,P>T #g1 ,*APT] #c 
,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 ,AN>*ISM1 ,SYNDICALISM & ,SOVV]SIVISMO 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI 

,TEXT 3 

,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 ,AN>*ISM1 ,SYNDICALISM & ,SOVV]SIVISMO 

,C>L ,LEVY 

,AB/RACT 

,?R\<\T HIS C>E] ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI =G$ A COMPLEX RELATION%IP ) /R&S ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,?IS *APT] WILL DIS5TANGLE ?IS RELATION%IP4 ,FIR/ IT SETS \T AN OV]VIEW ( ,GRAMSCI'S UNIQUE =M ( SOCIALISM 7,SOREL1 ,G5TILE1 ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA7 BE=E & DUR+ ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO & ! FACTORY C\NCIL MOVEM5T4 ,HIS E>LY FLIRTATION ) SYNDICALISM & ,MUSSOL9IANISM LEFT M>KS1 :I* POSITIVELY & NEGATIVELY AFFECT$ A LAT] 5GAGEM5T ) ! LIB]T>IAN ,LEFT4 ,?US ! KEY T]M SOVV]SIVISMO1 F\ND 9 ! ,QUAD]NI1 IS CRUCIAL TO HIS DISCUSSIONS4 ,9 ! CONCLUSION1 ?IS PAP] EXAM9ES ! EFFECTS ( ,GRAMSCI'S ASSESSM5T ( ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S ON ,ITALIAN HI/ORIOGRAPHY 9 ! PO/W> DECADES4 

#a4 ,9TRODUCTION 

,! Y\NG ,GRAMSCI'S UNOR?ODOX ,M>XISM HAD MANY ELECTIVE AFF9ITIES ) ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ TRADITION4 ,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPT ( 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY DUR+ ! ]A ( ! FACTORY C\NCILS 9 ,TUR9 7#a#i#a#i-#a#i#b7 WAS %AP$ ?R\< HIS 5C\NT]S ) AN>*I/S :O W]E SELF-$UCAT$ WORK]S & =MALLY $UCAT$ TE*NICIANS EMPLOY$ BY ,FIAT & O!R 9DU/RIES4 ,?IS PRACTICAL ALLIANCE 9 ! CAMPAIGN = FACTORY C\NCILS *AMPION$ BY ,L ',ORD9E ,NUOVO HAS BE5 NOT$ ELSE:]E 7,LEVY1 #a#i#i#i74 ,BUT ! RELATION%IP IS F> DEEP] ?AN A TACTICAL POLITICAL PLOY1 :I* ,L59 9DULG$ 9 HIS AN>*I/-S\ND+ PRON\NCEM5TS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! SPR+ & E>LY SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g4 

,?REE ASPECTS ( ! PRE-,L59I/ ,GRAMSCI'S ,M>XISM S]VE AS B5*M>KS TO EVALUATE ! 9T]ACTION ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T & ACTION ) ,GRAMSCI'S SOCIAL 
?\<T BE=E #a#i#a#h-#a#i#a#i3 VOLUNT>ISM1 PRE-FIGURATION & HEGEMONY4 ,! !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS ( ,GRAMSCI'S VOLUNT>ISM >E 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ! DET]M9ISM ( ,L59'S SOCIAL ?\<T4 ,L59'S POLITICAL ACTIVISM WAS 9=M$ BY ! PROBLEM ( P[]1 H[ TO SEIZE & CONS]VE IT 7,S]VICE1 #b74 ,BUT HIS SOCIAL ?\<T NEV] LEFT ! /RAITJACKET ( ! MO/ RULE-B\ND 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4' ,9DE$ ,L59 SP5T AN 9ORD9ATE AM\NT ( TIME ?R\<\T HIS LIFE /AMP+ \T A BEWILD]+ V>IETY ( 'H]ESIES' ?AT ?REAT5$ HIS LOVE AFFAIR ) 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM'3 MONI/S1 ',GOD- BUILD]S' & 9FANTILE COMMUNI/S W]E ALL *OS5 T>GETS 7,READ1 #a#i#g#i2 ,WILLIAMS1 #a#i#h#f74 ,UNOR?ODOX & RU?LESS 9 SEIZ+ & HOLD+ P[]1 HIS POLITICAL ?\<T WAS P]HAPS EV5 MORE RULE-B\ND & OR?ODOX ?AN HIS FALL5 IDOL1 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY4 ,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT 9 #aiaf & #aiag ,L59 7& ,BUKH>97 >GU$ ?AT TIME C\LD BE SP$ UP PRECISELY BECAUSE ( A NEW /AGE ( HI/ORY3 WORLD W> ?AT FL[$ FROM ! IMP]IALI/ CAPITALI/ /AGE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T SANCTION$ HIS AN>*I/-LIKE H]ETICAL POLITICAL BEHAVIOR4 ,BUT IT DID NOT SANCTION A RE?9K+ ( ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM HE HAD M5TALLY +E/$ BE=E #a#i#a#d4 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY WAS A 'SOCIAL TRAITOR' BECAUSE HE HAD BETRAY$ HIS POLITICAL PR9CIPLES1 NOT BECAUSE HIS !ORY WAS 9CORRECT4 

,GRAMSCI'S 9TRODUCTION TO ,M>XISM C\LD NOT BE MORE DIFF]5T4 ,M>XISM WAS FILT]$ ?R\< A POLITICAL CULTURE ( VOLUNT>ISM ?AT P]MEAT$ ! ,ITALIAN UNIV]SITIES ( ANTEBELLUM ,ITALY4 ,! !ME ( VOLUNT>ISM IS DIRECTLY CONNECT$ TO ,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPT ( PRE-FIGURATION 7,BOGGS1 #a#i#g#e74 ,SIMPLY PUT1 PRE-FIGURATION IMPLIES ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! FUTURE SOCIALI/ SOCIETY %\LD BE =E%AD[$ 9 ! DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 CIVIL SOCIETY UND] CAPITALISM4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ?IS SOLVE ! DILEMMA ( H[ ONE GETS FROM ! CAPITALI/ TO SOCIALI/ /AGE ( HI/ORY1 IT ALSO IMPLIES ! LIB]T>IAN POT5TIAL ( WORK+-CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION 
PRES5T 9 ! Y\NG ,GRAMSCI'S SOCIAL !ORY AS WELL AS HIS POLITICAL PRACTICE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 UNLIKE ,L59 :O SAW ,SOVIETS AS 'USEFUL IDIOTS' TO UND]M9E ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE 9 #a#i#a#g1 = ,GRAMSCI !ORETICAL ,M>XI/ VOLUNT>ISM IS EMBODI$ 9 SELF-ORGANIZATION 9 CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y1 :5 ,GRAMSCI FIR/ 5C\NT]S ,L59 9 #aiag & E>LY #aiah HE PRES5TS HIM AS A *>ISMATIC LEAD]-*AMPION ( ORGANS ( SELFGOV]NM5T 9 CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,GRAMSCI READ ,L59 ?R\< HIS [N SYN!SIS ( ,ITALIAN NEO-IDEALI/ VOLUNT>ISM1 :I* [ES MORE TO ,GIOVANNI ,G5TILE & ,GEORGES ,SOREL ?AN ,KAUTSKYITE ,M>XISM4 

,GRAMSCI REPUDIAT$ ! !ORETICAL ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ORD] TO EMBRACE ,M>XISM 9 ! FIR/ PLACE :5 HE WAS /ILL A /UD5T AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TUR94 ,IF WE IMAG9E C\NT]FACTUAL HI/ORY 9 :I* ,GRAMSCI HAD 5C\NT]$ ,L59'S !ORETICAL ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY BE=E HE SUCCESSFULLY HAD PILOT$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO /ATE P[]1 HE W\LD HAVE C]TA9LY HAD A DIM IF NOT S>CA/IC REACTION TO IT4 ,!RE=E 9 #aiag & #aiah ,L59 BECAME ! SYMBOLIC & POLITICAL EMBODIM5T ( ,GRAMSCI MI/AK5 PROJECTIONS FROM UNIQUE COCKTAIL ( LIB]T>IAN VOLUNT>ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,! DISJUNCTION BETWE5 HIS POLITICAL ?\<T & ! MODEL ?AT PROV$ SUCCESSFUL 9 ACTUALLY GA9+ P[] 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION W\LD ?REAT5 ! COH]5CE ( HIS PROJECT = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE4 

,BUT ,GRAMSCI WAS NO AN>*I/ OR SYNDICALI/3 AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM S]V$ AS FOILS TO =GE ,GRAMSCIAN SOCIAL ?\<T & POLITICAL ACTION4 ,9 HIS >GUM5TS ) ! LIB]T>IANS BE=E HIS 5C\NT]S ) ,L59 & :AT BECOME KN[N AS ,L59ISM1 ,GRAMSCI HAD ALREADY OP5$ HIS ?\<T TO A READY ACCEPTANCE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOLUTIONS PROPOS$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECTS ( ! Y\NG ,GRAMSCI1 H[EV]1 P>ADOXICALLY >E D]IV$ FROM ! VOLUNT>ISM ( HIS POLITICAL ?\<T4 

,AS ,I HAVE %[N ELSE:]E1 ! ORIG9S ( ,GRAMSCI'S PRE-FIGURATION & HIS MO/ FAM\S T]M1 HEGEMONY1 IS ILLU/RAT$ NICELY 9 A S]IES ( >TICLES ON ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T 9 ,TUR9 & ,ITALY WRITT5 9 #aiaf 7,LEVY #a#i#h#f2 ,LEVY #a#i#i#i74 ,!SE IDEAS W]E BE+ DEVELOP$ AS HE SIMULTANE\SLY DEVELOP$ HIS EVALUATION ( ! ROLE ( ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA 9 ,M>XISM4 ,! NOTIONS ( PRE-FIGURATION & ! CONCEPTION ( HEGEMONY F\ND 9 ! >TICLES ON COOP]ATIVES1 AS WELL HIS 5GAGEM5T ) ,LABRIOLA1 >E TI$ TO HIS ATTITUDE AB\T ! PROP] EVALUATION ( AN>*ISM & ! LIMITS ( ALLIANCES ) ANTI-W> AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S4 ,BUT IT IS HIS =M ( P$AGOGICAL SOCIALISM1 DR5*$ 9 ,G5TILEAN ASSUMPTIONS1 :I* DEMON/RATE ! !ORETICAL GULF SEP>AT+ HIS APP>5T LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM FROM ! POSITIVI/ CULTURE ( ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S4 

#b4 ,PRE-FIGURATION & ! ',LIB]T>IAN ,GRAMSCI'3 ,GRAMSCI1 ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA & ! ,AN>*I/S 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 CLAIM$ ?AT ,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPT ( HEGEMONY >OSE FROM 5C\NT]S ) ,L59ISM4 ,?US 9 A FAM\S >TICLE ,P]RY ,&]SON >GU$ ?AT ! T]M & ! CONCEPT W]E SUGGE/$ TO ,GRAMSCI DUR+ HIS SOJ\RN 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS 7,&]SON1 #a#i#g#g74 ,IT HAS ALSO BE5 ADVANC$ ?AT HEGEMONY D]IVES FROM HIS ?9K+ AB\T ! ,S\!RN ,QUE/ION & ?IS ONLY EM]GES JU/ PREVI\S TO HIS >RE/ & IMPRISONM5T 9 ! MIDDLE #a#i#bS 7,URB9ATI1 #a#i#i#h71 OR ?AT HEGEMONY EM]GES FROM ! HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IP ( NATIONALLY DOM9ANT LANGUAGES & ,RECEIV$ ,PRONUNCIATION & M9ORITY LANGUAGES OR DEMOTIC PRONUNCIATION 7,LO ,PIP>O #a#i#g#i2 ,IVES1 #b#d74 ,O!RS HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! CONCEPT ( HEGEMONY %\LD BE PAIR$ ) ! ,GRAMSCIAN 'PASSIVE REVOLUTION' & HIS 
RE?9K+ ( ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION 9 HIS PRISON CELL 9 ! #a#i#cS 7,BUCI-,GLUCKSMANN1 #a#i#g#i74 

,AS ,I HAVE %[N ELSE:]E1 ,GRAMSCI EMPLOY$ ! DAILY CONC]NS ( ,TUR9'S LABOR & COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5TS AS LABORATORIES TO DEVELOP & ILLU/RATE HIS MORE COMPLEX !ORETICAL CONCEPTIONS V]Y E>LY 9 HIS C>E]4 ,R$ISCOV]$ >TICLES DEMON/RATE H[ MANY ( ! !MES ( ,L ',ORD9E ,NUOVO1 :I* HI<LI<T ! 7ADMITT$LY EXAGG]AT$7 PRE-FIGURATIVE P[] ( ! FACTORY C\NCIL1 W]E ORIG9ALLY DEVELOP$ DUR+ A DISCUSSION ( ?AT RE=MI/ 9/ITUTION1 ! COOP]ATIVE1 9 #a#i#a#f2 ONE OR TWO YE>S BE=E ,GRAMSCI BEGAN TO PROMOTE ! 'SOVIETI/1' ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN OR 9CIPI5T ,TUR9ESE V]SIONS ( C\NCIL COMMUNISM 7,LEVY#a#i#h#f2 ,LEVY #a#i#i#i74 

,IT WAS PRECISELY DUR+ HIS DISCUSSION ( COOP]ATIVE ?AT ,GRAMSCI C>RIES \T A SU/A9$ ANALYSIS ( ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA4 ,GRAMSCI'S DISCUSSION ( ,LABRIOLA GREW FROM HIS 9ITIAL REEVALUATION ( ! ,RISORGIM5TO4 ,& IF ANY ( ! DECEAS$ >E GIV5 DEC5T EULOGIES1 !Y >E SURELY ! 9TELLECTUALS ( ! 'DE/RA /ORICA' 7'! HI/ORIC RI<T'7 7,PICCONE1 #a#i#g#g72 :OSE EMPHASIS ON ! P$AGOGICAL NATURE ( ! MOD]N /ATE'S P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM & ITS HONE/ & EFFICI5T CIVIL S]VICE1 /IMULAT+ ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( CITIZ5S 9 ITS AFFAIRS1 IS ASSIMILAT$ 9TO SOCIALI/ !ORY4 ,= ,GRAMSCI1 ,LABRIOLA WAS ! 9TELLECTUAL L9K BETWE5 ! ?9K]S & WRIT]S ( ! 'HI/ORIC RI<T1' ,SPAV5TA & ,DE ,SANCTIS1 & ! MOD]N SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,LABRIOLA'S ,M>XISM HAS F\R ASPECTS TO IT1 :I* ,GRAMSCI F\ND NATURALLY CONG5IAL 7,DAL ,PANE1 #a#i#g#e2 ,JACOBITTI1 #a#i#h#a2 ,BELLAMY1 #a#i#h#g1 PP4 #e#d-#g#a2 ,BELLAMY & ,S*ECT]1 #a#i#i#c74 ,FIR/1 POLITICS WAS CONCEIV$ AS CULTURE & !RE=E 9TELLECTUALS ACT$ AS MAE/RI1 ! BRA9S IF NOT ! PUBLIC LEAD]%IP BEH9D SOCIALI/ /RATEGY4 ,SECONDLY1 ,M>XISM PROMOT$ A UNIV]SALIZ+ PHILOSOPHY ?AT L5T COH]5CE TO CULTURE4 ,F9ALLY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION HELP$ REALIZE ?IS PHILOSOPHY4 ,& IT HAS BE5 
SUGGE/$ BY SEV]AL WRIT]S ?AT ,LABRIOLA'S IDEAS HELP$ ,GRAMSCI TRANS=M HIS E>LI] ,G5TILEAN PHILOSOPHY 9TO HIS MORE MAT]IALI/ ,M>XISM ( ! W> YE>S & ( ! PO/W> E>LY1 ! BI5NIO ROSSO 7#a#i#a#i-#b7 7,TRONTI1 #a#i#e#i2 ,G>91 #a#i#f#g1 PP4 #a#a#i#c#c2 ,ASOR ,ROSA1 #a#i#g#e1 P4 #a#d2 ,PICCONE1 #a#i#g#g-#h1 PP4 #c-#d#h1 ,CATONE1 #a#i#i#d74 

,EV5 ?\< A G5]ATION SEP>AT$ ! TWO M51 ! SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ,LABRIOLA'S & ,GRAMSCI'S ,M>XISM & !IR RELATION%IPS ) ! AN>*I/S >E /RIK+4 ,GRAMSCI >GU$ ?AT CULTURAL HEGEMONY PREC$$ EV]Y MAJOR REVOLUTION4 ,IT HAD BE5 ! 9ABILITY & ! UNWILL+NESS ( ,ITALIAN 9TELLECTUALS TO AB&ON !IR ELITI/ COSMOPOLITANISM1 :I* LEFT ! MASSES1 SO TO SPEAK1 HEADLESS4 ,LABRIOLA & ,GRAMSCI RELI$ ON WORK+-CLASS 9/ITUTIONS IMM]S$ 9 DAILY LIFE1 NOT DIRECTLY CONTROLL$ BY ! SOCIALI/ P>TY1 TO RAISE POPUL> BELIEFS TO A UNIV]SAL SCI5TIFIC WORLD-VIEW4 ,LABRIOLA'S SUPPORT ( ! ,FASCI ,SICILIANI 7A SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 ,SICILY 9 ! #a#h#iS7 BE>S SIGNIFICANT SIMIL>ITIES ) ,GRAMSCI'S 5DORSEM5T ( RANK-&-FILE MOVEM5TS 9 ,TUR9ESE 9DU/RY DUR+ & JU/ AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> 7,PROCACCI1 #a#i#f1 PP4 #c#b#a-#h2 ,B]TI1 #a#i#i#c1 PP4 #c#d#c-#e#d74 ,BO? W]E ABLE TO WORK ) PROLET>IAN AN>*I/S4 ,JU/ AS ,GRAMSCI1 ,LABRIOLA DIFF]5TIAT$ BETWE5 ,JACOB9ICAL 'CAPI1 ! SPO/ATI DELLA BOR<ESIA 7B\RGEOIS DROP\TS71 ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IAT1 & ! AN>*I/ WORK]S :OM ,LABRIOLA HAD HELP$ DUR+ ! ,ROMAN BUILD]S /RIKE 9 ! E>LY #a#h#iS4 ,AL?\< ,LABRIOLA WAS CAPABLE ( DIFF]5TIAT+ BETWE5 ! 'REASONABLE' AN>*ISM ( ,]RICO ,MALATE/A & T]RORI/ BOMB]S & ASSASS9S1 HE NEV] TOOK ! 9TELLECTUAL PREMISES ( AN>*ISM V]Y S]I\SLY4 

,GRAMSCI'S & ,LABRIOLA'S ,M>XISM CAN BE CONSID]$ UNOR?ODOX BECAUSE ( !IR NOVEL 9T]PRETATION ( PRAXIS3 BO? M5 BAS$ ! SUP]IORITY ( ,M>XISM OV] O!R =MS ( SOCIALISM ON ITS ABILITY TO =GE A WORLD VIEW ?AT REQUIR$ LITTLE BORR[+ FROM O!R SY/EMS ( PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T4 ,IF ?IS CAUS$ ,LABRIOLA & 
,GRAMSCI TO FI<T AGA9/ ! M>RIAGE ( POSITIVISM & ,M>XISM & !REBY E>N ! ACCOLADES ( ! LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY UNIV]SITY ,M>XI/S1 BO? ?9K]S T5D$ TO D5Y ! 9TELLECTUAL VALIDITY ( O!R SY/EMS ( SOCIALISM1 P>TICUL>LY AN>*ISM4 

#c4 ,COOP]ATION & ,PRE-FIGURATION3 ,GRAMSCI1 ,SOREL & ! ,AN>*I/S 

,IT IS COMMONLY ASSUM$ ?AT ! Y\NG ,GRAMSCI WAS HO/ILE OR 9DIFF]5T TO ! TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 MO/ ACC\NTS EMPHASIZE HIS %>P DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! TRADE UNION1 A RE=MI/ 9/ITUTION IMM]S$ 9 ! LOGIC ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KETPLACE & ! FACTORY C\NCIL1 REPRES5TATIVE ( ! RANK & FILE1 AS WELL AS REFLECT+ ! PRODUCTIVI/ & FUNCTIONALI/ PR]EQUISITES ( FUTURE SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY4 ,BUT MANY ( ! ,ORD9OVI/I >TICLES PROMOT+ ! PRE-FIGURATIVE P[]S ( ! FACTORY C\NCILS W]E DEVELOP$ E>LY ?AN ?\<T4 ,!SE E>LY >TICLES REVEAL ,GRAMSCI 9 ! PROCESS ( ALSO DEVELOP+ KEY CONCEPTS SU* AS HEGEMONY & PASSIVE REVOLUTION & 9 ! CONTEXT ( REF]5CES TO 9T]NATIONAL !ORETICAL SYNDICALISM 7,SOREL7 & DEBATES ) ,ITALIAN SYNDICALI/S 7,S*ECT]1 #a#i#i74 ,BUT ! 5TIRE DISCUSSION IS PIT*$ AT SEV]AL LEVELS3 KEY !ORETICAL BREAK?R\<S >ISE )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! LOCAL CONC]NS ( ! ,TUR9ESE LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,GRAMSCI'S 9T]V5TION 9 ! DEBATE ON COOP]ATIVES REA*$ ITS CLIMAX 9 AN >TICLE1 ',SOCIALISM & ,COOP]ATION' 7#c ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#f1 PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,A,C,T'S J\RNAL1 ,L',ALLEANZA ,COOP]ATIVA7 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#i#d1 PP4 #a#e-#a#f74 

,GRAMSCI MAKES IT ABUNDANTLY CLE> ?AT SOCIALISM MU/ BE PRODUCTIVI/4 ,CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES W]E NOT1 NOR C\LD !Y BE1 C5TRAL TO !SE POLITICS4 ,SOCIALISM1 HE WROTE1 'IS NOT SIMPLY TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( DI/RIBUTION ( F9I%$ PRODUCTS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MORAL JU/IFICATION ( \R /RUGGLE1 & = ! REVOLUTION ?IS /RUGGLE WILL BR+ AB\T1 COMES FROM ! CONVICTION1 ACQUIR$ BY ! 
PROLET>IAT ?R\< ITS CRITIQUE ( ! EXI/+ MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT COLLECTIVISM WILL S]VE TO ACCEL]ATE ! RHY?M ( PRODUCTION ITSELF1 BY ELIM9AT+ ALL ?OSE >TIFICIAL FACTORS TO PRODUCTIVITY' 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#i#d1 P4 #a#e74 ,SOCIALI/ COOP]ATIVES MU/1 HE WROTE1 >ISE FROM ! FREE ACTIVITY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 \TSIDE ! M$DLESOME & CORRUPT+ 9FLU5CES ( B\RGEOIS LEGISLATION OR ! /ATE WILL BLUNT !IR PURPOSE4 ,SOCIALI/ COOP]ATIVES W]E SOCIALLY USEFUL TO ! L[] CLASSES1 O!RWISE !Y W]E1 ,GRAMSCI WROTE1 PROTECTIONI/ COOP]ATIVES1 P>ASITICAL ORGANIZATIONS ?AT GAVE RISE TO A GR\P ( PRIVILEG$ WORK]S1 :O W]E SUCCESSFUL AT FREE+ !MSELVES P>TIALLY FROM CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 BUT :OSE ACTIONS W]E H>MFUL TO !IR CLASS & CO/LY TO PRODUCTION G5]ALLY 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#b1 P4 #f#g#g74 ,9 MU* ! SAME WAY ?AT SYNDICALI/S 9 ,BRITA9 & DIASPORIC AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,]RICO ,MALATE/A ADAPT$ ,H4 ,BELLOC'S CONCEPT ( ! ',S]VILE ,/ATE' TO /ATI/ OR =MS ( CRONY-/ATI/-CAPITALISM JU/ BE=E ! \TBREAK ( HO/ILITIES 9 #aiad 7,LEVY1 #a#i#h#a2 ,LEVY1 =?COM+74 

,?US ,GRAMSCI'S G5]AL T5OR ( DISCUSSION IS L9K$ TO HIS E>LI] CONNECTIONS ) FREE-TRADE SOCIALI/S & SYNDICALI/S 9 ,S>D9IA & ,TUR94 ,PREVI\SLY1 ,GAETANO ,SALVEM9I HAD BE5 A MAJOR 9FLU5CE1 & DUR+ ! W> ,GRAMSCI ORGANIZ$ AN ISSUE ( ,IL ,GRIDO DEL ,POPOLO DEVOT$ TO FREE TRADE & SOCIALISM4 ,FREE TRADE1 ,GRAMSCI BELIEV$ W\LD HELP TO LESS5 ! ,NOR?_/,S\? DIVIDE BUT IT WAS ALSO C5TRAL TO ! DEF9ITION ( HIS =M ( SOCIALISM4 ,AT ! V]Y 5D ( ! W> ,GRAMSCI EXPLA9$ HIS FREE-TRADISM 9 RA!R DEF5SIVE TONES4 ,COMP>+ HIS PROGRAM TO ,PRESID5T ,WILSON'S 7,TOBIA1 #a#i#g#d1 PP4 #b#g#e-#c#c2 ,ROSS9I1 #b#h71 HE EXPLA9$ ?AT FREE TRADE WAS P>T ( SOCIALISM'S M9IMAL PROGRAM1 & HIS >GUM5T BETRAY$ !SE ',BELLOCIAN' E*OES4 

,SOCIALI/S >E TODAY FREE-TRAD]S BECAUSE !IR DOCTR9E RECOGNIZES ?AT 9 ! 
FREE DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY FREE TRADE AS A REVOLUTION>Y =CE 
AGA9/ ! \TMOD$ =M ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE & ?AT IT E/ABLI%ES POLITICAL /RUCTURES MORE SUITABLE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ITS POT5TIAL3 )\T ECONOMIC LIB]TY1 POLITICAL LIB]TY IS A ,GIOLITTIAN SW9DLE 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#d1 P4 #d#a74 

,?IS EXPLA9S ,GRAMSCI'S ATTRACTION TO ! ,5GLI% RADICAL LIB]ALS :O F\ND$ ! ,UNION = ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONTROL1 & P>TICUL>LY ,NORMAN ,ANGELL1 :OSE W>TIME WRIT+S1 ,GRAMSCI CLAIM$1 %[$ ?AT PROTECTIONI/ /ATE SOCIALISM OR /ATE CAPITALISM W]E UNIV]SAL EVILS >IS+ FROM ! 9H]5T DEM&S ( ! CONFLICT ITSELF4 ,?IS P]VASIVE ',PRUSSIANISM' 7A ,G]MANIC ,S]VILE ,/ATE71 ,GRAMSCI FELT1 ?REAT5$ DEMOCRATIC LIB]TIES WON BE=E ! W> 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#d1 PP4 #b#c#f-#g74 ,FREE TRADE WAS NOT ONLY ! GU>ANTOR ( CIVIL RI<TS1 FREE TRADE ALSO S]V$ AS A METAPHOR = ,GRAMSCI'S MAXIMALI/ PROGRAM4 ,CONCURR5TLY1 ,L591 :O APPRECIAT$ ! ME*ANICS ( P[] & PRODUCTION1 WAS PRAIS+ ! W>TIME ,PRUSSIAN /ATE AS BE+ A /EP CLOS] TO SOCIALISM3 C>TELS1 TRU/S & 9DE$ /ATE-ASSI/$ C>TELS & TRU/S PREP>+ ! WAY = SOCIALISM1 !SE DID NOT CORRUPT ! WORK]S1 BUT TRA9$ !M = ! FUTURE SOCIALI/ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 

,! PREVI\SLY M5TION$ ',SOCIALISM & ,COOP]ATION' IS ONE ( ! F9] EXAMPLES ( ,GRAMSCI'S 'FREE TRADE' ANTI-/ATISM4 ,?R\<\T ! W> YE>S ,GRAMSCI'S FE>S ( ,PRUSSIANISM MADE HIM CAUTION SOCIALI/S AGA9/ ALLY+ !MSELVES ) ! 9T]V5TIONI/ W>-TIME /ATE1 ?IS BECAME ESPECIALLY PRON\NC$ DUR+ ! DEBATE OV] :E!R OR NOT SOCIALI/S %\LD JO9 ! GOV]NM5T'S ,COMMISSION ON ,PO/W> ,RECON/RUCTION1 E/ABLI%$ BY ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,ORL&O 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#d1 PP4 #a#f#i-#g74 

,HE BELIEV$ ?AT 'RE=M FROM ABOVE' OR '/ATE SOCIALISM' HAD TOO LONG BE5 UNCRITICALLY ACCEPT$ )9 PREW> SOCIALISM & EV5 )9 ,M>XI/ !ORY ITSELF4 ,?IS BECAME EVID5T 9 AN >TICLE WRITT5 ON #h ,APRIL #aiag :5 ,GRAMSCI >GU$3 

,MANY ( \R COMRADES >E /ILL IMBU$ ) DOCTR9ES CONC]N+ ! /ATE ?AT W]E FA%IONABLE 9 ! WRIT+S ( SOCIALI/S TW5TY YE>S AGO4 ,!SE DOCTR9ES W]E CON/RUCT$ 9 ,G]MANY1 & P]HAPS 9 ,G]MANY MI<T /ILL HAVE !IR JU/IFICATION4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT 9 ,ITALY1 A C\NTRY EV5 LESS P>LIAM5T>Y ?AN ,G]MANY1 DUE TO ! PREVAIL+ POLITICAL CORRUPTION & ! LACK ( P>LIAM5T>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 ! /ATE IS ! GREATE/ 5EMY ( CITIZ5S 7( ! MAJORITY ( CITIZ5S7 & EV]Y GR[? ( ITS P[]S1 ( ITS ACTIVITY1 ( ITS FUNCTIONS1 ALWAYS EQUALS A GR[? ( CORRUPTION1 ( MIS]Y = CITIZ5S1 ( A G5]AL L[]+ ( ! LEVEL ( PUBLIC1 ECONOMIC & MORAL LIFE 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#b1 P4 #a#a#h74 

,GRAMSCI'S ANTI-/ATISM IS EXPLA9$ ?R\< HIS APPROPRIATION ( ,GEORGES ,SOREL'S NOTION ( A S*ISM1 A SEP>ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS FROM B\RGEOIS CULTURE & LIFE/YLES1 )\T FULLY ACCEPT+ ! ,FR5*MAN'S 5TIRE MESSAGE1 EV5 IF ,GRAMSCIAN LANGUAGE IS DR5*$ ) ,SORELIAN KEY WORDS 7,BRACCO1 #a#i#g#d2 ,BADALONI1 #a#i#g#e2 ,GIOSIS1 #a#i#g#i2 ,RO?1 #a#i#h2 ,MALATE/A1 #a#i#h#a2 ,S*ECT]1 #a#i#i74 ,SU* SIMIL>ITIES & DIFF]5CES ) ,SOREL >E EVID5T 9 ',SOCIALISM & ,COOP]ATION4' 

,SIMIL>ITIES 9 !IR %>$ BELIEF 9 A NON-,JACOB9ICAL TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM BAS$ UPON ! DAILY EXP]I5CES ( WORK]S 9 !IR [N TRADE UNIONS & COOP]ATIVES1 ) ,GRAMSCI ALLUD+ TO ,SOREL'S HI<LY 9FLU5TIAL BOOK1 ,I',AV5IR SOCIALI/E DES SYNDICATS1 CIRCULAT$ BY ,ITALIAN LEFT-W+ SOCIALI/ & SYNDICALI/ ACTIVI/S BE=E ! W> 7,FURIOZZI1 #a#i#g#f1 PP4 #e-#b1 #f#d1 #g#i-#h1 #i#e-#f2 ,ONUFRIO1 #a#i#g#i1 PP4 #h#i-#i#g1 #a#a#c-#b#a1 #a#b#g1 #a#c#i1 #a#d#g1 #a#e#d1 #a#i#g2 ,RO?1 #a#i#h1 P4 #a74 ,?IS BOOK IS SIGNIFICANT TOO1 BECAUSE IT PR$ATES ,SOREL'S DEP>TURE 9TO MY?-MAK+ & ! CELEBRATION ( VIOL5CE1 & IS FIRMLY GR\ND$ 9 HIS 5C\NT]S ) ,$U>D ,B]N/E91 ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA & ! =M] AN>*I/ ,FRANCESCO ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O DUR+ ! SO-CALL$ 
REVISIONI/ DEBATE AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY 7,SANT>ELLI1 #a#i#f#d2 ,ZAG>A1 #a#i#g#e2 ,MORABITO1 #a#i#g#i1 PP4 #g#d#d-#e#e74 ,ALL ?REE ?9K]S W]E SE>*+ = 9/ITUTIONS )9 CIVIL SOCIETY1 :I* MI<T TEMP] OR SUPPRESS /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,& TO COMPLETE A V]Y 9T]E/+ CIRCLE ( RECIPROCAL 9FLU5CES1 ,GRAMSCI WAS AN 5?USIA/IC READ] ( ,SYDNEY & ,BEATRICE ,WEBBS' ,HI/ORY ( ,TRADES ,UNIONS & !IR O!R WORKS3 ! V]Y EXAMPLES ,SOREL US$ TO BUTTRESS HIS >GUM5TS 9 ,L ',AV5IR SOCIALI/E DES SYNDICATS 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#g#f1 P4 #a#c#h74 ,& ! V]Y BOOKS ?AT ,L59 FROM HIS ,SIB]IAN EXILES READ ) SOME GU>D$ 9T]E/ 7,H>RISON7 

,GRAMSCI'S ',SOREL' WAS P]HAPS DIFF]5T FROM ! MAJORITY ( PREW> ,ITALIAN SYNDICALI/S4' ,! ,GRAMSCIAN TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM RELI$ UPON ! CONSCI\S1 REASON$ 9T]V5TION ( SOCIAL ACTORS RA!R ?AN MY?S2 & ,GRAMSCI1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 APPRECIAT$ ! ROLE ( $UCATION & SELF-$UCATION1 EV5 ?\<1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 HE HAD LITTLE TIME = ! EF=TS ( ! ,UNIV]SITA ,POPOL>E 7,BROCCOLI1 #a#i#g#b2 ,ROSADA1 #a#i#g#e2 ,5TWI/LE1 #a#i#g#i74 ,HE DID NOT %>E SOME ( ! SYNDICALI/ 9TELLECTUALS' FASC9ATION ) ! IMAG]Y ( ! RUDE1 UN$UCAT$ WORK]S AS 9TELLECTUAL-BA%]S4 ,GRAMSCI WROTE A FAM\S >TICLE 9 #a#i#a#f- ',SOCIALISM & ,CULTURE'- 9 DIRECT RESPONSE TO ,5RICO ,LEONE 9 :I* ! SYNDICALI/ PR(ESSOR IS TAK5 TO TASK & 9 ?IS CONTEXT EXPLA9S ! ROLE ( IDEAS 9 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & CONCURR5TLY $GES T[>DS A CONCEPT ( HEGEMONY 7,= DETAILS SEE ,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h1 #i#i-#a#c74 

,! FACT IS ?AT ONLY BY DEGREES1 ONE /AGE AT A TIME1 HAS HUMANITY ACQUIR$ CONSCI\SNESS ( IT [N VALUE & WON = ITSELF ! RI<T TO ?R[ (F ! PATT]N ( ORGANIZATION IMPOS$ ON IT BY M9ORITIES AT A PREVI\S P]IOD 9 HI/ORY4 ,& ?IS CONSCI\SNESS WAS =M$ NOT UND] ! BRUTAL GOAD ( PHYSIOLOGICAL NECESSITY BUT AS A RESULT ( 9TELLIG5T REFLECTION1 AT FIR/ BY JU/ A FEW PEOPLE & LAT] BY A :OLE CLASS1 & :Y C]TA9 CONDITIONS EXI/ & 
H[ BE/ TO CONV]T ! FACTS ( VASSALAGE 9TO ! SIGNALS ( REBELLION & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT EV]Y REVOLUTION HAS BE5 PREC$$ BY AN 9T5SE LABOR ( CRITICISM1 BY ! DIFFUSION ( CULTURE & ! SPREAD ( CULTURE & ! SPREAD ( IDEAS AMONG ! MASSES ( M5 :O >E FIR/ RESI/ANT1 ?9K ONLY ( SOLV+ !IR [N IMM$IATE ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PROBLEMS = !MSELVES1 :O HAVE NOT TIES ( SOLID>ITY ) O!RS 9 ! SAME CONDITIONS 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#g#g1 PP4 #a#a-#a#b74 

,?US1 A S]IES ( >TICLES AB\T COOP]ATION1 ! ROLE ( 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & O!R NODS TO ,SOREL1 ,PR\DHON1 ,LABRIOLA & ! LESSONS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! IMPORTANCE ( PRE-FIGURATION & AN ANALYSIS /RESS+ ! T5SIONS BETWE5 /ATE & CIVIL SOCIETY1 RA!R ?AN ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( CAPITALISM1 WILL SEE ,GRAMSCI DEVELOP ! MA/] !MES 7HEGEMONY1 PASSIVE REVOLUTION ETC71 :I* WILL ACCOMPANY HIM ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,9 AN EXTRAORD9>Y PASSAGE1 A CRITIQUE ( ,M>XI/ DET]M9ISM1 :I* %\LD HAVE F\ND K9DR$ SPIRITS AMONG ! MORE CRITICAL AN>*I/S1 ,GRAMSCI SEEMS TO QUE/ION EV5 ,5GEL'S =MULATION ?AT ! BASE DET]M9ES DIALECTICAL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE4 ,?US ! TRANSITION FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM IS NOT A NEAT PROCESS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION DISPLAC+ 5]VAT$ FEUDALISM4 ,EV5TS 9 ! SUP]/RUCTURE & POLITICAL CIVIL SOCIETY 7! SOCIETY ( LAWY]S & 9TELLECTUALS7 PLAY AN EXTRAORD9>ILY IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ?IS PROCESS 9 PRE-REVOLUTION>Y & REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE4 

,BESIDES1 NOT EV5 CAPITALISM 9 ITS HI/ORICAL ESS5CE IS B\RGEOIS3 9 REALITY IT IS A B\RGEOIS SUP]/RUCTURE1 IT IS ! CONCRETE =M TAK5 BY ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T SOME TIME AFT] ! AFFIRMATION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! NEW 
CLASS1 SO ?AT ?IS CLASS PLANT$ ITS ROOTS EV5 MORE SOLIDLY 9 ! WORLD 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#i#d1 P4 #a#g74 

,QUE/IONS ( !ORY & 9T]PRETATION >E PLAY$ \T & SP>K$ BY ! 9FLU5CE ( SYNDICALI/ OR AN>*I/ !MES1 REPRES5TATIVES ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM OR ! TACTICAL IMP]ATIVE TO F9D COMMON CAUSE ) AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S4 ,BUT LAT]1 ( C\RSE 9 ! ,NOTEBOOKS1 ?IS NOVEL 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,M>XI/ HI/ORICAL FRAMEWORK MORE FULLY DEVELOP$ & IS CA/ 9 MORE PESSIMI/IC & ,JACOB9ICAL LI<T SEEMS TO HAVE L$ ,GRAMSCI TO QUALIFI$ SUPPORT1 OR AT LEA/ SYMPA!TIC APPRECIATION1 = ! ,/AL9I/ REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE4 ,BUT 9 #a#i#a#f1 H[EV]1 HIS T>GETS W]E ?OSE POSITIVI/ SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S OR SYNDICALI/S :O W]E 5SLAV$ TO A DET]M9I/ EVOLUTION>Y VISION ( HI/ORY & ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS4 

,?US ,GRAMSCIAN PRAXIS REVOLT$ AGA9/ A PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE ( 'POSITIVI/ FACTS' OR ! NOTION '?AT :AT IS CU/OM>ILY CALL$ EXT]NAL REALITY IS SOME?+ SO F9ITE1 SO RIGID1 SO COMPLETELY SEP>ATE & 9DEP5D5T FROM ! IDEA2 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS >E NOT \TSIDE ( \R WILL & 9FLU5CE' 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#d1 P4 

#c74 ,! CONSCI\S SOCIALI/ %\LD NOT BEHAVE AS IF HE OR %E POSSESS$ A SCI5TIFIC =MULA1 :I* PASSIVE FOLL[]S NE$ M]ELY LE>N & OBEY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,GRAMSCI'S E>LY LIB]T>IANISM IS NOT M]ELY F\ND 9 HIS 'FREE-TRADE SOCIALISM' AS DISCUSS$ PREVI\SLY BUT ALSO AN 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XI/ PRAXIS ?AT UND]M9$ ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONALI/ CONCEPT ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 EMBRAC$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & ,BOL%EVIKS1 OR EQUALLY ! ALT]NATIVE POSITIVI/ DET]M9ISM ( ,KROPOTK9ITE AN>*O-COMMUNISM4 ,?IS L$ ,GRAMSCI TO PASSIONATE D5UNCIATIONS ( ! DIVISION ( SOCIALISM BETWE5 A LEAD]%IP CA/E IMBU$ ) ! CORRECT =MULAS & FOLL[]S :O W]E EASILY MANIPULAT$ BY !IR SCI5TIFIC MAGIC TRICKS4 ,SO AS HE IMBIB$ ! 
IDEAS ( ! POSITIVI/ ,MI*AELS ) CAUTION BUT ) SOME EFFECT1 ,GRAMSCI SOMETIMES C\LD APPE> TO ADVANCE AN>*I/-LIKE CRITIQUES ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY MA*9E4 ,UNLIKE ,KAUTSKY OR ,L591 :O SEP>AT$ KN[L$GE FROM DAILY KN[-H[1 ! Y\NG ,GRAMSCI1 EV5 IF HIS POLITICAL PRACTICE REJECT$ A FULL-FL$G$ SOCIALI/ PLURALISM1 C\LD NOT EASILY /OMA* A DOGMATIC OR DICTATORIAL SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,! PROLET>IAT IS NOT AN >MY2 IT DOES NOT HAVE (FIC]S1 SUBALT]NS1 CORPORALS & SOLDI]S4 ,SOCIALI/S >E NOT (FIC]S ( ! PROLET>IAN >MY1 !Y >E P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 P]HAPS !Y >E ITS CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT AS ! CONSCI\SNESS CANNOT BE DIVID$ FROM AN 9DIVIDUAL1 SO SOCIALI/S >E NOT PLAC$ 9 DUALITY ) ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y >E ONE1 ALWAYS ONE & !Y DO NOT COMM& BUT LIVE ) ! PROLET>IAT1 JU/ AS BLOOD CIRCULATES & MOVES 9 ! VE9S ( A BODY & IT IS NOT POSSIBLE = IT TO LIVE & MOVE 9SIDE RUBB] TUBES WRAPP$ >\ND A CORPSE4 ,!Y LIVE )9 ! PROLET>IAT1 !IR =CE IS 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S & !IR P[] LAY 9 ?IS P]FECT ADHESION 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#b1 P4 #c#c#b74 

,WE HAVE SE5 H[ LIB]T>IAN !MES P]MEAT$ ,GRAMSCI'S E>LY ?\<T4 ,HIS SOCIALI/ IS ANTI-/ATI/4 ,HE IS SUSPICI\S & ON GU>D AGA9/ ! CREATION ( A SOCIALI/ HI]>*Y3 HE IS AGA9/ ,JACOB9CAL SOCIALISM4 ,HE PROMOTES SOCIALISM GR\ND$ 9 CIVIL SOCIETY & PRE-FIGURATION4 ,BUT HE IS ALSO ILL AT EASE ) SYNDICALI/ >GUM5TS ?AT UND]M9E ! IMPORTANCE ( $UCATION & LE>N+ = ! SOCIALI/ & WORK+- CLASS MOVEM5TS4 ,! SOCIALI/ LEAD]%IP %\LD NOT PATRONIZE OR ORD] AB\T ! RANK & FILE1 FLAUNT+ !IR WELL-DEVELOP$ CONSCI\SNESS OV] ! LESS WELL READ RANK & FILE4 ,H[EV]1 ?AT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT CONSCI\S SOCIALI/S DO NOT HAVE A DUTY TO $UCATE ! MOVEM5T4 ,& IT IS OV] ! QUE/ION ( $UCATION & ! AN>*I/ 
CONCEPT ( 'FREE ?\<T' & ! 'FREE ?9K]1' :I* ,GRAMSCI 5GAGES 9 HIS MO/ EXT5D$ !ORETICAL DEBATE ) ! AN>*I/S4 ,& 9 ?IS DEBATE HE DEVELOPS ! !MES & !ORETICAL TOOLS HE WILL USE TO CRITICIZE AN>*ISM 9 POLITICAL DEBATE BUT ALSO AS DEVICES EMPLOY$ 9 SUPPOS$LY COOL] HI/ORIOGRAPHICAL >GUM5TS PRES5T$ 9 ! ,NOTEBOOKS4 

#d4 ,FREE ,?\<T & ,$UCAT$ ,?\<T3 ! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,GRAMSCIAN CONCEPTS ,S5SO ,COMUNE & ,S5SO ,BUONO 7! ,LIMITS ( ,GRAMSCIAN ,LIB]T>IANISM7 

,BY SECOND NATURE1 ,GRAMSCI ?\<T ( SOCIALI/ POLITICS AS AN EXT5SION ( CULTURAL 5LI<T5M5T4 ,DUR+ ! W>1 HE MADE HIS M>K & G5]AT$ DEEP ANIMOSITIES )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ?R\< HIS UNOR?ODOX $ITOR%IP ( ,I,I ,GRIDO DEL,POPOLO4 ,BUT EV5 BE=E HIS ASSUMPTION ( A MAJOR RESPONSIBILITY1 HIS ONE-(F BROAD%EET1 ,LA ,CITTA ,FUTURA HAD BE5 AIM$ AT A SPECIFIC AUDI5CE ( HI<LY SKILL$ & MOTIVAT$ WORK]S1 :O W]E AMBITI\S 5\< TO ATT5D NI<T S*OOL TO FUR!R !IR =TUNES 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#b1 P4 #a#e-#f74 ,BUT ,TUR91 HE >GU$1 LACK$ A CULTURAL ORGANIZATION CONTROLL$ BY & ACT+ ON BEHALF ( WORK]S4 ,! ,UNIV]SITA ,POPOL>E WAS1 HE FELT1 A PURELY B\RGEOIS HUMANIT>IAN V5TURE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HIS PROPOS$ AN ,ASSOCIATION ( ,CULTURE W\LD HAVE ! EXTRA ADD$ ADVANTAG$ ( SUPPLY+ TRA9$ 9TELLECTUALS SUITABLY SOCIALIZ$ = ADEQUATE TASKS )9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< HE DID NOT QUOTE ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS DIRECTLY1 HE WAS C]TA9LY ?9K+ ( ! ,G]MAN'S PREW> /UDY ( ,ITALIAN SOCIALISM1 P>TICUL>LY ,MI*ELS'S DESCRIPTION ( ! WAYS 9 :I* ROOTLESS 9TELLECTUALS BECAME ! OBJECT ( AN UNHEAL?Y H]O WOR%IP )9 ! MOVEM5T 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#b1 PP4 #d#i#h2 ,LEVY1 #a#i#i#h1 PP4 #b#e-#h2 ,LEVY =?COM+174 ,GRAMSCI EQUAT$ ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ! MOVEM5T ) ! 
G5]ALLY L[ LEVEL ( $UCATION 5JOY$ BY ! RANK & FILE ( ! ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,AN ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ P>TY FILL$ ) $UCAT$ COMRADES W\LD BE MORE DEMOCRATIC & LIB]T>IAN BECAUSE IT W\LD FUNCTION ?R\< ! SPONTANE\S RATIONALITY HE DETECT$ 9 MICRO-9/ITUTIONS HE WAS 9VOLV$ ) 9 !SE FIR/ YE>S ( SOCIALI/ ACTIVISM4 ,GRAMSCI'S PRES5CE )9 ! ,TUR9ESE LABOR MOVEM5T DUR+ W>TIME IS F\ND ON ?REE LEVELS3 FIR/LY HIS J\RNALI/IC IMPACT ALREADY M5TION$2 SECONDLY HIS LECTURES2 F9ALLY HIS CURI\S ',CLUB ( ,MORAL ,LIFE4' ,9 ALL ?REE CASES ,GRAMSCI /RESSES A ,SOCRATIC APPROA* TO POLITICS3 HE WAS MAK+ SOCIALI/S ONE BY ONE1 NOT ADDRESS+ OCEANIC CR[DS4 ,! ',CLUBS ( ,MORAL ,LIFE' W]E1 9 FACT1 ANO!R 9C>NATION ( ! ?IRD PILL> ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* W\LD SUPPLEM5T ! TRADE UNION_/COOP]ATIVE & ! P>TY4 ,IL ,GRIDO DEL ,POPOLO & LAT] ,L ',ORD9E ,NUOVO W]E CONSID]$ ! ORGANS ( ?IS ?IRD 9/ITUTION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,& IT IS 9 ! OP5+ R\NDS ( HIS LONG DEBATE OV] AN ASSOCIATION ( WORK]S' CULTURE ?AT WE DISCOV] SOME ( ! 9TELLECTUAL PR]EQUISITES ( ,GRAMSCI'S ,M>XISM ?AT SEP>AT$ IT FROM MA9/REAM SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM4 

,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPTION ( SOCIALI/ $UCATION & CULTURE WAS DEMOCRATIC1 P>TICIPATORY & LIB]T>IAN1 BUT IT HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ! RATIONALI/ FREE ?\<T ?AT DOM9AT$ SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ POLITICAL CULTURE 9 ,LIB]AL ,ITALY 7,= OV]VIEWS SEE1 ,DEGL',9NOC5TI1 #a#i#h#c2 ,PIVATO1 #a#i#h#f2 ,AUD59O1 #a#i#i#a1 ,TURI1 #a#i#i#c74 ,DUR+ ! DEBATE OV] ! F\ND+ ( AN ,ASSOCIATION ( ,CULTURE 9 ,TUR91 ,GRAMSCI'S *IEF T>GETS ( CRITICISM W]E AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ PIE-9-!-SKY UTOPIANISM4 ,FUZZY-M9D$ RATIONALI/ FREE ?\<T PLAY$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! FICKLE & BOMBA/IC LEAD]%IP ( ! PREW> ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 BECAUSE IT D5I$ ! RANK & FILE CRITICAL FACULTIES TO CONTROL ?IS LEAD]%IP4 ,AN $UCAT$ P>TY W\LD BE MORE 
DEMOCRATIC & LIB]T>IAN BECAUSE IT W\LD FUNCTION ?R\< A SPONTANE\S ',SOCRATIC' RATIONALITY ACQUIR$ 9 SU* MICRO-9/ITUTIONS AS ! ',CLUBS ( ,MORAL ,LIFE4' ,! $UCAT$ MIDDLE CLASSES & ! 9TELLECTUALS W\LD HAVE A SPECIFIC ROLE AS SPECIALI/S RA!R ?AN A /UMP ORATORS & DEMAGOGUES4 ,?US IF ! $UCATIONAL NE$S ( ! WORK+ CLASSES W\LD BE SATISFI$ & *ANNEL$ ?R\< MICRO-CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ! =MALLY $UCAT$ CLASSES MI<T F9D !IR VOCATION ?R\< AN ,ITALIAN V]SION ( ! ,FABIAN ,SOCIETY4 

,A P>TICUL>LY WELL-KN[N EXAMPLE1 9 ,5GL&1 IS ! ,FABIAN ,SOCIETY1 :I* IS A MEMB] ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! TASK ( ! ,SOCIETY IS ?AT ( DEBAT+ EXHAU/IVELY & 9 DEP?1 ALL ECONOMIC & MORAL PROBLEMS :I* ! PROLET>IAT HAS 5C\NT]$ OR WILL 5C\NT] 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS LIFE & IT HAS SUCCE$$ 9 RECRUIT+ A V]Y SIGNIFICANT SEGM5T ( ! ,5GLI% 9TELLECTUAL & ACADEMIC WORLD TO ?IS TASK ( CIVILIZATION1 ( LIB]AT+ M9DS 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#i#d1 P4 #c#h74 

,= ,GRAMSCI1 H[EV]1 ! PREW> LEAD]S ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T -- ,5RICO ,F]RI1 ,FILIPPO ,TURATI OR ,CLAUDIO ,TREVES -- W]E CORRUPT$ BY POSITIVI/ SOCIAL ?\<T & %>$ ) WORK+-CLASS POPUL> CULTURE ! MISLEAD+ ASSUMPTIONS ( 'FREE- ?\<T4' ,DUR+ ! W> ,GRAMSCI DREW !SE CONC]NS TOGE!R 9 HIS VITRIOLIC ATTACKS ON ! FAVORITE %IBBOLE? ( PREW> AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM3 ,ESP]ANTO4 ,ESP]ANTO WAS PROM95T C\RSE AT ! ,UNIV]SITA ,POPOL>E & AMONG ! AN>*I/S4 ,HIS ATTACKS ON ,ESP]ANTO ALSO1 ( C\RSE1 HI<LI<T ANO!R ASPECT ( ,GRAMSCI TRA9+ AS A V]Y PROMIS+ /UD5T ( L+UI/ICS AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TUR9 7,IVES1 #b#d74 

,GRAMSCI ?\<T ?AT ,ESP]ANTO WAS /UFF & NONS5SE4 ,EV5 AFT] HE LEFT ! ,UNIV]SITY = FULL-TIME J\RNALISM1 ,GRAMSCI RETA9$ A DEEP FASC9ATION = L+UI/ICS 
& ! /UDY ( DIALECTS1 & HE REMA9$ 9 CLOSE CONTACT ) HIS L+UI/ICS PR(ESSOR1 ,UMB]TO ,COSMO4 ,COSMO HAS TAU<T HIM ?AT LANGUAGES W]E ! UNIQUE REPRES5TATION ( A NATIONAL OR REGIONAL CULTURE 7,FIORI1 #a#i#g1 PP4 #g#d-#e1 #i#c1 #a#d1 #a#a#c2 ,B]GAMI1 #a#i#g#g1 PP4 #g1 #i#b74 ,ATTEMPTS1 !RE=E1 TO CREATE >TIFICIAL WORLD LANGUAGES1 SU* AS ,ESP]ANTO1 W]E LESS ?AN PA!TIC2 !Y W]E P]NICI\S BECAUSE !Y EV9C$ AN AB/RACT COSMOPOLITANISM *>ACT]I/IC ( MANY SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ MILITANTS4 ,ITALIAN SOCIALISM C\LD ONLY BE GR\ND$ 9 ,ITALIAN CONDITIONS2 >TIFICIAL COSMOPOLITANISM RET>D$ ! EM]G5CE ( A TRUE & REALI/IC SOCIALI/ 9T]NATIONALISM4 

,AS A M>G9AL ,S>D9IAN /UD5T ,GRAMSCI HAD DEVELOP$ AN APPRECIATION = ! P[] & DIGNITY ?AT NATION-BUILD+ LANGUAGES C\LD SUPPLY TO OPPRESS$ GR\PS1 & HE WAS1 !RE=E1 A KE5 CRITIC & HI/ORIAN ( ! L+UI/IC HI/ORY & P$AGOGICAL CONTROV]SIES SURR\ND+ ! ,ITALIAN LANGUAGE4 ,HE WAS S5SITIVE TO ! T5SIONS CREAT$ BETWE5 METROPOLITAN LANGUAGES & !IR C\NTRY BUMPK9 DIALECT C\S9S4 ,LANGUAGE HELD ! KEY TO CODES1 & !SE CODES TRANSLAT$ 9TO P[]4 ,AS A SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y HE WAS EX]CIS$ AB\T H[ ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE ( ,ITALY MI<T COME TO %>E 91 OR TOTALLY DISPLACE1 ! OLIG>*Y'S MONOPOLY ON IT4 ,GRAMSCI SAVAG$ ,ESP]ANTO1 BUT ,ESP]ANTO WAS JU/ P>T & P>CEL ( ! BROAD] SYNDROME KN[N AS 'FREE ?\<T1' HIS *IEF T>GET4 

,AS A FOLL[] ( BO? ,CROCE & ,SOREL1 :O W]E WELL KN[N = !IR ATTACKS ON ,MASONIC FREE ?\<T1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,GRAMSCI W\LD BE EXTREMELY HO/ILE TO ONE ( ! ,ITALIAN LEFT'S MO/ LONG-*]I%$ BELIEFS 7,FURIOZZI1 #a#i#g#e2 ,BELLAMY1 #b#b1 PP #b#d#d-#d#b74 ,9 ,M>* #aiah ,GRAMSCI'S IDEAL-TYPICAL FREE-?9K] HAPP5$ TO BE ! AN>*I/ $ITOR ( ,MILAN'S ,L ',UNIV]SITA,POPOL>E1 ,LUIGI ,MOL9>I1 :O HAD PUBLI%$ 9 PAMPHLET =M1 A LECTURE HE GAVE 9 #aiag ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7,IL DRAMMA DELLA 
,COMUNE74 ,GRAMSCI DISMISS$ ,MOL9>I'S PAMPHLET AS LACK+ ANY HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS1 ( BE+ AN HI/ORICAL ROMANCE1 A M]E PYROTE*NICAL 5T]TA9M5T4 ,MOL9>I HAD LEFT HIS AUDI5CE )\T ANY CRITICAL S5SE ( CAUSE & EFFECT1 )\T ANY $UCATIONAL VALUE :ATSOEV]4 ,MOL9>I'S LECTURE WAS A P>TICUL>LY DEPRESS+ EXAMPLE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL WEAKNESS ( 'FREE ?\<T' 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#b1 #g#e#a-#b74 

,JU/ BE=E HIS DEA? ,MOL9>I RESPOND$ P]SONALLY TO ,GRAMSCI & ,GRAMSCI ALSO RECEIV$ A G5]AL DRUBB+ 9 ! AN>*I/ PRESS4 ,9 ,JUNE #aiah ,GRAMSCI RESPOND$ TO ! ONGO+ DEBATE BUT TRI$ TO LIFT ! >GUM5T ABOVE M]E P]SONALITIES4 ,HE SUMM>IZ$ HIS CRITICISM ( FREE ?\<T 9 AN >TICLE 5TITL$ ',LIB]O ,P5SI]O & ,P5SI]O ,LIB]O' 9 :I* ,CROCEAN & ,G5TILEAN !MES ON ! SUBJECT DOM9AT$ 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#d1 PP4 #a#a#c-#a#g74 ,HE DIRECT$ ! ?RU/ ( HIS >TICLE AT ! ASSUMPTIONS HE BELIEV$ LAY BEH9D ,MOL9>I'S PAMPHLET4 ,MOL9>I'S ''WORLDVIEW' WAS ''LIB]O P5SI]O' 7FREE ?\<T71 :I* WAS A PHILI/9E1 B\RGEOIS EXPRESSION & WAS CAUS$ BY ,JACOB9 9DIVIDUALISM3 ?AT IS :Y WE F9D GR\P$ >\ND IT ,FREEMASONS1 ,RADICALS &444LIB]T>IANS4' ,FREE ?\<T WAS !RE=E ! M9DSET ( OLD-FA%ION$ PREW> BLOCC>DISMO 7! FRONT ?AT 9CLUD$ ! ,SOCIALI/S & ! FREE ?\<T RADICALS1 LIB]ALS & LIB]T>IANS74 ,BUT HIS ,M>XI/ 'P5SI]O LIB]O' 9/EAD WAS A =M ( LIB]T>IAN HI/ORICISM ?AT HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ?IS TRADITION & LOOK$ TO ,CROCE & ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA1 AS WE HAVE CAUSE TO REM>K1 = ITS 9SPIRATION4 

,9DE$1 ,GRAMSCI ADVANC$ ! OP9ION ?AT ! AN>*I/S1 OR AT LEA/ !IR LEAD]S & !ORETICIANS1 W]E LESS LIB]T>IAN ?AN ! ,M>XI/ SOCIALI/S ( ! HI/ORICI/ /AMP4 ,AS !RE SOCIALI/S W]E ABLE TO ?9K 'FREELY' & 'HI/ORI/ICALLY1' !Y W]E ABLE TO TAKE ON CONTRADICTORY >GUM5TS & 5RI* !IR [N ?\<T BY OV]COM+ !M4 ,ON ! O!R H& '9 AS MU* AS ! LIB]T>IANS >E 9TOL]ANT 
DOGMATI/S1 SLAVES TO !IR [N P>TICUL> OP9IONS1' !Y '/]ILIZE' DEBATE ) !IR PETTY >GUM5TS1 AS ,GRAMSCI CLAIM$ ! CONTROV]SY OV] ,MOL9>I HAD DEMON/RAT$ 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#d1 PP4 #a#a#c-#a#d74 

,IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO PO9T \T1 ?AT JU/ AS ! KEY ,GRAMSCIAN CONCEPT IF NOT ! ACTUAL T]M1 HEGEMONY1 WAS ALREADY BE+ EMPLOY$ BY #aiaf 9 HIS >TICLES AB\T PRE-FIGURATION & COOP]ATION1 ! KEY B9OMIAL -- S5SO COMUNE 7COMMON S5SE AS NAIVE S5SE7 & S5SO BUONO 7$UCAT$ & CRITICAL S5SE7 IS ALREADY PRES5T 9 ! CONTRA/ BETWE5P5SI]O LIB]O & LIB]OP5SI]O 7,= AN ANALYSIS ( !SE T]MS SEE1 ,CIRESE1 #a#i#h#b74 ,?US1 TO REPEAT1 MU* ( ! M5TAL APP>ATUS ( ! ,QU>D]NI IS ALREADY FLE%$ \T 9 ! Y\NG ,GRAMSCI4 

,GRAMSCI'S 5C\NT]S ) ! FREE ?9K]S HELP$ MORE CLE>LY TO DEF9E HIS UNIQUE POSITION )9 ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ POLITICAL CULTURE4 ,9 MO/ RESPECTS HE WAS \TSIDE ITS ACCEPT$ B\ND>IES4 ,GRAMSCI WAS NEV] PREP>$ TO ACCEPT ! =CE- FE$+ ( CULTURE1 IDEOLOGY OR LANGUAGE TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,NOR1 = ?AT MATT]1 DID HE ACCEPT A NAIVE POPULI/ CELEBRATION ( ! P>O*IALISM ( ! PROV9CE OR ! VANI%+ SMALL-SCALE COMMUNITY4 ,HE DID NOT PRAISE ! '*ILDLIKE' SIMPLICITY ( ! COMMON PEOPLE1 AS HE BELIEV$ ! MORE =TUNATE CLASSES 9 ,ITALY HAD = TOO LONG POSSESS$ A MONOPOLY ON 'REAL' ,ITALIAN & ITS HUMANI/ CODE1 :I* CONTROLL$ SECOND>Y & T]TI>Y $UCATION4 ,HE WAS CRITICAL ( ,MOL9>I'S EF=TS AT VULG>IZATION PRECISELY BECAUSE IT !Y DID NOT SUPPLY ! L[] CLASSES ) ! M5TAL EQUIPM5T ) :I* !Y C\LD USE TO COMBAT ! DOM9ANCE ( ! HUMANI/ MIDDLE-CLASSES NOT ONLY 9 SOCIETY G5]ALLY BUT )9 ! ,P,S,I ITSELF 7,LEVY1 #b#a74 

,TO ASSURE ?AT 9 A FUTURE SOCIALI/ COMMONWEAL? ! RANK & FILE GOV]N$1 !RE=E1 $UCATIONAL RE=M WAS NECESS>Y4 ,9 A S]IES ( >TICLES DUR+ ! W>1 ,GRAMSCI ANALYZ$ ! FAILURE ( ! ,ITALIAN $UCATION SY/EM3 ! DILUTION ( ! 
ORIG9AL M]ITOCRATIC 9T5T ( ! #ahei ,CASATI ,LAW & ! 5SU+ DOM9ANCE ( ! GOV]NM5T BY HUMANI/ GRADUATES FROM ! ,S\? 7,AN EXCELL5T EXAMPLE IS ,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#b1 PP4 #a#e-#f74 ,?IS 9 TURN HAD L$ TO AN 9COMPET5T & ANTI-DEMOCRATIC CORPS ( CIVIL S]VANTS4 ,LOOK+ AHEAD1 ,GRAMSCI'S =M ( UNIV]SAL $UCATION W\LD RE9/ATE ! M]ITOCRATIC PROMISE ( ,CASATI ?R\< CONS5SUAL DISCIPL9E ?AT ! HI<LY TRA9$ & AUTONOM\S M9DS EMBRAC$4 ,! PRODUCTS ( FREE ?\<T W]E 9CAPABLE ( ?IS CONS5SUAL DISCIPL9E ?AT UND]WROTE ,GRAMSCI'S 'LIB]T>IAN HI/ORICISM4' 

,HAV+ SAID ?IS1 !RE IS ALSO MORE ?AN A DOSE ( AU?ORIT>IAN CONDESC5SION 9 ,GRAMSCI'S REM$IES4 ,GRAMSCI DISMISS$ ,MOL9>I'S EF=TS AT VULG>IZATION1 BUT HIS EF=TS 9 ! FIELDS ( SCI5CE & HI/ORY = OV] TW5TY YE>S HAD BE5 5ORM\SLY 9FLU5TIAL AMONG ! LESS $UCAT$ SOCIALI/S & TRADE UNIONI/S 7,MAS9I74 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,GRAMSCI WON A LOYAL FOLL[+ ( AMONG SELF-$UCAT$ WORK]S 9 CONFABS AT ! $ITORIAL (FICES ( ,I,I ,GRIDO DEL,POPOLO & FROM HIS TALKS 9 ! SUBURBS ON ,IBS5 OR ,ROMA9 ,ROLL&4 ,!RE IS MU* ORAL TE/IMONY TO SUGGE/ HE C\LD E>N ! RESPECT ( WORK]S1 :O W]E MORE ?AN LITTLE SUSPICI\S ( =M] UNIV]SITY /UD5TS 7,LEVY1 #a#i#i#i1 PP4 #i#d-#i#g74 ,WITNESSES CONCUR ?AT ,GRAMSCI WAS NOT A SPELLB9D] & WAS !RE=E CONSID]$ BY CONV5TIONAL /&>DS A POOR SPEAK]4 ,BUT HE 9 FACT BROKE ?OSE CONV5TIONS ( SOCIALI/ ORATORY 9 ORD] TO ELICIT DISCUSSION FROM HIS AUDI5CE4 ,HIS RESPECT = HIS AUDI5CE'S 9TELLIG5CE APPEAL$ TO SMALL GR\PS ( SKILL$ &_/OR SELF-$UCAT$ WORK]S4 ,!Y APPRECIAT$ HIS RESPECT = !IR TE*NICAL T]MS & !IR PRACTICAL 9DU/RIAL KN[L$GE2 & !Y W]E P>TICUL>LY ATTRACT$ TO HIS PRODUCTIVI/ RHETORIC & PROSE1 TO HIS ID5TIFICATION ( !MSELVES AS ! PRODUC]S4 ,H[EV]1 ON ! O!R H& IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ !Y DIGE/$ ! DIGRESSIONS 9TO ,G5TILE OR ,CROCE F\ND 9 HIS KEY TEXTS SU* AS ! ,LA ,CITTA ,FUTURA4 ,MANY ( ! SELF-$UCAT$ 
VET]ANS ( ! COOP]ATIVE & LABOR MOVEM5TS SU* AS ,M>IA ,GIUDICE & ,FRANCESCO ,B>B]IS F\ND HIM A TIRESOME P$ANT 7,LEVY1 #a#i#i#i1 P4 #i#i74 ,& IT %\LD BE RECALL$ ?AT ! ,S*OOLS ( ,MORAL ,LIFE SEEM$ TO IMPLY A PECK+ ORD] ( CONSCI\SNESS1 ) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! L[] MIDDLE CLASS COMRADES W]E MORE PREP>$ TO IMBIBE 9 9TELLECTUAL DISCUSSION ?AN ! SUBURBAN WORK]S4 

,P]HAPS ,GRAMSCI'S ,G5TILEAN SOCIALISM WAS MORE LIB]T>IAN ?AN ,L59'S TYPE ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 BUT IT TOO ASSUM$ ?AT AN 9TELLECTUAL ELITE ( TRA9$ SOCIALI/S WAS NE$$ TO SET ! TONE & P>AMET]S = EFFECTIVE POLITICS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AL?\< ,GRAMSCI WAS PREP>$ TO WORK ) & >GUE AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S 9 MORE TOL]ANT & 5GAG+ MANN] ?AN ,L59 HAD DONE1 HIS ATTITUDE T[>DS !M DID HAVE SOME SIMIL>ITIES ) ,L59'S VIGILANT GU>DIAN%IP ( OR?ODOXY4 ,L59'S OR?ODOXY WAS HIS V]SION ( ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONALI/ GOSPEL4 ,GRAMSCI'S ODD MIXTURE ( ,G5TILE1 ,CROCE1 ,SOREL & ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA MAY HAVE MADE HIM APPE> WILDLY UNOR?ODOX TO O!R ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/S1 BUT ?IS DID NOT PREV5T ,GRAMSCI HIMSELF 9VOK+ OR?ODOXY :5 HE DISCUSS$ ! POT5TIAL = ! =MATION ( POLITICAL ALLIANCES ) ! LIB]T>IANS4 ,9 FACT1 9 ORD] TO EXPOSE ! MUDDLEHEAD$ NATURE ( ,ITALIAN POSITIVI/ SOCIALISM1 HE >GU$ ?AT HIS APPROA* WAS MORE ,M>XI/ & !RE=E MORE RIGID 9 ITS CONDITIONS = ACCEPT+ ALLIANCES ) ! LIB]T>IANS4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,GRAMSCI >GU$ ?AT ! CULTURE ( FREE ?\<T HAD 9CLUD$ ! PREW> SOCIALI/S & ! LIB]T>IANS & HIS =M ( SOCIALISM1 HE >GU$ TRANSC5D$ ?IS MURKY EMBRACE4 

#e4 ,GRAMSCI & ! ,AN>*I/S3 ! ,B>RI]S TO ,ALLIANCES 

,DUR+ ! W> A NEW 9T]NATIONAL LEFT >OSE FROM A =TUIT\S COMB9ATION ( MUTUALLY HO/ILE GR\PS3 SOME W]E PACIFI/2 SOME SOCIAL DEMOCRAT2 SOME AN>*I/S OR SYNDICALI/ 7,= OV]VIEWS SEE1 ,L9DEMANN1 #a#i#g#d2 ,B]TR&1 #a#i#g#g2 ,AGO/I1 #a#i#h1 
,SIRIANNI1 #a#i#h#b1 PP4 #c#g-#e#f2 ,KIRBY1 #a#i#h#f2 ,LEVY #b#d74 ,A NETWORK ( RECIPROCAL 9FLU5CES DEVELOP$ 9 :I* 9TELLECTUALS & J\RNALI/S SU* AS ,H5RI ,B>BUSSE1 ,ROMA9 ,ROLL&4 ,JACQUES ,MESNIL OR ,MAX ,EA/MAN TRANSMITT$ IDEAS FROM ONE POLE ( ! NETWORK TO ANO!R4 ,GRAMSCI IS AN EXCELL5T EXAMPLE ( H[ OBS]VANT RADICALS C\LD TAP 9TO A NETWORK ?AT WAS AT ONCE MAGNIFI$ & ?AN RAPIDLY DIM9I%$ BY ! EFFECTS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION & ! F\ND+ ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,DUR+ ! W> ?IS NETWORK WAS SU/A9$ BY REPORTAGE 9 ,AVANTI61 ,L ',HUMANITE1 ! ,LIB]ATOR OR ! ,WORK]S ' ,DREADN\<T2 BY PRIVATE CORRESPOND5CE1 BUT ABOVE ALL BY ! IMAG]Y & MY?S SURR\ND+ 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CES AT ,ZIMM]WALD & ,KI5?AL1 AS WELL AS OV] ! CONTROV]SIES /IRR$ BY ! NEV] CONV5$ ,/OCKHOLM ,CONGRESS1 CALL$ BY ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET 9 #a#i#a#g4 

,:ILE POLITICIANS & 9TELLECTUALS ATTEMPT$ TO MOLD MASS MOVEM5TS FROM ! 9ITIAL RADICALIZATION ( #a#i#a#f-#a#i#a#h1 DIFF]5CES QUICKLY REAPPE>$4 ,GRAMSCI'S DEBATE ) ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S IS SYMPTOMATIC ( A BROAD] /ORY PLAY$ \T 9 ! BACKDROP ( ! UNFOLD+ ,RUSSIAN EV5TS4 ,BUT HIS PECULI> !ORETICAL BACKGR\ND PRES5TS AN 9T]E/+ V>IATION ON A CONT95TAL1 9DE$1 GLOBAL !ME4 

,:5 ,GRAMSCI VISIT$ ! SUBURBS HE DISCOV]$ ! ESS5CE ( :AT HE UND]/OOD TO BE PROLET>IAN UNITY 7,LEVY1 #a#i#i#i1 PP4 #i#d-#i74 ,OR RA!R :5 HE SAW ! SUBURBS M>* ON ! CITY 9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#d1 DUR+ ! ,R$ ,WEEK 7,= ?IS SEE1 ,LOTTI1 #a#i#g#b71 :I* WITNESS$ SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S1 SYNDICALI/S & REPUBLICANS ON ! SAME SIDE ( ! B>RICADES1 HE UND]/OOD :AT AN ALLIANCE ?R\< COMMON ACTION MI<T MEAN4 ,AN E>LY >TICLE WRITT5 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#f1 JU/ :5 HE WAS HON+ HIS CONCEPT ( PRE-FIGURATION ?R\< HIS >TICLES ON COOP]ATION1 RECALLS ! ,R$ ,WEEK1 :I* DEEPLY IMPRESS$ HIM :5 HE WAS /ILL AN UNC]TA9 UNIV]SITY /UD5T 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h1 PP4 #g#f-#g74 ,! PROSE IS PURPLE & ,SORELIAN2 ! MESSAGE IS UNITY 
?R\< DIRECT ACTION4 ,GRAMSCI RECALL$ ! DEA? ( ?REE DEMON/RATORS 9 ! AN>*I/ /RON<OLD ( ,ANCONA1 ON A DAY 'MOCK+LY CONSECRAT$ TO CON/ITUTIONAL LIB]TY' 7IT WAS ! HOLIDAY ?AT CELEBRAT$ ! CON/ITUTION1 :I* ! ,H\SE ( ,SAVOY HAD GIV5 ,PI$MONT 9 #a#h#d#h1 & =M$ ! BASIS ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,ITALY74 ,9 ,TUR9 ! REACTION WAS IMM$IATE3 '\R CITY MADE ?R\< MILIT>Y ORD] & TRADITION1' A CITY C5T] ( LOOM+ PILES ( >I/OCRATIC T[NH\SES1 >RAY$ 'LIKE A REGIM5T ( ! >MY ( !IR OLD ,SAVOY>D ,DUKES1' WITNESS$ ! M>* PA/ ( WELL-ORD]$ PROLET>IAN RANKS4 ',CO>SE M5 DESC5D$ ON ! CITY B\LEV>DS & M>*$ 9 FRONT ( ! CLOS$ %OP %UTT]S1 PA/ ! PALE LITTLE M5 ( ! CITY POLICE :O W]E CONSUM$ BY ANG] & FE>4' 

,CONT9UALLY1 !SE ,SORELIAN IMAGES ( ! GRUFF1 PRODUCTIVE WORK+ CLASS M>*+ FROM ITS SUBURBAN /RON<OLDS TO ! *ALL5GE CL]ICAL OR P>ASITICAL CAFE SOCIETY >E PRES5T 9 ,GRAMSCI'S WRIT+S4 ,! EXAMPLES 9CLUDE ! BANN$ ,MAY ,DAY DEMON/RATIONS ( #a#i#a#f1 ANTI-CL]ICAL DEMON/RATIONS AT AN UNPOPUL> PRIE/'S *UR* 9 ONE ( ! SUBURBS1 ! ANTI-W> DEMON/RATIONS ( Y\NG AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S FROM ,SEPTEMB] TO ,NOVEMB] ( #a#i#a#f1 & ! NATIONAL CAMPAIGN TO SAVE ! ,ITAL- ,AM]ICAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 7,WOBBLY7 ,C>LO ,TRESCA FROM ! ,AM]ICAN ELECTRIC *AIR4 

,BUT ,GRAMSCI OPPOS$ POLITICALLY 9SPIR$ UNIT$ FRONTS ( SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S 9 ,TUR9 OR NATIONALLY4 ,BETWE5 #aiaf & E>LY #a#i#a#h1 ,GRAMSCI TOOK P>T 9 A DEBATE 9 ! ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ PRESS ON ?IS SUBJECT1 SP>K$ (F BY ! PRIVATE & PUBLIC EX*ANGES ( ! AN>*I/ ,LUIGI ,FABBRI & ! LEAD+ MAXIMALI/ SOCIALI/ ,S]RATI 7,SEE SUMM>Y 9 ,LEVY1 #a#i#i#i1 PP4 #a#b-#c74 ,9DE$ ANO!R MAXIMALI/ SOCIALI/1 ,SP>TACO ,LAVAGN9I1 PROPOS$ A SYNDICALI/-/YLE ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL TO REPLACE ! DISCR$IT$ ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! RAILWAY WORK] ,LAVAGN9I WAS ON V]Y GOOD 
T]MS ) ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S ( ! SYNDICALI/ ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE,ITALIANA1 & ITS NEWSPAP]1 ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE1 :]E1 IT %\LD BE RECALL$ ,5RICO ,LEONE HAD PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE ?AT SP>K$ (F ,GRAMSCI DISCUSSION ( CULTURAL 5LI<T5M5T & AN E>LY !ORETICAL DISCUSSION ( HEGEMONY4 ,! SYNDICALI/S' NEWSPAP] WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,FLOR5CE 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#h4 ,LAVAGN9I & ! LEGAL C\NSEL = ! AN>*I/- T+$ RAILWAY WORK]S UNION1 ,M>IO ,TROZZI1 BO? WROTE = ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE4 

,TROZZI'S LEGAL /UDY WAS US$ = A MEET+ ( SOCIALI/ 'RIGIDS' 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#g1 AT :I* ,GRAMSCI WAS A P>TICIPANT4 

,LAVAGN9I'S 9T]V5TION IS A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL NETWORK ( ANTI-W> RADICALS AT WORK4 ,9SPIR$ BY A LETT] FROM ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ! GREATE/ ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ & *IEF ORGANIZ] ( ! ,R$ ,WEEK1 FROM HIS EXILE 9 ,LONDON TO ,>M&O ,BOR<I1 ,LAVAGN9I 5DORS$ ,MALATE/A'S PROPOSAL = A NEW 9T]NATIONAL 7,LA ,MONDIALE7 ?AT W\LD 9CLUDE ANTI-W> SOCIALI/1 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S4 ,IT W\LD HEAL ! S*ISM CAUS$ BY ! EXPULSION ( ! LIB]T>IANS FROM ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #ahif BUT ANY CASE W\LD HAVE HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ! MILIT>IZ$ DISCIPL9$ ORGANIZATION ?AT ,L59 W\LD F\ND 9 #a#i#a#i4 

,GRAMSCI'S 9T]V5TION 9 ! DEBATE WAS PIT*$ AT TWO LEVELS4 ,FIR/1 ,GRAMSCI WANT$ TO CONTE/ ! COMMONLY HELD OP9ION 9 ! ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ LEFT ?AT AN>*I/S OR SYNDICALI/S W]E MORE REVOLUTION>Y & 'PUR]' SOCIALI/S ?AN ! SOCIALI/ !MSELVES4 ,RECALL+ AN E>LI] DEBATE ) ,5RICO ,LEONE1 REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 HE WROTE1 %\LD NOT BE EQUAT$ ) GLADIATORIAL PO/UR+ OR ) 'VIOL5T LANGUAGE1' AS ! *ECK]$ HI/ORY ( ,ITALIAN SYNDICALISM HAD DEMON/RAT$ ! PITFALLS ( ?IS APPROA* 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h1 PP4 #c#f-#a74 ,GRAMSCI ALSO WANT$ TO DI/ANCE HIS SOCIALISM FROM ,LAVAGN9I'S HET]ODOXY4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! ANTIP>LIAM5T>IANISM ( ,MALATE/A & ! AN>*I/S POSE AN OB/ACLE TO =MAL UNITY1 !IR M5TALITY1 
RECALL+ HIS >GUM5TS AGA9/ FREE ?\<T1 WAS AHI/ORICAL & DOCTR9AIRE4 ,9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ,MALATE/A'S ,LA ,MONDIALE UND]M9$ ,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPTION ( SOCIALI/ POLITICS4 ,! CONCEPT ( PRE-FIGURATION MAY HAVE EVOLV$ 9 ,GRAMSCI'S !ORY BY #a#i#a#g1 BE=E HE 5C\NT]$ ! ,SOVIET MODEL1 BUT HIS TYPE ( PRE-FIGURATION1 :ILE NOT ,L59I/ WAS /ILL L9K$ TO ! WELL-ORGANIZ$ & DI/9CTIVE SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,& EXT]NAL DISCIPL9E ?R\< UMBRELLA ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ,MALATE/A'S ,LA ,MONDIALE UND]M9$ ?IS KEY T5ET ( ,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPTION ( POLITICS4 

,ONLY AN 9T]NAL DISCIPL9E W\LD FUZE 5 MASSE ! MEMB]S ( ! P>TY1 & ?AT WAS ! RESULT ( AGREEM5T BETWE5 '?\<T & ACTION' & BY ! COH]5CE BETWE5 'G5]AL PR9CIPLES & ! 9T]PRETATIONS ( P>TICUL> CONT+5CIES' 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#b1 PP4 #d#f#g-#g74 ,BUT ?IS WAS A P>TY NOT F\ND$ ON ! CULTURE ( FREE ?\<T OR POSITIVI/ SOCIALISM3 RA!R ! CONS5SUAL DISCIPL9E ( A P>TY F\ND$ ON ! $UCATIONAL PR9CIPLES ( ,GRAMSCI'S 'CLUBS ( MORAL LIFE1' L9K$ TO ! CREATIVITY ( PRE-FIGURATIVE 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS ! COOP]ATIVES1 W\LD PRODUCE A DI/9CTIVE SOCIALI/ POLITICS4 

,JO9T AGREEM5TS ) ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S W]E BAS$ ON ! EXIG5CIES ( ! MOM5T & !Y W]E1 9 %ORT1 ! TYPE ( WORK+-CLASS ACTION EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,R$ ,WEEK ( #a#i#a#d1 ?AT T\*/ONE ( ,GRAMSCI'S RADICALISM BE=E ! ,TUR9ESE RIS+ ( #aiag & ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION SUPPLANT$ IT4 

#f4 ,! ,E>LY ,GRAMSCI & ! ,GRAMSCI ( ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO 

,I HAVE >GU$ ?AT JU/ AS ,GRAMSCI'S KEY CONCEPTIONS W]E ALREADY OP]AT+ 9 HIS M9D BE=E #a#i#a#h1 HIS ATTITUDES T[>DS ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S W]E ALREADY OP]ATIONALIZ$ BE=E HE WORK$ CLOSELY ) !M ON ,L ',ORD9E NUOVO4 ,?US1 AS ,I HAVE %[N ELSE:]E1 AN>*I/ 'ORGANIC 9TELLECTUALS' W]E CULTIVAT$ BUT 
AN>*I/ 'TRADITIONAL 9TELLECTUALS1' ! FRI5DS & COLLEAGUES ( ,MOL9>I1 W]E D5\NC$ AS MUDDL$1 P]NICI\S DEMAGOGUES4 ,JU/ AS ! ,SORELIAN & PRODUCTIVI/ LEGACY W]E SO IMPORTANT TO CATALYZE ,GRAMSCI PRE-FIGURATIVE & CIVIL-SOCIETY BAS$ TYPE ( SOCIALISM ( PRE-#a#i#a#g_/#a#h1 HIS C\NCIL COMMUNISM ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b WAS M]ELY A V>IATION ON ?IS !ME RE9=C$ BY 9T]NATIONAL EXAMPLES4 ,! LIB]T>IAN PRODUCTIVI/ ,TAYLORISM ( ! AN>*I/ 5G9E]1 ,PIETRO ,MOSSO1 WAS ! L9*P91 :I* HELD TOGE!R ! C\NCIL COMMUNISM ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b1 & AN>*I/ METALWORK]S 9 ,F,I,O,M W]E ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL TO PROPAGATE ! IDEAS ( ,L ',ORD9E ,NUOVO ?R\<\T ! MOVEM5T 9 ITS ,TUR9ESE 9DU/RIAL HE>TL&4 ,:5 ,GRAMSCI FELL \T ) HIS COLLEAGUES1 ,TASCA1 & !N ,TOGLIATTI 9 #a#i#b1 OV] ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 UNION & FACTORY C\NCIL1 HIS ONLY REMA9+ ALLIES W]E ! AN>*I/S 7,CL>K1 #a#i#g#g74 ,! >GUM5TS ,GRAMSCI ADVANC$ 9 ! E>LY W> YE>S W]E M]ELY REPEAT$ & PLAC$ 9 A MORE SUP]-*>G$ & PROPITI\S ATMOSPH]E1 ! VEHICLE ( PRE-FIGURATION1 ! FACTORY C\NCIL CAME 9TO ITS [N1 EV5 IF ! !ORY WAS FLE%$ \T 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( COOP]ATIVES 9 #a#i#a#f4 

,ONE B5*M>K DID *ANGE1 H[EV]1 & IS A CLUE TO HIS UNCRITICAL ACCEPTANCE ( ,L59'S WAY1 EV5 AFT] HIS E>LI] MIS9T]PRETATION ( ,L59 7TEMPOR>Y1 NECESS>Y *>ISMATIC CAPO ( A SY/EM ( ,SOVIETS & WORK]S' C\NCILS71 RA!R ?AN ! DICTATOR ( A MONOPOLY P>TY-/ATE4 ,& ?IS IS L9K$ TO HIS CRITICISM ( ,MASONIC ,FREE ,?\<T1 :I* RE=MI/ SOCIALI/S1 MO/ MAXIMALI/ SOCIALI/S & ! AN>*I/S ALL SUFF]$ FROM4 ,GRAMSCI'S EVALUATION ( ,JACOB9ISM *ANG$ DRA/ICALLY FROM ! W> YE>S TO #a#i#b4 ,JACOB9ISM IS A KEY CONCEPTUAL B5*M>K1 :I* MEASURES H[ ,GRAMSCI'S POLITICS GREW 9CREAS+LY AU?ORIT>IAN 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION 7,GALLI74 ,BUT AT FIR/ ,JACOB9ISM WAS NOT US$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,RUSSIAN POLITICS1 BUT ?AT ( PREW> ,ITALIAN POLITICAL CULTURE4 ,HE US$ IT 9 ! SAME 
BREA? AS HIS 9VOCATION ( ,SOREL'S1 & ,CROCE'S ATTACKS ON ! CULTURE ( ,MASONIC FREE ?\<T4 ,JACOB9ISM 'IS A MESSIANIC VISION ( HI/ORY3 IT ALWAYS RESPONDS 9 AB/RACTIONS1 EVIL1 GOOD1 OPPRESSION1 LIB]TY1 LI<T1 %ADE1 :I* EXI/ ABSOLUTELY1 G5]ICALLY & NOT 9 HI/ORICAL =MS 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#h#d1 P4#a#d#i74' ,9 O!R WORDS LIKE FREE ?\<T1 ,JACOB9ISM LACK$ GR\ND+ 9 HI/ORICISM4 

,BUT BY #aib ,JACOB9ISM WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS H]OICALLY SEE+ (F ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL 5EMIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS F\<T A CIVIL & EXT]NAL W> AGA9/ ! MYRIAD 5EMIES ( !IR NEW /ATE 7,TOGN>9I1 #a#i#g#f74 ,JACOB9ISM TOOK ON A DIFF]5T VAL5CE :5 ,GRAMSCI APPROA*$ ! QUE/ION ( CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE 9 ,ITALY 79 V>I\S & 9DE$ CONTRADICTORY =MS APPE>+ 9 HIS ESSAY ON ! ,MEZZOGIORNO OR HIS APPROA* TO ! ,N,E,P & EV5 W> COMMUNISM & LAT] =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION74 ,JACOB9S W]E !RE=E PITILESS AGA9/ ! 5EMIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION BUT ALSO /R5G!N$ BY =M+ ALLIANCES ) ?OSE ELEM5TS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE OP5 TO ACCEPT+ ! POLITICAL HEGEMONY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,GRAMSCI >GU$ = ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,P,CD,I OV] PEASANT1 SYNDICALI/ OR AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,S\?1 NOT = AN OP5-5D$ SUPPORT = COMPETITORS 9 ! RURAL ,LEFT3 HE WAS NOT A PLURALI/4 ,HIS E>LY MI/AK5 PRAISE ( ,C]NOV IS REPLAC$ BY V5OM\S ATTACKS ON ! ,S,RS & ,MAKHNO'S 'AN>*I/ EXP]IM5T' 9 ,CIVIL-,W> ,UKRA9E4 ,HE 5DORS$ ,BUKH>9'S ,N,E,P & AS A MANIFE/ATION ( ALLIANCE ( CITY & C\NTRYSIDE BAS$ ON ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,SOVIET ,COMMUNI/ P>TY & AS F> WE CAN TELL ,/AL9'S W> ON ! C\NTRYSIDE US+ !SE SAME FIR/ PREMISES 7,PAGGI2 ,LEVY1 =?COM+74 ,! ANTI-,JACOB9ICAL SOCIALISM ( PRE-#a#i#a#h1 ! NEGATIVE 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,JACOB9S HE LE>N$ FROM ,CROCE1 ,SALVEM9I OR ,SOREL1 IS REPLAC$ BY A PRAISE ( !IR RIGOR & !IR SUCCESSFUL L9KAGE TO ! 'HEAL?Y' =CES 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,NO 
LONG] SOCIALLY DIVORC$ P$ANTS1 >ID IDEOLOGICAL FANATICS OR ! IMBIB]S ( %ALL[ ANTI-CL]ICAL POSITIVI/ NO/RUMS1 ,JACOB9S REPRES5T ! CREATIVE BUT IMPLACABLE ,BOL%EVIK ELITE1 :I* ,GRAMSCI NEV] AB&ON$1 EV5 IF HE PROBABLY AGRE$ ?AT ,/AL9 HAS BECOME A CRUEL TYRANT1 A ,G5<IS ,KHAN ) A TELEPHONE1 AS HIS =M] ALLY 9 ! #a#i#bS1 ,BUKH>91 DESCRIB$ HIM4 

,AS ,GRAMSCI 5DORS$ ALL ?+S ,BOL%EVIK1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,TW5TY-,ONE ,PO9TS1 HE BECAME 9CREAS+LY MILITANTLY ANTI-AN>*I/4 ,H[EV]1 ?R\<\T ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 HE WAS PLAC$ 9 A DILEMMA TACTICALLY4 ,BE=E ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL FACTIONS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & ! FAILURE ( NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 V>I\S SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS & ! ,COM9T]N1 ,GRAMSCI HAD TO TREAD C>EFULLY4 ,:ILE HE M]CILESSLY CRITICIZ$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ,UNIONE ,S9DACLE ,ITALIANA1 HE C\LD NOT BURN ALL HIS BRIDGES1 S9CE ! ,RUSSIANS SAW M]IT 9 CULTIVAT+ ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S1 ESPECIALLY :5 A PRO-,COM9T]N FACTION WAS =M$ 9 ! ,U,S,I ITSELF4 ,9 ,TUR9 HIS AN>*I/ ALLIES W]E M>G9ALIZ$ 9 ,F,I,O,M AFT] ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES & SOME W]E MURD]$ BY ! ,FASCI/S 9 LATE #a#i#b#b1 BUT BE=E ! ,M>* ON ,ROME & 9DE$ UNTIL #a#i#b#e_/#a#i#b#f1 ,GRAMSCI SAW M]IT 9 KEEP+ FEEL]S OP5 TO ! SOCIAL 9T]V5TIONI/ ,LEFT1 ,D',ANNUNZIO & EV5 BRIEFLY ) ! SUSPICI\SLY LIB]T>IAN ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO1 ! ONLY ANTI-FASCI/ MILITIA 9 !SE YE>S :I* CAUS$ ,MUSSOL9I & ! ,FASCI/S SOME CONC]N 7,LEVY1 #a#i#i#i74 ,BUT :ILE ,GRAMSCI & HIS COMRADES MA9TA9$ A NONE- /OP TIRADE AGA9/ ! '*ILD-LIKE' ANTICS ( ,MALATE/A & ,BOR<I1 ,Z9OVIEV & EV5 ,L591 RECOGNIZ$ 9 ,MALATE/A A REVOLUTION>Y1 & 9 ,BOR<I A MAN TO BE WOO$ 9 ,MOSC[ 7,ANTONIOLI & O!R REF]5CES ON AN>*I/S & ,RUSSIA74 ,GRAMSCI REV]T$ TO ! SAME TW9-TRACK APPROA* HE US$ 9 #a#i#a#f3 ORGANIC 9TELLECTUAL AN>*I/S GOOD3 
'TRADITIONAL' 9TELLECTUAL AN>*I/S BAD1 & *OSE TO F9ESSE ! TACTICAL CUNN+ ( ! ,RUSSIANS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 

#g4 ,AN>*ISM AS ! ,HI<E/ ,=M ( ,SOVV]SIVISMO 7,LEVY1 #b#g7 

,9 ! ,NOTEBOOKS1 ,GRAMSCI 5GAGES 9 HI/ORICAL & COMP>ATIVE SOCIOLOGICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! MOD]N WORLD & P>TICUL>LY ! COLLAPSE ( ,LIB]AL ,ITALY & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,LEFT )9 IT4 ,?US ! NATURE ( ,ITALIAN ,FASCISM & ITS 5DUR+ SUCCESS IS ! R$ ?READ1 :I* RUNS ?R\<\T HIS NOTES4 ,! FAILURE ( ! ,LEFT & ! TRIUMPH ( ,FASCISM & ITS TRANS=MATION ( ! ,ITALIAN ,/ATE >E UND]/OOD ?R\< ! T]M SOVV]SIVISMO4 ,?IS T]M MAY BE TAK5 AS A TOOL ( HI/ORICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS1 BUT IT IS DR5*$ ) HI<LY P>TIZAN POLITICAL FIR/ PREMISES ?AT ASSUME ?AT ! ,GRAMSCI'S HI/ORICI/ ,M>XISM (F]S A MA/]-KEY = UNLOCK+ ! SECRETS ( ! PA/ AS WELL AS ! SOLUTIONS = ! ,LEFT 9 ! FUTURE4 ,HE MAY HAVE BE5 WRIT+ ! NOTES = ET]NITY1 & IT IS UNLIKELY HE W\LD HAVE SANCTION$ !IR PUBLICATION 9 ! =M !Y W]E PRODUC$1 BUT HE C]TA9LY HAD NOT LEFT HIS POLITICS AT ! CELL DOOR4 ,EV5 IF !RE WAS GOOD DEAL ( FRU/RATION & P]HAPS JU/IFIABLE P>ANOIA AB\T P>TY COMRADES & ! MURD]\S WAYS ( ! ,GEORGIAN TYRANT1 HE WAS /ILL A MILITANT ,M>XI/ :O WROTE 9 SU* A SPIRIT4 ,! TR\BL+ ASPECT ( ,GRAMSCI'S HI/ORICIZ+ ,M>XISM IS ?AT M]E EMPIRICISM & '9=MATION' IS LOOK$ UPON AS ! GREATE/ ( MORTAL S9S4 ,9 %ORT1 UNLIKE ! RA!R 9ELEGANT1 PLODD+ NOTES ( ,ANGELO ,TASCA ON UTOPIAN SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM ?AT >E DEPOSIT$ 9 ,MILAN'S ,BIBLIOTECA,FELTR9ELLI1 = EXAMPLE1 ,GRAMSCI DID NOT YET FACTS GET 9 ! WAY ( !ORY 7,= ,ANGELO ,TASCA74 

,! ,PRISON ,NOTEBOOKS CONTA9 />TL+ RECOLLECTIONS ( 5TIRE PASSAGES OR !IR ESS5CE FROM J\RNALISM ( TW5TY YE>S PREVI\SLY4 ,NATURALLY !SE RECOLLECTIONS W]E RE9=C$ BY HIS UNIV]SITY TRA9+1 & HIS PRISON READ+1 :I* 
WAS ON ! ONE H& RA!R RIGOR\S1 BUT ON ! O!R DUE NATURALLY TO ! OBVI\S CON/RA9TS1 HIT & MISS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 !RE HAS BE5 MU* WRITT5 AB\T ,GRAMSCI'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,S\!RN ,QUE/ION4 ,BUT ?IS ESSAY IS A BRILLIANT REVISIT+ ( ,SALVEM9I'S >GUM5TS 7V]Y LITTLE NEW EMPIRICAL EVID5CE IS PRES5T$ TO BACK IT UP71 LAC$ ) A P>TY POLITICAL MESSAGE1 & C\PL$ ) A LAM5T = ,ITALY'S MISS$ REVOLUTION 7S74 ,SIMIL>LY :5 HE ADDRESS$ ! HI/ORY ( ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 HE HAD TO RELY ON ! DUBI\S ,MI*ELS & ,ITALIAN POSITIVI/S & SOME E*OES ( ! S\ND] ,NELLO ,ROSSELLI 7,GRAMSCI CITATIONS 9 ,Q74 

,GRAMSCI WAS LESS CONC]N$ ) AN 9-DEP? ACC\NT ( ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S SO MU* TO USE !M 9 HIS CON/RUCTION ( ! ALL-PURPOSE ANALYTICAL T]M SOVV]VISIMO4 ,BUT ?IS HAD BE5 HON$ FROM HIS DEBATES ) ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S BE=E #a#i#b#a1 & BORE ALL ! TRACES ( A POLITICAL T]M ( >T OR POSSIBLY AN >TIFICE ( HI/ORICI/ METAPHYSICS4 ,JU/ AS DETAIL$ KN[L$GE ( ! FACTORY C\NCILS & ,SOVIETS & ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT PREV5T ,GRAMSCI FROM CREAT+ A FANTA/ICALLY LIB]T>IAN ,L59 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,RUSSIAN REGIME1 LACK ( DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S BE=E #aibf 9 ,ITALY1 DID NOT PREV5T HIM FROM %OE-HORN+ !M 9 HIS NEAT & POLITICAL *>G$ T]M1 SOVV]ISIVISMO4 ,?IS IS FRU/RAT+1 BECAUSE ! T]M C]TA9LY HAS ITS USES AS A TOOL TO 9T]ROGATE ?AT AN>*I/ PA/1 BUT AS A PROVISIONAL PROBE1 AN IDEAL-TYPE1 NOT AS A =M ( POLITICAL ABUSE4 

,AN 9T]E/ 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM IS APP>5T 9 ! PAGES ( ,L ',ORD9E NUOVO1 H[EV] ! J\RNAL'S *IEF HI/ORIAN WAS NOT ,GRAMSCI1 BUT ,ANGELO ,TASCA1 :O DEMON/RAT$ AN 9-DEP? IF RA!R UNSYMPA!TIC UND]/&+ ( ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S & ! AN>*I/S4 ,A S]IES ( P$ANTIC DEBATES OV] ! 9T]PRETATION ( ! HI/ORY ( S*OOLS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM SAW ,TASCA TAKE ON A V>IETY ( AN>*I/S 9 
! PAGES ( ! J\RNAL 7,LEVY1 #a#i#i#i74 ,GRAMSCI'S 9T]E/ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE WAS TO CONTRA/ ! POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL POV]TY ( AN>*ISM TO ?AT ( HI/ORICI/ ,M>XISM1 NOT DIG DEEPLY 9TO ITS HI/ORY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT BO? ,GRAMSCI & ! Y\NG ,TOGLIATTI1 HAD LESS GR\ND+ & 'FEEL' = ! CULTURE OR ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 :I* ,TASCA & HIS SELF-$UCAT$ AN>*I/ ADV]S>IES W]E BORN 9TO4 

,:]EAS ,TASCA WAS ! SON ( A RAILWAY WORK]1 :O CUT HIS TEE? )9 ! POSITIVISM SOCIALI/1 FREE-?9K+ SUB-CULTURE ( ANTE-BELLUM ,NOR!RN ,ITALY1 ,GRAMSCI & ,TOGLIATTI HAIL$ FROM ! VA/ & V>IEGAT$ L[] TO MIDDLE-MIDDLE CLASSES 7,SEE BIOGRAPHIES ( ,TASCA CIT$ ABOVE74 ,!RE WAS A C]TA9 9H]5T SNOBBI%NESS 9 ,GRAMSCI'S CRITICISM ( ! ,UNIV]SITA,POPOL>E OR ,TOGLIATTI DISMISSAL ( ! 'R$ B>ONIES' ( ! ,PO ,VALLEY 7IRONIC1 9DE$1 BECAUSE ?OSE PLODD+ B>ONIES W\LD BE 9H]IT$ BY ! ,P,C,I AFT] #aide & RETA9 A PRES5CE AS A PALE AFT]-GL[ 9 ! PO/PO/ COMMUNI/ LEFT TODAY7 7,AGO/I74 ,GRAMSCI & ,TOGLIATTI W]E IMPATI5T & EMB>RASS$ BY ! SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ CULTURE ( FREE-?\<T & SELF-$UCATION4 ,( C\RSE !RE W]E MANY WEAKNESSES 9 ?IS CULTURE1 & ,GRAMSCI MADE ACUTE & PA9FULLY ACCURATE1 S>CA/IC REM>KS AB\T !SE ?R\<\T HIS C>E]1 BUT HE LACK$ EMPA?Y = ?IS CULTURE1 :I* MAKES HIM A HO/ILE WITNESS :5 HE REFLECTS ON ! FAILURE ( ! ,LEFT 9 G5]AL & ! 'SUBV]SIVE' ,LEFT 9 P>TICUL> 9 ! ,NOTEBOOKS4 ,UNLIKE ,$W>D ,?OMPSON1 ,GRAMSCI DID NOT WANT TO SAVE ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S FROM ! CONDESC5SION ( HI/ORIANS6 ,LAT] ,TOGLIATTI ?9K+ ( =MIDABLE AN>*I/ COMPETITION 9 ! NEWLY BORN ,SPANI% ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 REALIZ$ ?AT ! AN>*I/S W]E CLOSE TO ! HE>T & S\L ( PRE-,FASCI/ SOCIALISM1 SO :5 ,MALATE/A DI$ 9 #a#i#c#b1 ,TOGLIATTI'S OBITU>Y DUR+ ! HEI<T ( ,/AL9I/ ,?IRD ,P]IOD SECT>IANISM1 WAS BALANC$ & ?\<TFUL 7,OBIT74 ,& ! COMMUNI/S CULTIVAT$ ! NEXT LIKELY G5]ATION ( AN>*I/S FROM !IR HE>TL&S ( ,TUSCANY1 
,LIGURIA1 ,ROME ETC1 :5 ,FASCISM UND]M9$ ! CONT9UITY ( AN>*ISM & VICTORIES ( ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 ! ,EA/ L5T ! ,RUSSIAN MODEL GREAT PRE/IGE 7,LEVY #a#i#h#i74 

,= ,GRAMSCI ! ,ITALIAN CONCEPT ( ! SUBV]SIVE & SOVV]SIVISMO W]E BAS$ ON A POPULI/ POSITION+1 ( ! PEOPLE PIT*$ AGA9/ AN ILL-DEF9$ SIGNORI4 ,?IS SOVV]SIVISMO WAS A PRODUCT ( ,ITALY'S BA/>D MOD]NITY4 ,SUBV]SIVES C\LD COME FROM ! ,LEFT & ,RI<T1 & !RE EV5 WAS A SOVV]SIVISMO FROM ABOVE1 & SUBV]SIVES C\LD BE REV]SIBLE1 AS WAS ! CASE ( ! SOCIAL 9T]V5TIONI/S1 :O 9T]E/$ ,GRAMSCI :5 HE WAS AN $ITOR 9 ,TUR94 ,?US A LACK ( MOD]N POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 A WEAK E?ICAL POLITICAL CULTURE & AN 9CORRECT READ+ ( ,M>XISM OR SOCIAL !ORY1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ SUBV]SIVES *>ACT]IZ$ !SE CURR5TS4 ,! T\*/ONE ( HIS E>LY RADICALISM1 ! ,R$ ,WEEK ( #a#i#a#d1 & ,MALATE/A1 BECAME SYMBOLIC ( ?IS TYPE ( ,ITALIAN RADICALISM4 ,BUT ! <O/ AT ?IS BANQUET WAS HIS JAIL]1 & ,GRAMSCI FELT ?IS P]SONALLY1 = HAD BE5 DRAWN 9TO POLITICS P>TIALLY BY ! SOCIALI/ & ,/IRN]ITE ,MUSSOL9I1 & AS IS WELL KN[N1 ALMO/ SPOIL$ HIS COPY BOOK1 BY HIS TORTUR\S FLIRTATIONS ) ,MUSSOL9I'S W> 9T]V5TIONISM4 

,SOVV]SIVISMO1 ,GRAMSCI >GU$1 F$ (F ! ROLE ( VOLUNTE]S1 S9CE ,G>IBALDI TOPPL$ ! ,B\RBON ,K+DOM & SET 9 TRA9 ! ,PI$MONT CONQUE/ ( ! P59SULA4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E M]ELY ONE V>IATION ON ?IS !ME1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! REPUBLICANS BUT ALSO ( C\RSE ! FASCI/ MILITIA ( ! E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,! /ATE WAS N\RI%$ BY RE=M$ SOVV]SIVI FROM ,CRISPI TO ,MUSSOL9I4 ,! DEP5D5CE ON *>ISMATIC POLITICS1 REFLECT$ 9 ! AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ LEAD]S ( PRE-,FASCI/ ,ITALY1 DEMON/RAT$ ! L[ LEVEL ( $UCATION ( ! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE & WEAKLY CON/RUCT$ 9/ITUTIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ & LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,BUT AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 W]E WELL AW>E ( ! DANG]S ( H]O WOR%IP 7,LEVY #a#i#i#h2 ,LEVY =?COM+74 ,MALATE/A PREA*$ ORGANIZATION1 ORGANIZATION & MORE ORGANIZATION4 ,AN>*ISM1 ,MALATE/A >GU$ WAS NOT AB\T ! LACK ( ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS ESS5TIAL IF AN>*I/S W]E S]I\S AB\T DEAL+ ) ! EXIG5CIES ( ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL CITY4 ,HE MAY HAVE BE5 NAIVE1 BUT ,MALATE/A PLEAD$ ) ! FACTORY OCCUPI]S 9 #aib TO RECOMM5CE TRADE ) O!R FACTORIES )\T ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,= ! ,GRAMSCI1 ! LESSON ONE LE>N$ FROM ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS WAS ?AT '! SPONTANEITY 9 ! FACTORY C\NCIL MOVEM5T WAS NOT NEGLECT$1 EV5 LESS DESPIS$4 ,IT WAS $UCAT$1 DIRECT$1 PURG$ ( EXTRANE\S CONTAM9ATION2 ! AIM WAS TO BR+ IT 9TO L9E ) MOD]N !ORY4' 7,Q7 ,BUT NO:]E 9 ,GRAMSCI DO WE F9D AN OP5 ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ,COMMUNISM & POSSIBILITY ?AT SOCIALISM HAD FAIL$ TO TAKE ANO!R MORE LIB]T>IAN PA? 9 ! WAY ! T>NI%$ ,TASCA DID 9 ! PREFACE TO HIS PO/W> $ITION ( HIS WOND]FUL HI/ORY ( ! RISE ( ,FASCISM1 :]E HE 9VOK$ ! LIB]T>IAN POT5TIAL ( ! PRE-,FASCI/ ,*AMB]S ( ,LABOR 7#a#i#e ,ITALIAN $ITION ( BOOK74 ,:5 ,GRAMSCI RECALL$ ANO!R EXEMPL> ( ,ITALIAN GRASSROOTS SOCIALISM1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS1 !IR MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION WAS NOT !IR 9H]5T DEMOCRACY1 BUT !IR CONTRIBUTION TO 'MOD]N !ORY4' 

,ONE CAN RECON/RUCT A ,GRAMSCIAN CRITIQUE ( ! ,/AL9I/ ,SOVIET ,UNION BUT HE NEV] QUE/ION$ ! ,M>XI/ MONOPOLY ON ?\<T & ACTION & HE NEV] GRANT$ ! AN>*I/S ! TITLE ( GADFLIES ( ! REVOLUTION1 !IR W>N+S AB\T ! UNTRAMMEL$ P[]S ( ! NEW ,SOVIET /ATE W]E NEV] ACCEPT$ BY ,GRAMSCI EV5 9 HIS DEEPE/ PESSIMI/IC MOM5TS1 BECAUSE !IR WAY ( ?9K+ WAS ALI5 TO HIS V]Y BE+ 7,PONS74 

#h4 ,AFT] #aide 

,!RE IS AN EPILOGUE TO ?IS /ORY4 ,IT IS ! MANY SEASONS ( ,GRAMSCI1 :I* FOLL[$ ! DEFRO/+ ( ! ,ITALIAN LEFT AFT] ,/AL9'S DEA? & IT IS MA9LY C5T]$ ON ! 9CREAS+LY OP5-M9D$ NATURE ( ,ITALIAN COMMUNI/ LABOR & SOCIALI/ HI/ORIOGRAPHY 7CITE OV]VIEWS74 ,BUT !RE IS ANO!R /ORY1 :I* NE$S MORE EVACUATION4 ,?IS 9VOLVES DISSID5T SOCIALI/S 5GAG+ ,TOGLIATTI 9 ! WAKE ( ,KHRU%*EV'S REVELATIONS & ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION1 :]E ! FACTORY C\NCILS ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b W]E R$ISCOV]$1 & !IR LIB]T>IAN NATURE REEVALUAT$4 ,?IS HAD FOLL[$ ! AN>*I/ HI/ORIAN ,PI] ,C>LO ,MAS9I'S %ORT PAMPHLET ON ! ROLE ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,TUR9ESE MOVEM5T ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b1 & ! PIONE]+ /UDY ( ! HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM BY ! VET]AN ,AZIONI/A1 ,LEO ,VALIANI 7,CITE ,MAS9I & ,VALIANI74 ,MU* ( ?IS DEBATE WAS =GOTT5 9 #a#i#f#h-#f#i1 AS =TY-N9E V>IETIES ( ,M>XISM1 ,TROTSKYISM1 ,MAOISM & ,OP]AISMO 7:I* WAS D5SELY ,M>XI/ & 9VOLV$ FEW IF ANY WORK]S 9 ITS 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]%IP7 7,WRI<T7 & MY REVIEW ( IT71 CRITICIZ$ ! ,P,C,I = ITS TIMID RE=MISM & ITS REMNANT ,/AL9ISM1 BUT C]TA9LY DID NOT REPUDIATE ,M>XI/-,L59I/ CORE VALUES4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S MAY HAVE BE5 TOO TIMID OR TOO NATIONAL POPULI/ BUT !Y %>$ A COMMON AU?ORIT>IAN & SECT>IAN 9H]ITANCE ) !SE Y\NG/]S4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS1 ) ! EM]G5CE ( NEW G5]ATION ( HI/ORIANS1 NOT DIRECTLY L9K$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/S OR ,*RI/IAN ,DEMOCRATS OR TRADITIONAL LIB]AL >EA1 ?AT AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S RECEIV$ !IR [N HI/ORIANS 9 ! %APE ( ,MAURIZIO ,ANTONIOLI & ! CONTRIBUTORS TO ,RIVI/A /ORICA DELL'AN>*ISMO & LAT] 9 ! #a#i#iS & TO ! PRES5T1 AN EV5 MORE REC5T G5]ATION1 :I* HAS EMBRAC$ A MU* LESS POLITICIZ$ =M ( SOCIAL HI/ORY4 

,BUT IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ONE CAN DETECT A *ANGE 9 TONE AMONG ! *IEF ,COMMUNI/ EXP]TS ON AN>*ISM AS ! P>TY TRAVEL$ T[>DS IT MORE LIB]AL 
,EUROCOMMUNI/ PUBLIC P]SONA4 ,AN 9/RUCTIVE ESSAY C\LD BE WRITT51 = 9/ANCE1 ON ! TRANS=MATION ( ,5ZO ,SANT>ELLI1 A ,COMMUNI/ HI/ORIAN ( ! ,M>*ES & ( ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 & ! AU?OR ( A SMALL BUT 9FLU5TIAL HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM ?AT WAS ! ,COMMUNI/ ALT]NATIVE TO ! WORKS ( ,PI] ,C>LO ,MAS9I4 ,:]EAS ,MAS9I WAS ,TASCA REBORN1 V]Y EMPIRICAL & RA!R TOL]ANT ( ! PRE-W> POSITIVI/ FREE ?9K+ CULTURE1 ,SANT>ELLI'S IMPRESSIVE >*IVAL WORK 9 ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS WAS ALWAYS DI/ORT$ BY CONCLUSIONS DICTAT$ BY ,GRAMSCIAN ,L59I/ OR?ODOXY4 ,AL?\<1 = 9/ANCE1 HE CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ ! POPUL>ITY & DEXT]ITY ( ,MALATE/A 9 ,ANCONA 9 #a#h#i#g-#a#h#i#h1 HE C\LD NOT 5D HIS ACC\NT )\T A RITUAL DISMISSAL ( ! *ILD-LIKE 'SUBV]SIV5ESS' ( ! AN>*I/'S POLITICS 7,CITE HIS >TICLE ON ,MALATE/A74 ,BUT ?IS APPROA* *ANGES 9 ! #aigc $ITION ( HIS HI/ORY ( ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #aiei :]E A LEVELHEAD$ EVALUATION PREVAILS 7,CITE TWO $ITIONS ( ,SANT>ELLI74 ,BY ! #a#i#gS1 LEAD+ ,COMMUNI/ HI/ORIANS 7NOTABLY ,GIOVANNI ,PROCACCI7 W]E PREP>$ TO AGREE ?AT ,GRAMSCI'S *>ACT]IZATION ( ,ITALIAN SYNDICALISM1 AS L>GELY A ,S\!RN MOVEM5T1 WAS EMPIRICALLY MISLEAD+ & DI/ORT$ BY POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,9DE$1 TWO CONF]5CES UND] ! AUSPICES ( P>TY HI/ORIANS W]E IMPORTANT TURN+ PO9TS = A BALANC$ /UDY ( ,ITALIAN SYNDICALISM 7,LEVY #b74 ,IF ! ]A ( ! COMPROMESSO /ORICO LEFT LITTLE ( TANGIBLE B5EFIT1 IT C]TA9LY DID FREE ,ITALIAN HI/ORIANS FROM ! CON/RA9TS IMPOS$ BY A RITUAL ACCEPTANCE ( ,GRAMSCI'S =MULAIC T]M SOVV]SIVISMO4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,AGO/I1 ,A41 ',LE CORR5TI CON/ITUTIVE DEL COMUNISMO 9T]NAZIONALE1' 9 ,E4 ,J4 ,HOBSBAWM 7$471 ,/ORIA DEL M>XISMO1 ,TUR91 VOL4 #c1 PT4 #a1 PP4 #c#c-#c#f4 

,AGO/I1 ,A41 ,PALMIRO ,TOGLIATTI1 ,TUR91 #aiif & ,5GLI% $ITION1 ,PALMIRO ,TOGLIATTI4 ,A ,BIOGRAPHY1 ,LONDON1 #b#h4 

,&]SON1 ,P41 ',! ,ANT9OMIES ( ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1' ,NEW ,LEFT ,REVIEW1 NO4 #a1 #a#i#g#f-#a#i#g#g1 PP4 #e-#g#h4 

,ASOR ,ROSA1 ',LA ,CULTURA1' 9 ,R4 ,ROMANO & ,C4 ,VIVANTI 7$S471 ,/ORIA D' ,ITALIA1 VOL 4#d1 PT4II1 ,TUR91 #a#i#g#e4 

,AUD59O1 ,P41 ',NON PIU ET]NAL ILOTI3 VALORI E MODELLI DELLA P$OGOGIA SOCIALI/A1' 9 ,L4 ,ROSSI 7$471 ,CULTURA1 I/RUZIONE E SOCIALISMO NELL'ETAGIOLITTIANA1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#i#a1 PP4 #c#g#e#d4 

,BADALONI1 ,N41 ,ILM>XISMO DI ,GRAMSCI1 ,TUR91 #a#i#g#e4 

,BELLAMY1 ,R41 ,MOD]N ,ITALIAN ,SOCIAL ,!ORY3 ,IDEOLOGY & ,POLITICS FROM ,P>ETO TO ! ,PRES5T1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#h#g4 

,BELLAMY1 ,R & ,S*ECT]1 ,D41 ,GRAMSCI & ! ,ITALIAN ,/ATE1 ,MAN*E/]1 #a#i#i#c1 ,B]GAMI1 ,G41 ,IL GIOVANE ,GRAMSCI E IL M>XISMO3 #a#i#a#a-#a#i#a#h1 ,MILAN1#a#i#g#g4 

,B]TA1 ,G41 ',! ,9T]REGNUM3 ,TUR91 ,FIAT & ,9DU/RIAL ,CONFLICT BETWE5 ,W> & ,FASCISM1' 9 ,C4 ,WRIGLEY 7$471 ,*ALL5GES IF ,LABOR1 ,C5TRAL & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#i#c1 PP4 #a#e-#a#b#d4 

,B]TI1 ,G4 7$471 ,PROBLEMI DEL MOVIM5TO OP]AIO4 ,SCRITTI CRITICI E /ORICI 9$ITI DI ,ANGELO ,TASCA1' ,ANNALI DELLA ,BIBLIOTECA ,GIANGIACOMO ,FELTR9ELLI1 VOL4 #a1 #a#i#f#h4 ,B]TR&4 ,C47$471 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SITUATIONS 9 ,EUROPE1 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#b3 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y1 ,MONTREAL1 #a#i#g#g4 

,BOGGS1 ,GRAMSCI'S ,M>XISM1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#f4 

,BOGGS1 ,! ,TWO ,REVOLUTIONS3 ,GRAMSCI & ! ,DILEMMAS ( ,WE/]N ,M>XISM1 ,BO/ON1 #a#i#h#d4 

,BRACCO1 ,F41 ',IL GIOVANE ,GRAMSCI E ,SOREL1' 9 ,V4 ,COMP>ATO 7$471 ,GEORGES ,SOREL4 ,/UDI E RE*]*E1 ,FLOR5CE1 #a#i#g#d1 PP4 #a#g#g-#a#i#e4 

,BROCCOLI1 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI E L'$UCAZIONE COME EGEMONIA1 ,FLOR5CE1 #a#i#g#b4 ,BUCI-,GLUCKSMAN1 ,C41 ',/ATE1 ,TRANSITION & ,PASSIVE ,REVOLUTION1' 9 ,C4 ,M\FFE 7$471 ,GRAMSCI & ,M>XI/ ,!ORY1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#i4 

,CATONE1 ,A41 ',GRAMSCI1 LA TRADIZIONE SOCIALI/A E IL PROBLEMA DELLA MNACATA RICEZIONE DEL M>XISMO1' 9 ,R1 ,GIACOM9I1 ,D1 ,LOSURDO & ,M1 ,M>TELLI 7$S471 ,GRAMSCI EL',ITALIA1 ,URB9O1 #a#i#i#d1 PP4 #b#d#c-#b#g#f4 

,CL>K1 ,M41 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI & ! ,REVOLUTION ?AT ,FAIL$1 ,NEW ,HAV51 ,CONN1 #a#i#g#g4 ,DAL ,PANE1 ,L41 ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA NELLAPOLITICA E NELLA CULTURA ITALIANA1 ,TUR91 #a#i#g#e1 #bND $ITION4 

,DEGLI' ,9NOC5TI1 ,M41 ,GEOGRAFIA E I/ITUZIONI DEL SOCIALISMO ITALIANO #a#h#i#b-#a#i#a#d1 ,NAPLES1 #a#i#h#c4 

,DE ,GR&1 ,A4 ,J41 ,9 ,/AL9'S ,%AD[3 ,ANGELO ,TASCA & ! ,CRISIS ( ! ,LEFT 9 ,ITALY & ,FRANCE1 #a#i#a-#a#i#d#e1 ,DE ,KALB1 ,ILL41 #a#i#h#f4 

,5TWI/LE1 ,H41 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI4 ,CONS]VATIVE ,S*OOL+ = ,RADICAL ,POLITICS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#i4 

,FIORI1 ,G41 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI3 ,LIFE ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g4 

,FURIOZZI1 ,SOREL E ,L ',ITALIA1 ,FLOR5CE_/,MESS9A1 #a#i#g#f4 

,GALLI1 
,G>91 ,E4 #a#i#f#g4 

,GOISIS1 ,G4 ,L41 ',GRAMSCI E ,SOREL1' ,V4 ,MEL*IORRE1 ,C4 ,VIGNA & ,G4 ,DE ,ROSA 7$S71 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI E ILP5SI]O TEORICO E POLITICO3 LA QUE/IONE L59I/A1 ,ROME1 #a#i#g#i1 PP4 #g-#i4 

,GRAMSCI1 ,A41 ,QUAD]NI DEL C>C]E 7$IT$ BY ,VAL5T9O ,G]RATANA71 ,VOLS4 #a-#d1 ,TUR91 #a#i#g#e4 

,GRAMSCI1 ,A4 ,SCRITTI #a#i#a#e-#a#i#b#a 7$IT$ BY ,S]GIO ,CAPRIOGLIO71 ,MILAN1 #a#i#g#f4 

,GRAMSCI1 ,A41 ,SELECTIONS FROM ,POLITICAL ,WRIT+S #a#i#a-#a#i#b 7SELECT$ & $IT$ BY ,QU9T9 ,HO>E1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,JOHN ,MAT!WS71 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#g4 

,GRAMSCI1 ,A41 ,CRONA*E TOR9ESI 7$IT$ BY ,S]GIO ,CAPRIOGLIO71 ,TUR91 #a#i#h4 

,GRAMSCI1 ,A41 ,LA CITTA FUTURE3 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#a#h 7$IT$ BY ,S]GIO ,CAPRIOGLIO71 ,TUR91 #a#i#h#b4 ,GRAMSCI1 ,A41 ,IL NO/RO ,M>X3 #a#i#a#h-#a#i#a#i 7$IT$ BY ,S]GIO ,CAPRIOGLIO71 ,TUR91 #a#i#h#d4 ,GRAMSCI1 ,A41 ,PRE-,PRISON ,WRIT+S 7$IT$ BY ,RI*>D ,BELLAMY & TRANSLAT$ BY ,VIRIG9IA ,COX71 ,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#i#d4 

,H>RISON1 ,R41 ,! ,LIFE & ,TIMES ( ,SIDNEY & ,BEATRICE ,WEBB3 #a#h#e#h-#a#i#e1 ,BAS+/OKE1 #b4 

,IVES1 ,LAGUAGE & ,HEGEMONY 9 ,GRAMSCI1 ,LONDON1 #b#d4 

,JACOBITTI1 ,E4 ,E41 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,HUMANISM &,HI/ORICISM 9 ,MOD]N ,ITALY1 ,NEW ,HAV51 ,CONN41 #a#i#h#a4 

,KIRBY1 ,D41 ,W>1 ,PEACE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM AT ! ,CROSSROADS #a#i#a#i#d-#a#i#a#h1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#f4 

,L9DEMANN1 ,A4 

,LEVY1 ,C41 ',MALATE/A 9 ,EXILE1' ,ANNALI DELLA ,FONDAZIONE ,LUIGI ,E9AUDI1 VOL4 #a#e1 #a#i#h#a1 PP4 #b#d#e-#b#g4 

,LEVY1 ,C41 ',A ,NEW ,LOOK AT ! ,Y\NG ,GRAMSCI1' ,B\ND>Y #b1 VOL4 #a#d1 NO4 #c1 #a#i#h#f1 PP4 #c#a-#d#h4 

,LEVY1 ,C41 ',ITALIAN ,AN>*ISM1 #a#h#g-#a#i#b#f1' 9 ,D4 ,GOODWAY 7$471 ,= ,AN>*ISM3 ,HI/ORICAL & ,!ORETICAL ,APPROA*ES1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#i1 PP4 #b#d-#g#h4 

,LEVY1 ,C41 ',*>ISMA & ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS3 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A & ,ITALIAN ,AN>*ISM1' ,MOD]N ,ITALY1 ,VOL4 #c1 NO4 #b1 #a#i#i#h1 PP4 #b#e-#b#a#g4 

,LEVY1 ,C41 ,GRAMSCI & ! ,AN>*I/S1 ,OX=D1 #a#i#i#i4 

,LEVY1 ,C1 ',CURR5TS ( ,ITALIAN ,SYNDICALISM BE=E #a#i#b#f1' ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY1 VOL4 #d#e1 #b1 #b1 PP4 #b#i-#b#e4 

,LEVY1 ,C41 ',! ,PEOPLE & ! ,PR(ESSORS3 ,SOCIALISM & ! ,$UCAT$ ,MIDDLE ,CLASSES 9 ,ITALY1 #a#h#g-#a#i#a#d1' ,J\RNAL ( ,MOD]N ,ITALIAN ,/UDIES1 ,VOL4 #f1 ,NO4 #b1 #b#a1 PP4 #a#i#c#b#h4 

,LEVY1 ,C41 ',AN>*ISM1 ,9T]NATIONALISM & ,NATIONALISM 9 ,EUROPE1 #a#h#f-#a#i#c#i1' ,AU/RALIAN ,J\RNAL ( ,POLITICS & ,HI/ORY1 ,VOL4 #e1 ,NO4 #b1 #b#d1 PP4 #c#c-#c#d#b4 

,LEVY4 ,C41 ',SOVV]SIVISMO3 ,! ,RADICAL ,POLITICAL ,CULTURE ( ,O!RNESS 9 ,LIB]AL ,ITALY1' ,J\RNAL ( ,POLITICAL ,IDEOLOGIES1 ,VOL4 #a#b1 ,NO4 #b1 #b#g1 PP4 #a#d#g-#a#f#a4 

,LEVY1 ,C41 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI4 ,M>X1 ,MA*IAVELLI & ,MOD]NITY1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 =?COM+4 

,LEVY1 ,C41 ,! ,ROOT$ ,COSMOPOLITAN3 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ! ,LIFE & ,TIMES ( AN ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ 9 ,EXILE1 =?COM+4 

,L9DEMANN1 ,A4 ,S41 ',! ,R$ ,YE>S'3 ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIALISM & ,BOL%EVISM1 #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b#a1 ,B]KELEY1 ,CALIPH41 #a#i#g#d4 

,LO ,PIP>O1 ,F41 ,L+UA 9TELLETUALI EGEMONIA 9 ,GRAMSCI1 ,B>I1 #a#i#g#i4 

,LOTTI1 ,L41 ,LA SETTIMANA ROSSA1 ,FLOR5CE1 #a#i#g#b4 

,MALATE/A1 ,M41 ',GRAMSCI E IL S9DACALISMO RIVOLUTIION>IO4 ,REFLESSIONI SUL RAPPORTO TRA ANALISI /ORIOGRAFICA E GIUDIZIO DI VALORE1' ,RI*]*E ,/ORI*E1 ,VOL4 #a1 ,NO1 #a1 #a#i#h#a1 PP4 #c#b#g-#c#e#g4 

,MAS9I1 ,P-,C1 ,AN>*ICI E COMUNI/I NEL MOVIM5TO DEI CONSIGLI A ,TOR9P 7,PRIMO DOPOGU]RA #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b71 ,TUR91 #aiea 

,MAS9I1 ,P-,C1 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI E L',ORD9E ,NUOVO VI/A DA UN LIB]T>IO1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#e#f4 ,MAS9I1 ,P-,C1 ,/ORIA DEGLI AN>*ICI ITALIANI DAL ,BAKUN9 A ,MALATE/A 7#a#h#f#b-#a#h#i#b71 ,MILAN1 #a#i#g#d4 

,MAS9I1 ,P-,C1 ,/ORIA DEGLI AN>*ICI ITALIANI NELL'EPOCA DEGLI ATT5TATI1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#h#a4 ,MORABITO1 ,G41 ',ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI E L'IDEALISMO GURIDICO ITALIANO4 ,DUE TESI A CONFRONTO1' ,/ORIA E ,POLITICA1 VOL4 #f1 NO4 #d1 #a#i#g#i1 PP4 #g#d#d-#g#e#e4 

,PICCONE1 ,P41 ',FROM ,SPAV5TA TO ,GRAMSCI1' ,TELOS1 NO4 #c#a1 #a#i#g#g1 PP4 #c#e-#f#f4 

,PIVATO1 ,S1 ,MOVIM5TO OP]AIO E I/RUZIONE POPOL>E NELL',ITALIA LIB]ALE1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#h#f4 ,PONS1 ,S4 ' 

,PROCACCI1 ,G41 ',ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA E LA REVISIONE DEL M>XISMO ATTRAV]SO L'EPI/OL>IO CON ,B]N/E9 E CON ,KAUTSKY1 #a#h#i#e-#a#i#d1' ,ANNALI DELLA ,BIBLIOTECA ,GIANGIACOMO ,FELTR9ELLI1 COL4 #c1 #a#i#f1 PP4 #b#f#d-#c#d#a4 

,READ1 ,C41 ,RELIGION1 ,REVOLUTION & ! ,RUSSIAN ,9TELLIG5TSIA #a#i-#a#i#a#b1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#i4 

,RIOSA1 ,A44 ,ANGELO ,TASCA SOCIALI/A1 ,V5ICE1 #a#i#g#i4 

,ROSADA1 ,M4 ,G41 ,LE UNIV]SITAPOPOL>I1 ,ROME #a#i#g#e4 

,ROSS9I1 ,D41 ,WOODR[ ,WILSON & ! ,AM]ICAN ,MY? 9 ,ITALY4 ,CULTURE1 ,DIPLOMACY & ,W> ,PROPAG&A1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,MASS1 #b#h4 

,RO?1 ,J4 ,J41 ,! ,CULT ( ,VIOL5CE4 ,SOREL & ! ,SORELIANS1 ,B]KELEY1 #a#i#h4 

,SANT>ELLI1 ,E1 ',L'AZIONE DI ,]RICO ,MALATE/A E ,I MOTI DO #ahih AD ,ANCONA1' ,MOVIM5TO ,OP]AIO1 ,VOL4 #f1 #a#i#e#d1 PP4 #b#d#h-#b#g#b4 

,SANT>ELLI1 ,E1 ,IL SOCIALISMO AN>*ICO 9 ,ITALIA1 ,MILAN1 #aiei & #aigc $ITIONS4 ,SANT>ELLI1 ,E41 ,LA REVISIONE DEL M>XISMO 9 ,ITALIA1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#f#d4 

,S*ECT]1 ,D41 ',TWO ,VIEWS ( ,REVOLUTION3 ,GRAMSCI & ,SOREL1 #a#i#a#f-#a#i#b1 ,HI/ORY ( ,EUROPEAN ,IDEAS1 VOL4 #a#b1 NO4 #e1 #a#i#i1 PP4 #f#c#f-#f#e#c4 

,S*ECT]1 ,D41 ,GRAMSCI & ! ,!ORY ( ,9DU/RIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ,ALD]%OT1 #a#i#i#a4 ,S]VICE1 ,R41 ,L594 ,LONDON1 #b4 

,SIRIANNI1 ,C41 ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL & ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,SOVIET ,EXP]I5CE1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#b4 

,TASCA1 ,A41 ,NASCITA E AVV5TO DELFASCISMO3 ,L ',ITALIA DAL #aiah A #a#i#b#b1 ,FLOR5CE1 #a#i#e4 ,TOBIA1 ,B41 ',IL P>TITO SOCIALI/A E LA POLITICA DI ,W4 ,WILSON 7#a#i#a#f-#a#i#a#i71' ,/ORIA ,CONTEMPORANEA1 ,VOL4 #f1 #a#i#g#d1 PP4 #b#g#e-#c#c4 

,TOGLIATTI1 ,P41 #a#i#c#b4 

,TOGN>9I1 ,I41 ',GIACOB9ISMO E BOLS*EVISMO3 ,ALB]T ,MA?IEZ E ,L ',ORD9E ,NUOVO1' ,RI*]*E ,/ORI*E1 ,VOL4 #f1 #a#i#g#f1 PP4 #e#b#c-#d#i4 

,TRONTI1 ,M1 #a#i#e#i4 

,URB9ATI1 ,N41 ',! ,S\? ( ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI & ! ,CONCEPT ( ,HEGEMONY1' 9 ,J4 ,S*NEID] 7$471 ,ITALY'S ',S\!RN ,QUE/ION'3 ,ORI5TALISM 9 ,ONE ,C\NTRY1 ,OX=D1 #a#i#i#h1 PP4 #a#c#e-#a#e#f4 

,VALIANI1 ,L41 

,WILLIAMS1 ,R4 ,C41 ,! ,O!R ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,BLOOM+TON1 ,9D41 #a#i#h#f4 

,TURI1 ,G41 ',9TELLETTUALI E PROPAG&A NEL MOVIM5TO SOCIALI/A1' 9 ,S4 ,SOLDANI & ,G4 ,TURI 7$S471 ,F>E GLI ITALIANI4 ,SCUOLA E CULTURA NELL' ,ITALIA CONTEMPORANEA4 ,LA NASCITA DELLO ,/ATO NAZIONALE1 VOL44 #a1 ,BOLOGNA1 #a#i#i#c1 PP4 #d#e#i-#e#a4 

,ZAG>IA1 ,E41 ,M>XISMO E REVISIONISMO4 ,B]N/E9 ,SOREL ,GRAZIADEI ,LEONE1 ,NAPLES1 #a#i#g#e4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,P>T #g1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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