,P>T #h1 ,*APT] #a 
,:5 ,AN>*ISM MEETS ,CRITICAL ,M>XISM3 ,PA?S & ,P>ADOXES ( 0,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE0 7& ( ,TROTSKYISM7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( A ,S*ISM 

 ,:5 ,AN>*ISM MEETS ,CRITICAL ,M>XISM3 ,PA?S & ,P>ADOXES ( 0,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE0 7& ( ,TROTSKYISM7 

,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

#a4 ,9TRODUCTION 

,?IS PAP] DEALS ) ! 9T]SECTIONS BETWE5 AN>*ISM & A SPECIFIC /R& ( ,M>XISM1 NAMELY ,TROTSKYISM 9 ! MIDDLE ( LA/ C5TURY 9 ,FRANCE4 ,IT PRES5TS A BRIEF OV]VIEW ( ! TRAJECTORY ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE 7,S \ ,B7 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( POLITICAL !ORI/_/ECONOMI/_/PSY*OANALY/ ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 7#a#i#b#b-#a#i#i#g74 ,IT ALSO DEALS ) PREVI\S WORK DONE ON :AT W]E !N UNEXPLOR$ >*IVES ( A SMALL ,TROTSKYITE P>TY 9 ,SWITZ]L& 7,LIGUE ,M>XI/E ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE7 9 ! P]IOD #a#i#f#i#a#i#h1 COMB9$ ) ORAL HI/ORY CONDUCT$ ) AB\T ?IRTY 7=M]7 MILITANTS4 ,! PAP] W\LD LIKE TO 9T]WEAVE SOME ( ! LESSONS FROM BO? CASES 7ADD+ AT TIMES FEW ELEM5TS FROM ! G5]AL HI/ORY ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL7 TO COME UP ) BROAD] 7POSSIBLY CONTEMPOR>Y7 CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! LIMITS ( BLACK & R$ 9T]SECT+ & ANALYZE PROSPECTS = A RETURN ( POSSIBLE R$-BLACK SYN]GIES4 

,! MA9 CONTRIBUTION ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>ISME 7! NAME ( ! GR\P'S J\RNAL7 AT ITS 9CEPTION WAS ITS SLI<TLY ALT]$ ,TROTSKYITE CRITIQUE ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A =M ( /ATE BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM4 ,IT LAT] DEVELOP$ ITS [N CRITICAL VOICE AGA9/ TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM = ITS IDEOLOGICAL /IFFNESS 9 ITS READ+ ( ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ & BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETIES4 ,?IS UNOR?ODOX ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE 7SU/A9+ AT TIMES A VIEW CLOSE TO C\NCIL COMMUNISM7 DEVELOP$ BY ! J\RNAL EX]CIS$ A DEEP 9FLU5CE ON ! ,FR5* 9TELLECTUAL SC5E BUT ALSO ON ! V>I\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ACTIVE >\ND & AFT] ,MAY #aifh 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ,CA/ORIADIS AS A POLITICAL 
!ORI/ HAS BOOM$ OV] ! LA/ YE>S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON WORLD1 H9T+ AT A LA/+ 9FLU5CE ( ! IDEAS ( ,S \ ,B4 

,! HYPO!SIS ( ?IS PAP] IS ?AT IDEAS & PEOPLE ?AT GA!R$ >\ND ! J\RNAL ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE REPRES5T A GOOD PLAT=M = ?9K+ AB\T ! 5TANGLEM5T & CONV]G5CE ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM -- BUT ALSO !IR LIMITS4 ,?9K]S SU* AS ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CLAUDE ,LE=T 7#a#i#b#d-44471 & TO A LESS] EXT5T ,JEAN-,FRAN#iOIS ,LYOT>D 7#a#i#b#d-#a#i#i#h7 HAVE TO A L>GE EXT5T M]G$ IDEALS & SUGGE/IONS TAK5 FROM BO? TRADITIONS ( ?\<TS4 ,?IS PAP] HI/ORICALLY RE-ASSESS !IR CONTRIBUTION AS WELL AS ! APORIAS & P>ADOXES ?AT !Y HAVE LEFT US4 ,LET US GO BACK TO ! P]IOD ( F\NDATION ( ?IS SMALL POLITICAL GR\P4 

#b4 ,TROTSKYISM CUTS BO? WAYS3 ,LESSONS FROM ! P]IOD #aide TO N[ 

,! REIGN+ ATMOSPH]E 9 ! IMM$IATE PO/-,W,W#b WAS PIT*-D>K3 ! ,COLD ,W> 9 ! MAK+ QUICKLY ]AS$ ! 5T5TE BETWE5 ,WE/]N C\NTRIES & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & FROM #aidg ONW>DS MANY PR$ICT$ ! \TBREAK ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ,W>4 ,DOOMSDAY VISIONS W]E EV5 MORE POSSIBLE S9CE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION QUICKLY ACQUIR$ NUCLE> >MAM5T 9 #a#i#d#i4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT ,TROTSKYITE CRITIQUE T[>DS ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 AS 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS :5 IT RI<TLY /IGMATIZ$ ,/AL9'S FALSE APPROA* T[>DS FASCISM & ,NAZISM AS ! ULTIMATE /AGE ( IMP]IALISM1 REGA9$ PROM95CE AS PEOPLE1 9 ?IS DIFFICULT CONTEXT ( ! LATE #a#i#dS1 HAD TO TAKE A RADICAL /ANCE T[>DS ! ,SOVIET ,UNION3 EI!R SUPPORT 'PROGRESSIVE' =CES 9 ! NAME ( ,M>XISM OR CRITICIZE ,/AL9'S AUTOCRATIC /YLE ( GOV]N+4 ,?IS WAS A DIFFICULT QUE/ION = MANY LEFT-W+ ACTIVI/S & 9TELLECTUALS & ALSO A C5TRAL ONE = ,AM]ICAN ANTI-COMMUNISM MA/]M9DS :O PRECISELY T>GET$ ! NONCOMMUNI/ LEFT 9 ITS BATTLE = ! M9DS AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! SO-CALL$ CULTURAL & 9TELLECTUAL ,COLD ,W> 7,GREMION #a#i#i#g2 ,SAUND]S #b#a3 ,B]<AHN #b#b74 

,) ?IS WORLD T5SION AS A BACKDROP1 WE W\LD LIKE TO REFLECT ON A HI/ORICAL & 9/ITUTIONAL P>ADOX ( ,TROTZKYISM1 A P>ADOX ?AT C\LD BE 5CAPSULAT$ BY ! PHRASE3 ',TROTSKYISM CUTS BO? WAYS4' ,ONE ! ONE H&1 ,TROTSKYISM EM]G$ AS A P[]FUL CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9ISM & ( ! BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ESC5CE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 
PROVID+ AN IMM5SE APPEAL = RADICAL LEFTI/S UNHAPPY ) ! PA? ?AT ! LEAD] ( 'SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY' WAS %[+1 :ILE ONE ! O!R H&1 ,TROTSKYISM NEV] MANAG$ TO LIB]ATE ITSELF FROM ! ,L59I/ P$IGREE1 ONE ?AT FAVORS AVANT-G>DE TYPE ( ORGANIZATION PREMIS$ ON H>% DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM A LA ,KRON/ADT :I* EV5TUALLY H9D] 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY & BLOSSOM+ ( IDEOLOGICAL DEBATES 7,ALI & ,EVANS #a#i#h74 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE P]FECTLY ILLU/RATES ?IS1 EV5 ?\< IT RAPIDLY DETA*$ ITSELF FROM A ,TROTSKYITE ETIQUETTE4 

,:5 RELAT$ TO PO/-#a#i#d#e ANTICOMMUNI/ /RUGGLE1 IT IS /RIK+ TO SEE H[ ,TROTSKYISM ALSO CUT BO? WAYS1 HI/ORICALLY SPEAK+4 ,>5DT 9TRODUC$ ! ANALYTICAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 'EX-COMMUNI/S' & '=M] COMMUNI/S' TO ILLU/RATE DIFF]5T LIFE TRAJECTORIES4 ',=M] COMMUNI/S' >E PEOPLE :O USUALLY DID NOT HAVE A LEAD+ POSITION 9 A COMMUNI/ P>TY & :O W]E MO/LY FELL[ TRAVEL]S1 LIKE ,PICASSO OR ,S>TRE4 ,:5 !Y LEFT ! ORBIT ( A COMMUNI/ P>TY1 !IR LIFE MOV$ ON1 SO TO SAY & WAS NOT C5TRALLY DET]M9$ BY ?IS PREVI\S AFFILIATION4 ',EX-COMMUNI/S' 9/EAD W]E MU* MORE 5GAG$ 9 =MAL HI]>*IES ( COMMUNI/ P>TY & ONCE !Y LEFT IT1 0COMMUNISM HAS REMA9$ ! *IEF ISSUE ( !IR LIFE0 7,>5DT #a#i#e#c3 #e#i#e74 ,COMMUNISM REMA9$ C5TRAL BECAUSE !Y HAVE DECID$ TO FI<T COMMUNI/ IDEOLOGY ?ANKS TO !IR 9SID]'S KN[L$GE4 ,JAMES ,BURNHAM 7#a#i#e-#a#i#h#g7 AU?OR ( ! ,MANAG]IAL ,REVOLUTION & 9FLU5TIAL CONS]VATIVE 9TELLECTUALS DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W> 7,KELLY #b#h7 OR ,>?UR ,KOE/L] 7#a#i#e-#a#i#h#c7 AS AN EX-LEAD] ( ! ,K,P,D & LAT] AU?ORS ( BE/SELL+ NOVELS AGA9/ ! TOTALIT>IAN ,GULAG >E TWO PRIME EXAMPLES ( ! TRAJECTORIES ( 'EXCOMMUNI/S' A LA ,>5DT4 

,?AT IS :]E ,TROTSKYISM COMES AS A DI/9CTIVE M>K] ( ANTICOMMUNISM 7A M>K] ?AT ,>5DT DOES NOT !MATIZE7 BECAUSE ( !IR DUAL KN[L$GE ( COMMUNISM4 ,PUT DIFF]5TLY1 AMONG ! EX-COMMUNI/S1 EX-,TROTSKYITES FEATURE PROM95TLY = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/1 MANY ,TROTSKYITES W]E ORIG9ALLY MEMB]S ( OR?ODOX COMMUNI/ P>TIES 7BE=E ADH]+ TO ,TROTSKY'S IDEOLOGY7 & KN[ 9 FULL ! VULGATE ?AT ,MOSC[1 FROM ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL ONW>DS1 MANAG$ TO IMPOSE ONTO NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES4 ,LEO ,TROTSKY 7#a#h#g#i-#a#i#d7 IS ! P>AGON ( ?IS GRADUAL DI/ANCIATION FROM ! ,SOVIET ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 BUT MANY O!RS TURN$ ,TROTSKYITES EI!R BECAUSE ( ! DISILLUSION 9 ! #a#i#cS ( ! ,MOSC[ TRIALS1 ,/AL9'S 9ACTION T[>DS FASCISMS1 OR BECAUSE ( ! 
PO/-,W,W#b SIL5CE ( COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9 FRONT ( ! ,SOVIET CRU%+ POPUL> UPRIS+S ( ,EA/ ,G]MANY 9 ,JUNE #a#i#e#c1 ( ,BUDAPE/ 9 #a#i#e#f1 OR ! ,CZE*OSLOVAK ,SPR+ 9 #a#i#f#h4 ,SECONDLY1 !IR 9TELLECTUAL EQUIPM5T AS ,TROTSKYITES IS PRECISELY BUILT >\ND ! CRITICISM ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ) A DEEP KN[L$GE ( ! NATURE ( BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ESC5CE4 ,IT IS !RE=E NO SURPRISE ?AT MANY EX-,TROTSKYITES W]E !RE=E C\RT$ 9 ! ANTI-,SOVIET BATTLE ( ! PO/-,W,W#b P]IOD4 

,IT COMES MAYBE MORE AS A SURPRISE TO SEE ?AT MANY EX- & =M] ,TROTSKYITES VOLUNT>ILY EMBRAC$ ANTI-COMMUNISM AS WAY ( LIFE4 ,!RE1 ! LI/ AB\NDS3 9 ! ,U,S,A 9 P>TICUL> ! LI/ ( 'TRANSFUGES' IS IMPRESSIVE & SIGNIFICANT = ! BATTLE ( ANTICOMMUNISM3 ,IRV+ ,KRI/OL1 ,SIDNEY ,HOOK1 ,SOL ,LEVITAS1 ,MELV9 ,LASKY1 ,JAMES ,BURNHAM :O TURN$ MO/ ACTIVE 9 ! P[]FUL SECRETLY FUND$ ,C,I,A-\TLET ,CONGRESS = ,CULTURAL ,FRE$OM 7,C,C,F7 7,SCOTT-,SMI? #b1 #b#b3 ,SAUND]S #b#a71 BUT ALSO =M] ,TROTSKYITES SYMPA?IZ]S 9CLUDE PROM95T FIGURES ( ! NEOCONS]VATIVE GR\P SU* AS ,RI*>D ,P]LE1.<#c#a.> OR ,JO%UA ,MURAV*IK 7,JUDIS #a#i#i#e7 OR 9FLU5TIAL POLITICAL SCI5TI/S SU* AS ,M>T9 ,SEYM\R ,LIPSET 7,GUILHOT #b#e74 ,9 ,EUROPE1 IT IS MORE EX-COMMUNI/S ?AT FEATURE ON ! LI/ ( IMPORTANT ANTI-COMMUNI/ IDEOLOGIES3 PEOPLE LIKE ,>?UR ,KOE/L]1 ,DAVID ,R\SSET & ,BORIS ,S\V>9E1 ,IGNIAZIO ,SILONE ALL HAD A =MAL ROLE 9 !IR RESPECTIVE COMMUNI/ P>TIES 7,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY RESPECTIVELY7 BUT NONE ( !M W]E ,TRO/KYITES1 :ILE PEOPLE LIKE ,RAYMOND ,>ON1 ,FRANCOIS ,FURET 7TO QUOTE TWO 9FLU5TIAL ,FR5* 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! BATTLE AGA9/ COMMUNI/S7 W]E ONLY '=M] COMMUNI/S' 9 ,>5DT'S CLASSIFICATION & REMA9$ CRITICAL ( TOO BLUNT EXT]NAL MANIPULATIONS ( SOCIAL !ORY BY ! ,C,I,A OR ,U,S-FUND$ AG5CIES ACTIVE 9 ANTI-COMMUNI/ ACTIVITIES4 

,TROTSKYISM ?US SEEMS LESS IMPORTANT 9 ,EUROPE 9 T]MS ( ANTI-COMMUNISM ?AN IT HAS BE5 9 ! ,U,S,A4 ,ANO!R DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,U,S & ,EUROPEAN ,TROTSKYISMS IS ?AT 9 ! ,U,S,A IT WAS ONE 9FLU5TIAL P>TY 7! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY7 ?AT C>RI$ ! FLAG ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 7AL?\< IT WAS DECIMAT$ BY V>I\S LEGAL MEASURES AGA9/ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS 79 P>TICUL> ! ,TAFT-,H>TLEY ,ACT ( #a#i#d#g7 CULM9AT+ ) ! HY/]IA ( ,MC,C>?YISM 9 ! #a#i#eS74 ,9 ,EUROPE1 9/EAD1 A L>GE NUMB] ( SMALL ,TROTSKYITE =MATIONS HAVE GR[N OV] ! PO/-#a#i#d#e P]IOD4 ,>GUABLY1 !SE =MATIONS 
HAVE HAD A LA/+ IMPACT ON POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL DEBATES 9 ,EUROPE4 ,SURELY1 !Y NEV] MANAG$ TO COME CLOSE TO P[] & ALWAYS REMA9 V]Y T9Y GR\PS 7) A MAXIMUM ( #a TO #b MEMB]S 9 SMALL C\NTRIES SU* AS ,SWITZ]L& OR ,BELGIUM 7,*ALL& #b7 & A MAXIMUM ( #a UP TO #be MEMB]S 9 L>GE C\NTRIES SU* AS ,FRANCE OR ,5GL& 7& 9 ,ITALY1 9 FRONT ( ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,P,C,I1 ,TROTSKYISM NEV] MADE SIGNIFICANT 9ROADS ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL7 7,P9A #b#e74 ,TROTSKYI/ P>TIES1 DESPITE ! DISSOLUTION ( COMMUNI/ BLOCK 9 #a#i#h#i-#a#i#i#a H]ALD$ BY MANY AS ! 5D ( HI/ORY1 REMA9 S]I\S CONT5D]S )9 ! LEFT BLOCK UP TO N[3 ONE JU/ NE$S TO LOOK AT ! FIVE TO EI<T P] C5T ?AT ,TROTSKYI/ P>TIES REGUL>LY MANAGE TO OBTA9 9 ,FR5* ELECTIONS 9 ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S TO REALIZE H[ SUIT$ ,TROTSKYISM REMA9S TO UND]/& CURR5T POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS 7! 9T]NATIONALI/ TAKE ( ,TROTSKYI/ IDEOLOGY IS C]TA9LY AN IMPORTANT ASSET74 

,TO COME BACK TO ! IDEA ?AT ,TROTSKYISM CUTS BO? WAYS1' ONE C\LD SU/A9 ?AT :ILE ,U,S EX-,TROTSKYITES ADH]$ TO ! ANTI-COMMUNI/ BATTLE 7,SCOTT-,SMI? #b1 #b#b71 ! FOISON ( DOZ5S ( SMALL SPLIT]+ GR\PS 9SPIR$ BY ,TROTSKYISM MI<T HAVE BE5 AN 9DIRECT CONTRIBUTION TO ANTICOMMUNISM3 BY ALWAYS SPLITT+ ! F>-LEFT VOTE 7AN>*I/S BE+ \T ( ! DISCUSSION H]E71 ALL !SE SMALL ,TROTSKYITE FACTIONS HAVE ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO H9D]+ COMMUNI/ P>TIES &_/OR BROAD LEFT ALLIANCES TO EM]GE S9CE !IR DECL>$ 5EMIES IS LESS ! B\RGEOIS CAMP ?AN OR?ODOX COMMUNI/ FACTIONS & RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 

,ONE C\LD WOND] 7) GREAT CAUTION1 OBVI\SLY7 :E!R !RE HAS NEV] BE5 AN EXT]NAL 9/RUM5TALIZATION 9 ALL !SE SPLIT+S 9SIDE ,TROTSKYITE MOVEM5TS4 ,H[ CAN IT BE ?AT 9 EA* ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 !RE HAVE BE5 ALWAYS TWO OR ?REE DIFF]5T ,TROTSKYITE MOVM5TS1 NOT MOT M5TION$ O!R HYBRID ULTRA-LEFT P>TIES SU* AS ,MAOI/S1 ,SPONTANEISITS1 & ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S8 ,IT TAKES RES\RCES & F9ANCIAL MEANS TO PRODUCE LEAFLETS & P>TY ORGANS & ONE CAN S]I\SLY WOND] :E!R !RE WAS NEV] ANY ,U,S MONIES SUPPORT+ ! F\NDATION ( NEW ,TROTSKYITES SUB-GR\P+S1 :I* EV5TUALLY CONTRIBUT$ 9 AN EFFECTIVE MANN] TO ! DISMAY ( OR?ODOX COMMUNI/ P>TIES & ALSO H9D]$ ! EM]G5CE ( A RADICAL ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN LEFT S9CE1 AS MANY ACKN[L$GE ?IS FACT1 ,TROTSKYISM REMA9S A SORT ( PASSAGE OBLIGE 9 RADICAL LEFT ?9K+ 7BUT A /AGE ( :I* ONE \<T TO LIB]ATE H]-HIMSELF1 AS WE %ALL >GUE LAT]74 

,AS ANY /UD5TS ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL KN[1 *>T+ ! HI/ORY & TRANS=MATION ( ALL ,TROTSKYITE MOVEM5TS IS LIT]ALLY IMPOSSIBLE AS PEOPLE DID & UNDID NEW FACTIONS ON A YE>LY BASIS1 OLD P>TIES TRANS=M$ 9TO TWO OR ?REE NEW MOVEM5TS OV]NI<T 7E4G4 ,C&> ET AL4 #b#d74 ,! USUAL ,TROTSKYITE JOKE '?REE ,TROTSKYITES1 F\R OP9IONS' C\LD NOT BE TRU]4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ,SWISS ,TROTSKYISM IS QUITE SPEAK+3 \T ( ONE RA!R 'SUCCESSFUL' P>TY 9 ! #a#i#gS 7,*ALL& #b71 ! MOVEM5T SURVIV$ ! E>LY DIFFICULT YE>S ( ! E>LY #a#i#iS BUT REGA9$ MOM5TUM 9 ! LATE #a#i#iS 79 P>T DUE TO ! GLOBALIZATION & ! EM]G5CE ( ,A,T,T,A,C 9 :I* 7=M]7 ,TROTSKYITES FEATUR$ PROM95TLY1 ALBEIT 9 AN UNDECL>$ MANN] 75TRISM /ILL AT PLAY677 TO FALL 9TO ! SAME SPLITT+ T5D5CY 9 ! #bS ) N[ ?REE 767 DIFF]5T =MATIONS EXI/+ 9 ! ,FR5* SPEAK+ CANTONS ( ,SWITZ]L& ) ,SOLID>ITE,S.<#c#a#a.>1 ,M\VEM5T P\R LE ,SOCIALISME.<#c#a#b.> & ,GAU*E ,ANTICAPITALI/E'.<#c#a#c.> SPLITT+ ?US ! RADICAL LEFT ALLEGIANCES 9TO EV5 T9I] PORTIONS4 

#c4 ,! CONTRIBUTION (  ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE4 ,:5 ,AN>*Y 7P>TIALLY7 MEETS ,M>XISM 

,COM+ TO ! MA9 CASE-/UDY ( ?IS PAP]1 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 IT HAS TO BE UND]L9$ ?AT =MATIONS CLOSE TO ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 7F\ND$ 9 #ai* 9 ,P>IS7 W5T ?R\< DIFFICULT TIMES DUR+ ,W,W#b1 =EMO/ ) ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,TROTSKY 9 #aid & ) ! REPRESSION ( COMMUNI/ =MATIONS ( ALL P$IGREES BY FASCI/ REGIMES4 ,) ! 5D ( ,W,W#b & ! COM+ TO P[] 7MO/ ( ! TIME 9 A %>$ MANN]7 ( OR?ODOX ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 79 P>TICUL> 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY71 ULTRA-LEFT =MATIONS W]E ALSO T>GET$ BY COMMUNI/ P>TIES !MSELVES 7& 9 ,ITALY1 ! ,JU/ICE ,M9I/RY ,TOGLIATTI PROV$ TO HAVE A HEAVY H& AGA9/ AN>*I/S & ,TROTSKYITES_/,BORDIGUI/ES74.<#c#a#d.> ,! EM]G5CE ( ULTRA-LEFT =MATIONS WAS !RE=E EXTREMELY DIFFICULT BUT ! BURN+ QUE/IONS WE M5TION$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION 7TO SUPPORT 
OR NOT ! ,U,S,S,R >\ND #a#i#d#g-#a#i#e7 L$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( V>I\S RADICAL LEFT GR\PS4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT GR\P ( ,TROTSKYITE 9SPIRATION WAS ! ,P,CI 7,P>TI COMMUNI/E 9T]NATIONALI/E71 F\ND$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aidd & :I* RAPIDLY MANAG$ TO RECRUIT NEW MILITANTS FIR/ & =EMO/ ?ANKS ( ITS ANTI-*AUV9I/ 9T]PRETATION ( POLITICS4 

,ON TOP ( ! QUE/ION ( SUPPORT OR NOT TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 !SE TR\BL$ 
P]IOD1 CAME A V]Y IMPORTANT QUE/ION1 ?AT ( ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,:ILE ! ,F\R? 
,9T]NATIONAL GAVE A QUALIFI$ SUPPORT TO ! ,U,S,S,R 9 ! SECOND HALF ( #a#i#dS1 A SMALL 
DISSID5T GR\P EM]G$ 9SIDE ! ,P,C,I REFUS+ TO SUPPORT ! ,U,S,S,R BAS$ ON A DIFF]5T 
READ+ ( ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,?IS M9ORITY GR\P1 CALL$ 'T5DANCE 
,*AULIEU-,MONTAL' ALONG ! NAME ( TWO ( ITS LEAD]S 7,*AULIEU BE+ ! MILITANT NAME 
( ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS & ,MONTAL ?AT ( ,CLAUDE ,LE=T71 CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 #aidf & #aidg 
&1 AFT] ! SUPPORT GIV5 BY ! ,P,C,I TO ,YUGOSLAVIA 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#h1 ! T5D5CY WILL 
TURN 9TO A NEW MOVEM5T CALL$ AFT] ITS ORGAN ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE 7A PHRASE TAK5 
FROM ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S WRIT+S7 :OSE NUMB] #a WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,M>* #aidi 
7,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #b#a-#b#c74 ,*AULIEU & ,MONTAL DESCRIB$ ! ,U,S,S,R AS A C\NTRY RUL$ BY A 
BUREAUCRATIC CLASS EXPLOIT+ PROLET>IAT & LEAD+ TO A NEW P]V]T$ =M ( 
CAPITALISM1 ?AT ( ,/ATE CAPITALISM4 ,! FIR/ ISSUE ( ! ORGAN ,SOCIALISME ,B>B>IE SET 
! TONE ( AN AMBITI\S GR\P3 

@<@< ,5 N\S PRES5TANT AUJ\RD'HUI1 P> LE MOY5 DE CETTE REVUE1 DEVANT L'AVANT-G>DE DES 
\VRI]S MANUELS ET 9TELLECTUELS1 N\S SAVONS ETRE LES SEULS A REPONDRE D'UNE MANI]E 
SY/EMATIQUE AUX PROBLEMES FONDAM5TAUX DU M\VEM5T REVOLUTIONNAIRE 
CONTEMPORA9 3 N\S P5SONS ETRE LES SEULS A REPR5DRE ET A CONT9U] L'ANALYZE M>XI/E 
DE L'ECONOMIE MOD]NE1 A POS] SUR UNE BASE SCI5TIFIQUE LE PROBLEME DU 
DEVELOPPEM5T HI/ORIQUE DU M\VEM5T \VRI] ET DE SA SIGNIFICATION1 A DEF9IR LE 
/AL9ISME1 ET 5 G5]AL LA BUREAUCRATIE '\VRI]E1' A C>ACT]IS] LA ,TROISIEME ,GU]RE 
,MONDIALE1 A POS] 5F9 DE N\VEAU1 5 T5ANT COMPTE DES ELEM5TS ORIG9AUX CREES P> 
NOT] EPOQUE1 LA P]SPECTIVE REVOLUTIONNAIRE4 @>@> 7QUOT$ 9 ,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #b#c7 

,WE HAVE H]E ALL ! MA9 BATTL+ !ME ( ?IS EM]G+ FACTION 5CAPSULAT$ 9 ?IS 
%ORT P>AGRAPH4 ,:ILE ! TONE IS /ILL IMBU$ ) ,TROTSKYITE OV]TONES 7AVANT-G>DE1 
POLITICAL ECONOMY1 BUREAUCRATIE \VRI]E1 9T]NATIONALI/ CONC]NS1 ETC71 ! MOVEM5T 
WILL GRADUALLY BECOME ALWAYS MORE & MORE ANTI-,L59I/ & AB&ON ,TROTSKY'S FIX$ 
& RIGID 9T]PRETATION GRID TO MOVE T[>DS A MORE FLUID & LIB]T>IAN MODEL ( 
?9K+ POLITICS 7LESS ( DO+ POLITICS1 AS WE WILL SEE74 ,YET1 AS WE WILL SEE1 SOME 
,TROTSKYITE SCORIA WILL REMA9 +RA9$ 9 ! FACTION'S MA*9]Y UP TO ! PO9T ( BECOM+ A TRUE /UMBL+ BLOCK = MILITANTS LEAD+ TO 9T]NAL SPLITS & WEAK5+ ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,TO UND]/& ?IS DI/ANCIATION FROM ,TROTSKYISM & =MAL ,M>XISM1 ONE NE$S TO LOOK AT ! TWO MA9 DIFF]5T G5]ATIONS ( MILITANTS 9VOLV$ 9 ,S \ ,B4 ,! FIR/ G5]ATION1 ?AT ( ,*AULIEU-,MONTAL1 CAN BE ID5TIFI$ ON ! BASIS ( :AT ,FR5* HI/ORIAN ,JEAN-,FRAN#iOIS ,SIR9ELLI T]M$ ! ELEM5T FONDATEUR1 7,SIR9ELLI #a#i#h#f1 #b#e74 ,9 ! CASE ( ?IS FIR/ G5]ATION ( ,S \ ,B1 ?IS F\ND+ EV5T WAS CLE>LY ,W,W#b4 ,! SECOND G5]ATION ( MILITANTS 7,J-,F ,LYOT>D1 ,PI]RE ,S\YRI 7#a#i#b#e-#a#i#g#i71 ,GUY ,DEBORD 7#a#i#c#a-#a#i#i#d71 JU/ TO QUOTE ! MORE FAM\S ONES7 WILL JO9 ,S \ ,B BECAUSE ( A SECOND F\ND+ EV5T1 NAMELY ! ,EA/ ,G]MAN #aiec REBELLION 7?AT ,S \ ,B 9T]PRETS AS FUR!R EVID5CE ?AT WORK+ CLASSES >E RESI/+ A BUREAUCRATIC CLASS 9 CRISIS 7SEE ,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #e#h71 ! S]IES ( /RIKES 9 ,FRANCE 9 ! ,SUMM] #aiee 7H]ALD+ ! NE$ ( WORK] SELF-MANAGEM5T71 & POSSIBLY ALSO ! ,BUDAPE/ UPRIS+ ( #a#i#e#f1 ALL EV5TS :I* GAVE FUR!R CR$ITS TO ,S \ ,B'S 9T]PRETATION 7,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #e#hFF74 

,?IS SECOND F\ND+ EV5T WILL !N U%] 9 A MORE LIB]T>IAN APPROA*1 9CREAS+LY CRITICAL TO ,L59ISM 7DESPITE ITS PLEA TO REMA9 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T7 9 :I* WORK]S' C\NCIL WILL GRADUALLY EM]G$ AS A NEW ORIG9AL CORN]/ONE ( ,S \ ,B'S IDEAS ?AT MOVES T[>DS A MORE LIB]T>IAN BR& ( ?9K+4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 !SE V>I\S REBELLIONS & /RIKES CONTRIBUTE TO ,S \ ,B'S REBUKE ( ,L59'S ,QUE ,FAIRE VIEW ?AT POSITS ! 0WORK]S' 9ABILITY TO REA* POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS )\T ! EXT]NAL & DECISIVE ACTION ( ! ,P>TY0 7,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #ca TRANSL4 M9E74 ,TO ! ,L59I/ IDEA ( A 0CONSCI\SNESS 9CULCAT$ FROM \TSIDE10 ,S \ ,B SU/A9S ?AT REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS & SELF-ORGANIZATION %\LD /EM 9/EAD FROM )9 ! WORK]S COMMUNITY4 ,CA/ORIADIS WILL FAM\SLY TAKE UP ?IS IDEA 9 HIS ',S\RCE ,HONGROISE' 7,CA/ORIADIS #a#i#g#f1 #a#i#g#g71 A VITRIOLIC TEXT AGA9/1 A4O41 ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 7,SECRET>IAT ,UNIFIE7'S LEAD] ,]NE/ ,M&EL & CLASSICAL ,TROTSKYISM1.<#c#a#e.> 9 :I* HE ELABORATES \T ( PA/ POLITICAL MILITANCY 7! TEXT WAS PUBLI%$ ONLY TW5TY YE>S LAT] ?AN ! ACTUAL ,BUDAPE/ UPRIS+7 A MORE ELABORATE POLITICAL !ORY 9 :I* AUTONOMY BECOMES P>AM\NT 9 HIS ELABORATION ( SOCIAL 
CONSCI\SNESS1 DEVELOP$ 9 LAT] PHILOSOPHICAL WORK ( ,CA/ORIADIS 9 ! #a#i#hS 7E4G4 ,CA/ORIADIS #a#i#h#f74 

,CA/ORIADIS DEF9ES AUTONOMY ( A SOCIETY AS ITS CAPACITY ( AUTO-9/ITUTION1 & NOT JU/ 9 T]MS ( GIV+ ITS [N LAWS 7,CA/ORIADIS #a#i#h#f3 #e#a#h74 ,! PROCESS ( AUTO9/ITUTION IMPLIES ! CAPACITY = SOCIETIES TO OP5LY 0CALL 9TO QUE/ION !IR [N 9/ITUTION1 !IR REPRES5TATION ( ! WORLD1 !IR SOCIAL IMAG9>Y SIGNIFICATIONS0 7,CA/ORIADIS #a#i#i#g3 #a#g74 ,CLOSURE & OP5-NESS >E KEY = ,CA/ORIADIS'S UND]/&+ ( AUTONOMY 75VISAG$ AS A RADICAL PROJECT73 CLOSURE MEANS H]E ! FACT ?AT A GIV5 SOCIETY DOES NOT HAVE ! POSSIBILITIES TO *OSE ! WAYS & MEANS 9 :I* !Y REFLECT AB\T !MSELVES4 ,CLOSURE IMPLIES !RE=E A =M ( HET]ONOMY1 ?AT IS ! LAW ( O!RS IMPOS$ ON ?IS SOCIETY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 OP5NESS IS IMPORTANT NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( *OOS+ ITS 9/ITUTIONAL SETT+ BUT ALSO ON AN 09=MATIONAL & COGNITIVE0 LEVEL 7,CA/ORIADIS #a#i#h#f3 #e#a#c74.<#c#a#f.> ,C]TA9LY ?IS !ORETICAL RE-ELABORATION EX PO/ & AWAY FROM ! TURBUL5CES ( POLITICAL MILITANCY CAN BE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO CURR5T ATTEMPTS TO FUZE ,BLACK & ,R$ ?9K+ BACK TOGE!R4 

,9 ANY CASE1 FROM #aiec ONW>DS ! !ME ( WORK]S' C\NCIL FEATURES PROM95TLY 9 ,S \ ,B'S >TICLES & 9T]NAL DEBATES4 ,IT IS ALSO WELL KN[N ?AT ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 7#a#h#g#c-#a#i#f7 WAS EX*ANG+ LETT]S ) ,CA/ORIADIS AS DE FACTO LEAD] ( ,S \ ,B1 P>TS ( :I* WAS ALSO PUBLI%$ 9 ,S \ ,B4.<#c#a#g.> ,PANNEKOEK WAS AN 9FLU5TIAL ,DUT* !ORICIAN ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS :O HAD WRITT5 EXT5SIVELY ON ! TOPIC1 & ?IS WELL BE=E ,S \ ,B4 ,HIS MA9 BOOK ON ! TOPIC PUBLI%$ 9 #aidc UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,P4 ,A>TSZ 7,DE ,>BEITSRAD57 WAS V]Y 9FLU5TIAL = C\NCILISM BUT ALSO = HIS READ+ ( MOD]N CAPITALISM NOT DET]M9ICALLY MEANT TO COME TO ITS AUTO DE/RUCTION1 AS OR?ODOX /AGE-BAS$ ,M>XISM CLAIMS1 BUT1 9 AN 9T]PRETATION REM9ISC5T ( ,BOLTANSKI & ,*IAPELLO'S ,N\VEL ESPRIT DU CAPITALISME 7#a#i#i#i71 ,PANNEKOEK SAW 9 CAPITALISM AN 
9NATE CAPACITY ( CONT9U\S ADAPTATION 7EV5 9 DIFFICULT TIMES71 ALL[+ IT TO SURVIVE & TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO AN ALWAYS /RONG] IDEOLOGY 7,B\RSEILL] #b#c.<#c#a#h.>3 #a#d74 

,AN 9-DEP? ANALYSIS ( MOD]N CAPITALISM WAS ALSO A *EVAL DE BATAILLE ( ,S \ ,B1 ESPECIALLY FROM ! LATE #a#i#eS ONW>DS4 ,CA/ORIADIS PUBLI%$ ?US TWO 9FLU5TIAL >TICLES 9 #a#i#f-#a#i#f#a ON ! TOPIC ( ',LE M\VEM5T REVOLUTIONNAIRE S\S LE CAPITALISME MOD]NE4'.<#c#a#i.> ,CA/ORIADIS TREATS ( ! CLASSICAL ,M>XI/ !ME ( POLITICAL ALI5ATION BUT ATTRIBUTES WE/]N SOCIETIES' DEPOLITICIZATION AS A 0CO-SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( MOD]NIZATION0 & AN 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE 7,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #a#c#eF71 :I* 9 TURNS DE/ROYS ! POLITICAL DIM5SION ( ! SOCIALIZATION PROCESSES4 ,CA/ORIADIS COMES TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT MA9/REAM ,M>XISM FAILS TO FULLY GRASP SOCIAL *ANGE :5 IT CONC5TRATES ITS ATT5TION TO ECONOMIC FACTORS 7A LA ,RIC>DO71 OV]LOOK+ ?US ! POLITICAL TRANS=MATION ( ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ! IRRATIONALITY ( BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEM5TS 7IBID4 #a#c#g-#c#h71 & ! 9CREAS+ ROLE ( SO-CALL$ 'TE*NOCRATS' & 'EXP]TS' LEAD+ TO ! GRADUAL APA?Y ( WE/]N SOCIETIES LIV+ N[ 9 ABUNDANCE 7,CA/ORIADIS #a#i#f3 #f#c74 ,!SE TRANS=MATIONS & ! FALSE TRAIL TAK5 BY MA9/REAM ,M>XI/ MAKES IT1 SO ,CA/ORIADIS >GUES1 EV5 MORE DIFFICULT = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO EXI/ & P]=M ITS TASK4 

,ALL !SE >E !MES ?AT WILL C]TA9LY 9FLU5CE ! NEXT G5]ATION ( MILITANTS1 9 P>TICUL> ! ONE ?AT EM]GES ) #aifh & 9 ! #a#i#gS1 A G5]ATION KE5 TO HAMM] D[N LIB]T>IAN SLOGANS1 TO DISPUTE POLITICAL APA?Y & ALI5ATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & TO SUGGE/ MORE LIB]T>IAN /RATEGIES TO P]V]T ! DOM9ANT B\RGEOIS ORD]4 ,! PROLET>IAT DOES NOT EXI/ ANYMORE AS IT DID 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & IS 9CREAS+LY P>T ( A TRANS=M$ SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE4 ,IT IS NOT BY CO9CID5CE ?AT ,GUY ,DEBORD MILT$ 9 ! RANKS ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE = A %ORT TIME 9 #a#i#f-#a#i#f#a1 PRECISELY :5 ,CA/ORIADIS POS$ ITS DIAGNOSIS ON WORK+ CLASS & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS AT A TIME ( FULL EMPLOYM5T & BOOM+ ECONOMY4 ,DEBORD WILL C]TA9LY TAKE !SE !MES ON ANO!R LEVEL1 ?AT ( ! SPONTANEI/ !ORY1 BUT ! 9TELLECTUAL FILIATIONS ( ,DEBORD'S IDEAS AS P>T ( ?IS ULTRA-LEFT MILIEU ?AT BECOMES ALSO GRADUALLY 
ANTI-,M>XI/1 IS UNDISPUT$1 9 \R VIEW4 ,?IS 5C\NT] BETWE5 ,S \ ,B & ,DEBORD 7:O HAD ALSO DIFF]5T 9FLU5CES SU* AS ,SURREALISM1 ,SPONTANEISM1 NOT TO M5TION ! 9FLU5CE ( ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE7 IS ALSO AN 9T]E/+ LESSON 9 T]MS ( CROSS-F]TILIZATIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T ,M>XI/7-,L59I/7 DOGMAS4 ,DEBORD'S NEW CRITIQUE ( ! SOCIETE DU SPECTACLE REMA9S A FRAME ( ANALYSIS ?AT PROVES MO/ USEFUL 9 \R CURR5T EPO* SATURAT$ ) GLOBALIZ$ IMAGES & MANIPULAT$ PIXELS & :OSE PREMISES CAN PROVIDE FOOD = ?\<TS = ,R$ & ,BLACK 9T]SECT+ IDEAS4 ,AS 9 ! L9E ( ,CA/ORIADIS' #aif & #aifa REFLEXIONS1 ,M>XI/ ?9K+ %\LD NOT LIMIT TO ECONOMIC & TOO %E] POLITICAL FEATURES1 BUT ALSO EXPLORES ! IMAG9>Y DIM5SION ( CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION 7A LA ,DEBORD7 & ! ROLE ?AT ! IRRATIONAL IS MEANT TO PLAY 9 \R SOCIETY 7,BOTTICI #b#g74 

#d4 ,:5 ,AN>*Y FAILS TO MEET ,M>XISM 

,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE SURELY GRADUALLY EVOLV$ FROM A QUASI-,TROTSKYITE MOVEM5T 79 :I* ! ,L59I/ MODEL ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS WAS C5TRAL = ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! MOVEM5T7 9TO AN ULTRA-LEFT ANTI-,M>XI/ MOVEM5T SPE>HEAD$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS 7,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #c#f74 ,ITS 9FLU5CE1 OV]ALL1 IS C]TA9LY MORE IMPORTANT ON ! 9TELLECTUAL & ACADEMIC SC5E S9CE MANY PROM95T ,FR5* 9TELLECTUALS TRANSIT$ 9 ITS ORBIT AT ONE PO9T OR ANO!R1 ?AN ON ! POLITICAL LEVEL :]E ITS IMPACT HAS REMA9$ V]Y L[--BUT ?IS IS TRUE = ALL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ULTRA-LEFT CAMP4 ,?IS CONCLUSION IS CORROBORAT$ BY ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT ,S \ ,B HAD A V]Y L[ NUMB] ( MILITANTS1 RANG+ BETWE5 #b MEMB]S 9 #aiea & #hg A DECADE LAT] 7,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #d1 #a#d74 ,H[EV]1 ITS PUBLICATIONS WILL C]TA9LY BE 9FLU5TIAL BEYOND ?IS SMALL GR\PS & ,GOTTRAUX HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT ! IDEAS ( ,S \ ,B HAVE 9FLU5C$ ! WORK ( MANY O!R ,FR5* P]IODICALS REA*+ \T !RE=E MU* MORE ?AN ! ONLY MILITANCY BASIS ( ,S \ ,B 7,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #b#e#e-#c#a#d74 

,ONE ( ! POSSIBLE REASONS = ?IS HIATUS BETWE5 A V]Y SMALL1 QUASI 9TIMATE1 GR\P & A >GUABLY RA!R BROAD 9FLU5CE [ES BO? TO ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION & TO ! C5TRALI/IC ROLE PLAY$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS4 ,= ! =M] REASON1 ONE CAN QUOTE ! FACT ?AT RECRUITM5T TOOK PLACE ONLY BY COOPTATION1 LIMIT+ !RE=E ! CAPACITY ( EXPANSION ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,= ! SECOND FACTOR1 ,GOTTRAUX1 \T ( 9T]VIEWS & 9T]NAL DOCUM5TS ANALYZ$1 DEMON/RATES ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS WAS A 'CONTROL FREAK' & ?AT 
HE WAS CON/ANTLY /E]+ ! C\RSE ( ! DEBATES & IMPOS+1 MORE ?AN ONCE1 HIS P]SONAL WILL ONTO ! RE/ ( ! GR\P4 ,BE=E GIV+ EXAMPLES ( ! CONTROL IMPOS$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS ON ! LIFE ( ,S \ ,B1 ONE %\LD NOT =GET TO UND]L9E ! P>ADOX ( ! PROMOT] ( ! IDEA ( 'AUTONOMY' AS A C5TRAL FEATURE ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY & HIS T5D5CY TO KILL 9 ! EGG ANY NEW DISS5T+ IDEAS )9 ,S \ ,B4 ,H]E AGA91 ! 9FLU5CE ( ,TROTSKYISM 7& ( ITS />K VIEW ON ! ,L59I/ ORGANIZATION ( ! P>TY BAS$ ON DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM7 C\LD PROBABLY EXPLA9 ,CA/ORIADIS' MODUS OP]&I & GIVE FUR!R GR\ND TO ! IDEA ?AT ,TROTSKYISM CUTS BO? WAYS 9 ITS LA/+ 9FLU5CE4 

,! MO/ PROM95T EXAMPLE ( ,CA/ORIADIS' C5TRAL ROLE COMES FROM ! 9T]NAL SCISSION 9 #a#i#e#h4 ,9 ! TORM5T$ CONTEXT ( ! DY+ DAYS ( ! ,I,V ,REPUBLIQUE1 /RONG DISAGREEM5TS EM]G$ 9SIDE ,S \,B ON ! NATURE ( ,DE ,GAULLE'S 9T]V5TION & :I* 9T]PRETATION TO GIVE TO ! ,P,C,F AMBIGU\S /ANCE 9 :AT HAS BE5 DUBB$ '! P]MAN5T ,C\P ( ,DE ,GAULLE4' ,CA/ORIADIS1 & ) HIM ! MAJORITY GR\P1 >GUES = ! NE$ ( A MORE /RUCTUR$ ,S \ ,B1 :ILE ! M9ORITY1 L$ BY ,MONTAL 7,LE=T7 WAS AGA9/ SU* TRANS=MATION ( ! ORGANIZATION1 FE>+ 0D]APAGES BUREAUCRATIQUES40 ,CA/ORIADIS1 9VOK+ 0COLLECTIVE DISCIPL9E10 MANAGES TO SIL5CE ! M9ORITY4 ,LE=T SAW 9 ?IS ATTITUDE ( ,CA/ORIADIS AN 0AVAT> ( DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM0 & DECID$ TO LEAVE ! ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aieh 7,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #h#i4-#i#a74 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ,GOTTRAUX ALSO REVEALS ?AT ! M9ORITY HAD TAK5 CONTACT ) ,PANNEKOEK & ! ,DUT* C\NCIL MOVEM5T 7IBID #i#b71 :I* MEANS ?AT ! M9ORITY FELT AT ODDS & UNEASE ) ! WAYS ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS WANT$ TO RE=M ! ORGANIZATION4 ,CA/ORIADIS' RELUCTANCE TO S]I\SLY 5GAGE ! AN>*I/ ROAD ( WORK]S' C\NCIL OR ?AT SUGGE/$ BY ,PANNEKOEK ANT$AT$ ?IS TR\BL$ P]IOD = ,S \ ,B4 ,ALREADY 9 #ai$ :5 ,PANNEKOEK & ,CA/ORIADIS EX*ANG$ CORRESPOND5CE1 ,CA/ORIADIS SEEM$ TO HAVE HAD 9T5TIONS NOT TO FULLY 5T] 9 A DIALOGUE4 ,B\RSEILL] SUGGE/S ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS DID NOT RESPOND DILIG5TLY TO ! LETT]S1 EXPRESS+ A WILL TO PROCRA/9ATE & NOT COMMUNICATE ! CONT5T ( ! LETT]S TO ! RE/ ( ! MILITANTS ( ,S \ ,B 7,B\RSEILL] #b#c3 #b#d#f74 ,B\RSEILL] GOES ON WOND]+ :E!R ,CA/ORIADIS FELT HIS 9TELLECTUAL & IDEOLOGICAL PRIMACY ?REAT5$ BY ! CONT5T ( ,PANNEKOEK'S MESSAGE1 BUT ONE C\LD ALSO ?9K ?AT ! CONT5T ( ! MESSAGE C\LD HAVE S]V$ MILITANTS ( ,S \ ,B 9 !IR >GUM5T TO 
HAVE A LESS C5TRALLY /RUCTUR$ MOVEM5T & PROMOTE ?US A MORE AN>*I/ MODEL ( SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,! FACT IS ?AT SOME ( ! FUNCTION+ ( ,S \ ,B WAS PREMIS$ ON C\NCILI/ IDEAS1 )1 9 !ORY AT LEA/1 ! POSSIBILITY TO REVOKE SOME ( ! ROTAT+ REPRES5TATION 9 LEAD+ COMMITTEES 7LIKE ! ,COMITE ,RESPONSABLE7 7,GOTTRAUX #a#i#i#g3 #c#d74 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT ! SUB/ANCE & 9FLU5CES ( ,PANNEKOEK & FROM WORK]S' C\NCIL'S IDEAS HAVE NOT TRICKL$ D[N 9TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE ( ,S \ ,B4 ,9 !ORY1 ,CA/ORIADIS PROMOTES AUTONOMY & CRITICIZ$ ! BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ESC5CE ( MANY ,M>XI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 BUT 9 REALITY1 ! RHY?M ( LIFE & SPANS ( IDEAS DISCUSS$ 9SIDE ,S \ ,B W]E PULSAT$ ALMO/ UNIQUELY BY ,CA/ORIADIS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ?IS QUOTE ( ,CA/ORIADIS DUR+ ! /RIKES 9 ! ,R5AULT FACTORY 9 #aiee & #aief SEEMS MORE ! 9JUNCTION ( A ,TROTSKYITE LEAD] ?AN AN AN>*I/ ONE3 0 ,IL FAUT S'ACCRO*]1 PRECIS] QUELS CAM>ADES DOIV5T ALL] AU REUNIONS DE ,T,O .<,TRIBUNE ,\VRI]E.>2 CES CAM>ADES DOIV5T DECID] A L'AVANCE DES CRITIQUES A FAIRE ET F\RNIR DES TEXTES A ,T,O40 ,NOT BY CO9CID5CE1 MO/ ( ?OSE :O W]E MILITANTS & HAVE BECOME 9FLU5TIAL 9TELLECTUALS 7,LE=T1 ,DEBORD & ,LYOT>D7 HAVE ALL DECID$ TO LEAVE ! ORGANIZATIONS BECAUSE ( DISAGREEM5TS ) ,CA/ORIADIS4 ,!RE CAN BE ONLY ONE BOSS 9 ,S \ ,B1 SO IT SEEMS4 

,?IS PROBLEM IS ALSO ONE %>$ BY MANY ,TROTSKYITE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,LOOK+ AT ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,SWISS BRAN* ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,LIGUE ,M>XI/E ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE1 ITS HI/ORY %[S ?AT P]SONAL 9-FI<TS ALL RESULT$ 9 ! DEMISSION ( M9ORITY LEAD]S & ! HI/ORICAL LEAD] 7,*>LES-,&RE ,UDRY7 REMA9$ ! ONLY BOSS 9 T[N1 SO TO SAY 7,*ALL& #b.<#c#b.>74 ,! DECADE LONG ,TROTSKYITE DIVISIONS BETWE5 ,LAMB]TI/ES1 ,LAGUILLI] & ,KRIV9E CAN ALSO BE SE5 AS A BATAILLE DES *EFS1 MORE ?AN AN IDEOLOGICAL ONE4 ,BEYOND ! P]SONAL MOTIVES1 !RE >E O!R BASIC & %>$ FACTORS = RESIGNATIONS & )DRAWALS FROM ,TROTSKYITE MOVEM5TS3 /IFFNESS ( ! ORGANIZATION1 WEI<T ( ! DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM PR9CIPLES1 NE$ TO OV]-COMMIT TO ! ORGANIZATIONS & G5]ATIONAL T5SIONS 7,*ALL& #b3 ,*APT]S #h & #i74 ,! FACT IS ?AT SOME ( 
!SE FACTORS >E ALSO F\ND 9 ! EBBS & FL[S ( ,S \ ,B1 AL?\< IT WAS MEANT TO HAVE EMANCIPAT$ ITSELF FROM ITS ,TROTSKYITE ORIG9S4 

#e4 ,CONCLUSIONS3 ,! LIMITS ( COLLECTIVE AUTONOMY 

,! PAP] HAS EXPLOR$ ! LIFE & EVOLUTION ( AN 9FLU5TIAL MOVEM5T ?AT DREW 9SPIRATIONS BO? FROM ,TROTSKYISM & FROM ,AN>*ISM4 ,!RE ! 5C\NT] BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM WAS LIV$ 9 DISCUSSIONS & >TICLES1 LESS 9 CONCRETE DAILY LIFE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,! PAP] HAS ALSO NOT$ H[ ,TROTSKYISM 9 G5]AL HAS S]I\S PROBLEMS DESPITE P>TS ( ITS IDEOLOGICAL ACCURACY 7NE$ ( 9T]NATIONALIZATION ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 READ+ ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ESC5CE74 ,IT HAS CUT BO? WAYS ON MANY OCCASIONS1 9 P>T OP5+ NEW AV5UES = POLITICAL P>TICIPATION ON ! F> LEFT1 AT TIMES SPLITT+ EV5 MORE ?IS P>T ( ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT SU* ULTRA-LEFT MOVEM5TS HAVE EVOLV$ & EXP&$ 9 HI/ORICAL MOM5TS ( CRITICAL JUNCTURES4 ,W,W#b WAS A F\ND+ EV5TS = ! FIR/ F\ND+ G5]ATIONS ( NEW 7FILO-7,TROTSKYITE MOVEM5TS 7,P,C,I1 ,S \ ,B71 AS MU* AS ! #aief CRISIS & LAT] #aifh ,CZE* ,SPR+ BR\<T TO MILITANCY NEW G5]ATIONS4 ,9 \R SOCIETY ( SPECTACLE 9 :I* REIGNS POLITICAL APA?Y1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E ?AT NEW EV5TS ( !SE TYPES C\LD G5]ATE R5EW$ MILITANCY4 ,! ECONOMIC CRISIS C\LD BE SU* A TRIGG]+ FACTOR BR++ NEW MILITANTS TO REFLECT ON ! NE$ ( ,BLACK & ,R$ PROGRAMS4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT SURE4 

,CONCLUSION TO BE EXP&$ 79 P>TICUL> MORE ON :Y & H[ ! P>ADOXES ( 

,S \ ,B C\LD BE OV]COME TODAY7 

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,IMAG9ATION1 $4 & TRANSLAT$ BY ,C,U,R,T,I,S ,DAVID ,AMES1 ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,/AN=D 

,*,A,L,L,& ,B5OIT 7#b7 ,LA ,LIGUE ,M>XI/E ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE 7#a#i#f#i-#a#i#h71 ,AUX S\RCES DU TEMPS PRES5T1 ,UNIV]SITE DE ,FRIBORG1 ,FRIBORG1 #c#bP4 

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