,P>T #i1 ,*APT] #d 
,A ',BOHEMIAN FREELANC]'8 ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 HIS E>LY RELATION%IP TO AN>*ISM & ! 9TELLECTUAL ORIG9S ( AUTONOMISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI 

,TEXT 3 

,A ',BOHEMIAN FREELANC]'8 ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 HIS E>LY RELATION%IP TO AN>*ISM & ! 9TELLECTUAL ORIG9S ( AUTONOMISM.<#c#b#d.> 

,*RI/IAN ,HOGSBJ]G 

,?AT ! MATURE ,M>XISM ( ! LATE ,TR9IDADIAN 9TELLECTUAL & ACTIVI/ ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES 7#a#i#a-#a#i#h#i71 ONE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY'S MO/ ORIG9AL CONTRIBUTORS TO :AT ,HAL ,DRAP] HAS T]M$ ! REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRATIC TRADITION ( 'SOCIALISM FROM BEL[1' SEEM$ TO HAVE SOME SORT ( RELATION%IP TO AN>*ISM HAS (T5 BE5 ALLUD$ TO1 ?\< ,JAMES'S ACTUAL RELATION%IP TO AN>*ISM & AN>*I/S REMA9S RELATIVELY UNKN[N1 & SADLY NOT A MATT] :I* IS DISCUSS$ AT L5G? 9 ! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE ( ,JAMES-S*OL>%IP4.<#c#b#e.> ,9 #a#i#h#a1 ,PAUL ,B]MAN1 9 PROBABLY :AT /ILL /&S AS ! MO/ EXT5D$ DISCUSSION ( ,JAMES & AN>*ISM1 ?\<T ,JAMES ULTIMATELY HAD COME UP ) 'A V]SION ( SOCIALISM ?AT WITT+LY OR UNWITT+LY 9CORPORATES ELEM5TS ( AN>*ISM )9 A L>G] ,M>XI/ FRAMEWORK4'.<#c#b#f.> ,9 #a#i#h#g1 ,JAMES ,D ,Y\NG1 SUBSEQU5TLY AU?OR ( ,! ,WORLD ( ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 NOT$ ',JAMES WAS ALWAYS A DISSID5T ) A T\* ( AN>*I/ DISAFFECTION4'.<#c#b#g.> ,9 #a#i#h#i1 9 AN OBITU>Y ( ,JAMES1 ,ROB9 ,BLACKBURN DECL>$ ,JAMES'S HI<LY ORIG9AL 9T]PRETATION ( ,L59ISM MEANT ,JAMES WAS AN ',AN>*O-,BOL%EVIK1' :ILE ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON APP>5TLY W5T AS F> AS TO SPEAK ( ,JAMES'S WRIT+ NOT JU/ BE+ '9FUS$ ) A LIB]T>IAN T5D5CY' BUT ( ,JAMES'S '9/9CTIVE1 UN>TICULAT$ AN>*ISM4'.<#c#b#h.> 

,YET !RE IS A PROBLEM H]E1 AS IF ,JAMES WAS 9 SOME WAY AN AN>*I/1 HIS 'AN>*ISM' WAS NOT SIMPLY 'UN>TICULAT$' -- RA!R1 ,JAMES WAS AB\T AS EXPLICIT AS HE C\LD GET 9 >TICULAT+ \TRI<T OPPOSITION4 ,9 #a#i#d#h1 9 ,NOTES ON ,DIALECTICS = EXAMPLE1 ,JAMES CASUALLY NOT$ 9 PASS+ ?AT '! ,PR\DHONI/S & ,BAKUN9I/S 
REPRES5T$ ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/IC 9FLU5CES 9 ! PROLET>IAT' AT ! TIME ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL :I* LO/ \T TO ,M>XISM 'BECAUSE ( ! DECL9E ( ! PETTY- B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM 9 CAPITALISM AS A :OLE1' :ILE HE ALSO COMM5T$ ON ! FAIL+S ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W>4.<#c#b#i.> ,AS ,B]MAN ADMITT$1 ,JAMES 

'HAS ALWAYS CALL$ HIMSELF1 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+1 A ,L59I/444AS TO AN>*ISM1 9 ALL ( HIS WRIT+S HE CONDEMNS IT =CEFULLY4 ,BUT ,I MU/ SAY1 ,JAMES'S =CEFULNESS ON ?IS PO9T REM9DS ME ( NO?+ SO MU* AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S SIMIL> =CEFULNESS 9 ! OP5+ PAGES ( ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE -- AN 9/ANCE ( PROTE/+ TOO MU*4'.<#c#c.> 

,YET ,PAUL ,BUHLE IS SURELY CLOS] TO ! M>K :5 HE DESCRIBES ANY REF]5CE TO ,JAMES'S POLITICS AS 'AN>*I/' 9 'ITS TREATM5T ( P>TY & /ATE' AS A 'S9C]E BUT MI/AK5' POSITION4.<#c#c#a.> 

,?IS PAP] WILL NOT EXPLORE :Y ?AT IS ! CASE 9 DETAIL1 :I* W\LD REQUIRE A SY/EMATIC EXPOSITION ( H[ ,JAMES TOGE!R ) HIS COMRADES 9 ! ',JOHNSON- ,=E/ ,T5D5CY' 9SIDE ,AM]ICAN ,TROTSKYISM1 ABOVE ALL ,RAYA ,DUNAYEVSKAYA & ,GRACE ,LEE ,BOGGS1 TRI$ TO1 9 ,JAMES'S [N WORDS1 'WORK ?R\< ,L59ISM' DUR+ & AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 9 ORD] TO TRY TO COME TO T]MS ) ! CRISIS ?AT HAD OV]COME NOT JU/ ,M>XISM BUT ! WID] WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T 9 A P]IOD DOM9AT$ BY ,/AL9ISM & ,FASCISM4.<#c#c#b.> ,SO = EXAMPLE1 JU/ AS ! EXIL$ ,L59 9 #aiad TURN$ 9 DESPAIR TO ! LIBR>Y & A S]I\S /UDY ( ! ,HEGELIAN DIALECTICS TO PRODUCE HIS ',PHILOSOPHICAL ,NOTEBOOKS1' SO ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY N[ SP5T H\RS 5GAG$ 9 S]I\S /UDY ( ! ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH] ,HEGEL4 ,?IS 'WORK+ ?R\<' ,L59ISM NECESSITAT$ A BREAK ) ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( 'OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM1' A MOVEM5T ,JAMES HAD BE5 COMMITT$ TO S9CE BECOM+ AN ORGANIZ$ 
REVOLUTION>Y 9 #aicd BUT ?IS BREAK WAS CONCEIV$ AS A CONSCI\S ATTEMPT TO NOT ONLY RETURN TO CLASSICAL ,M>XISM AS UND]/OOD BY ,M>X & ,L59 -- BUT ALSO TO DEVELOP ?AT TRADITION SO IT FITT$ ) ! NEW REALITIES ( ! PO/ W> WORLD1 TO AS HE PUT IT1 MAKE '\R [N LEAP FROM ! HEI<TS ( ,L59ISM4'.<#c#c#c.> ,LEON ,TROTSKY DUR+ ! #a#i#cS 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! HI/ORIC COLLAPSE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL AS ANY K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y =CE -- SOME?+ CONFIRM$ AFT] ! GREATE/ DEFEAT SUFF]$ BY ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS 9 WORLD HI/ORY1 ! VICTORY ( ,HITL]'S ,NAZIS 9 #aicc -- HAD >GU$ = ! CRITICAL IMPORTANCE ( F\ND+ ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL :I* = ,TROTSKY REPRES5T$ ! SOLUTION TO :AT HE CALL$ ! HI/ORIC 'CRISIS ( REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP' GRIPP+ ! (FICIAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,AGA9/ ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY DUR+ ! #a#i#dS FELT ! CRITICAL CRISIS ( ! AGE WAS 9/EAD :AT !Y CALL$ ! 'CRISIS ( ! SELFMOBILISATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1' & SO >GU$ = A GREAT] /RESS & FOCUS ON :AT ,JAMES CALL$ 'FREE CREATIVE ACTIVITY' & 'DISCIPL9$ SPONTANEITY1' ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF AUTONOM\S ( (FICIAL POLITICAL P>TIES & TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACIES4.<#c#c#d.> ,YET AS ,JAMES PUT IT 9 ,NOTES ON ,DIALECTICS1 

'WE HAVE >RIV$1 >E >RIV+ AT ,M>XI/ IDEAS = \R TIME \T ( ,TROTSKYISM4 ,WE W\LD NOT COME \T ( ,/AL9ISM1 OR SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 OR AN>*ISM4 ,DESPITE EV]Y BLUND]1 & WE HAVE NOT SP>$ !M1 ,TROTSKYISM WAS & REMA9S 9 ! TRULY DIALECTICAL S5SE1 ! ONLY !ORETICAL REVOLUTION>Y CURR5T S9CE ,L59ISM444WE CAME FROM !RE & C\LD HAVE ONLY COME FROM !RE4'.<#c#c#e.> 

,H[EV]1 BECAUSE ATT5TION ON ,JAMES & AN>*ISM REMA9S SO UND]EXPLOR$ 9 ! LIT]ATURE1 ?IS PAP] WILL FIR/ EXPLORE ,JAMES'S E>LY RELATION%IP TO AN>*ISM -- :I* MAY ?R[ SOME LI<T ON :Y ,LEON ,TROTSKY W\LD REF] TO HIS ]/:ILE LOYAL LIEUT5ANT FROM ,TR9IDAD ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES 9 A PRIVATE LETT] 9 #aid AS A ',BOHEMIAN FREELANC]' -- BE=E MAK+ SOME T5TATIVE COMM5TS AB\T H[ & :Y ,JAMES'S MATURE ,M>XISM CAME TO BE AN 9TELLECTUAL 9FLU5CE = ?OSE :O W\LD LAT] DEVELOP :AT WE N[ CALL AUTONOMISM1 ABOVE ALL 9 ,ITALY4.<#c#c#f.> 

,RA!R ?AN BE+ AN '9/9CTIVE AN>*I/1' ! E>LY POLITICS ( ,JAMES1 SU* AS !Y W]E :ILE A Y\NG TEA*]1 J\RNALI/ & WRIT] 9 ! ,BRITI% ,CR[N ,COLONY ( 
,TR9IDAD W]E DI/9CTLY ( ! GRADUAL1 PRACTICAL1 /ATI/1 RE=MI/ V>IETY4 ,HE WAS A DEMOCRAT 9 A C\NTRY )\T ANY MEAN+FUL DEMOCRACY1 A P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALI/ 9 A C\NTRY )\T A MEAN+FUL P>LIAM5T4 ,JAMES'S H]O AT ! TIME1 & ! SUBJECT ( HIS FIR/ BOOK 9 #a#i#c#b1 WAS ,CAPTA9 ,&RE ,CIPRIANI1 ! =M] ,COMM&+ ,(FIC] ( ! ,BRITI% ,WE/ ,9DIA ,REGIM5T 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> & !N LEAD] ( ! MASS SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC NATIONALI/ ,TR9IDAD ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,T4,W4,A474 ,9SPIR$ 9 P>T ALSO BY ,G&HI & ,M>CUS ,G>VEY1 ,JAMES BECAME A CAMPAIGN] = ',WE/ ,9DIAN SELF-GOV]NM5T1' BUT AT ?IS /AGE HE WAS V]Y F> FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ & 'CLASS /RUGGLE ,PAN-,AFRICANI/' HE W\LD BECOME4 ,IF ',CONS]VATISM UNPRODD$ H>D5S 9TO TYRANNY1 RADICALISM UN*ECK$ DEG5]ATES 9TO *AOS1' HE WROTE 9 ONE #aica >TICLE4.<#c#c#g.> ,IF ANY?+1 ,JAMES WAS A LIB]AL HUMANI/ :O ASPIR$ TO LIVE BY ! T5ETS ( ,MAT!W ,>NOLD1 BUT HIS ATTEMPT TO S9C]ELY FOLL[ ,>NOLDIAN IDEALS L$ HIM TO FIR/ IMPLICITLY & !N EXPLICITLY CRITIQUE ,BRITI% COLONIAL RULE4 ,HE JO9$ UP ) O!R WRIT]S >\ND TWO LIT]>Y J\RNALS1 ,TR9IDAD & !N ,! ,BEACON1 ! LATT] ( :I* ! $ITOR ,ALB]T ,GOMES RECALL$3 

'BECAME ! FOCUS ( A MOVEM5T ( 5LI<T5M5T SPE>HEAD$ BY ,TR9IDAD'S ANGRY Y\NG M5 ( ! ,?IRTIES4 ,IT WAS ! TORPOR1 ! SMUGNESS & ! HYPOCRISY ( ! ,TR9IDAD ( ! P]IOD ?AT PROVOK$ ! RESPONSE :I* PRODUC$ BO? ! MAGAZ9E & ! DEFIANT BOHEMIANISM ( ! MOVEM5T ?AT WAS BUILT >\ND IT4'.<#c#c#h.> 

,IF P]HAPS NOT !RE=E QUITE AN '9/9CTIVE AN>*I/1' ,JAMES SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 SOME?+ ( AN '9/9CTIVE ,BOHEMIAN FREELANC]4'.<#c#c#i.> ,>RIV+ 9 ,BRITA9 9 #a#i#c#b1 WITNESS+ ! ,LANCA%IRE COTTON TEXTILE WORK]S /RIKE :ILE UP 9 ,NELSON1 & !N READ+ ,LEON ,TROTSKY'S ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AMID ! CONDITIONS ( ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION & ! TRIUMPH ( ,HITL]'S ,NAZIS 9 #aicc L$ ,JAMES TO POLITICALLY RADICALIZE :ILE WORK+ AS ! ,MAN*E/] ,GU>DIAN'S CRICKET CORRESPOND5T4 ,9 #a#i#c#d1 ,JAMES LEFT ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY :I* HE HAD JO9$ 9 SOLID>ITY ) ,CIPRANI'S ,T4,W4,A4 & JO9$ ! T9Y ,BRITI% ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T1 9 
P>TICUL> ! SECTION ( IT 9SIDE ! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,I4,L4,P471 ! ,M>XI/ ,GR\P4 

,JAMES ORI5TAT$ TO ,TROTSKYISM L>GELY ?R\< HIS [N CRITICAL 9DEP5D5T READ+1 BUT IT WAS :ILE SE>*+ \T ,M>XI/ CLASSICS 9 ,LONDON 9 #aicc ?AT HE HAPP5$ TO VISIT A BOOK%OP ON #fh ,R$ ,LION ,/REET1 QUITE NE> :]E ,JAMES LIV$ DUR+ MO/ ( ! #a#i#cS1 CALL$ ,LAHR1 [N$ BY AN AN>*I/ FROM ,G]MANY1 ,*>LIE ,LAHR4 ,LAHR WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,DAVID ,GOODWAY1 'V]Y PROBABLY ! LA/' 9 ! L9E1 '/RET*+ BACK TO ! LATE EI<TE5?-C5TURY1' ( 'GREAT ,LONDON RADICAL BOOKSELL]S- CUM-PUBLI%]S4'.<#c#d.> ,HIS BOOK%OP1 ACCORD+ TO ,JONA?AN ,ROSE DUR+ ! #a#i#cS WAS 'A MECCA = D[N & \T ,NIETZS*EANS & SCRUFFY POETS4'.<#c#d#a.> ,JAMES REMEMB]S ,LAHR SOON 'GOT 9T]E/$ 9 :AT ,I WAS DO+ & W\LD PUT ASIDE A BOOK OR PAMPHLET = ME HE KNEW OR ?\<T W\LD 9T]E/ ME4'.<#c#d#b.> ,! TWO SOON =M$ :AT ,JAMES DESCRIBES AS 'A CURI\S P>TN]%IP1' ) ,LAHR HELP+ ,JAMES BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) KN[L$GE ( ! REACTION>Y NATURE ( 9DIVIDUAL ,LABOR LEAD]S & ,BRITI% TRADE UNION BUREAUCRATS -- & ,JAMES LE>N$ MU* P>TICUL>LY AB\T CONTEMPOR>Y ,G]MANY & ,HITL]'S RISE FROM P[]4.<#c#d#c.> ,ONE MI<T SURMISE ?AT IT WAS ,LAHR :O ALSO RECOMM5D$ ,JAMES READ ,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#i7 AS P>T ( HIS ONGO+ RESE>* ON ! ,HAITIAN ,REVOLUTION1 A WORK :I* ,JAMES 9 HIS #ai* CLASSIC ,! ,BLACK ,JACOB9S DESCRIB$ AS HAV+ A 'MORE 9/9CTIVE UND]/&+ ( REVOLUTION ?AN ANY WELL-KN[N BOOK ON ?IS SUBJECT' & 9 #aifc W\LD EV5 DESCRIBE AS '! BE/ G5]AL BOOK 9 ,5GLI%' ON ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4.<#c#d#d.> 

,YET AS WELL AS ,JAMES'S S5SE ( FAIR PLAY & CRITICAL ?9K+ ABILITIES :I* L$ HIM TO READ WIDELY1 ( MORE SIGNIFICANCE 9 MY OP9ION 9 ! MAK+ ( ,JAMES 
9TO A CREATIVE & DI/9CTLY ANTI-/ATI/ ,M>XI/ WAS ! :OLE 5VIRONM5T ( F>-LEFT POLITICS 9 #a#i#cS ,BRITA91 & ! ECLECTIC MILIEU >\ND ! ,I4,L4,P41 ) ITS V>I\S TRADITIONS 9CLUD+ C\NCIL COMMUNISM & DIV]SE O!R =MS ( NON-,L59I/ SOCIALISMS4.<#c#d#e.> ,= US IT IS P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+ H]E TO NOTE ?AT ,JAMES1 FA/ EM]G+ AS ! 9TELLECTUAL DRIV+ =CE ( ,BRITI% ,TROTSKYISM DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 WAS ON REASONABLY GOOD T]MS ) SOME ( ! LEAD+ AN>*I/S 9 ,BRITA9 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 9CLUD+ ! VET]AN ,GUY ,ALDR$ :O HE MET 9 ,GLASG[4.<#c#d#f.> ,ALSO ALMO/ BY ACCID5T ,JAMES CROSS$ PA?S ) ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 A Y\NG AN>*I/ FROM ,ITALY :O WAS $ITOR ( ,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD1 ! MA9 ,BRITI% AN>*I/ PAP] ( ! DAY 7PREVI\SLY & SUBSEQU5TLY CALL$ ,FRE$OM7 :I* ,RI*>DS HAD LAUN*$ 9 ,LONDON 9 LATE #aicf :ILE ONLY #ba YE>S OLD4.<#c#d#g.> ,AS ! $ITOR ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ J\RNAL ,FI<T 7LAUN*$ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f71 ,JAMES MET ,RI*>DS ON ONE ( HIS REGUL> VISITS TO ! PR9T]S AT ,N>OD ,PRESS 9 #a#b#i_/#a#c#a ,B$=D ,/REET1 ,:ITE*APEL1 :I* WAS RUN BY A TEAM ( ,JEWI% APPR5TICES UND] ',PAPA ,N>ODITSKY' & HIS ?REE SONS4 ,AS ,RI*>DS REMEMB]$1 'AP>T FROM ! BOYS !MSELVES444ONE HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO MEET O!R $ITORS SUP]VIS+ !IR J\RNALS1' 9CLUD+ '! G5TLE-SPEAK+ ,WE/ ,9DIAN ,M>XI/ ,C,L,R ,JAMES :O WAS PRODUC+ HIS ,FI<T6 ,NO PUN*-UPS1 POLITICAL OR O!RWISE4'.<#c#d#h.> ,9DE$1 ,JAMES W\LD ON OCCASION RALLY TO ! SIDE ( ! T9Y ,BRITI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! ,I4,L4,P4 & ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,FI<T4.<#c#d#i.> 

,9DE$1 ,RI*>DS'S PUBLICATION ,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD SUGGE/S SOME?+ AB\T ! WID] CONNECTION BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ! ,PAN-,AFRICANI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA9 
9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ,JAMES ) HIS COMPATRIOT & BOYHOOD FRI5D1 ,GEORGE ,PADMORE1 LAUN*$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AFRICAN ,S]VICE ,BUREAU 7,I4,A4,S4,B47 9 ,LONDON1 & ! TITLE AT LEA/ ( ! ,I4,A4,S4,B4'S #aicg NEWSLETT]1 ,AFRICA & ! ,WORLD1 SEEMS 9SPIR$ BY ! AN>*I/ ,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD4 ,! PRES5CE AMONG ! PATRONS ( ! ,I4,A4,S4,B4 ( ,F4,A4 ,RIDLEY1 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ 9TELLECTUAL & MEMB] ( ! ,I4,L4,P41 :O CALL$ = AN 'AN>*O-,M>XI/ ALLIANCE' 9 #a#i#c#h1 IS P]HAPS SIGNIFICANT4.<#c#e.> ,!RE >E TANTALIZ+ GLIMPSES 9 ,E!L ,MANN9'S SATIRICAL #aide NOVEL ,COMRADE ,O ' ,COMRADE ( ONE KEY ,PAN-,AFRICANI/ 9 ,BRITA9 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ! ,B>BADIAN VET]AN ORGANIZ] ( COLONIAL SEAM5 -- ,*RIS ,BRAI!WAITE -- BETT] KN[N UND] HIS PSEUDONYM ,*RIS ,JONES -- SPEAK+ ALONGSIDE ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN ON MEET+S ON ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 ,LONDON DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,MANN9 NOTES ?AT ,BRAI!WAITE TOOK ! OPPORTUNITY 'TO PUT ! ANTI-,IMP]IALI/ CASE1 ) SPECIAL REF]5CE TO ,AFRICA1' SOME?+ ,MANN9 MAKES LI<T ( GIV5 ! MEET+ WAS !ORETICALLY ON ,SPA91 BUT ACTUALLY NOT TO BE PASS$ OV] LI<TLY GIV5 ! CRITICAL QUE/ION ( ! ,MOROCCAN TROOPS :O F\<T = ,G5]AL ,FRANCO ON ! VAGUE PROMISE ( COLONIAL LIB]ATION1 A PROMISE ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC WAS UNWILL+ TO MAKE4.<#c#e#a.> ,GEORGE ,PADMORE W\LD LAT] RECALL ! P]IOD 'IMM$IATELY BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>444WAS ONE ( ! MO/ /IMULAT+ & CON/RUCTIVE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,PAN-,AFRICANISM1' NOT+ ?AT BLACK 9TELLECTUALS MADE :AT HE CALL$ A 'DETAIL$ & SY/EMATIC /UDY ( ,EUROPEAN POLITICAL !ORIES & SY/EMS' AMONG :I* HE 9CLUD$ ,AN>*ISM4.<#c#e#b.> 

,?AT SAID1 ( CRITICAL IMPORTANCE 9 S[+ ! SE$S ( ,JAMES'S LAT] BREAK ) OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM DUR+ ! #a#i#cS WAS ! IMPACT ( TWO EXT]NAL EV5TS :I* REVEAL$ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ,/AL9ISM -- ! ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS & ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,!SE W]E ALSO TO BE CRITICAL = ! POLITICAL EVOLUTION ( ,JAMES'S KEY 9TELLECTUAL COLLABORATOR DUR+ ! #a#i#dS1 ,RAYA ,DUNAYEVSKAYA4 ,AS ,PET] ,HUDIS HAS NOT$1 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 9 P>TICUL> 

'PRES5T$ REVOLUTION>IES ) :AT ,DUNAYEVSKAYA WAS LAT] TO CALL ! 0ABSOLUTE CONTRADICTION0 ( \R AGE -- ! EM]G5CE ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION FROM )9 REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY ! ,/AL9I/S1 H[EV]1 :OSE ROLE WAS COMPROMIS$ BY !SE EV5TS4 ,= ! V>I\S ANTI-,/AL9I/ T5D5CIES1 BE !Y ,TROTSKYI/1 AN>*I/ OR 9DEP5D5T1 FAIL$ TO SUCCESSFULLY COMBAT ! NEW PH5OM5ON ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION EM]G+ FROM ) REVOLUTION4' 

,TROTSKY'S ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE SECRET>Y FROM #a#i#c#g-#c#h1 ,DUNAYEVSKAYA LAT] RECALL$ H[ %E FIR/ BECAME CRITICAL ( ,TROTSKY'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A 'DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE' DUR+ ?IS TUMULTU\S P]IOD4 ',\T ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> !RE EM]G$ A NEW K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y :O POS$ QUE/IONS1 NOT ONLY AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM1 BUT AGA9/ ,TROTSKYISM1 9DE$ AGA9/ ALL E/ABLI%$ ,M>XISMS4'.<#c#e#c.> 

,JAMES SIMIL>LY BEGAN TO ASK QUE/IONS ( ,TROTSKY'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$ -- A WORK :I* ,TROTSKY HAD COMPLET$ 9 ,JUNE #aicf -- SO BE=E ! ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS & ! ,/AL9I/ SUPPRESSION ( ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 & AN>*I/S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,9DE$1 BY ! TIME HE WROTE HIS PIONE]+ ANTI-,/AL9I/ ,M>XI/ HI/ORY ( '! RISE & FALL ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1' ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 ,JAMES :ILE /ILL =M]LY ACCEPT+ ,TROTSKY'S ANALYSIS WAS ALREADY TAK+ A H>D] L9E ON ,/AL9ISM & %[+ AN OP5NESS TO ?OSE >GU+ ?AT ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA HAD BECOME A /ATE CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SPECIAL ,BRAN* OP]ATIVES1 :5 ,JAMES SPOKE 9 ,LONDON 9 DEF5SE ( ,TROTSKY AFT] ! FIR/ ,MOSC[ ,TRIAL ON #i ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f1 'HE COMP>$ ! CONDITIONS ( ! ,BRITI% & ,RUSSIAN WORK]S1 ADD+ ?AT A =M ( CAPITALISM WAS CREEP+ 9TO ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE4'.<#c#e#d.> ,9 ! C\RSE ( RESE>*+ ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION1 ,JAMES READ ! WORKS ( A NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O FELT ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA WAS N[ /ATE-CAPITALI/ 9CLUD+ TWO =M] LEAD+ ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S1 ,>?UR ,ROS5B]G & ,K>L ,KORS* -- ! LATT] ,JAMES APP>5TLY MET 9 #aicf -- & ALSO ! =M] LEAD+ ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,BORIS ,S\VRA9E :OSE #aice BIOGRAPHY ( ,/AL9 MA9TA9$ ?AT '! ,F$]ATION ( ,SOCIALI/ ,SOVIET ,REPUBLICS1 ! V]Y NAME A F\R FOLD CONTRADICTION ( ! REALITY1 HAS LONG AGO CEAS$ TO EXI/1' & ',SOVIET /ATE CAPITALISM1' 'SO-CALL$ ,SOVIET SOCIETY' RE/S 'ON ITS [N ME?OD ( EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4'.<#c#e#e.> ,JAMES SEEMS TO HAVE MET UP 
) ,S\VRA9E 9 ,P>IS 9 #ai* & W\LD TRANSLATE ,S\VRA9E'S ,/AL9E 9TO ,5GLI% 9 #a#i#c#i1 G5]\SLY DESCRIB+ IT AS 'A BOOK ) AN AN>*I/ BIAS AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT IRREPROA*ABLY DOCUM5T$1 V]Y FAIR1 & FULL ( 9SI<T4'.<#c#e#f.> ,9DE$1 ,JAMES HIMSELF 9 ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION PRES5T$ MU* EVID5CE ?AT ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA1 :ILE C]TA9LY A DICTATOR%IP1 C\LD NOT 9 ANY WAY BE DESCRIB$ AS A 'WORK]S' /ATE4' ,AS ,JAMES NOT$1 '! FICTION ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 AFT] TW5TY YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION1 IS DEAD4 ,BUT ! BUREAUCRACY FE>S ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT KN[S1 NONE BETT]1 ! TEMP] ( ! PEOPLE IT SO M]CILESSLY *EATS & EXPLOITS4'.<#c#e#g.> ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! BUREAUCRACY WAS A BRUTAL OPPRESSOR1 BUT WAS NOT ACTUALLY EXPLOIT+ ! WORK+ CLASS4.<#c#e#h.> ,YET = ,JAMES1 ! FIR/ ,FIVE ,YE> ,PLAN MEANT ?AT '! REMNANTS ( WORK]S CONTROL W]E WIP$ AWAY4'.<#c#e#i.> ',! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 AFT] ITS ,H]CULEAN EF=TS1 SEEMS TO HAVE EX*ANG$ ONE SET ( MA/]S = ANO!R1 :ILE ! V]Y BASIS ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE IS BE+ UND]M9$ B5EA? ITS FEET4' ,JAMES DECL>$ ! ME?ODS ( ,/AL9'S 9DU/RIALIZATION DRIVE SEEM$ TO BE JU/ 'DISCOV]+ :AT ! CAPITALI/S KNEW HUNDR$S ( YE>S AGO444:]E WILL ALL ?IS 5D8'.<#c#f.> 

,SU* IDEAS W]E 9 ! AIR ON ! F>-LEFT DUR+ ! #a#i#cS4.<#c#f#a.> ,AFT] WRIT+ ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION1 ,JAMES W\LD 9 #aicg WRITE AN 9TRODUCTION = ,R$ ,SPANI% ,NOTEBOOK AN EYEWITNESS ACC\NT ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9 ?R\< ! EYES ( TWO SURREALI/ POETS :O HAD GONE TO FI<T = ! ,P4,O4,U4,M41 ,M>Y ,L[ & ! ,CUBAN 
,TROTSKYI/ ,JUAN ,BREA1 :O HAD CONCLUD$ BY POND]+ ! MOTIVES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ) RESPECT TO REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA91 NOT+ 'LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ,RUSSIA IS NO LONG] A PROLET>IAN /ATE BUT IS MAK+ H] FIR/ /EPS T[>DS CAPITALISM4'.<#c#f#b.> ,ONE WITNESS TO ,/AL9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 :O SEEMS TO HAVE MET UP ) ,JAMES 9 ! SUMM] ( #aicg AFT] RETURN+ TO ,BRITA9 & :O ONCE DESCRIB$ ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION AS A 'V]Y ABLE BOOK1' 9 HIS #ai* WORK ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA DESCRIB$ ! 'SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY' BE+ BUILT 9 ,RUSSIA BY ,/AL9 AS LITTLE MORE ?AN 'A PLANN$ /ATE-CAPITALISM ) ! GRAB-MOTIVE LEFT 9TACT4'.<#c#f#c.> 

,ON #c ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#h1 AT ! F\ND+ CONF]5CE ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,JAMES 9T]V5$ =CEFULLY 9 ! DEBATE *ALL5G+ ! OR?ODOX POSITION ?AT ,TROTSKYI/S %\LD CALL = ! DEF5SE ( ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 9 CASE ( W>4.<#c#f#d.> ,A MON? LAT]1 ,JAMES W\LD TRAVEL TO ,AM]ICA = A LECTURE T\R1 DUR+ :I* TIME HE W\LD MEET ,TROTSKY HIMSELF = DISCUSSIONS ON BLACK LIB]ATION 9 ! ,U,S4.<#c#f#e.> ,TROTSKY'S #aid COMM5T ON ,JAMES AS A 'BOHEMIAN FREELANC]' HAS TO BE SE5 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! SPLIT 9 ,AM]ICAN ,TROTSKYISM OV] ! CLASS NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & W]E MADE 9 P>T BECAUSE ( ,JAMES'S GR[+ OP5NESS TO & SYMPA?IES = /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES TO EXPLA9 ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA BUT ALSO BECAUSE ,JAMES HAD 9CREAS+LY ALSO COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! (FICIAL BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS ,9T]NATIONAL ,SECRET>IAT OV] A NUMB] ( TACTICAL QUE/IONS -- DIFF]5CES HE HAD T5TATIVELY TRI$ TO RAISE 9 A !ORETICAL MANN] 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( 'DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM' 9 ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION4 

,JAMES & ! ,9TELLECTUAL ,ORIG9S ( ,AUTONOMISM 

,?\< AS ,/EVE ,WRI<T SUGGE/S1 '! CORE PREMISES ( AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM W]E FIR/ DEVELOP$ 9 ,ITALY DUR+ ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS' :5 MILITANTS FIR/ S\<T TO CONFRONT ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL ) '! REAL /UDY ( A REAL FACTORY' 9 #a#i#fS ,ITALY1 ! 9TELLECTUAL ORIG9S DATE BACK E>LI]1 & 9CLUDE ! WORK ( ,JAMES & ! ,JOHNSON- ,=E/ ,T5D5CY MORE G5]ALLY DUR+ ! #a#i#dS4 ,AS ,WRI<T1 & O!RS 9CLUD+ ,H>RY ,CLEAV] HAVE NOT$1 ! LIKES ( ,ROMANO ,ALQUATI'S PIONE]+ #aifa ',REPORT ( ! NEW =CES' AT ,F4,I4,A4,T 4 WAS NOT TOTALLY UNPREC$5T$4 ,DUR+ ! MOM5T\S YE> ( #aief & = TWO YE>S SUBSEQU5TLY1 = EXAMPLE1 ,DANIEL ,MO!1 A MEMB] ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE >\ND ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS & A MILL+ MA*9E OP]ATOR AT ! ,R5AULT ,BILLANC\RT VEHICLE FACTORY KEPT A DI>Y1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ AS ,J\RNALD'UN ,\VRI]1 #a#i#e#f-#e#h1 & TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,ITALIAN 9 #a#i#f4 ,EV5 E>LI]1 9 #a#i#e#d1 ,DANILO ,MONTALDI HAD PUBLI%$ 9 ,BATTAGLIA ,COMMUNI/A A TRANSLATION ( A #aidg WORK 5TITL$ ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] BY A MEMB] ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY ,PHIL ,S+] 7:O US$ ! PSEUDONYM ,PAUL ,ROMANO74 ,?IS WORK HAD FIR/ BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,FR5* BY ! COMRADES ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE :O PUBLI%$ IT 9 !IR J\RNAL 9 P>TS FROM #aidi ONW>DS1 BE=E BE+ TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,FR5* BY ,MONTALDI4.<#c#f#f.> ,S+] WAS AN ,AM]ICAN C> WORK] AT A ,G5]AL ,MOTORS PLANT :O 9 HIS LATE TW5TIES HAD KEPT A DI>Y :I* ) ! HELP ( ,GRACE ,LEE ,BOGGS HE HAD WRITT5 UP 9 ORD] TO PORTRAY ',LIFE 9 ! ,FACTORY1' ':AT ! WORK]S >E ?9K+ & DO+ :ILE ACTUALLY AT WORK ON ! B5* OR ON ! L9E4' ,! WORK WAS PUBLI%$ ALONGSIDE A L5G?Y PIECE ( COMM5T>Y 5TITL$ ',! ,RECON/RUCTION ( ,SOCIETY' BY ,GRACE ,LEE ,BOGGS4 ,AS ,S+] PUT IT1 

',?IS PAMPHLET IS DIRECT$ TO ! RANK & FILE WORK] & ITS 9T5TION IS TO EXPRESS ?OSE 9N]MO/ ?\<TS :I* ! WORK] R>ELY TALKS AB\T EV5 TO HIS FELL[ WORK]S4 ,9 KEEP+ A DI>Y1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ! DAY TO DAY REACTIONS TO FACTORY LIFE1 ,I HOP$ TO UNCOV] ! REASONS = ! WORK]S DEEP DISSATISFACTION :I* HAS REA*$ A PEAK 9 REC5T YE>S & HAS EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 ! LATE/ /RIKES & SPONTANE\S WALK\TS4'.<#c#f#g.> 

,YET :AT ,I WANT TO DO IS TO EXAM9E BRIEFLY ,JAMES'S CONTRIBUTION TO ! MAK+ ( ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] -- :I* WAS ESS5TIALLY H[ SOME ( HIS IDEAS CAME TO 9DIRECTLY 9FLU5CE E>LY ,ITALIAN AUTONOMISM4 ,AS ,GRACE ,LEE ,BOGGS1 :O UND] H] PSEUDONYM ,RIA ,/ONE WROTE A L5G?Y PIECE ( COMM5T>Y 5TITL$ ',! ,RECON/RUCTION ( ,SOCIETY' AS AN AFT]WORD TO ,S+]'S COMM5T>Y 9 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]1 RECALL$ ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY1 

'BECAUSE ,C,L,R C\LD NOT BE PUBLICLY ACTIVE1 WE ACT$ AS HIS TRANSMISSION BELT TO ! L>G] ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITY444ONE ( ,C,L,R'S GREAT GIFTS WAS ?AT HE C\LD DETECT ! SPECIAL ABILITIES & 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUALS & 5C\RAGE !M TO USE !SE TO 5RI* ! MOVEM5T & AT ! SAME TIME 5L>GE !MSELVES444,PHIL ,S+]1 A Y\NG ,G,M WORK]1 WAS ALWAYS TALK+ AB\T ! FRU/RATIONS ( ! RANK-&-FILE WORK] 9 ! PLANT4 ,C,L,R PROPOS$ ?AT HE KEEP A J\RNAL ( HIS EXP]I5CES4 ,!SE W]E SUBSEQU5TLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]4'.<#c#f#h.> 

,9 A S5SE ?IS DOES NOT S\ND ?AT ORIG9AL1 AS ATTEMPT+ TO UND]/& SOCIETY FROM ! /&PO9T ( WORK+ CLASS EXP]I5CE AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION HAD EV] S9CE ,M>X'S [N ,WORK]S ,9QUIRY ( #ahh IF NOT BE=E AT LEA/ HAD BE5 NOM9ALLY AT ! HE>T ( CLASSICAL ,M>XISM4 ,AS ,JAMES HAD NOT$ 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ',L59 & ,SOCIALISM' BACK 9 #aicg 9 ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION1 

',! CREATIVE CAPACITY ( ! MASSES -- HE .<,L59.> BELIEV$ 9 IT AS NO O!R LEAD] ( ! WORK]S EV] DID4 ,?AT CREATIVE CAPACITY HAD HI!RTO BE5 SE5 ONLY 9 REVOLUTION4 ,! ,SOVIET SY/EM BAS$ ON ! MASSES 9 ! FACTORIES WAS TO ORGANIZE ?IS CREATIV5ESS NOT ONLY = PURPOSE ( GOV]NM5T BUT ALSO = PRODUCTION1 L9K+ ! TWO CLOS] & CLOS] TOGE!R UNTIL ULTIMATELY ! ALL-EMBRAC+ NATURE ( PRODUCTION BY ! :OLE ( SOCIETY R5D]$ ! ,/ATE SUP]FLU\S4'.<#c#f#i.> 

,9DE$1 ! ,BRITI% ,TROTSKYI/ J\RNAL ,FI<T :I* ,JAMES HAD $IT$ 9 ! #a#i#cS HAD C>RI$ A REGUL> S]IES 5TITL$ ',ON ! ,JOB' 9 #a#i#c#g1 FEATUR+ = EXAMPLE ',! ,BUILD+ ,WORK]' BY A Y\NG MEMB] ( ! ,M>XI/ ,GR\P :O WAS A C>P5T]1 ,>?UR ,ALEX&] ,BALL>D1 & !N ',FROM ! ,5G9E]'S ,B5*' BY A MEMB] ( ! 5G9E]S UNION1 ! ,A4,E4,U4.<#c#g.> ,TROTSKY HIMSELF 9 #aici FAM\SLY CRITICIZ$ ANO!R ,TROTSKYI/ PAP]1 ,SOCIALI/ ,APPEAL1 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT 

'IS A PAP] = ! WORK]S' & NOT A WORK]S PAP]444,Y\ DO NOT HE> AT ALL H[ ! WORK]S' LIVE1 FI<T1 CLA% ) ! POLICE OR DR9K :ISKEY444! TASK IS NOT TO 
MAKE A PAP] ?R\< ! JO9T =CES ( A SKILL$ $ITORIAL BO>D BUT TO 5C\RAGE ! WORK]S TO SPEAK = !MSELVES4'.<#c#g#a.> 

,YET 9 A S5SE ,JAMES'S 5C\RAG+ ( A FELL[ MEMB] ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY TO KEEP A DI>Y DETAIL+ HIS EXP]I5CE AT WORK WAS QUITE ORIG9AL -- AS ! GR\P'S DI/9CTIVE P]SPECTIVES PR(\NDLY %AP$ :AT BECAME ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]4 ,AS ! LEAD]S ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY PUT IT !MSELVES 9 #a#i#d#g1 

'! ,RUSSIAN QUE/ION IS ONLY A P>T ( ! WORLD CRISIS4 ,! DECISIVE /AGE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T IS /ATIFICATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,/ATIFICATION ( PRODUCTION IS NOT A PHRASE OR A DESCRIPTION4 ,IT M>KS ! CAPITULATION ( AN>*IC CAPITALI/ SOCIETY TO ! PLANN+ ( ! 9VAD+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! PLANN+1 H[EV]1 TORN BY CLASS CONTRADICTIONS1 REPEATS ! FUNDAM5TAL FEATURES ( CAPITALI/ ANTAGONISMS 9 !IR MO/ B>B>\S =M4 ,/ATIFICATION C>RIES 9 ITSELF ! MO/ PR(\ND SOCIAL AW>5ESS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ITS SOCIAL /RUCTURE REPEAT$LY PROPELS ! PROLET>IAT ON ! ROAD TO ! COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY444,! B>B>ISM ( CAPITALISM WAS CONCRETELY DEMON/RAT$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT IT WAS ! ,AM]ICAN PROLET>IAT :I* CONCRETIZ$ = US ! NECESS>ILY AB/RACT CONCEPTION ( ! CREATIVE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 9DU/RY AS A =CE = ! SOCIAL REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY4 ,! WORK ( ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RIAL PSY*OLOGI/S & ! OBS]VATIONS ( PROLET>IAN COMRADES :OM WE HAD DEVELOP$ OP5$ ?IS DOOR TO US4 ,! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY WILL SOON PUBLI% A PAMPHLET BY ,PHIL ,ROMANO & ,RIA ,/ONE :I* WILL DEAL FULLY ) ?IS QUE/ION FROM BO? A PRACTICAL & A !ORETICAL PO9T ( VIEW4'.<#c#g#b.> 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] !N WAS AB\T DEMON/RAT+ ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY'S 'CONCEPTION ( ! CREATIVE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 9DU/RY AS A =CE = ! SOCIAL REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY4'.<#c#g#c.> ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,JAMES'S 9DIVIDUAL 
CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOP+ ?IS CONCEPTION %\LD BE NOT$4 ,AS ! ,AM]ICAN ,TROTSKYI/ ,/ANLEY ,WEIR RECALL$1 

',JAMES WAS ! FIR/ & ONLY LEAD] 9 ! 5TIRE ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T1 FROM :I* ,I HE>D DISCUSSION ( ! SPECIAL =M ( WORK]S' CONTROL :I* DEVELOPS 9 EV]Y WORKPLACE NATURALLY & 9=MALLY4 ,HE KNEW ( ! EXI/5CE ( 9=MAL CULTURES & ?AT !Y W]E ! BASIS FROM :I* TO BROA* ! 5TIRE QUE/ION ( WORK]S' CONTROL444,= ME1 HE 9TRODUC$ ! IDEAS :I* DEMON/RAT$ ! VALUE ( :AT IS DONE SOCIALLY FROM BEL[ ON ! JOB TO GET \T PRODUCTION & TO SURVIVE4'.<#c#g#d.> 

,WE CAN N[ T5TATIVELY ASSESS ! IMPACT ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY AS EXPRESS$ ?R\< ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] ON ,ITALIAN WORK]ISM4 ,AS ,DANILO ,MONTALDI NOT$1 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] EXPRESS$ 

') GREAT =CE & PR(UNDITY1 ! IDEA -- PRACTICALLY =GOTT5 BY ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ,CAPITAL ,VOLUME #a -- ?AT BE=E BE+ ! ADH]5T ( A P>TY1 A MILITANT ( ! REVOLUTION OR ! SUBJECT ( A FUTURE SOCIALI/ P[]1 ! WORK] IS A BE+ :O LIVES ABOVE ALL 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ! FACTORY2 & ?AT IT IS 9 PRODUCTION ?AT ! REVOLT AGA9/ EXPLOITATION1 ! CAPACITY TO CON/RUCT A SUP]IOR TYPE ( SOCIETY1 ALONG ) CLASS SOLID>ITY ( O!R WORK]S & HATR$ = EXPLOITATION & EXPLOIT]S -- BO? ! CLASSIC BOSSES ( YE/]DAY & ! IMP]SONAL BUREAUCRATS ( TODAY & TOMORR[ -- >E =M$4'.<#c#g#e.> 

,MOREOV]1 = ?OSE ON ! ANTI-,/AL9I/ F>-LEFT 9 ,FRANCE & ESPECIALLY ,ITALY DUR+ ! #a#i#eS1 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] WAS EV5 MORE REM>KABLE GIV5 ! ANTI- ,AM]ICANISM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ DOM9AT$ (FICIAL ,LEFT 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,COLD ,W>4 ,AS ,F]RUCIO ,GAMB9O1 A SOCIOLOGI/ FROM ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,PADUA & C(\ND] ( TWO #a#i#fS ,ITALIAN WORK]I/ J\RNALS ,QUAD]NI ,ROSSI -- ,R$ ,NOTEBOOKS -- & ,POT]O ,OP]AIO -- ',WORK]S ,P[]' -- RECALLS1 AFT] ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION1 

'T9Y GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS 9 ,S\!RN ,EUROPE DISCOV]$ & READ 0! ,AM]ICAN COMRADES0 -- TWO WORDS ?AT AT LONG LA/ IT WAS POSSIBLE TO PUT TOGE!R AGA9 -- 0! ,AM]ICAN COMRADES0 :O CONTRIBUT$ TO ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE4,! CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS LOOK$ /RIK+LY SIMIL> ?R\<\T ! SO-CALL$ ,FIR/ ,WORLD -- &1 WE >GU$ AT ?AT TIME1 IT C\LD NOT BE DISSIMIL> 9 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD4 ,/ATE CAPITALISM WAS A LIV+ CATEGORY :]EBY WE C\LD RELATE 9 SOLID>ITY TO ! PEOPLE :O W]E BE>+ ! BRUNT ( ! OPPOSITION TO 0ACTUAT$ SOCIALISM40'.<#c#g#f.> 

,9 ! #a#i#fS1 ,GAMB9O & ANO!R HI/ORIAN ( ,AM]ICAN LABOR1 ,BRUNO ,C>TOSIO FROM ,MILAN -- W\LD EV5TUALLY E/ABLI% RELATIONS ) ,JAMES & HIS LOYAL DISCIPLE ,M>T9 ,GLAB]MAN1 & ! PUBLI%+ ( ,JAMES HIMSELF 9TO ,ITALIAN BEGAN ) ,! ,BLACK ,JACOB9S 9 #aifh -- & CONT9U$ SUBSEQU5TLY4.<#c#g#g.> ,L9KS W]E E/ABLI%$ ) ! ,JAMESIANS 9 ,DETROIT AT ! HE>T ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,BLACK ,WORK]S :ILE ! TRANSLATION ( O!R ,AM]ICAN ,JAMESIANS FOLL[$ 9 ! #a#i#gS4.<#c#g#h.> ,AS ,CLEAV] NOT$ 9 #a#i#g#i1 'WORKS BY ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 ,JAMES ,BOGGS1 ,GEORGE ,RAWICK1 & ,M>T9 ,GLAB]MAN1 AMONG O!RS1 HAVE BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,ITALIAN & PROBABLY RECEIV$ WID] CIRCULATION & DISCUSSION 9 ,ITALY ?AN 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4'.<#c#g#i.> 

,OV]ALL1 ?\< IT HAS NOT BE5 POSSIBLE H]E TO FULLY EXAM9E ,JAMES'S 9FLU5CE ON ,ITALIAN AUTONOMISM1 IT MI<T /ILL BE POSSIBLE TO MAKE A FEW SPECULATIVE CONCLUSIONS4 ,9 ONE S5SE IT IS A PITY ?AT AFT] HELP+ TO PROVIDE A CRITICAL FOCUS ON ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 A /RESS ON ! POSSIBILITIES :I* FL[$ FROM WILDCAT /RIKES & O!R UN(FICIAL 9DU/RIAL ACTION1 ?AT MORE ( ,JAMES'S WRIT+S W]E NOT TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,ITALIAN DUR+ ! #a#i#fS AS !Y MI<T HAVE 5SUR$ LESS ( A SUBSEQU5T RETREAT FROM REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM T[>DS AN ULTIMATELY ELITI/ SUB/ITUTION ( ! ACTIONS ( A M9ORITY = ! MASS ACTION ( ! 
WORK+ CLASS AMONG ! ,ITALIAN AUTONOMI/S1 AS ,JAMES -- UNLIKE SAY ,MI*AEL ,H>DT & ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI -- NEV] LO/ SI<T ( EI!R ! C5TRAL IMPORTANCE ( WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE OR ! NE$ = SOME SORT ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ ORGANIZATION4.<#c#h.> ,MOREOV]1 AS ,*AMSY ,EL-,OJEILI HAS NOT$1 COMP>$ TO ! MAJORITY ( E>LY ,ITALIAN WORK]I/ !ORI/S :O FAIL$ TO ADEQUATELY CONSID] ! LIVES ( WORK]S \TSIDE ( ! PURELY ECONOMIC BATTLES AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 ,JAMES WAS MORE 'ATT5TIVE TO ! WID] CULTURAL ASPECTS ( SU* AN 9VE/IGATION ( PROLET>IAN WORK+ LIFE4'.<#c#h#a.> ,H[EV]1 ?AT SAID1 ,JAMES'S [N REIFICATION ( SPONTANEITY1 & [N GRADUAL AB&ONM5T ( ! RI* CLASSICAL ,BOL%EVIK LEGACY ( /RATEGY & TACTICS AFT] HIS #aiea BREAK ) ! (FICIAL OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T MEANT ?AT HE1 LIKE ! ,ITALIAN AUTONOMI/S1 WAS UNABLE TO EV] REALLY SATISFACTORILY DEVELOP A NEW =M ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ ORGANIZATION ABLE TO ADEQUATELY RELATE TO ! KEY 9SI<T ( 'WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY4'.<#c#h#b.> ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ?IS WAS BECAUSE ?AT 9SI<T 9 ITSELF )\T AN ADEQUATE MAT]IAL UND]/&+ ( ! WID] ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONTEXT \TSIDE ! FACTORY1 & ! WID]1 UNEV5 CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS :]E =MS ( RE=MI/ POLITICS >E 9EVITABLY ALMO/ ALWAYS DOM9ANT EV5 9SIDE ! MO/ MILITANT FACTORY ITSELF CAN ONLY REVEAL SO MU*4 ,YET IF ,JAMES1 ! 'BOHEMIAN FREELANC]1' ULTIMATELY FAIL$ TO MAKE HIS GREAT LEAP =W>D 'FROM ! HEI<TS ( ,L59ISM1' HIS CREATIVE & REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM & ITS SUBSEQU5T 9FLU5CE ON 
MOVEM5TS SU* AS ,ITALIAN AUTONOMISM REMA9 WOR?Y ( CRITICAL /UDY BY ANTICAPITALI/ S*OL>S & ACTIVI/S TODAY4 

,AS ,PET] ,HUDIS HAS NOT$1 ',JAMES'S EMPHASIS ON SPONTANEITY CAN BE SE5 AS HAV+ 9FLU5C$ A NUMB] ( CURR5TS 9 AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM1 9CLUD+ ,NEGRI & ,H>DT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 9 REG>D TO ! PROBLEM ( ORGANIZATION1 !Y SEEM NOT TO HAVE GONE BEYOND HIS /OPP+ PO9T1 AS SE5 FROM ! CONCLUSION ( ,EMPIRE3 ,! ONLY EV5T ?AT WE >E /ILL AWAIT+ IS ! CON/RUCTION1 OR RA!R ! 9SURG5CE1 ( A P[]FUL ORGANIZATION4 ,WE DO NOT HAVE ANY MODELS TO (F] = ?IS EV5T4 ,ONLY ! MULTITUDE ?R\< ITS PRACTICAL EXP]IM5TATION WILL (F] ! MODELS & DET]M9E :5 & H[ ! POSSIBLE BECOMES REAL4' ,PET] ,HUDIS1 ',WORK]S AS ,REASON3 ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( A ,NEW ,RELATION ( ,WORK] & ,9TELLECTUAL 9 ,AM]ICAN ,M>XI/ ,HUMANISM1' ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 ,VOL4 #a#a1 ,NO4 #d 7#b#c71 P4 #b#i4 ,SEE ALSO ,MI*AEL ,H>DT & ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI1 ,EMPIRE1 7,LONDON1 #b#a71 P4 #d#a#a4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/