \T ( BUS9ESS 9 ! EV5T ( AN 9T]NATIONAL D[NTURN 7A P]SPECTIVE NO D\BT 5C\RAG$ BY ! [N]S2 & A POSSIBILITY LAT] EMPLOY$ BY SYNDICALI/S :O WANT$ PRECISELY TO ?R[ ! [N]S \T ( BUS9ESS & TAKE OV] ! RUNN+ ( ! M9ES !MSELVES74 

,H[EV]1 !RE W]E SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES TOO4 ,F\ND$ 9 #a#h#f#i1 ! ,D,M,A WAS A WELL & LONG E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTION BUILT ON ! POLITICS ( LIB]ALISM & ,ME?ODISM ?AT 5C\RAG$ 9DIVIDUAL ?RIFT1 PAT]NALISM & COOP]ATION BETWE5 MA/]S & M5 & ?AT REJECT$ A POL>IZ$ TWO-CLASS VIEW ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! ,S,W,M,F WAS ONLY E/ABLI%$ 9 #ahih AS A WAY (1 9 P>T1 REJECT+ !SE ME?ODS4 ,:ILE ITS LEAD]%IP UND] ,MABON 7,WILLIAM ,ABRAHAM7 REMA9$ LIB]AL & MOD]ATE1 ! RANK- &-FILE WAS NOT SO4 ,DAVID ,EGAN EMPHASIZ$ ! EXI/5CE )9 ! ,S,W,M,F FROM ITS BIR? ( A 'RANK & FILE IMBU$ 9 ULTRA-DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS1 POSSESS+ CONSID]ABLE AUTONOMY ( ACTION & CONT9UALLY MILITANT ON MATT]S ( WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS4'.<#c#i#e.> ,?US1 BE=E ! EXPLOSION ( 9DU/RIAL UNRE/ 9 #a#i#a1 ,S\? ,WALES M9]S W]E #g.0 MORE LIKELY TO /RIKE ?AN !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ! O!R ,BRITI% COALFIELDS4 ,MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY = ?IS >TICLE1 ,S\? ,WALES M9]S PRODUC$ ,! ,M9]S ' ,NEXT ,/EP 7WRITT5 9 #aiaa & ISSU$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#b74 ,LABOR HI/ORIAN ,H5RY ,PELL+ DEEM$ IT ! '! HI< WAT] ( SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE 9 ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONISM' & IT WAS C]TA9LY ! S+LE MO/ SIGNIFICANT PIECE ( SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A PRODUC$ 9 ,BRITA94.<#c#i#f.> ,MANY ( ITS MA9 AU?ORS1 LIKE ,M>XI/ M9] ,NOAH ,ABLETT1 HAD BE5 $UCAT$ AT ,RUSK9 ,COLLEGE & !Y TOOK FULL ADVANTAGE ( ! CONDITIONS PROVOK$ BY ! BITT] ,CAMBRIAN COMB9E DISPUTE :5 M\NT+ !IR REVOLUTION>Y *ALL5GE TO ! COAL [N]S & ! UNION'S LEAD]S4.<#c#i#g.> ,CLE>LY1 ! UNUSUAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & RADICAL CULTURAL MILIEU 9 ,S\? ,WALES PROV$ 
P>TICUL>LY CONDUCIVE TO G5]AT+ & SU/A9+ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM4 ,YET ! SOCIO-POLITICAL UPHEAVAL 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD1 TOO1 C]TA9LY APPE>$ TO (F] PROMIS+ GR\ND = POT5TIALLY FRUITFUL SYNDICALI/ 9T]V5TION4 

#c7 ,! ,IDEOLOGICAL ,ORIG9S ( SYNDICALISM 

,BRITI% REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM DREW ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ESS5TIALLY TWO =EIGN S\RCES ?\< 7BASICALLY7 ?REE SUBSEQU5T T5D5CIES >OSE4 ,! FIR/ =EIGN 9FLU5CE WAS ,AM]ICAN1 9 ! =M ( ! WRIT+S ( ,M>XI/ ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON & 9 ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W OR ',WOBBLIES'74 ,DE ,LEON DEVELOP$ A !ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS ADVANCEM5T ?AT DEM&$ BO? POLITICAL ACTION -- /&+ = ELECTIONS ON A REVOLUTION>Y PLAT=M -- & 9DU/RIAL ACTION4.<#c#i#h.> ,! LATT] WAS TO COME 9 ! =M ( '9DU/RIAL UNIONISM' 7RA!R ?AN 'SYNDICALISM' AS SU*71 ! CREATION ( TRADE UNIONS ( ALL WORK]S BO? SKILL$ & UNSKILL$ 9 ! MAJOR 9DU/RIES4 ,!SE 9DU/RIAL UNIONS W]E 9ITIALLY TO EXI/ & WORK ALONGSIDE ! ALREADY EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONS UNTIL !Y SUPPLANT$ !M2 ?IS WAS DUAL UNIONISM4 ,DE ,LEON WAS 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T 9 ,*ICAGO ( ! ,I,W,W 9 #a#i#e1 SUCCESSFULLY PROPOS$ AN AM5DM5T TO ! ,I,W,W'S PREAMBLE 7! FIR/ DRAFT ( :I* WAS WRITT5 BY AN>*I/ ,?OMAS ,J4 ,HAG]TY7 AT ! ,I,W,W'S F\ND+ CONV5TION ?AT COMMITT$ ! UNION TO POLITICAL ACTION4 ,?\< RATIFI$1 ! PREAMBLE N[ APPE>$ VAGUE & ! ISSUE ( POLITICAL ACTION SOON SPLIT ! ,I,W,W BETWE5 ,DE ,LEON & ,WOBBLIES UND] ,BIG ,BILL ,HAYWOOD ( ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S1 AS WELL AS ,HAGG]TY & VET]AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZ] ,LUCY ,P>SONS4 ,9 ! F\R? ,I,W,W CONV5TION ( #aih ! 'DIRECT ACTIONI/S' F9ALLY PREVAIL$ & ! *ANG$ ,I,W,W PREAMBLE PRECLUD$ AFFILIATION ) ANY POLITICAL P>TY4 ,DE ,LEON1 D5\NC+ ! DIRECT ACTIONI/S AS 'SLUM PROLET>IANS1' 'AN>*I/ SCUM' & '! BUMM]Y' LEFT TO =M A RIVAL ,DETROIT-BAS$ ,I,W,W1 :I* WAS LAT] R5AM$ & FAD$ AWAY4.<#c#i#i.> ,! LANGUAGE ,DE ,LEON US$ TO D5\NCE HIS OPPON5TS 9 ?IS SPILL$ WAS SADLY *>ACT]I/IC ( ! MAN & HIS ATTITUDE TO ALL ON ! LEFT :O DID NOT AGREE ) HIM4 

,9 #a#i#b1 A GR\P+ 9FLU5C$ BY ,DE ,LEON EM]G$ 9SIDE ! ,BRITI% ,M>XI/ P>TY1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION 7,S,D,F71 >\ND ,JAMES ,CONNOLLY'S NEWSPAP]1 ,! ,SOCIALI/4 ,9 #aic ,CONNOLLY & MO/ ( ITS ,SCOTTI% BRAN*ES LEFT ! ,S,D,F4 ,!IR ',GLASG[ ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY' SOON BECAME ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,S,L,P74 ,) A BASE ON ! 9DU/RIAL 'R$' ,CLYDE1 ! ,S,L,P 9ITIALLY OP]AT$ ALMO/ AS A ,SCOTTI% BRAN* ( ,DE ,LEON'S ,AM]ICAN P>TY ( ! SAME NAME4 ,LIKE ITS ,AM]ICAN C\NT]P>T IT TOO ES*EW$ JO9T ACTIVITY ) :AT IT DEEM$ ! 'RE=MI/' ,S,D,F & ,I,L,P & 
WAS 9 ITS E>LY YE>S SOME?+ ( AN EXCLUSIVE SECT4 ,9 SOME RESPECTS1 EV5TS 9 ,BRITA9 MIRROR$ ?OSE 9 ! ,U,S,A 9 #aif AS A SYNDICALI/ ELEM5T ?AT REJECT$ ALL ACTION 9 ! POLITICAL FIELD SPLIT FROM ! ,BRITI% ,S,L,P4.<#d.> 

,H[EV]1 ! ,S,L,P BECAME SIGNIFICANT 9 ,RUSK9 ,COLLEGE1 ,OX=D1 9FLU5C+ ! /UD5T /RIKE & REVOLT !RE 9 #a#i#h4 ,! MAJORITY ( ,RUSK9 /UD5TS & ! COLLEGE'S PR9CIPAL RESIGN$ 9 PROTE/ AT ITS FAILURE TO PLACE ,M>X AT ! C5T] ( ! TEA*+ CURRICULUM4 ,!Y !N E/ABLI%$ ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 9 ,LONDON1 ,DE ,LEON'S 9FLU5CE BE+ CLE> 9 ! *OICE ( ,PLEBS' ,LEAGUE 79SPIR$ BY A ,DE ,LEON PAMPHLET7 = ! NAME ( ! ORGANIZATION =M$ TO SUPPORT ! IDEA & !N REALITY ( ! ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE4.<#d#a.> ,PLEBS' ,LEAGUE MEMB]S W]E1 9 TURN1 ESPECIALLY 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,SOCIETY ( ,RAILWAY ,S]VANTS & ! ,S,W,M,F1 BO? ( :I* W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! 9DU/RIAL ACTION ( ! P]IOD4 ,:ILE ! ,PLEBS' ,LEAGUE WAS NOT EXPLICITLY ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y1 IT DID REG>D ,P>LIAM5T AS A 'FEEBLE & TIMOR\S BODY' & 9/EAD ADVOCAT$ ! DIRECT ACTION ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/S TO BR+ AB\T REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4.<#d#b.> 

,9 T]MS ( ITS 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITIES1 ! P>TY'S SECT>IANISM BEGAN TO DIM9I% 9 #aig :5 IT BEGAN WORK+ 9 ! ,BRITI% ,ADVOCATES ( ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONISM 7,B,A,I,U7 & SUBSEQU5TLY ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7,I,W,G,B74 ,S\? ,WALES M9] & ,RUSK9 /UD5T ,NOAH ,ABLETT HAD HELP$ TO =M A BRAN* ( ! ,B,A,I,U 9 ! ,RHONDDA1 BUT HE !N BROKE ) DUAL UNIONISM4.<#d#c.> ,! 9CREAS$ EMPHASIS ON ! 9DU/RIAL SPH]E AS ! MA9 >5A ( /RUGGLE BR\<T DIVID5DS ) ! LABOR UNRE/ AS1 FROM #a#i#a1 P>TY MEMB]%IP & BRAN*ES GREW AT A RATE COMM5SURATE ) ! ,S,L,P'S 9CREAS+ 9FLU5CE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS GR[? WAS 9 P>T A RESULT ( MOVES 9 ! P>TY TO RELAX ITS POSITIONS ON1 = EXAMPLE1 A BAN ON ITS MEMB]S ADDRESS+ ! PLAT=MS ( O!R ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:ILE !SE *ANGES DREW SOME 9TO ! P>TY1 O!RS LEFT IT4 ,ALT]ATIONS TO ! PROGRAM 9 #aiab L$ TO REVOLTS 9 ! ,S,L,P FROM ?OSE :O REMA9$ PRO-SECT>IANISM & CLAIM$ ?AT ! P>TY HAD BECOME RE=MI/1 9CLUD+ MANY MEMB]S 9 ,LANCA%IRE & A GR\P+ ?AT HAD MOV$ TO AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,YET1 :ILE ,S,L,P ACTIVI/S EX]CIS$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,S+]'S FACTORY /RIKE ON ,CLYDESIDE1 ?IS BELI$ ! EXT5T TO :I* ! P>TY & ! ,I,W,G,B HAD BE5 \TMANEUV]$ 9 ! 9DU/RIAL SPH]E BY ! LESS SECT>IAN & MORE FLEXIBLE SYNDICALI/S4 ,BY ! \TBREAK ( W>1 LIKE ! O!R LEFT P>TIES1 BO? REVOLUTION>Y & RE=MI/ ALIKE1 ! ,S,L,P WAS LOS+ MEMB]S4.<#d#d.> 

,! SECOND =EIGN 9FLU5CE ?AT HELP$ 9=M ! SECOND SYNDICALI/ /R& 9 ,BRITA9 WAS ,FR5*4 ,IT WAS MANIFE/ 9 ! *ANG+ POLITICS ( ,TOM ,MANN1 A VET]AN ( ! ',NEW ,UNION' /RUGGLES ( ! LATE #a#h#hS4 ,MANN HAD BE5 AWAY WORK+ & AGITAT+ 9 ,AU/RALIA1 BUT HAD GR[N WE>Y ( ! RE=MI/S 9 ! ,AU/RALIAN LABOR 
MOVEM5T4 ,9 #aia ,MANN W5T TO ,FRANCE ) FELL[ SOCIALI/ ,GUY ,B[MAN TO LE>N AB\T ! IDEAS & PRACTICES ( ,FR5* SYNDICALISM4 ,MANN HAD ALSO1 H[EV]1 BE5 TO ,AM]ICA :]E HE HAD SE5 ! ,I,W,W AT CLOSE QU>T]S4 ,YET ,MANN'S CASE PROVID$ EVID5CE ( ! 9DIG5\S TRADITIONS ?AT ALSO F$ 9TO ,BRITA9 SYNDICALISM4 ,BOB ,HOLTON CLAIM$ ?AT A SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE ON ,BRITA9 SYNDICALISM WAS ! ,M>XI/ ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS2 HIS ANTI-/ATISM & ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IANISM C]TA9LY 9FLU5C$ ,MANN'S POLITICS4.<#d#e.> 

,ON HIS RETURN TO ,BRITA91 ,MANN E/ABLI%$ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,SYNDICALI/ ,$UCATION ,LEAGUE 7,I,S,E,L7 & BEGAN PRODUC+ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,SYNDICALI/ TO PROPAGATE SYNDICALISM2 ITS FIR/ NUMB] APPE>$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#a4 ,9 SOME CONTEXTS HIS PROPAG&A APPE>$ SUCCESSFUL4 ,HIS PAP]1 ! ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]1 A*IEV$ AN A/ONI%+ CIRCULATION ( #b1 
9 ! WORK+-CLASS FOM5T & UPHEAVAL 9 ,LIV]POOL 9 #a#i#a#a4.<#d#f.> ,MANN BECAME EV5 MORE PROM95T AFT] REPR9T+ ! FAM\S ',DON'T %OOT' APPEAL TO SOLDI]S POLIC+ ! PICKET L9ES 9 ,! ,SYNDICALI/ ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#b4 ,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,JULY #aiaa BY ,JIM ,L>K91 A SYNDICALI/ 9 ,IREL&1 ! >RE/ ( ,MANN & ,B[MAN L$ TO !IR IMPRISONM5T4 ,! PUBLICITY & \TRAGE ?AT FOLL[$ HELP$ TO MAKE SYNDICALISM F> BETT] KN[N1 ) ?OSE :O REMA9$ UNSYMPA!TIC TO IT NEV]!LESS APPEAL+ = !IR RELEASE ON ! GR\NDS ( FREE SPEE*4 ,! ,S,L,P DID NOT TAKE K9DLY TO ,MANN'S 5CROA*M5T ON '!IR' 9DU/RIAL T]RITORY & CRITICIZ$ ! SYNDICALI/S' OV] EMPHASIS ON ! P[] ( ! 'G5]AL /RIKE' & CONSEQU5T UND]E/IMATION ( ! NE$ = POLITICAL ACTION TO CAPTURE /ATE P[]4 ,FUR!R1 ! ,S,L,P REJECT$ ,BRITI% SYNDICALISM'S APP>5TLY WEAK & 9=MAL ORGANIZATION & REG>D$ !IR TACTIC ( 9DU/RIAL SABOTAGE AS BO? C\NT]-PRODUCTIVE & A SIGN ( WEAKNESS4.<#d#g.> 

,! ,M9]S ' ,NEXT ,/EP IS BE/ UND]/OOD 9 ! CONTEXT ( ?IS SECOND SYNDICALI/ /R&4 ,IT WAS PRODUC$ BY ! SELF-/YL$ ',UN(FICIAL ,RE=M ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,S\? ,WALES ,M9]S' ,F$]ATION' ?AT 9CLUD$ ,M>XI/ M9]S :O1 LIKE ,ABLETT1 HAD BE5 TO ,RUSK91 W]E IMPORTANT AT ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 & :O HAD BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ,DE ,LEON'S WORK4.<#d#h.> ,IT WAS QUITE CLE>LY REVOLUTION>Y1 AIM+ = ! 'ELIM9ATION ( ! EMPLOY]4'.<#d#i.> ,?IS W\LD OCCUR :5 ! UNION 9 EA* 9DU/RY WAS '?OR\<LY ORGANIZ$1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 TO FI<T1 TO GA9 CONTROL (1 & !N TO ADM9I/] ?AT 9DU/RY4'.<#d#a.> ,YET IT WAS A HI<LY PRAGMATIC DOCUM5T1 LAY+ \T 9 SOME DETAIL A 
/RATEGY = MAK+ ! M9ES UNPR(ITABLE TO ! CAPITALI/S SO ?AT ! WORK]S C\LD TAKE OV] & RUN !M4 ,BUT ?IS CONTROL WAS NOT TO BE EX]CIS$ UND] ! EGIS ( ! ,/ATE 9 SOME =M ( NATIONALIZATION2 ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP WAS QUITE CLE> 9 ITS ADVOCACY ( REAL WORK]S' CONTROL4 

,IT ALSO CONTA9$ A /RONG CRITIQUE ( TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACY & LEAD]%IP 9 G5]AL T]MS3 ',! POSSESSION ( P[] 9EVITABLY LEADS TO CORRUPTION4 ,ALL LEAD]S BECOME CORRUPT 9 SPITE ( !IR GOOD 9T5TIONS4 ,NO MAN WAS EV] GOOD 5\<1 BRAVE 5\<1 OR /RONG 5\< TO HAVE SU* P[] AT HIS DISPOSAL1 AS REAL LEAD]%IP IMPLIES4'.<#d#a#a.> ,EV]Y LEAD] WAS COMPELL$ TO CONTROL !IR [N MEMB]S BECAUSE ',9 ORD] TO BE EFFECTIVE ! LEAD] MU/ KEEP ! M5 9 ORD]1 OR HE =FEITS ! RESPECT ( ! EMPLOY]S & ! 0PUBLIC10 & ?US BECOMES 9EFFECTIVE AS A LEAD]4'.<#d#a#b.> ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ',9 A WORD1 HE IS COMPELL$ TO BECOME AN AUTOCRAT & A FOE TO DEMOCRACY4'.<#d#a#c.> ,CRUCIALLY1 ! EMPHASIS 9 ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP WAS ON WORK+ TO RE=M RADICALLY EXI/+ M9]S' UNIONS FROM ! 9SIDE RA!R ?AN CREAT+ NEW ONES 7DUAL UNIONISM74.<#d#a#d.> ,?IS REJECTION ( DUAL UNIONISM & EMPHASIS ON 9DU/RIAL ACTION 9DUC$ ! ,S,L,P TO D5\NCE ,! ,M9]S ' ,NEXT ,/EP AS ! WORK ( 'AN>*I/ FREAKS' :O W]E HELL-B5T ON US+ ! 'POLITICAL /RIKE' AT ! CO/ ( ALL ELSE4.<#d#a#e.> ,! USE ( 'AN>*I/' H]E WAS M]ELY AS A PEJORATIVE T]M4 ,9DE$1 ! WORD 'AN>*I/' ONLY APPE>$ 9 ,! ,M9]S ' ,NEXT ,/EP 9 RELATION TO H[ ! M9E [N]S FE>$ ! CONTEMPOR>Y RADICALIZATION ( ! M9]S4.<#d#a#f.> 

,AS ,BOB ,HOLTON PO9T$ \T1 ! ONLY ISSUE ON :I* ,! ,M9]S ' ,NEXT ,/EP WAS CONTRADICTORY WAS ?AT ( POLITICAL ACTION4 ,ONE SECTION AFFIRM$ ?AT ! M9]S' ORGANIZATION '%ALL 5GAGE 9 POLITICAL ACTION1 BO? LOCAL & NATIONAL1 ON ! BASIS ( COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE (1 & HO/ILITY TO ALL CAPITALI/ P>TIES1 ) AN AV[$ POLICY ( WRE/+ :ATEV] ADVANTAGE IT CAN = ! WORK+ CLASS4'.<#d#a#g.> ,9 ANO!R SECTION 7PRESUMABLY P5N$ BY ANO!R ACTIVI/ & REFLECT+ ! DISAGREEM5TS AMONG SYNDICALI/S ON ! MATT]71 !RE IS A />K CONTRA/ DRAWN BETWE5 ! IDEAL ( '9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY' & ,P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY4.<#d#a#h.> ,?IS SECOND SYNDICALI/ /R& SPLIT1 H[EV]1 9 #aiac :5 ,B[MAN CONV9C$ MANY ( ! LEAD+ ,I,S,E,L FIGURES TO DROP !IR 'BORE FROM )9' 9DU/RIAL /RATEGY & ADOPT :AT WAS ESS5TIALLY ! ,I,W,W POSITION4 ,?OSE OPPOS+ ?IS *ANGE1 9CLUD+ ! KEY ,S\? ,WALES M9] ACTIVI/S ,ABLETT1 ,SAM ,MA9W>+ & ,NOAH ,REES LEFT TO =M ! ,9DU/RIAL ,DEMOCRACY ,LEAGUE4 ,ITS PROGRAM REAFFIRM$ ! ESS5CE ( ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP.<#d#a#i.> 

,! 9CONSI/5CY 9 ,! ,M9]S ' ,NEXT ,/EP OV] POLITICAL ACTION MEANT ?AT IT L5T ITSELF FAIRLY READILY TO AN AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION4 ,?IS WAS ! ?IRD /R& ( SYNDICALISM 9 ,BRITA9 BE=E #a#i#a#d1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/4 ,GR\P$ >\ND ,GUY ,ALDR$'S ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT 7& ITS SUCCESSOR FROM ,MAY #a#i#a#d1 ,! ,SPUR71 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TOOK ,MANN'S REJECTION ( POLITICAL ACTION TO ITS LOGICAL 5D4 ,9DE$1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S CLAIM$ ,MANN WAS UNCLE> & HESITANT ON ! G5]AL ISSUE ( POLITICAL ACTION1 & ?AT HIS CRITICISMS ( ,P>LIAM5T DID NOT GO F> 5\<4 ,H[EV]1 !IR EF=TS TO E/ABLI% AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ',9DU/RIAL ,UNION ( ,DIRECT ,ACTIONI/S' FROM #aih MADE LITTLE HEADWAY4.<#d#b.> 

,AN>*ISM HAD HAD SOME K9D ( ACTIVE & ORGANIZ$ PRES5CE 9 ,BRITA9 S9CE ! #a#h#hS1 EM]G+ 9 ORGANIZ$ =M )9 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS' ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE 9 ! LATE #a#h#hS1 :I* HAD 9 TURN SPLIT FROM ! ,S,D,F4 ,9DE$1 ,MORRIS' DEVELOP+ POLITICS HAD F$ ! GR[+ AN>*ISM ( ?IS GR\P+1 ?\< HE WAS NEV] AN AN>*I/ HIMSELF4.<#d#b#a.> ,IT DECL9$ 9 ! #a#h#iS4 ,9 NOR?-EA/ ,5GL&1 !RE WAS SOME =M ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY1 (T5 L[-LEVEL1 = SOME YE>S BE=E #a#i#a4 ,9 ! E>LY TO MID- #a#h#hS1 ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,PR9CE ,KROPOTK9'S WORK APPE>$ 9 ! ,NEWCA/LE ,DAILY ,*RONICLE1 & HE SPOKE AT ! #ahhb ,DURHAM M9]S' GALA & ELSE:]E 9 ! REGION4 ,KROPOTK9'S 9FLU5CE WAS ALSO FELT 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! AN>*I/ COMMUNE AT ,CL\SD5 ,HILL 9 ,=E/ ,HALL1 JU/ \TSIDE ,NEWCA/LE4 ,9 ! #a#h#iS1 !RE W]E AN>*I/ MEET+S 9 ! PIT VILLAGES ( ,SILKSWOR? & ,/ANLEY AS WELL AS 9 SEV]AL ( ! L>G] CONURBATIONS ?AT BORD]$ ONTO ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD LIKE ,SUND]L&1 ,S\? ,%IELDS & ,GATE%EAD4 ,AN>*I/ PAP]S CIRCULAT$ ELSE:]E 9 ,DURHAM PIT VILLAGES4.<#d#b#b.> ,A MORE REC5T PHASE ( ACTIVITY SAW AN>*I/S ACTIVE 9 ,NEWCA/LE & ,SUND]L& 9 #a#i#g1 &1 BY #a#i#i1 !RE EXI/$ AN ACTIVE ,NEWCA/LE AN>*I/ CLUB4 ,! REVIVAL 9 T]MS ( 9FLU5CE & IDEAS AN>*ISM WAS TO EXP]I5CE 9 ! LATE ,$W>DIAN P]IOD WAS QUITE UNPREC$5T$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HOLTON1 BY #aiad AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS ON ! UPTURN4 ,P>TLY AS A RESULT ( '! REFUSAL ( MANY ( ITS SUPPORT]S TO UPHOLD DUAL UNIONISM1' IT BECAME A MORE SUB/ANTIAL COMPON5T ( REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY4.<#d#b#c.> ,! LAUN*+ ( NEW WEEKLY J\RNAL ,! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR 9 E>LY #aiad HELP$ TO DRAW TOGE!R ! MANY HI!RTO FRAGM5T$ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ GR\PS DOTT$ >\ND ! C\NTRY1 ?\< ! ,SCOTTI% DUAL UNIONI/ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S GR\P$ >\ND ,! ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT REMA9$ \TSIDE ?IS ORGANIZATION4 

,9 SUMM>Y1 SYNDICALISM 9 ,BRITA9 C]TA9LY ALL[$ = ! POSSIBILITY ( CONSID]ABLE OV]LAP ( ! ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ TRADITIONS 7?\< ,JOHN ,QUAIL'S REM>K ON ! 'ALMO/ COMPLETELY IGNOR$ ,AN>*I/ CONTRIBUTION' TO ! ,BRITI% SYNDICALI/ REVOLT /ILL HOLDS74.<#d#b#d.> ,?IS OV]LAP & TRANSF]5CE ( IDEAS DID NOT 9V>IABLY OCCUR H[EV]1 AS ! /UDIES ( ! POLITICAL =MATION ( ! TWO MO/ SIGNIFICANT ,DURHAM COALFIELD REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S BE=E #aiad %[S4 

,!RE W]E TWO MA9 FIGURES 9 ! ADVOCACY ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD BE=E #a#i#a#d1 ,GEORGE ,H>VEY & ,WILL ,LAW!R4 ,H>VEY1 BORN 9 #ahhe 7& F\R YE>S ,LAW!R'S S5IOR71 SP5T HIS E>LY POLITICAL LIFE AS A NOT ESPECIALLY 
LEFT-W+ MEMB] ( ! ,I,L,P4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#g1 = EXAMPLE1 ,H>VEY HAD 5DORS$ CONCILIATION BO>DS 9 ! ,I,L,P'S REGIONAL J\RNAL4 ,H>VEY'S RADICALIZATION TOOK PLACE AT ,RUSK9 ,COLLEGE :I* HE ATT5D$ #a#i#h-#a#i#i4 ,RAY ,*ALL9OR CLAIM$ ?AT ?IS WAS PROBABLY DUE TO ! 9FLU5CE ( TUTORS ,W4,W4 ,CRAIK & ,NOAH ,ABLETT4 ,:ILE !RE ,H>VEY JO9$ ! ,PLEBS' ,LEAGUE1 & ! ,S,L,P4 ,HIS RISE 9 ! RANKS ( ! P>TY WAS EVID5T :5 HE BECAME $ITOR ( ! P>TY J\RNAL1 ,! ,SOCIALI/1 = A YE> #a#i#a#a-#a#i#a#b4 
,H>VEY REMA9$ COMMITT$ TO ! ,S,L,P & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM ?R\<\T ! PRE-W> P]IOD4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE WAS NO?+ 9EVITABLE AB\T ,H>VEY EI!R BE+ RADICALIZ$ OR1 :5 HAV+ DONE SO1 MOV+ 9TO ! ,S,L,P4 ,JACK ,P>KS1 A FRI5D ( ,H>VEY'S FROM ! NOR?-EA/1 WAS ,H>VEY'S ROOMMATE AT ,RUSK94 ,HE TOO BECAME RADICALIZ$1 ?\< OV] A LONG] P]IOD ( TIME1 LEAV+ ! ,I,L,P 9 #aia & BECOM+ A SYNDICALI/ L9K$ ) ,MANN'S ,9DU/RIAL ,SYNDICALI/ 79 :I* HE APPE>$ AS A ,NOR?UMB]L& M9]S' SPEAK] CONTACT FROM ,M>* #a#i#a#a74.<#d#b#e.> 7,AS >GU$ BEL[1 IT WAS A PITY = SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD ?AT ,H>VEY *OSE ! ,S,L,P74 

,= ! PURPOSES ( /UDY+ AT ! 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL ! DYNAMICS ( A POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T FROM ,M>XISM TO AN>*ISM ?R\< SYNDICALISM1 ,WILL ,LAW!R'S CASE DES]VES F> CLOS] SCRUT9Y4 ,NOR?UMB]L& BORN 9TO A M9+ FAMILY 9 #a#h#h#i1 ,LAW!R WAS 9ITIALLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,ROB]T ,BLAT*=D'S ,M]RIE ,5GL& & WAS COGNIZANT ?AT HIS GR&FA!R HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ = 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,*>TI/ AGITATION 7?\< HIS [N P>5TS W]E NOT POLITICALLY ACTIVE74 ,LIKE ,H>VEY1 ,LAW!R BEGAN HIS [N ACTIVE POLITICAL LIFE 7AT ! T5D] AGE ( #a#e71 BY HELP+ TO E/ABLI% AN ,I,L,P BRAN* 9 HIS PIT VILLAGE4.<#d#b#f.> ,A YE> LAT] 9 #aie HIS FAMILY MOV$ TO ,*OPWELL1 A NEW PIT 9 ! NOR?-WE/ ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,LAW!R SOON E/ABLI%$ HIMSELF AS ! Y\NG & ACTIVE SECRET>Y ( ,*OPWELL ,I,L,P BRAN*4.<#d#b#g.> ,HE LAT] WROTE ?AT HIS 'GROP+ = A PHILOSOPHY H>D5$ 9TO A POSITIVE CONVICTION ?AT MILITANT SOCIALISM WAS ! ANSW] TO MO/ ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT BESET ! WORK+ CLASS444'.<#d#b#h.> ,P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,LAW!R RAPIDLY ROSE 9 ! LODGE HI]>*Y2 9 #aif HE WAS ELECT$ VICE-*AIR ( ,*OPWELL LODGE & SOON AFT] HE BECAME DELEGATE TO ! ,D,M,A4.<#d#b#i.> 

,ALSO LIKE ,H>VEY1 ,LAW!R'S CONV]SION TO SYNDICALISM CAME AT ! NEWLY-E/ABLI%$ ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 :I* HE ATT5D$ = A YE> FROM ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#a1 AID$ BY FUND+ FROM HIS FAMILY & ,*OPWELL LODGE4 ,HE HAD ALREADY1 AS AN 'EXHIBITION]1' RECEIV$ FREE $UCATION 9 HIS PRECI\S SP>E TIME AT ,RU!R=D ,COLLEGE 9 ,NEWCA/LE1 HAV+ BE5 UNABLE1 AS ! ELDE/ ( A BIG FAMILY1 TO TAKE UP A S*OL>%IP HE WON TO A LOCAL GRAMM> S*OOL4 ,AT ,LABOR ,COLLEGE ,LAW!R /UDI$ SOCIOLOGY1 POLITICS & HI/ORY4 ,SOCIOLOGY LECTURES1 DELIV]$ BY ,D5NIS ,HIRD 7,M,A71 CONSID]$ ! WORK ( ,H]B]T ,SP5C]4 ,9 ECONOMICS1 ! EMPHASIS WAS1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON ,M>X4 ,LAW!R READ ,KAPITAL TWICE & /UDI$ O!R ( HIS WORKS 9CLUD+ ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 9 ADDITION TO WELL-KN[N /UDIES ( ,M>X BY ,L\IS ,B\D9 & ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON & ,RIC>DO'S ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,LAW!R ALSO READ ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 ,B]N>D ,%AW & ,RUSK94.<#d#c.> ,( !SE1 ,M>X WAS OBVI\SLY A SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE4 ,LAW!R'S FAVORITE WORK WAS ! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE1 ESPECIALLY ! L9E3 ',HIM :OM WE MU/ CONV9CE WE RECOGNIZE AS ! MA/] ( ! SITUATION1' :I* HE QUOT$ FREQU5TLY4.<#d#c#a.> 

,:AT ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ,LAW!R MET AT COLLEGE8 ,AS ) ,H>VEY1 ,CRAIK1 :O DELIV]$ ,LAW!R'S ECONOMICS LECTURES1 MU/ HAVE BE5 9FLU5TIAL1 AS WAS ,ABLETT1 ANO!R ( HIS LECTUR]S :O ,LAW!R CAME TO REG>D AS '! GREATE/ ( ALL PRE-W> ,M>XI/S4'.<#d#c#b.> 7,?AT ! 9FLU5TIAL ,ABLETT'S POLITICS HAD *ANG$ BETWE5 ! TIMES ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R CAME 9TO CONTACT ) HIM FROM 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,S,L,P TO REJECT+ ITS DUAL UNIONISM & MOV+ T[>DS ,MANN WAS ( POT5TIALLY GREAT SIGNIFICANCE74 ,LAW!R ALSO JO9$ ! ,PLEBS' ,LEAGUE &1 ALREADY >M$ ) A MILITANT BR& ( ,I,L,P SOCIALISM PRE-,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 HE HAD LESS DI/ANCE TO TRAVEL POLITICALLY ?AN ,H>VEY1 A MORE MOD]ATE ,I,L,P MEMB] PRE-,RUSK94 ,:ILE HE WAS /ILL AT ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 ,LAW!R HAD CLE>LY IMBIB$ MU* ( ! SYNDICALI/ CASE1 CONDEMN+1 9 A LETT] TO ! ,DAILY ,*RONICLE1 ! ,D,M,A SECRET>Y ,JOHN ,WILSON'S 'OLD FA%ION$ NOTION ( CONCILIATION1' & >GU+ 9/EAD ?AT ! ,D,M,A'S ATTITUDE %\LD EMBODY ! CLASS-W>4.<#d#c#c.> ,WRIT+ 9 #a#i#e#e1 A RETIR$ ,LAW!R REMA9$ CLE> ON ! APPEAL ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM HELD AT ?AT TIME3 'TO US IT WAS NEW & EXCIT+4 ,IT WAS ! ULTIMATE 9 EXTREMISM1 ! DEM& = DIRECT ACTION1 & ! PR(ESS$ DISGU/1 NOT ONLY ) ! CLASS RIDD5 /RUCTURE1 BUT ALSO ) ALL GRADUAL MEANS ( GETT+ RID ( ?AT =M ( SOCIETY4'.<#d#c#d.> 

,9 HIS LA/ MON?S AT ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 ,LAW!R SEEM$ TO 5DORSE A BASIC SYNDICALI/ CASE 9 ! VE9 ( ,MANN &1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP4 ,?IS WAS EVID5T 9 ! FIR/ SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&IZ+ ,LAW!R CONDUCT$ 9 HIS [N COALFIELD1 :I* CAME 9 ,MAY #aiab :5 HE SUPPORT$ ,S\? ,WALES SYNDICALI/ M9] ,W4,F4 ,HAY'S SPEAK+ T\R 9 C\NTY ,DURHAM4.<#d#c#e.> ,LAW!R'S RHETORIC WAS 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?AT ( ,HAY1 ! MA9 SPEAK] AT !SE MEET+S4 ,H[EV]1 AFT] RETURN+ HOME TO ,*OPWELL 9 LATE ,AUGU/ #aiab ,LAW!R'S POLITICS BEGAN TO %[ SIGNS ( A %IFT T[>DS AN>*ISM4 ,TRUE1 MU* ( HIS RHETORIC REMA9$ 9 TUNE 
) ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !RE WAS ,LAW!R'S REVOLUTION>Y CRITIQUE ( NATIONALIZATION & ADVOCACY ( WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,SPEAK+ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b1 ,LAW!R 'F\ND ?AT NATIONALIZATION ( ! M9ES1 /ATE [N]%IP1 WAS NO?+ MORE OR LESS ?AN /ATE CAPITALISM4444'.<#d#c#f.> ,ONE 9DICATION ( A %IFT WAS A MOVE FROM AN IMPLICIT 5DORSEM5T ( ! APPROA* ( ,! ,M9]S ' ,NEXT ,/EP 7& ,MANN7 ?AT EMPHASIZ$ WORK+ 9SIDE EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS = !IR RADICAL RE=M1 TO SUPPORT = CREAT+ NEW ORGANIZATIONS 7DUAL UNIONISM74.<#d#c#g.> ,?US1 9 ,OCTOB] #aiab ,LAW!R BAS$ P>T ( HIS SPEE* AT AN '9DU/RIAL UNIONI/' CONF]5CE 9 ,*OPWELL ON ! PREAMBLE ( ! DUAL-UNIONI/ ,I,W,W1 SAY+ ?AT '!Y W]E \T = ! :OLE ( ! WORK]S TO BE 9 ONE ORGANIZATION4'.<#d#c#h.> ,YET ,LAW!R'S POSITION ON DUAL UNIONISM IS H>D TO P9 D[N1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE HE WAS NOT P>TICUL>LY VOCAL ON ?IS ESS5TIAL ISSUE4.<#d#c#i.> ,9DE$1 ,LAW!R LAT] APPE>$ TO HAVE A FOOT 9 BO? AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ CAMPS1 CONTRIBUT+ TO ! DUAL UNIONI/1 ,SCOTTI%-BAS$ ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT & BECOM+ A LEAD+ SUPPORT] ( ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR1 A WEEKLY J\RNAL LAUN*$ E>LY 9 #aiad ?AT DID NOT ADVOCATE DUAL UNIONISM4.<#d#d.> 

,! 9SPIRATION ( ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP1 & P>TICUL>LY ITS EMPHASIS ON AGGRESSIVE CLASS CONFLICT1 ! NE$ = WORK]S' DIRECT ACTION & SELF-EMP[]M5T & ! REJECTION ( LEAD]S & BUREAUCRACIES1 REMA9$ 9 EVID5CE 9 ,LAW!R'S RHETORIC ?R\<\T ! PRE-W> P]IOD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 DUR+ ! ,JANU>Y #aiac AGITATION OV] AN 9CREAS$ DOCTORS' FEE M9]S HAD TO PAY AS A RESULT ( ! NEW ,NATIONAL ,9SURANCE LEGISLATION1 ,LAW!R CLAIM$ ?AT ',! TIME HAD COME :5 IT WAS ESS5TIAL ?AT EV]Y MEMB] ( !IR FI<T+ /R5G? MU/ DEVELOP A CONSCI\SNESS ( :AT !Y HAD 9 VIEW :5 !Y F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO GO \T & DO BATTLE ) ! 5EMY4'.<#d#d#a.> ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#c1 ,LAW!R WROTE 9 A LETT] TO ! LOCAL PRESS1 ?AT ACTIVI/S ( ! ',NEW .<REVOLUTION>Y.> ,MOVEM5T444' 'WILL NOT WAIT = ! 0LEAD0 TO COME FROM A *OS5 FEW1 = !Y WILL BE CONSCI\S ( !IR [N DESIRES & DE/9ATION & !IR M&ATE WILL !RE=E BE SUPREME4'.<#d#d#b.> ,YET !SE W]E ALL FEATURES ( ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP ?AT L5T !MSELVES READILY TO AN AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION4 

,H[EV]1 ,LAW!R WAS1 UNLIKE ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP1 DECISIVE 9 HIS TOTAL REJECTION ( ! USE ( POLITICAL ACTION 7DEF9$ AS /&+ C&IDATES = ELECTIONS TO P>LIAM5T & LOCAL C\NCILS74 ,?IS M>K$ ,LAW!R'S SYNDICALISM AS ( ! AN>*I/ V>IETY1 & HE BECAME A CONTRIBUTOR TO ! ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT1 :]E HE WAS 9 GOOD COMPANY4 ,LAW!R ALSO BEGAN TO USE ! T]M 'AN>*I/' EXPLICITLY TO DESCRIBE HIS POLITICS AT ! TIME1 & HE SP5T SOME TIME EMPHASIZ+ ?IS ASPECT ( HIS REVOLUTION>Y CRE$4.<#d#d#c.> ,= 
EXAMPLE1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aiac AT A PUBLIC DEBATE 9 ,*OPWELL ,WORKM5'S ,HALL1 
,LAW!R >GU$ = ! AFFIRMATIVE ON ! TITLE3 ',?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN BE BR\<T AB\T MORE READILY BY DIRECT ACTION ?AN BY LEGISLATION4'.<#d#d#d.> ,HE FOLL[$ ?IS DEBATE UP ) A L5G?Y LETT] 9 ! LOCAL PRESS 5TITL$ ',DIRECT ,ACTION OR ,LEGISLATION4 ,:I*8'.<#d#d#e.> 

,DET]M9+ ! CAUSE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,LAW!R'S MORE ',M>XI/' SYNDICALISM 9TO A SELF-PROCLAIM$ AN>*ISM IS DIFFICULT4 ,9 T]MS ( ! WORKS HE READ AT ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 ,MORRIS' 

,BR& ( ,M>XISM MU/ HAVE BE5 PIVOTAL1 ESPECIALLY EVID5T 9 ,LAW!R'S ANTI- ,P>LIAM5T>Y RHETORIC4.<#d#d#f.> ,LAW!R LAT] SAID ?AT ,MORRIS 'MADE AN APPEAL = LIFE AGA9/ ! MA*9E HORRORS4'.<#d#d#g.> ,:ILE 9 ,LONDON ,LAW!R ALSO MET ! AN>*I/ 5G9E] ,JACK ,TANN] & !Y LAT] COLLABORAT$ ON SEV]AL AN>*I/ PROJECTS1 9CLUD+ ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR.<#d#d#h.> ,YET PROBABLY ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL FIGURE 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS ,GEORGE ,DAVISON1 :O ,LAW!R FIR/ MET AT ! #aiaa ,T,U,C CONF]5CE 9 ,NEWCA/LE1 BE=E HE W5T TO ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE4 ,A FOLL[] ( ,KROPOTK91 ,DAVISON WAS AN 'ECC5TRIC & C\RAGE\S MILLIONAIRE444 :O HELD V]Y ADVANC$ VIEWS ON POLITICS & !OLOGY4'.<#d#d#i.> ,DAVISON HAD RIS5 FROM A POOR BEG9N+ TO BECOME A CIVIL S]VANT4 ,HE WAS ALSO A PIONE] 9 ! DEVELOP+ >EA ( PHOTOGRAPHY1 B\<T %>ES 9 ,KODAK & BECAME1 BY #a#i1 ! COMPANY'S MANAG+ DIRECTOR1 ?\< HIS POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 7& ALLEG$ LACK ( BUS9ESS ACUM57 =C$ HIS RESIGNATION FROM ! ,KODAK BO>D 9 #a#i#a#b4.<#d#e.> ,BY ?IS TIME ,DAVISON'S DESIRE TO FUND PROGRESSIVE CAUSES WAS MANIFE/ 9 ! FUND+ HE PROVID$ = ! NASC5T ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE 9 #a#i#a4 ,AS F9ANCIAL BACK] ( ,HAY'S SPEAK+ T\R ( ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD 9 #a#i#a#b1 HIS PA? CROSS$ ) ,LAW!R'S ONCE MORE4.<#d#e#a.> ,HIS MONEY WAS TO HAVE SOME IMPACT 9 AT LEA/ ONE CORN] ( ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD BE=E #a#i#a#d4 

#d7 ,! ,9FLU5CE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 

,= BO? ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R CONV]SION TO REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM DEM&$ ?AT !Y PROPAG&IZE = ! NEW IDEAS4 ,?AT !Y DID SO 9 TO SOME EXT5T DIFF]5T WAYS WAS MORE A REFLECTION ( !IR RELATIVE /R5G?S AS POLITICAL ACTIVI/S & !IR ACCESS TO DIFF]5T RES\RCES RA!R ?AN A CLE> MANIFE/ATION ( ! V>Y+ ,M>XI/ & 
AN>*I/ APPROA*ES TO SYNDICALISM & PROPAG&IZ+4 ,H>VEY1 A DIM9UTIVE & UNIMPRESSIVE PRES5CE ON ! PUBLIC PLAT=M1 DEVELOP$ A TAL5T = WRIT+ BO? REPORTS 9 ,! ,SOCIALI/ & DETAIL$ & WELL-RESE>*$ PROPAG&A PAMPHLETS4.<#d#e#b.> ,HIS FIR/ CAME 9 ,AUGU/ #aiaa & WAS 5TITL$ ',9DU/RIAL ,UNIONISM & ! ,M9+ ,9DU/RY4'.<#d#e#c.> ,9 ,JUNE #aiab HE PRODUC$ ',DOES ,DR4 ,JOHN ,WILSON ,M,P1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,DURHAM ,M9]S' ,ASSOCIATION1 ,S]VE ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS8' ,?IS WAS AN 5RAG$ RESPONSE TO A 'JOKE' ,WILSON CRACK$ AT ! RETIREM5T C]EMONY ( ,*>LES ,F5WICK1 ,LIB]AL ,M,P = ,WANSBECK & A ,D,M,A (FICIAL4 ,LORD ,JOICEY1 A M9E [N]1 HAD AW>D$ ,F5WICK A GIFT ( ,G,B,P#b#f4 ,AT ! PRES5TATION1 ,WILSON REM>K$ ?AT HE1 ON HIS RETIREM5T1 W\LD LIKE A SIMIL> 'BRIBE4' ,H>VEY'S ANSW] TO HIS PAMPHLET'S TITLE WAS V]Y FIRMLY 9 ! NEGATIVE3 ,WILSON'S 'AIM HAS ALWAYS BE5 TO BOL/] UP CAPITALISM1 & HE1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R LEAD] P]HAPS1 HAS SWAY$ ! M9]S TO TAKE ?AT P>TICUL> ACTION :I* IS EI!R H>MLESS OR B5EFICIAL TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS 444 ,IF ,G,B,P#b#f IS ! PRICE1 !N M9]S' LEAD]S >E *EAP & WOR? GETT+ AT4'.<#d#e#d.> ,WILSON1 :O HAD WRITT5 A L5G?Y & SYCOPHANTIC PEAN TO ,JOICEY ON HIS DEA? 9 LATE #a#i#a#a1 DEM&$ A )DRAWAL ( ! ACCUSATION1 :I* ,H>VEY REFUS$4.<#d#e#e.> ,! LIBEL CASE W5T TO TRIAL 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#b4 ,H>VEY MA9TA9$ 9 C\RT ?AT ,WILSON WAS AN '5EMY ( ! WORK+ CLASS & S]VANT ( CAPITALISM' & PROVID$ EXAMPLES SU* AS ,WILSON'S AGREEM5T TO A #e.0 R$UCTION 9 M9]S' WAGES :I* EV5 AN ,UMPIRE HAD DEEM$ UNW>RANT$4 ,! JUDGE F\ND 9 FAVOR ( ,WILSON1 :O WAS AW>D$ ,G,B,P#b DAMAGES & ,G,B,P#a CO/S4 

,ON HIS RETURN FROM ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 ,LAW!R E/ABLI%$ A ',WORK]S' ,FRE$OM ,GR\P' BAS$ ON SIMIL> GR\PS 9 ! ,S\? ,WALES COALFIELD4.<#d#e#f.> ,LAW!R APPE>$ LESS ( A !ORI/ ?AN ,H>VEY & DID NOT WRITE MORE DETAIL$ PROPAG&A PAMPHLETS ON CONDITIONS 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD & O!R QUE/IONS4 ,YET HIS GR\P 5GAG$ 9 5]GETIC & V>I$ PROPAG&A ACTIVITIES1 ,LAW!R REPORT+ 9 ,JULY #aiac ?AT3 'BY SELL+ ,F,R,E,$,O,M,S .<AN AN>*I/ NEWSPAP].> & PAMPHLETS & BY DISCUSSION CIRCLES1 ! K9D ( PROPAG&A ?AT MATT]S IS BE+ KEPT UP 4444'.<#d#e#g.> ,! GR\P ALSO ORGANIZ$ PUBLIC MEET+S ) IMPORTANT SYNDICALI/ SPEAK]S 9CLUD+ ,TOM ,MANN1 & ! ,IRI% ,TRANSPORT WORK]'S ORGANIZ] ,JIM ,L>K9 & HIS BRO!R ,PETE4.<#d#e#h.> ,LAW!R'S IMPETUS WAS SURELY CRUCIAL 9 BR++ REPRES5TATIVES FROM SEV]AL LOCAL LODGES TO ,*OPWELL TO DISCUSS 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b4 ,LAW!R ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO PUBLIC DEBATES1 CORRESPOND$ ) ! LOCAL PRESS & 9VOLV$ HIMSELF 
9 COMMUNITY /RUGGLES4 ,9 ,SPR+ #a#i#a#c1 !RE WAS 9T5SE AGITATION ?R\<\T ! COALFIELD AGA9/ ONE ( ! PROVISIONS ( ! NEW ,NATIONAL ,9SURANCE ACT ?AT COLLI]Y DOCTORS HAD US$ TO 9CREASE !IR M$ICAL FEES *>G$ TO M9]S' LODGES BY #e.04 ,LAW!R WAS C5TRAL TO ! CAMPAIGN 9 ,*OPWELL = A RETURN TO PRE-ACT FEE LEVELS4.<#d#e#i.> ,RETA9+ HIS COMMITM5T TO WORK+-CLASS $UCATION1 ,LAW!R ALSO RAN ,PLEBS' 
,LEAGUE CLASSES ?REE TIMES A WEEK 9 ,CONSETT & ,S\? ,%IELDS AS WELL AS ,*OPWELL4.<#d#f.> ,IT WAS CLE> ?AT1 = ,LAW!R1 ?IS $UCATIONAL WORK WAS ALSO ESS5TIAL PROPAG&A WORK2 HE BELIEV$ '?AT ! ,LABOR ,COLLEGE WAS ( ! UTMO/ 9FLU5CE 444' .<#d#f#a.> 

,YET ,LAW!R & ! ,*OPWELL AN>*I/S' AIMS W]E GREAT] ?AN M]ELY ATTEMPT+ TO CREATE A /RON<OLD 9 !IR [N PIT VILLAGE4 ,9 ,JULY #a#i#a#c1 ! GR\P WANT$ '! MESSAGE ( DIRECT ACTION TO BE C>RI$ RI<T ?R\<\T ! COALFIELD & NO HELP IS REFUS$4'.<#d#f#b.> ,?US1 ! PREVI\S MON?1 ,LAW!R HAD SPOK5 AT ! 'NEW GR\ND' ( ,CRAWCROOK 7ANO!R ,DURHAM PIT VILLAGE71 :IL/ 9 ,JULY HE SPOKE AT ! M9]S' ANNUAL GALA ON ! 'NE$ = DIRECT ACTION & REVOLUTION4'.<#d#f#c.> ,! ,D,M,A ANNUAL GALA1 OR ',BIG ,MEET+1' WAS A DAY-\T = ALL ,DURHAM M9]S & !IR FAMILIES1 & !Y ?RONG$ TO ,DURHAM TO CONGREGATE ON ! RACEC\RSE & HE> SPEE*ES FROM LOCAL & NATIONAL LEAD]S4 ,IT WAS AN OBVI\S PLACE TO TAKE PROPAG&A EF=TS4.<#d#f#d.> ,LAW!R WAS ALSO CONC]N$ ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD ORGANIZE EFFECTIVELY TOGE!R 9 ! REGION & NATIONALLY4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#d1 = EXAMPLE1 HE TOOK A DELEGATION & SPOKE AT AN ,AN>*I/ CONF]5CE 9 ,NEWCA/LE4 ,! CONF]5CE CONC]N$ ITSELF ) NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES SU* AS SUPPORT+ A NEW AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] & 9T]NATIONAL ISSUES SU* AS ! 7REC5TLY /ATE-EXECUT$7 ,SPANI% FREE?9K] ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]'S 'MOD]N S*OOLS1' AS WELL AS ! ORGANIZ+ ( AN 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CE ( AN>*I/S 9 ,LONDON 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#d4.<#d#f#e.> ,LAW!R SPOKE AT A MOD]N S*OOL 9 EA/ ,LONDON 9 SUMM] #a#i#a#c4.<#d#f#f.> ,TO MA9TA9 ! L9ES ( COMMUNICATION BETWE5 LOCAL & NATIONAL ,LAW!R SUPPLI$ REGUL> REPORTS TO ! NATIONAL AN>*I/ PAP] ,FRE$OM AS WELL AS CONTRIBUT+ TO O!R AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ PUBLICATIONS4 

,CLE>LY1 ! SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES ( BO? ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R HAD SOME DEGREE ( IMM$IATE IMPACT4 ,?AT ,H>VEY1 ,LAW!R & !IR GR\P+S' W]E ALSO 79 ,LAW!R'S WORDS7 'FELL[ SLAVE.<S.> ( ! LAMP & PICK' MU/ HAVE HELP$ TO 5SURE A SYMPA!TIC RECEPTION AT A TIME ( 9T5SE 9DU/RIAL & SOCIO-POLITICAL FLUX 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4.<#d#f#g.> ,H>VEY'S PAMPHLETS W]E ( P>TICUL> SIGNIFICANCE 9 T]MS ( HIS IMPACT4 ',9DU/RIAL ,UNIONISM & ! ,M9+ ,9DU/RY' SOLD AN IMPRESSIVE #b1 COPIES & ) ,H>VEY RECEIV+ 9VITATIONS TO SPEAK ALL OV] ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD 9 SUMM] #a#i#a#a4.<#d#f#h.> ,HIS PAMPHLET ( ,JUNE #aiab HAD 9 SOME RESPECTS AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT IMPACT4 ,! LIBEL CASE SURR\ND+ ',DOES ,DR4 ,JOHN ,WILSON ,M,P1 SECRET>Y ( ! 
,DURHAM ,M9]S' ,ASSOCIATION1 ,S]VE ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS81' RECEIV$ EXT5SIVE PRESS COV]AGE4 ,IT READ LIKE A TRIAL ( ! OLD ME?ODS BY ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS2 IT WAS ! S+LE EV5T ?AT 5CAPSULAT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y *ALL5GE TO ! OLD ,D,M,A LEAD]%IP4 ,& ! PRESS PUBLICITY C]TA9LY HELP$ ,H>VEY FUR!R 5HANCE HIS REPUTATION & ?AT ( HIS POLITICS4.<#d#f#i.> ,9DE$1 ,H>VEY'S V]Y PUBLIC *AMPION+ ( ! ,DURHAM M9] 9 #aiab MU/ HAVE PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 HIS SECUR+ A *ECKWEI<MAN PO/ ONLY A YE> LAT]1 AT ,W>DLEY PIT NE> ,GATE%EAD4.<#d#g.> ,H>VEY'S POLITICAL PROJECT ALSO RECEIV$ A WELCOME BOO/4 ,A MATT] ( DAYS AFT] ! M$IA REPORT$ C\RT-CASE ,H>VEY LAUN*$ ! ',DURHAM ,M9+ ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION ,GR\P1' :AT ! ,DURHAM ,*RONICLE DEEM$ SOME:AT WE>ILY '/ILL ANO!R ORGANIZATION ANXI\S TO RE=M ! ,DURHAM ,M9]S' ,ASSOCIATION4'.<#d#g#a.> ,! GR\P =M$ AFT] A MEET+ ( 'AB\T #b REPRES5TATIVES' AT ,*E/]-LE-,/REET1 & DECID$ TO ISSUE LODGES ) A COPY ( ITS 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ MANIFE/O4.<#d#g#b.> 

,?IS BUILT ON ,H>VEY'S [N LOCAL GR\P+1 ',*E/]-LE-,/REET & ,DI/RICT ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION4' ,H>VEY C]TA9LY MA9TA9$ A /RONG LOCAL SUPPORT BASE :]EV] HE WORK$ 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD ?R\<\T ! C\RSE ( HIS LIFE4.<#d#g#c.> ,ONE EXAMPLE ( ! LONG] T]M 9FLU5CE ,H>VEY EX]CIS$ CAME 9 ! =M ( ,TOM ,AISBITT1 ONE ( HIS ,*E/]- LE-,/REET 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ CONV]TS4 ,! SAME AGE AS ,H>VEY1 ,AISBITT HAD ALSO BE5 A MEMB] ( ,*E/]-LE-,/REET ,I,L,P 7HE WAS ITS SECRET>Y7 AS WELL AS HELP+ TO F\ND ,*E/]-LE-,/REET TRADES C\NCIL4.<#d#g#d.> ,HE LAT] SECUR$ AN 9FLU5TIAL PO/ 9 ! ,NEWCA/LE TRADES C\NCIL ) :I* HE 9FLU5C$ REGIONAL LABOR POLITICS 9 ! 9T]-W> P]IOD4.<#d#g#e.> 

,:ILE ,LAW!R C]TA9LY DID NOT 9TRODUCE AN>*ISM TO ! NOR?-EA/ 7AS SE5 ABOVE !RE WAS A LONG ?\< M>G9AL HI/ORY & AN1 ALBEIT FLIMSY1 /RUCTURE 9 PLACE BE=E #a#i#a#b71 HIS & HIS GR\PS' IMPACT WAS SIGNIFICANT1 BR++ AN>*ISM 9TO ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD 9 A MORE CONC]T$ & 5]GETIC WAY4 ,NATURALLY1 IT WAS 9 ,LAW!R'S HOME PIT VILLAGE ( ,*OPWELL ?AT HIS DIRECT 9FLU5CE WAS MO/ OBVI\S1 & 9 ! =M ( BRICKS & MORT>4 ,LAW!R'S WEAL?Y AN>*I/ CONTACT ,GEORGE ,DAVISON AGRE$ TO SPONSOR A ',COMMUNI/ ,CLUB' 9 ,*OPWELL1 ONE ( ONLY ?REE 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,! CLUB OP5$ ON #i ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#c1 TWO WEEKS 9TO A /RIKE AT ,*OPWELL PIT4 ,9DE$1 ! CLUB'S 9FLU5CE MI<T WELL HAVE BE5 IMM$IATE AS ON ITS OP5+ NI<T #bf COAL TRUCKS FROM A LOCAL PIT W]E DELIB]ATELY SET LOOSE TO RUN D[N A HILL & !N CRA%1 DE/ROY+ A LONG SECTION ( L9E & CAUS+ ,G,B,P#c1 WOR? ( DAMAGE4.<#d#g#f.> ,! LOCAL POLICE NOT$ ?IS '/RANGE CO9CID5CE' ?\< !RE WAS NO DIRECT 9DICATION 
?AT ! M5 F9ALLY >RE/$ 7& ACQUITT$7 = ?IS ACT ( SABOTAGE HAD DRAWN ANY 9SPIRATION FROM ! 9AUGURAL MEET+ AT ! ,*OPWELL ,AN>*I/ CLUB4.<#d#g#g.> 

,AT AN ,AN>*I/ CONF]5CE 9 ,NEWCA/LE 9 ,APRIL #aiad 7ONLY A FEW MON?S LAT]71 ,FRE$OM REM>K$ ?AT '! ,*OPWELL BOYS CAME 9 !IR DOZ5S1 EA* AN EMBRYO FI<T]1 FROM :OM MORE WILL BE HE>D ANON1 WE HOPE4'.<#d#g#h.> ,MANY ( !SE MU/ HAVE BE5 ,LAW!R'S CONV]TS1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY4 ,! LOCAL POLICE W]E C]TA9LY IMPRESS$ ) ! ,AN>*I/ CLUB'S MEMB]S1 :O W]E 'MO/LY Y\NG M5 & >E ABOVE ! AV]AGE M9] 9 9TELLIG5CE4'.<#d#g#i.> ,H[EV]1 NOT ALL ,*OPWELL RADICALS W]E CONV9C$ BY ?IS NEW GOSPEL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,VIPOND ,H>DY1 AN IMPORTANT FIGURE 9 ! VILLAGE & LODGE 7HE WAS ITS DELEGATE7 :O ,LAW!R 79 HIS ,I,L,P PHASE7 HAD CONV]T$ TO SOCIALISM1 C]TA9LY WAS NOT CONV9C$ BY AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4.<#d#h.> ,AT A DISCUSSION 9 ,OCTOB] #aiab HE REMA9$ UNCONV9C$ BY ,LAW!R'S CLAIM ?AT M9]S' LEAD]S C\LD BE REPLAC$ EFFECTIVELY ) DELEGATES :O W\LD RETURN TO ! M9ES ONCE !IR UNION WORK WAS DONE4.<#d#h#a.> ,9DE$1 ! IMM$IATE POPUL> RESPONSE TO ! W> EF=T FROM ,*OPWELL FAMILIES -- #e M5 LEFT ! VILLAGE TO FI<T1 9CLUD+ TWO ( ,LAW!R'S [N BRO!RS -- SUGGE/$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y NUCLEUS HAD HAD A DI/9CTLY LIMIT$ IMPACT ON ! POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ! VILLAGE'S 9HABITANTS4 ,ONLY A H>DCORE ?AT 9CLUD$ ,LAW!R & TWO O!R ( HIS BRO!RS1 TOOK A /& AGA9/ ! W> & BECAME ,CONSCI5TI\S ,OBJECTORS4.<#d#h#b.> 

,:AT CAN BE SAID AB\T ! WID] 9FLU5CE ( SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD BE=E #a#i#a#d8 ,COMM5TATORS HAVE T5D$ 9 !IR ASSESSM5TS ( ?IS 9FLU5CE TO LOOK AT1 UND]/&ABLY1 ! ACTIVITIES ( ,GEORGE ,H>VEY & ,WILL ,LAW!R 7& TO A LESS] EXT5T !IR GR\P+S71 ?\< !IR CONCLUSIONS HAVE BE5 QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,ROY ,*UR* & ,QU5T9 ,\TRAM1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE CLAIM$ ?AT SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE WAS VIRTUALLY NIL 9 ,C\NTY ,DURHAM1 BAS+ ?IS ASSESSM5T BASICALLY ON A SOME:AT CURSORY & MI/AK5 READ+ ( ,LAW!R'S POLITICS & ACTIVITIES4.<#d#h#c.> ,SPECIFICALLY1 !Y QUOT$ ,JOHN ,SAVILLE'S COMM5T ?AT 9 HIS E>LY YE>S ,LAW!R 'DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS A ,M>XI/1 ,SYNDICALI/1 AN>*I/ & MEMB] ( ! ,I,L,P' 7:I* E*O$ ,ROB9 ,SMI?1 A PROSPECTIVE BIOGRAPH] ( ,LAW!R1 9 ! ,NOR?-EA/ ,LABOR ,HI/ORY ,SOCIETY J\RNAL74.<#d#h#d.> ,9 ONE RESPECT1 ?IS COMM5T WAS VALID1 =1 AS WE HAVE SE51 SYNDICALISM GREW FROM SOME 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,M>XISM1 BUT ITS EMPHASIS ON DIRECT ACTION & ES*EW+ ,P>LIAM5T>Y OR 'POLITICAL' ACTION EASILY L5T !MSELVES TO AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATIONS )9 :AT WAS A FAIRLY BROAD *UR*4 ,NEI!R ! !ORIES NOR 7MO/ 
(7 ! ORGANIZATIONS =M$ TO ADVOCATE !M W]E EXCLUSIVE & IDEOLOGICALLY PURE & SELF-CONTA9$ 9 ?IS TIME ( FLUX4.<#d#h#e.> ,9DE$1 ,ROB9 ,SMI? EMPLOY$ HIS CLAIM AB\T ,LAW!R'S POLITICS TO ILLU/RATE ?IS V]Y PO9T1 ?\< ,SMI? WAS REF]R+ TO ! :OLE P]IOD BE=E #aibf 7:5 ,LAW!R WAS AG$ BETWE5 #ae & #c#f74 ,?IS WAS UNHELPFUL1 AS IT 5COMPASS$ A GOOD DEAL ( *ANGE 9 ,LAW!R'S POLITICS & !RE WAS1 ) ! ADV5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,BRITA9 9 #a#i#b1 SOME?+ ( A DRIFT T[>DS MORE EXCLUSIVITY & SECT>IANISM AMONG ! LEFT AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,GREAT ,W>4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! IMPLICATION ( ,ROB9 ,SMI?'S CLAIM & ! ACC\NTS ( ?OSE :O 5DORS$ IT WAS ?AT ,LAW!R WAS SOME?+ ( A DILETTANTE1 A POLITICAL BUTT]FLY1 PROMISCU\SLY FLITT+ BETWE5 P>TIES & POLITICAL PROGRAMS AT :IM1 OR ?AT HE WAS CONFUS$ AB\T HIS TRUE POLITICAL HOME4 ,9 REALITY1 AS DISCUSS$ ABOVE1 !RE WAS A QUITE DI/9CT DEVELOPM5T ( ,LAW!R'S POLITICS FROM #aie TO ! E>LI] #a#i#bS4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO D\BT ! G5U95ESS ( ,LAW!R'S CONV]SION TO SYNDICALISM FROM ACTIVISM 9 ! ,I,L,P 9 #aiab & HIS SUBSEQU5T MOVE TO AN>*O-SYNDICALISM BE=E ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d4 ,! V]Y LEVEL & 9T5SITY ( HIS ACTIVITY 9 ?IS P]IOD IS EVID5CE ON ITS [N ( ! EXT5T TO :I* HIS POLITICAL CONV]SION WAS DEEPLY FELT4 ,IF ! AU!NTICITY ( ,LAW!R'S POLITICS >E TO BE ! Y>D/ICK = MEASUR+ SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD !N IT WAS A SIGNIFICANT =CE4 ,NE$LESS-TO-SAY1 ?IS MEASUREM5T IS1 9 ITSELF1 ( LIMIT$ VALUE 9 ASSESS+ A COMPLEX & MULTI-FACET$ PH5OM5ON4 

,9 CONTRA/1 ,BOB ,HOLTON1 ! ONLY WRIT] TO DATE TO TAKE ,BRITI% SYNDICALISM AS HIS C5TRAL SUBJECT 79 A BOOK PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#g#f71 TOOK ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R'S POLITICS V]Y S]I\SLY4 ,HIS CONSID]ATION ( !SE TWO ACTIVI/S =M$ ! B$ROCK ( HIS DISCUSSION ( SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,9DE$1 HE W5T AS F> AS TO REM>K ?AT SYNDICALISM HAD ITS NEXT MO/ IMPORTANT IMPACT AFT] ,S\? ,WALES 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4.<#d#h#f.> ,HOLTON'S WID] REM>KS ON ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD MADE 9 SUB/ANTIAT+ ?IS CLAIM >E1 H[EV]1 RA!R 9SUB/ANTIAL4 ,HE NOT$ ! P>TICUL>LY /RONG UNRE/ 9 ! COALFIELD OV] ! RETURN TO WORK AFT] ! #aiab NATIONAL /RIKE1 BUT LAT] ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! MAJOR COALFIELD TO VOTE ,= A RETURN TO WORK 9 #aiab WAS ,S\? ,WALES 7:]E SYNDICALISM WAS /RONGE/74 ,:ILE HE EXPLA9$ ?IS ) ! PECULI> CONDITIONS 9 ,S\? ,WALES 9CLUD+ A LACK ( RES\RCES :I* HAD BR\<T AB\T /RIKE WE>9ESS1 !RE IS CLE>LY NO SIMPLE CORRELATION BETWE5 MILITANCY 9 #aiab & SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE4.<#d#h#g.> 

#e7 ,DOGMA1 ,PRAGMATISM & ,SECT>IANISM 

,:ILE CONSID]ABLE RESE>* REMA9S TO BE DONE 9 ?IS >EA1 IT IS CLE> ?AT1 ?ANKS TO ! ACTIVITIES ( ,GEORGE ,H>VEY & ,WILL ,LAW!R & !IR GR\P+S1 SYNDICALISM DID MAKE SOME K9D ( IMPACT 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD BUT ?AT ?IS WAS NOT AS GREAT AS ?AT 9 ,S\? ,WALES4 ,?\< ,GEORGE ,H>VEY'S PAMPHLETS W]E EFFECTIVE1 !Y DID NOT COMP>E TO ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP 9 T]MS ( APPLI$ !ORY OR ! EXT5SIVE PROCESS ( DEBATE ?AT L$ TO ITS PRODUCTION4 ,! ,S\? ,WALES COALFIELD CONTA9$ MANY AUTODIDACT MILITANTS2 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD BUT FEW & ?IS BO? REFLECT$ ! CONDITIONS 9 & CULTURE ( ! COALFIELD & 9 P>T EXPLA9$ ! DEGREE ( IMPACT4 

,9 ,DURHAM ! ,I,L,P HAD DONE REM>KABLY WELL 9 ! ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T 9 
*ANNEL+ M9]S' GRIEVANCES 9 SU* A WAY AS FAVOR$ !M & TO SOME DEGREE ISOLAT$ !M FROM ! MORE REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVES ON (F]4 

,NEV]!LESS ?AT ! ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T EXI/$ AT ALL WAS TE/AM5T TO ! LEVEL ( GRIEVANCES PRES5T AMONG ! LODGES ( ! ,D,M,A1 ! K9DS ( GRIEVANCES ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S C\LD APPEAL TO4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT TWO ASPECTS ( ! SYNDICALI/S' [N POLITICS ?AT 9T]TW9$ -!IR PURITANISM1 ( NEGATIVELY PUT1 !IR DOGMATISM & !IR SECT>IANISM-MILITAT$ AGA9/ !IR 9FLU5CE4 ,FIR/LY1 ASPECTS ( !IR POLITICS S]V$ TO 9HIBIT !IR ABILITY TO PROPAGATE !IR MESSAGE1 & ISOLATE !M FROM ! WID] MOVEM5T4 ,SECOND1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ ALT]NATIVE WAS TO SOME DEGREE DIVID$ )9 ITSELF 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD AS ELSE:]E 9 ,BRITA94 

,9 T]MS ( DOGMATISM1 ,WILL ,LAW!R SUFF]$ ! MO/4 ,HIS AN>*ISM MEANT ?AT HE WAS OPPOS$ TO ANY =M ( CON/ITUTIONAL (FICE & !RE=E HE DID NOT /& = ANY LODGE1 ,D,M,A OR P>TY POSITION 7UNTIL #a#i#a#e74 ,?IS WAS SIGNIFICANT AS ,LAW!R HAD BE5 A LODGE (FICIAL BE=E GO+ TO ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 9 ONE ( ! L>GE/ & MO/ MILITANT PITS 9 C\NTY ,DURHAM4 ,BE+ A LODGE (FICIAL E>LI] 9 HIS LIFE HAD BR\<T ,LAW!R 9TO CONTACT ) 9FLU5TIAL ,DURHAM M9]S ?R\<\T ! COALFIELD1 9DIVIDUALS SU* AS ,PET] ,LEE1 AS WELL AS ) SIGNIFICANT NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL FIGURES )9 ! MOVEM5T4.<#d#h#h.> ,?IS PR9CIPL$ DECISION1 :ILE UND\BT$LY LAUDABLE1 D5I$ ,LAW!R ACCESS TO C]TA9 IMPORTANT MEANS ( EX]CIS+ LOCAL & REGIONAL 9FLU5CE4 ,:ILE 9 ,S\? ,WALES TWO SYNDICALI/S1 ,ABLETT & ,REES W]E ELECT$ TO ! ,S,W,M,F ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE 9 #a#i#a#a1 BO? DEMON/RAT+ !IR PROM95CE 9 ! COALFIELD & FUR!R 5HANC+ !IR AU?ORITY 4 ,! ,DURHAM LODGES DID NOT EV5 HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO %[ :E!R ,LAW!R'S NEW REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS HAD GA9$ HIM ! LEVEL ( /&+ REQUIR$ TO SECURE ELECTION4 

,GEORGE ,H>VEY1 ON ! O!R H&1 DID NOT HAVE ?IS P>TICUL> PROBLEM4 ,9DE$1 ! 79 SOME RESPECTS7 MORE PRAGMATIC ,H>VEY HAD BE5 9/RUM5TAL 9 ALT]+ ! ,S,L,P'S DOCTR9E ?AT HAD PREV5T$ ITS MILITANTS = /&+ = ANY TRADE UNION (FICE4 

,H>VEY PO9T$ \T ?AT 9 ,DURHAM ANY PROSPECTIVE P>TY MEMB] W\LD HAVE TO REL9QUI% TRADE UNION (FICE TO JO9 ! P>TY4 ,NATURALLY1 !Y REFUS$ TO DO ?IS & YET ! LODGES 9 :I* !SE 9DIVIDUALS W]E (FICIALS W]E ?OSE ?AT B\<T ! MO/ SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE4 ,9 DO+ SO1 !Y GAVE ! P>TY GREAT] OPPORTUNITIES TO SPREAD !IR PROPAG&A4.<#d#h#i.> ,?US1 ! N[ UN%ACKL$ ,H>VEY WON A *ECKWEI<MAN PO/ 9 #a#i#a#c4 ,?IS WAS ( CONSID]ABLE SIGNIFICANCE AS ! POSITION ( *ECKWEI<MAN WAS ( GREAT PRE/IGE 9 ANY M9]S' LODGE1 REFLECT+ A HI< DEGREE ( TRU/ ?AT ! M9]S HAD 9 ITS 9CUMB5T4 ,H>VEY'S ELECTION BO? REFLECT$ HIS ALREADY E/ABLI%$ REPUTATION 7C]TA9LY AS A TRADE UNIONI/1 POSSIBLY AS A REVOLUTION>Y71 AS WELL AS FUR!R 5TR5*+ & WID5+ HIS 9FLU5CE4.<#d#i.> 

,9 SOME RESPECTS1 ! P]IOD BE=E ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 & ESPECIALLY #a#i#a-#a#i#a#d1 SAW SECT>IANISM BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S DIM9I%4 ,! ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ TRADITIONS C\LD BO? FE$ 9TO & EM]GE FROM SYNDICALISM4 ,9 ! APP>5T 
RELATIVE EASE ( MOVEM5T BETWE5 ! TWO TRADITIONS1 EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,WILL ,LAW!R'S POLITICS1 !Y 9 SOME RESPECTS REFLECT$ ! WID] SOCIO-ECONOMIC FLUX ( :I* !Y W]E A P>T4 ,?IS WAS EVID5T 91 = EXAMPLE1 ,LAW!R'S ,COLD-W> 9=M$ EXPLANATION = ! NAM+ ( ! ,$W>DIAN ',COMMUNI/ ,CLUBS' SU* AS ?AT 9 ,*OPWELL4 ,!Y W]E 'SUPPOS$ TO BE ! RALLY+ GR\NDS = ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 COMMUNISM & AN>*ISM1 A COMMUNISM1 BY ! WAY1 :I* BORE LITTLE RESEMBLANCE TO ! ,RUSSIAN BR& TODAY .<#a#i#e#e.>4'.<#d#i#a.> ,AS ,M>X & ,M>XI/S HAD CLE>LY 9FLU5C$ ,LAW!R1 ?\< HE HAD BR&$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/1 SO ! ',COMMUNI/ ,CLUB' 7:I* WAS ALSO KN[N 9 ?IS P]IOD AS ! ',AN>*I/ CLUB'71 WAS A =UM = ! EX*ANGE & IMP>T+ ( V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS ?AT W]E 9 A /ATE ( FLUX & 9 MANY RESPECTS DIFFICULT TO SEP>ATE4.<#d#i#b.> 

,RAY ,*ALL9OR WROTE ( ! DECL9E 9 ! SECT>IANISM ( ! ,S,L,P 9 ?IS P]IOD TOO4.<#d#i#c.> ,H[EV]1 IT /ILL EXI/$ & 9 T]MS ( SECT>IANISM BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD1 ,H>VEY WAS ! MA9 (F5D]4 ,?IS WAS EVID5T AT ! ,*OPWELL 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ CONF]5CE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b1 :]E ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R BO? VI$ TO CONV9CE ! AUDI5CE ( !IR CASE4 ,LAW!R SKET*$ OV] ! DIFF]5CES 9 POLITICS BETWE5 HIMSELF & ,H>VEY1 CONCLUD+ HIS SPEE*1 '!Y W]E \T = ! :OLE ( ! WORK]S TO BE 9 ONE ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y C\LD CALL ?AT ,9DU/RIALISM1 ,UNIONISM .<SIC4 PRESUMABLY A PRESS MI/AKE = 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM.> OR SYNDICALISM1 OR :AT !Y LIK$444'.<#d#i#d.> ,H>VEY1 :O SPOKE AFT] ,LAW!R1 PLEAD$ ?AT ! AUDI5CE %\LD GO AWAY & PROPAG&IZE = A ,DURHAM M9+ 9DU/RIAL UNION4 ,HIS CALL = $UCATION & ORGANIZATION1 HIS CLAIM ?AT ',LEAD]S & POLITICIANS C\LD DO NO?+' & ?AT ! 'HOPE ( ! WORK+-CLASS LAY 9 ! WORK+-CLASS !MSELVES' ALL E*O$ ,LAW!R4 ,! DESCRIPTION ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM -ORGANIZ+ ALL ,BRITI% WORK]S 9 ONE ME*ANISM ) DEP>TM5TS = DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES 'WORK+ ON PR9CIPLE ?AT AN 9JURY TO ONE IS AN 9JURY TO ALL' 7AN ,I,W,W SLOGAN7- ALSO RESONAT$ ) ,LAW!R'S SPEE*4.<#d#i#e.> 

,H[EV]1 ,H>VEY !N UND]L9$ :]E HE & ,LAW!R DIFF]$ 9 EXPLICIT T]MS3 '!Y \<T NOT TO GO 9 = SYNDICALISM1 BECAUSE IF IT W]E A HALFWAY H\SE !Y HAD TO RECOGNIZE SOON] OR LAT] ?AT !Y MU/ GO TO ! HI<] P9NACLE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,HE CONT5D$ ?AT ! SCI5TIFIC WEAPON WAS 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4 ,!Y W]E \T = 9DU/RIAL & POLITICAL ACTION4 ,! TWO MU/ GO H& 9 H&4' ,?IS POLITICAL ACTION 9CLUD$ FI<T+ ALL ELECTIONS1 NOT = VOTES AS SU* BUT ON A 'REVOLUTION>Y ISSUE' TO 'CREATE A FEV] HEAT ( 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION & !Y C\LD ONLY DO ?AT BY 9DU/RIAL & POLITICAL PROPAG&A4'.<#d#i#f.> ,9DE$1 ! EXT5T TO :I* ,H>VEY >GU$ 9 FAVOR ( POLITICAL ACTION CAUS$ PROBLEMS 9 HIS [N P>TY4 ,HIS CLAIM 9 ,! ,SOCIALI/ 7,M>* #a#i#a#b7 ?AT ,S,L,P C&IDATES W\LD BE ! BE/ P>LIAM5T>IANS AS ONLY REVOLUTION>IES C\LD W9 RE=MS1 RECEIV$ EXT5SIVE CRITICISM FROM )9 ! ,S,L,P & PROVOK$ ! SECESSION ( MO/ ( ! P>TY'S MEMB]S 9 ,LANCA%IRE1 CLAIM+ ?AT ! ,P>TY HAD BECOME RE=MI/4.<#d#i#g.> 

,MORE UN=TUNATELY1 ,H>VEY ALSO ADOPT$ ! LANGUAGE ( MANY ,S,L,P ACTIVI/S 9 ,BRITA91 :O 9 TURN REPRODUC$ ?AT ( ,DE ,LEON1 SL&]+ O!R REVOLUTION>Y GR\P+S & D5\NC+ !M AS 'FAKIRS4'.<#d#i#h.> ,H>VEY WAS ?US A 'VIRUL5T CRITIC' ( ,TOM ,MANN'S SYNDICALISM 7P]HAPS UN=TUNATELY HIS SECT>IANISM WAS ! MO/ NOTEWOR?Y ASPECT ( ,H>VEY'S POLITICS = SOME LAT] AU?ORITIES74.<#d#i#i.> ,9 RESPONSE TO ! IMPRISONM5T ( ,MANN = PUBLI%+ ! FAM\S ',DON'T %OOT' >TICLE APPEAL+ = SOLDI]S NOT TO FIRE ON /RIK]S1 ,H>VEY WROTE 9 ,! ,SOCIALI/ 7( ,APRIL #a#i#a#b7 ?AT HIS ,P>TY W]E NOT SYNDICALI/S & 'HAVE NO SYMPA?Y ) SYNDICALISM4' ,NEV]!LESS1 ON ?IS OCCASION1 AS ! ,S,L,P W]E 'FI<T]S = FRE$OM & ! FREE PRESS1' !Y REPR9T$ ,MANN'S BANN$ >TICLE4.<#e.> 

,ON ! GR\ND1 ?\<1 IT SEEM$ ?AT ,LAW!R WAS WILL+ TO ACCEPT ,H>VEY'S ATTEMPTS TO PLACE A CLE> IDEOLOGICAL DIVID+ L9E BETWE5 !M1 ?\< ,H>VEY'S SUPPORT = 'POLITICAL ACTION' REMA9$ ANA!MA TO ,LAW!R'S AN>*ISM4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#c1 
,LAW!R MADE AN IMPASSION$ APPEAL = ,H>VEY 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,WILSON CASE3 ',IT IS UP TO US1 AS M9]S1 TO %[ TO ,GEORGE ,H>VEY1 BY WORD OR DE$1 ?AT WE BELIEVE ?AT :AT HE SAID .<AB\T ,WILSON.> WAS TRUE 444 ,& ,I BELIEVE ?AT1 DUR+ ! =?COM+ SUMM]1 ! GOSPEL ( REVOLT1 ( DIRECT ACTION1 ( ANTI-LEAD]%IP WILL SPREAD1 NOT BECAUSE ,H>VEY OR ANY O!R P]SON BELIEVES 9 IT1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! OPPRESSION & TYRANNY ?AT IS TAK+ PLACE 9 ! M9ES444'.<#e#a.> ,9 ,JULY #a#i#a#c1 ! TWO M51 AMONG O!RS1 %>$ AN 7UN(FICIAL7 PLAT=M AT ! ,DURHAM M9]S' ANNUAL GALA4.<#e#b.> ,NOT)/&+ ,LAW!R'S EVID5T DESIRE TO ACCOMMODATE ,H>VEY & NOT ALL[ POLITICAL DIFF]5CES TO DIVIDE !M1 !Y EVID5TLY (F]$ TWO DI/9CT BR&S ( SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD & ! EFFECT ( !M BO? %>+ SIMIL> BUT DIFF]5T VISIONS ( A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS ) AN 9T]E/$ BUT NOT NECESS>ILY 9=M$ M9] AUDI5CE MU/ HAVE CONFUS$ MORE 9DIVIDUALS ?AN ! J\RNALI/ RECORD+ ! EV5T = ! LOCAL PRESS4 

,LAW!R DISPLAY$ ANO!R K9D ( SECT>IANISM1 H[EV]1 &1 :ILE IT S]V$ TO UND]SCORE HIS REVOLUTION>Y CR$5TIALS1 IT MU/ HAVE 9HIBIT$ HIS ABILITY TO OP]ATE EFFECTIVELY1 D5Y+ HIM ACCESS TO ! PLAT=MS ( POT5TIALLY 9FLU5TIAL & SYMPA!TIC ORGANIZATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! ,D,M,A4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ TO ADDRESS ! '9DU/RIAL UNIONI/' CONF]5CE 9 ,*OPWELL 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b1 ,LAW!R OP5$ HIS SPEE* BY EXPLA9+ :Y !Y 'W]E \T = ! NEW MOVEM5T4 ,!Y W]E \T AGA9/ ! 0=W>D MOVEM5T40'.<#e#c.> ,LAW!R WAS CLE>LY KE5 TO DI/+UI% HIMSELF & HIS FOLL[]S FROM ! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5TS' PROJECT -- 9DE$1 DEF9+ !M AS OPPON5TS -- FROM ! \TSET4 ,HE DID SO BY FIR/ ATTACK+ NATIONALIZATION1 ! AIM ( KEY ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T ACTIVI/S1 & ?US DO+ EFFECTIVELY M>K$ ! GAP BETWE5 ! APP>5T RE=MI/S ( ! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T & ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,?AT ! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T LEAD]S W]E 9T5T ON MAK+ REPUTATIONS & C>E]S = !MSELVES ON ! BACK ( ! M9]S' DISCONT5T WAS A FAIRLY COMMON !ME 9 
,LAW!R'S RHETORIC4.<#e#d.> 7,&1 IRONICALLY1 A *>GE ?AT WAS MADE UNJU/LY AGA9/ ,LAW!R HIMSELF1 ?\< MANY ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T ACTIVI/S1 LIKE ,JACK ,LAWSON1 DID GO ON TO MAKE C>E]S 9 ! ,D,M,A OR ,P>LIAM5T74.<#e#e.> 

,AGA91 ,H>VEY REVEAL$ A LITTLE LESS PR9CIPL$ IDEALISM & A LITTLE MORE PRAGMATISM 9 RELATIONS ) ! WID] RANK-&-FILE MOVEM5T4 ,AT HIS LIBEL TRIAL 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#b1 ,H>VEY ASK$ ,WILSON IF HE WAS AW>E ?AT HE HAD BE5 HEAVILY CRITICIZ$ BY ! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T4 ,H>VEY QUOT$ P>T ( A SPEE* BY ,JOHN ,JEFFRIES1 A ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T LEAD]1 CLAIM+ ?AT ,WILSON'S EVID5T TAL5TS W]E 'FROM TIME TO TIME NOT US$ = ! PURPOSE !Y \<T TO BE' &1 EXPLICITLY1 ?AT ,JEFFRIES WAS REF]R+ TO ! CONCILIATION DOCTR9E ?AT ,WILSON 'CONT9UALLY D9N$ 9TO !IR E>S4' ,H>VEY'S DEF5SE H]E WAS ( GREAT SIGNIFICANCE1 AS HE WAS TAK+ ! LOGIC ( ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T RHETORIC A /EP FUR!R1 CLE>LY ALIGN+ HIMSELF ) IT AS HE DID SO4 ,9DE$1 ,H>VEY CLAIM$ 7SLI<TLY DIS+5U\SLY7 ?AT HE 'HAD SAID NO MORE ?AN :AT HAD BE5 SAID BY O!R BODIES DUR+ ! LA/ DECADE -- BY ! SOCIALI/S OR ! 0,=W>D ,MOVEM5T0 -- & ! ACTION HAD ONLY BE5 TAK5 AGA9/ HIM BECAUSE HE WAS A WORK+ M9]4''.<#e#f.> ,! EXT5T TO :I* ?IS B5EFIT$ ,H>VEY 9 T]MS ( HIS ABILITY TO PROPAGATE HIS 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM IS DIFFICULT TO MEASURE4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO HAVE SECUR$ HIM A PROM95T POSITION ON ! PLAT=M ( AT LEA/ ONE ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T MASS MEET+4 ,9 ,APRIL #aiab ,H>VEY SECOND$ A MOTION ( C5SURE ( ! ,D,M,A AG5TS1 ) A SPEE* COMPLA9+ ?AT ! M5 HAD BE5 'SOLD-\T' BY !IR LEAD]S4 ,H>VEY >GU$ ?AT ! LEAD]S %\LD RECEIVE ! SAME WAGE AS ! M9]S & P]HAPS !N ! LEAD]S W\LD FI<T = !IR DEM&S1 AS 'EV]Y TIME ! M5 GOT A RISE !Y W\LD ALSO BE BETT] (F4'.<#e#g.> ,LAW!R1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 NEV] APPE>$ ON A ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T PLAT=M AS SU*1 ?\< HE DID SPEAK AT A MEET+ ON ! M9IMUM WAGE 9 ,NEWCA/LE 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#c1 ?IS WAS NOT APP>5TLY UND] !IR AUSPICES4.<#e#h.> ,?AT SAID1 HE WAS =TUNATE 9 ?AT HIS WORDS DID NOT PREV5T COOP]ATION 9 ,*OPWELL ) ?OSE ACTIVE 9 ! ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,LAW!R SAT ON ! NEGOTIAT+ COMMITTEE 9 ! DOCTOR'S FEE AGITATION 9 E>LY #aiac ) ,VIPOND ,H>DY1 :O ,LAW!R HAD FAIL$ TO CONV9CE ( SYNDICALISM & :O WAS1 9/EAD1 ACTIVE 9 ! MALIGN$ ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T4.<#e#i.> 

#f7 ,CONCLUSION2 ,AN ,OPPORTUNITY ,MISS$8 

,REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/S >E (T5 CONFRONT$ ) A DILEMMA :5 FAC$ ) FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* TO PROPAGATE !IR POLITICS2 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y S(T-P$AL OR COMPROMISE ON FUNDAM5TALS 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO ACCESS PLAT=MS & PROVIDE A MESSAGE ?AT HAS ! POT5TIAL TO *IME ) L>GE NUMB]S ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 SOME =M ( /RUGGLE2 TOO MU* COMPROMISE LEAVES !M OP5 TO ! JIBE ( BE+ OPPORTUNI/IC1 TOO LITTLE MEANS !Y >E ZEALOTS1 9FLEXIBLE & TOO DOGMATIC4 ,TO TAKE ANO!R EXAMPLE 1 ,I HAVE >GU$ ELSE:]E ?AT 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS1 LEFT-W+]S & COMMUNI/S SEEK+ TO BUILD A GRASSROOTS MOVEM5T 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,SPANI% 
,REPUBLIC SACRIFIC$ TOO MU* ( !IR POLITICS 9 ULTIMATELY FUTILE ATTEMPTS TO BUILD ! ,COM9T]N-5DORS$ 'POPUL> FRONT' ( ALL PROGRESSIVES AGA9/ FASCISM4.<#e#a.> 7,H>VEY & ,LAW!R W]E BO? 9VOLV$ 9 !SE CAMPAIGNS AT DIFF]5T LEVELS & 9 DIFF]5T =MS BUT BY ?IS TIME BO? HAD GRAVITAT$ TO ! ,LABOR ,P>TY ?\< REMA9+1 TO DIFF]5T DEGREES1 SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,C,P74 ,SO MU* DID ! LEFT ACTIVI/S EMPHASIZE ! HUMANIT>IAN ASPECT ( !IR ,SPANI% AID CAMPAIGNS ?AT 9DIVIDUALS C\LD & DID BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 !M SOLELY = HUMANIT>IAN MOTIVES4 ,?US1 ! CAMPAIGNS 9VOLV$ 9DIVIDUALS :O HAD NO POSITION ON ! POLITICS ( ! CONFLICT 9 ,SPA9 AT ALL 7& W]E UNLIKELY TO ACQUIRE ONE7 & EV5 SOME :O SUPPORT$ ,BRITI% ,NON,9T]V5TION 9 ,SPA9 7ESS5TIALLY A PRO-,FRANCO POSITION74 ,H]E WAS AN EXAMPLE ( POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM ON ! LEFT TAK5 TO EXTREMES2 SO MU* SO ?AT IT PROV$ L>GELY C\NT]-PRODUCTIVE = ! LEFT1 BO? 9 T]MS ( !IR ORGANIZATIONS & POLITICS & C]TA9LY 9 T]MS ( ACTUAL SUPPORT = ! ,REPUBLIC BY PUTT+ PRESSURE ON ! GOV]NM5T TO 5D ,NON-,9T]V5TION4 

,9 ! P]IOD ( 9DU/RIAL /RIFE #a#i#a-#a#i#a#d1 ,LAW!R1 C]TA9LY1 WAS >GUABLY TOO PURE 9 HIS POLITICS1 :I* D5I$ HIM ACCESS TO C]TA9 PLAT=MS & ALI5AT$ HIM FROM ?OSE :O W]E POT5TIALLY HIS ALLIES4 ,H>VEY1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS TOO SECT>IAN1 FIXAT$ ON ! F9] PO9TS ( ! POLICY ( HIS 9F9ITESIMAL P>TY4 ,?IS IS NOT TO >GUE ?AT ,LAW!R 9 P>TICUL> %\LD HAVE AB&ON$ ! PR9CIPL$ POLITICAL POSITIONS HE HELD ?AT EVID5TLY CO/ HIM 9FLU5CE4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT HOLD+ SU* POSITIONS DID HAVE CONSEQU5CES & ?AT 9 C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES :AT IS SACRIFIC$ = ! SAKE ( PR9CIPLE IS GREAT4 ,BO? ,LAW!R & ,H>VEY 9 !IR DIFF]5T WAYS FAIL$ TO ACT 9 ! MORE PRAGMATIC WAY ?AT ! 9FLU5TIAL ,S\? ,WALES SYNDICALI/S DID2 = EXAMPLE 9 S(T-P$AL+ ON ! MORE AMBITI\S ASPECTS ( !IR PROGRAM DUR+ ! #aiab /RIKE 9 ORD] TO CONC5TRATE ON ! M9IMUM WAGE ISSUE4.<#e#a#a.> ,9 ,LAW!R'S CASE HIS RELATIVE Y\? & 9EXP]I5CE MI<T HAVE BE5 SIGNIFICANT 9 EXPLA9+ HIS MORE RIGID ADH]5CE TO SELF-%ACKL+ PR9CIPLE4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS >GUABLY MORE !ORETICALLY COH]5T & DEF5SIBLE ?AN ! SYNDICALISM ( ! ,UN(FICIAL ,RE=M ,COMMITTEE4 ,YET1 EV5 :5 BETT] COORD9AT$ 9 #aiad IT REMA9$ A M9ORITY /R& )9 ! M9ORITY REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ /R& ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,H>VEY'S ,S,L,P1 ?\< MORE TI<TLY ORGANIZ$ = A LONG] P]IOD ( TIME1 ALSO REMA9$ A M9ORITY T5D5CY )9 SYNDICALISM &1 9 ITS EF=TS TO BREAK \T ( ?IS <ETTO1 (T5 PROMPT$ BY ,H>VEY HIMSELF1 IT (T5 SEEM$ TO LOOSE ALMO/ AS MU* AS IT GA9$4.<#e#a#b.> ,9 ?IS RESPECT IT WAS SOME?+ ( AN UN=TUNATE HAPP5/ANCE ?AT MEANT !RE W]E NO SIGNIFICANT SYNDICALI/ ADVOCATES ( ! ,MANN_/,UN(FICIAL ,RE=M ,COMMITTEE GR\PS 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD 7?\< ( C\RSE1 !Y W]E TO SPLIT AS WELL74 ,IT SEEMS CLE> FROM ! ,OCTOB] #aiab CONF]5CE 9 ,*OPWELL ?AT !RE WAS A RADICAL W+ TO ! ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T ?AT WAS POT5TIALLY SYMPA!TIC TO SYNDICALISM4 ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP 9 P>TICUL>1 WRITT5 BY M9]S /EEL$ BY !IR EXP]I5CES 9 9T5SE 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE & P5N$ 9 ITS IMM$IATE AFT]MA?1 9 SOME RESPECTS M]ELY =MALIZ$ & EXT5D$ CAUSES ?AT ! ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T ITSELF AGITAT$ =4 

,?\< NECESS>ILY C\NT]FACTUAL1 IT SEEMS HI<LY LIKELY ?AT A CONC]T$ JO9T EF=T ( ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R'S GR\P+S TO PROVIDE A SU/A9$ & DYNAMIC ADVOCACY ( ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP W\LD HAVE RESONAT$ MORE 7& HAD A GREAT] IMPACT7 AMONG 
! MASSES ( ANGRY ,DURHAM M9]S ( ! P]IOD4.<#e#a#c.> ,CONDITIONS W]E NOT AS FAVORABLE = SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD AS !Y W]E 9 ,S\? ,WALES4 ,/ILL1 >GUABLY BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM 7& ! T5SIONS BETWE5 ! ACTIVI/S :O ADVOCAT$ !M & !IR RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS7 HAD FALL5 %ORT 9 T]MS ( PROPAGAT+ SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/