,P>T #e1 ,*APT] #b 
,IDEOLOGY & ,POLITICS3 ,OV]COM+ ! DIVIDE BETWE5 R$ & BLACK 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI 

,TEXT 3 

,IDEOLOGY & ,POLITICS3 ,OV]COM+ ! DIVIDE BETWE5 R$ & BLACK 

,GEORGE ,SOTIROP\LOS 

',A ,B$\91 P]HAPS1 A ,CITIZ51 NEV]' 787.<#a#g#i.>3 ,OV]COM+ ! ,R$ & ,BLACK DIVIDE 

',:AT1 !N1 IS ,BAU]'S SOLUTION TO ! ,JEWI% QUE/ION & :AT IS ! RESULT8 ,TO =MULATE A QUE/ION IS ALREADY TO SOLVE IT4 ,! CRITIQUE ( ! ,JEWI% QUE/ION IS ! ANSW] TO IT4 ,H]E IS A RESUME3 ,WE MU/ EMANCIPATE \RSELVES BE=E WE CAN EMANCIPATE O!RS4' 

-- ,K>L ,M>X1 ',ON ! ,JEWI% ,QUE/ION'.<#a#h.> 

,:AT RELEVANCE DOES A DISCUSSION ( ! DIVIDE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM CAN POSSIBLY HAVE N[ADAYS8 ,SLAVOJ ,ZIZEK HAS EXPRESS$ ! PROBLEM P]T95TLY3 ',?+S LOOK BAD = GREAT ,CAUSES TODAY1 9 A 0PO/MOD]N0 ]A :51 AL?\< ! IDEOLOGICAL SC5E IS FRAGM5T$ 9TO A PANOPLY ( POSITIONS :I* /RUGGLE = HEGEMONY1 !RE IS AN UND]LY+ CONS5SUS3 ! ]A ( BIG EXPLANATIONS IS OV]1 WE NE$ 0WEAK ?\<T0 ATT5TIVE TO ! RHIZOMATIC TEXTURE ( REALITY2 9 POLITICS TOO1 WE %\LD NOT LONG] AIM AT ALL-EXPLA9+ SY/EMS & GLOBAL EMANCIPATORY PROJECTS2 ! VIOL5T IMPOSITION ( GR& SOLUTIONS %\LD LEAVE ROOM = =MS ( SPECIFIC RESI/ANCE & 9T]V5TION4'.<#a#h#a.> ,9S(> AS WE DEAL ) TWO CLASSICAL ADVOCATES ( 'GREAT ,CAUSES1' IT APPE>S ?AT ! ANSW] TO \R QUE/ION CAN ONLY BE NEGATIVE4 

,BUT IF ! SPECT] ( COMMUNISM IS HAUNT+ ,EUROPE NO MORE1 ! GLOBAL ORD] ?AT HAS BE5 UND] CON/RUCTION 9 ! LA/ DECADES IS HAUNT$ BY SPECT]S1 'T]RORISM1' ( C\RSE1 BUT ALSO ! SPECT] ( REVOLTS & SOCIAL UNRE/1 PH5OM5A :I* >E TI$ TO ! BLUNT FAILURE ( 'GLOBALIZATION' TO MEET ITS 7SUPPOS$7 AIMS4 ,VA/ SOCIO-ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES1 DE/ITUTION1 NOT LEA/1 ! REC5T 'CRISIS' ?AT PROMISES TO AGGRAVATE SU* PH5OM5A OR O!R RELAT$ ONES1 LIKE UNEMPLOYM5T1 HAVE MADE ONCE CONFID5T DREAMS ( GLOBAL PROSP]ITY1 PEACE & DEMOCRACY TO SEEM HOLL[4 

,9 SU* A L&SCAPE1 AS ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA AFT] ALL TE/IFIES 7= ALL ! RES]VATIONS ONE MAY HAVE71 WE %\LDN'T BE TOO HA/Y CLOS+ ! C(F9 ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,BUT ALONG ) A POSSIBLE RESURG5CE ( ! LATT]'S EMANCIPATORY VISION :AT ALSO BECOMES TOPICAL IS ! AGE-OLD T5SION BETWE5 ITS TWO MA9 IDEOLOGICAL /R&S2 ,BISM>CK'S /ATEM5T US$ 9 ! CALL = PAP]S IS SUGGE/IVE4 ,TO SET ?+S /RAI<T1 ,I AM NOT PLANN+ TO (F] H]E A PROGRAM ( 'CONFLICT RESOLUTION4' ,RA!R1 MY PAP] HAS AS ITS PO9T ( REF]5CE ! CALL = A 'RE9V5TION ( POLITICS1' :I* 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R IS VOIC$ ALL ! MORE FREQU5TLY BY S*OL>S1 NOTABLY1 ,ZIZEK1 ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI1 ,JACQUE ,RANCI]E1 ,ALA9 ,BADI\1 ,GIORGIO ,AGAMB5 & ,TAKIS ,FOTOP\LOS4 ,H[ EXACTLY ! PROBLEM ( ! DIVIDE BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM M]GES ) ?IS !ME WILL BECOME CLE>] SOON 5\<4 ,= N[ IT SUFFICES TO POSE ! QUE/ION ON A HYPO!TICAL BASIS3 IF WE ASSUME ?AT RECONCILIATION BETWE5 ! 'R$ & BLACK' MU/ BE A NECESS>Y P>T ( SU* A PROJECT ( POLITICIZATION1 :AT EXACTLY %\LD IT AM\NT TO8 ,TO TACKLE ) ?IS PROBLEM1 WE %ALL />T ) A BIT ( HI/ORY4 

,! ,FIR/ ,SPLIT 

,! FIR/ SIGNS ( ! BIFURCATION ?AT W\LD FOLL[ CAN BE TRAC$ 9 ! BRIEF EX*ANGE ( LETT]S BETWE5 ,K>L ,M>X & ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON AS WELL AS 9 ! POLEMIC 
! =M] CONDUCT$ AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ! LATT]'S ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,POV]TY4.<#a#h#b.> ,! T5SION W\LD COME TO ITS HEAD ?\< )9 ! CIRCLES ( ?IS SPONTANE\S ASSOCIATION ( WORK]S ?AT PO/]ITY KN[S AS ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 P]SONIFI$ 7AGA97 9 ,M>X & ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 ,( C\RSE1 ,BAKUN9 CANNOT BE ID5TIFI$ ) AN>*ISM 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ,M>X MAY BE SAID TO BE ! F\ND] ( ,M>XISM 7EV5 IF ALLEG$LY HE PRON\NC$ HIMSELF NOT TO BE A ,M>XI/74 ,9 FACT1 IT IS DUBI\S :E!R ,BAKUN9 CAN BE CALL$ A POLITICAL PHILOSOPH] OR !ORI/ AT ALL -HE DEF9ITELY DID NOT CONSID] HIMSELF TO BE ONE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 SOME S*OL>S1 FOLL[+ ,M>X1 HAVE REG>D$ HIS WRIT+S AS NO?+ MORE ?AN A PA/I*E ( BORR[$ IDEAS CR[N$ BY A PASSIONATE1 NAY FEV]I%1 DESIRE = ACTION4.<#a#h#c.> ,BUT ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S %\LD NOT BE SO EASILY BRU%$ AWAY4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 IT W\LD BE 9TELLECTUAL BIAS NOT TO ACKN[L$GE ! 9SI<TFUL ELEM5TS ?AT HIS CRITIQUE ( ,M>X CONTA9$4 ,IF IT IS TOO MU* TO SAY ?AT HE =ESAW 'TOTALIT>IANISM1' HIS PREMONITIONS CONC]N+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW CLASS ( BUREAUCRATS & EXP]TS ?AT W\LD RU?LESSLY DOM9ATE ! WORK]S ?AT 9 !ORY !Y REPRES5T1 HAVE 7= US7 AN ALMO/ PROPHETIC QUALITY4.<#a#h#d.> 

,DEP5D+ ON !IR LOYALTIES1 S*OL>S T5D TO PUT ! BLAME = ! SPLIT 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL EI!R ON ,M>X OR ON ,BAKUN94 ,DAVID ,MC,LELLAN & ,MI*EL ,H>R+TON1 = 9/ANCE1 SUGGE/ ?AT ,M>X /OOD = A DEMOCRATIC & OP5 ORGANIZATION :]EAS ,BAKUN9 FO/]$ SECT>IANISM & CONSPIRACY4.<#a#h#e.> ,9 CONTRA/1 AN>*I/ ?9K]S LIKE ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] HAVE >GU$ ?AT ,BAKUN9 WANT$ TO PROTECT ! DEC5TRALIZ$ & F$]ALI/ ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AGA9/ ,M>X'S AU?ORIT>IAN PROGRAM4.<#a#h#f.> ,SU* EXPLANATIONS F> FROM BE+ SIMPLY SUBSEQU5T 9T]PRETATIONS >E GR\ND$ 9 ! RESPECTIVE ACC\NTS GIV5 BY ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 !MSELVES & BO? >E UP TO AN EXT5T CORRECT2.<#a#h#g.> ,BAKUN9'S P5*ANT = CONSPIRACY CANNOT BE D5I$1 BUT IT IS ALSO H>D TO D5Y AN AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CY 9 ,M>X4 ,= MY P>T ?\<1 ,I AGREE ) ?OSE COMM5TATORS :O /RESS ?AT ! DEBATE WILL REMA9 9COMPREH5SIBLE UNLESS ATT5TION IS GIV5 TO ! !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES ?AT %AP$ 9 TURN QUE/IONS ( /RATEGY & TACTICS4.<#a#h#h.> ,= SURE1 ,ALV9 ,G\LDN] OBS]VES ?AT !SE DIFF]5CES W]E 
/IFL$ & ACQUIR$ !IR RIGID IDEOLOGICAL *>ACT] ?R\< ?IS V]Y DEBATE1 :OSE MOTIVATIONS EXCE$$ ! DOMA9 ( !ORY4.<#a#h#i.> ,= ! TIME BE+ ?\< :AT MATT]S IS TO DRAW ! PO9TS ( CONT5TION1 AS !Y TOOK =M MA9LY >\ND ?REE FOCAL ISSUES3 ! ME?ODS TO BE US$ = ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATUS QUO1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT & ! *>ACT] ( ! SOCIAL =MATION ?AT W\LD >ISE AFT] ! REVOLUTION HAD SUCCE$$4 

,9 SUMM>Y =M ?US1 ,M>X1 AL?\< ADAMANT HIMSELF AB\T ! NECESSITY ( A 'SOCIAL' REVOLUTION1 ADVOCAT$ ALSO ! NE$ = 'POLITICAL' /RUGGLE1 SOME?+ ?AT L$ HIM ACCEPT ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM CAN COME1 AT LEA/ 9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 ?R\< PEACEFUL MEANS4 ,CONV]SELY1 ,BAKUN9 REJECT$ ALL EF=TS TO TAKE OV] 'POLITICAL P[]' & 9/EAD 9SI/$ ?AT ! /RUGGLE MU/ FOCUS SOLELY ON ! SOCIAL-ECONOMIC DOMA91 =ECLOS+1 ?US1 ! POT5TIAL ( A PEACEFUL TRANSITION4 ,AS F> AS ! REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT IS CONC]N$1 ,M>X CONF]R$ A PRIVILEG$ PLACE ON ! PROLET>IAT1 MEAN+ ESS5TIALLY ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9 URBAN C5T]S1 :]EAS ,BAKUN9 WAS CRITICAL ( ! EXCLUSORY *>ACT] ( ! CATEGORY ( 'CLASS1' SPEAK+ 9/EAD = ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! MASSES1 ESPECIALLY ! PEASANTS & ! ,LUMP5PROLET>IAT4 ,F9ALLY1 :ILE ,M>X HELD ?AT AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 S9CE ! 'OLD WORLD' WILL HAVE LEFT ITS REMNANTS1 !RE WILL BE A NE$ = A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 ! NOTORI\S DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ,BAKUN9 >GU$ ?AT ALONG ) CAPITALISM IT IS 9/RUM5TAL TO S5D IMM$IATELY TO ! DU/B9 ( HI/ORY ANY =M ( ,/ATE AS WELL4 ,AL?\< O!R M9OR OR MAJOR !MES C\LD BE PO9T$ \T1 ALL 9 ALL1 IT WAS >\ND !SE CONFLICT+ ASSUMPTIONS ?AT ! DIVID+ L9E W\LD BE DRAWN BETWE5 ,M>XISM 7/ATI/ SOCIALISM7 & AN>*ISM 7LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM74 

,REMEMB]-,REMEMB] ! #f? ( ,DECEMB].<#a#i.> 

,9 ! DECADES ?AT FOLL[$ ,M>X'S & ,BAKUN9'S DEA?S1 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 UND]W5T SEV]AL TRANSMUTATIONS1 DEVELOP+ ALONG ! WAY1 ESPECIALLY ,M>XISM1 OR?ODOXIES &1 AS A RESULT1 'H]ETICAL' FIGURES4 ,KAUTSKY1 ,L591 & ,BUKH>9 W]E ,M>XI/S BUT SO W]E ,LUXEMB\RG1 ,GRAMSCI & ,WALT] ,B5JAM94 ,S]GEI ,NE*AEV & ,EMILE ,H5RY W]E AN>*I/S BUT SO W]E ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI & SO CLAIMS TO BE ,NOAM ,*OMSKY4 ,M>X HAS BE5 READ ?R\< PSY*OANALYTIC1 EXI/5TIAL1 ,HEIDEGG]IAN & /RUCTURAL L5SES1 :ILE BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM DEVELOP$ ,*RI/IAN /R&S1 EV5 ?\< = BO? ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 ! NEGATION ( RELIGION WAS A S9E QUA NON ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AFT] ! #fS1 ! VOCABUL>Y ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM HAS BE5 5RI*$ BY CATEGORIES -IMAG9ATION1 DESIRE1 PLAY- ?AT HAD1 AT BE/1 ONLY A M9IMAL ROLE 9 !IR CLASSIC S*EMATA4 ,TO CALL ONESELF1 ?US1 AN AN>*I/ OR A ,M>XI/1 ESPECIALLY FROM ! #b? C5TURY ONW>DS1 IS F> FROM BE+ A /RAI<T=W>D /ATEM5T4 ,& YET1 ! RIVALRY BETWE5 ! 'R$ & BLACK' CONT9UES TO P]SI/1 EV5 9 C\NTRIES :]E BO? !SE IDEOLOGIES TOGE!R >E A FEEBLE M9ORITY4 ,SO1 %\LD WE CONCLUDE ?AT ! MORE ?+S *ANGE ! MORE REMA9 ! SAME8 ,HAS ! DIVIDE 5D$ UP BE+ A PETRIFI$ REMNANT ( ! PA/8 

,9 ,GREECE LA/ ,DECEMB]1 IGNIT$ BY ! DEA? ( A Y\NG KID %OT D[N BY A POLICE (FIC]1 A CONSID]ABLE SEGM5T ( ! POPULATION1 ESPECIALLY ( ! Y\?1 W5T \T 9 ! /REETS4 ,MANY DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATIONS HAVE BE5 (F]$ = ! RIOTS ?AT 5SU$2 SOME TREAT$ !M AS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN \TBUR/ ( RAGE1 O!RS CONSID] !M AS 
MANIFE/ATIONS ( A G5U9E REVOLT4 ,NOT ONLY ,I SIDE ) ! LATT] VIEW1 BUT ,I ALSO HOLD ?AT !SE TWO WEEKS MU/ BE CONSID]$ AN EV5T1 CONCEIV$ ALONG ! BROAD L9ES CURV$ BY ,ALA9 ,BADI\3 A 'PO9T ( IRRUPTION' ( ! EXI/+ 7ONTOLOGICAL7 ORD] ( ?+S4.<#a#i#a.> ,?AT IS SO 9S(> AS NOT ONLY VIOL5CE ITSELF WAS NOT 'BL9D1' 'MEAN+LESS' OR SIMPLY PROMPT$ BY DISILLUSIONM5T1 AS ! ,MASS ,M$IA 9SI/$1 BUT1 ALSO1 BECAUSE ,GREECE DUR+ ?IS P]IOD WAS FILL$ ) HET]OTOPIAS1 ?AT IS1 SPACES1 & )9 !M =MS ( ASSOCIATION1 ?AT BROKE ) & TRANSC5D$ ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] & ! =MS ( RELATION & ID5TITY ATTA*$ TO IT4 ,( C\RSE1 ALL !SE1 MU* TO ! RELIEF ( POLITICIANS & J\RNALI/S1 DID NOT LA/ LONG4 ,BUT1 AS ,BADI\ 9SI/S1 ! IMPORTANCE ( EV5TS LIES NOT 9 !IR TEMPORAL EXT5SION OR DURABILITY AS MU* AS 9 ?AT !Y OP5 RIFTS = ! PRODUCTION OR 9 HIS [N WORDS 'SUBTRACTION' ( NEW =MS ( TRU? & SUBJECTIVITY4 ,! CAT*WORD H]E IS FIDELITY1 I4E4 A SUBJECTIVE GE/URE ?AT AFFIRMS & V]IFIES ! IMPORTANCE ( ! EV5T & IS READY TO C>RY =W>D ITS CONSEQU5TIAL P[]4 

,N[1 BO? AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ GR\PS W]E ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 ! REVOLT2 ESPECIALLY ! =M] PLAY$ A PROM95T ROLE4 ,MOREOV]1 !RE WAS DEF9ITELY A T5D5CY TO ASS]T IDEOLOGICAL CONVICTIONS2 *>ACT]I/ICALLY1 A BANN] 9 ONE ( ! C5TRAL OCCUPATIONS WAS DECL>+1 ',D[N ) ,DEMOCRACY1 ,HAIL ,AN>*Y4' ,H[EV]1 AT ! SAME TIME1 9 ! V>I\S HET]OTOPIAS ( ?OSE DAYS 79 GA!R+S1 OCCUPATIONS ETC71 IDEOLOGICAL AFFILIATIONS & CODES W]E TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T SUSP5D$ UND] ! EVOCATIVE SYMBOL ( 'JU/ICE1' :I* DREW TOGE!R PEOPLE ) OR )\T PRIOR IDEOLOGICAL DET]M9ATIONS4 ,! 'EV5TNESS' ( ?OSE DAYS IS NOT ONLY A PROJECT$ !ORETICAL S*EMA2 ?AT SOME?+ \T ( ! ORD9>Y HAPP5$1 SOME?+ ?AT CALLS = ?\<T & ?AT WE HAVE SOMEH[ TO RESPOND TO1 HAS L>GELY BECOME A %>$ EXP]I5CE AMONG RADICAL MILIEU4 ,A GRAFFITO PUT ! MATT] P]CEPTIVELY3 ',DECEMB] WAS NOT AN ANSW]1 IT WAS A QUE/ION4' 

,! PO9T DRIV5 AT H]E !RE=E1 IS ?AT ! REVOLT ( ,DECEMB] QUA EV5T OP5$ UP ! POT5TIAL = AN OV]COM+ ( ! R$-BLACK DIVIDE4 ,9DE$1 9 ! SUBSEQU5T MON?S !RE W]E SEV]AL 9/ANCES ?AT PO9T$ T[>DS ?IS DIRECTION1 LIKE COMMON ACTIONS & ASSEMBLIES ?AT LACK$ A CLE> IDEOLOGICAL /IGMA4 ,N[ADAYS H[EV]1 AL?\< SU* TR5DS HAVE NOT ECLIPS$ 7F> FROM IT71 ! DYNAMIC ?AT WAS G5]AT$ SEEMS TO WANE & OLD DI*OTOMIES BEG9 TO ASS]T !IR SELVES1 AS IT WAS P>ADIGMATICALLY ATTE/$ 9 LA/ ,MAYDAY1 :]E ! RADICAL LEFT & AN>*I/ GR\PS W5T ON ORGANIZ+ DIFF]5T DEMON/RATIONS4 

,! CASE ( ,GREECE MAY BE SAID TO BE REPRES5TATIVE 9 A TW(OLD S5SE4 ,FIR/1 IT TE/IFIES TO A *>ACT]I/IC DIFFICULTY 9 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 MORE ?AN A C5TURY AFT] ! FIR/ SPLIT & AFT] SO MANY COMMON DEFEATS1 TO RECONCILE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,GREECE REVEALS ! SITES :]E ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S MEET3 9 EV5TS ( REVOLT & 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( POLITICAL SPACES ?AT SEEK TO DIS5TANGLE FROM ! GRIP ( ?IS HUGE WEB ( ADM9I/RATION ?AT IS (FICIAL POLITICS TODAY4 ,IT CAN BE >GUABLY SAID1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! PROBLEM ( RECONCILIATION PASSES ?R\< ! QUE/ION1 H[ COM=TABLY DOES ! R$ & BLACK SIT )9 SU* POLITICAL SPACES ( SELF-REGULATION4 ,& ! CORE 
!SIS ANIMAT+ ?IS PAP] IS ?AT !RE IS A FUNDAM5TAL T5SION BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM QUA IDEOLOGIES & AN OP5 POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! LATT] T]M H[EV] IS ADMITT$LY VAGUE1 H5CE1 9 ORD] TO MOVE ON IT IS NECESS>Y TO (F] SOME CL>IFICATIONS4 

',! MULTITUDE HAS GA!R$'.<#a#i#b.> 

,IF BY '! POLITICAL' IS MEANT ! AMBIANCE ( PRACTICES1 9/ITUTIONS & PROC$URES ?AT ORGANIZE1 REGULATE & ADM9I/RATE A SOCIAL FIELD ( ORD]1 !N1 !RE HAS NEV] BE5 A COMMUNITY ?AT IS NOT POLITICAL1 TRIBAL UNITS 9CLUD$4 ,LIKEWISE1 IF 'POLITICAL P[]' DESIGNATES SIMPLY ! 'EXI/5CE ( 9/ANCES CAPABLE ( =MULAT+ EXPLICITLY SANCTIONABLE 9JUNCTIONS1'.<#a#i#c.> !N SU* P[] IS AGA9 PRES5T 9 EV]Y COMMUNAL FIELD1 EMB$D$ 9 & G5]AT$ BY ! A=EM5TION$ 9/ITUTIONS ETC4 ,H[EV]1 AGA9/ ?IS 'VAGUE & R>EFI$ S5SE ?AT W\LD 5COMPASS ANY POSSIBLE WAY ( ORGANIZ+ ! COLLECTIVITY1'.<#a#i#d.> !RE IS ALSO ANO!R MORE PRECISE S5SE ( ! POLITICAL1 OR RA!R ( 'POLITICS1' NAMELY1 ! ONE DEVELOP$ 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE4 ,HANNAH ,>5DT IS SURELY RI<T2 ',! ,GREEK POLIS WILL CONT9UE TO LEAVE AT ! BOTTOM ( \R POLITICAL EXI/5CE 444= AS LONG AS WE USE ! WORD 0POLITICS40'.<#a#i#e.> 

,LE/ ,I AM ACCUS$ ( ,EUROC5TRISM OR WORSE ( CONCEAL$ PATRIOTISM1 IT W\LD BE WELL TO NOTE ?AT C]TA9 CON/ITUTIVE ELEM5TS ( POLITICS OR 'POLITICAL GOV]NM5T1' AS !SE T]MS W]E UND]/OOD 9 ,GREECE1 7E4G4 DELIB]ATION & POPUL> ASSEMBLIES71 CAN BE TRAC$ 9 NUM]\S O!R CIVILIZATIONAL UNITS4 ,9 FACT1 ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES HAS %[N ?AT HORIZONTAL =MS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 7AL?\< NOT CONCEPTUALIZ$ TO P]TA9 TO A DIFF]5TIAT$ POLITICAL DOMA97 EXI/$ ALREADY FROM ! TRIBAL LEVEL4.<#a#i#f.> ,BUT IF SU* FEATURES W]E NOT 9V5T$ 9 ,GREECE1 !Y W]E ACTUALIZ$ !RE 9 UNPREC$5T$ DEGREES1 SOME?+ NECESS>ILY ACCOMPANI$ BY ! >TICULATION ( A DISCURSIVE & CONCEPTUAL MATRIX ?AT1 ALONG ) ! FABRICATION ( ! T]M1 R5D]$ ! LOGOS ( POLITICS TRANSP>5T TO ITSELF4 ,?IS1 TO BE SURE1 DOES NOT MAKE ,GREECE AN ET]NAL MODEL1 SOME?+ ?AT W\LD BE TRUE EV5 IF ONE C\LD DISREG>D ! SEV]AL LIMITATIONS ( ! ,GREEK POLITICAL EXP]I5CE1 :I* >E TOO WELL-KN[N TO BE REC\NT$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT 9 ?IS PLACE WE CAN WITNESS ! DEVELOPM5T ( A TYPE ( COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION 7A C]TA9 'RATIONALITY' & A C]TA9 'PRACTICE'7 SIGNIFI$ AS 'POLITICAL' OR 'POLITICS1' ?AT HAD AS ITS CORN]-/ONES NOTIONS LIKE FRE$OM1 EQUALITY & ACTIVE P>TICIPATION4 ,& AS WILL BE >GU$ AGA9 SOON1 :AT IS ALL-SIGNIFICANT IS ?AT ! LATT] HAVE ALSO BE5 ORI5T+ PR9CIPLES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION & ( ! TWO MA9 IDEOLOGIES AFFILIAT$ ) IT1 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 ,( C\RSE ONE CAN USE WORDS LIKE POLITICS OR DEMOCRACY AS HE OR %E WI%ES4 ,BUT IF WE WANT TO HAVE A CLE> PICTURE 9 \R HEADS ( :AT WE >E TALK+ AB\T2 IF1 EQUALLY IMPORTANTLY1 WE DO NOT CONSID] FRE$OM & EQUALITY M]ELY AB/RACT OR REGULATIVE IDEALS BUT EMBODI$ REALITIES1 !N A RECON/RUCTION ( ! EXP]I5CES IMPLICAT$ 9 ! FIR/ CONCISE & EXPLICIT >TICULATION ( A PRACTICE 7POLITICS7 ?AT S\<T TO MAT]IALIZE FRE$OM & 
EQUALITY 9 A CONCRETE SOCIOPOLITICAL =MATION1 IS SURELY SOME?+ MORE ?AN AN ACADEMIC EX]CISE4.<#a#i#g.> 

,BROADLY SPEAK+1 ?US1 :AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,GREECE1 ) ,A!NS BE+ ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC1 IF NOT TYPICAL1 CASE1 IS A 'POLITICIZATION ( ! CIVIC ORD]1' BY :I* >E D5OT$ PRIM>ILY TWO PH5OM5A3 7A7 ! ORD] ( ! COMMUNITY BECAME SUBJECT TO DECISIONS ?AT ! BODY POLITIC PROMULGAT$ ?R\< DELIB]ATION 9 ! PUBLIC SPACE2 7B7 CIVIC RELATIONS AMONG ! V>I\S CLASSES W]E CON/RUCT$ AS TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 CITIZ5S 7POLITES7 %>+ A COMMON ID5TITY & AN EQUAL /ATUS4 ,! LATT] PO9T SUGGE/S ?AT POLITICIZATION CAN'T BE R$UC$ TO ! PROBLEM ( GOV]NANCE1 = IT ALSO IMPLICAT$ ! CON/ITUTION ( A SPECIFIC 'E?ICAL SUBJECT1' ! CITIZ51 :I* WAS REALIZ$ 9 & ?R\< A SPECIFIC WAY ( LIFE1 ! BIOS POLITICOS4.<#a#i#h.> ,AS A PROP] ANALYSIS ( !SE EV5TS W\LD HAVE TO 5TAIL A RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,GREEK WORLD 9 ITS V>I\S DIM5SIONS1 9CLUD+ ! '!OLOGICAL' & ! 'COSMOLOGICAL1' H]E ,I WILL RE/RICT MYSELF 9 \TL9+ ONLY !SE FEATURES ?AT P]TA9 TO \R !ME4 

,WE MAY BEG9 BY 5UM]AT+ 7UNAVOIDABLY 9 A SOME:AT DOGMATIC MANN]7 :AT POLITICS WAS NOT4 ,!Y W]E NOT A NECESS>Y EVIL RELAT$ TO ! FALL5 NATURE ( HUMANITY4 ,!Y W]E NOT '! H&-MAID5 ( ECONOMY1' ! LATT] BE+ CONCEIV$ AS ! MA9 LOCUS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY 9 NE$ ( 'POLITICAL' REGULATION- :E!R M9IMAL OR MAXIMAL4 ,G5]ALLY1 POLITICS W]E NOT ID5TIFI$ ) 7EXP]TIZE7 ADM9I/RATION ( PRIVATE & GR\P 9T]E/S OR ( FIELDS & =CES1 E4G4 PRODUCTION1 :I* SUPPOS$LY CON/ITUTE ! 'REAL' MOTOR ( SOCIAL-HI/ORICAL BECOM+4 ,ACCORD+LY1 POLITICS OR ! POLITICAL WAS NOT EQUAT$ ) ! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS1 ) AN APP>ATUS ?AT IS MAT]IALLY1 & DISCURSIVELY FIGUR$ TO BE1 'ABOVE' CIVIL SOCIETY1 :E!R AS ITS WAT*DOG1 AS A 'UNIV]SAL E/ATE' ?AT TRANSC5DS ITS P>O*IALISMS1 OR AS A 'SUP]/RUCTURE4' ,F9ALLY1 POLITICS W]E NOT BIOPOLITICS1 ?AT IS1 ! GOV]NM5T ( LIFE AS A BIOLOGICAL CONDITION1 :AT ! ,GREEKS CALL$ ZOE4 ,= SURE1 ACCORD+ TO ,AGAMB5 ! '9CLUSION ( B>E LIFE 9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E' OR ELSE ! 'PRODUCTION ( A BIOPOLITICAL BODY' IS AS OLD AS SOV]EIGN P[]4.<#a#i#i.> ,BUT IF ?AT IS SO1 IT REMA9S ?AT = BETT] OR WORSE1 9 ,GREECE ! ELEVATION ( LIFE'S PRODUCTIVITY1 HEAL?1 5HANCEM5T ETC 9TO A PRIMAL POLITICAL 
CONC]N1 :E!R ON ! LEVEL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL SPECIM5 OR ON ?AT ( POPULATION1 7! BASIC MEAN+ ( 'BIOPOLITICS' AS DRAFT$ BY ,F\CAULT7.<#b.> DID NOT TAKE PLACE4 

,?R\< !SE 'NEGATIVES' IT IS EASI] TO APPRECIATE ! POSITIVE CONT5T ?AT POLITICS ASSUM$4 ,=1 ! FACT ?AT POLITICS WAS NOT R$UC$ TO ADM9I/RATION OR REGULATION ( SOME?+ MORE FUNDAM5TAL MEANS ?AT ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION & TRANS- OR RE=MATION ( ! COMMUNITY C\LD BE BE/[$ ) AN 9TR9SIC WOR?1 ?AT IS1 IT C\LD BE EXP]I5C$ AS SOME?+ ?AT IS VALUABLE 9 ITSELF4 ,I AM NOT >GU+ H]E ?AT POLITICAL GOV]NM5T & ! BIOS POLITICOS >ISE DIRECTLY BY ! FACT ?AT POLITICS W]E NOT P]CEIV$ TO BE ?IS OR ?AT4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ANY NEGATIVE CONDITIONS HAD TO BE C\PL$ ) O!R MORE POSITIVE ONES1 = 9/ANCE1 A HEI<T5$ CONSCI\SNESS ( HUMAN ABILITY OR A PECULI> TYPE ( 'COSMIC' RELIGIOSITY ?AT 5ABL$ & PROPELL$ M5 TO ACT4 ,! 5D-RESULT ?\< WAS CLE>3 ACTIVE 5GAGEM5T 9 ! COMMON AFFAIRS ( ! POLIS BECAME AN 9DISP5SABLE P>T ( ! JU/ ORD]1 &1 ?US1 ( ! GOOD LIFE4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT POLITICS W]E A MEANS TO AN 5D2 H]E1 ,>5DT'S REM9D] ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 '9 ORD] TO' & '= ! SAKE ( IS SUGGE/IVE4.<#b#a.> ,! GOOD SOCIETY1 7':AT-\<T-TO-BE'71 WAS NOT PROJECT$ 9 AN ES*ATOLOGICAL FUTURE1 BUT IT BELONG$ TO ! ,N[1 ?AT IS1 TO ! DOMA9 ( ! PRES5T1 :I* IS ! TEMPORAL DOMA9 ?AT POLITICS BELONG AS WELL4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 POLITICAL ACTIVITY WASN'T A BRIDGE = ! FUTURE UTOPIA BUT ! 5ACTM5T ( UTOPIA4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL MOM5T WAS :5 ! RESPONSIBILITY & CAPACITY TO GOV]N & =M ! POLIS WAS CONFIGUR$ AS A COLLECTIVE PROCESS4 ,= SURE1 WE CANNOT REALLY SPEAK ( A S+LE MOM5T1 BUT ( A HI/ORICAL TR5D ) C]TA9 FOCAL PO9TS ( IRRUPTION & CRY/ALLIZATION4 ,9 ALL EV5TS1 ! CRUX ( ! MATT] IS ?AT POLITICS W]E CONCEIV$ TO BE AN ACTIVITY & A PROCESS ?AT 9VOLVES ALL ?OSE :O W]E 5TITL$ CITIZ5%IP4 ,?IS MAY S\ND TRIVIAL2 9 REALITY ?\< IT WAS DEEPLY RADICAL & REVOLUTION>Y1 = IT V]Y MU* SIGNAL$ A DISRUPTION ( ! /ATUS QUO1 REALIZ$ SPECIFICALLY 9 ! ASS]TION ( ! CIVIC PRES5CE ( ! L[] CLASSES 7! DEMOS 9 A N>R[ S5SE7 & ! P>ALLEL 9S]TION ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM AT ! HE>T ( JU/ICE4 ,& UPON !SE EV5TS EV5TUALLY >OSE :AT1 FOLL[+ ,>I/OTLE1 HAS BE5 CO9$ 'POLITICAL GOV]NM5T1' I4E4 A DI/RIBUTION ( POLITICAL P[] 9 HORIZONTAL1 P>TICIPATORY & EGALIT>IAN =MS ( ASSOCIATION4 ,TO QUOTE ,EURIPIDES 

,FRE$OM IS %[N CLE>LY 9 !SE WORDS3 0,:O HAS AN OP9ION ?AT B5EFITS ! POLIS & WANTS 9 EV]YBODY TO REVEAL80 ,?US EV]YBODY SPEAKS OR REMA9S SIL5T4 ,:I* BETT] EQUALITY DO Y\ 
KN[8.<#b#b.> 

,WE >E BR\<T BACK TO ! PO9T MADE E>LI]2 CITIZ5%IP WAS NOT A M]E =MALITY1 GU>ANTY+ C]TA9 RI<TS OR AN AB/RACT EQUALITY 9 FRONT ( ! LAW2 MU* LESS CAN IT BE R$UC$ TO ITS ETYMOLOGICAL BASIS1 'SOMEONE :O RESIDES OR WAS BORN 9 ! POLIS4' ,RA!R1 AS ,>I/OTLE 9=MS1 '! CITIZ5 IS DEF9$ ABOVE ALL ELSE BY ! ABILITY TO P>TICIPATE 9 JUDGM5T & P[]4'.<#b#c.> ,TO R$EPLOY ,F\CAULT'S T]M9OLOGY1 CITIZ5%IP WAS A =M ( E?ICAL SUBJECTIVITY1 :I* HAD P>TICIPATION AS ONE ( ITS =MATIVE 
MOM5TS2 ! 9DIVIDUAL ?R\< JO9$ PRAXIS & HIS CON/ITUTION AS A CITIZ5 WAS TRANS=M$ FROM A PASSIVE BE+ ?AT IS ! SUBJECTUS ( HI/ORY1 SUBJECT$1 ?AT IS1 TO =MS ( HI/ORICAL PRODUCTION1 TO AN ACTIVE SUBJECTUM 5D[$ ) HI/ORICAL AG5CY4 ,BUT ALL =MS ( SUBJECTIVITY OR ID5TITY >E RELATIONAL1 SOME?+ ?AT IS EVID5TLY TRUE = CITIZ5%IP1 :I* IS CON/ITUT$ ?R\< COMMON PRAXIS & )9 A PUBLIC SPACE4 ,TO BE A CITIZ5 MEANT NO?+ LESS ?AN TO RECOGNIZE 9 ! FACE ( ! O!R AN EQUAL &1 ?US1 TO 5T] ) HIM 7NOT H] ?\<7 9TO =MS ( RELATION SEAL$ BY RECIPROCITY & OP5NESS4 ,LIKEWISE1 POLITICAL FRI5D%IP1 ! SPIRITUAL BOND UND]SCOR+ CITIZ5%IP1 TE/IFI$ TO ! EXP]I5CE ?AT ONE'S FRE$OM IS E/ABLI%$ & MA9TA9$ ?R\< ! FRE$OM ( ! O!R4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! CON/ITUTION ( P]SONS AS CITIZ5S M>K$ AT ! SAME TIME ! CON/ITUTION ( ! POLIS AS A SOCIETAL MODE ?AT MANIFE/$ ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( EQUALS4 ,TO BE SURE1 EQUALITY WAS RE/RICT$ ON ! POLITICAL DOMA91 S9CE PREVAIL+ SOCIAL DIFF]5TIATIONS W]E NOT ABOLI%$4.<#b#d.> ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MAKE IT A FA#iADE1 =1 ! POLITICAL WAS WRE/$ FROM SU* DIFF]5TIATIONS2 ?US1 :]EAS 9 ! PREVI\S /ATE ( AFFAIRS ! CIVIC ORD] TRANSLAT$ SOCIAL 9EQUALITY 9TO A HI]>*ICAL DI/RIBUTION ( POLITICAL P[]1 9 ! NEW POLIS-ORD]1 ESPECIALLY :5 POLITICIZATION CULM9AT$ TO A DEMOCRATIC REGIME1 WEAL? DIDN'T MEAN COMM& & POV]TY DID NOT MEAN OB$I5CE4 ,AS ,H]ODOTUS MADE ,OTANES PUT IT1 '= ,I NEI!R WANT TO RULE NOR TO BE RUL$4'.<#b#e.> 

,IT C\LD BE C\NT]$ ?AT CITIZ5%IP 9 ,GREECE WAS EMB$D$ 9 A COMMUNIT>IAN- ID5TIT>IAN LOGIC GRAFT$ UPON A 'BLOOD & SOIL' MY?OLOGEM4 ,?IS IS TRUE2 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ! CON/ITUTION ( ! POLIS AS A COMMUNITY ( SPIRIT WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY AN EXT]NALIZATION ( HO/ILITY1 OR AS ,K>L ,S*MITT W\LD HAVE IT1 BY A RE->TICULATION ( ! 'FRI5D-FOE' DI/9CTION4.<#b#f.> ,YET1 )\T IGNOR+ !SE PROBLEMS 7ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y DES]VE A DETAIL$ /UDY71 ,I /ILL ?9K ?AT !Y W]E NOT 5DEMIC TO ! BIOS POLITICOS4 ,:AT MADE ! PEOPLE TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES AS PE]S & EQUALS & :AT BR\<T !M TOGE!R 9 SOLID>ITY 9 ACTION WAS NOT SO MU* A SANCTION$ P>TICUL>ISM AS !IR COMMON P>TICIPATION 9 A WORLD :]E FATE WAS COMMON & :]E JU/ICE DISCLOS$ ITSELF AS A COMMON IDEAL & A COMMON BURD54 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 WE MU/ DI/+UI% CITIZ5%IP 9 ITS SUB/ANTIAL CONT5T1 :I* IS TO SAY1 ?AT :I* CAN BE REPEAT$ & ADDRESS$ BEYOND ! POLIS1 FROM ! HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS & CONT+5CIES )9 :I* IT WAS CONFIGUR$4 ,TO BE A CITIZ5 NOT AS A =MAL-LEGAL CATEGORY ATTA*$ TO A ,/ATE OR SOCIAL FIELD1 BUT AS A =M ( SUBJECTIVITY REVOLV+ >\ND P>TICIPATION 9 ?AT :I* IS COMMON IS UNIV]SALIZABLE 9 ! S5SE GIV5 TO ! NOTION BY ,BADI\3.<#b#g.> CITIZ5%IP IS A =M ( E?ICAL SUBJECTIVITY ?AT EV]Y P]SON CAN %[ FIDELITY TO1 S9CE1 9 PR9CIPLE EV]YONE CAN BE A CITIZ51 EV5 IF ! ORD] TO :I* HE_/%E P>TAKES IS A 'GLOBAL' ONE4 

#bi ,SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 ,A4 ,BADI\1 ',EI<T ,!SES ON ! ,UNIV]SAL1' ',POLITICS AS ,TRU? ,PROC$URE' ,!ORETICAL ,WRIT+S1 PP4#a#d#c-#e#b1 #a#e#c-#f1 ,SA9T ,PAUL3 ,! ,F\NDATION ( ,UNIV]SALISM1 TRANS4 ,R4 ,BRASSI]1 7,/AN=D3 ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#c7 

,9 EFFECT ?IS BR+S US TO ! ISSUE ( 'TRU?4' ,( C\RSE1 ONE H>DLY HAS TO READ ,HEIDEGG] TO RECOGNIZE ! POLYSEMIC NATURE ( ?IS T]M4 ,YET1 SIMPLIFY+ AS IT MAY BE1 IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT = ! MO/ P>T 9 ,GREECE TRU?1 :E!R AS CORRESPOND5CE OR UN-CONCEALM5T :E!R AS A COGNITIVE PROCESS OR AN EXI/5TIAL CONDITION ( ! GOOD LIFE1 WAS FIGUR$ AS A DIALOGICAL & P>TICIPATORY EV5T1 SO1 9 PR9CIPLE EV]YONE HAD 
AN ACCESS TO IT4 ,= ! DOMA9 ( POLITICS SPECIFICALLY1 ?IS D5OT$ ?AT !RE WAS NO ,TRU? ?AT C\LD BE US$ TO MEASURE & JUDGE POLITICAL 7?AT IS1 TEMPORAL7 AFFAIRS & :I* SOMEONE C\LD CLAIM TO HOLD = HIMSELF1 ACQUIR+ AS SU* P[] OV] ! COMMUNITY4 ,RA!R1 ALL ! DECISIONS AB\T ! DE/9Y ( ! POLIS W]E TO BE ATTA9$ ?R\< P>TICIPATORY PROC$URES & DET]M9$ BY DIALOGUE & P]SUASION4 ,BUT H]E IS ! CRUCIAL PO9T2 = ?IS EXP]I5CE AT ! SAME TIME PRESUPPOS$ ?AT TRU? WAS NOT ID5TIFIABLE ) ! HUMAN ACTIVITIES PURSU+ IT BUT RETA9$ ITS TRANSC5D5T TEXTURE NOT 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ O!R-WORLDLY BUT 9 ! S5SE ?AT TRU? IS AN 9/ANCE ( & BELONGS TO REALITY -- OR A GIV5 SITUATION -- &1 ?US1 IT =MALLY EXCE$S M5 & !IR KN[L$GE4 ,PUT APHORI/ICALLY1 TRU? WAS NOT ONLY PRODUC$ BUT ALSO DISCLOS$ 9 & ?R\< ! P>TICIPATORY ACT4 ,?IS 9 TURN HAD IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS = CITIZ5%IP QUA E?ICAL SUBJECTIVITY4 ,TO BE A CITIZ5 IMPLI$ COMMITM5T TO ! ASSUMPTION ?AT TRU? IS NOT COEXT5SIVE ) ONES ACTIVITIES OR COGNITIVE CAPACITIES2 NO MATT] H[ WELL-9=M$ AN 9DIVIDUAL OP9ION MAY BE1 CITIZ5%IP DEM&$ AN 'OP5NESS' :I* RECOGNIZ$ ?AT TRU? CAN BE >TICULAT$ & RATIFI$ ONLY ?R\< P>TICIPATORY PROCESSES4 ,MOREOV]1 ?IS ALSO IMPLI$ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS ! COLLECTIVITY C\LD ]R1 NOT SIMPLY 9 ! S5SE ( REA*+ A WRONG DECISION1 BUT 9 ! SUB/ANTIAL S5SE ( A FAILURE TO LIVE 9 TRU?4 ,& ?IS NOT ONLY 5ABL$ CRITICAL SELFREFLECTION BUT ALSO OP5$ ! SPACE ( REP5TANCE4 

,LET US TRY TO SUM UP4 ,9SURRECTORY EV5TS USUALLY IMPLICATE AN ACTIVATION ( ! MASSES SPURR$ BY A DEM& = JU/ICE4 ,! ,GREEKS 9 DEVELOP+ & REGUL>IZ+ SU* A TYPE ( COMMON ACTIVITY1 GAVE IT NAME & POSITIVE =M2 POLITICS1 ! BIOS POLITICOS1 POLITICAL GOV]NM5T4 ,& EV] S9CE !N1 ANY 9VOCATION ( A POLITICS ?AT IS NOT R$UC$ TO ADM9I/RATION1 ( A G5U9E POLITICS1 IS ALSO AN 9VOCATION :E!R EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT ( ! ,GREEK EXP]I5CE4 ,9 ! PREC$+ P>AGRAPHS1 ?US1 ,I TRI$ TO DEL9EATE ! FOLL[+ PO9TS2 POLITICS >E EMANCIPATORY1 EGALIT>IAN 7:I* IS :Y ,ZIZEK IS RI<T ?AT G5U9E POLITICS >E ALSO ALWAYS DEMOCRATIC7.<#b#h.> & UTOPIAN 9 ! SUB/ANTIAL S5SE ?AT !Y 5ACT ! GOOD SOCIETY1 A SOCIETY1 ?AT IS1 ( FRE$OM1 JU/ICE & RECIPROCITY4 ,ACCORD+LY ! CITIZ5 AS ! E?ICAL SUBJECT ?AT EMBODIES POLITICS IS A UNIV]SALIZ+ SUBJECTIVITY ?AT IS GR\ND$ ON & P]=MS A POSITIVE AFFIRMATION ( HUMAN EQUALITY4 ,LA/ BUT NOT LEA/1 A G5U9E POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS IS AN OP5 CONSCI\SNESS ?AT IS COMMITT$ NOT ONLY TO FRE$OM1 JU/ICE & EQUALITY BUT ALSO TO ! TRANSC5D5T & DIALOGIC NATURE ( TRU?4 ,WE MAY RETURN TO ! R$ & BLACK4 

,POLITICS 9 ,UTOPIA 

,>5DT HAS OBS]V$ ?AT ,M>X'S IDEAL SOCIETY1 'IS A /ATE ( AFFAIRS :]E ALL HUMAN ACTIVITIES D]IVE AS NATURALLY FROM HUMAN 0NATURE0 AS ! SECRETION ( WAX BY BEES = MAK+ ! HONEYCOMB4'.<#b#i.> ,UPON SU* IMAGES ( 9DIVIDUAL ASSIMILATION TO COMMUNITY OR SPECIES-LIFE IT HAS BE5 >GU$ ?AT ,M>X'S VISION ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY IS DEEPLY ANTI-POLITICAL4.<#b#a.> ,9 HIS >TICLE ON ',M>X & ,UTOPIA' ,RI*>D ,NORDAHL HAS ATTEMPT$ TO *ALL5GE ?IS !SIS4.<#b#a#a.> ,LIKEWISE1 9 A MORE REC5T ESSAY ,CLAUDIO ,KATZ 5DEAVORS TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ,M>X'S ?\<T IS SUB/ANTIALLY 9=M$ BY ! 
CLASSICAL ,GREEK POLITICAL EXP]I5CE4.<#b#a#b.> ,BO? S*OL>S ,I BELIEVE MAKE A GOOD PO9T4 ,NOT ONLY 9 HIS E>LY RUM9ATIONS ON 'TRUE DEMOCRACY1' BUT ALSO LAT]1 ESPECIALLY 9 HIS WRIT+S ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 IT IS APP>5T ?AT = ,M>X P>TICIPATION1 SELFGOV]NM5T1 EGALIT>IAN RELATIONS ETC1 WILL BE CON/ITUTIVE FEATURES ( ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4.<#b#a#c.> ,MOREOV]1 BEYOND ,M>X1 IT W\LD BE UNFAIR NOT TO RECOGNIZE A COMMITM5T TO A SUB/ANTIAL TYPE ( POLITICS -TO G5U9E POLITICS1 9 ,M>XI/ OR ,M>XISANT ?9K]S & GR\PS1 FROM ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND TO ! ,AUTONOMIA ,OP]AIA1 EXEMPLIFI$ ABOVE ALL 9 ! C5TRAL PLACE ATTRIBUT$ TO 7WORK]S7 C\NCILS4 

,A SIMIL> >GUM5T CAN BE APPLI$ TO AN>*ISM2 9DE$ = ! LATT]1 ) ITS EXPLICIT COMMITM5T TO DEC5TRALIZ$1 D[N TO TOP1 ORGANIZATION ETC ! C5TRAL PLACE ?AT P>TICIPATORY POLITICS OCCUPY IS EV5 EASI] TO SU/A9 = ITS MA9 9TELLECTUAL FIGURES1 7FROM ,BAKUN9 TO ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 & ,HAKIM ,BAY7 AS WELL AS = SEV]AL AN>*I/ GR\PS1 ! MO/ REPRES5TATIVE 9/ANCE BE+ ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W>4 ,GIV5 ?AT1 IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT CURR5T SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 LIKE ! N[ FAD+ 'ANTIGLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T1' HAVE ADOPT$ AN>*I/IC TACTICS ( DIRECT ACTION OR ?AT EV5 COMMUNI/ ?9K]S1 LIKE ,NEGRI & ,BADI\1 FOLL[ AN>*I/ ?\<T 9 /RESS+ ! IMPORTANCE ( AUTONOM\S SPACES ?AT ESCAPE ! LOGIC ( REPRES5TATION & EMBODY UNM$IAT$ =MS ( ASSOCIATION4.<#c#f 

,MY >GUM5T H]E IS ?AT BO? AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM TAKE OV] ! ,GREEK POLITICAL P>ADIGM & 9SCRIBE IT )9 AN EXPLICIT UNIV]SAL PROJECT ( EMANCIPATION4 ,?IS DOES NOT CONC]N DIRECT HI/ORICAL 9FLU5CE 7?\< 9 SOME CASES LIKE ,M>X IT IS ?AT ALSO74 ,IT DOES NOT MATT] IF ?9K]S & MOVEM5TS HAVE NOT BE5 EXPLICITLY '9SPIR$' BY ! ,GREEK POLITICAL EXP]I5CE2 IT DOES NOT ALSO MATT] :E!R ! T]M 'POLITICS' HAS BE5 DEPLOY$4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 FROM !IR V]Y BEG9N+1 HAVE BE5 COMMITT$ TO A =M ( COMMUNAL ASSOCIATION & ORGANIZATION ?AT 9VOKES ! POLITICAL P>ADIGM ( ! ,GREEKS :ILE SEEK+1 AS ,M>X PUT IT 9 A DIFF]5T CONTEXT1 'TO REPRODUCE ITS TRU? ON A HI<] PLANE4'.<#b#a#d.> ,BUT ?IS IS ONLY ONE SIDE ( ! CO94 

,AS M5TION$1 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 DREW A DI/9CTION BETWE5 'POLITICAL' & 'SOCIAL' /RUGGLES4 ,BEH9D ?IS DI/9CTION OP]ATE TWO MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS4 ,FIR/1 A FUNCTIONAL- 9/RUM5TAL READ+ ( '! POLITICAL' ?AT R5D]S POLITICS A MEANS TO AN 5D4 ,! V]Y TALK AB\T A 'POLITICAL /RUGGLE' ?AT CAN EI!R BE ADOPT$ OR NOT AS A M$IUM = REA*+ A SOCIAL =MATION :]EBY 'POLITICAL P[]' WILL NO LONG] BE NE$$ IS A CLE> TE/IMONY TO ?IS PROPOSITION4 ,SECONDLY1 & 9 CLOSE PROXIMITY1 ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! POLITICAL ) ! ,/ATE1 :I* LEADS ,M>X TO CLAIM1 ',FROM ! POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW ! /ATE & ANY ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY >E NOT TWO DI/9CT ?+S'2 & LAT]1 ',! POLITICAL S\L ( ! REVOLUTION CONSI/S4449 A T5D5CY ( ! CLASSES )\T POLITICAL 9FLU5CE TO 5D !IR ISOLATION FROM ! TOP POSITIONS 9 ! 
/ATE4'.<#b#a#e.> ,BY UPHOLD+ !SE RELAT$ ASSUMPTIONS BO? ?9K]S >E WELL )9 ! CONF9ES ( MOD]N ?\<T4 ,IT IS SECOND>Y IF ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 DO NOT CONCEPTUALIZE ! ,/ATE AS ! EM]G5CE ( ORD] UPON A FICTITI\S NATURAL CONDITION1 ALONG ! L9ES ( ,HOBBES OR ,LOCKE2 ! CRUCIAL PO9T IS ?AT !Y ADOPT ! PREMISE ?AT '! POLITICAL' CORRESPONDS TO A C5TRAL APP>ATUS ?AT IS DI/9CT FROM ! SOCIAL =MATION :I* IT REGULATES & ORGANIZES4.<#b#a#f.> ,IT FOLL[S1 BO? ?9K]S MA9LY UND]/& BY POLITICAL /RUGGLE ACTIVITIES DIRECT$ T[>DS ! ORGANIZATION ( A P>TY ?AT COMPETES = C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 OR1 AS ,BAKUN9 ONCE DOES1 A NEGATIVE ACTIVITY :I* SEEKS TO DE/ROY ! /ATE APP>ATUS4.<#b#a#g.> ,MOREOV]1 S9CE BO? ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 /RESS ?AT COMPLEX SOCIAL UNITS >E /RUCTUR$ ALONG V]TICAL L9ES ( CLASS-ANTAGONISM !Y CANNOT BUT CONCLUDE ?AT ! POLITICAL IS ! =MAL ORGANIZATION ( OPPRESSION4 ,( C\RSE1 ,BAKUN9 HI<LI<TS ?AT ! ,/ATE IS AN OPPRESSIVE ME*ANISM 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,YET1 ! %>$ CONVICTION IS ?AT ! MA9 FUNCTION ( ! POLITICAL CONSI/S 9 CO]CION4 ,?US1 ,M>X1 :O ASSUMES ?AT A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD WILL EXI/ BETWE5 ! OLD & NEW WORLD1 ADVOCATES ! NE$ ( A POLITICAL =MATION ?AT WILL SUPPRESS ! REACTION>Y =CES1 :]EAS ,BAKUN91 :O IS ADAMANT ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAS TO IMPLEM5T ! NEW SOCIETY IMM$IATELY1 DISPELS SU* AN APP>ATUS ALTOGE!R4 

,! PO9T DRIV5 AT H]E IS ?AT !RE IS AN AMBIGUITY ?AT LIES AT ! HE>T ( BO? IDEOLOGICAL TRADITIONS & ?AT HAS ACCOMPANI$ !M 9 !IR UNFOLD+1 SOMETIMES EV5 )9 ! SAME P]SONS & GR\PS4 ,ON ! ONE H& AN ADVOCACY ( A NON9/RUM5TAL1 NON-/ATI/ POLITICS & ON ! O!R A FUNCTIONAL READ+ ( ! POLITICAL ?AT LOCATES IT 'ABOVE' SOCIAL REALITY AS ! =MAL ORGANIZATION ( ! CONFLICT+ =CES ?AT CUT ?R\< SOCIETY4 ,& EV5 N[ :5 ! POSITIVELY POLITICAL /RA9 9 ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/IC GR\PS HAS COME TO ! =E1 NOTABLY 9 !IR 5TANGLEM5T 9 CURR5T MOVEM5TS ( DIRECT ACTION & ! CREATION ( ZONES ( SELF-REGULATION1 ! AGE-OLD DI/9CTION BETWE5 'POLITICAL' & 'SOCIAL' /RUGGLES1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! DIVIDE BETWE5 ?OSE :O OPT = OR DISMISS ! =M]1 CONT9UES TO P]SI/4 

,N[1 IF ! PROBLEM C\LD BE R$UC$ ONLY TO A MISREAD+ OR CONFUSION1 IT C\LD BE OV]COME BY A MORE REF9$ >TICULATION ( POLITICS1 ONE ?AT EXPLICITLY SUBTRACTS IT FROM ! ,/ATE & DIVORCES IT FROM CO]CION & ! MEANS-5DS LOGIC4 ,9 SIMPLIFI$ T]MS1 IT W\LD BE 5\< TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 :5 !Y AIM AT A RE_/TRANS-=MATION OR DISPLACEM5T ( EXI/+ RELATIONS1 >E POLITICAL 9 ! MO/ SUB/ANTIAL S5SE4 ,SU* A TASK1 :I* IS ALREADY P]=M$ BY ?9K]S SU* AS ,BADI\ ET AL1 W\LD AFT] ALL ONLY CL>IFY :AT IS ALREADY PRES5T4 ,SADLY1 ?+S >E NOT SO EASY4 

,IDEOLOGY @& ,TRU? 

,AMONG ! SEV]AL VAGUE NOTIONS & CONCEPTS US$ BY POLITICAL !ORY1 'IDEOLOGY' IS >GUABLY ONE ( ! MO/ CONTE/$2 H5CE1 IT W\LD BE PRET5TI\S TO ASPIRE TO (F] AN 
EXHAU/IVE DEF9ITION4.<#b#a#h.> ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON TO PURSUE SU* AN 5DEAVOR4 ,RA!R ! T]M H]E IS DEPLOY$ 9 ! S5SE ADOPT$ BY /&>D TEXT-BOOKS TO REF] TO ! V>I\S CURR5TS ( ?\<T ?AT HAVE DEF9$ ! MOD]N POLITICAL L&SCAPE3 A BODY ( 'IDEAS' & 'CONCEPTS' REG>D+ MAN1 HI/ORY & ORD]4 ,= SURE1 ,F\CAULT'S OBS]VATION AB\T LIB]ALISM 7?AT IT IS A 'PRACTICE4ORI5T$ T[>DS OBJECTIVES & REGULAT+ ITSELF BY MEANS ( A SU/A9$ REFLECTION'7.<#b#a#i.> MAY WELL BE APPLI$ TO ALL O!R MAJOR IDEOLOGICAL TRADITIONS2 9 FACT1 IT C\LD BE SAID TO BE !IR PRIM>Y =M4 ,YET1 ONE CANNOT ALSO D5Y ?AT1 AS !Y DEVELOP1 IDEOLOGIES 79 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT )9 !M !RE IS ROOM = BEWILD]+ V>IATIONS7 >E DEF9$ BY ! CEM5TATION ( A BASIC 5SEMBLE ( 'IDEAS' T[>DS :I* ! P]SON :O ESP\SES !M FEELS COMMITT$4 

,?IS IS 5\< 9 T]MS ( A PRIM>Y DEF9ITION2 :AT 9T]E/S ME ON ?IS OCCASION IS ! T5D5CY ( POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES1 & P>TICUL>LY ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 TO 'CLOSE' UPON !IR SELVES1 TO BECOME1 ?AT IS1 TOTALIZ+ SY/EMS ( ?\<T & ID5TITY :I* 'BLOCK' HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! NOTION ( 'CLOSURE1' AS A TE*NICAL T]M1 IS DRAWN FROM ,]IC ,VOEGEL91 ONE ( ! MO/ TR5*ANT CRITICS ( 7REVOLUTION>Y7 IDEOLOGIES4.<#b#b.> ,= SURE1 ,VOEGEL9 MA9TA9$ ?AT ! PRIM>Y CLOSURE EFFECT$ BY IDEOLOGICAL SY/EMS ( ?\<T IS T[>DS ! TRANSC5D5T ,GR\ND ( REALITY2 9 O!R WORDS1 ?\< HE WAS RELUCTANT AFT] A PO9T 9 HIS C>E] TO USE ?IS T]M1 IDEOLOGIES = ,VOEGEL9 HAVE BR\<T A RELIGI\S CLOSURE :I* CUTS (F HUMAN BE+S FROM ! DIV9E ,GR\ND ( 7!IR7 EXI/5CE1 ! 5D RESULT BE+ A DE=M$- PA?OLOGICAL TYPE ( SUBJECTIVITY4.<#b#b#a.> ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 IT HAS BE5 >GU$ H]E AS WELL ?AT POLITICS IMPLICATE A TRANSC5D5T MOM5T1 BUT1 :E!R ! LATT] TE/IFIES TO A MOVEM5T :OSE T]M9US IS A DIV9E ,BEYOND HAS TO BE BRACKET$ (F4 ,RA!R1 MY USE ( ! T]M IS CONSID]ABLY MODIFI$2 BY IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE ,I REF] TO ! CEM5TATION ( A SET ( RIGID IDEAS & ULTIMATELY ID5TITY1 I4E4 A REF]5TIAL =M ( SELF-RECOGNITION & SELF-LOCALIZATION1 ?AT 7A7 H9D] 'REFLECTIVE DI/ANCE' FROM ONES C]TA9TIES2.<#b#b#b.> 7B7 PRES5T ! O!R P]SON 9 A CATEGORICAL =M ?AT PREV5TS G5U9E DIALOGUE4 ,! PROBLEM1 :I* EXCE$S AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 HAS BE5 DIAGNOS$ P]T95TLY BY ,HORKHEIM]3 

,IDEAS TODAY >E TREAT$ ) A LAZY S]I\SNESS4,HUMAN'S DESIRE TO SUBMIT TO !M OR REVOLT 
AGA9/ !M AS IF !Y W]E GODS4 ,IDEAS BEG9 BY PLAY+ ! ROLE ( PR(ESSIONAL GUIDES & 5D 
UP AS AU?ORITIES & ,FUR]4 ,:OEV] /ATES !M IS TREAT$ AS A PROPHET OR AS A H]ETIC1 AS AN OBJECT ?AT ! MASSES HAVE TO ADORE OR AS A PREY TO BE HUNT$ BY ! ,GE/APO4 ,?IS TREATM5T ( IDEAS ONLY AS V]DICTS1 GUID+ L9ES & MOTTOS *>ACT]IZES ! WEAK5$ MAN ( TODAY'S ]A4 ,LONG BE=E ! ,GE/APO APPE>S HIS SPIRITUAL FUNCTIONS HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO DECL>ATIVE PROPOSITIONS4 ,! MOVEM5T ( ?\<T IS CONF9$ TO SLOGANS1 DIAGNOSES & PROGNOSES4 ,EV]Y MAN IS CLASSIFI$3 FASCI/1 ,JEW1 =EIGN OR '\RS4' ,& ?IS DET]M9ES ! /ANCE ADOPT$ T[>DS HIM = GOOD4.<#b#b#c.> 

,?AT SU* CRITICAL & '9T]SUBJECTIVE' CLOSURE IS RELAT$ TO A G5]AL CLOSURE T[>DS REALITY WILL BE ALSO SUGGE/$ H]E2 MY MA9 CONC]N1 ?\<1 IS ITS ?OR\<LY ANTIPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS4 

,!RE IS AN ISSUE1 H[EV]1 :]E MY ANALYSIS EXPLICITLY DIGRESSES FROM ,VOEGEL9'S4 ,! LATT] HELD ?AT AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM >E 9TR9SICALLY SYMPTOMS ( A 'CLOSE S\L1' A V]DICT :I* HE PASS$ TO SOCIALISM 7OR COMMUNISM7 9 G5]AL4 ,I /RONGLY DISAGREE4 ,?\< ?IS IS H>DLY A SUFFICI5T DEF9ITION1 IT IS SAFE TO >GUE ?AT SOCIALISM SIGNIFIES A HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T 7METAPHORICALLY & LIT]ALLY7 ?AT SEEKS TO E/ABLI% =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & MAT]IAL PRODUCTION BAS$ ON COOP]ATION & EQUALITY4 ,VOEGEL9 CA/IGATES ! LATT] AS A P]IL\S FANTASY1 BUT1 ?IS CANNOT BE POSSIBLY CONSID]$ A 'REALI/' POSITION2 IT IS ITSELF A CONVICTION 9 NE$ ( EXPLANATION4 ,9 ANY CASE1 QUA HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T SOCIALISM IS ALSO AN EV5T1 NOT 9 ! S5SE ( A MOM5T>Y OCCURR5CE1 BUT ( SOME?+ ?AT EM]GES \T ( A SITUATION & AS A RESPONSE TO IT1 ! SITUATION BROADLY BE+ ! 9DU/RIAL ORD] ( CAPITALISM & ITS FAILURE TO REALIZE ! IDEALS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS VE91 ?US1 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM %\LD BE SE5 PRIM>ILY AS PRACTICAL-CRITICAL VEHICLES ( ! EV5T ( EMANCIPATION ?AT SOCIALISM EMBODIES1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT 9 !IR [N TURN ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM CON/ITUTE RESPONSES TO ! EV5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT 9/EAD ( DISMISS+ !M A PRIORI1 LIKE ,VOEGEL91 ! CRUCIAL TASK IS TO TRACK ! PA? ?R\< :I* !Y TRAIL T[>DS IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE4 

,9 HIS E>LY CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL ,M>X >GU$ ?AT 

,IT IS !RE=E ! TASK ( HI/ORY1 N[ ! TRU? IS NO LONG] 9 ! BEYOND1 TO E/ABLI% ! TRU? ( ! H]E & N[4.<#b#b#d.> 

,SIMIL>LY1 9 HIS CELEBRAT$ ',!SES ON ,FEU]BA*' 7SECOND !SIS7 HE /ATES ?AT 

,! QUE/ION :E!R OBJECTIVE TRU? CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO HUMAN ?9K+ IS NOT A QUE/ION ( !ORY BUT IS A PRACTICAL QUE/ION4 ,MAN MU/ PROVE ! TRU?1 I4E4 ! REALITY & P[]1 ! ?IS- SID$NESS ( HIS ?9K+ 9 PRACTICE4.<#b#b#e.> 

,NO MATT] H[ MU* ,M>X'S ?\<T DEVELOP$ AFT]W>DS IT IS >GUABLE ?AT !SE PROGRAMMATIC /ATEM5TS LIE AT ! HE>T ( ! ,M>XIAN PROJECT TO '*ANGE' 9/EAD ( M]ELY '9T]PRET+' ! WORLD4 ,BAKUN9 = HIS P>T DID NOT G5]ALLY CREATE SY/EMATIC WORKS ( !ORY & ?US COMPREH5SIVE & SOPHI/ICAT$ =MULAS LIKE ?OSE ( ,M>X4 ,YET1 HE WAS AS WELL AN >D5T MAT]IALI/ :O S\<T TO EXPUNGE FROM HIS ?\<T ANY %R$ ( 'METAPHYSICS4' ,?US1 '?\<T' & 'REVOLT' -- ! MA9 PR9CIPLES ?AT DIFF]5TIATE MAN FROM HIS ANIMAL BASIS & AT ! SAME TIME ! MOTORS ( HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T -- >E CONCEPTUALIZ$ AS EM]G5T PROP]TIES ( 'CREATIVE MATT]' 7REVOLT SPECIFICALLY IS AN '9/9CT'7 )\T REF]5CE TO ANY ORI5TAT+ TRANSC5D5TAL 
PR9CIPLES4.<#b#b#f.> ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 IT IS >GUABLE ?AT ,BAKUN9 W\LD NOT ONLY CONC$E ) ,M>X'S /ATEM5TS1 BUT ?AT ! LATT] CAN BE PR(ITABLY US$ AS SUMM>IES ( HIS PROGRAMMATIC POSITION AS WELL4 

,N[1 ON ONE LEVEL ,M>X'S /ATEM5TS SEEK TO SU/A91 AGA9/ AN IDEALI/IC OR DUALI/ D5IGRATION ( MAT]IAL EXI/5CE1 ?AT PRAXIS IS A NECESS>Y MOM5T 9 ! >TICULATION ( TRU?4 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY A FUNDAM5TAL 9SI<T 7TO MY EYES AT LEA/71 BUT IT ALSO TAKES UP & RE->TICULATES ! EXP]I5CE ?AT WE F\ND 9 ,GREECE2 WAS NOT TRU? !RE AS WELL BR\<T FROM A ,BEYOND D[N TO ! LEVEL ( HUMAN ACTIVITY8 ,YET1 IF WE PAY MORE ATT5TION TO ! /ATEM5TS1 WE WILL F9D A SUBTLE BUT FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE4 ,=1 ,M>X DOES NOT SIMPLY R$RAW TRU? 9TO ! ,REAL1 NOR DOES HE ONLY SAY ?AT EV]Y TRU? IS MAT]IALIZ$ & RATIFI$ ?R\< HUMAN PRAXIS4 ,:AT HE DOES IS TO ID5TIFY TRU? ) HUMAN ACTIVITY2 AS SU*1 ANY SPACE BETWE5 TRU? & ACTION1 BODILY OR M5TAL1 COLLAPSES4 

,AM ,I SPLITT+ HAIRS H]E8 ,I ?9K NOT4 ,= ! ,GREEKS1 AS WE SAW1 TRU? ?\< NOT \TSIDE REALITY EXCE$$ HUMAN KN[L$GE & ACTION4 ,?US1 ! DISCURSIVE PRACTICES ?AT W]E DEVELOP$ 9 ,GREECE = ATTA9+ & EMBODY+ TRU? HAD AS GOV]N+ PR9CIPLES & PRESUPPOSITIONS P>TICIPATION & OP5NESS TO REALITY & TO ! O!R P]SON4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ACTION1 :E!R 'POLITICAL1' 'ES!TIC1' OR '!ORETICAL1' WAS EXP]I5C$ AS A RESPONSIVE TE/IMONY TO PR9CIPLES SU* AS ,JU/ICE1 ,BEAUTY1 ,WISDOM1 :I* TRANSC5D$ HUMAN BE+S4 ,SU* ONTOLOGICAL CATEGORIES 9 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 >E =ECLOS$4 ,MAN MAKES TRU? & ?AT IS :Y EV5TUALLY ! LATT] IS RATIFI$ & F9DS ITS ONTOLOGICAL DOMA91 ITS ',C\RT1' 9 HI/ORY4 ,! TRU? ( MAN IS HIS HI/ORICAL BECOM+ & ! TRU? ( HI/ORY IS ! PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( M54 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ACTION IS SUMMON$ =? BY REALITY & CON/ITUTES AS SU*1 A MODE ( GIV5ESS IS OBFUSCAT$2 ACTION1 ?AT IS1 LOSES ITS RESPONSIVE DIM5SION & IS R$UC$ TO AN ASS]TION ( MAN'S WILL4 

,?IS CONVICTION W\LD BE COMPLEM5T$ & ITS DYNAMIC ACC5TUAT$ BY ANO!R EXP]I5CE1 :I* WE CAN DESIGNATE AS ! DE=MATION ( UTOPIA FROM AN ORI5TAT+ HORIZON TO A HI/ORICAL C]TA9TY SITUAT$ 9 ! FUTURE4 ,VOEGEL9 HAS DETECT$ H]E AN 'IMMAN5TI/' V]SION ( ! ,*RI/IAN ES*ATOLOGICAL EXPECTATION ( DELIV]ANCE2 :AT WAS O!R-WORLDLY & (F]$ BY ,GRACE IS TO BE REALIZ$ BY ! HUMAN-ALL-TOO-HUMAN4 ,?IS DIAGNOSIS IS SUGGE/IVE 9S(> IT 9TIMATES ?AT AT ! ROOT ( ?IS TRANS=MATION ( FAI? SU/A9$ BY HOPE & LOVE 9TO C]TA9TY WE CAN TRACE ! BELIEF ?AT ?\<T & PRAXIS HAVE NO RE/+ PO9TS BEYOND !MSELVES4 ,YET1 AP>T FROM ITS COMMITM5T TO A PROBLEMATIC DUALISM 7:I* BY ! WAY FAILS TO DO JU/ICE TO ! DYNAMIC ( ,*RI/IAN POLITICAL SPIRITUALITY71 SU* A S*EMA T5DS TO SIMPLIFY UND] ! CATEGORY ( ']SATZ RELIGIOSITY' OP]ATIONS :I*1 AS ,VOEGEL9 KN[S1 >E MORE COMPLICAT$4 

,9 ,M>XISM ! DE=MATION ( UTOPIA IS L>GELY EFFECT$ ?R\< ?IS 'DET]M9I/IC1 SCI5TIFIC ASPECT' ( ,M>X'S ?\<T1 :I* ,GUY ,DEBORD HAS *>ACT]IZ$ AS ! 'RIFT' LEAD+ TO 'IDEOLOGIZATION4'.<#b#b#g.> ,?IS IS ! WELL-KN[N CELEBRATION ( PRODUCTIVE =CES ?AT ALL[$ ,M>X TO PUT =W>D >GUM5TS SU* AS ?AT ' ,/EAM1 ELECTRICITY1 & ! SELF-ACT+ MULE W]E REVOLUTIONI/S ( A RA!R MORE DANG]\S *>ACT] ?AN EV5 CITIZ5S ,B>BES1 ,RASPAIL1 ,BLANQUI4'.<#b#b#h.> ,M>X'S ?\<T1 TO BE SURE1 IS TOO NUANC$ TO BE ACCOMMODAT$ 9 A S+LE S*EMA1 BUT1 ?IS CANNOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ,M>X 5T]TA9$ ! IDEA ?AT HE WAS DISCOV]+ LAWS ?AT FUNCTION AS ! LAWS ( NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,! 
RESULT WAS QUITE AMBIGU\S1 NAY P>ADOXICAL2 BY POSIT+ ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY AS A HI/ORICAL 9EVITABILITY1 ! 'TRU?' ?AT HUMAN ACTIVITIES PRODUCE WAS DETA*$ FROM ! LATT] & BECAME SOME?+ LIKE 7EVOLUTION>Y7 ,PROVID5CE4 ,TRU? WAS DISCOV]$ BE=E IT WAS ACTUALLY PRACTIC$4 

,9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T SCI5TIFIC PRET5SIONS HAVE NOT BE5 ABS5T FROM ITS MA9 ?9K]S1 NOTABLY ,PR\DHON & ,KROPOTK9 7OR LAT] ,BOOK*971 BUT ALSO ,BAKUN94 ,YET AN>*ISM DID NOT G5]ALLY CLAIM = ITSELF A TITLE LIKE 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM' NOR DID IT PRODUCE R$UCTIVE-DET]M9I/IC PHILOSOPHIES ( HI/ORY4 ,AN>*ISM'S ES*ATOLOGICAL /RA9 WAS RA!R ACC5TUAT$ BY AN APOCALYPTIC F]VOR1 ?AT IS1 A BURN+ FAI? V]G+ 9TO DOGMATIC C]TA9TY 9 ?IS MOM5T :]EBY ! OLD WORLD WILL BE 5VELOP$ 9 A 'HOLY FIRE1' \T ( :I* WILL SPR+ ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,TO QUOTE ,BAKUN91 

,REVOLUTION 9 ! PRES5T IS ! NEGATIVE1 AS SOON H[EV] AS IT TRIUMPHS IT WILL AUTOMATICALLY BECOME POSITIVE4 ,!RE WILL BE A QUALITATIVE *ANGE1 A LIFE-GIV+ APOCALYPSE1 A NEW SKY & A NEW E>?1 A Y\NG & ALL-MI<TY WORLD )9 :I* ALL PRES5T DI%>MONIES WILL BE RESOLV$ 9 A H>MONI\S :OLE4.<#b#b#i.> 

,SU* AN APOCALYPTIC EXP]I5CE IS NOT ALI5 TO ,M>X & ,M>XISM1 QUITE ! OPPOSITE4 ,BUT1 IT IS 9CORPORAT$ 9 & MODIFI$ BY ! LATT]'S SCI5TIFIC ASPIRATIONS2 9 CONTRA/1 9 AN>*ISM1 9S(> AS IT B5TS & LOOKS T[>DS AN ESS5TIALLY VOLITIONAL MOM5T ( ,NEGATION1 SU* ASPIRATIONS HAVE BE5 G5]ALLY RELEGAT$ 9 FRONT ( ! PREPOND]ANT PRES5CE ( ! APOCALYPTIC4.<#b#c.> ,HAV+ PO9T$1 H[EV]1 ! DIFF]5CES1 IT REMA9S ?AT ! 5D-RESULT WAS SUB/ANTIALLY COMMON3 ! TRU? ( HI/ORY WAS SURR\ND$ ) A F9ALITY F> SURPASS+ ! TELEOLOGICAL &_/OR PROGRESSIVI/ S*EMATA CREAT$ BY MOD]N ?\<T ?AT F>4 

,TO AVOID MISREPRES5TATIONS1 ,I DO NOT >GUE ?AT AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM AS BODIES ( IDEAS & PRACTICE & EV5TUALLY AS CLOS$ SY/EMS ( ?\<T & ID5TITY CAN BE R$UC$ OR >ISE DIRECTLY FROM ! TWO EXP]I5CES UND] CONSID]ATION4 ,YET1 ! LATT]1 & ESPECIALLY ! ID5TIFICATION ( TRU? ) ACTION & ITS R$UCTION TO AN ASS]TIVE OP]ATION1 MAY BE SAID TO BE !IR PRIM>Y GE/URES1 :I* W]E SOON TO TURN 9TO SELF- EVID5T GIV5S1 ?AT IS1 9TO 'A HABIT ( M9D4'.<#b#c#a.> ,AS SU* !Y MU/ BE ALSO CONSID]$ TO BE !IR L>GELY UN-REFLECT$ GR\ND2 ?AT IS SO 9S(> AS UND] !IR =MATIVE SPELL1 IDEAS & PRACTICES W\LDN'T BE P]CEIV$ AS P>TICIPATORY ACTS SE>*+ TO DISCLOSE & EMBODY TRU? BUT AS ! ASS]TIVE MANIFE/ATION ( A 'TRU?' ?AT HAS BE5 ABSORB$ BY MAN & :I*1 TO MAKE ?+S WORSE1 WAS C]TA9 TO BE REALIZ$ 9 HI/ORY4 ,?IS DID NOT ONLY LEAD TO 'A CATA/ROPHIC FAI? 9 REVOLUTION'.<#b#c#b.> ?AT W\LD CONSI/5TLY =E/ALL 'TRUE DEMOCRACY' 9 FAVOR ( AU?ORIT>IAN REGIMES1 RE=MI/ COMPLAC5CY OR A CELEBRATION ( DE/RUCTION2 BE=E ?AT IT AFFECT$ ! WAY M5 P]CEIVE & COMMUNICATE ) O!RS4 

,M>X1 AS H9T$1 WAS TOO S]I\S A ?9K] TO FALL TO ! TRAP ( HIS [N DOCTR9AL T5D5CIES &1 ) SOME QUALIFICATIONS1 SO WAS ,BAKUN94 ,& YET1 ! EFFECTS ( IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE BECOME APP>5T ALREADY )9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,E>LI]1 
HE$ WAS PAID TO ,G\LDN]'S >GUM5T ?AT ! DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 WAS COLOR$ BY NON-!ORETICAL FACTORS4 ,9 A SIMIL> TONE1 ,GEORGE ,R\SIS NOTES ?AT ! ,M>X-,BAKUN9 DEBATE WAS DET]M9$ BY A 'MISREPRES5TATION ( ONE'S OP9IONS BY ! O!R1 9 ! CONTEXT ( A PUBLIC CONFRONTATION & ! SE>* = IDEOLOGICAL PREVAL5CE1 AN ACC5TUATION ( EXI/+ OPPOSITIONS AT ! EXP5SE ( EXI/+ FUNDAM5TAL COMMON VIEWS & MA9LY COMMON PROBLEMATICS4'.<#b#c#c.> ,:ATEV] P]SONAL MOTIVATIONS OR QUALITIES ( *>ACT] MAY HAVE HAD A CONTRIBUTORY ROLE H]E1 ,I WI% TO FOCUS ON ! V]Y FACT ?AT A DEBATE :I* REVOLV$ >\ND CRUCIAL !ORETICAL ISSUES LIKE ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE WAS TURN$ 9TO A F]OCI\S 7& /]ILE7 POLEMIC4 ,F\CAULT HAS SUMM$ ! *>ACT] ( POLEMICS NICELY4 ',! POLEMICI/444 PROCE$S 5CAS$ 9 PRIVILEGES ?AT HE POSSESSES 9 ADVANCE & WILL NEV] AGREE TO QUE/ION4 ,ON PR9CIPLE1 HE POSSESSES RI<TS AU?ORIZ+ HIM TO WAGE W> & MAK+ ?AT /RUGGLE A JU/ UND]TAK+2 ! P]SON HE CONFRONTS IS NOT A P>TN] 9 ! SE>* = TRU?1 BUT AN ADV]S>Y1 AN 5EMY :O IS WRONG1 :O IS H>MFUL & :OSE V]Y EXI/5CE CON/ITUTES A ?REAT4'.<#b#c#d.> 

,IS IT NOT REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT 9 ! CASE ( ,M>X & ,BAKUN91 ! DE=MATION ( DEBATE 9TO A POLEMIC1 RESULT+ NOT SURPRIS+LY 9 AN EXPULSION1 WAS RELAT$ TO ! WAY !Y CONFIGUR$ & EXP]I5C$ TRU?8 ,ESPECIALLY = ,M>X HIS WELL-DOCUM5T$ P5*ANT = POLEMICS CANNOT BE DIVORC$ BY HIS BELIEF ?AT ! TRU? :I* IS TO BE PROV$ BY MAN'S PRAXIS CAN BE DECIPH]$ 9 ! ISOLATION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,LIBR>Y4 ,BAKUN91 :O 9SI/$ ON ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A S+LE SCI5TIFIC-PHILOSOPHICAL ,TRU?1 MAY SEEM MORE DEMOCRATIC2 = ONCE1 HE WAS READY TO RECOGNIZE ,M>X'S CONTRIBUTION4.<#b#c#e.> ,YET1 WE ALSO KN[ ?AT HE PROMOT$ ! CREATION ( SMALL CIRCLES ?AT W\LD ACT AS AN '9VISIBLE DICTATOR%IP' & ?AT W\LD GIVE ! NECESS>Y PU% 9 ORD] = ! MASSES TO MEET !IR DE/9Y4.<#b#c#f.> ,S*OL>S1 E4G4 ,C>R1 USUALLY CONC5TRATE ON ! ROLE ( ,BAKUN9'S P]SONALITY2 EVID5TLY ?IS WAS A S]I\S FACTOR4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?\<1 :E!R !Y >E FICTITI\S OR NOT1 >E NOT SU* %AD[Y ORGANS ( PROPAG&A ALWAYS ANIMAT$ BY ! CONVICTION ?AT !Y HOLD ! TRU? ?AT IS TO BE MADE8 

,SUBSEQU5TLY1 :5 ! PROCESS ( IDEOLOGIZATION W\LD BE COMPLETE1 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM BECAME A BODY ( 'IDEAS' GR\ND$ UPON ! N[ HABITUAL CONVICTION ?AT TRU? IS NOT ONLY MAN-MADE BUT SEIZ$ & WAIT+ TO BE REALIZ$1 & READY TO BE US$ AS SLOGANS & WEAPONS BY ITS MILITANTS3 'DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM1' 'DE/RUCTION IS CREATIVE1' 'REAL BASIS & SUP]/RUCTURE1' 'PROPAG&A BY ! DE$1' 'ONE SOLUTION1 REVOLUTION4' ,!SE 7& O!R7 >E ! WELL-KN[N =MULAS ?AT1 TO BORR[ ,W5DY ,BR[N'S SUCC9CT OBS]VATION1 WE 5D UP LOV+ 'MORE ?AN WE LOVE ! EXI/+ WORLD ?AT WE PRESUMABLY SEEK TO ALT] ) !SE T]MS OR ! FUTURE ?AT W\LD BE ALIGN$ ) !M4'.<#b#c#g.> ,CORRESPOND+ TO ?IS PROCESS W\LD BE ! CON/ITUTION ( '! ,M>XI/' & '! AN>*I/' AS =MS ( SELF-ID5TIFICATION ?AT REVEAL A SUBJECT COMMITT$ NOT SO MU* TO A UNIV]SALIZABLE EV5T1 BUT TO ! PREVAL5CE ( ! CORRECT IDEOLOGY4 ,?AT IS1 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM W]E TO BECOME1 TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T1 ID5TITIES ?AT R5D]$ !IR ADH]5TS NOT P>TN]S 9 ! QUE/ TO REALIZE ! GOOD SOCIETY BUT FUNCTION>IES ( TRU?2 ! P>TY-VANGU>D :O PLANS & ! REVOLUTION>Y 
:O BOMBS HIS WAY TO COMMUNISM 7! TRU? ( HI/ORY7 >E ! MO/ REPRES5TATIVE FIGURES H]E4 

,?IS EV5T 9 TURN 7SOME?+ ?AT AS PO9T$ \T IS ESPECIALLY TRUE = ,M>XISM1 :OSE SCI5TIFIC PRET5SIONS MADE IT F> MORE PRONE TO DOGMATIZATION7 W\LD CREATE RIFTS EV5 )9 ! CRE$S2 ! QUE/ION W\LD >ISE :O IS ! 'REAL' ,M>XI/ OR REVOLUTION>Y & :O ! 'TRAITOR1' S9CE IT WAS ASSUM$ ?AT 9F]5CES :I* W]E P]CEIV$ TO BE WRONG W]E NO?+ LESS ?AN BETRAYALS ( ! ,CAUSE4 ,WE RETURN TO ! PREVI\SLY H9T$ PROBLEM ( OR?ODOXY2 & :]EV] OR?ODOXIES APPE> ! SPACE >ISES = SECT>IANISM AS WELL1 ?AT IS1 = ! CREATION ( GR\PS :O BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E ! C>RI]S ( TRU? USUALLY 9 PROTE/ TO A DOGMA ?AT HAS PREVAIL$4 ,TO BE SURE1 TRU? MAY BE SEP>AT$ FROM ANY 7HI/ORICAL7 OBJECTIVITY OR F9ALITY & BECOME PURELY 'SUBJECTIVE'2 ?IS IS ! /ANCE ADOPT$1 = 9/ANCE1 BY ! NEW URBAN GU]RILLA GR\P 9 ,GREECE ',SECT ( ,REVOLUTION>IES4'.<#b#c#h.> ,/ILL1 S9CE !Y CONT9UE TO FIRMLY BELIEVE ?AT TRU? IS COEXT5SIVE ) ACTION ! RESULT IS MORE OR LESS ! SAME3 TRU? LOSES ITS DIALOGIC *>ACT] & BECOMES PURELY ASS]TIVE1 SO ?AT IT CAN BE ATTE/$ EV5 9 ! ASSASS9ATION ( A SMALL-RANK POLICE (FIC]4 

,( C\RSE1 ! HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ MOVEM5TS CAN NEI!R BE R$UC$ TO ! ABOVE M5TION$ FIGURES NOR TO SECT>IANISM & A BATTLE = OR?ODOXY4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT AN>*I/ & ,M>XISANT GR\PS 9 ! PREVI\S C5TURY HAD 9 C]TA9 9/ANCES ATTEMPT$ TO DEVELOP POLITICAL SPACES F> MORE 9CLUSIVE ?AN ?OSE =M$ 9 ,GREECE 7TEMPOR>Y ONES ?\< MO/LY DUR+ REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS74 ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 WE %\LD SPEAK ( GRADATIONS ( CLOSURE & OP5NESS )9 ! TWO IDEOLOGICAL TRADITIONS4 ,! PRIM>Y PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES H[EV]1 ?REAT5+ ALL AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S & :I* REMA9S A PROBLEM = US TODAY1 IS ! CON/ITUTION ( A SELF-RI<TE\S ID5TITY ?AT T5DS TO /IFLE TO ITS ADH]5TS PRECONCEIV$ IDEAS ( :AT IS TRUE & RI<T & :AT IS TO BE DONE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! PRIM>Y PROBLEM IS ! CON/RUCTION ( AN ID5TITY ?AT SEP>ATES EV5 :5 IT CALLS US TO GA!R4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 IDEOLOGY QUA SU* AN ID5TITY HAS TO BE PLAC$ AT ! ANTIPODE ( POLITICS4 ,SO1 :]E DOES ?IS LEAD US 9 T]MS ( ! QUE/ION POS$ AT ! BEG9N+8 

,AUFHEBUNG 

,NO?+ IS FUR!R FROM MY 9T5TIONS ?AN TO CLAIM TO HAVE (F]$ AN EXHAU/IVE EXPLANATION ( ! 'FAILURE' ( AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,MY PIVOTAL ASSUMPTION WAS ?AT BO? REVOLUTION>Y CRE$S1 EV5 ?OSE SEGM5TS :OSE ACTUAL PRACTICE DISP5S$ ) OP5 DIALOGUE & P]SUASION ALTOGE!R1 HAVE BE5 COMMITT$ 7EV5 ONLY = ! FUTURE7 TO A 'POLITICS' :OSE FIR/ EXPLICIT ACTUALIZATION OCCURR$ 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 IT CANNOT BE IGNOR$ ?AT AL?\< ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 7AS WELL AS O!R ?9K]S7 5T]TA9$ ON MANY OCCASIONS ! IDEA ?AT ! 'NEW WORLD' WAS R\ND ! CORN]1 ! SOCIOPOLITICAL =MATION ?AT BO? AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM HAVE 9 M9D HAS NOT BE5 MAT]IALIZ$4 ,EVID5TLY1 ! REASONS = SU* 'FAILURE' >E MANY &1 AP>T FROM MU* MORE SPACE1 IT W\LD TAKE A MORE DETAIL$ HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS TO RECON/RUCT !M4 ,YET1 IT IS F> FROM UNIMPORTANT1 ESPECIALLY IF WE RECALL ?AT ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM W]E ! TWO MA9 IDEOLOGIES 9=M+ MO/ REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS 9 ! LA/ C5TURY1 ?AT ! DIVIDE BETWE5 ! R$ & BLACK S]V$ AS A BASIS ( BITT] CONFLICTS )9 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS AS WELL AS A /UMBL+ BLOCK ?AT PREV5T$ 
! ONE FROM HE>+ ! O!R1 EV5 IF IT WAS ONLY A MATT] ( TAK+ S]I\SLY LETT]S ( CAUTION1 LIKE ?OSE ,KROPOTK9 S5T TO ,L594.<#b#c#i.> ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 ! CEM5TATION ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM FROM PRACTICAL-CRITICAL VEHICLES ( EMANCIPATION 9TO CLOS$ IDEOLOGICAL SY/EMS ( ?\<T & ID5TITY %\LD BE REG>D$ AS A MA9 OP]ATIVE FACTOR OBTRUD+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS =M ( CONSCI\SNESS OR BETT] P>TICIPATORY ONTOLOGY ?AT W\LD BE NECESS>Y = ! FULL-FL\RI%+ ( A TRULY POLITICAL LIFE4.<#b#d.> ,& :AT ,I HAVE >GU$ 9 TURN IS ?AT ONE L9E ( MEAN+ LEAD+ TO ?IS CLOSURE /EMS FROM ! ABSORPTION ( TRU? 9TO ! ORBIT ( PRAXIS1 :I* LIES AT ! ORIG9 ( BO? CRE$S4 

,EMILE ,CIORAN HAS REM>K$ 9 ONE ( HIS APHORISMS ?AT 'IT IS NOT EASY TO PLAY ) HONE/Y ,J]EMIAH OR ,ISAIAH4'.<#b#d#a.> ,AT A P]IOD :]E WE FACE A CATACLYSM ( APOCALYPTIC W>N+S ?IS IS A TIMELY REM9D]2 !N AGA91 ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO BE A PROPHET TO RECOGNIZE ?AT IF ONE ( ! POSSIBLE WORLDS ( TOMORR[ IS ! ',=TRESS ,WORLD1' IT IS ALREADY BE+ =M$ TODAY4.<#b#d#b.> ,9 ?IS GLOOMY VISION1 WE %\LD ADD ?AT ID5TITY- POLITICS >E DI/9CTLY 9ADEQUATE AS RESPONSES TO ! *ALL5GES WE FACE4 ,=1 NOT ONLY !Y FAIL TO CON/ITUTE ! BASIS = AN AFFIRMATIVE EGALIT>IAN & UNIFY+ POLITICAL VISION1 !Y ALSO TAKE ! CURR5T 9/ITUTIONAL MATRIX = GRANT$4 ,! SAME 9ADEQUACY1 IT NE$S TO BE /RESS$1 APPLIES = ! AFFILIAT$ POLITICS ( TOL]ANCE4.<#b#d#c.> ,9 ! 5D ( ! DAY1 MO/ 'COSMOPOLITAN' ,EMPIRES W]E KE5 TO TOL]ATE BELIEFS & PRACTICES AS LONG AS !Y COMPLI$ OR DID NOT ?REAT ! /ATUS QUO4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,I AM NOT SAY+ ?AT RESPECT ( DIFF]5CE IS NO?+ BUT A FA#iADE2 MU* LESS DO ,I WI% TO UND]M9E ! IMPORTANT DEMOCRATIC GA9S ?AT LIB]AL SOCIETIES HAVE A*IEV$4 ,YET1 IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO CL+ TO WORN-\T CLI*ES ( MULTICULTURALISM1 CON/ITUTIONAL FRE$OMS1 9DIVIDUAL *OICE ETC1 :5 WE WITNESS 9 FRONT ( US ! SLID+ ( DEMOCRACY1 EV5 9 ITS FRAIL LIB]AL =M1 TO ! CURR5T SOCIOPOLITICAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 DESIGNAT$ POIGNANTLY AS A 'PO/-DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE' OR 'TE*NOOLIG>*Y4'.<#b#d#d.> 

,! PO9T H]E IS ?AT IF P>TICIPATORY POLITICS >E A DESID]ATUM1 AS IT IS SO (T5 SAID TO BE ! CASE1 !N !IR EMANCIPATORY & UTOPIAN *>ACT] HAS TO BE BR\<T TO ! =E I4E4 IT HAS TO BE TURN$ FROM A LAT5T FEATURE TO AN EXPLICIT PROJECT4 ,WE >E BACK ?US TO ! ASS]TION MADE 9 ! 9TRODUCTORY SECTION1 CONC]N+ ! RELEVANCE & SALI5CE ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 ,= ALL !IR SELF-RI<TE\SNESS1 BO? TRADITIONS CONT9UE TO PRODUCE 9DISP5SABLE CRITIQUES ?AT PO9T TO ! NECESSITY ( TRANSC5D+ ! PRES5T ORD] ( ?+S4 ,LIKEWISE1 BEYOND ! CRITICAL-!ORETICAL LEVEL1 ,M>XISANT & 7ESPECIALLY7 AN>*I/ GR\PS REMA9 C5TRAL AG5TS 9 ! EM]G5CE ( POLITICAL SPACES1 ?AT IS1 ( HET]OTOPIAS :I* IRRUPT ! PRES5T BY REALIZ+ )9 IT GLIMPSES 
( UTOPIA4 ,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE ?IS IS AN ACTUALIZATION ( ! 'OV]COM+' PROPOS$ H]E4 

,IMPORTANT ?\< AS ! CREATION ( 'AUTONOM\S ZONES' OR ! 'NEWE/ MOVEM5TS' MAY BE1 ! NUM]\S S+UL>ITIES AT WORK HAVE NOT AS YET FO/]$ ! PRODUCTION ( A NEW POLITICAL SUBJECT4 ,?IS C\LD BE SE5 AS A VIRTUE2 P]SONALLY ,I AGREE ) ,BADI\3 AGA9/ ! 'FALSE UNIV]SALITY' ( CAPITALISM WE WE$ ! EM]G5CE ( A G5U9E UNIV]SAL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! DISPLACEM5T & REPLACEM5T ( ':AT-IS' ) ':AT- \<T-TO-BE' NE$S ! CON/ITUTION ( AN 9CLUSIVE MASS MOVEM5T ?AT WILL EMBODY ! NEW EMANCIPATORY POLITICS4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 9S(> AS !Y CONT9UE TO 5CLOSE ITS MILITANTS )9 ID5TITIES ?AT SEP>ATE1 DO NOT ONLY FO/] ! POLITICS :I* >E TO COME1 BUT ALSO 9HIBIT !M4 ,( C\RSE1 TO SAY ?AT POLITICS IS P>T ( ! ANSW] TO \R 'PO/-POLITICAL' PR$ICAM5T IS ONLY TO POSE ! PROBLEM4 ,=1 AS IT HAS BE5 SUGGE/$ ?R\<\T1 SU* A POLITICS P]TA9 TO ! DOMA9 ( ONTOLOGY2 :AT IS TO BE TRANS=M$ IS NOT SIMPLY 'SOCIETY' BUT ! WAY WE RELATE TO EA* O!R & ! WORLD4 ,9 EFFECT ?IS TIES ! PROBLEM ( EMANCIPATION TO ! PROBLEM ( R$EMPTION4 ,BUT ?IS1 AS !Y SAY1 IS A DIFF]5T /ORY4 

,TO CONCLUDE1 ,M>X 9 ! QUOTATION US$ AS AN EPIGRAPH MA9TA9$ ?AT SELFEMANCIPATION IS ! FIR/ /EP = HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,ON ?AT OCCASION HIS REF]5CE PO9T WAS RELIGION4 ,IF BY ! LATT] WE MEAN ?IS DOCTR9AL CON/RUCT ?AT EXPELS HOPE = DELIV]ANCE TO ! AFT]-LIFE :ILE 9 ?IS LIFE SU/A9S V>I\S =MS ( EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION ONE MU/ AGREE4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 H[EV]1 IS IT NOT P]HAPS EQUALLY NECESS>Y N[ADAYS TO EMANCIPATE ALSO FROM ! IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE ( REVOLUTION>Y DOCTR9ES8 ,IF SU* IS ! CASE1 !N TO OV]COME ! DIVIDE BETWE5 ! 'R$ & BLACK' MAY MEAN TO MOVE BEYOND !M2 NOT ,M>XI/S1 NOT AN>*I/S1 BUT CITIZ5S4 

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