,P>T #a#e1 ,*APT] #b 
,PO/-,AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI 

,TEXT 3 

,PO/-,AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM 

,SIMON ,*OAT 

,P[] & ,SUBJECTIVITY3 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,PO/-,AN>*ISM 

,PROM95T PO/-AN>*I/S 9CLUDE ,TODD ,MAY1 ,SAUL ,NEWMAN1 & ,LEWIS ,CALL3 !Y >GUE BO? ?AT !RE IS A CONT9UUM BETWE5 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM & PO/-/RUCTURALISM & ?AT ! LATT] CAN RADICALIZE & RE5]GIZE ! =M]4 ,IT IS CLAIM$ BY PO/-AN>*I/S ?AT :]EAS ,M>XISM IS ECONOMICALLY R$UCTIONI/ & PLACES ITS FAI? 9 ! NOTION ( A VANGU>D P>TY ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 BO? CLASSICAL AN>*ISM & PO/-/RUCTURALISM ADVANCE A MORE SUBTLE ANALYSIS ( P[] 9 ITS [N RI<T1 IRR$UCIBLE TO ! ECONOMY1 & PLACE !IR FAI? 9 RESI/ANCE FROM BEL[1 OPPOS+ ALL =MS ( HI]>*Y4 ,CLASSICAL AN>*ISM IS NONE!LESS CRITICIZ$ = RETA9+ AN ESS5TIALI/ CONCEPT ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT & = FOCUS+ TOO MU* ON ! P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS >GU$ ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALISM1 ) ITS DEC5T]+ ( SUBJECTIVITY & ITS DEEP5+ ( ! CRITIQUE ( P[] BEYOND /ATE & CAPITAL1 CAN H]E ACT AS A CORRECTIVE1 LEAD+ TO A PO/AN>*ISM -- OR PO/-/RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM -- ?AT CAN ACT AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN & ANA*RONI/IC DISC\RSE ( ,M>XISM4 

,?IS PAP] *ALL5GES SOME ( ! ASSUMPTIONS ( PO/-AN>*ISM1 >GU+ ?AT PO/-AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 TOO QUICK TO M>G9ALIZE ,M>XISM4 ,PO/-AN>*I/S >E CORRECT TO CLAIM ?AT ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM IS VALUABLE -- BUT !Y >E ALSO CORRECT TO HI<LI<T ! NAIVETY ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM'S ASSUMPTIONS AB\T SUBJECTIVITY & P[]1 & IT IS PRECISELY H]E ?AT IT IS B5EFICIAL TO TURN TO ,M>X4 ,:]EAS CLASSICAL AN>*ISM REMA9S RELIANT ON A CONV5TIONAL CONCEPT ( HUMAN NATURE1 ,M>X ANTICIPATES PO/-/RUCTURALISM BY ANALYZ+ ! WAYS 9 :I* DIFF]5T =MS ( SUBJECTIVITY >E PRODUC$4 ,SIMIL>LY1 :ILE CLASSICAL AN>*ISM T5DS TO VIEW P[] AS PURELY REPRESSIVE & CONF9$ TO ! /ATE1 IT IS ,M>X :O WID5S ! SCOPE ( P[]1 EXAM9+ RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION BEYOND ! /ATE & CONCEPTUALIZ+ P[] AS PRODUCTIVE 7( SUBJECTIVITY7 RA!R ?AN M]ELY REPRESSIVE4 ,I CONCLUDE ?AT A CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICS 9=M$ BY PO/-/RUCTURALISM CAN BE/ SUCCE$ IF IT DRAWS ON ! 9SI<TS ( BO? AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 

,9 ?IS PAP] ,I (F] A CRITIQUE ( :AT IS SOMETIMES CALL$ 'PO/-AN>*ISM1' FOCUS+ ON ITS READ+ ( ,M>X4 ,I %ALL >GUE ?AT PO/-AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 TOO QUICK TO M>G9ALIZE ,M>XISM4 ,MY AIM IS NOT TO PROLONG OR REVIVE ! DISPUTE BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S ?AT N[ /RET*ES ACROSS ?REE C5TURIES1 BUT RA!R TO /AKE A CLAIM = ! IMPORTANCE ( BO? AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM TO CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL ?\<T4 ,I %ALL BEG9 BY (F]+ SOME BRIEF DEF9ITIONS1 BE=E \TL9+ PO/-AN>*I/ VIEWS ON BO? CLASSICAL AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 & !N GO+ ON TO PRES5T MY [N >GUM5TS AB\T ! CONT9U+ RELEVANCE ( ,M>XISM4 

,PO/-AN>*ISM IS A BROAD CURR5T )9 AN>*ISM RA!R ?AN A UNIFI$ DOCTR9E OR PRACTICE ( ITS [N3 !RE >E NUM]\S DISAGREEM5TS AMONG ?9K]S )9 ?IS CURR5T4 ,NOT ! LEA/ ( !SE DISAGREEM5TS IS AB\T :AT IT %\LD BE CALL$4 ,PROBABLY ! ?REE MO/ PROM95T AU?ORS 9 ?IS >EA >E ,SAUL ,NEWMAN1 ,TODD ,MAY1 & ,LEWIS ,CALL1 EA* ( :OM HAVE WRITT5 BOOK-L5G? /UDIES ( ! TOPIC3 ,NEWMAN WRITES ( PO/-AN>*ISM1 ,MAY ( PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM1 & ,CALL ( PO/MOD]N AN>*ISM4 ,!SE DIFF]5T LABELS >E NOT 9SIGNIFICANT1 9 ?AT !Y REFLECT DIFF]5T 9FLU5CES3 ,NEWMAN DRAWS UPON ,F\CAULT1 ,DELEUZE1 ,D]RIDA1 & ,LACAN2 ,MAY UPON ,LYOT>D1 ,DELEUZE1 & ,F\CAULT2 ,LEWIS ,CALL UPON ,NIETZS*E1 ,F\CAULT1 & ,BAUDRILL>D4 ,)\T IGNOR+ OR TRIVIALIZ+ !SE DIFF]5CES1 IT IS NONE!LESS POSSIBLE TO ID5TIFY COMMON ?READS1 & ?US TO SPEAK ( A COH]5T1 IF LOOSE & FLEXIBLE1 MOVEM5T4 ,= PURPOSES ( CONSI/5CY ,I %ALL REF] ?R\<\T ?IS PAP] TO PO/-AN>*ISM & PO/-/RUCTURALISM4 

,! CRUCIAL COMMON CLAIM ?AT PO/-AN>*I/S MAKE IS ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALISM CAN BE UND]/OOD AS A RADICALIZATION ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM3 ?IS MEANS BO? ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALISM IS 9 ! TRADITION ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM -- !RE IS 'AN E?ICAL CONT9UUM' BETWE5 !M1 TO USE ,SAUL ,NEWMAN'S WORDS.<#f#c.> -- & ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALISM CAN ACT AS A REM$Y TO ! FAULTS & FLAWS ( 
CLASSICAL AN>*ISM )\T BETRAY+ ITS SPIRIT & AIMS4 ,PO/-AN>*ISM ?US POSITS PO//RUCTURALISM AS BO? A R]EAD+ ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM & AS A DEVELOPM5T )9 ! TRADITION ( AN>*ISM4 ,CLASSICAL AN>*ISM H]E REF]S TO ! WORK ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ?9K]S LIKE ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 ,PR\DHON1 & SO ON1 BUT CAN ALSO COV] TW5TIE?-C5TURY AN>*I/S LIKE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 ,PO/-/RUCTURALISM IS A MORE PROBLEMATIC T]M4 ,RA!R ?AN TRY+ TO DEVELOP MY [N DEF9ITION ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM H]E1 :AT ,I AM 9T]E/$ 9 IS H[ PO/-AN>*ISM UND]/&S & USES ?IS T]M4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ! K9DS ( ?9K]S :O >E COV]$ BY T]M3 ,D]RIDA1 ,DELEUZE1 ,F\CAULT1 & SO ON4 ,PO/-AN>*ISM ID5TIFIES TWO KEY *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT >E %>$ BY !SE ?9K]S1 :I* JU/IFY GR\P+ !M TOGE!R 9 ! FIR/ PLACE & =M ! FOCUS ( PO/-AN>*ISM'S 9T]E/4 ,FIR/1 PO/-/RUCTURALISM IS ANTI-HUMANI/3 RA!R ?AN TAK+ ! HUMAN SUBJECT AS SOME?+ ?AT IS GIV51 IT REVEALS ! TEXTUAL & MAT]IAL PRACTICES ?AT CON/ITUTE ! SUBJECT4 ,AS ,TODD ,MAY PUTS IT3 ',IF PO//RUCTURALI/ POLITICAL ?\<T C\LD BE SUMM$ UP 9 A S+LE PRESCRIPTION1 IT W\LD BE ?AT RADICAL POLITICAL !ORY1 IF IT IS TO A*IEVE ANY?+1 MU/ AB&ON HUMANISM 9 ALL ITS =MS4'.<#f#d.> ,SECONDLY1 IT IS >GU$ ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALISM RE?9KS ! CONCEPT & ANALYSIS ( P[]3 ! AIM IS NO LONG] TO E/ABLI% ! LEGITIMATE B\ND>IES ( P[]1 PLAC+ LIMITS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! /ATE1 BUT TO DEMON/RATE ?AT P[] IS COEXT5SIVE ) SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ACT+ NOT M]ELY TO SUPPRESS A PREEXI/+ SUBJECT BUT ALSO & MORE FUNDAM5TALLY TO CON/ITUTE SUBJECTS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE44 ,ANALYSIS ( !SE TWO CONCEPTS -- SUBJECTIVITY & P[] -- IS GO+ TO FRAME MY >GUM5T4 

,) !SE BRIEF DEF9ITIONS \T ( ! WAY1 WE CAN N[ FOCUS ON H[ CLASSICAL AN>*ISM IS 9T]PRET$ BY PO/-AN>*ISM4 ,CLASSICAL AN>*ISM IS PRAIS$ BY PO/-AN>*I/S ABOVE ALL = ITS UND]/&+ ( P[]3 W>Y ( ! CONCEPT & PRACTICES ( REPRES5TATION1 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM (F]S A BOTTOM-UP ANALYSIS ( P[] -- MEAN+ BO? ?AT IT RECOGNIZES ?AT P[] 9VE/S ! 5TIRE SOCIAL FIELD RA!R ?AN EMANAT+ FROM A S+LE C5TRAL S\RCE & ?AT IT PRIVILEGES POLITICAL ACTION FROM BEL[4 ,*>ACT]IZ$ 9 ?IS FA%ION1 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM IS 
CONTRA/$ FAVORABLY ) ,M>XISM4 ,IT IS >GU$ ?AT :]EAS ,M>XISM IS ECONOMICALLY R$UCTIONI/1 VIEW+ ALL P[] AS M]ELY AN EXPRESSION ( CLASS DOM9ATION1 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM CORRECTLY SAW ?AT P[] MU/ BE ANALYZ$ 9 ITS [N RI<T3 IRR$UCIBLE TO ! WORK+S ( ! ECONOMY1 P[] RELATIONS EXI/ ?R\<\T SOCIETY & NE$ TO BE ANALYZ$ 9 !IR SPECIFICITY1 )\T REF]5CE TO A UNI=M MODEL ( DOM9ATION4 ,BY ISOLAT+ A S+LE SITE ( P[] 9 ?IS WAY1 ,M>XISM ALSO PRIVILEGES C]TA9 POLITICAL ACTORS4 ,JU/ AS P[] EMANATES FROM A S+LE S\RCE1 SO !RE IS ONLY ONE AG5T CAPABLE ( RESI/+ & OV]?R[+ ?IS P[]3 ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS IS ID5TIFI$ AS ! SOLE POSSIBLE 9/RUM5T ( G5U9E POLITICAL *ANGE1 BECAUSE ( ITS UNIQUE PLACE )9 ! ONLY K9D ( P[] RELATIONS ?AT REALLY MATT] = ,M>XISM1 NAMELY ! RELATION ( EXPLOITATION BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL4 ,9 CONTRA/1 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM DOES NOT LIMIT REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL TO A S+LE CLASS1 9/EAD SUPPORT+ AG5TS DISMISS$ BY ,M>X1 SU* AS ! PEASANTRY & LUMP5PROLET>IAT4 ,F9ALLY1 ,M>XISM NOT ONLY PRIVILEGES A P>TICUL> REVOLUTION>Y ACTOR1 BUT ALSO A P>TICUL> PA? TO REVOLUTION1 SUPPORT+ AN AU?ORIT>IAN P>TY & PROPOS+ A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 CONTRA/1 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM CONSI/5TLY OPPOSES ALL /ATE =MS & ALL HI]>*IES1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( ! P>TY4 ,SO F>1 !SE >E /&>D AN>*I/ CRITICISMS ( ,M>XISM1 C5T]$ ON ITS SUPPOS$LY R$UCTIVE ANALYSIS ( ! POLITICAL SITUATION & ITS AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES4 ,! NOVELTY ( PO/-AN>*ISM LIES 9 ITS L9K+ ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM TO CONTEMPOR>Y PO/-/RUCTURALISM4 ,! CLAIM IS ?AT ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ VIEW ( P[] AS A DEC5T]$ FIELD ( /RUGGLE :I* REFUSES TO PRIVILEGE ANY S+LE POLITICAL AG5CY OR MODEL ANTICIPATES PO/-/RUCTURALI/ VIEWS ON P[]4 ,CLASSICAL AN>*ISM & PO/-/RUCTURALISM >E ?US SE5 AS UNIT$ 9 !IR OPPOSITION TO ,M>XISM1 :I* IS DISMISS$ AS AN ANA*RONI/IC DISC\RSE :OSE DIAGNOSES & PROGNOSES >E NOT M]ELY MI/AK5 BUT DANG]\S4 

,CLASSICAL AN>*ISM IS1 H[EV]1 NOT UNCRITICALLY 5DORS$ OR APPROPRIAT$ BY PO/AN>*I/S4 ,IT IS SE5 AS SUFF]+ FROM SOME ( ! NAIVETIES COMMON TO MO/ MOD]N POLITICAL 
!ORIES1 9CLUD+ ,M>XISM4 ,AS ,SAUL ,NEWMAN PUTS IT3 ',AN>*ISM REMA9S BURI$ )9 AN ,5LI<T5M5T POLITICAL P>ADIGM4'.<#f#e.> ,!RE >E TWO C5TRAL & RELAT$ *>GES4 ,FIR/1 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM RELIES ON AN ESS5TIALI/ CONCEPT ( HUMAN NATURE1 POSIT+ A RATIONAL1 UNIFI$ SUBJECT 9 POSSESSION ( /ABLE & IMMUTABLE *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,?IS CONCEPT ( A HUMAN ESS5CE IS !N US$ AS A /&>D ) :I* TO CRITIQUE & RESI/ =MS ( P[]4 ,OPPOS$ TO ! NATURALITY ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT )9 AN ORGANIC COMMUNITY IS ! >TIFICIAL P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,?IS LEADS TO A SECOND NAIVETY )9 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM3 ITS VIEW ?AT P[] IS REPRESSIVE & C5T]$ MA9LY 9 ! /ATE4 ,AL?\< IT IS COMM5D$ = DEEP5+ & BROAD5+ ! ANALYSIS ( P[]1 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM IS SIMULTANE\SLY REBUK$ = NOT GO+ F> 5\< 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,!RE IS AN EQUIVOCATION 9 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM BETWE51 TO USE ,TODD ,MAY'S T]MS1 A TACTICAL APPROA* :I* RECOGNIZES A PLURALITY ( IRR$UCIBLE BUT 9T]SECT+ SITES ( P[] & A /RATEGIC APPROA* ?AT ASSUMES ?AT !RE IS A S+LE SITE ( /RUGGLE & !RE=E A S+LE GOAL 7NAMELY OV]?R[+ ! /ATE74.<#f#f.> ,:ILE IT AVOIDS ! ECONOMIC R$UCTIONISM ?AT HAS BE5 IMPUT$ TO ,M>XISM1 IT IS >GU$ ?AT AN>*ISM REMA9S TOO FOCUS$ ON ! /ATE AS ! PRIME AG5CY & SITE ( P[] 9 SOCIETY4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS CONCEPTUALIZATION ( POLITICAL AG5CY 9 T]MS ( AN ESS5TIAL HUMAN NATURE1 AN>*ISM UND]/&S P[] ONLY AS A SUPPRESSIVE =CE1 CON/RA9+ & LIMIT+ ! NATURAL P[]S & CAPACITIES ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT4 ,! GOAL ( POLITICAL PRACTICE IS !RE=E TO OV]?R[ ?IS REPRESSIVE =CE 9 ORD] TO LIB]ATE \R ESS5TIAL QUALITIES AS HUMAN BE+S4 ,!SE TWO ELEM5TS ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM >E ?US 9TIMATELY L9K$3 ! T>GET ( P[] IS HUMAN NATURE1 & IT IS HUMAN NATURE ?AT MAKES POSSIBLE CRITICISM ( & RESI/ANCE TO P[]4 

,PO/-AN>*I/S >GUE ?AT IT IS H]E 9 P>TICUL> ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALISM HAS SOME?+ TO (F] AN>*ISM4 ,PO/-/RUCTURALISM'S *ALL5GE TO TRADITIONAL !ORIES ( ! SUBJECT UND]M9ES ! NOTION ?AT !RE IS A UNIFI$ HUMAN ESS5CE4 ,! SUBJECT IS RE?\<T AS ! PRODUCT ( COMPET+ =CES1 & ! FOCUS ( 9T]E/ %IFTS TO ! ME*ANISMS ?R\< :I* ! SUBJECT 
IS CON/ITUT$4 ,CORRESPOND+LY1 P[] IS CONCEPTUALIZ$ NOT M]ELY AS REPRESSIVE BUT AS PRODUCTIVE3 IT IS PRACTICES ( P[] ?AT CON/ITUTE ! SUBJECT4 ,H5CE AS 9 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM ! !MES ( P[] & SUBJECTIVITY >E 9 PO/-/RUCTURALISM 9TIMATELY L9K$1 BUT 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T WAY3 P[] IS CON/ITUTIVE ( A SUBJECTIVITY ?AT IS NEV] M]ELY GIV5 BUT IS ALWAYS ! RESULT ( HI/ORICALLY CONT+5T PRACTICES4 

,AL?\< ! CURR5T ( PO/-AN>*ISM HAS G5]AT$ SOME LIVELY DISCUSSION1 ?IS DISCUSSION HAS SO F> L>GELY BE5 CONF9$ TO ! AN>*I/ COMMUNITY4 ,CRITICS HAVE ?US T5D$ TO CONC5TRATE ON PO/-AN>*ISM'S UND]/&+ & 9T]PRETATION ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM4 ,A NUMB] ( COMM5TATORS HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ TRADITION HAS BE5 UNFAIRLY & MISLEAD+LY REPRES5T$3 AN>*ISM1 IT IS >GU$1 IS A F> MORE V>I$ TRADITION ?AN PO/AN>*ISM CLAIMS1 & IS F> LESS BEHOLD5 TO ESS5TIALI/ & HUMANI/ PHILOSOPHIES4 ,?IS LEADS TO ! CONCLUSION EI!R ?AT AN>*ISM ALREADY HAS MORE 9 COMMON ) PO/-/RUCTURALISM ?AN HAS BE5 ACKN[L$G$1 OR ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALISM MI<T HAVE SOME?+ TO LE>N FROM AN>*ISM4.<#f#g.> ,BECAUSE ! RESPONSES TO PO/-AN>*ISM HAVE SO F> COME MA9LY FROM )9 ! AN>*I/ COMMUNITY1 ITS CRITICISMS ( ,M>XISM HAVE L>GELY BE5 IGNOR$ -- NOT BECAUSE !Y >E DEEM$ TO BE ( NO RELEVANCE OR 9T]E/1 BUT BECAUSE !Y >E TAK5 AS SELF-EVID5T TRU?S ?AT NE$ NO FUR!R DISCUSSION4.<#f#h.> ,I AM GO+ TO BRACKET ! QUE/ION ( ! ACCURACY ( PO/AN>*ISM'S REPRES5TATION ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM -- NOT BECAUSE ,I ?9K IT IS ACCURATE OR BECAUSE ,I ?9K IT IS NOT AN 9T]E/+ QUE/ION1 BUT BECAUSE ,I W\LD LIKE TO PURSUE A DIFF]5T L9E ( 9QUIRY3 ,I W\LD LIKE TO CLAIM ?AT IT IS ,M>XISM ?AT HAS BE5 UNFAIRLY & MISLEAD+LY REPRES5T$ BY PO/-AN>*ISM4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ITS CRITICISMS ( ,M>XISM >E :OLLY )\T JU/IFICATION OR M]IT4 ,RA!R1 IT IS TO CLAIM ?AT ,M>XISM HAS MORE TO (F] ?AN HAS BE5 ACKN[L$G$4 ,9 FACT IF WE >E LOOK+ = =]UNN]S ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM !N ,M>XISM SEEMS A F> MORE CONV9C+ C&IDATE ?AN AN>*ISM4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/ ,M>XISM DES]VES MORE ?AN ! CURSORY DISMISSAL IT HAS RECEIV$ AT ! H&S ( PO/-AN>*ISM4 ,PO/-AN>*ISM HAS 
>GU$ ?AT CLASSICAL AN>*ISM PROVIDES NAIVE ANALYZES ( P[] & SUBJECTIVITY -- BUT IT IS PRECISELY 9 !SE >EAS ?AT IT IS B5EFICIAL TO TURN TO ,M>XISM1 :I* IS :AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO DO N[4 ,RA!R ?AN DRAW+ FROM ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ,M>XI/ !ORY ,I SUGGE/ WE TURN TO ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,AN>*I/S & PO/-AN>*I/S ALIKE HAVE T5D$ TO CONFLATE ,M>X & ,M>XISM1 SEE+ ! FAILURES ( ,M>XI/ REGIMES 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY AS CONFIRMATION ( ! FAIL+S ( ,M>X'S [N WORK1 & *>ACT]IZ+ ,M>XI/ !ORY AFT] ,M>X AS LITTLE MORE ?AN A P]PETUAL & NECESS>ILY HOPELESS ATTEMPT TO JU/IFY ! UNJU/IFIABLE4.<#f#i.> ,! DI/9CTION ,I WANT TO MAKE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,M>XISM IS NOT A DESP]ATE ATTEMPT TO SAVE ,M>X OR ABSOLVE HIM ( RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! AIM IS NOT TO EFFECT A RETURN TO A TRU] ,M>X1 UNTA9T$ BY ! EV5TS UND]TAK5 9 HIS NAME1 BUT TO TURN TO ,M>X AS ! MO/ ORIG9AL ?9K] & POT5T RES\RCE 9 ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?IS APPROA* IS F> MORE 9 ! SPIRIT ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM ?AN IS ! REPUDIATION ( ,M>X UND]TAK5 BY ! PO/-AN>*I/S3 ?9K]S LIKE ,D]RIDA1 ,F\CAULT1 & ,DELEUZE CONSI/5TLY & REPEAT$LY DI/+UI% BETWE5 ,M>X & ,M>XISM -- NOT AS A WAY ( EFFAC+ ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ,M>X & ,M>XISM1 BUT AS P>T ( AN 9SI/5CE ?AT ANY CONNECTIONS MU/ BE /UDI$ 9 !IR SPECIFICITY & ) C>E1 & A RECOGNITION ?AT ,M>X /ILL HAS MU* TO (F]4 

,A C5TRAL CLAIM ( PO/-AN>*ISM IS ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALISM UND]TAKES A DEC5T]+ ( SUBJECTIVITY & (F]S A SUBJECT )\T METAPHYSICAL GR\ND+1 :I* CONTRA/S FAVORABLY ) CLASSICAL AN>*ISM'S CONV5TIONAL NOTION ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT TO AN EXT5T ,M>X %>ES ) CLASSICAL AN>*ISM ?IS CONV5TIONAL NOTION ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION1 :I* IS PRES5T ?R\<\T ,M>X'S WORK1 C]TA9LY SEEMS TO RELY ON ! IDEA ?AT !RE >E C]TA9 ESS5TIAL HUMAN ATTRIBUTES4 ,BUT ALONGSIDE ?IS CONV5TIONAL VIEW1 !RE IS SOME?+ MU* MORE NOVEL 9 ,M>X3 9 CONTRA/ TO HIS AN>*I/ CONTEMPOR>IES1 ,M>X FATALLY UND]M9ES ! CONCEPT ( HUMAN ESS5CE4 ,AS E>LY AS ! ',!SES ON ,FEU]BA*1' HE DISPLACES '! ESS5CE ( MAN' 9TO '! 5SEMBLE ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS'3 9 EFFECT1 !RE IS NO HUMAN 
ESS5CE1 BECAUSE :AT WAS TAK5 AS ESS5TIAL IS %[N BY ,M>X TO BE MUTABLE & HI/ORICALLY CONT+5T4.<#f#a.> ,SOME PO/-AN>*I/S HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ ,MAX ,/IRN] MI<T BE SE5 AS A =]UNN] ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM IDEAS AB\T SUBJECTIVITY3 9 >GU+ ?AT ! CONCEPT ( ',MAN' IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A =M ( P[]1 AN AB/RACTION ?AT 5SLAVES ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ,/IRN] COMPLETELY REJECTS ! IDEA ?AT !RE IS A FIX$ HUMAN ESS5CE4 ,?IS REAPPROPRIATION ( ,/IRN] IS NOT :OLLY CONV9C+1 H[EV]4 ,AS ,M>X PO9TS \T 9 HIS L5G?Y CRITIQUE ( ,/IRN] 9 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 ,/IRN] SEES ! CONCEPT ( ',MAN' -- ALONG ) ?OSE ( ,GOD1 EMP]OR1 FA!RL&1 & SO ON -- AS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN AB/RACTION1 & AS SU* BELIEVES ?AT ONE NE$ ONLY P]SONALLY DECIDE TO RID ONESELF ( ?IS AB/RACTION 9 ORD] TO BE FREE4 ,HE ?US COMMITS ! ]ROR ?AT ,M>X ATTRIBUTES TO ALL ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS3 BELIEV+ ?AT ! WORLD IS RUL$ BY IDEAS1 ,/IRN] ?9KS ?AT ONE NE$ ONLY COMBAT !SE IDEAS 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE LIB]ATION4 ,BUT AS ,M>X >GUES1 IF ONE DE/ROYS ! IDEA ( ! EMP]OR1 ONE /ILL HAS ! REAL1 ACTUALLY EXI/+ EMP]OR TO DEAL )4 ,LIKEWISE1 IF WE RID \RSELVES ( ! CONCEPT ( ,MAN1 WE WILL /ILL BE LEFT ) ! ACTUAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT UND]LIE ?IS AB/RACTION4 

,= ,M>X ! AIM ( CRITICISM IS NOT M]ELY TO REFUTE AB/RACTION BUT TO EXPLA9 ITS G5ESIS3 TO %[ H[ AB/RACT IDEAS >E RELAT$ TO MAT]IAL CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS ?IS >GUM5T ?AT ALIGNS ,M>X RA!R ?AN ,/IRN] OR ANY O!R AN>*I/ ) PO/-/RUCTURALISM4 ,AS ,SAUL ,NEWMAN CORRECTLY >GUES1 :]EAS /RUCTURALISM T5D$ TO DISSOLVE ! SUBJECT 9TO A DET]M9+ /RUCTURE1 ! NOVELTY ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM IS ?AT IT %[S ?AT ! SUBJECT IS NOT M]ELY DET]M9$ BUT CON/ITUT$ AT ! 9T]SECTION ( V>I\S RELATIONS & PRACTICES4.<#f#a#a.> ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ,M>X SEEKS TO DO3 RA!R ?AN SIMPLY DISSOLV+ ! SUBJECT1 MAK+ IT ! EMPTY1 %IFT+ C5T] ( A NETWORK ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ,M>X DEMON/RATES H[ ! SUBJECT IS PRODUC$4 ,A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( VOLUME ONE ( ,CAPITAL IS D$ICAT$ TO ?IS AIM4 ,! C5TRAL *APT]S ( ?AT BOOK %[ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT SIMPLY AN AB/RACTION1 AS ,/IRN] ?9KS3 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT M]ELY ! 9V5TION ( LIB]AL IDEOLOGY OR ! IDEAL PRECONDITION OR RESULT ( ! EX*ANGE 
PROCESS2 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS PRODUC$ 9 A S]IES ( CONCRETE MAT]IAL OP]ATIONS ?AT ,M>X CATALOGS 9 SOME DETAIL4 ,M>X IS CLE> ?AT 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO RELY ON '! SIL5T COMPULSION ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS'3 CAPITALISM NE$S 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE BE5 DISCIPL9$ & MOLD$ SO ?AT !Y FIT 9TO ! PRODUCTION PROCESS LIKE COGS 9 A MA*9E4.<#f#a#b.> ,M>X ?US DESCRIBES ! PRODUCTION ( :AT ,F\CAULT CALLS 'DOCILE BODIES'3 BODIES AUGM5T$ 9 ECONOMIC =CE BUT DIM9I%$ 9 POLITICAL =CE4.<#f#a#c.> ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y ,F\CAULT EXPLICITLY & REPEAT$LY CITES ,CAPITAL ,VOLUME ,ONE 9 ,DISCIPL9E & ,PUNI%1 & :Y C]TA9 PASSAGES 9 BO? BOOKS >E PRACTICALLY 9T]*ANGEABLE4 

,RELAT$ TO ?IS RE?9K+ ( SUBJECTIVITY1 !RE IS 9 ,M>X A RECONCEPTUALIZATION ( P[]4 ,JU/ AS ,M>X CONT9UES TO RELY ON CONV5TIONAL NOTIONS ( HUMAN NATURE1 SO TO AN EXT5T HE REMA9S CAU<T )9 A TRADITIONAL WAY ( !ORIZ+ P[]4 ,! CLASSIC DEF9ITION ( POLITICAL P[] ?AT IS F\ND 9 ! ,MANIFE/O -- :]E IT IS *>ACT]IZ$ AS 'M]ELY ! ORGANIZ$ P[] ( ONE CLASS = OPPRESS+ ANO!R'.<#f#a#d.> -- CLE>LY REMA9S 9DEBT$ TO ! K9DS ( NAIVETIES ?AT PO//RUCTURALISM SEEKS TO EXPOSE & UND]M9E4 ,IT SUGGE/S ?AT P[] IS ! PROP]TY ( A S+LE GR\P1 EMANAT+ FROM A S+LE S\RCE & OP]AT+ SOLELY ?R\< REPRESSION4 ,BUT 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ,M>X UND]M9ES ! V]Y NOTIONS ( HUMAN NATURE ?AT HE SIMULTANE\SLY CONT9UES TO RELY UPON1 SO TOO DOES HE DE/ABILIZE ! CONV5TIONAL VIEW ( P[] ?AT HE APPE>S COMMITT$ TO4 ,:5 ,M>X DETAILS ! OP]ATIONS ?R\< :I* ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION PRODUCES ! K9DS ( 9DIVIDUALS ?AT IT NE$S TO FUNCTION HE IS DESCRIB+ OP]ATIONS ( P[]3 A P[] :I* IS PRODUCTIVE MORE ?AN IT IS REPRESSIVE4 ,PO/-AN>*I/S SOMETIMES >GUE ?AT !RE IS AN EQUIVAL5T NAIVETY 9 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM H]E3 JU/ AS ,M>X R$UCES P[] TO ! ECONOMY1 SO CLASSICAL AN>*I/S T5D TO R$UCE ALL P[] TO ! /ATE4 ,BUT ,M>X'S MOVE IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( AN>*ISM4 ,M>X AGREES ) PO/-AN>*ISM ?AT CLASSICAL AN>*ISM FOCUSES TOO MU* ON ! /ATE4 7,?IS IS ONE ( ! ACCUSATIONS ?AT HE LEVELS AGA9/ ,BAKUN91 = EXAMPLE47 ,BY DEMON/RAT+ ?AT ! APP>5TLY FREE & EQUAL EX*ANGE BETWE5 WORK] & CAPITALI/ 
SU/A9S & IS PR$ICAT$ UPON RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION -- & ?AT IT RELIES UPON PRACTICES ( P[] ?AT >E PRODUCTIVE ( DIFF]5T SUBJECTIVITIES -- ,M>X IS NOT (F]+ A R$UCTIVE VIEW ( P[] 9 :I* ! POLITICAL FIELD ( P[] RELATIONS IS R$UC$ TO ! ECONOMY & P[] IS GIV5 SECOND>Y /ATUS ) RESPECT TO ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,HE IS 9/EAD EXP&+ ! ANALYSIS ( P[]1 DEMON/RAT+ BO? ?AT P[] CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO A S+LE 9/ITUTION & ?AT IT P]MEATES RELATIONS PREVI\SLY ?\<T TO BE \TSIDE P[]4 ,9 CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY ! ECONOMIC REALM IS ONE ( NATURAL & SPONTANE\S ORD] & H>MONY TO BE LEFT L>GELY FREE FROM ! >TIFICIAL POLITICAL CON/RA9TS & 9T]F]5CES ( ! /ATE3 ,M>X'S NOVELTY IS TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ?IS SUPPOS$LY NEUTRAL FIELD ( 9T]ACTION IS 9 FACT 9VE/$ ) RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION4 ,?IS IS NOT A R$UCTION ( ! POLITICAL TO ! ECONOMIC BUT A POLITICIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC1 & ?US ! IMBRICATION ( POLITICS & ECONOMICS1 CREAT+ :AT ,ETI5NE ,BALIB> HAS CALL$ A '%ORT-CIRCUIT' BETWE5 ! TWO4.<#f#a#e.> ,IT IS NOT ,M>X :O R$UCES POLITICS TO ECONOMICS1 AS BO? AN>*I/S & PO/-AN>*I/S HAVE SUGGE/$3 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :AT ,M>X %[S IS ?AT CAPITALISM ITSELF R$UCES POLITICS TO ! ECONOMY1 AS IT CON/ANTLY UND]M9ES TRADITIONAL POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & TRANS=MS ALL RELATIONS 9TO M]E ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS4.<#f#a#f.> ,?IS IS :AT ,DELEUZE RECOGNIZES 9 ,M>X :5 HE CLAIMS ?AT CAPITALISM FUNCTIONS ?R\< AN AXIOMATIC 9/EAD ( ?R\< COD+ OR OV]COD+4 

,WE ?US F9D 9 ,M>X AN ANALYSIS ( P[] NOT UNLIKE ?AT F\ND 9 PO/-/RUCTURALISM3 P[] NOT AS A POSSESSION US$ BY ONE SOCIAL GR\P TO REPRESS ANO!R1 BUT P[] AS A FIELD ( CONFLICTUAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT IS PRODUCTIVE ( DIFF]5T SUBJECT POSITIONS4 ,NECESS>ILY CONNECT$ TO ?IS RE?9K+ ( P[]1 WE F9D 9 ,M>X A NEW WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T SUBJECTIVITY ?AT ANTICIPATES PO/-/RUCTURALISM4 ,IT MI<T BE OBJECT$ ?AT :ILE IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO F9D !SE ?+S 9 ,M>X & !RE=E *>ACT]IZE ,M>X AS A =]UNN] ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM1 WE CAN ONLY DO SO IF WE IGNORE MU* ELSE ?AT IS 9 ,M>X1 PICK+ & *OOS+ FROM HIS WORK & DISC>D+ P>TS ?AT WE DO NOT LIKE4 ,TWO PO9TS CAN BE MADE 9 RESPONSE TO ?IS OBJECTION4 ,FIR/1 
! NATURE ( ,M>X'S WORK MAKES IT 9EVITABLE ?AT ?IS APPROA* IS US$ :E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT3 ! =MS & CONT5T ( HIS WORK >E SO V>I$ ?AT WE CANNOT HELP BUT BE SELECTIVE2 ANY READ+ ( HIS WORK WILL ALWAYS BE A P>TIAL 9T]PRETATION4 ,M>X HIMSELF DOES NOT (F] HIS WORK AS SOME K9D ( GR&1 UNIFI$ SY/EM1 & EXPLICITLY CRITICIZES ?OSE :O VIEW HIS WRIT+S AS SOME K9D ( 'MA/] KEY' ?AT CAN UNLIKE ! SECRETS ( ALL SOCIETIES REG>DLESS ( GEOGRAPHICAL OR HI/ORICAL CONTEXT4.<#f#a#g.> ,SECONDLY1 ?IS SELECTIVE APPROA* TO ,M>X IS NO DIFF]5T FROM ! APPROA* ?AT PO/AN>*ISM ITSELF TAKES T[>D CLASSICAL AN>*ISM3 REJECT+ ! RESIDUAL ESS5TIALISM 9 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM1 PO/-AN>*ISM NONE!LESS F9DS MU* ELSE ?AT IS VALUABLE 9 ?IS TRADITION4 ,?IS APPROA* IS 9SPIR$ BY PO/-/RUCTURALISM1 & 9DE$ WE F9D ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALI/ ?9K]S !MSELVES READ ,M>X 9 ?IS WAY3 ,D]RIDA1 = EXAMPLE1 IS 9SI/5T ?AT !RE >E MANY ,M>XES TO *OOSE FROM1 & H5CE ?AT ANY READ+ ( ,M>X MU/ BE AN 'ACTIVE 9T]PRETATION'3 'A CRITICAL1 SELECTIVE1 & FILT]+ REAFFIRMATION4'.<#f#a#h.> ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT 9 ITS DISMISSIVE ATTITUDE T[>DS ,M>XISM1 PO/-AN>*ISM RISKS NOT ONLY CONTRAV5+ ! SPIRIT ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM BUT ALSO PLAC+ ITSELF 9 A RA!R /RANGE POSITION :]EBY IT VALUES CLASSICAL AN>*ISM 9 SPITE ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM'S FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( P[] & ! DEC5T]+ ( SUBJECTIVITY1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY REJECT+ ,M>XISM EV5 ?\< ,M>XISM DOES RECOGNIZE !SE ?+S4 

,9 PO/-AN>*I/ !ORY1 ,M>XISM ACTS AS A FOIL3 IT IS BO? US$ AS A CONTRA/ TO HI<LI<T ! /R5G?S ( AN>*ISM1 & AT O!R TIMES ALIGN$ ) CLASSICAL AN>*ISM TO BE CONTRA/$ ) ! SOPHI/ICATIONS ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM4 ,! EFFECT IS TO R5D] ,M>XISM IRRELEVANT TO \R CONTEMPOR>Y SITUATION1 EXPOS$ & SURPASS$ BY ! ADVANCES ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM BUT UNLIKE CLASSICAL AN>*ISM 9CAPABLE ( R$EMPTION4 ,MY PURPOSE 9 ELICIT+ C]TA9 CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ,M>XISM & PO/-/RUCTURALISM IS TO *ALL5GE ?IS VIEW NOT BY SIMPLY REV]S+ IT & DEMON/RAT+ ?AT IT IS ,M>XISM ?AT HAS CONTEMPOR>Y RELEVANCE & AN>*ISM ?AT %\LD BE CONDEMN$ AS AN ANA*RONISM4 ,RA!R ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT ,M>XISM DES]VES AN EQUAL HE>+ ALONGSIDE AN>*ISM4 ,?IS IS NOT AN UNCRITICAL 5DORSEM5T ( ,M>XISM 9 :I* WE TAKE 
IT AS IT IS & 9CORPORATE ITS 9SI<TS AS !Y /&4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 JU/ AS IT HAS BE5 >GU$ ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALISM CAN (F] A R]EAD+ ( AN>*ISM1 SO IT IS TO BE HOP$ ?AT ,M>XISM CAN BE TRANS=M$ BY AN 5C\NT] ) PO/-/RUCTURALISM4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! MANY M]ITS ( PO//RUCTURALI/ ?\<T ?AT CONSID]ATION ( ! QUE/IONS IT RAISES MAY 9ITIATE & FACILITATE ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MORE PRODUCTIVE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 

1 LA/ ACCESS$ #ca ,JULY1 #b#i2 ! SECOND CONCLUSION IS REA*$ BY ,ALLAN ,ANTLIFF1 ',AN>*Y1 ,P[]1 & ,PO//RUCTURALISM1' ,SUB,/ANCE #c#f7#b7 7#b#g71 #e#f-#f#f4 ,A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T VIEWPO9T1 ) CRITICISMS ( PO/-AN>*ISM FROM A POSITION MU* MORE SYMPA!TIC TO PO//RUCTURALISM1 IS PROVID$ BY ,MI*AEL ,GLAV91 ',P[]1 ,SUBJECTIVITY1 ,RESI/ANCE3 ,?REE ,WORKS ON ,PO/MOD]N ,AN>*ISM1' ,NEW ,=MULATION #b7#b7 7#b#d7 1 LA/ ACCESS$ #ah ,AUGU/1 #b#i4 

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