,P>T #h1 ,*APT] #c ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE3 ,GR\NDS = A SYN!SIS BETWE5 ,AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM8 ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D ,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON ,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& ,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY ,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI ,TEXT 3 ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE3 ,GR\NDS = A SYN!SIS BETWE5 ,AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM8 ,PHILIP ,O',SULLIVAN ,9TRODUCTION ,9 ?IS PAP] ,I WILL EXAM9E ONE CRITICAL ELEM5T ( ! CONTE/$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,AMONG O!RS1 ,I AM *IEFLY CONC]N$ ) >GUM5TS BY TWO WRIT]S1 ,PAUL ,?OMAS & ,DANIEL ,GU]91 :O HAVE FOCUS$ SPECIFICALLY ON ?IS TOPIC & :OSE WORK 9 ?IS >EA PRES5TS A CLE> AXIS FROM :I* TO EXAM9E AGA9 !SE HI/ORICALLY HO/ILE IDEOLOGIES 7,?OMAS1 #a#i#h2 ,GU]91 #a#i#g1 #aihh & #a#i#h#i74 ,?OMAS CRITIQU$ AN>*ISM FROM ,M>X'S P]SPECTIVE & D5IES ?AT AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM M]GE & :ILE HE PRODUCES AN EXTREMELY ?OR\< ANALYSIS ( !IR RELATION%IP1 HE COMES D[N /RONGLY 9 FAVOR ( ,M>X4 ,?OMAS >GUES ?AT ANY SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM >E1 9 HIS METAPHOR ( LIE RELAT$1 !SE >E TWO 9TR9SICALLY SEP>ATE & DI/9CT POLITICAL ?\Y POSITION1 ,GU]9 HAS AMBITI\SLY TRI$ TO CREATE A SYN!SIS FROM ! MORE LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS ( ,M>XISM ) AN>*ISM4 ,GU]9 IS MU* MORE SYMPA!TIC TO ! AN>*I/S1 ESPECIALLY ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94 ,DRIV5 BY ! POSSIBILITIES ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM :I* HE CONSID]S C\LD RESULT FROM SU* A SYN!SIS1 ,GU]9 BASES HIS >GUM5T ON ! HI/ORICAL ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga & ! WORKS BY ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X DIRECTLY 9SPIR$ BY ?AT EV5T1 ,BAKUN9'S ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,/ATE & ,M>X'S ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE4 ,:ILE ,GU]9 CONSID]S ,BAKUN9'S ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE IS CONSI/5T ) HIS E>LI] WORK & REPRES5TS :AT HE CALLS ! DI/ILLATION ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 ,GU]9 CLAIMS ?AT ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE DIFF]S SIGNIFICANTLY FROM ,M>X'S E>LI] WORK & 'COMP>ES EXCEPTIONALLY WELL TO ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S' 7,GU]91 #a#i#h#h1 P4#a#f#g74 ,9 SUPPORT ( ,GU]91 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY >GUES !RE REMA9S ! POT5TIAL = AN>*ISM TO %APE ,M>XI/ !ORY POSITIVELY - ?AT 9 MANY WAYS AN>*ISM IS ! KEY TO A MORE LIB]T>IAN ,M>X4 ,*OMSKY HAS >GU$ ?AT '! CON/RUCTIVE IDEAS ( AN>*ISM RETA9 !IR VITALITY1 ?AT !Y MAY1 :5 REEXAM9$ & SIFT$1 ASSI/ CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALI/ ?\TURE 444 .<&.> 444 CONTRIBUTE TO 5RI*+ ,M>XISM' 7,GU]91 CIT$ BY ,*OMSKY1 #a#i#g1 P4XVIII74 ,*OMSKY APPROV+LY QUOTES ! AN>*I/ HI/ORIAN ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] :O SAYS ?AT AN>*ISM 9SI/S ?AT 'SOCIALISM WILL BE FREE OR IT WILL NOT BE AT ALL4 ,9 ITS RECOGNITION ( ?IS LIES ! G5U9E & PR(\ND JU/IFICATION = ! EXI/5CE ( AN>*ISM' 7,*OMSKY1 #a#i#g1 P4XII74 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ADDS ,*OMSKY1 AN>*ISM MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! LIB]T>IAN W+ ( SOCIALISM4 ,?IS POT5TIALLY 5RI*+ ROLE = AN>*ISM AS SUGGE/$ BY ,*OMSKY REPRES5TS AN APPROPRIATE PO9T ( DEP>TURE TO FUR!R EXAM9E ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 #a4 ,! ,CASE = A ,SYN!SIS3 ,SOME ,COMMON GR\ND ,FIR/LY1 ! OBVI\S NE$S /AT+1 ?\< NEI!R ,M>X OR ,BAKUN9 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ITSELF1 NOR DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ ITS EV5TS OR LEAD+ PROTAGONI/S1 YET ! ,COMMUNE IS 'CLAIM$' BY BO? SIDES4 ,WE MU/ BE> 9 M9D :5 WE 9VE/ SO MU* /ORE & IMPORT 9 ! HI/ORY & !ORIES ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 ?AT AS ,COLE HAS PO9T$ \T1 '! ,COMMUNE >OSE1 NOT BECAUSE A COMPACT BODY ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S HAD PLANN$ IT 9 ADVANCE1 AS ! MODEL ORGANIZATION = A NEW ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT BECAUSE EV5TS DICTAT$ ITS CIRCUM/ANCES' 7,COLE1 #a#i#e#d1 P4 #a#d#h74 ,COLE PROVIDES A USEFUL1 SOB] HI/ORICAL ACC\NT1 NOT+ ?AT '!RE HAD BE5 NO CLE> IDEA ( ! ,COMMUNE AS A NEW K9D ( WORK]S' ,/ATE1 RE/+ ON PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP OR ON ANY O!R BASS O!R ?AN ?AT ( FREE1 EQUAL & UNIV]SAL MANHOOD . SUFFRAGE' & ?AT AS ! COMMUNE WAS ! TRADITIONAL UNIT ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION1 9DE$ ',FRANCE WAS MADE UP ( LOCAL COMMUNES2 & EV]Y OPPON5T ( C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE P[] NATURALLY ?\IS ,COMMUNE BECAUSE A BODY PRIM>ILY REPRES5T+ ! WORK+ CLASSES ONLY BECAUSE ! RESPECTABLE CLASSES EI!R FL$ FROM ,P>IS OR ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES :O1 HO/ILE TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 REFUS$ TO S]VE' 7,COLE1 #a#i#e#d1 P4 #a#d#h74.<#c#b#a.> ,YET IT NEV]!LESS REMA9S A %>$ T\*/ONE & WE DO NOT HAVE TO ACCEPT ,GU]9'S CASE = SYN!SIS TO CONC$E ?AT1 9 BROAD T]MS1 AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S DO 9DE$ HOLD MU* 9 COMMON4 ,EV5 ,?OMAS CONC$ES ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X HAD MU* 9 COMMON & LI/S FIVE SIMIL>ITIES AS BO?3 BELIEV$ 9 ! PRIMACY ( ECONOMIC 'BASE' OV] POLITICAL 'SUP]/RUCTURE'2 WI%$ TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM & W]E 5GAG$ UPON WORK+ AS ACTIVE REVOLUTION>IES TO ?IS 5D2 W]E SOCIALI/S & COLLECTIVI/S1 OPPOS$ TO B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM2 W]E BITT]LY AT ODDS ) RELIGION1 & F9ALLY1 BO? HAD A V5]ATION = NATURAL SCI5CE 7,?OMAS1 #a#i#h1 P4 #b#i#g74 ,DAVID ,MILL] ALSO NOT$ ?AT BO? W]E SEV]ELY CRITICAL ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & ! LIB]AL /ATE4 ,9DE$1 AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S 'WILL+LY BORR[$ FROM EA* O!R1 AN>*I/S ABSORB+ ! ,M>XIAN CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM & ,M>XI/S ! AN>*I/ EXPOSURE ( LIB]AL POLITICS 7,MILL]1 #a#i#h#d1 PP4 #g#h-#i74 ,AS ,GU]9 HAS %[N1 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S %>E A COMMON ORIG9 DRAW+ 9SPIRATION FIR/ ( ALL FROM ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & !N SPECIFICALLY FROM ! EF=TS ( ,FR5* WORK]S 9 #ahd :O />T$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES & /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION 7,GU]91 #a#i#h#i1 PP4 #a#a#h-#a#a#i74 ,!RE WAS A G5]AL /RIKE ( BUILD+ TRADES 9 ,P>IS 9 #ahd & SOON WORK]S W]E PRODUC+ !IR NEWSPAP]S SU* AS ,L',ATELI]4 ,9 #ahd ,PR\DHON PUBLI%$ ,:AT ,IS ,PROP]TY8 & 9 #ahdd ,M>X WROTE HIS ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS :I* W]E P>TLY A RESULT ( HIS VISIT TO ! ,P>IS WORK]S & ! IMPRESSION !Y MADE ON HIM4 ',?US AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 AT ! />T1 DRANK FROM ! SAME PROLET>IAN SPR+' 7,GU]91 #a#i#h#i1 P4 #a#a#i74 ,UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! NEWLY BORN WORK+ CLASS ,GU]9 MA9TA9S ?AT !Y ASSIGN$ TO !MSELVES ! SAME F9AL AIM1 ?AT ( OV]?R[+ ! CAPITALI/ /ATE & GIV+ ! WEAL? ( SOCIETY1 ?AT IS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 TO ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,CIT+ ,DAVID ,APT]1 ,?OMAS ASS]TS ?AT AN>*ISM 'COMB9ES A SOCIALI/ CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM ) A LIB]AL CRITIQUE ( SOCIALISM4' ,= ,?OMAS H[EV]1 SU* A COMB9ATION IS B\ND TO BE T5SE & 'IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT AN>*ISM1 :I* EM]G$ AS A MOVEM5T 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ALONGSIDE SOCIALISM & ,M>XISM1 WAS NOT ALWAYS 4449 T&EM ) SOCIALISM & ,M>XISM4' ,MANY ( ITS DOCTR9AL FEATURES PO9T FUR!R BACK1 ?R\< ! ,5LIE & ! ,DANG]S ( ,COMP>ATIVE ,ANALYSIS ,?IS COMMON ORIG9 MEANT ?AT AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM DEVELOP$ 9 CONTRA/ TO & ALONGSIDE EA* O!R4 ,MILL] >GUES ?AT ! PO9T ( COMP>+ AN>*ISM ) ,M>XISM IS NOT M]ELY TO DISCOV] 9T]E/+ CONTRA/S4 ,HE MA9TA9S ?AT AN>*I/ IDEAS CANNOT BE PROP]LY UND]/OOD UNLESS SE5 AS %AP$ 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! IDEAS ( ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S 7,MILL]1 #a#i#h#d1 P4 #g#h74 ,H[EV]1 WE MU/ BE C>EFUL ) COMP>ISONS1 G5]ALIZATIONS & UNIV]SALIZ+4 ,APRIL ,C>T] PROP]LY W>NS ?AT1 :ILE ! VISION ( :AT AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY W\LD BE LIKE HAS BE5 9DICAT$ BY ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK9 - :O ALL DEF9$ !IR POSITIONS 9 OPPOSITION TO ,M>X'S SOCIALISM - ANY COMP>ISON ) ,M>XISM IS FULL ( DIFFICULTIES BECAUSE ( ! DIV]SITY ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION & ! COMPLEXITY ( ,M>XISM AS IT HAS EVOLV$4 ,BUT ,I ALSO AGREE ) ,C>T] & TAKE IT AS READ :5 %E ADDS ?AT1 AS AN>*ISM HAS BE5 5GAG$ 9 A CONSCI\S CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM = OV] #ae YE>S1 SU* COMP>ISON IS RELEVANT 7,C>T]1 #a#i#g#a1 P4 #f74 ,?IS CRITIQUE />T$ :5 ,PR\DHON FIR/ WROTE TO ,M>X OV] ONE HUNDR$ & SIXTY YE>S AGO4 ,YET IT HAS NOT BE5 A ONE-SID$ DEBATE BUT CLE>LY A DIALOGUE - ,M>X WROTE ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY 9 DIRECT RESPONSE TO ,PR\DHON & HIS M>G9AL COMM5TS MADE :ILE READ+ ,BAKUN9'S ,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y HAVE SURVIV$4 ,AN>*ISM HAS REMA9$ A CON/ANTLY CRITICAL ( ,M>XISM1 EV] S9CE4 ,9DE$1 ONLY S9CE ! BLOODY BATTLES 9 ,SPA9 9 #aicf CAN ! FI*I/S & ,M>XI/S BE 9 ANY S5SE CONSID]$ 'ACADEMIC4' ,:IL/ ACKN[L$G+ ?AT !SE TWO !ORIES HAD A COMMON ORIG9 IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT WE DO NOT ACCEPT ?AT ! ONLY ?+ ?AT SEP>AT$ !M WAS DISAGREEM5T OV] PRACTICAL ME?OD4 ,SU* DISAGREEM5TS W]E MANIFE/ATIONS ( FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES 7,MILL]1 #a#i#h#d1 P4#g#i74 ,!Y HAD1 = EXAMPLE3 DIFF]5T PHILOSOPHIES ( HI/ORY2 DIFF]5T VIEWS ( ! ROLE ( ! ,/ATE2 DIFF]5T ANALYSIS ( CLASS2 DIFF]5T VIEWS ( ! NATION /ATE & NATIONALISM2 DIFF]5T VIEWS ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 RURAL & CITY LIFE & LA/LY1 7BUT ?IS LI/ IS NOT 9T5D$ TO BE EXHAU/IVE7 !Y DIFF]$ FUNDAM5TALLY ON ! LEGITIMACY ( =MS ( POLITICAL P>TICIPATION1 ON VOT+ & REPRES5TATION4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY HELD ?AT SU* !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES L$ NECESS>ILY1 !RE=E1 TO DISPUTES OV] ! USE ( POLITICAL ME?ODS TO BR+ AB\T A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,?IS DEBATE IS USUALLY R$UC$ TO ! MANTRA ?AT :ILE AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S HAD ! SAME GOALS !IR MEANS = A*IEV+ ?OSE GOALS W]E DIFF]5T1 ?IS IS :AT ,I CALL ! '%>$ GOALS !SIS4' ,FROM A ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVE1 ,?OMAS DISAGREES ) ! >GUM5T ?AT ,M>X & HIS AN>*I/ CRITICS %>$ ! SAME 5DS - OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE - & ONLY DISAGRE$ ON ! MEANS1 OR ! TACTICS4 ,= ,?OMAS1 NEI!R ,M>X NOR ! AN>*I/S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 W]E 9CL9$ TO SEP>ATE MEANS FROM 5DS 9 SO ABSOLUTE A FA%ION4 ,BO? SIDES ACKN[L$G$ ! V]Y REAL /AKES 9VOLV$ 9 ANY SEEM+ 'TACTICAL' RESOLUTION AB\T ORGANIZATION2 !Y W]E ! %APE ( FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,?OMAS >GUES ?AT BO? ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 SAW ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ,I W\LD ADD H]E BY EXT5SION1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 NOT ONLY AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS IT !N EXI/$1 BUT ALSO A PRES5TIM5T - QUITE POSSIBLY ! PRES5TIM5T - ( FUTURE SOCIETY :I* W\LD BE /AMP$ BY ITS ORIG9S4 ,?IS JO9T P]CEPTION WAS NOT A MEASURE ( !IR AGREEM5T1 BUT ! S\RCE ( AN 9CREAS+LY BITT] HO/ILITY1 AS !Y !MSELVES W]E AT PA9S TO PO9T \T 7,?OMAS1 #a#i#h1 PP4#a#c- #a#d74 ,:ILE ,I WILL CONT5D ?AT ?IS '%>$ GOALS' ANALYSIS SIMPLIFIES ! AN>*I/ POSITION & DOES NOT REFLECT ! =CE & FULL RANGE ( !IR CRITIQUE1 ,MILL] IS CORRECT :5 HE SAYS ?AT ! AN>*I/S DEM& ?AT '! /ATELESS SOCIETY MU/ BE PRE-FIGUR$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY US$ TO ATTA9 IT1' ?AT 'MEANS & 5DS HAVE TO BE CONGRU5T' 7,MILL]1 #a#i#h#d1 P4#g#i74 ,>?UR ,LEHN+ SIMIL>LY P>APHRASES ,BAKUN9'S D\BTS ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD LEAD TO SOCIALISM3 ',HE ADVOCAT$ SOCIALI/ 7I4E41 LIB]T>IAN7 MEANS 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE A SOCIALI/ 7I4E41 LIB]T>IAN7 SOCIETY' 7,LEHN+1 #a#i#g#c1 P4 #b#g74 ,IT IS ?IS ELEM5T :I* PRIM>ILY DIVIDES AN>*I/S FROM ,M>XI/S4 ,?IS EXPLA9S ,BAKUN9'S (T-REPEAT$ PHRASE ?AT FRE$OM CAN ONLY BE CREAT$ BY FRE$OM4 7,9 ,ROCK]'S WORDS3 ',SOCIALISM MU/ BE FREE OR IT MU/ NOT BE AT ALL4'7 ,= ,BAKUN91 ! REVOLUTION>Y 5D CANNOT BE JU/IFI$ BY ! MEANS2 BO? 5DS & MEANS MU/ BE CONGRU5T4 #c4 ,POSSIBLE SYN!SIS BETWE5 ,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM8 ,! POSSIBILITY ( A SYN!SIS IS NOT A NEW IDEA & ! SIMIL>ITIES >E OBVI\S TO MANY COMM5TATORS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,SAM ,DOLG(F NOTES ?AT LIKE ,M>X1 ,BAKUN9 EMPHASIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ECONOMIC FACTOR 9 SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ?AT SOME ( ,M>X'S [N E>LI] WRIT+S CONC]N+ FRE$OM1 ALI5ATION1 & ! ,/ATE 'C\LD WELL HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ BY AN AN>*I/2 & MANY 0,M>XI/ HUMANI/S0 HAVE TRI$ TO USE !SE WRIT+S TO %[ ?AT ,M>X REALLY WAS A LIB]T>IAN4 ,TYPICAL 9 ?IS REG>D IS ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE'S ASS]TION ?AT 0,ONCE ! HUMANI/IC IDEA IS SE5444 AS ! V]Y SUB/ANCE ( ,M>X'S !ORY1 ! DEEP-ROOT$ LIB]T>IAN & AN>*I/IC ELEM5TS ( ,M>XIAN !ORY COME TO LIFE' 7,DOLG(F1 #bb .<#a#i#g#b.>1 PP4 #e-#f74 ,GU]9 HAS >GU$ ?AT ! AFT]MA? ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE CAN POSSIBLY %[ H[ A M]G+ MIE ,BAKUN9'S ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,/ATE ) ,M>X'S ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE 7,GU]91 #a#i#h#h1 PP4#a#f#g-#a#g74 ,GU]9 SAYS ,BAKUN9'S TEXT CONTA9S NO?+ UNUSUAL & IS QUITE CONSI/5T ) HIS E>LI] WRIT+S4 ,9 IT WE F9D :AT ,GU]9 CALLS ! DI/ILLATION ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,BY CONTRA/1 HIS >GUM5T IS ?AT !RE IS MORE TO SURPRISE US 9 ! ,ADDRESS DRAFT$ BY ,M>X ON BEHALF ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL TO :I* BO? FOLL[]S ( ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 BELONG$ AT ! TIME4 ',IT DIFF]S NOTICEABLY FROM ,M>X'S WRIT+S ( BE=E & AFT] #a#h#g#a1 & COMP>ES EXCEPTIONALLY WELL TO ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S4 ,WE CAN LOOK AT IT AS ONE ( ! V]Y FEW BRIDGES E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 AS ONE ( ! V]Y FEW ATTEMPTS AT A SYN!SIS ( 'AU?ORIT>IAN' ) LIB]T>IAN ?\GUM5T IS /RAIDLY TEXTUAL4 ,GU]9 TELLS US ?AT 9 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE ,M>X OV]HAUL$ C]TA9 PASSAGES ( ! #ahdh ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9 :I* HE & ,5GELS HAD SET \T !IR IDEAL ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 /AGES4 ,! FIR/ /AGE W\LD BE ! CAPTURE ( POLITICAL P[] ?ANKS TO :I*1 0LITTLE BY LITTLE10 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION & CR$IT W\LD BE C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ONLY AT ! 5D ( A PROTRACT$ EVOLUTION1 ONCE CLASS CONFLICTS W\LD HAVE VANI%$ & PUBLIC AU?ORITY BE5 RID ( ITS POLITICAL *>ACT]1 W\LD ! :OLE ( PRODUCTION BE CONC5TRAT$1 NOT 9 ,/ATE H&S N[1 BUT 9 ! H&S ( 0ASSOCIAT$ 9DIVIDUALS03 9 ?IS LIB]T>IAN /YLE ( ASSOCIATION1 ! UNFETT]$ DEVELOPM5T ( EA* W\LD BE ! PRECONDITION = ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL4 ,BUT ,BAKUN9 WAS CONV]SANT ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9 ! ,G]MAN ORIG9AL S9CE #ahdh & HAD NOT MISS$ AN OPPORTUNITY TO CRITICIZE ! SPLITT+ ( ! REVOLUTION 9TO TWO /AGES1 ! FIR/ ( :I* W\LD /ILL BE EMPHATICALLY /ATI/4 ,UND] ! PRESSURE ( EV5TS & ,BAKUN9'S CRITICISMS1 >GUES ,GU]91 ,M>X & ,5GELS FELT A NE$ TO AM5D !IR OV]LY /ATI/ ?9K+ ( #a#h#d#h4 ,?US1 9 A =EWORD 7,JUNE #b#d1 #a#h#g#b7 TO A NEW $ITION ( ! ,MANIFE/O1 !Y CONC$$ ?AT '9 MANY RESPECTS1' !Y W\LD N[ 'REPHRASE' ! PASSAGE 9 QUE/ION FROM ! #ahdh TEXT4 ,REM>KABLY1 9 SUPPORT ( ANY SU* R$RAFT+ !Y CIT$ '! PRACTICAL EXP]I5CES1 FIR/ ( ! ,FEBRU>Y .<#a#h#d#h.> REVOLUTION1 !N1 TO A MU* GREAT] EXT5T1 ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :51 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ! PROLET>IAT HELD POLITICAL P[] 9 ITS H&S OV] A TWO-MON? P]IOD' CONCLUD+ ',ALL ( :I* MEANS ?AT1 9 PLACES1 ?IS PROGRAM IS NO LONG] UP TO ! M9UTE4 ,! ,COMMUNE 9 P>TICUL> HAS SUPPLI$ PRO( ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT RE/ CONT5T ) TAK+ POSSESSION ( EXI/+ MA*9]Y ( ! ,/ATE 9 ORD] TO PLACE IT 9 ! S]VICE ( ITS [N AIMS4' ,! #ahga ,ADDRESS ALSO ANN\NCES ?AT ! ,COMMUNE HAS 'DISCOV]$ AT LA/1 ! POLITICAL =MULA :]EBY ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( LABOR CAN BE BR\GUM5T1 ,GU]9 CITES ,LEHN+ :O /RESS$ ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! IDEAS 9 ! ,ADDRESS & ALL ( ,M>X'S O!R WRIT+S3 ',! ESS5TIAL PR9CIPLE ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 WAS ?AT POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,/ATE HAD TO BE REPLAC$ BY SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! PRODUC]S1 BY A F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES TO :I* HAD TO BE AF=D$4444 ! 9ITIATIVE HI!RTO DEVOLV$ TO ! ,/ATE' 7,GU]91 #a#i#h#h1 P4#a#f#i74 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,M>X'S WRIT+ ( ,! ,CIVIL ,W> IS TRANSP>5T3 ',! ,CIVIL ,W> FULLY CONTRADICTS ! O!R ,M>XI/ WRIT+S :]E ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! ,/ATE IS CONC]N$4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE DID NOT C5TRALIZE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO ,/ATE H&S4 ,! GOAL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS NOT TO LET ! ,/ATE 'WI!R AWAY' BUT RA!R TO BANI% IT IMM$IATELY 444 ,! ANNIHILATION ( ! ,/ATE WAS NOT ! 9EVITABLE CONCLUSION TO A DIALECTICAL HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 ( A HI<] /AGE ( SOCIETY1 ITSELF %AP$ BY A HI<] =M ( PRODUCTION4' ,= ,GU]91 ,M>X HAS CONC$$ EV]Y?+ ,BAKUN9 >GU$ = ON ! ISSUE ( ! ROLE ( ! ,/ATE AFT] A REVOLUTION ',! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE OBLIT]AT$ ! ,/ATE1 )\T FULFILL+ A S+LE ONE ( ! CONDITIONS :I* ,M>X HAD PREVI\SLY /IPULAT$ AS PREFAC+ ITS ABROGATION 444 ,! ,COMMUNE'S DEFEAT ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE HAD NOT BE5 DESIGN$ TO 9/ALL ANO!R ,/ATE 9 ITS PLACE4444 ,ITS AIM WAS NOT TO F\ND SOME NEW ,/ATE MA*9]Y1 BUT RA!R TO REPLACE ! ,/ATE BY ORGANIZ+ SOCIETY ON ECONOMIC & F$]ALI/ F\NDATIONS 444 ,9 ! ,CIVIL ,W> .1 !RE IS NO M5TION ( 0WI!R+ AWAY10 BUT RA!R ( IMM$IATE & UTT] EXTIRPATION ( ! ,/ATE0' 7,GU]91 #a#i#h#h1 P4#a#g74 ,9 A SIMIL> VE9 ,MI*AEL ,LEV9 ADMITS ?AT 9 ?IRD P>T ( ! ,ADDRESS ,M>X 'SEEM$ TO MOV+ ! WAY ( HIS OPPON5TS ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9' & '?AT ,M>X WAS ATTEMPT+ ! DELICATE BALANC+ ACT ( OPPOS+ ! /ATE )\T FAVOR+ AN>*ISM' 7,LEV91 #a#i#h#i1 P4#a#a#e74 ,BUT ,GU]9 ACCEPTS !RE IS NEV]!LESS DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ! S*OL>S ( ! TWO CAMPS1 MU* DEP5DS ON :AT 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>X ?IS =M ( AN>*ISM OR LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IS COMP>$ AGA9/4 ,LEHN+1 :O REG>DS ,M>X AS 'AU?ORIT>IAN1' ALLEGES ?AT ! ,ADDRESS IS A '=EIGN BODY' 9 ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM1 :]EAS SOMEONE ELSE1 ON ! O!R H&1 EAG] TO DISCOV] A 'LIB]T>IAN' 9 ,M>X1 CONT5DS ?AT ,M>XIAN ?\X IS EI!R EXPLA9$ DUE TO PRESS+ HI/ORICAL & TACTICAL NECESSITY 7NOT =GETT+ ! REAL PRESSURE ( PUBLI%+ QUICKLY71 OR 9 ACTUAL FACT1 A CLE> GLIMPSE ( ! TRUE LIB]T>IAN ,M>X4 ,EV5 ALL[+ = 9T]PRETATIONS ( AN 'AU?ORIT>IAN' OR 'LIB]T>IAN' ,M>X1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO D5Y ?AT AFT] ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ,M>X & ,5GELS *ANG$ POSITION ON ! !ORY ( REVOLUTION 9 !IR PREFACE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 & ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS AW>E ( ?IS *ANGE4 ,P]HAPS ! BE/ DEF5D]S ( ,M>X CAN DO IS ACTUALLY AGREE ) ,LEHN+1 :O = HIS [N REASON DOES NOT WANT TO ADMIT TO ! IDEA ( A MORE LIB]T>IAN ,M>X1 ?AT1 9 ! ,ADDRESS ,M>X TEMPOR>ILY & UN*>ACT]I/ICALLY LET HIS HE>T RULE HIS HEAD1 & !N LAT] BACK TRACK$ FROM ?IS POSITION4 ,H[EV]1 ,I HAVE SOME SYMPA?Y ) ,GU]9 :5 HE SAYS ?AT 9 /RIV+ TO WORK \T SOME !ORETICAL SYN!SIS BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 '! ,ADDRESS ( #ahga HAS TO BE REG>D$ AS A />T+-PO9T1 A PRIME FACIE DEMON/RATION ?AT IT IS FEASIBLE TO RECONCILE FRUITFULLY ! TWO /R&S ( ?\IAN & ! LIB]T>IAN' 7,GU]91 #a#i#h#h1 P4#a#g74 ,?IS PROJECT H[EV]1 IS NOT )\T ITS CRITICS ON BO? SIDES4 #d4 ,M>XI/S ,AGA9/ A ,SYN!SIS ,= ,?OMAS ALL AN>*I/ CONVICTIONS CAN BE SUMM$ UP UND] ! RUBRIC ( '! REMOVAL ( OB/ACLES FROM SOME VISION ( ! GOOD LIFE4 ,IT IS ?IS IMP]ATIVE ?AT L9KS AN>*ISM TO ! LIB]AL TRADITION1 & MO/ P>TICUL>LY TO ! ,5LIE SE51 FIR/ & =EMO/1 AS POLITICAL OB/RUCTIONS ?AT NE$ TO BE OV]?R[N' 7,?OMAS1 #a#i#h1 P4 #h74 ,9TRIGU+LY1 ,?OMAS' DESCRIPTION ( ! L9EAGE ( AN>*I/ ?\ TO ,*OMSKY'S ACC\NT4 ,*OMSKY SAYS ?AT IF ONE W]E TO SEEK A S+LE LEAD+ IDEA 9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 HE BELIEVES IT TO BE ?AT EXPRESS$ BY ,BAKUN9'S DESCRIPTION ( LIB]TY 9 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,/ATE4 ,*OMSKY >GUES ?AT !SE IDEAS GREW \T ( ! ,5LIE 9 ,R\SSEAU'S ,DISC\RSE ON ,9EQUALITY1 ,HUMBOLDT'S ,LIMITS ( ,/ATE ,ACTION1 ,KANT'S 9SI/5CE1 9 HIS DEF5SE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ?AT FRE$OM IS ! PRECONDITION = ACQUIR+ ! MATURITY = FRE$OM1 NOT A GIFT TO BE GRANT$ :5 SU* MATURITY IS A*IEV$4 ,HE CLAIMS ?AT ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 A NEW & UNANTICIPAT$ SY/EM ( 9JU/ICE1 'IT IS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ?AT HAS PRES]V$ & EXT5D$ ! RADICAL HUMANI/ MESSAGE ( ! ,5LI P4#a#b#b74 ,*OMSKY ALWAYS PLACES GREAT VALUE ON ,HUMBOLDT'S1 ,! ,LIMITS ( ,/ATE ,ACTION1 :I* HE CLAIMS ANTICIPAT$ & P]HAPS 9SPIR$ ,MILL4 ,COMPLET$ 9 #agib & PR(\NDLY1 ?\< PREMATURELY1 ANTI-CAPITALI/1 ,*OMSKY MA9TA9S ?AT ?IS VISION BY ,HUMBOLDT ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* SOCIAL FETT]S >E REPLAC$ BY SOCIAL BONDS & LABOR IS FREELY UND]TAK5 ALSO SUGGE/S ! E>LY ,M>X1 ) HIS DISCUSSION ( ! 'ALI5ATION ( LABOR 444DEPRIV+ MAN ( HIS 'SPECIES *>ACT]' ( 'FREE CONSCI\S ACTIVITY'' & 'PRODUCTIVE LIFE4' ,SIMIL>LY1 CONT9UES ,*OMSKY1 ,M>X CONCEIVES ( 'A NEW TYPE ( HUMAN BE+ :O NE$S HIS FELL[ M5 444 .<,! WORK]S' ASSOCIATION BECOMES.> ! REAL CON/RUCTIVE EF=T TO CREATE ! SOCIAL TEXTURE ( FUTURE HUMAN RELATIONS4' ,CLASSICAL LIB]T>IAN ?\D$ AS FUNDAM5TALLY ANTIHUMAN4 ,?IS LEADS ,*OMSKY TO CONCLUDE ?AT ',LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IS PROP]LY TO BE REG>D$ AS ! 9H]ITOR ( ! LIB]AL IDEALS ( ! ,5LIDS AN>*ISM1 ?AT ( NEGATIVE LIB]TY & ( A C]TA9 DISDA9 = P[] IS NOT ! ONLY FACE IT HAS TO PRES5T4 ,BAS+ HIS >GUM5T ON A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T READ+ ( ,R\SSEAU ?AN ,*OMSKY'S ,R\SSEAU ( ! ,DISC\RSE ON ,9EQUALITY1 ,?OMAS DRAWS ON ,R\SSEAU'S POSITIVE VIEW ( LIB]TY & :OSE DESIRE WAS NOT TO M9IMIZE P[] BUT TO ADMIT ! NE$ = P[] LEGITIMIZ$ AS AU?ORITY4 ,ONCE LEGITIMIZ$1 P[] IS A PROMISE1 NOT A ?REAT4 .<,MY EMPHASIS.>4 ,?OMAS >GUES IT IS IMPORTANT TO ?AT WE . 'RECOGNIZE AT ! \TSET ?AT IT IS ,R\SSEAU'S P]CEPTION ( ! PROBLEM TO :I* ,M>X1 FOLL[+ ,HEGEL1 SUBSCRIBES2 & ?AT3 .<,T.>H]E IS A DIVIDE1 A WAT]%$ 9 ,5LIX IS ONE SIDE ( IT1 ! AN>*I/S ON ! O!R4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS NOT SIMPLY G5EALOGICAL BUT PROGRAMMATIC2 IT MEANS ?AT :ILE ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM IS 9 A S5SE 9COMPLETE -- ?IS >EA ( AGREEM5T IS 9 ! NATURE ( A P5UMBRA1 AN OV]LAP1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 & NOT A CONV]G5CE4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT :AT ON ! FACE ( IT MI TO BE A BROAD >EA ( AGREEM5T HAS DONE NO?+ TO BR+ ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM CLOS] TOGE!R1 9 ,M>X'S LIFETIME OR S9CE 7,?OMAS1 #a#i#h1 P4 #a#a47 ,?OMAS >GUES ,M>X'S LEGACY FROM ,HEGEL IS ( CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE1 & 9 %ORT1 = ,?OMAS1 UNLIKE ! AN>*I/S1 ,M>X DOES NOT WI% TO DISP5SE ) POLITICS4 ,HE APPROV+LY ,M>X '?IS ASS CANNOT EV5 UND]/& ?AT ANY CLASS MOVEM5T1 AS SU* IS NECESS>ILY 444 A POLITICAL MOVEM5T4' ,WE MAY SUPPOSE1 SAYS ,?OMAS1 79 A MASSIVE & DELIB]ATE UND]/ATEM5T671 ?AT ,M>X UND]/OOD BY ! WORD 'POLITICAL' SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! AN>*I/ DEF9ITION4 #e4 ,AN>*I/S AGA9/ ,SYN!SIS ,IT W\LD BE A S]\S ]ROR H[EV]1 TO ?9K ?AT IT IS ONLY DEF5D]S ( ,M>X LIKE ,?OMAS :O OBJECT TO ! IDEA ?AT ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM >E P]HAPS COMPATIBLE4 ,! IDEA ( A SYN!SIS ( !SE TWO RIVAL IDEOLOGIES IS ALSO ANA!MA TO ! MAJORITY ( AN>*I/S :O SIMIL>LY IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY REJECT ! ,GU]9 & ,*OMSKY SYN!SIS L9E4 ,PAUL ,MC,LAUGUES ?AT AL?\< ,M>X & ,5GELS ANTICIPAT$ ! EV5TUAL DEMISE ( POLITICS & POLITICAL P[]1 ! FUTURE COMMUNI/ SOCIETY !Y 5VISAG$ WAS1 = ALL ! TALK ( ! ABOLITION OR WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE1 9 NO S5SE AN AN>*I/ ONE 7,MC,LAUY SOCIETY'S SOLE 9DISP5SABLE 9/ITUTION4 ,MC,LAUXI/ SUBLATION ( ! /ATE WILLFULLY MISREPRES5TS ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM AS ! TRUE AN>*ISM4 ,MC,LAUX3 ',:AT ALL SOCIALI/S UND]/& BY AN>*ISM IS ?IS3 AS SOON AS ! GOAL ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES1 IS ATTA9$1 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE 444 WILL DISAPPE> & GOV]NM5TAL FUNCTIONS WILL BE TRANS=M$ 9TO SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS4' ,SIMIL>LY1 ,5GELS WROTE 9 ! SAME YE> 7#a#h#g#b7 ',ALL SOCIALI/S >E AGRE$ ?AT ! POLITICAL /ATE1 & ) IT POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 WILL DISAPPE> AS A RESULT ( ! COM+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS1 ?AT PUBLIC FUNCTIONS WILL LOSE !IR POLITICAL *>ACT] & BE TRANS=M$ 9 TO SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS ( WAT*+ OV] ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY444' 7,CIT$ 9 ,MC,LAUY DICTATOR%IP CAN HAVE1 = ,BAKUN91 NO O!R OBJECTIVE ?AN TO P]PETUATE ITSELF AS A POLITICAL ,/ATE4 ,SO :5 ,M>X & ,5GELS WROTE 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O AB\T RAIS+ ! PROLET>IAT TO ! POSITION ( RUL+ CLASS1 ,MC,LAUGUES ?AT1 '= ,BAKUN91 ?IS IS ! FIR/ & LA/ /EP ( ,M>XIAN REVOLUTION444' 7,MC,LAUX'S ,/ATE CAN NEV] A*IEVE 'NONPOLITICAL' /ATUS AS ! TRANSITION REQUIR$ IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,MOREOV]1 EV5 IF ?IS TRANSITION W]E POSSIBLE1 ! 'NONPOLITICAL' /ATUS W\LD BE A MY? AS EV]Y ,/ATE1 9CLUD+ ! NOM9AL 'ADM9I/RATIVE' ONES1 W\LD NECESS>ILY BE CLASS-RIDD5 & !RE=E A POLITICAL & CO]CIVE 5TITY4 ,! ,/ATE1 = ,BAKUN91 MU/ BE POLITICAL BY DEF9ITION1 & ! /ATE ADM9I/]$ SOCIETY CAN NEV] BE CLASSLESS4 ,!RE MU/ ALWAYS BE TWO CLASSES AT LEA/1 ! ADM9I/]+ & ! ADM9I/]$ -- '! SPECT] ( BUREAUCRACY HAUNT+ ! SPECT] ( COMMUNISM' 9 ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MC,LAUXI/ 'POLITICAL' /ATE & :Y HE MA9TA9S SU* A ,/ATE CAN NEV] BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! 'HII/OCRACY ( REAL OR PRET5D$ S*OL>S4' ,MC,LAUGUES AGA9/ ! ULTIMATE CONV]G5CE ( ,M>XIAN & AN>*I/ 5DS4 ,?IS APP>5T '%>$ GOAL' !ORY IS ILLUSORY & P>T ( A SPECI\S AN>*I/ FACADE ADROITLY CON/RUCT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS 'TO W>D (F ! SUCCESSIVE ?REATS FROM !IR MORE RADICAL RIVALS1 ! ,AN>*I/S4' ,MANY WRIT]S ON AN>*ISM1 :ILE ACKN[L$G+ ! 9FLU5CE ( AN>*ISM ON ,M>XISM 9 ! =MULATION ( APP>5T REVOLUTION>Y 5DS1 HAVE FAIL$ TO ACKN[L$GE '?AT ! ,M>XI/ 5D IS NOT AN>*I/ AT ALL' & TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT ,M>XISM & ,BAKUN9IAN AN>*ISM DIFF] ) RESPECT TO REVOLUTION>Y 5DS AS WELL AS REVOLUTION>Y MEANS' 7,MCLAU ,CONTR>Y TO ! '%>$ GOAL OR 5DS' !SIS1 ,MC,LAUXIAN !ORY IS ,/ATI/ & !RE=E 9 NO WAY AN>*I/ ON ! GR\NDS ?AT 'IT EMBRACES ! /ATE AS A PRE-REVOLUTION>Y & PO/-REVOLUTION>Y MEANS1 & ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y1 PO/-TRANSITIONAL 5D4' .<,EMPHASIS 9 ORIG9AL.>4 ,IT IS ?IS NOTION ( ,M>XISM MASQU]AD+ AS AN>*ISM ?AT ,MC,LAUX'S /ATISM4 ,BECAUSE ,M>X'S ECONOMIC EGALIT>IANISM LACKS ALL S5SE ( FRE$OM1 ,MC,LAUGUES1 ,M>X'S SOCIALISM CANNOT BE PROP]LY CONSID]$ AN>*I/4 ,= DIFF]5T REASONS & FROM A DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVE1 TWO O!R AN>*I/ ?9K]S - ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK & ,ALAN ,RITT] ALSO BO? REJECT ! SPECIFIC ,GU]9_/,*OMSKY L9E4 ,WOODCOCK1 AS ,RU? ,K9NA NOT$1 ACCUS$ ,GU]9 & ,*OMSKY ( 'SELECT+ FROM AN>*ISM ! ELEM5TS ?AT MAY S]VE TO DIM9I% ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 ,M>XI/ DOCTR9ES' & 'AB&ON+ ! ELEM5TS :I* DO NOT S]VE !IR PURPOSE4 ,!IR WORK 5RI*$ ,M>XISM BUT IMPOV]I%$ AN>*ISM' 7,K9NA1 #b#e4 P4 #b#e74 ,= ,RITT]1 ! ]ROR ( ?OSE :O CLAIM ?AT AN>*I/S >E SOCIALI/S AT HE>T /EMS FROM BL9DNESS T[>D !IR DISAGREEM5T AB\T ! CAUSAL EFFICACY ( ! /ATE QUA /ATE4 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT TO BE ID5TIFI$ ) SOCIALISM SIMPLICITI] AS MANY SOCIALI/S RELY ON LEGAL GOV]NM5T4 ,RITT] NOTES ?AT ,*OMSKY CITES SOCIALI/S LIKE ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK & ,WILLIAM ,PAUL :O >E AT ONE ) AN>*I/S 9 F9D+ ! /ATE ANTIPA!TIC4 ,*OMSKY'S CLAIM ?AT AN>*ISM %\LD BE CLASS$ AS P>T ( ?IS 'LIB]T>IAN W+ ( SOCIALISM' W\LD ONLY BE CORRECT ,RITT] >GUES1 IF ! ANTIPA?Y TO LEGAL GOV]NM5T FROM LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S CAME FROM AL>M AB\T ! EFFECTS ( ! /ATE'S 9H]5T ATTRIBUTES4 ,BUT !Y >E AL>M$ MA9LY BY ! EFFECTS ( ! /ATE'S *ANGEABLE *>ACT]I/ICS1 SU* AS ITS ORGANIZATION OR POLICIES4 ,! DIFF]5CE 9 ! CAUSAL P]SPECTIVE FROM :I* !Y VIEW ! /ATE PUTS SOCIALI/S1 H[EV] LIB]T>IAN1 A GREAT DI/ANCE AWAY FROM AN>*I/S4 ,:AT LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S FE> 9 ! /ATE IS NOT ! P]PETUATION ( AN UNR$EEMABLE 9/ITUTION BUT ITS CONT9U$ USE AS AN OPPRESSIVE 9/RUM5T BY A BUREAUCRACY OR A VANGU>D P>TY4 ,& :AT !Y 5VISAGE AS A SUCCESSOR TO ! EXI/+ /ATE IS NOT A SOCIETY FRE$ ( LEGAL GOV]NM5T BUT A SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ 9 ,*OMSKY'S WORDS 'ON TRULY DEMOCRATIC L9ES1 ) DEMOCRATIC CONTROL 9 ! WORKPLACE & 9 ! COMMUNITY4' ,SO = ,RITT] LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S >E NOT AN>*I/S BUT DEMOCRATS4 ',H5CE ANY !ORY SU* AS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM :I*1 F> FROM EXCLUD+ DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS FROM ITS VISION ( ! GOOD SOCIETY1 REG>D !M AS 9DISP5SABLE1 CANNOT POSSIBLY BE CALL$ AN>*I/' 7,RITT]1 #a#i#h#a1 P4 #a#c#a74 ,EV5 BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S :OSE AFF9ITIES >E CLOSE/1 !RE IS A CLE> DIVID+ L9E4 ,:5 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S D5\NCE ! PRES5T /ATE AS A TOOL ( CAPITALISM1 CALL = WORK]S' C\NCILS1 OR ATTACK ELITISM OR BUREAUCRACY1 !Y MAY S\ND LIKE AN>*I/S1 BUT ! !ORY !Y DEP5D ON = REA*+ !SE CONCLUSIONS IS NO =M ( AN>*ISM AT ALL4 #f4 ,BAKUN9'S CRITIQUE ( ,M>X ,?US F>1 ,I HAVE \TL9$ ,GU]9'S >GUM5T = SYN!SIS1 BAS$ ON HIS TEXTUAL EXEGESIS ( ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE ,I HAVE LOOK$ AT ! COMMON GR\ND BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 & ALSO COV]$ SOME ( ?OSE KEY ISSUES & IDEAS :I* SEP>ATE !M4 ,I HAVE CONSID]$ ! RIVAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( ?OSE :O1 AGA91 9 BO? ! ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ CAMPS1 REJECT ! SYN!SIS OR CONV]G5CE L9E TO :I* ,GU]9 ASPIRES4 ,:ILE ,I APPLAUD ,GU]9'S NON- SECT>IAN1 NUANC$ & IMAG9ATIVE ATTEMPT1 ULTIMATELY ! TEXTUAL F\NDATION ON :I* HE BASES HIS CASE IS SIMPLY TOO N>R[4 ,I CONSID] ,BAKUN9'S WID] CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM1 :ILE NOT REGRETTABLY FREE ( SOME C>ICATURE1 EXAGG]ATION & POLEMIC 7HE WAS RESPOND+ 9 K9D TO ,M>X71 NEV]!LESS /ILL TOO BROAD1 DEEP & CONV9C+ OV]ALL TO PUT ASIDE & CON/RUCT OR ACCEPT A SYN!SIS ON ! BASIS ( ONE TEXT4 ,IT IS TO ?AT BROAD] CRITIQUE ( ,M>X BY ,BAKUN91 MADE PR9CIPALLY BETWE5 #ahg & #ahgb TO :I* ,I N[ TURN4 ,BAKUN9 COMPLETELY REJECT$ ! POLITICAL ROAD TO REVOLUTION & CRITICIZ$ ,M>X'S 'FATAL PREOCCUPATION ) MAK+ ! POLITICAL QUE/ION A PLANK ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & A B9D+ PR9CIPLE4' ,HE CALL$ ON ! WORK]S ( ,G]MANY1 NOT !IR LEAD]S1 TO JO9 HIS SIDE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 'TO RAZE ?OSE PEOPLE'S PRISONS :I* >E CALL$ ,/ATES & TO PASS S5T5CE ON POLITICS1 :I* IS 9 FACT NO?+ BUT ! >T ( SUBDU+ & FLEEC+ ! MASSES' 7,BAKUN91 #aigc .<#a#h#g#b.>1 P 4#b#c#i74 ,! MA9 ISSUE BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X & ,5GELS WAS '! SEIZURE ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS' 7,BAKUN91 #aigc .<#a#h#g#b.>1 P4 #b#e#c74 ,BAKUN9 S>CA/ICALLY COMM5T$ ?AT IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT '9DISP5SABLE M5 LIKE ,H]R5 ,M>X & ,5GELS' %\LD SUPPORT A PROGRAM :OSE RET5TION & ADVOCACY ( POLITICAL P[] IS AN OP5 9VITATION TO AMBITION4 ,! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS >E CLE> = ,BAKUN94 ,S9CE !RE IS TO BE POLITICAL P[] !RE WILL 9EVITABLY BE SUBJECTS1 ALBEIT CALL$ CITIZ5S 9 A REPUBLIC1 BUT SUBJECTS ALL ! SAME1 & AS SU* COMPELL$ TO OBEY4 ,?IS IS IMPORTANT 9 ,BAKUN9'S ANALYSIS AS )\T OB$I5CE NO P[] IS POSSIBLE4 ,SU* OB$I5CE = ,BAKUN9 'NEV] MEANS ANY?+ EXCEPT SUBMISSION TO SOME CU/ODIAL & GOV]NM5TAL M9ORITY1 9 O!R WORDS FRE$OM TO BE SLAVES' 7,BAKUN91 #aigc .<#a#h#g#b.>1 P4 #b#e#c74 ,CONSID]ATIONS ( REVOLUTION DO NOT 5D ) JU/ ! ACT ( REVOLT4 ,!RE WILL /ILL BE AN 5ORM\S TASK HAV+ SURVIV$ ! REVOLUTION 'TO MAKE SURE1 ! DAY AFT] ! PEOPLE'S VICTORY1 ?AT !RE IS NO E/ABLI%M5T ( ANY SORT ( ,/ATE CONTROL OV] ! PEOPLE1 EV5 ONE ?AT APPE>S TO BE REVOLUTION>Y ITSELF1 EV5 Y\RS - BECAUSE ALL DOM9ATION1 :ATEV] IT MIN$ US :AT =M ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION MU/ NOT TAKE1 :AT =M IT %\LD IT ASSUME8 ,BAKUN9 /ATES ?AT ! *IEF AIM & PURPOSE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION %\LD BE TO HELP ! PEOPLE T[>DS SELF DET]M9ATION ON ! L9ES ( ! MO/ COMPLETE EQUALITY & ! FULLE/ HUMAN FRE$OM 9 EV]Y DIRECTION1 BUT CRUCIALLY ADDS ! QUALIFI] ')\T ! LEA/ 9T]F]5CE FROM ANY SORT ( DOM9ATION1 EV5 IF IT BE TEMPOR>Y OR TRANSITIONAL1 ?AT IS )\T ANY SORT ( GOV]NM5TAL CONTROL' 7,BAKUN91 #aigc .<#a#h#g.>1 P4 #a#i#a74 ,?US EV5 ! TRANSITORY ,/ATE IS REJECT$4 ,!RE IS TO BE NO WAIT+ = ! ,/ATE TO WI!R AWAY2 IT MU/ NOT BE ALL[$ TO E/ABLI% ITSELF EV5 TEMPOR>ILY1 9 CASE IT IS ABUS$1 PROLONG$ & TURN$ AGA9/ ! PEOPLE4 ,BAKUN9 PROCLAIMS AN>*I/S '! MO/ PRON\NC$ 5EMIES ( EV]Y SORT ( (FICIAL P[] - EV5 IF IT IS AN ULTRA-REVOLUTION>Y P[]4 ,WE >E ! 5EMIES ( ANY SORT ( PUBLICLY DECL>$ DICTATOR%IP1 WE >E SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S4' ,9 ,BAKUN9'S [N T]MS ?IS IS ! ESS5CE ( HIS CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM3 ,WE DO NOT ACCEPT1 EV5 9 ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION1 EI!R CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES1 PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5TS OR SO-CALL$ EVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IPS2 BECAUSE WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT REVOLUTION IS ONLY S9C]E1 HONE/ & REAL 9 ! H&S ( ! MASSES1 & ?AT :5 IT IS CONC5TRAT$ 9TO ! ?OSE ( A FEW RUL+ 9DIVIDUALS IT 9EVITABLY & IMM$IATELY BECOMES REACTION4444,! ,M>XI/S PR(ESS QUITE DIFF]5T IDEAS4 ,!Y >E WOR%IP]S ( ,/ATE P[]1 & NECESS>ILY ALSO PROPHETS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL DISCIPL9E & *AMPIONS ( ORD] E/ABLI%$ FROM ! TOP D[NW>D1 ALWAYS 9 ! NAME ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! MASSES1 = :OM !Y SAVE ! HONOR & PRIVILEGE ( OBEY+ LEAD]S1 ELECT$ MA/]S4444BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & \RSELVES !RE IS A *ASM4 ,!Y >E = GOV]NM5T1 WE1 = \R P>T1 >E AN>*I/S 7,BAKUN91 #aigc .<#a#h#g#b.>1 PP4 #b#c#g-#h74 ,BAKUN9 CONSID]S ! ,M>XI/ REJO9D] ?AT SU* A ,/ATE W\LD BE TRANSITORY1 TEMPOR>Y & %ORT-LIV$1 ?AT ITS SOLE OBJECTIVE WILL BE TO $UCATE ! PEOPLE & RAISE !M BO? ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY TO SU* A LEVEL ?AT GOV]NM5T ( ANY K9D WILL SOON BECOME UNNECESS>Y4 ,HE DISMISSES ! IDEA ?AT ! /ATE1 HAV+ LO/ ITS POLITICAL1 ?AT IS1 RUL+1 *>ACT]1 WILL TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO A TOTALLY FREE ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S & COMMUNITIES4 ,IF !IR /ATE IS TRULY TO BE A PEOPLE'S /ATE1 ,BAKUN9 ASKS1 !N :Y ABOLI% IT8 ,IF ITS ABOLITION IS ESS5TIAL = ! REAL LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE1 !N H[ DO !Y D>E CALL IT A PEOPLE'S /ATE8 7,BAKUN91 #aii .<#a#h#g#c.> P4 #a#g#i74 ,AS ,LEHN+ HAS NOT$1 ! MO/ DISA/R\S ALLIANCE IMAG9ABLE = ,BAKUN9 W\LD 'COMB9E SOCIALISM ) ABSOLUTISM1 COMB9+ ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEOPLE = ECONOMIC LIB]ATION & MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY ) DICTATOR%IP & ! CONC5TRATION ( ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL =CES 9 ! ,/ATE4' ,BAKUN9 PLEAD$ TO BE SAV$ FROM ! B5EVOL5CE ( DESPOTISM '& ! DAMAG+ & /ULTIFY+ CONSEQU5CES ( AU?ORIT>IAN1 DOCTR9AIRE OR 9/ITUTIONAL SOCIALISM4' ,HE WAS ADAMANT ?AT SOCIALISM & FRE$OM W]E BO? NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = OV]COM+ OPPRESSION & CREAT+ A NEW SOCIAL ORD] & ?AT NEI!R ALONE WAS SUFFICI5T3 '444WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT FRE$OM )\T ,SOCIALISM IS PRIVILEGE & 9JU/ICE1 & ?AT ,SOCIALISM )\T FRE$OM IS SLAV]Y & BRUTALITY' 7,BAKUN91 #aiec .<#a#h#f#g.>1 P4 #b#f#i74 ,9 A PASSAGE CLE>LY DI/+UI%+ 'LIB]T>IAN' FROM 'AU?ORIT>IAN' SOCIALISM HE IMPLOR$3 ,LET US BE SOCIALI/S1 BUT LET US NEV] BECOME %EEP4 ,LET US SEEK JU/ICE1 COMPLETE POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL JU/ICE1 BUT )\T ANY SACRIFICE ( LIB]TY4 ,!RE CAN BE NO LIFE1 NO HUMANITY1 )\T LIB]TY1 & A =M ( SOCIALISM :I* EXCLUD$ LIB]TY1 OR DID NOT ACCEPT IT AS A BASIS & AS ! ONLY CREATIVE PR9CIPLE1 W\LD LEAD US /RAIT] IS EV5 MORE CRITICAL ( ,M>X4 ,:ILE ACCEPT+ ?AT HIS 'GL[+ COMM5TS ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE %[ ?AT HE WAS NOT OPPOS$ TO SOME ELEM5TS ( WORK]S' P[]1' HE >GUES ?AT 'S9CE ,M>X VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ ,BAKUN9'S EF=TS TO 5SURE ?AT ONLY LIB]T>IAN & DEC5TRALI/ MEANS W]E EMPLOY$ BY REVOLUTION>IES SO AS TO FACILITATE ! REVOLUTION REMA9+ 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S1 HE 'MU/ ACCEPT A FAIR MEASURE ( CULPABILITY = ! AU?ORIT>IAN \TCOME ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION' 7,ALAN ,C>T]1 #a#i#h#h1 P4 #b#a#h74 ,C>T] ACCUSES ,M>X1 CLAIM+ ?AT BECAUSE HE >GU$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S :O ATTEMPT$ TO PRECLUDE :AT WAS TO BECOME ! ,L59I/ =M ( REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY1 ,M>X TACITLY CONDON$ ! ,L59I/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 %ORT ,C>T] BOLDLY >GUES ?AT ',L59 DID NOT BUILD HIS !ORIES ON AIR3 !Y >OSE ON ! BASIS ( S]I\S 9ADEQUACIES 9 ,M>X'S CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE & POLITICAL P[]' 7,ALAN ,C>T]1 #a#i#h#h1 P4 #b#a#h74 ,C>T] CLAIMS ,M>X WAS 9DIFF]5T TO ! REVOLUTION>Y =MS ?R[N UP BY ! WORK]S 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,IF !Y ?REW UP LIB]T>IAN & EGALIT>IAN =MS1 ALL WELL & GOOD1 IF !Y DID NOT1 !N ?IS DOESN'T ULTIMATELY MATT] = ,M>X1 ACCORD+ TO ,C>T]1 AS 'HI/ORY W\LD V9DICATE ?OSE REVOLUTION>Y =MS ) ! ULTIMATE WI!R+ AWAY ( ! 'TRANSITIONAL' /ATE4' ,QUOT+ FROM ,! ,CIVIL ,W> DIRECTLY ,C>T] SAYS ?AT ':ATEV] REVOLUTION>Y =MS SPR+ UP >E GIV5 EXPLICIT SANCTION BY ,M>X1 AS 0,!Y . HAVE NO IDEALS TO REALIZE1 BUT TO SET FREE ! ELEM5TS ( ! NEW SOCIETY ) :I* OLD COLLAPS+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF IS PREGNANT0' 7,ALAN ,C>T]1 #a#i#h#h1 P4 #b#a#i74 ,( C\RSE1 ,M>X REJECT$ ,BAKUN9'S ANALYSIS ( REVOLUTION1 MO/ CLE>LY 9 NOTES FROM HIS READ+ ( ,BAKUN9'S ,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y4 ,HIS *IEF CRITICISM WAS ?AT ,BAKUN9 DID NOT PAY 5\< ATT5TION TO ! ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS ( REVOLUTION & ,?OMAS APPROV+LY QUOTES ,M>X RETORT TO ,BAKUN9 ?AT HE UND]/OOD NO?+ AB\T ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ?AT ITS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS DO NOT EXI/ = HIM & ?AT HE BELIEVES ?AT A RADICAL REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE 9 ANY CIRCUM/ANCES3 ',! WILL1 & NOT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 IS ! F\NDATION ( HIS SOCIAL REVOLUTION' 7,M>X1 #aigg .<#a#h#g#d.>1 P4 #e#f#b74 ,M>%ALL ,%ATZ HAS PO9T$ \T H[EV]1 :AT ,M>X DID NOT P]CEIVE SO CLE>LY WAS ?AT PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE CRITICISM MIN+ ?AT SOCIALISM MIILY DISAPPE>4 ,HE W\LD NOT 5T]TA9 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT POLITICAL DOM9ATION WAS A PRODUCT ( WILL1 & NOT SOLELY ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 & ?AT ! =M] MIDLESS ( ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AS ,BAKUN9 HELD ',IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BR+ AB\T SU* A REVOLUTION >TIFICIALLY4 ,IT IS NOT EV5 POSSIBLE TO SPE$ IT UP AT ALL SIGNIFICANTLY 444 ,!RE >E SOME P]IODS 9 HI/ORY :5 REVOLUTIONS >E QUITE SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE2 !RE >E O!R P]IODS :5 !Y >E 9EVITABLE' 7,BAKUN91 #aigc .<#a#h#g.>1 P4 #a#h#c74 ,?OMAS READILY ADMITS H[EV]1 ?AT ,BAKUN9'S CRITICISM ( ,M>X SIGNIFI$ MORE ?AN ! PRIMACY ( WILL1 YET ,?OMAS >GUES IT ALSO SIGNIFI$ AN 9DIFF]5CE TO ALL MATT]S POLITICAL AS A GUID+ CONCEPTION = ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,= ,?OMAS1 AB/5TION FROM ANY REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY ?AT C\LD BE CALL$ POLITICAL WAS OPPOS$ BITT]LY BY ,M>X1 :O REMA9$ UNTR\BL$ BY :AT HIS AN>*I/ RIVALS SAW AS AN UNBE>ABLE P>ADOX3 ?AT ( US+ POLITICAL MEANS TO TRANSC5D :AT N[ PASSES = POLITICS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,?OMAS1 ,M>X SAW NO REASON :Y ! PROLET>IAT %\LD NOT 'USE MEANS = ITS LIB]ATION :I* BECOME SUP]FLU\S AFT] ITS LIB]ATION1' ! IMPORTANT PO9T IS NOT TO ABJURE POLITICAL ACTION ACROSS ! BO>D1 LE/ IT CONTAM9ATE ! ACTOR1 BUT TO BE ABLE TO DI/+UI% AMONG DIFF]5T K9DS ( POLITICAL ACTION1 ! BETT] TO BE ABLE TO USE ?OSE ?AT W]E APPROPRIATE TO FUR!R+ ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE4 ',POLITICS1 AFT] ALL1 DOES NOT JU/ /OP JU/ BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE ?9K IT UNIMPORTANT OR DI/A/EFUL' 7,?OMAS1 #a#i#h1 P4 #c#d#c74 ,= ,?OMAS1 ,M>X MAKES A CRUCIAL DI/9CTION AB\T ! ,/ATE1 A DI/9CTION ?AT MEANT LITTLE TO ! AN>*I/S TO :OM ANY ,/ATE WAS ! MA9 5EMY & POLITICS AN UNCONDITIONAL EVIL2 BUT TO ,M>X1 :O REG>D$ ! CATEGORY '! /ATE' AS AN AB/RACTION1 IT MEANT A GREAT DEAL4 ,F> FROM D5IGRAT+ ! POSITIVE ACCOMPLI%M5TS BR\X 9SI/$ ?AT POLITICAL RE=MS MAK+ ! ,/ATE MORE LIB]AL & MORE DEMOCRATIC W]E LAUDABLE & WOR?Y ( SUPPORT4 ,:AT HE HAD T]M$ 'POLITICAL EMANCIPATION' E>LI] 9 ,ON ! ,JEWI% ,QUE/ION - ! FRE$OM SIGNIFI$ BY ! ,FR5* & O!R B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 :I* CONSI/$ 9 LIB]AL DEMOCRACY1 =MAL FRE$OMS & P>LIAM5T>ISM - M>KS A RADICALLY UNSUB/ANTIAT$ /AGE ( FRE$OM 9 ITS TRUE NOTION1 ( REAL1 'HUMAN EMANCIPATION1' ! NE$ = :I* IT CANNOT SATISFY1 & ! \TL9ES ( :I* IT CAN BUT DIMLY DISC]N4 ,YET IT IS A /AGE1 & ! GA9S D5OT$ BY 'POLITICAL EMANCIPATION' >E NO LESS REAL BY VIRTUE ( !IR 9COMPLETE *>ACT]2 !Y >E NOT TO BE DESPIS$ OR IGNOR$ BUT RECOGNIZ$ &1 :]E APPROPRIATE1 PUT TO GOOD USE BY ?OSE HAV+ AN 9T]E/ 9 REVOLUTION>Y EMANCIPATION 9 ITS MORE SUB/ANTIAT$ =M 7,?OMAS1 #a#i#h1 P4 #c#d#d74 ,SUPPORT+ ?IS >GUM5T ON H[ POLITICS CAN BE PUT TO GOOD USE ,?OMAS CITES ,M>X'S WILL+NESS TO QUOTE ! ',T5 ,H\RS ,BILL' OR ',FACTORY ,ACT' PASS$ 9 #a#h#d#f4 ,M>X CALL$ ! PASS+ ( ?IS ACT 'A GREAT PRACTICAL SUCCESS2 IT WAS ! VICTORY ( A PR9CIPLE2 IT WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT 9 BROAD DAYLIX1 #aigg .<#a#h#f#d.>1 P4#e#c#e74 ,WRIT+ ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ,BAKUN9 EXPLA9$ ! DIVIDE BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S 7OR COLLECTIVI/S7 FROM ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S4 ,:ILE BO? FACTIONS EQUALLY DESIRE ! CREATION ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON ! ORGANIZATION ( COLLECTIVE WORK1 ON EQUALITY & ! COLLECTIVE APPROPRIATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 ONLY ! COMMUNI/S IMAG9$ !Y C\LD ATTA9 ?IS BY ! ORGANIZATION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 PR9CIPALLY ( ! URBAN PROLET>IAT4 ,9 CONTRA/ ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ?9K ?AT '!Y WILL NOT BE ABLE TO ATTA9 ?IS GOAL EXCEPT BY ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION1 NOT ( ! POLITICAL1 BUT ( ! SOCIAL P[] . ( ! WORK+ MASSES AS MU* AS 9 ! T[NS AS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE444' 7,BAKUN91 #aigc .<#a#h#g#a.>1 PP4 #a-#b74 ,! REVOLUTION IS NOT RE/RICT$ TO ! URBAN PROLET>IAT OR EV5 RURAL WORK]S1 BUT IS OP5 TO ALL PEOPLE ( GOOD WILL1 9CLUD+ ?OSE =M]LY FROM ! UPP] CLASSES1 :O WI%$ TO JO9 & ACCEPT ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ) S9C]ITY4 ,BY MAK+ ?IS APPEAL ,BAKUN9 HOPES TO %[ H[ A NON-AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T G5U9ELY AIMS = A SPONTANE\S MASS UPRIS+1 NOT RE/RICT+ ITS APPEAL TO ONE ECONOMIC CLASS ) A SPECIFIC RELATION%IP TO ! PREVAIL+ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,= ,BAKUN91 ,M>X PUT TOO MU* FAI? 9 ! 9EVITABLE PROGRESS ( SCI5CE1 & C\LD ONLY SEE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL AS CONF9$ TO ! N>R[ >5A ( ! URBAN FACTORY FLOOR4 ,?IS WAS REPRES5TATIVE ( A BROAD] CITY_/C\NTRY DIVIDE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4.<#c#b#c.> ,! DI/9CTION MADE BY ,BAKUN9 H]E BETWE5 ! T]MS POLITICAL & SOCIAL IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,SEV]AL COMM5TATORS1 7= EXAMPLE1 ,LEHN+1 ,SALTMAN & ,MC,LAU*ISM )\T ! /RUCTURE & BUREAUCRACY ( A /ATE APP>ATUS IS AV[$LY 'NONPOLITICAL4' ,NO IMPOS$ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION = ,BAKUN9 CAN SATISFY ! NE$S ( EV]YBODY1 SU* AN ORGANIZATION 'WILL NEV] BE ANY?+ BUT A ,PROCRU/EAN B$ :I* ! MORE OR LESS OBVI\S VIOL5CE ( ! ,/ATE WILL BE ABLE TO =CE UNHAPPY SOCIETY TO LIE D[N ON' 7,BAKUN91 #aigc .<#a#h#g#a.>1 P4 #d74 ,HE >GUES ?AT ?IS IS :AT HAS ALWAYS HAPP5$ UNTIL N[ 9 HI/ORY1 & IT IS EXACTLY ?IS OLD SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION BY =CE ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ /OP4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION DOES ?IS BY GIV+ BACK !IR COMPLETE FRE$OM TO ! MASSES1 GR\PS1 COMMUNES1 ASSOCIATIONS1 & 9DIVIDUALS & BY DE/ROY+ = ONCE & = ALL ! HI/ORIC CAUSE ( ALL ! VIOL5T ACTS - ! /ATE4 ,CONCLUSION -- ,P5UMBRA OR CONV]G5CE8 ,?OMAS CLAIMS ?AT :ILE ,M>X MAY HAVE GOT ! BETT] ( HIS AN>*I/ RIVALS1 HE PAID A HEAVY PRICE = HIS SUCCESS & ! F9AL RECKON+ AWAITS SETTLEM5T4 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ H[EV]1 ?AT ,M>X'S 'SUCCESS' AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS 9 #ahgb WAS AT MO/1 A ,PYRRHIC VICTORY4 ,?OMAS CORRECTLY PR$ICT$ ?\< ?AT ! LA/ HAD NOT BE5 HE>D FROM ! AN>*I/S AS !Y HAVE \TLIV$ ! HI/ORICAL CONTEXT 9 :I* !IR DOCTR9E FIR/ APPE>$3 ,?IS CONTEXT OV]LAPS SIGNIFICANTLY ) ?AT ( ! GR[? ( ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E2 BUT SU* AN OV]LAP DOES NOT SUGGE/ A CONV]G5CE1 UNLESS WE ASSUME1 AGA9/ ALL ! EVID5CE1 A HOMOG5EITY ( \TLOOK )9 ! ,LEFT1 OR AN EQUALLY UNLIKELY WILL+NESS TO COMPROMISE ( ! TYPE ?AT NEI!R ,M>XI/S NOR AN>*I/S HAVE YET BE5 EAG] TO REVEAL' 7,?OMAS1 #a#i#h1 P4 #b74 ,?OMAS HOLDS ! BELIEF '?AT 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS ,M>XISM EXPRESSES MORE 9TELLECTUAL & HUMAN CONT5T1 & HAS GREAT] POLITICAL S5SE1 ?AN ITS AN>*I/ RIVALS HAVE G5]ALLY DISPLAY$4' ,BUT HE CONC$ES ?AT ?IS LA/ ANALYSIS HAS YET TO BE REA*$ & ! F9AL WORD AB\T !SE ISSUES HAS YET TO BE WRITT5 7,?OMAS1 #a#i#h1 P4 #d74 ,?IS CONF]5CE IS TE/AM5T TO ?AT FACT4 ,:ILE ,I RETA9 SYMPA?Y ) ,GU]9'S 9T5TION 9 ATTEMPT+ TO WORK \T SOME !ORETICAL SYN!SIS BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM BAS$ ON ! ,ADDRESS ( #a#h#g#a1 IT IS TOO AMBITI\S A PROJECT AS ,I ?9K ,I HAVE %[N ?AT ! DIFF]5CES RUN TOO DEEP4 ',:5 LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/S TRY TO DI/+UI% !MSELVES FROM AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/S1 !Y ADOPT A /ANCE =BIDD5 BY ,M>X'S POLITICAL !ORY' 7,ALAN ,C>T]1 #a#i#h#h1 P4 #b#a#i74 ,BAKUN9'S UNCOMPROMIS+ CONSI/5CY 9 DEM&+ ?AT FRE$OM & EQUALITY BE REALIZ$ BO? 9 ANY SOCIAL REVOLUTION & PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY DI/+UI%$ AN>*ISM FROM ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM4 ,9 DISC]N+ ?AT ! IMPOSITION ( SOCIALISM )\T FRE$OM W\LD LEAD NOT ONLY TO FAILURE1 BUT WORSE1 TO 9JU/ICES & 9EQUALITIES NO BETT] ?AN ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM !Y PURPORT$ TO TRANSC5D1 ,BAKUN9 SUBJECT$ ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM TO A P]CEPTIVE & CRITICAL JUDGM5T4 ,! ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION & ,/ATE FAIL ON !IR [N T]MS1 !Y CANNOT 5ABLE ! V]Y LIB]ATION !Y PR(ESS TO EFFECT BECAUSE !Y >E BY NATURE 9COMPATIBLE ) SOCIALISM & FRE$OM1 ) SOCIALISM & EQUALITY4 ,?IS IS NOT H9DSIT ( ,BAKUN9 & AN>*I/S1 ,PR\DHON W>N$ ( IT AS E>LY AS #ahdd & ,BAKUN9 FROM BE=E #a#h#g#a-#b & ! ACRIMONI\S SPLIT 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! CONNECT$ & SU/A9$ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM CONT9U$ ) ,KROPOTK9 & CAME FULL CIRCLE ) ,GOLDMAN'S EVALUATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,MANY DEF5D]S ( ,BAKUN9 JU/IFIABLY HIIAN SOCIALISM 9 PRACTICE1 & RIX >E LUCID & EV5 AT ?IS DI/ANCE /ILL IMPRESSIVE 9 !IR PRESCI5CE4 ,I ALSO REJECT ,?OMAS' CONT5TION ?AT ! DISPUTES BETWE5 ,M>X & ! AN>*I/S HAVE V9DICAT$ ! =M]1 9 FACT ! OPPOSITE SEEMS MU* MORE PLAUSIBLY TO BE ! CASE1 ! /R5G?1 BREAD? & TIM+ ( AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ACTUALLY V9DICATES !M4 ,?IS CRITIQUE - SUMM>IZ$ BY ',SOCIALISM WILL BE FREE OR IT WILL NOT BE AT ALL' IS A KEY OR 9DICATION ( A MORE LIB]T>IAN ,M>X1 BUT ?AT IS ALL IT IS4 ,IT REPRES5TS ! POSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ ON COMMON GR\ND BUT REQUIRES ! SPECIFIC & N>R[LY HELD V]SION ( EA* IDEOLOGY 7,M>X ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ V]SION ( AN>*ISM7 AS TO BE WIDELY ADOPT$ OR ACCEPT$ EI!R BY ,M>XI/S OR C]TA9LY ! EV5 MORE DIV]SE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,SO :ILE ,I AGREE ) ,?OMAS ?AT ! MORE APT METAPHOR = ! 9T]-RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM IS A P5UMBRA & NOT A CONV]G5CE1 HE IS RIISON ( ! TWO /R&S ( ?\IAN & ! LIB]T>IAN7 ALONE IS NOT 5\< TO RECONCILE AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 ,I /ILL ?9K ?IS =M ( ANALYSIS1 AS >TICULAT$ 9 SLI*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,*OMSKY SYMPA?IZES ) ! >GUM5T ?AT POPUL> REVOLUTIONS1 SEEK+ TO REPLACE 'A FEUDAL OR C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY RUL+ BY =CE' ) SOME =M ( COMMUNAL SY/EM :I* 'IMPLIES ! DE/RUCTION & DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! OLD =M ( ! ,/ATE1' WILL EI!R BE SOCIALI/ OR AN 'EXTREME =M ( DEMOCRACY 444 .<:I* IS.> 444 ! PRELIM9>Y CONDITION = SOCIALISM 9ASMU* AS ,SOCIALISM CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ 9 A WORLD 5JOY+ ! HI AS ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE IS ! PLACE TO />T1 IT ALONE CANNOT BE> ! 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