,P>T #a#a1 ,*APT] #c 
,VICTOR ,S]GE -- ,A ,MAN ( ,\R ,TIME 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI 

,TEXT 3 

,VICTOR ,S]GE -- ,A ,MAN ( ,\R ,TIME 

,SUZI ,WEISSMAN.<#e#d#g.> 

,VICTOR ,S]GE3 ,FROM ! ,DEFEAT$ ,PA/ TO ! ,EXPECTANT ,FUTURE 

,9 ! WAKE ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 0/ATISM0 WAS R\NDLY ATTACK$ EA/ & WE/4 ,?IS WAS ! FREE M>KET (F5SIVE ?AT WAS PU%$ DUR+ ! #a#i#iS & ! FIR/ P>T ( ! NEW C5TURY4 ,UND] ATTACK W]E ! BUREAUCRATIZ$ =M] ,SOVIET BLOC ECONOMIES TO BE SURE1 BUT ANTI-/ATI/ RE=MS W]E ALSO IMPOS$ TO DISMANTLE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GA9S EV]Y:]E4 ,NOT CONT5T ) !SE IDEOLOGICAL VICTORIES1 ! FREE M>KETE]S W5T AFT] ! CRONY CAPITALI/ REGIMES 9 ! ,F> ,EA/1 *AEBOL & O!RWISE4 ,PRIVATIZATION1 FREE TRADE1 & FREE M>KETS BECAME ! BUZZWORDS ( ! DAY4 ,AN>*ISM ON ! RI<T & LEFT SEEM$ TO DOM9ATE ! DISC\RSE4 ,NO LONG]3 ! WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC SLUMP_/EPIC RECESSION_/DEPRESSION AWAK5$ ! S5SE ?AT GOV]NM5TS C\LD PROVIDE SOME =M ( SECURITY4 ,?IS PO9T RESONATES MORE 9 ! ,U,S ?AN 9 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ,EUROPE1 H[EV] MU* WELF>E PROVISIONS W]E WEAK5$ DUR+ ! DECADES ( FREE M>KET EUPHORIA4 ,A SAFETY NET /ILL EXI/S 9 MU* ( ,EUROPE1 :ILE IT WAS L>GELY %R$D$ 9 ! ,U,S4 ,?IS NEW POLITICAL CONJUNCTURE COLORS ! =M OPPOSITION TAKES1 MAK+ ! QUE/ION POS$ BY ?IS VOLUME -- ,IS ,BLACK & ,R$ ,DEAD8 -ALL ! MORE RELEVANT4 

,SO H[ DOES ,VICTOR ,S]GE FIT 9TO ?IS DEBATE & :Y DO ,I 9SI/ ?AT HE IS A MAN = \R TIME8 

,VICTOR ,S]GE HAD AN 5ORM\S IMPACT ON ! DEVELOP+ CONSCI\SNESS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S1 LIB]T>IANS & AN>*I/S ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,HE WAS ! BE/ KN[N ,TROTSKYI/ ( HIS TIME1 ?\< HIS RELATION%IP ) ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T WAS CONT5TI\S4 ,JU/ TO M5TION ,S]GE CONJURES UP ! POETIC1 ACTIVE EXPRESSION ( AN ]A4 ,HE WAS ) ! REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S :O REFUS$ TO SURR5D] TO ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION & :O /RUGGL$ SO ?AT !IR IDEAS W\LD ESCAPE ,/AL9'S ATTEMPT 
TO EXT]M9ATE !M4 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT MAKES HIS WORK SO P[]FUL4 ,S]GE HAS BE5 CALL$ ! POET1 ! B>D1 ! J\RNALI/ & ! HI/ORIAN ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION4.<#e#d#h.> ,HE WAS ALSO ITS CONSCI5CE4 

,LIKE HIS ,LEFT ,OPPOSITIONI/ COMRADES1 ,S]GE WAS M>G9ALIZ$ BY HI/ORY PRECISELY BECAUSE HE REJECT$ CAPITALISM AS WELL AS ,/AL9ISM4 ,HIS CONTRIBUTION IS ATTRACTIVE TODAY BECAUSE HE NEV] COMPROMIS$ HIS COMMITM5T TO ! CREATION ( A SOCIETY ?AT DEF5DS HUMAN FRE$OM1 5HANCES HUMAN DIGNITY & IMPROVES ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,S]GE LIV$ 9 ! MAEL/ROM ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #b? ,C5TURY1 BUT HIS IDEAS HAVE CONTEMPOR>Y RELEVANCE 9 ! PO/-,SOVIET1 PO/ ,COLD ,W> WORLD ( ! E>LY #b#a/ C5TURY4 

,S]GE3 ,\R ,CONTEMPOR>Y 

,AS ! #b? ,C5TURY DREW TO A CLOSE1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION COLLAPS$ & ) IT ! COLOSSAL BATTLE ( IDEAS IT PROVOK$ NE>LY DISAPPE>$ FROM PUBLIC DISC\RSE4 ,H[ C\LD ! IDEAS & /RUGGLES ?AT ,S]GE REPRES5T$1 N[ DEEM$ PASSE1 RESONATE ANEW8 

,) ! DEMISE ( ,/AL9ISM1 ! VICTORS ( ! ,COLD ,W> PROCLAIM !RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE TO ,WE/]N /YLE CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACY1 EV5 AS 9EQUALITIES DEEP5 & RELIGI\S NATIONALI/S RESORT TO T]ROR4 ,) ALL ! 9SECURITY & UNC]TA9TY ( \R TIME ( GROTESQUE 9EQUALITY & REACTION>Y RESPONSE1 A NEW G5]ATION HAS TAK5 TO ! /REETS DEM&+ A BETT] WORLD1 & :AT IS MORE1 9SI/+ ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE4 ,AS ONE SORTS ?R\< ! 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL DISPUTES ( ! DISA/R\S ,SOVIET EXP]I5CE1 ONE IS /RUCK BY ! VOICE & TE/IMONY ( ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 :I* /& \T = !IR PROBITY1 RIGOR & DEEPLY HUMAN CONC]NS4 ,HIS WORKS ADDRESS ! P>AM\NT & /ILL UNRESOLV$ IMPORTANT ISSUES ( ! DAY3 HUMAN LIB]TY1 AUTONOMY1 & DIGNITY4 ,HE BELONG$ TO A REVOLUTION>Y G5]ATION ?AT S\<T TO CREATE A SOCIETY SUFFICI5T TO MEET !SE HUMAN GOALS4 ,!Y FAIL$1 BUT HE SP5T ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE DESCRIB+ !IR ATTEMPT 
& ANALYZ+ ! DEFEAT4 ,= ?AT REASON HIS WORK M]ITS REPUBLICATION1 ANALYSIS1 9T]PRETATION1 & ABOVE ALL1 RESCUE4 

,:ILE ,VICTOR ,S]GE WROTE ( ! TIME HE LIV$ ?R\<1 HIS ?9K+ IS RELEVANT = ! /RUGGLES WE FACE4 ,REACQUA9T+ \RSELVES ) ,S]GE CAN HELP US IMAG9E -- & HOPEFULLY CREATE -- ! FUTURE4 

,VICTOR ,S]GE DI$ AT AGE #eg 9 #a#i#d#g4 ,9 ?AT BRIEF LIFESPAN HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ?REE REVOLUTIONS1 SP5T A DECADE 9 CAPTIVITY1 PUBLI%$ MORE ?AN ?IRTY BOOKS & LEFT BEH9D A SUB/ANTIAL >*IVE ( UNPUBLI%$ WORK4 ,HE WAS BORN 9TO ONE POLITICAL EXILE1 DI$ 9 ANO!R1 & WAS POLITICALLY ACTIVE 9 SEV5 C\NTRIES4 ,HIS LIFE WAS SP5T 9 P]MAN5T POLITICAL OPPOSITION4 ,S]GE OPPOS$ CAPITALISM -- FIR/ AS AN AN>*I/1 !N AS A ,BOL%EVIK4 ,HE OPPOS$ ,BOL%EVISM'S UNDEMOCRATIC PRACTICES & !N OPPOS$ ,/AL9 AS A ,LEFT ,OPPOSITIONI/4 ,HE >GU$ ) ,TROTSKY FROM )9 ! ANTI-,/AL9I/ LEFT2 & HE OPPOS$ FASCISM & CAPITALISM'S ,COLD ,W> AS AN UNREP5TANT REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/4 ,HE WAS A REVOLUTION>Y NOVELI/ & HI/ORIAN4 ,?\< HE IS /ILL LITTLE KN[N 9 ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION1 HE WAS ONE ( ! MO/ LUCID OBS]V]S ( ITS E>LY POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 *RONICL+ 9 HIS MANY WORKS ITS BRUTAL DEP>TURE FROM ! IDEALS ( ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 

,S]GE'S POLITICAL EXP]I5CE L$ HIM NOT TO R5\NCE SOCIALISM ONCE ,/AL9 HAD TRIUMPH$1 BUT TO BR+ TO IT A DECL>ATION ( HUMAN RI<TS1 5RI*+ SOCIALI/ GOALS4 ,HE OPPOS$ ! ONE P>TY SY/EM1 DECL>+ AS E>LY AS #aiah & AGA9 9 #aibc ?AT A COALITION GOV]NM5T1 AL?\< FRAU<T ) DANG]S1 W\LD HAVE BE5 LESS DANG]\S ?AN :AT WAS TO TRANSPIRE UND] ,/AL9'S DICTATOR%IP ( ! SECRET>IAT & ! SECRET POLICE4 ,HIS PROPOSALS = ECONOMIC RE=M 9CLUD$ 'WORK]S DEMOCRACY' & A 'COMMUNISM ( ASSOCIATIONS' 9/EAD ( RIGID1 TOP-D[N1 ANTI-DEMOCRATIC 'PLANS4' ,S]GE WAS NEV] GUILTY ( AN AHI/ORICAL ANALYSIS1 & HE REALIZ$ ! *OICES FAC+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS AFT] ! ,CIVIL ,W> W]E FEW4 ,NOT SEE+ :AT LAY AHEAD1 !Y FE>$ ! REVOLUTION C\LD BE DR[N$ 9 BLOOD BY REACTION>Y =CES4 ,TOO MANY ( !IR DECISIONS W]E 9FLU5C$ BY P>TY PATRIOTISM4 

,READ+ ,S]GE'S BODY ( WORK ON ! ,U,S,S,R IS 9DISP5SABLE = ANYONE :O WANTS TO GET A FEEL = ! ATMOSPH]E ( ! #a#i#b'S & #cS 9SIDE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 & HE SPELL$ \T ! DILEMMAS ( ! #a#i#dS ) A S5SE ( IMM$IACY & CL>ITY4 ,?IS CONTRIBUTES TO HIS CURR5T APPEAL -- BECAUSE HE LIT]ALLY RECALLS ANO!R WORLD4 ,9 FACT RESCU+ ,S]GE FROM OBSCURITY HELPS RECAPTURE A VITAL S5SE ( HI/ORY1 ONE ?AT SALVAGES :AT %\LD ALWAYS HAVE BE5 A TRUISM -- ?AT DEMOCRACY IS A CRUCIAL COMPON5T ( SOCIALISM4 

,S]GE'S E>LY 9FLU5CES W]E AN>*I/4 ,HIS P>5TS W]E ,RUSSIAN AN>*O- POPULI/S FROM ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA 7,PEOPLE'S ,WILL72 HIS UNCLE WAS EXECUT$ = HIS P>TICIPATION 9 ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ,S]GE'S P>5TS HAD TO FLEE !IR NATIVE ,RUSSIA :5 ! REPRESSION FOLL[+ ! ASSASS9ATION COMPLETELY BROKE ! ORGANIZATION 7,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA47 ,?US1 ,S]GE WAS BORN 9 EXILE 9 ,BELGIUM & SP5T HIS E>LY YE>S !RE 7& 9 ,LONDON74 ,HE WROTE 9 HIS ,MEMOIRS ?AT HIS P>5TS' H\SE 9 ,BRUSSELS WAS A GA!R+ PLACE = O!R AN>*I/ EXILES1 & ON ! WALLS HUNG PORTRAITS ( EXECUT$ AN>*I/S4 ,IT IS NO WOND] ?AT HIS E>LY POLITICAL COMMITM5T WAS AN>*I/4 

,TO UND]/& ,S]GE'S POLITICAL J\RNEY1 CONTEXT IS CRITICAL4 ,S]GE WAS BORN 9 #a#h#i4 ,AT AGE #ae HE FIR/ JO9$ ! ,BELGIAN ,Y\NG ,SOCIALI/S4 ,HE MOV$ T[>D AN>*ISM 9 DISGU/ & IMPATI5CE3 ! ,BELGIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS W]E SIMPLY OPPORTUNI/IC1 CORRUPT & /UCK 9 ELECTORAL POLITICS4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 IT WAS #a#i#e1 ! YE> ?AT SAW ! BIR? ( ! ,WOBBLIES1 PA?-BREAK+ DISCOV]IES1 & GIGANTIC /RUGGLES4 ,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA SPREAD TO ,F9L&1 !RE W]E /RIKE WAVES 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,G]MANY & BEYOND4 ,S]GE & HIS Y\NG COMRADES W]E ANIMAT$ BY ?IS SURGE ( /RUGGLE :I* PUT ! RE=MISM ( ! ,BELGIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 EV5 />K] LI<T4 ,!Y W]E ATTRACT$ TO ! ACTIONS AS WELL AS ! PASSIONS ( ! /RIK]S 9 ,PETROGRAD & ELSE:]E4 ,LOOK+ AT ,BELGIUM1 ,S]GE BECAME DISILLUSION$ ) ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S1 AS WELL AS ! MASSES :O LACK$ ! H]OIC MILITANCY HE SAW 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,HE & HIS FRI5DS MOV$ TO AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,HIS E>LY AN>*ISM WAS AN 
EXT5SION ( HIS BOYHOOD FRI5D%IPS & HIS COMMITM5T TO LIB]TY & ACTION1 AS WELL AS HIS DISGU/ ) ! /ODGY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MISLEAD]S ( HIS TIME4 

,S]GE'S E>LY CONVICTION WAS ?AT ( AN 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/1 BUT HE 'GRADUAT$' FROM ! 9DIVIDUALI/ & EV5 ILLEGALI/ VIEWS TO ?AT ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM & FROM !RE TO ,BOL%EVISM4 ,?IS ALL TOOK PLACE FROM #a#i#i-#a#i#a#g4 

,JU/ TO READ A SAMPL+ ( ,S]GE'S WORK AFFIRMS ?AT HE WAS AN ACTIVE AN>*I/1 BUT IT IS ALSO CLE> ?AT HE WAS OP5-M9D$ & ADV5TUR\S4 ,HE EXP]IM5T$ ) VEGET>IANISM1 LIV$ 9 AN AN>*I/ COMMUNE1 & HIS *ILDHOOD FRI5DS W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! 9FAM\S ,BONNOT GANG1 AS WAS ,S]GE1 AT LEA/ 9TELLECTUALLY4 ,S]GE DID NOT ACCEPT1 NOR EV] SUBMIT HIMSELF & HIS ACTION TO ! DICTATES ( ANY AU?ORITY4 ,HE *ANG$1 AS DID A G5]ATION BY ! ACTUALITY ( ! FIR/ SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,9 ! DOCK 9 #aiac AT ! S5SATIONAL POLITICAL TRIAL ( ! 9FAM\S ,BONNOT GANG 7! SOCIAL B&ITS ( PRE-W> ,FRANCE :O W]E RU?LESSLY REPRESS$71 ,S]GE KEPT SOLID>ITY :ILE DRAW+ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 AN>*ISM & 'ILLEGALISM4' ,?\< P>T ( ! ,BONNOT GANG1 ,S]GE 7/ILL GO+ BY ! NAME ,KIBAL*I* !N7 WAS A PROPAG&I/ RA!R ?AN A B&IT4 ,:5 ! V]DICTS CAME 9 ,S]GE WAS S5T5C$ TO FIVE YE>S 9 SOLIT>Y AS ! 9TELLECTUAL R+LEAD]4 ,EV5 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ,S]GE WROTE 7SIGN+ HIS >TICLES 0,LE ,RETIF0 OR ! /UBBORN ONE7 ?AT HIS MULTIPLE POLITICAL COMMITM5TS ( ! TIME DEMON/RAT$ HIS GR[+ AMBIVAL5CE ) 9DIVIDUALISM & HIS ATTRACTION TO ! DEVELOP+ REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,HE >GU$ HE WAS MOV+ FROM 9DIVIDUALISM TO SOCIAL ACTION4 ,FROM #aih ON ,S]GE WROTE AGA9/ ! ILL-ADVIS$1 EV5 MAD VIOL5CE & FUTILE TACTICS & IDEALS ( ! ,BONNOT B&ITS4 ,9 ! ,MEMOIRS ,S]GE DESCRIB$ !IR DESC5T 9TO VIOL5CE AS 0A K9D ( MADNESS0 & 0LIKE A COLLECTIVE SUICIDE40.<#e#d#i.> 

,S]GE CONC$$ ?AT AT ! TIME 0WE WANT$ TO BE REVOLUTION>IES2 WE W]E ONLY REBELS40 ,IT WAS 9 FACT ! FIVE YE>S 9 PRISON1 PLUS HIS FIFTE5 MON?S 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMP AT ,PRECIGNE :]E HE WAS 9 A ,BOL%EVIK /UDY CIRCLE ?AT ,S]GE REFLECT$1 /UDI$ S]I\SLY & GREW POLITICALLY4 ,BY HIS [N ADMISSION HE CONSID]$ 
AN>*ISM A DEAD 5D AS E>LY AS #a#i#a#c1 BUT DID NOT MAKE ! MOVE TO ,BOL%EVISM = ANO!R FIVE YE>S4 ,9 ,SPA9 9 #aiag ,S]GE LEFT BEH9D HIS AN>*O-9DIVIDUALISM1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! SYNDICALI/ UPRIS+1 TOOK ON ! NAME ,VICTOR ,S]GE & !N BEGAN HIS J\RNEY TO HIS NEV]-SE5 HOMEL&1 ! ,RUSSIA ( REVOLUTION4 

,HE NEV] LOOK$ BACK3 HE DIDN'T TRY SOME IMPOSSIBLE MIX ( AN>*ISM & ,BOL%EVISM1 HE BECAME A ,BOL%EVIK & !N A ,LEFT ,OPPOSITIONI/4 ,NOT ONLY DID HE BREAK ) AN>*ISM1 HE WROTE 9 0L'AN>*ISME0 ?AT BEG9N+ ) ,BAKUN9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAD ITS %>E ( AU?ORIT>IAN & 9TOL]ANT *>ACT]S.<#e#e.> & ?AT AN>*I/S FAIL TO RECOGNIZE ! NECESSITY ( L>GE 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 ! IMPORTANCE ( POLITICAL P[] 9 SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 ! COMPLEXITY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( BUILD+ AN EQUITABLE & FREE SOCIETY )\T PASS+ ?R\< DIV]SE PHASES ( TRANSITION4 ,ITS DOCTR9E1 ,S]GE NOT$1 IS IDEALI/ & COMPLETELY UTOPIANI/4.<#e#e#a.> 

,BEG9N+ 9 #aiah ,S]GE TOOK IT UPON HIMSELF1 AS AN AN>*I/ TURN$ ,BOL%EVIK TO P]SUADE HIS AN>*I/ COMRADES TO SUPPORT ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,S]GE HIMSELF WRITES A CRITIQUE ( ! AN>*I/S LAT]1 M5TION$ ABOVE4 ,HE WAS A MAN ( ACTION1 BUT EV5 MORE A MAN ( LETT]S3 ?AT IS HIS DUAL *>ACT]1 & WE KN[ ( ,S]GE BECAUSE ( ! LIT]>Y LEGACY HE HAS LEFT US4 

,S]GE HIMSELF WAS A WORK]1 & SP5T HIS 5TIRE LIFE 9 POV]TY4 ,HE WORK$ 9 PR9T%OPS & WAS A MEMB] ( ! PR9T]S UNION 9 ,SPA94 ,HE ALSO WORK$ AS A COPY$ITOR1 & TRANSLATOR4 ,HE HAD NO NE$ TO 'GLORIFY' ! WORK+ CLASS1 NOR DID HE HOLD BACK :5 HE WAS DISAPPO9T$ 9 MISS$ OPPORTUNITIES BY ! CLASS4 ,AS A WRIT]1 HE WAS COMMITT$ TO 0EXPRESS+ TO M5 :AT MO/ ( !M LIVE 9W>DLY )\T BE+ ABLE TO EXPRESS1 AS A MEANS ( COMMUNION1 A TE/IMONY TO ! VA/ FL[ ( LIFE ?R\< US1 :OSE ESS5TIAL ASPECTS WE MU/ TRY TO FIX = ! B5EFIT ( ?OSE :O WILL COME AFT] US40.<#e#e#b.> 

,S]GE'S J\RNEY FROM 'BLACK' TO 'R$' FOLL[$ ! MOM5T\S HI/ORICAL 
CLEAVAGES ( ! DAY3 W>1 REVOLUTION1 CIVIL W>4 ,HE >RIV$ 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ! 
FROZ5 W9T] ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#i1 ! C\NTRY 5GULF$ 9 ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,HE *OSE SIDES1 JO9+ 
) ! REVOLUTION & ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ?\< ALREADY AL>M$ ?AT ! VIBRANT 
9/RUM5TS ( SOVIET DEMOCRACY W]E BE+ %UT D[N & R$ T]ROR MAT*$ ! 
F]OCI\S T]ROR ( ! :ITES4 ,TOTALIT>IANISM H>DLY EXI/$ AS A WORD1 BUT IT WAS 
EM]G5T 9 PO/-,CIVIL ,W> ,RUSSIA4 ,S]GE'S EYES W]E WIDE OP51 & HE S5S$ ! 
DANG]S TO COME1 WAS TORN BY ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 !ORY & REALITY1 ! GR[? ( 
PRIVILEGE & BUREAUCRACY4 ,LIKE ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 ,S]GE UND]/OOD ! GIANT OB/ACLES 
?AT /OOD 9 ! WAY ( SOCIALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 BACKW>D ,RUSSIA1 YET ALSO UND]/OOD 
?AT HI/ORY PROVID$ FEW ALT]NATIVES -- & ,S]GE DECID$ ?AT ,BOL%EVISM WAS 
0TREM5D\SLY & VISIBLY RI<T4 ,IT M>K$ A NEW PO9T ( DEP>TURE 9 HI/ORY40.<#e#e#c.> 
,CAPITALISM SEEM$ F9I%$1 IF NOT SUICIDAL AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,! 9T]-W> P]IOD WAS 
SO UN/ABLE ?AT ! SURVIVAL ( CIVILIZATION WAS 9 QUE/ION IF CAPITALISM WAS NOT 
TRANS=M$4 ,YET 9 ! Y\NG ,SOVIET ,UNION ! PROMISES ( ! REVOLUTION W]E BE+ 
AB&ON$4 ,S]GE WROTE3 

,OV] ALL \R A*IEVEM5TS !RE HUNG A DEA?-S5T5CE2 S9CE = ALL ( US1 = \R IDEALS1 = ! NEW JU/ICE ?AT WAS PROCLAIM$1 = \R NEW COLLECTIVE ECONOMY4 ,/ILL 9 ITS 9FANCY1 DEFEAT W\LD HAVE BR\<T A P]EMPTORY DEA? & AFT] ?AT1 :O KN[S :AT8 ,I ?\<T ( ! ,REVOLUTION AS A TREM5D\S SACRIFICE ?AT WAS REQUIR$ = ! FUTURE'S SAKE2 & NO?+ SEEM$ TO ME MORE ESS5TIAL ?AN TO SU/A91 OR RESCUE1 ! SPIRIT ( LIB]TY )9 IT4.<#e#e#d.> 

,S]GE BELONG$ TO A CRITICALLY M9D$ & 9TELLIG5T GR\P ( OLD ,BOL%EVIKS.<#e#e#e.> :O RESOLUTELY RESI/$ TOTALIT>IANISM1 A L>GE GR\P HE 9SI/$ WAS RI<T AT ! HE>T ( ,BOL%EVISM4.<#e#e#f.> ,!Y F\<T A LOS+ BATTLE BECAUSE ( ,/AL9'S /RANGLEHOLD ON ALL =MS ( POLITICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL EXPRESSION4 ,S]GE BELIEV$ ! SOLUTION LAY 9 PU%+ = A REVIVAL ( ! SOVIETS AS AN >5A ( FREE POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,9/EAD ! 5TIRE CURR5T ( 
OLD ,BOL%EVIKS WAS SLAU<T]$1 & ANY HOPE ( SOCIALI/ REVIVAL DI$ ) !M4 

,?IS EXP]I5CE ( DEFEAT 9=M$ ALL ( ,S]GE'S ?9K+1 WRIT+ & ACTIVITY4 ,HE W>N$ ALL ALONG ( ! 9H]5T DANG]S ( A 'TOTALIT>IAN WAY ( ?9K+' -- BAS$ NOT ON LOOK+ = TRU?1 BUT ON CONDUCT+ A POLITICAL FI<T4 ,?IS ME?OD1 ,S]GE REM9D$ US1 DEVELOP$ UND] ! WEI<T ( ! ,/AL9I/ MA*9E :I* 5GAG$ 9 A DI/ORTION ( ?\<T1 FRAUD & MASSACRES SO MON/R\S AS TO BE UNIMAG9ABLE4 

,DEFEAT1 ,R5EWAL & ,DEMOCRACY -- ! HE>T ( SOCIALISM 

,/AL9 WAS 9SECURE 9 P[] & BECAME OBSESS$ ) OBLIT]AT+ OPPOSITION AT HOME & ABROAD4 ,IT MAY SEEM SURPRIS+ ?AT HE CONC5TRAT$ SU* FURY & ZEAL 9 HUNT+ D[N ! RA!R SMALL NUMB] ( ,TROTSKYI/S & OPPOSITIONI/S :O *ALL5G$ HIS RULE 9 F> LEFT J\RNALS & ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,WE/ 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS & E>LY #a#i#dS4 ,! MI<TY EF=T TO EXT+UI% ! SMALL FLAMES ( DEFIANCE SEEMS \T ( PROPORTION TO O!R TASKS AT H&1 LIKE PREP>+ = W>4 ,BUT ,M>XI/ CRITICS LIKE ,TROTSKY & ,S]GE W]E NOT JU/ A ?ORN 9 ,/AL9'S SIDE1 BUT A MORAL REPROA* TO HIS RULE4 ,BETT] TO SIL5CE !M1 TO PREV5T !IR VOICES FROM F9D+ L>GE AUDI5CES4 ,TROTSKY WAS ASSASS9AT$ 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d1 BUT ,S]GE SURVIV$ & CONT9U$ TO WRITE 9 PR(USION4 ,HIS F9AL ESSAYS & ?\<TS W]E DEVOT$ COMPLETELY TO ANALYZ+ ! FEATURES ( ! PO/W> P]IOD & TO HIS 9SI<T ?AT SOCIALISM W\LD HAVE TO UND]GO A R5EWAL 9 ORD] TO REMA9 RELEVANT4 

,YET BE=E ,TROTSKY WAS ASSASS9AT$ !RE W]E F\R YE>S ?AT BO? ,TROTSKY & ,S]GE W]E 9 ! ,WE/ & C\LD COLLABORATE4 ,?9K ( ! P[] ( !IR COMB9$ VOICES & COG5T WRIT+S 6 ,/AL9 HAD ]R$ 9 EXPELL+ !M BO?3 P]HAPS HE HADN'T IMAG9$ ?AT 9 EXILE !Y W\LD *ALL5GE EV]Y ASPECT ( HIS BETRAYALS & MURD]S4 ,TROTSKY L$ A SU/A9$ FI<T AGA9/ ,/AL9 S9CE HIS EXPULSION 9 #a#i#b#i1 EXPOS+ HIS CRIMES TO ! WORLD4 ,9 #aicf ,S]GE JO9$ ,TROTSKY 9 EXILE1 ANO!R ,BOL%EVIK ) AN ELOQU5T VOICE & P5 :O HAD /OOD ) ,TROTSKY S9CE #aibc C\LD N[ =TIFY ! FI<T AGA9/ ,/AL9'S CRIMES4 ,H[ TRAGIC !N1 ?AT !SE ANTI-,/AL9I/ VOICES W]E DIVID$1 ?AT !IR RELATION%IP BECAME ACRIMONI\S4 

,TROTSKY'S ASSASS9ATION WAS A T]RIBLE BL[ TO ! FOLL[]S ( HIS ?\<T EV]Y:]E4 ,?OSE :O W]E 9SPIR$ BY ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION LACK$ ! EXP]I5CE ,TROTSKY'S REVOLUTION>Y G5]ATION HAD 9 ORGANIZ+1 BUILD+ & MAK+ A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE !RE WAS A !ORETICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL DEP5D5CE ?AT NATURALLY DEVELOP$ & WAS PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ BY ,TROTSKY'S DEA?4 ,9 SOME WAYS REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+ WAS FROZ5 9 ! #aid M9DSET4 

,S]GE WAS A VITAL L9K TO ?AT G5]ATION1 EV5 ?\< HE >RIV$ ON ! ,SOVIET SC5E JU/ AFT] ! FIR/ YE> 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#i4 ,/AL9'S ,G,P,U AG5TS W]E ACTIVE 9 PROMOT+ DIVISIONS AMONG ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION MILITANTS & ,VICTOR ,S]GE 
WAS A VICTIM ( !IR DIRTY1 DIVISIVE WORK4.<#e#e#g.> ,BUT POLITICAL DIFF]5CES & ORGANIZATIONAL 
PRACTICES W]E ALSO RESPONSIBLE = /RA9+ HIS RELATIONS ) ,TROTSKY4.<#e#e#h.> ,S]GE TOOK P>T 9 ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL ?\< HE F\ND ! 9T]NAL ATMOSPH]E /IFL+ & 0C\LD NOT DETECT .<9 ! ,F,I.> ! HOPE ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION 9 ,RUSSIA = A R5EWAL ( ! 
IDEOLOGY1 MORALS & 9/ITUTIONS ( ,SOCIALISM40.<#e#e#i.> ,S]GE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT 0,SOCIALISM TOO HAD TO R5EW ITSELF 9 ! WORLD ( TODAY1 & ?AT ?IS MU/ TAKE PLACE ?R\< ! JETTISON+ ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 9TOL]ANT TRADITION ( TURN-(-!-C5TURY ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM40 

,!SE P]CEPTIONS PUT ,S]GE AT ODDS ) ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,WE/3 ,H]E WAS A TAL5T$1 COMPELL+ ,LEFT ,OPPOSITIONI/1 ! BE/ KN[N ,TROTSKYI/ 9 MANY 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLES1 YET HIS UNOR?ODOX APPROA* WAS CRITICIZ$ BY ,TROTSKY & ,TROTSKYI/S 
& CAUS$ MU* GRIEF = ,S]GE1 ISOLAT+ HIM FROM ! V]Y MOVEM5T -- ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION -- ?AT HE HAD DEVOT$ SO MANY YE>S TO & AT SU* RISK4 

,FROM ,S]GE'S 'PRES5T' TO \RS 

,9 SEV]AL ( ! ESSAYS ,S]GE WROTE 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE1 HE LOOK$ =W>D FROM ! DEFEATS 9FLICT$ BY ,/AL9ISM & ,FASCISM & CALL$ = A R5EWAL ( SOCIALISM4 ,SIXTY YE>S LAT] ! CALL REMA9S UNANSW]$4 ,AS ! PO/ ,COLD ,W> ]A /RUGGLES = DEF9ITION & ! WORLD FACES A BLEAK L&SCAPE ( COMPET+ RELIGI\S NATIONALISMS1 ! VIRTUAL COLLAPSE ( ,F9ANCE CAPITAL & DEVA/AT+ ECONOMIC CRISIS1 ! R5EWAL ( SOCIALISM SEEMS MORE URG5T ?AN EV]4 

,REVIEW+ ! ISSUES ?AT PREOCCUPI$ ,S]GE'S ?9K+ 9 !SE D>K YE>S YIELDS MU* TO RECLAIM = ! PRES5T DAY1 EV5 ?\< ! CONTEXT ( HIS TIME IS RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! 'PRES5T' WE 9HABIT4 ,S]GE WAS WRIT+ DUR+ ,W,W,I,I & ! IMM$IATE PO/W> 5VIRONM5T1 BE=E ! ,COLD ,W> BEGAN4.<#e#f.> ,H[ C\LD HE HAVE IMAG9$ ! 5D ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! DECL9E ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ! NEO-LIB]ALS1 NEO- CONS & ! RISE ( OBSCURANTI/ RELIGI\S T]RORI/S8 ,YET ! T5D5CIES HE NOT$ & ! QUE/IONS HE ASK$ 9 !IR REG>D >E RELEVANT4 ,ON ?IS NOTE ,S]GE PROV$ PRESCI5T3 IF AN HI/ORICALLY CONSCI\S COLLECTIVISM DID NOT SUCCESSFULLY *ALL5GE ! TOTALIT>IAN COLLECTIVISM ( ,/AL9ISM & FASCISM1 IT W\LD MEAN ! 5D ( SOCIALISM = A :OLE ]A4 

,S]GE HELD ?AT ! AXIOMS FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W]E NO LONG] ADEQUATE4 ,WRIT+ 9 #a#i#d#c1 HE OBS]V$ ?AT EV]Y?+ -- SCI5CE1 PRODUCTION1 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & 9TELLECTUAL CURR5TS -- ALL HAD *ANG$4 ,HI/ORY P]MITT$ APP>5T /ABILITY ONLY TO RELIGI\S DOGMAS4 ,AN 9TELLECTUAL RE>MAM5T WAS NECESS>Y4 ,AS ,S]GE NOT$1 0! POV]TY ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALISM CO9CIDES 444 ) ! IMM5SE REVOLUTION>Y 
CRISIS ( ! MOD]N WORLD ?AT HAS UNAVOIDABLY PUT ON ! ORD] ( ! DAY444 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! ACTION ( SOCIALISM -- ! PROBLEM ( A SOCIAL REORGANIZATION ORI5T$ T[>D ! RATIONAL & ! JU/40.<#e#f#a.> ,S]GE C\LDN'T EMPHASIZE /RONGLY 5\< ?AT ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HAD TO BREAK FREE FROM ITS FOSSILIZ$ ?9K+1 & ?AT ! T]RIBLE NEW CONDITIONS DEM&$ A NEW APPROA* -- DIALECTICAL ?\<T COMB9$ ) POLITICAL ACTION1 A =M ( ACTIVE HUMANISM4 

,S]GE WAS GRAPPL+ ) NEW UNC]TA9TIES1 FRU/RAT$ BY ! 9ABILITY ( SOCIALI/S TO ?9K CREATIVELY 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO 9T]PRET ! NEW WORLD CONJUNCTURE4 ,! ,U,S,S,R REPRES5T$ A NEW =CE 9 ! WORLD ?AT WAS NEI!R CAPITALI/ NOR SOCIALI/1 BUT ALT]$ ! NATURE ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT WAS N[ AN OB/ACLE TO SOCIALISM1 EX]T+ A NEGATIVE 9FLU5CE ON ALL CURR5T /RUGGLES4 ,WE HAVE YET TO RECOV] FROM ITS DAMAGE4 

,IT WAS SOB]+ TO REALIZE ?AT COLLECTIVISM WAS NOT SYNONYM\S ) SOCIALISM 7AS ,S]GE & HIS COMRADES HAD PREVI\SLY ?\<T7 & C\LD 9 FACT BE ANTI-SOCIALI/1 DEMON/RAT+ NEW =MS ( EXPLOITATION4 ,! WORLD HAD *ANG$1 & ! OLD !ORIES DIDN'T EXPLA9 ! ROLE ( ,/AL9I/ EXPANSION4 ,/AL9 DR[N$ SOCIALISM 9 BLOOD1 CREAT+ A T]RIBLE SY/EM ?AT BECAME EQUAT$ ) ,M>XISM4 ,! 9TELLECTUAL WEAKNESS ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 7SAPP$ ( ITS 5]GIES BY ! =MIDABLE ,/AL9I/ MA*9E7 C\LD ONLY BE REM$I$ BY AN 0EPO* ( UPRIS+40.<#e#f#b.> 

,WE >E O/5SIBLY 5T]+ ?AT EPO* ( UPRIS+1 H[EV] UNEV5 ITS ']UPTIONS4' ,UNEMPLOY$ IMMIGRANT Y\? REBELL$ 9 CONFUSION1 ANG] & FRU/RATION1 B]EFT ( ! 9TELLECTUAL >MOR REQUIR$ 9 ,FRANCE 9 #b#e1 :ILE SUP]-EXPLOIT$ IMMIGRANT LABOR MASSIVELY DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #b#f4 ,BY #bh ! WORLD F9ANCIAL SY/EM VIRTUALLY COLLAPS$1 ?\< SWIFT 9T]V5TION 9 ! =M ( BAIL\TS PREV5T$ CAPITALISM FROM GO+ UND]4 ,REEL+ FROM ! BL[S ( JOBLESSNESS & 9SECURITY ! WORK]S' RESPONSE HAS BE5 TEPID AT BE/1 ATOMIZ$ & OV]%AD[$ 9 ! ,U,S BY EXTREME RI<T-W+ SO-CALL$ POPULI/ RAGE4 ,! ,GREEK Y\? 
REBELLION ( ,*RI/MAS #b#h1 ! BOSS-NAPP+S 9 ,FRANCE >E SIGNS ?AT CREATIVE SOCIAL REVOLT IS ON ! ORD] ( ! DAY1 ?\< IT H>DLY MEANS ! 5D ( CAPITALISM1 JU/ BRI<T SPOTS ALONG ! WAY4 ,YET ! HOPE P]SI/S ?AT ! ECONOMY & SOCIETY CAN BE ORGANIZ$ TO S]VE HUMANITY & ! COMMUNITY -- NOT ! REV]SE4 

,S]GE MISJUDG$ ! T5D5CIES HE NOT$1 BELIEV+ ! WORLD WAS 9 TRANSITION AWAY FROM CAPITALISM UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,UNLIKE O!R ?9K]S ( ! TIME1 ,S]GE DID NOT PROCLAIM SOCIALISM A FAILURE1 BUT CALL$ = ITS REBIR?4 ,HE 9SI/$ ! AIMS MU/ BE = A SOCIETY ?AT GU>ANTEES HUMAN FRE$OM -- 9 ! 9T]E/S ( MORE ?AN JU/ ! WORK+ MASSES1 = ALL ( HUMANITY4 ,DEMOCRACY MU/ MEAN DEMOCRACY ( WORK2 LIB]TY MU/ MEAN P]SONAL & POLITICAL FRE$OM4 

,WE >E F> FROM REALIZ+ !SE GOALS1 YET EV] MORE PEOPLE >E POS+ ! NE$ TO A*IEVE !M4 ,! RELEASE 9 #bi ( ,MI*AEL ,MOORE'S FILM 0,CAPITALISM1 ,A ,LOVE ,/ORY0 CALLS = CAPITALISM TO BE REPLAC$ BY 'DEMOCRACY1' A DEMOCRACY ?AT 9CLUDES ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY4 ,! DEBASEM5T ( ! V]Y LANGUAGE ( LIB]ATION BY ! ,/AL9I/ REGIMES POS+ AS SOCIALI/S REQUIRES1 IT SEEMS1 EUPHEMISMS = SOCIALISM4 

,H[EV] DIFFICULT ! PRES5T MAY SEEM1 IT IS SALI5T TO RECALL ! SITUATION ( ,LEFT ,OPPOSITIONI/S LIKE ,S]GE :O SURVIV$ ! '#cS :5 !Y W]E H\ND$ BY ! ,N,K,V,D & ! ,GE/APO1 & :O REJECT$ BO? ,/AL9ISM & ! ,COLD ,W> LIB]ALISM ( CAPITALISM4 ,S]GE CAUTION$ ?AT NEGATIVISM IS AN ATTITUDE1 NOT A SOLUTION4 ,ALL WE HAVE LEFT IS 9TELLIG5CE1 ?AT IS1 KN[L$GE & TE*NIQUE1 & AN 9N] IMPULSE = A MORE DIGNIFI$ LIFE4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ! MANY SOCIALI/S :O HAD REV]T$ TO ,*RI/IAN MY/ICISM OR TO ?OSE :O RETREAT$ TO 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( CONSCI5CE1 ,S]GE NOT$ ?AT SCRUPLES & ! C\RAGE ( CONSCI5CE >E ABSOLUTE NECESSITIES1 BUT HAVE NO SOCIAL VALUE UNLESS CONJO9$ ) ACTION ?AT IS P]SEV]+1 G5]AL & DRAWS 9 ! GREATE/ NUMB]S4 ,?AT WAS 9 #a#i#d#e1 BUT C\LD HAVE BE5 WRITT5 = TODAY4 ,S]GE CONCLUD$ 
?AT A PROGRESSIVE MOVEM5T IS NE$$4.<#e#f#c.> 

,NOT JU/ ANY PROGRESSIVE MOVEM5T1 BUT ONE ?AT HAD A S5SE ( HI/ORY & RECOGNIZ$ ?AT DEMOCRACY -- CONTROL FROM BEL[ -- IS ESS5TIAL4 ,AGA91 :AT WAS TRUE 
!N REMA9S SO TODAY4 ,! ,/AL9I/ SC\RGE NE>LY ]ADICAT$ ! NOTION ?AT SOCIALISM IS FULL DEMOCRACY1 & R5D]$ IT EQUIVAL5T 9 ! POPUL> M9D ) ANTI-DEMOCRACY4 

,MU* ( :AT ,S]GE WROTE IS ! PRODUCT ( HIS EF=TS TO COME TO GRIPS ) A WORLD :]E TOTALIT>IANISM & TOTALIT>IAN COLLECTIVISM1 AS HE CALL$ IT1 DOM9AT$ BO? ! ,SOVIET ,UNION &1 9CREAS+LY1 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,AT W>'S 5D1 ) FASCISM DEFEAT$ & ,/AL9ISM SURVIV+1 ,S]GE WAS LEFT TO SURVEY ! L&SCAPE1 TO MAP ! CONT\RS ( ! WORLD 9 PROCESS ( BECOM+4 ,( C\RSE HE C\LDN'T SEE PA/ ! P]IOD HE LIV$ 91 & HIS VISION PROV$ WRONG = ! MO/ P>T4 ,9 \R PRES5T PO/-,COLD ,W> WORLD ( DECL9E1 ,S]GE'S CALL = A R5EWAL ( SOCIALI/ ?9K+ IS LONG OV]DUE4 

,! WORLD ,S]GE BELIEV$ LAY AHEAD DOES NOT EXI/4 ,WE LIVE 9 AN ]A ( FAIL$ NEO-LIB]ALISM & CANNIBALI/IC F9ANCE CAPITAL4 ,SPECI\S /ABILITY & SECURITY >E 9T]RUPT$ BY UNCOM=TABLE REM9D]S ( GROTESQUE 9EQUALITIES & DA%$ ASPIRATIONS1 BY SPONTANE\S RIOTS & MASS REBELLIONS1 OR VILE ACTS ( 9DIVIDUAL T]ROR ?AT WREAK HAVOC & 9VITE REPRESSION 9 ! =M ( RE/RICT$ CIVIL LIB]TIES4 ,! SURVIV+ SUP]-P[] -- ! ,U,S -- /UMBLES 9 AN>*IC DECL9E SEEM+LY UNABLE &_/OR 

UNWILL+ TO RESPOND TO CATA/ROPHES ( ! NATURAL1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC1 EXCEPT TO 
CRACK D[N & ATTACK LIV+ /&>DS4.<#e#f#d.> ,! ELECTION ( ,B>ACK ,OBAMA BR\<T A S5SE ( RELIEF & UNLEA%$ P5T-UP HOPE1 BUT PROMIS$ RE=MS H>DLY MAT* ! SPE$ ( ! COLLAPS+ ECONOMY & 9CREAS+LY VOLATILE CLIMACTIC CONDITIONS4 

,/AL9ISM & ! ,COLD ,W> W]E DISA/R\S = SOCIALISM4 ,! LEFT REMA9S M>G9AL 9 ! ,WE/ & RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM GRIPS MU* ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ :]E ! LEFT WAS SY/EMATICALLY REPRESS$1 KILL$ OR =C$ 9TO EXILE4 ,:AT1 !N1 ( ,S]GE'S ?9K+ IS RELEVANT = ! PRES5T WE \RSELVES 9HABIT & ! FUTURE WE FACE8 ,:AT CAN BE SALVAG$ FROM HIS WRIT+S1 GIV5 SO MU* HAS *ANG$8 

,= ,S]GE ! /RUGGLE TO R5EW REQUIR$ CREATIVE ?\<T1 BUT ALSO FEALTY TO ! PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY1 LIB]TY1 FREE 9QUIRY1 & 9 G5]AL1 ! CONDITIONS TO 5HANCE HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,= US1 IT ALSO REQUIRES A COMMITM5T TO FULL DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ! PO/-,COLD ,W> WORLD AIL+ P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 DEGRAD$ BEYOND RE/ITUTION4 
,TODAY ! /RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY IS A DIRECT /RUGGLE = NEW =MS ( DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+1 EX]CIS$ LOCALLY FROM BEL[ -- CALL IT 'G5U9E' OR 'AU!NTIC' DEMOCRACY1 BUT 9 A WORD IT IS ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM4 ,DEMOCRACY IS NOT AN ACCESSORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS2 IT IS AT ! HE>T ( ! SOCIALI/ PROJECT4 ,SOCIALISM )\T DEMOCRACY ISN'T SOCIALISM4 

,DEMOCRACY & ,SOCIALISM 

,LOOK+ BACK AT :AT HAPP5$ TO SOVIET DEMOCRACY -- SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY -- 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION IS 9/RUCTIVE1 GIV5 ! 9FLU5CE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION HAS HAD ON ALL SUBSEQU5T REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES4 ,! PROBLEM = ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS ?AT !IR COMMITM5T TO DEMOCRACY FROM BEL[ WAS UND]DEVELOP$ & !N SACRIFIC$ BY ! DIRE CONDITIONS DUR+ ! CIVIL W> & ! ?REAT ( REACTION4 ,/AL9 OBLIT]AT$ ! ISSUE COMPLETELY 9 LAT] YE>S4.<#e#f#e.> ,AS MU* AS WE SCRUT9IZE ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE1 IT IS ( LIMIT$ UTILITY = ! PRES5T -- ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS !Y FAC$ DO NOT EXI/ & WON'T BE REPEAT$4 

,! ,SOVIETS DID NOT LIVE UP TO !IR PROMISE AS 9/ITUTIONS ( DEMOCRATIC CONTROL1 & !Y SURVIV$ ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 NAME ONLY4 ,REVIV+ ! ,SOVIETS 9 ! SITUATION ( ! #a#i#bS WAS NOT A HI< PRIORITY1 DESPITE ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION'S CRITIQUE ( GR[+ BUREAUCRATIZATION & ! /IFL+ ( DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,P>TY4 ,! ISSUE ( DEMOCRACY 9 ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE WAS R>ELY ADDRESS$4 ,S]GE RAIS$ ! ISSUE ( REVITALIZ+ POLITICAL P>TIES & POLITICAL LIFE1 YET EV5 :ILE DEM&+ DEMOCRACY BO? 9 & \T ( ! P>TY1 ,S]GE ADMITT$ ?AT AFT] #aiba 0EV]YBODY ?AT ASPIRES TO SOCIALISM IS 9SIDE ! P>TY2 :AT REMA9S \TSIDE ISN'T WOR? MU* = ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION40 ,?IS EXPLA9S TO SOME DEGREE !IR CONC5TRATION ON 9N]-P>TY DEMOCRACY RA!R ?AN ON REVITALIZ+ DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS = ! SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,?IS PRES5T$ A CONTRADICTION = ! ,BOL%EVIKS :O RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! SOVIETS W]E BO? ! TOOL ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS & ! =M ( TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM3 9T]NATIONALISM WAS MORE 
IMPORTANT TO !M ?AN 5SUR+ ! SURVIVAL ( DEMOCRACY4 ,SOCIALISM IS CONTROL FROM BEL[ & SOVIETS 9 !ORY >E ! 9/RUM5T4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 P[] 9 ! #a#i#bS W]E LESS CONC]N$ ) SOVIET DEMOCRACY ?AN ) ! DANG] ( CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS UND] SIEGE3 ! ,S,RS TOOK UP >MS AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 & ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS ! LA/ /RAW = ! AN>*I/S4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HADN'T 9T5D$ TO RULE ALONE1 BUT !Y ONLY TRU/$ !MSELVES TO UND]/& ! NATURE ( ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM 9 ! WORLD -- NO O!R POLITICAL P>TY SAW ! IMPORTANCE ( ! EXT5SION ( ! REVOLUTION AS ! ONLY WAY !Y C\LD SURVIVE1 SO ,L59 & ,TROTSKY DIDN'T TRU/ ! O!RS TO RULE ) !M4 ,) ! ,BOL%EVIKS REPRES5T+ ! MAJORITY 9 ! SOVIETS1 ! LOCUS ( ACTIVITY %IFT$ TO :AT !Y SAW AS ! MORE IMPORTANT POLITICAL >5A ( ! ,P>TY4 ,SO ! CONTRADICTIONS RESID+ 9 CREAT+ VIBRANT REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS ( DEMOCRATIC CONTROL FROM BEL[ W]E EVID5T FROM ! \TSET4 

,! QUE/ION ( =MS1 H[EV]1 IS /ILL IMPORTANT4 ,! PROMISE ( SOCIALISM WAS ( A G5U9E DEMOCRACY ) SOVIETS OR C\NCILS AS ! ORGANIZATIONAL =M4 ,WORK]S W\LD BE ! MA/]S ( !IR DE/9Y3 PEOPLE W\LD ORGANIZE COLLECTIVELY1 AT EV]Y LEVEL FROM BOTTOM TO TOP TO BECOME ! MA/]S ( !IR WORK1 !IR LIVES & !IR FATE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION HELD \T ! PROMISE ( SOCIALISM1 BUT IT WAS DOOM$ BY ITS ISOLATION & DA%$ BY ! RISE ( ,/AL94 

,GIV5 ! HUGE 9FLU5CE ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION HAD ON REVOLUTION>IES EV]Y:]E !REAFT]1 ! P>TICUL> CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT *OK$ DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R W]E OV]LOOK$ :ILE ! AU?ORIT>IAN MODEL WAS G5]ALIZ$4 ,! M>K] ( A HEAL?Y REVOLUTION -- ORGANS ( DEMOCRATIC CONTROL FROM BEL[ AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION & TRANSITION -- WAS RELEGAT$ TO RHETORIC1 NOT REALITY4 

,! FEW SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTIONS AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION DEVELOP$ AS COPIES ( ! ,/AL9IZ$ ,SOVIET ,UNION3 BUREAUCRATIC1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 ANTI-DEMOCRATIC & (T5 NATIONALI/ SOCIETIES ) LITTLE RESEMBLANCE TO SOCIALISM4 ,YET 9 ! PO/W> 7,W,W,I,I7 ,WE/1 DEMOCRATIC ADVANCES W]E BE+ WON BY SOCIALI/S 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 9 
EFFECT 5HANC+ DEMOCRACY4 ,S]GE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 0SOCIALISM HAS ONLY BE5 ABLE TO GR[ )9 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY 7( :I* IT WAS A L>GE EXT5T ! CREATOR70.<#e#f#f.> & CAUTION$ ?AT FUR!R ADVANCES W]E ONLY POSSIBLE ?R\< UTMO/ 9TRANSIG5CE AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM & CAPITALI/ CONS]VATISM4 ,HE UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS PR9CIPL$ FI<T W\LD BE A REVOLUTION>Y ONE4 

,IT MAY SEEM P>ADOXICAL ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION CRU%$ DEMOCRACY AT HOME & BETRAY$ ! REVOLUTION'S PROMISE -- YET ?AT PROMISE 9FLU5C$ DEMOCRATIC RE=MS 9 ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,IMPORTANT ELEM5TS ( A MORE ADVANC$ POLITICAL DEMOCRACY1 SU* AS UNIV]SAL FRAN*ISE1 REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 FREE SPEE* & O!R BASIC RI<TS1 W]E WON & CONC$$ TO 9 RESPONSE TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & TO CONTA9 RADICALISM AT HOME4 

,! DEMOCRATIC GA9S ( ! SECOND HALF ( ! #b? ,C5TURY1 BR\<T BY ! LABOR1 ,CIVIL RI<TS & ! WOM5'S MOVEM5TS SIGNIFICANTLY DEEP5$ DEMOCRACY 
LEAD+ TO SUB/ANTIAL *ANGES 9 ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACIES )\T APPRECIABLY 
DEEP5+ ! /RUGGLE = 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 OR FUR!R SPECIFIC WORK]S RI<TS4.<#e#f#g.> 

,!SE RE=MS /R5G!N$ DEMOCRACY1 BUT CUT 9TO ! PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITALISM4 ,) ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CONCESSIONS W]E LESS NECESS>Y1 & 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO DELIV] 9 ! AGE ( F9ANCE CAPITAL4 ,P]HAPS IT IS NO SURPRISE !N ?AT ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HA/5$ ! DECL9E ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE >E SEE+ ! HOLL[+ \T ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 P]HAPS NO:]E MORE PRON\NC$ ?AN 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ITSELF4 ,IT IS C>ICATUR$ 9 ! SO-CALL$ NEW DEMOCRACIES ( ! =M] ,SOVIET BLOC & 9 OCCUPI$ ,IRAQ4 ,! PROMISE ( DEMOCRACY IS POT5T & EV5 RISKY4 ,MORE & MORE PEOPLE DEM& ! G5U9E >TICLE1 NOT MANAG$ ELECTORAL %AMS -- AS WE HAVE SE5 9 ! CONT9U$ SO-CALL$ COLOR$ REVOLUTIONS \/+ LEAD]S :O *EAT$ !IR WAY TO 
P[] 9 FRAUDUL5T ELECTIONS1 OR EV5 ! RAGE & HOPE GALVANIZ$ BY ! ,OBAMA ELECTION 9 ! ,U,S4 

,! #b#a/ ,C5TURY BEGAN ) ! PESSIMISM ( ,T,9,A 7!RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE71 :ILE ! CL>ION CALL ( ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION ACTIVI/S IS ?AT 'ANO!R WORLD IS POSSIBLE4' ,! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R LEFT 9 ITS WAKE REVULSION & REJECTION ( /ATI/ SOLUTIONS & HAS PROVOK$ A RESURG5CE ( VAGUE PRO-AN>*I/ S5TIM5TS EVID5T 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS LEFT & RI<T4 ,! REACTION 9 ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION 7,F,S,U7 WAS H>DLY SURPRIS+ GIV5 ! P[] ( ITS /ATE OV] EV]Y ASPECT ( PEOPLE'S LIVES4 ,MORE SURPRIS+ P]HAPS IS ?AT ! YE>N+ = A TIME ( ORD] & SECURITY HAS MADE ! TIME ( ,/AL9 SEEM DESIRABLE 9 COMP>ISON4 7,?IS REQUIRES NOT ROSE-COLOR$ GLASSES1 BUT A D5IAL ( HI/ORY 6 7 

,! 9TELLECTUAL RE>MAM5T ,S]GE CALL$ = HAS NOT OCCURR$4 ,IF ANY?+1 MORE CONFUSION RA!R ?AN LESS REIGNS TODAY1 9 ?IS P]IOD ( G5]ALIZ$ ATTACK ON LIV+ /&>DS & DEMOCRATIC RI<TS4 ,REACTION TO !SE CLASS-BAS$ POLICIES HAS GIV5 RISE TO NO/ALGIA = ! NATION-/ATE1 AS IF IT W]E A B5IGN /RUCTURE ! =CES ( GLOBALIZATION & ,WALL ,/REET HAVE UND]M9$4 ,AS WORK]S VA9LY LOOK TO ! NATION /ATE = PROTECTION AGA9/ ! =CES ( GLOBALIZ+ CAPITAL1 !Y >E DEM&+ ?AT ! /ATE CONS]VE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC B5EFITS WON ?R\< YE>S ( /RUGGLE4 ,BUT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 EFFECT WAS CAPITALISM"7S RESPONSE TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & AS ! ,U,S,S,R IMPLOD$ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ALSO FELL 9TO DECL9E4 

,DESPITE ! ADVANCES ?AT HAVE BE5 WON1 ! LABOR & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS HAVE BE5 WEAK5$ 9 ! AGE ( F9ANCE CAPITAL & ?IS IS DIRECTLY TI$ TO ! DECL9E ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ! ,U,S1 GOV]NM5T EFFICI5CY IS AN OXYMORON1 BUREAUCRATIC RIGIDITY GETS 9 ! WAY ( DELIV]+ RELIEF & ! ACTUAL EX]CISE ( DEMOCRACY IS HUGELY TA9T$ BY CORRUPTION & VA/ 9FUSIONS ( MONEY4 

,AU!NTIC DEMOCRACY -- CONTROL FROM BEL[ -- REQUIRES A SUFFICI5T LEVEL ( UND]/&+ & $UCATION1 & IS IMPOSSIBLE IF MONEY HAS 9FLU5CE 9 ! PROCESS4 ,9 MANY WAYS ! /RUGGLE = ?IS BOTTOM UP DEMOCRACY IS A REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ?AT 9VOLVES COM+ UP ) BETT] =MS ?AN ! SOVIETS PROMIS$3 GETT+ REAL DEMOCRACY 
MEANS GETT+ REVOLUTION>Y4 ,WE CAN'T PRESUME 9 ADVANCE :AT =MS ! WORK+ CLASS WILL TAKE :5 IT ACTS = ITSELF4 ,! POLITICAL =M WILL BE DET]M9$ BY ! /RUGGLE ITSELF1 ?\< )\T CONTROL FROM BEL[ 9 A SOCIETY ?AT IS PROGRESSIVELY ELIM9AT+ ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & HAS A HI< LEVEL ( $UCATION & P>TICIPATION1 SUB/ANTIVE DEMOCRACY REMA9S BUT A DREAM4 

,9 #aidc ,VICTOR ,S]GE WROTE ?AT 0WE >E PRISON]S ( SOCIAL SY/EMS WORN TO ! PO9T ( BREAKD[N10 & HE LAM5T$ ?AT EV5 ! CLE>-SI<T$ >E HALF-BL9D1 FILL$ ) CONFUS$ HOPES4 ,:AT WAS TRUE MID-#b? C5TURY IS ALSO TRUE TODAY4 ,! R5EWAL ( SOCIALISM DEP5DS ON \R DISC>D+ ALL ! REMNANTS ( ,/AL9ISM1 REJECT+ ! CORRUPT+ DIVISIONS ( CAPITALISM1 & RECAPTUR+ ! D>+ & IMAG9ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ! E>LY #b? ,C5TURY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT BLACK & R$ >E NOT DEAD4 ,TO BE SOCIALLY EFFECTIVE REQUIRES LUCIDITY1 C\RAGE1 & HOPE4 ,S]GE W\LD ALSO REM9D US NOT TO LOSE SI<T ( ! IRREPRESSIBLE HUMAN IMPULSE = FRE$OM1 DIGNITY & AUTONOMY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a#a1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/