,IT IS VALUE ?AT BR+S UNIV]SES 9TO BE+ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,ANY !ORETICAL T]M IS AN IMPLICIT /ATEM5T AB\T HUMAN NATURE4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S T5D TO BE UNCOM=TABLE ) ?IS FACT BUT IT IS NONE!LESS TRUE4 ,EV5 IF ONE W]E TO MAKE A /ATEM5T AS APP>5TLY 9NOCU\S AS 0RITUAL CAN TAKE MANY =MS 9 MANY PLACES10 ONE IS /ILL ASS]T+ ?AT 0RITUAL0 IS A MEAN+FUL CROSS-CULTURAL CATEGORY1 IMPLY+--AS PRETTY MU* ANY AN?ROPOLOGICAL DISCUSSION ( RITUAL 9V>IABLY DOES IMPLY--?AT WE CAN ASSUME ALL HUMAN BE+S HAVE 5GAG$ 9 SOME K9D ( RITUAL ACTIVITY AT SOME PO9T OR ANO!R1 ?AT RITUAL IS AN 9H]5T ASPECT ( HUMAN SOCIALITY1 EV5 IF !RE'S NO S*OL>LY CONS5SUS :ATSOEV] AS TO :AT1 PRECISELY1 A RITUAL IS OR :AT IT SAYS AB\T US ?AT WE >E ALL 9 SOME S5SE RITUAL PRODUC+ BE+S4 ,& ! SAME IS TRUE ( ANY O!R !ORETICAL T]M3 K9%IP1 AU?ORITY1 LABOR1 SYMBOL1 ! BODY1 P]=MANCE1 OR ANY?+ ELSE4 

,! AN?ROPOLOGICAL /UDY ( VALUE MI<T BE CONSID]$ SOME?+ ( AN EXTREME CASE 9 ?IS REG>D BECAUSE :ILE !RE IS A FAIRLY WIDESPREAD FEEL+ AMONG AN?ROPOLOGI/S ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ \T !RE ?AT CAN BE CALL$ 0VALUE0 7OR MAYBE 0VALUES10 OR MORE LIKELY BO?71 & ?AT ALL HUMAN BE+S DO1 9 SOME S5SE1 ORGANIZE !IR LIVES1 FEEL+S1 & DESIRES >\ND ! PURSUIT OR FUR!RANCE ( !M1 IT (T5 SEEMS AS IF ! T]M C\LD MEAN MO/ ANY?+4 ,?IS COLLECTION BE>S EXCELL5T TE/IMONY TO ! DILEMMA4 ,WE HAVE ASSEMBL$ H]E DISCUSSIONS ( ! VALUE ( EV]Y?+ FROM CORPORATE BR& NAMES1 A S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 IMPORT$ NECKLACES1 RELIGI\S DEVOTION1 F9ANCIAL 9/RUM5TS1 TO ! ABILITY TO SPEAK A LANGUAGE1 PLAY TRICKS ON 9VISIBLE SPIRITS1 OR P]=M A CONC]TO ON ! VIOL94 ,IT'S G5U9ELY H>D TO SAY :AT ALL !SE HAVE 9 COMMON1 O!R ?AN ?AT SOME PEOPLE WI% !Y HAD !M MORE ?AN !Y ALREADY DO4 ,NOT SURPRIS+1 P]HAPS1 ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! CONF]5CE FROM :I* !SE PAP]S EM]G$ CAME \T ( ! EXP]I5CE UNC]TA9 :E!R A S+LE1 UNIFI$ AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY ( VALUE IS EV5 DESIRABLE4 

,YET AT ! SAME TIME1 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT IF IT ISN'T1 ?IS IS V]Y BAD NEWS = ! PROJECT ( AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 AN?ROPOLOGY C\LD BE SAID TO HAVE EM]G$ >\ND QUE/IONS ( VALUE1 & SU* QUE/IONS HAVE REMA9$ JU/ BEL[ ! SURFACE ( JU/ AB\T EV]Y IMPORTANT !ORETICAL DEBATE4 

,:5 ,JOHAN ,GOTTFRI$ VON ,H]D] FIR/ PROPOS$ ! CONCEPT ( CULTURE 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 SOME ( HIS PR9CIPLE T>GETS W]E ! /ATE-(-NATURE FANTASIES ( POLITICAL ?9K]S LIKE ,?OMAS ,HOBBES OR ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 POPUL> 9 HIS DAY1 :O ASSUM$ ?AT PRIMITIVE HUMANS MU/ HAVE EI!R LIV$ 9 ASOCIAL ISOLATION OR QUICKLY CAME TO A W> ( ALL-AGA9/-ALL OV] !IR PURSUIT ( MAT]IAL ADVANTAGE4 ,! PROBLEM ) ?IS :OLE ASSUMPTION1 HE NOT$1 WAS ?AT IT ASSUMES ?AT HUMANS W]E ALL PURSU+ ! SAME SORTS ( ?+3 AS TWO %EPH]DS1 HE NOTES1 MI<T QU>REL OV] A /RET* ( PA/URAGE4 ,NO D\BT ?IS MI<T HAVE HAPP5$ N[ & !N--?\< IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E IT W\LD BE MU* ( A FACTOR AT A TIME :5 HUMANS W]E SO ?9 ON ! GR\ND & RES\RCES W]E RELATIVELY ABUNDANT4 ,ANYWAY1 SU* QU>RELS W\LD H>DLY EXPLA9 EI!R ! ORIG9S ( SOCIAL ORD] OR ( ! REAL BASIS ( HUMAN 5MITY4 ,9/EAD1 :AT ONE ACTUALLY OBS]VES IS HUMANS RAPIDLY CLU/]+ 9TO DIFF]5T LANGUAGE GR\PS1 9 :I* MEMB]S HAD A SPONTANE\S S5SE ( FAMILI> SOLID>ITY ) ONE ANO!R BUT PR(\ND CONTEMPT = !IR NEI<BORS1 PRECISELY BECAUSE 7?IS IS ! SUBTEXT AT LEA/7 !Y >E NOT PURSU+ ! SAME =MS ( VALUE AS !Y 7.<#a#g#g#b.> #b#b3 #a#d#g-#e#d74 ,SIMIL>LY1 ALL NATIONS ( ANTIQUITY C\LD BE DI/+UI%$ BY :I* VALUES !Y PURSU$3 ORD] & SECURITY AMONG ! ,EGYPTIANS1 POLITICAL FRE$OM & >TI/IC CONTE/S AMONG ! ,GREEKS1 RELIGI\S VIRTUES AMONG ! ,JEWS1 LEGALITY1 PROPRIETY1 & MAGNIFIC5CE AMONG ! ,ROMANS1 & SO ON 7.<#a#g#g#d.> #b#d74 ,CULTURES1 :5 FIR/ CONCEIV$1 W]E ?US IMAG9$ FIR/ & =EMO/ AS FIELDS = ! PURSUIT ( C]TA9 =MS ( VALUE-- VALUES ?AT %AP$ HUMANS 9TO CREATURES :OSE V]Y P]CEPTIONS & S5SIBILITIES W]E ATTUN$ L>GELY TO ?AT PURSUIT4 

,MU* ( ! TRADITION ( SOCIAL ?\<T ?AT FOLL[$ 9 ,H]D]'S WAKE 9 ,G]MANY1 ONE ?AT CONCEIV$ ( HUMAN SOCIETY AS AN ACTIVE PROJECT1 C\LD EQUALLY WELL BE SE5 AS SO MANY ATTEMPTS TO F9D SOME K9D ( COMMON SUB/ANCE UND]LY+ ALL !SE DIFF]5T =MS ( VALUE4 ,HEGEL'S ,PH5OM5OLOGY1 :I* ORGANIZ$ EA* HI/ORIC CULTURE AS ONE MOM5T 9 A S+LE PROJECT ( ! SELFREALIZATION ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT1 WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ AMBITI\S4 ,M>X (T5 SEEM$ TO BE MAK+ FUN ( ?IS TRADITION1 AS 9 ! FAM\S FOOTNOTE 9 ,CAPITAL :]E HE *ID$ CRITICS = OBJECT+ TO HIS ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ( PA/ AGES1 9SI/+ ?AT = ! ,GREEKS1 POLITICS REIGN$ SUPREME1 9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE1 RELIGI\S FAI?1 & SO ON 7,M>X'S REJO9D] ( C\RSE IS ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO UND]/& ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ?AT MADE SU* PURSUITS POSSIBLE TO BEG9 ) .<7#a#h#f#g7 #a#i#g#g3#e#gN#c#d.>74 ,BUT 9 ! 5D1 HE WAS WORK+ SQU>ELY 9 ! SAME TRADITION1 & HIS !ORY ( VALUE WAS ULTIMATELY ANO!R WAY ( CONCEIV+ HUMAN CREATIVITY 70PRODUCTION07 AS ! 5DLESS PURSUIT ( ALI5AT$ REFRACTIONS ( ITSELF4 ,P]HAPS IT'S 9EVITABLE4 ,P]HAPS SOME?+ LIKE ?IS NECESS>ILY FOLL[S IF ONE />TS NOT ) ! IDEA ( SOCIETY AS A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS & !N SETS AB\T TO UND]/& H[ ?AT SOCIETY HANGS TOGE!R1 AS ! ,FR5* & ,BRITI% SOCIOLOGICAL TRADITIONS T5D$ TO DO1 BUT RA!R1 AS ! ,G]MAN DOES1 AS A MODE ( COORD9AT+ PROJECTS ( HUMAN ACTION4 ,IF SO1 !RE MU/ BE SOME CONCEPT OR CONCEPTIONS ( VALUE ?AT SET EV]Y?+ 9 MOTION2 & IF WE >E TO ASSUME ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E ON SOME LEVEL ULTIMATELY ! SAME SORTS ( CREATURE1 WE ALSO HAVE TO ASSUME ?AT ON SOME ULTIMATE LEVEL WE >E ALL PURSU+ ! SAME SORTS ( ?+4 

,?IS1 AT ANY RATE1 EXPLA9S :Y VALUE & VALUES HAVE ALWAYS BE5 MORE ( A C5TRAL ISSUE TO ,AM]ICAN CULTURAL AN?ROPOLOGY1 ) ITS !ORETICAL ROOTS 9 ! ,G]MAN 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION1 ?AN 9 EI!R ,GREAT ,BRITA9 OR ,FRANCE4.<#a.> ,!SE ISSUES W]E MU* AT ! =E DUR+ MY [N GRADUATE TRA9+ AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO 9 ! LATE #a#i#hS & E>LY #a#i#iS4 ,FROM A /UD5T'S P]SPECTIVE AT LEA/1 ! 9TELLECTUAL CLIMATE 9 ! ,*ICAGO AN?ROPOLOGY DEP>TM5T AT ! TIME WAS G5U9ELY EXHIL>AT+4 ,WE FELT WE W]E AT ! BR9K ( IMPORTANT !ORETICAL BREAK?R\<S2 UNPUBLI%$ PAP]S & C\NT]PAP]S PASS$ FROM H& TO H&1 OR W]E AVIDLY HO>D$2 CLA%ES DUR+ ! DISCUSSION SESSIONS ( WEEKLY SEM9>S TOOK ON :AT SEEM$ LIKE HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 IF MANY ( US >E N[ TEMPT$ TO SEE ! :OLE SC5E AS VAGUELY RIDICUL\S1 IT IS PROBABLY BECAUSE IT WAS ! LA/ MOM5T :5 AN?ROPOLOGI/S REALLY BELIEV$ !IR [N DISCIPL9E WAS 9 A POSITION TO MAKE IMPORTANT !ORETICAL 9T]V5TIONS 9 MANY ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUES ( ,WE/]N SOCIAL ?\<T4 

,W]E !Y8 ,I AM /ILL CONV9C$ ?AT1 9 SOME WAYS1 !Y W]E RI<T4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY TRUE ( VALUE !ORY1 A K9D ( VOLATILE SYN!SIS ( ,M>X1 ,HEGEL1 & C]TA9 ELEM5TS ( /RUCTURALISM 7DRAWN LESS FROM ,LEVI-,/RAUSS ?AN FROM ,PIAGET & ,DUMONT74 ,ITS *IEF AVAT>S AT ! TIME W]E ,T]5CE ,TURN] & ,NANCY ,MUNN4 ,AT ! TIME1 ,TURN]'S MO/ IMPORTANT WORK REMA9$ UNPUBLI%$1 CIRCULAT+ 9 MANUSCRIPT 7E4G41 #a#i#h#dA1 #a#i#h#g1 #a#i#h#h1 !RE W]E MANY O!RS71 (T5 9 MULTIPLE DRAFTS 9 NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT LANGUAGE1 OR IF IT HAD SE5 PR9T1 IT WAS ONLY 9 OBSCURE V5UES UNAVAILABLE 9 MO/ LIBR>IES 7#a#i#g#iA1 #a#i#h#dB7 OR1 AT BE/ 7E4G41 #a#i#g#iB71 LANGUI%+ BECAUSE IT WAS WRITT5 9 A LANGUAGE ?AT NO ONE C\LD REALLY HOPE TO UND]/& :O HAD NOT HE>D ,TURN] EXPLA9 ! CONCEPTS 9 P]SON4 ,AS A RESULT1 WE HAD A S5SE ?AT ! PROMIS$ REVOLUTION NEV] QUITE HAPP5$1 ?AT ! CORE MAGIC TEXTS REMA9$ HIDD51 NEV] QUITE TO BE REVEAL$4 ,:5 ,I CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ( WRIT+ MY [N ,T[>D AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY ( VALUE 7#b#a7 9 ! LATE #a#i#iS1 ,I ORIG9ALLY ?\<T ( IT AS MU* AS ANY?+ AS AN ATTEMPT TO DRAW ALL !SE TEXTS & >GUM5TS \T 9TO ! OP5--,I IMAG9$ ITS APPE>ANCE W\LD BE FOLL[$ BY IRATE CRITIQUES FROM MANY ( ! PR9CIPALS 9SI/+ ,I HAD GOT !IR CORE >GUM5TS WRONG1 & A FLURRY ( PRODUCTIVE DEBATES4 ,NO?+ ( ! SORT 5SU$4 ,9DE$1 ! BOOK SEEMS TO HAVE APPE>$ AT PRECISELY ! MOM5T :5 ! DISCIPL9E WAS COLLECTIVELY DISMISS+ ALL SU* GREAT DEBATES AS SOMEH[ PASSE1 9 FACT1 AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY ITSELF 7?AT IS1 !ORY ?AT EM]G$ FROM )9 AN?ROPOLOGY AS OPPOS$ TO !ORY BORR[$ FROM ,CONT95TAL PHILOSOPH]S7 AS TOK5S ( AIRS ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 ) !IR COLONIAL LEGACY1 REALLY \<T NOT BE PUTT+ ON--EV5 ITSELF AS A K9D ( LEFT-OV]1 W\LD-BE 9TELLECTUAL IMP]IALISM4 

,NOT ALL ( ?AT WORK HAS BE5 LO/4 ,AT ! TIME1 WE (T5 MADE A %OR?& DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! /RUCTURALI/ CAMP 7OR /RUCTURAL-HI/ORY CAMP71 :OSE PRIME AVAT>S W]E ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S & ,VAL]IO ,VAL]I1 & ! 0VALUE PEOPLE40 ,MU* ( ! WORK ( ! FIR/ CAMP HAVE1 9DE$1 SE5 PR9T & HAD AN IMPACT ON ! DISCIPL9E4 ,BUT HI/ORY HAS NOT TREAT$ ! VALUE CAMP WELL4 ,MUNN 7#a#i#g#g1 #a#i#h#c1 #a#i#h#f7 IS N[ SE5 L>GELY AS A !ORI/1 NOT ( VALUE BUT ( TIME & SPACE1 & :ILE ,TURN]'S IDEAS DID 9SPIRE A C]TA9 NUMB] ( O!R S*OL>S 7E4G41 ,MY]S #a#i#h#f1 #a#i#i#c1 #b#a2 ,SANGR5 #a#i#h#gA1 #a#i#h#gB1 #b2 ,FAJANS #a#i#i#c1 #a#i#i#g2 ,HOLMB]G #b2 ,CEPEK #b#h2 ,:ITE #b#a1 #b#a#a7 !IR OV]ALL IMPACT ON ! DISCIPL9E HAS BE5 EXTREMELY LIMIT$4 

,A VALIANT EF=T 9 ! LA/ DECADE BY ,DAVID ,P$]SON & ,PAUL ,EISS 7#b#b7 TO BR+ VALUE !ORY BACK TO ! C5T] ( DEBATE 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! LA/ DECADE SIMIL>LY MADE LITTLE HEADWAY4 ,9 FACT1 EV5 :5 9 ! C\RSE ( IT1 V]SIONS ( SOME ( ! BASIC ORIG9AL TEXTS DID F9ALLY COME TO LI<T 7E4G4 ,TURN] #b#f1 #b#h7 !Y ATTRACT$ LITTLE ATT5TION4 ,AGA91 NOT BECAUSE !SE DEBATES HAVE BE5 RESOLV$4 ,!Y HAV5'T4 ,!Y'VE SIMPLY BE5 SET ASIDE4 

,TRUE1 !RE W]E O!R FACTORS AT PLAY4 ,TURN] HIMSELF WAS ALWAYS ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( AN EMPIRE-BUILD]4 ,:AT'S MORE1 :5 HE DID PUT \T HIS CORE >GUM5TS ON VALUE !ORY1 HE ALWAYS FRAM$ !M PRIM>ILY AS AN >GUM5T AB\T ! CORRECT READ+ ( ,M>X1 OR1 AT LEA/1 ( ! APPROPRIATE READ+ ( ,M>X = A ,M>XIAN AN?ROPOLOGY--A SUBFIELD ?AT 9CREAS+LY CAN B>ELY BE SAID TO EXI/-- RA!R ?AN AS A SET ( 9SI<TS 9TO ! NATURE ( HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE IMPORTANT 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,MY [N 9T]V5TION APPE>$ AT JU/ ! MOM5T ,I WAS GA9+ ATT5TION AS AN ACTIVI/ 9VOLV$ ) ! GLOBAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T4 ,APP>5TLY1 IT SEEMS DIFFICULT )9 ! DISCIPL9E TO CONCEIVE ( A FELL[ S*OL> AS BO? A !ORI/ & ACTIVI/ AT ! SAME TIME1 LEAD+ TO ! RA!R CONFUS+ SITUATION 7AT LEA/ IT WAS CONFUS+ = ME7 :]E MY DEPLOYM5T ( EV5 QUITE >CANE ELEM5TS ( VALUE !ORY TO POLITICAL QUE/IONS1 OR EV5 TO DEVELOP !M 9 MASS-CIRCULATION V5UES LIKE ,H>P]S 7E4G41 ,GRAEB] #b#eA1 #b#gA7 SP>K$ MU* MORE 9T]E/ & DEBATE AMONG A BROAD] PUBLIC ?AN ANY ( MY S*OL>LY ESSAYS ON SIMIL> TOPICS 7#b#eB1 #b#eC1 #b#f1 #b#a#a7 DID )9 ! ACADEMY4 

,I WRITE ?IS NOT JU/ AS A WAY ( LAM5T+ ! 9FATUATIONS ( MY LO/ 9TELLECTUAL Y\? BUT RA!R BECAUSE ,I ?9K AN?ROPOLOGY MI<T F9ALLY BE EM]G+ FROM ! NE>-SUICIDAL CRISIS ( FAI? ?AT %OOK IT 9 ! #a#i#hS1 & BE ONCE AGA9 BE ABLE TO IMAG9E ITSELF AS 9 A POSITION TO MAKE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIAL !ORY 9 ITS [N RI<T4 7,H,A,U ITSELF IS F\ND$ ON ! GAMBLE ?AT IT IS47 ,BUT ,I ALSO ?9K ?AT 9 ORD] TO DO SO1 ALL !SE DEBATES NE$ TO BE PUT BACK ON ! TABLE & UND]/OOD )9 ! L>G] 9TELLECTUAL CURR5TS ?AT CREAT$ ! DISCIPL9E ( AN?ROPOLOGY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,?IS IS :Y ,I BEGAN BY EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ,H]D] & ,M>X W]E ULTIMATELY DEAL+ ) ! SAME SORTS ( QUE/ION4 

,?IS IS :AT ,I TRI$ TO >GUE 9 ,T[>D AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY ( VALUE AS WELL3 ?AT VALUE WILL NECESS>ILY BE A KEY ISSUE IF WE SEE SOCIAL WORLDS NOT JU/ AS A COLLECTION ( P]SONS & ?+S BUT RA!R AS A PROJECT ( MUTUAL CREATION1 AS SOME?+ COLLECTIVELY MADE & REMADE4 ,?IS IS :Y MO/ DEBATES OV] ,M>X'S DEPLOYM5T ( ! 0LABOR !ORY ( VALUE0 COMPLETELY MISS ! M>K4 ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE WAS ABOVE ALL A WAY ( ASK+ ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION3 ASSUM+ ?AT WE DO COLLECTIVELY MAKE \R WORLD1 ?AT WE COLLECTIVELY REMAKE IT DAILY1 !N :Y IS IT ?AT WE SOMEH[ 5D UP CREAT+ A WORLD ?AT FEW ( US P>TICUL>LY LIKE1 MO/ F9D UNJU/1 & OV] :I* NO ONE FEELS !Y HAVE ANY ULTIMATE CONTROL8 ,?IS IS NOT AN ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE A SCI5TIFIC LAW1 :I* CAN DEMON/RATE H[ SPECIFIC UNITS ( LABOR ULTIMATELY DET]M9E ! PRICES ( SPECIFIC ( COMMODITIES1.<#b.> BUT RA!R1 AN ATTEMPT TO ANSW] A FUNDAM5TAL EXI/5TIAL QUE/ION4 ,& ! ANSW] HE F\ND--NOT SO MU* ! SPECIFIC >GUM5TS AB\T USE VALUE1 EX*ANGE VALUE1 WAGES1 & SO =? AS ! =M ( ! >GUM5T--PROVIDES P]HAPS ! MO/ COMPELL+ MODEL YET PROPOS$ = H[ VALUE 7& BY EXT5SION1 POLITICS1 RITUAL1 SYMBOLISM7 CAN BE ANALYZ$ 9 ANY SOCIAL CONTEXT4 

,SO LET ME SEE IF ,I CAN PUT SOME ( !SE IDEAS BACK ON ! TABLE AGA94 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ! BE/ WAY TO DO IT WILL BE TO SET \T1 AS CLE>LY AS ,I CAN1 FIVE WAYS ?AT :AT MI<T BE CALL$ ,*ICAGO VALUE !ORY--OR ) HOPE1 SOM$AY1 JU/ ! E?NOGRAPHIC !ORY ( VALUE--DOES 9DE$ MAKE FRE% & IMPORTANT 9T]V5TIONS 9 QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL !ORY MORE G5]ALLY4 ,! FIR/ TWO ( !SE >E DIRECTLY D]IV$ FROM ,TURN]'S WORK1 & W]E1 9DE$1 FIR/ DEVELOP$ TO DISRUPT CONV5TIONAL ASSUMPTIONS AB\T :AT ,M>X WAS REALLY TRY+ TO DO1 & !RE=E1 :AT A PROP]LY ,M>XIAN AN?ROPOLOGY MI<T LOOK LIKE4 ,BUT ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT !Y HAVE MU* WID] IMPLICATIONS4 ,! ?IRD1 :I* IS A SYN!SIS ( ,TURN]'S IDEAS & M9E1 IMPLIES A NEW WAY ( CONCEIV+ SOCIETY4 ,! LA/ TWO1 :I* >E MY [N1 PROPOSE SOME NEW--&1 ,I HOPE FRUITFUL--WAYS ( ?9K+ AB\T COSMOLOGY1 0ONTOLOGY10 & IMAG9ATION4 

#a7 ,PRODUCTION AS PEOPLE-MAK+4 ,9 ! ,G]MAN IDEOLOGY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS MADE CLE> ?AT 0PRODUCTION0 ALWAYS MEANS ! PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL GOODS & SOCIAL RELATIONS--& !RE=E1 BY EXT5SION1 HUMAN BE+S1 :O RECREATE !MSELVES & EA* O!R 9 ! V]Y PROCESS ( ACT+ ON ! WORLD4 ,?IS 9SI<T MI<T APPE> TO HAVE BE5 RAPIDLY LO/ 9 ,M>X'S LAT] EMPHASIS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY & ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 BUT 9 FACT ,M>X BELIEV$ ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION ?AT HE W5T TO SU* PA9/AK+ L5G?S TO DESCRIBE WAS P]V]SE PRECISELY BECAUSE IT REQUIR$ SU* AN ANALYSIS TO UND]/& ITS 9N] WORK+S2 ?AT IS1 IT WAS P]V]SE BECAUSE IT SAW HUMAN BE+S PRIM>ILY AS A MEANS TO PRODUCE WEAL? RA!R ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,NO:]E 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ,M>X NOT$ 9 HIS E?NOGRAPHIC NOTEBOOKS 7.<#a#h#e#h.> #a#i#f#d71 DID IT EV5 OCCUR TO ANYONE TO ASK :AT >E ! CONDITIONS ?AT W\LD CREATE ! MO/ WEAL?-- EV5 IF ?IS SEEMS ! ONLY QUE/ION ?AT WE >E ALL[$ TO ASK TODAY--RA!R1 IT WAS ASSUM$ ?AT WEAL? WAS ONE1 (T5 AMBIVAL5T1 FACTOR 9 ! REAL BUS9ESS ( HUMAN LIFE3 ! CREATION ( HUMAN BE+S :O C\LD BE PROP] CITIZ5S ( !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,&1 HE ADDS1 !Y HAD IT RI<T4 ,IF LABOR CONSI/S ( ALL ?OSE CREATIVE ACTIONS :]EBY WE %APE & RE%APE ! WORLD >\ND US1 \RSELVES1 & ESPECIALLY EA* O!R1 MAT]IAL WEAL? ONLY EXI/S TO FUR!R ?AT TASK ( %AP+ ONE ANO!R 9TO ! SORT ( BE+S WE FEEL \<T TO EXI/1 & WE W\LD WI% TO HAVE >\ND US4 

,:AT ?IS SUGGE/S IS ?AT ! SY/EM ( EX*ANGE VALUE DOES NOT JU/ OP]ATE TO FACILITATE EXPLOITATION )9 ! FACTORY BY DISGUIS+ ! FACT ?AT VALUE COMES FROM LABOR1 IT OP]ATES ON AN EV5 MORE 9SIDI\S LEVEL BY 5C\RAG+ US TO BELIEVE ?AT ONLY C]TA9 =MS ( LABOR 7WAG$ LABOR1 OR AT BE/1 LABOR ?AT CONTRIBUTES TO PRODUC+ M>KETABLE COMMODITIES7 PRODUCE VALUE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,IT ALSO SUGGE/S SOME?+ EV5 MORE RADICAL3 ?AT :AT IS DESCRIB$ 9 ! ,M>XI/ LIT]ATURE AS 0REPRODUCTIVE LABOR10 H\SEWORK1 *ILD C>E1 ! MAK+1 %AP+1 $UCATION1 NURTURANCE1 & MA9T5ANCE ( ?OSE :O P]=M LABOR1 %\LD NOT BE VIEW$ AS SOME SECOND>Y PH5OM5ON1 ! M]E REPRODUCTION ( A WORK=CE CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ M>KETABLE COMMODITIES1 BUT RA!R1 AS ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y =M ( REAL VALUE-PRODUC+ LABOR1 AS ! V]Y CORE & ESS5CE ( HUMAN CREATIVE LIFE4 ,! FACT ?AT CAPITALISM REPRES5TS IT AS ! M]E REPRODUCTION ( A WORK=CE IS ! ULTIMATE 9DICATION ( ITS P]V]SITY1 ITS SY/EMATIC VIOLATION ( ! ,KANTIAN CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE ?AT HUMAN BE+S %\LD ALWAYS BE TREAT$ AS 5DS & NOT AS MEANS4 

,ALL ?IS IS NOT JU/ AN 9T]V5TION--H[EV] RADICAL--9 ,M>XI/ !ORY4 ,IT OP5S UP ALL SORTS ( NEW P]SPECTIVES ON FAMILI> PROBLEMS4 ,MO/ OBVI\SLY1 IT PROVIDES AN ELEGANT SOLUTION = ! VALUE_/VALUES PROBLEM4 ,! 5TIRE FIELD ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL VALUE !ORY S9CE ! #a#i#hS HAS BE5 F\ND$ ON A S+LE 9TUITION3 ! FACT ?AT WE USE ! SAME WORD TO DESCRIBE ! B5EFITS & VIRTUES ( A COMMODITY = SALE ON ! M>KET 7! 0VALUE0 ( A HAIRCUT OR A CURTA9 ROD7 & \R IDEAS AB\T :AT IS ULTIMATELY IMPORTANT 9 LIFE 70VALUES0 SU* AS TRU?1 BEAUTY1 JU/ICE71 IS NOT A CO9CID5CE4 ,!RE IS SOME HIDD5 LEVEL :]E BO? COME D[N TO ! SAME ?+4 

,IF WE EXAM9E ! MATT] FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( WORK1 ! PROBLEM IS MU* LESS ( A MY/]Y4 ,WE SPEAK ( VALUE :5 LABOR IS COMMODITIZ$4 ,ON ! M>KET1 ! VALUE ( ANY GOOD OR S]VICE ULTIMATELY COMES D[N TO ?AT PROPORTION ( ! TOTAL POOL ( WAG$ OR SAL>I$ LABOR ?AT IS 9VE/$ 9 PRODUC+ IT4 ,! MOM5T WE 5T] ! WORLD :]E LABOR IS NOT COMMODITIZ$1 SUDD5LY WE BEG9 TALK+ AB\T VALUES4 ,:AT IS ! MO/ COMMON =M ( UNPAID LABOR 9 \R SOCIETY8 ,SURELY1 H\SEWORK4 ,& :AT IS ! PR9CIPLE WAY 9 :I* VALUES >E 9VOK$ BY PUNDITS & POLITICIANS8 0,FAMILY VALUES40 ,IT'S QUITE ! SAME ) >T1 RELIGION1 POLITICS1 OR SOCIAL JU/ICE--OR EV51 = ?AT MATT]1 ?OSE ASPECTS ( ! WORLD ( WORK 7LOYALTY1 9TEGRITY7 ?AT DO DEFY ANY CALCULUS ( PR(IT4 

,IT'S ! ROLE ( MONEY AS UNIV]SAL EQUIVAL5T ?AT ALL[S = ! DIVISION4 ,?AT :I* IS ?US R5D]$ COMP>ABLE CAN BE CONSID]$ UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0VALUE0 & ?IS VALUE1 LIKE ?AT ( MONEY1 LIES 9 ITS EQUIVAL5CE4 ,! VALUE ( 0VALUES0 9 CONTRA/ LIES PRECISELY 9 !IR LACK ( EQUIVAL5CE2 !Y >E SE5 AS UNIQUE1 CRY/ALLIZ$ =MS4 ,!Y CANNOT OR %\LD NOT BE CONV]T$ 9TO MONEY4 ,NOR CAN !Y BE PRECISELY COMP>$ ) ONE ANO!R4 ,NO ONE WILL EV] BE ABLE PRODUCE A MA!MATICAL =MULA = H[ MU* IT IS FITT+ TO BETRAY ONE'S POLITICAL PR9CIPLES 9 ! NAME ( RELIGION1 OR TO NEGLECT ONE'S FAMILY 9 ! PURSUIT ( >T4 ,TRUE1 PEOPLE DO MAKE SU* DECISIONS ALL ! TIME4 ,BUT !Y WILL ALWAYS RESI/ =MALIZATION--TO EV5 SUGGE/ DO+ SO IS AT BE/ ODD1 & PROBABLY (F5SIVE4.<#c.> 

,! ROLE ( MONEY LEADS TO ! SECOND CRUCIAL PO9T ( 9T]V5TION4 

#b7 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL AS A WORK ( SYMBOLIC ANALYSIS4 ,IF ,M>X W]E REALLY AN OLD-FA%ION$ MAT]IAL DET]M9I/1 ONE W\LD IMAG9E ?AT HIS MAGNUM OPUS W\LD BEG9 ) A DESCRIPTION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( P[] LOOMS1 /EAM 5G9ES1 & TE*NIQUES ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION4 ,9 FACT1 IT DOES NO?+ ( ! SORT4 ,IT BEG9S ) A PROLONG$ ANALYSIS ( H[1 FROM C]TA9 P]SPECTIVES1 9 ! C\RSE ( C]TA9 COMM]CIAL TRANSACTIONS1 ! VALUE ( A C]TA9 NUMB] ( Y>DS ( L95 CAN BE EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( A COAT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT BEG9S BY MAPP+ \T ! RUDIM5TS ( A !ORY ( SYMBOLISM4.<#d.> ,BUT TAK5 AS SU*1 IT'S ACTUALLY QUITE A P[]FUL !ORY ( SYMBOLISM1 BECAUSE IT GOES WELL BEYOND ! FAMILI> AN?ROPOLOGICAL IDEA ( SYMBOLS AS 0MODELS ( & MODELS =0 SOCIAL REALITY 7,GE]TZ #a#i#g#c71 BUT SEES !M ALSO AS REPRES5TATIONS ( ! IMPORTANCE ( C]TA9 =MS ( ACTION ?AT BECOME OBJECTS ( DESIRE ?AT1 AS SU*1 PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE 9 MOTIVAT+ ?OSE V]Y =MS ( ACTION ?AT !Y REPRES5T4 

,9 A WAY1 EV5 ! FAM\S EXCURSUS ON ! FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES IS SOME?+ ( AN ASIDE2 ! BOOK IS REALLY AB\T ! FETI%IZATION ( MONEY1 & IF WE TAKE ,M>X'S [N WORD = IT1 WAS WRITT5 ABOVE ALL TO UND]/& :Y IT IS ?AT1 9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! VALUE ( LABOR COMES TO BE EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( A WAGE4 ,MONEY 9 ?IS S5SE IS A V]Y P>TICUL> SORT ( SYMBOL4 ,IT BO? REPRES5TS ! VALUE 7IMPORTANCE7 ( \R CREATIVE ACTIONS 7LABOR7 9 A =M 9 :I* IT CAN BE SOCIALLY RECOGNIZ$ & IT ALSO DOES SO 9 A =M :]E IT CAN SEEM TO BE A S\RCE ( ! V]Y CREATIVE P[] ?AT IT REPRES5TS4 ,AS SU*1 IT BECOMES AN OBJECT ( DESIRE1 ! PURSUIT ( :I* MOTIVATES WORK]S TO ACTUALLY C>RY \T ! V]Y CREATIVE ACTIONS :OSE VALUE IT REPRES5TS--S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 ?IS IS ! REASON ONE GOES TO WORK TO BEG9 )3 9 ORD] TO GET PAID4 

,TURN]'S >GUM5T IS ?AT1 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE1 ?IS HAPP5S 9 ANY SY/EM ( VALUE4 ,VALUE IS ! WAY ! IMPORTANCE ( \R [N LABORS--TAK+ LABOR AGA9 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE1 DESCRIB$ ABOVE--BECOMES REAL TO US BY BE+ REALIZ$ 70REALIZ$0 H]E BE+ TAK5 9 ITS LIT]AL S5SE1 AS 0BECOMES REAL07 9 SOME SOCIALLY RECOGNIZ$ =M1 A =M ?AT IS BO? MAT]IAL & SYMBOLIC4 ,AS ! VALUE V]SUS VALUES EXAMPLE MAKES CLE>1 ! NATURE ( ?AT =M--! 0CONCRETE MAT]IAL M$IUM ( VALUE REALIZATION0 9 ,TURN]'S PREF]R$ LANGUAGE--MAKES A GREAT DEAL ( DIFF]5CE4 ,GOLD & SILV] US$ AS MONEY IS 5DUR+ BUT IT IS G5]IC & QUANTIFIABLE2 IT ?US ALL[S LIQUID1 COMP>ABLE =MS ( VALUE4 ,A UNIQUE HEIRLOOM1 A DIPLOMA1 OR A P]=MANCE EA* HAVE V]Y DIFF]5T QUALITIES4 ,AS A RESULT1 EV5 ?\< VALUE IS BY DEF9ITION ALWAYS COMP>ATIVE1 DIFF]5T VALUES CAN BE COMP>$ 9 DIFF]5T WAYS3 PROPORTIONALLY1 AS ) MONEY 7?AT IS1 ALL[+ ONE TO SPECIFY JU/ H[ MANY UNITS ( ONE SORT ( VALUE >E EQUIVAL5T TO A C]TA9 NUMB] ( UNITS ( ANO!R71 ?R\< SOME SORT ( ORD9AL RANK+ SY/EM1 OR AS UNIQUE1 P>TICUL> VALUES--AS )1 SAY1 A COMPLETELY UNIQUE & 9COMP>ABLE SET ( HEIRLOOMS1 OR A UNIQUE >TI/IC S5SIBILITY1 :]E ALL ONE CAN SAY IS :E!R ONE HAS IT OR NOT4 ,BUT 9 EV]Y CASE1 IT IS EASY TO OBS]VE ! SAME T5D5CY = ! OBJECT--:I* REPRES5TS & EMBODIES ! VALUE ( A C]TA9 G5RE ( CREATIVE ACTIVITY--TO SEEM TO G5]ATE ! V]Y P[] IT EMBODIES1 BECAUSE1 9 IMM$IATE PRAGMATIC T]MS1 ?AT'S PRECISELY :AT IT DOES4 ,TOK5S ( HONOR EMBODY ! VALUE ( HONORABLE CONDUCT1 BUT ONE CONDUCTS ONESELF 9 AN HONORABLE WAY L>GELY 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 !M2 $UCATIONAL C]TIFICATES REPRES5T ! VALUE ( LE>N+2 ONE-MAN RETROSPECTIVE %[S 9 FAM\S GALL]IES REPRES5T ! VALUE ( AN >TI/IC C>E]1 & SO ON4 

,!SE TOK5S CAN BE MORE OR LESS =MALIZ$4 ,9 \R [N SOCIETY1 ! REALIZATION ( UNPAID DOME/IC LABOR1 = 9/ANCE1 IS NOT ESPECIALLY =MALIZ$3 IT IS IMAG9$ L>GELY AS LOVE1 OR P]HAPS1 9 MORE CONCRETE T]MS AS ! FUTURE ABILITY TO PLAY ) ONE'S GR&*ILDR54 ,9 SOCIETIES :]E MONEY IS L>GELY ABS5T1 & ! CREATION ( HUMANS IS RECOGNIZ$ TO BE ! PRIM>Y BUS9ESS ( HUMAN LIFE1 ! PURSUIT ( ATT5DANT VALUE =MS IS (T5 QUITE =MALIZ$ 9DE$4 ,AS ,TURN] OBS]VES1 :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S CALL 0K9%IP SY/EMS0 CAN EQUALLY WELL BE SE5 AS SY/EMS ( HUMAN PRODUCTION1 ALMO/ 9V>IABLY1 M>K$ BY JU/ ! K9D ( PROCESS ( ! OBJECTIFICATION ( CREATIVE LABOR 9TO VALUE TOK5S ?AT !N MAKE IT EASI] = SOME CLASS ( PEOPLE 79 MO/ CASES1 MALE ELD]S7 TO MORE EASILY APPROPRIATE ! HONOR1 PRE/IGE1 FAME1 VITALITY1 OR DIGNITY COLLECTIVELY CREAT$ BY O!RS4 

#c7 ,IMAG9>Y TOTALITIES1 OR SOCIETY AS >5A = ! REALIZATION ( VALUE4 ,ONE ASPECT ( ?IS APPROA* ?AT HAS BE5 L>GELY OV]LOOK$ IS ! CRITICAL ROLE ( IMAG9ATION4 ,9S(> AS VALUE IS SOCIAL1 IT IS ALWAYS A COMP>ISON2 VALUE CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ 9 O!R PEOPLE'S EYES4 ,ANO!R WAY TO PUT ?IS IS ?AT !RE MU/ ALWAYS BE AN AUDI5CE4 ,IT IS NOT JU/ A QUE/ION ( BE+ RECOGNIZ$ AS JU/1 OR HONORABLE1 OR A GOOD PROVID]1 NOT EV5 A MATT] ( BE+ ABLE TO E/ABLI% ?AT ONE IS MORE JU/1 OR MORE HONORABLE1 OR A BETT] PROVID] ?AN SOMEONE ELSE1 BUT ALSO1 :OSE ASSESSM5T ONE TAKES S]I\SLY 7& ( C\RSE1 BY ! SAME TOK51 :OSE VIEWS IT NEV] EV5 OCCURS TO ONE TO ?9K AB\T AT ALL74 ,= MO/ ( ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 PURSU+ A P>TICUL> =M ( VALUE1 ?AT'S :AT 0SOCIETY0 IS3 ?AT AUDI5CE4 ,BUT !RE IS AN 9T]E/+ COROLL>Y H]E4 ,?IS ALSO MEANS ?AT 9 ! ORD9>Y C\RSE ( EV5TS1 0SOCIETY0 EXI/S L>GELY 9 ! IMAG9ATION ( ! ACTORS4 ,IF SOCIETY TAKES CONCRETE1 MAT]IAL =M1 ?IS T5DS TO HAPP5 ONLY DUR+ IMPORTANT RITUAL EV5TS 7FUN]ALS1 GRADUATION C]EMONIES1 M>RIAGES1 GAMES1 TRADE SUMMITS1 ETC474 ,YET :5 IT IS IMAG9$1 IT IS ALWAYS AS SOME MAGNIFIC5T1 ALL-EMBRAC+ TOTALITY ( SOME SORT OR ANO!R1 A K9D ( UNIV]SE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 9 COMPLEX SOCIETIES1 !RE >E ANY NUMB] ( SU* IMAG9>Y >5AS = ! REALIZATION ( VALUE1 EA* MAK+ SIMIL>LY TOTALIZ+ CLAIMS1 & ! ULTIMATE /AKES ( POLITICAL LIFE T5D TO LIE PRECISELY 9 NEGOTIAT+ H[ !SE VALUES & >5AS WILL ULTIMATELY RELATE TO ONE ANO!R4 

,I ?9K WE MI<T DO WELL TO ?9K AB\T ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS FACT4 ,IT MAY WELL BE ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT POT5TIAL CONTRIBUTIONS ( VALUE !ORY1 BUT IT'S BE5 L>GELY IGNOR$4 ,NONE ( ! >TICLES 9 ?IS COLLECTION1 = 9/ANCE1 EV5 ALLUDE TO !M4 

,TURN] HIMSELF APPLIES HIS ANALYSIS TO A ,KAYAPO VILLAGE 7#a#i#i#e1 #b#cA1 #b#f71 :I* IS ALWAYS DESCRIB$ AS A CIRCLE ( DOME/IC COMP\NDS1 >RANG$ >\ND A C5TRAL PLAZA ) TWO M5'S H\SES1 DIVID$ 9TO MOIETIES4 ,9 EV]YDAY LIFE1 !SE MOIETIES >E NOT ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT1 BUT !Y >E CRUCIAL 9 ! REALIZATION ( VALUE1 S9CE ! CONSUMMATE VALUE--:AT ,KAYAPO CALL 0BEAUTY0--IS EMBODI$ MO/ ( ALL 9 GREAT COMMUNAL RITUALS 9 :I* SPONSORS FROM ONE MOIETY GIVE NAMES & PRES5T HEIRLOOM JEWELRY TO 9ITIATES FROM ! O!R SIDE1 & ! COMMUNITY EXPRESSES ITS ULTIMATE SOLID>ITY & UNITY4 ,SU* BEAUTIFUL EV5TS >E ALWAYS SAID TO TRANSC5D ! PETTY P[] /RUGGLES ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 ?IS ISN'T REALLY TRUE4 ,P[] /RUGGLES 9EVITABLY LEAD TO SPLITS & AS A RESULT1 NO ACTUALLY EXI/+ ,KAYAPO VILLAGE HAS ACTUALLY CONTA9$ TWO MOIETIES = ALMO/ A C5TURY4 

,! OBVI\S QUE/ION IS1 IF IT ISN'T REALLY ! CASE1 :Y DOES EV]YONE NONE!LESS GO ON 9SI/+ ?AT A PROP] VILLAGE MU/ HAVE TWO MOIETIES8 ,?IS IS NOT AN IDLE QUE/ION4 ,9 A WAY1 IT IS ANO!R WAY ( RE/AT+ ! C5TRAL !ORETICAL QUE/ION ( ,BRITI% SOCIAL AN?ROPOLOGY ( ! CLASSIC AGE3 :AT >E WE ACTUALLY REF]R+ TO :5 WE SPEAK ( 0SOCIAL /RUCTURE08 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S 9 ! #a#i#dS & #a#i#eS F\ND !Y HAD NO TR\BLE ELICIT+ V]Y ELABORATE & ELEGANT DESCRIPTIONS ( SEGM5T>Y L9EAGE /RUCTURES1 CIRCULAT+ CONNUBIUM M>RIAGE SY/EMS1 HI]>*IES ( *IEFLY (FICES1 & ! LIKE1 :I* C\LD !N BE TURN$ 9TO S*EMATIC MODELS ?AT C\LD !N BE COMP>$ & CONTRA/$ 9 ALL SORTS ( FASC9AT+ WAYS1 BUT !SE (T5 SEEM$ TO HAVE V]Y LITTLE TO DO ) ! MU* MESSI] & CONT5TI\S REALITIES ( :AT ACTUALLY W5T ON 9 SMALL-SCALE COMMUNITIES4 ,:AT DID !SE MODELS ACTUALLY REPRES5T8 ,W]E !Y IDEALS1 REALITIES1 APPROXIMATIONS1 EXPRESSIONS ( SOME HIDD5 LOGIC1 OR SOME?+ ELSE 5TIRELY8 ,EV5TUALLY1 ,$MUND ,LEA* 7#a#i#e#d1 #a#i#h#b2 SEE ALSO ,BLO* #a#i#g#a7 WAS ABLE TO MAKE A P[]FUL CASE ?AT SOCIAL /RUCTURES ( ?IS K9D DIDN'T REALLY EXI/ 9 ANY MAT]IAL S5SE AT ALL2 !Y W]E IMAG9ATIVE CON/RUCTS ?AT W]E ONLY REALIZ$ DUR+ RITUAL MOM5TS--:5 DIVID+ UP ! C>CASS ( A SACRIFICIAL OX1 OR 9/ALL+ A NEW E>? PRIE/--:5 0SOCIETY0 9 ?IS TOTAL S5SE IS MOM5T>ILY BR\<T 9TO BE+3 G5]ALLY1 SO ONE CAN MANIPULATE OR *ANGE IT4 ,:Y ?IS AB/RACT MODEL HAS TO EXI/ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 H[EV]1 REMA9S AMBIGU\S3 IS IT TO ANSW] SOME NE$ = SOCIAL OR CONCEPTUAL ORD]1 TO PROVIDE AN AN*OR = /RUCTURES ( /ATUS & AU?ORITY1 OR SOME?+ MORE PR(\ND8 

,ALL ?IS WORKS WELL 5\< = ! ,KAYAPO4 ,9DE$ !Y MI<T BE CONSID]$ A CLASSIC CASE 9 PO9T1 S9CE !Y >E =C$ TO SOMEH[ IMPROVISE ! EQUIVAL5T ( TWO MOIETIES 9 ORD] TO CONDUCT !IR BEAUTIFUL NAM+ C]EMONIES & O!R IMPORTANT RITUAL EV5TS4 ,AT !SE MOM5TS1 & !SE MOM5TS ONLY1 ,KAYAPO 0SOCIETY0 IS MADE TO APPE> 9 ITS TOTAL =M4 ,BUT ,TURN]'S =MULATION ALSO (F]S A MU* MORE COMPELL+ EXPLANATION ( :Y IT MU/ BE MADE TO APPE>3 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE AN >5A = ! REALIZATION ( SOCIAL VALUE4 

,! ,KAYAPO >E ( C\RSE A CLASSIC1 OLD-FA%ION$ 0VILLAGE SOCIETY10 :]E IT IS AT LEA/ POSSIBLE TO ?9K ( A S+LE COMMUNITY AS A TOTAL SOCIAL SY/EM1 & !RE=E1 A S+LE >5A--EV5 ?\<1 AS IT TURNS \T1 SU* VILLAGES REALLY EXI/ ONLY 9 IMAG9>Y =M4 ,EV5 ,NANCY ,MUNN'S 09T]SUBJECTIVE SPACETIME0 = ! REALIZATION ( FAME1 EXT5D+ BEYOND ! ISL& ( ,GAWA TO ! 5TIRE KULA *A91 IS A S+LE >5A4 ,H[1 !N1 TO SPEAK AB\T SU* MATT]S :5 !RE >E MULTIPLE >5AS8 ,9 MO/ ( ! PLACES AN?ROPOLOGI/S /UDY N[ADAYS1 !RE CLE>LY >E4 

,?IS IS ! TRADITIONAL /OMP+-GR\ND ( SOCIOLOGI/S &1 9DE$1 SOCIOLOGI/S HAVE HAD SOME 9T]E/+ ?+S TO SAY H]E4 ,MAX ,WEB]'S NOTION ( /ATUS 7OR /&71 = EXAMPLE1 PROPOS$ ?AT !RE >E ALWAYS TWO SORTS ( VALUE COMPETITION GO+ ON4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 = ANY /ATUS GR\P--& HE'S ?9K+ V]Y BROADLY H]E2 ?IS MI<T 9CLUDE ,JUNK]S1 DOCTORS1 MONKS1 OR >TI/IC ,BOHEMIANS--!RE IS AN 9T]NAL GAME1 :]E MEMB]S ( A C]TA9 /ATUS GR\P >E VY+ OV] !IR [N PECULI> NOTION ( E/EEM2 ON ! O!R H&1 !RE IS A L>G] /RUGGLE )9 ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE TO E/ABLI% ?AT P>TICUL> NOTION ( E/EEM1 & ! /YLE ( LIFE ) :I* IT IS ASSOCIAT$1 AS ! HI<E/ OR MO/ LEGITIMATE VALUE 7,WEB] #a#i#g#h3#b#e-#c#g2 ,WOLK N4D474.<#e.> ,DANIEL ,WOLK PROVIDES A VIVID--& TELL+--EXAMPLE4 ,:5 MEMB]S ( ! /UD5T DUEL+ SOCIETIES ( ,WEB]'S DAY 5GAG$ 9 SWORD-FI<TS OV] SLI<T$ MALE HONOR1 !Y W]E PLAY+ A GAME--) ITS LOGIC ( 9SULT1 *ALL5GE1 & DUEL ) BLAD$ WEAPONS--?AT BE>S A REM>KABLE RESEMBLANCE TO ! KNIFE-FI<TS TYPICAL ( GANG W>S 9 TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,*ICAGO OR ,LOS ,ANGELES4 ,! 9T]NAL /RUGGLE OV] HONOR TOOK MU* ! SAME =M4 ,YET ! DUEL+ SOCIETIES1 :OSE MEMB]S--(T5 ( >I/OCRATIC BACKGR\ND--W]E PREP>+ !MSELVES = HI< PO/S 9 ! CIVIL S]VICE1 MANAG$ TO PROMOTE !IR S5SE ( /ATUS HONOR TO ! V]Y P9NACLE ( ,G]MAN SOCIETY1 :ILE ! HONOR CONTE/$ BY ! GANGS--OR CONTEMPOR>Y ,CRIPS & ,BLOODS--IS CONSID]$ BY ! L>G] ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY TO BE ! V]Y MO/ CONTEMPTIBLE4 

,GRANT$1 ,WEB]'S FOCUS ON 0/ATUS HONOR0 BETRAYS ! ULTIMATELY >I/OCRATIC 9SPIRATION ( ! CONCEPT1 & ?IS DOES SOME:AT LIMIT ITS USEFULNESS = \R PURPOSES4 ,IT IS ACTUALLY QUITE USEFUL TO EXAM9E :AT WE'VE COME TO CALL SUBCULTURES1 OR SIMIL> ID5TITY-BAS$ GR\PS2 RA!R LESS ?AN ! MORE OBVI\SLY VALUE-BAS$ UNIV]SES ?AT SO MULTIPLY 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES3 ACADEMIA1 FA%ION1 SPORT1 ! M$IA1 ! >T WORLD4 ,/ILL1 IT'S USEFUL 7& H]E ,I'M FOLL[+ ,WOLK AGA97 TO COMP>E HIS =MULATION ) ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU'S NOTION ( SOCIAL 0FIELDS0 7#a#i#g#f1 #a#i#h#c1 #a#i#h#e2 ,V&5BUR<E #a#i#i#i71.<#f.> :I* HE DEVELOP$ TO UND]/& PRECISELY SU* PH5OM5A4 ,EA* CAN1 AGA91 BE IMAG9$ AS A K9D ( GAME :]E ! PLAY]S >E VY+ TO ACCUMULATE SOME =M ( 0CAPITAL10 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 !RE IS A K9D ( HI<] LEVEL GAME1 ( DOM9ANCE1 SUBORD9ATION1 & AUTONOMY1 :]E ! ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL FIELD WILL ATTEMPT TO SUBSUME ! O!RS1 & FIELDS LIKE ACADEMIA OR >T >E =C$ TO ADOPT COMPLEX /RATEGIES TO MA9TA9 !IR [N AUTONOMY 7H5CE1 ,B\RDIEU'S CELEBRATION ( ,BAUDELAIRE'S IDEAL ( 0>T = >T'S SAKE10 OR HIS JU/IFICATION ( HIS [N NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT PROSE /YLE AS A TACTIC = DEF5D+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! 9TELLECTUAL FIELD AGA9/ 9CURSIONS FROM ! ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL ONES74 ,:AT ,TURN] W\LD ADD H]E IS ?AT ?IS IS :AT POLITICS IS ALWAYS ULTIMATELY AB\T3 NOT JU/ TO ACCUMULATE VALUE1 BUT TO DEF9E :AT VALUE IS1 & H[ DIFF]5T VALUES 7=MS ( 0HONOR10 0CAPITAL10 ETC47 DOM9ATE1 5COMPASS1 OR O!RWISE RELATE TO ONE ANO!R2 & ?US AT ! SAME TIME1 BETWE5 ?OSE IMAG9>Y >5AS 9 :I* !Y >E REALIZ$4 ,9 ! 5D1 POLITICAL /RUGGLE IS & MU/ ALWAYS BE AB\T ! MEAN+ ( LIFE4.<#g.> 

#d7 ,COSMOLOGIES1 GAMES1 & ! ANTI-ONTOLOGICAL APPROA*4 ,VIEW$ FROM )91 ANY ONE ( !SE >5AS SEEMS LIKE A TOTAL UNIV]SE4 ,!Y C>RY )9 !M A PHILOSOPHY ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 ( :AT PEOPLE >E1 :AT !Y WANT1 AB\T ! NATURE ( ! WORLD !Y 9HABIT4 ,?IS IS :Y WE CAN SPEAK ( HOMO ECOMOMICUS1 HOMO HI]>*ICUS1 HOMO ACADEMICUS1 & SO =?1 ( DIFF]5T SPECIES ( HUMAN ?AT 9HABIT EA* SPECIFIC VALUE FIELD4 ,ONE CURI\S RESULT IS ?AT 9 MO/ SOCIETIES1 ANY ONE 9DIVIDUAL WILL F9D !MSELVES CON/ANTLY MOV+ BACK & =? BETWE5 UNIV]SES4 ,H[ IS ?IS POSSIBLE8 ,H]E1 ! IMAG9>Y1 VIRTUAL1 0AS-IF0 QUALITY ( ! TOTALITIES 9 QUE/ION SEEMS CRUCIAL4 ,!Y MAY PROPOSE A TOTAL VIEW ( ! WORLD1 BUT IT'S NOT P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT IF ! ACTORS BELIEVE ?AT ?IS VIEW IS 9 ANY ULTIMATE S5SE TRUE1 VALID1 OR CORRECT1 AS LONG AS !Y >E COMMITT$ TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( C]TA9 =MS ( VALUE 7:I*1 AGA91 CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ 9 O!RS' EYES74 ,?AT IS1 VALUE SY/EMS LEAD TO ! NATURALIZATION ( >BITR>Y IDEOLOGIES BUT NOT BECAUSE !Y CONV9CE ! ACTORS ?AT C]TA9 ?+S >E 9EVITABLE1 OR WRITT5 9TO ! FUNDAM5TAL /RUCTURE ( REALITY1 OR EV5 ?AT !Y NECESS>ILY 0GO )\T SAY+10 BUT RA!R1 BECAUSE ALL !SE QUE/IONS ( ULTIMATE REALITY >E SIMPLY IRRELEVANT4 

,?IS PO9T TOO DES]VES A LITTLE DEVELOPM5T BECAUSE ,I ?9K IT PROVIDES A USEFUL CORRECTIVE TO MU* ( ! EMPHASIS1 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL !ORY1 TO QUE/IONS ( 0ONTOLOGY40 ,AT ITS SLOPPIE/1 AT LEA/1 ! T]M 0ONTOLOGY0 IS GIV5 ! P[] TO TAKE ! PLACE ONCE GIV5 TO 0CULTURE40.<#h.> ,?IS /RIKES ME AS UN=TUNATE1 BECAUSE IT IMPLIES ?AT QUE/IONS AB\T ! ULTIMATE NATURE ( REALITY ACTUALLY MATT] TO MO/ PEOPLE2 9 ACTUAL PRACTICE1 :AT SEEMS /RIK+ IS ! DEGREE TO :I* !Y DO NOT 7CF4 ,C>RI!RS ET AL4 #b#a74 

,LET ME GIVE AN EXAMPLE4 ,!RE WAS A FAM\S PSY*OLOGICAL EXP]IM5T--IT'S USUALLY CALL$ ! ,/AN=D ,PRISON ,EXP]IM5T--9 :I* RESE>*]S DIVID$ A GR\P ( UND]GRADUATE VOLUNTE]S 9TO TWO GR\PS & TOLD ONE TO PRET5D TO BE PRISON]S & ! O!R TO BE GU>DS 7,ZIMB>DO #b#h74 ,!Y W]E TO BE LEFT 9 A BASEM5T = TWO WEEKS1 ! GU>DS GIV5 ABSOLUTE P[]4 ,AS MO/ READ]S WILL KN[ 7! EXP]IM5T IS V]Y FAM\S7 ! RESULTS W]E CATA/ROPHIC3 SOME PRISON]S CONCEIV$ PLANS TO ESCAPE1 ! GU>DS SOON BEGAN DESIGN+ SADI/IC RITUALS & PSY*OLOGICALLY ABUS+ ?OSE UND] !IR COMM&4 ,AFT] SIX DAYS1 ! EXP]IM5T HAD TO BE CALL$ (F = FE> SOMEONE W\LD BE S]I\SLY HURT4 ,! EXP]IM5T IS USUALLY 9VOK$ AS A DEMON/RATION ( ! DANG]S ( AU?ORIT>IAN BEHAVIOR1 BUT ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT :AT'S REALLY /RIK+ AB\T IT IS ! FACT ?AT ! P>TICIPANTS KNEW ?AT ! SC5>IO WAS IMAG9>Y4 ,!Y W]E P]FECTLY WELL AW>E ?AT !Y W]E NOT 9 FACT GU>DS OR PRISON]S BUT /UD5TS DO+ AN EXP]IM5T1 YET IT QUICKLY TURN$ 9TO A K9D ( GAME 7ONE SIDE TRY+ TO ESCAPE & ! O!RS TRY+ TO /OP !M71 & ONCE IT HAD1 NONE ( ?AT CAME TO MATT] ANY MORE4 

,ANYONE :O HAS PLAY$ A GAME UND]/&S H[ ?IS CAN HAPP54 ,9 FACT1 IF PEOPLE C>E AB\T ! /AKES1 IT ALMO/ 9V>IABLY DOES4 ,YET SOCIAL !ORI/S (T5 SEEM /RANGELY OBLIVI\S TO ! IMPLICATIONS4 ,9 AN E>LI] WORK 7,GRAEB] #b#gB3#a#c#a-#c#f71 ,I PROPOS$ A !ORY ( IDEOLOGY ?AT W5T SOME?+ ALONG !SE L9ES1 TAK+ AS MY />T+ PO9T ! =MAL SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 MANY !ORIES ( FAIRY TALES & O!R =MS ( N>RATIVE 7,PROPP #a#i#f#h2 ,M9K #a#i#g#h2 ,RICOEUR #a#i#h#d7 & ! !ORETICAL LIT]ATURE ON GAMES 7,HUIZ+A #a#i#e#e2 ,CALLOIS #b#a74 ,AS ,MAURICE ,BLO* 7#b#h1 #b#a#b7 HAS REC5TLY REM9D$ US1 IMAG9ATIVE PLAY APPE>S TO BE A PECULI>LY HUMAN PH5OM5ON1 & EV5 9 SMALL *ILDR51 IS ALWAYS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ?IS K9D ( 0AS-IF0 QUALITY ?AT /&S AP>T FROM EV]YDAY AFFAIRS4 ,9 =MAL GAMES1 ! 0AS-IF0 SPACE HAS TO BE CLE>LY B\ND$ (F FROM ?AT EV]YDAY REALITY--DEL9EAT$ BO? 9 TIME 7?9K ( ! />T+ :I/LE ( A RACE7 & SPACE 7! BORD]S ( ! FIELD74 ,)9 ?OSE TIME_/SPACE B\ND>IES1 !RE >E CLE>LY ID5TIFI$ PLAY]S1 RULES SPECIFY+ :AT ! PLAY]S CAN & CANNOT DO1 & /AKES1 ?AT IS1 ! ULTIMATE PURPOSES ( !IR ACTION 7?IS CAN BE EI!R COMPETITIVE1 BEAT+ ! O!R TIME1 OR COOP]ATIVE--TRY+ TO KEEP A ,FRISBEE 9 ! AIR AS LONG AS POSSIBLE74 ,EXACTLY !SE SAME FIVE ELEM5TS APPE> 9 MO/ !ORIES ( N>RATIVE3 !RE IS A WORLD DEM>CAT$1 AT LEA/ IMPLICITLY1 9 TIME & SPACE 7,BAKHT9'S FAM\S 0*RONOTOPE0 .<#a#i#h#a.>71 *>ACT]S :O HAVE C]TA9 P[]S ( ACTION--:I* MI<T V>Y 5ORM\SLY FROM ?OSE ( EV]YDAY HUMANS 9 C]TA9 G5RES 7!Y MI<T BE ABLE TO FLY IF ?IS W]E A FAIRY TALE OR SCI5CE FICTION /ORY7--&1 F9ALLY1 SOME PROJECT ( ACTION 7,O$IPUS WI%ES TO F9D HIS FA!R1 ! PR9CE WI%ES TO RESCUE ! PR9CESS7 ?AT DRIVES ! PLOT4 ,MY PO9T AT ! TIME WAS ?AT :ILE ,>I/OTLE WAS QUITE RI<T TO 9SI/ ?AT-- /ORIES BE+ AS HE PUTS IT1 0IMITATIONS ( ACTION0--! PLOT IS ! REAL ESS5CE ( ! ?+ 7& NOT ! *>ACT]S1 :O ACTUALLY >E DEF9$ BY ! ACTION & NOT VICE V]SA71 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! AUDI5CE1 IT NECESS>ILY HAS TO BE ! O!R WAY >\ND BECAUSE IF !Y DID NOT C>E :AT HAPP5$ TO ! *>ACT]S1 !Y W\LD HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 FOLL[+ ! /ORY TO BEG9 )4 

,AT ! TIME1 ,I >GU$ ?AT ?IS CAN HAVE A PR(\ND IDEOLOGICAL EFFECT1 BECAUSE 9 FOLL[+ ! /ORY1 SOME?+ HAPP5S ?AT IS QUITE ANALOG\S TO :AT HAPP5S :5 PLAY+ A GAME4 ,IF ONE C>ES AB\T ! *>ACT] & :E!R !Y A*IEVE !IR GOALS1 ! REALITY ( ! RE/ ( ! MA*9]Y--! NATURE ( ! COSMOS1 ! *>ACT]S1 ! RULES ( ! GAME--BECOMES 9CONSEQU5TIAL4 ,IF ONE IS 5JOY+ ! B$TIME /ORY1 ONE DOESN'T C>E ?AT P5GU9S CAN'T REALLY TALK4 ,?IS IS 9NOCU\S 5\<4 ,BUT IT BECOMES MU* LESS 9NOCU\S :5 ?IS SORT ( N>RATIVE =M IS APPLI$ TO POLITICAL SITUATIONS 7&1 IT WAS P>T ( MY >GUM5T ?AT ! MORE POLITICALLY DOM9ANT A CLASS ( PEOPLE T5DS TO BE1 ! MORE !IR DEF9+ MODES ( ACTIVITY WILL T5D TO BE GIV5 SOME K9D ( EASILY N>RATIVIZABLE =M74 ,SUDD5LY1 WE MOVE FROM WILL+ SUSP5SION ( DISBELIEF1 TO SOME?+ V]Y MU* LIKE AN IDEOLOGICAL NATURALIZATION EFFECT4 ,IF WE C>E :E!R ,GREAT ,BRITA9 OR ,SPA9 W9 ! CONTE/ OV] ,GIBRALT>1 WE DON'T REALLY ASK :E!R 0,GREAT ,BRITA90 OR 0,SPA90 ACTUALLY EXI/2 IF ONE C>ES :I* MIDDLE-AG$ MALE LAWY] PREVAILS 9 SOME HOTLY CONTE/$ LEGISLATIVE CONTE/ OV] BUDGET CUTS1 ONE DOESN'T QUE/ION :Y LEGISLATORS ALWAYS SEEM TO BE MIDDLE-AG$ MALE LAWY]S1 OR EV5 :E!R ! BUDGET ACTUALLY NE$S TO BE CUT4 ,! EFFECT IS ANALOG\S TO A CLASSIC1 ,B>!IAN 0IDEOLOGICAL NATURALIZATION EFFECT10 9 ?AT >BITR>Y SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS--?+S ?AT C\LD EQUALLY WELL BE ORGANIZ$ COMPLETELY DIFF]5TLY-->E SIMPLY TAK5 = GRANT$1 TREAT$ AS IF !Y MI<T AS WELL BE P>T ( ! NATURAL ORD] ( ! COSMOS4 ,BUT NOTE1 TOO1 ! CRUCIAL DIFF]5CE4 ,NO ONE IS SUGGE/+ ANYONE ACTUALLY DOES BELIEVE !SE ?+S TO BE P>T ( ! NATURAL ORD] ( ! COSMOS4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT IF ONE ID5TIFIES ) ! PLAY]S 9 !IR PURSUIT ( A C]TA9 =M ( VALUE1 IF ONE IS DRAWN 9TO BECOM+ P>T ( ! AUDI5CE 9 !IR >5A1 ONE SIMPLY ACCEPTS ! T]MS ( ! ATT5DANT UNIV]SE1 :ATEV] ITS REALITY4 ,TO DO O!RWISE W\LD AT BE/ BE VAGUELY OBNOXI\S1 LIKE 9T]RUPT+ A GAME TO DEM& A GR\P ( FANS EXPLA9 :Y !IR FAVORITE FOOTBALL] IS NOT ALL[$ TO USE HIS H&S4.<#i.> 

,IT IS VALUE1 !N1 ?AT BR+S UNIV]SES 9TO BE+4 ,:E!R ANYONE BELIEVES 9 ! REALITY ( !SE UNIV]SES IS USUALLY 9CONSEQU5TIAL4.<#a.> ,?IS1 9 TURN1 IS :AT MAKES IT SO EASY1 9 CONTEXTS *>ACT]IZ$ BY COMPLEX & OV]LAPP+ >5AS ( VALUES1 = SO MANY ACTORS TO SIMPLY /ROLL BACK & =? BETWE5 ONE UNIV]SE & ANO!R )\T FEEL+ ANY PR(\ND S5SE ( CONTRADICTION OR EV5 UNEASE4 

,IF ?IS IS TRUE1 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL FASC9ATION ) 0COSMOLOGIES10 LIKE ! LAT] FASC9ATION ) 0ONTOLOGIES0 ?AT L>GELY GREW \T ( IT1 MI<T SEEM TO 5TIRELY MISS ! M>K4 ,BUT H]E ,I SUSPECT ?+S >E ACTUALLY A BIT MORE COMPLICAT$4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 SOME OBVI\S ANALOGIES BETWE5 COSMOLOGICAL SY/EMS1 N>RATIVES1 & GAMES3 

,GAME,/ORY,COSMOS,FIELD ( PLAY,*RONOTOPE,B\ND>IES ( ! UNIV]SE,PLAY]S,*>ACT]S,AG5TS,RULES,PLOT,P[]S,/AKES,GOALS,VALUES 

,ANY VIEW ( ! COSMOS MU/1 FIR/ ( ALL1 BE DELIMIT$ 9 T]MS ( SPACE & TIME1 ITS EPO*S & DIM5SIONS (T5 QUITE ELABORATELY PLOTT$ \T 70! CLASSIC ,MAYA RECOGNIZ$ ?IRTE5 HEAV5S1 N9E HELLS1 & F\R QU>T]S ( ! T]RE/RIAL WORLD2 !Y SAW !MSELVES AS LIV+ 9 ! FIF? GREAT COSMIC CYCLE 444 074 ,)9 ?AT UNIV]SE1 ONE MU/ !N ASK1 :O >E ! ACTORS1 ?AT IS1 :AT >E ! BE+S :O PLAY A ROLE 9 COSMIC AFFAIRS--NOT JU/ HUMANS1 BUT GODS1 ANCE/ORS1 MON/]S1 ,MI/RESSES ( ! ,SEALS1 ,F\ND+ ,FA!RS1 & SO ON--& :AT SORT ( P[]S DO !Y HAVE8 ,!N1 F9ALLY1 ONE MU/ CONSID] !IR MOTIVATIONS 79S(> AS !SE CAN BE KN[N74 ,:AT =MS ( VALUE >E CONSID]$ WOR?Y ( PURSU+1 BY HUMANS & O!R CREATURES8 ,EV5 ! GODS1 AFT] ALL1 MU/ WANT SOME?+1 OR :Y W\LD !Y 9T]E/ !MSELVES 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS8 

,N[1 ORD9>ILY1 WE ASSUME ?AT = ?OSE :O EMBRACE !SE COSMIC SY/EMS1 ALL ?IS IS ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( REALITY4 ,BUT :ILE ?IS IS CLE>LY TRUE 9 SOME CASES1 IT DOES NOT NECESS>ILY HAVE TO BE4 ,CONSID] = EXAMPLE ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE 9 ,RANE ,WILL]SLEV'S 9TRIGU+ ESSAY ON SACRIFICE 9 ?IS V]Y COLLECTION1 9 :I* HE CONTEMPLATES ! FACT ?AT ,*UK*I1 & O!R ,SIB]IAN PEOPLES :O PRACTICE RITUAL SACRIFICE1 WILL (T5 CLAIM IGNORANCE1 OR NOT C>E1 :O ! SPIRITS TO :I* !Y >E SACRIFIC+ MI<T BE4 ,BELIEF IS IRRELEVANT3 

,! EFFICACY ( ,*UK*I SACRIFICE DOES NOT DEP5D ON ANY /R5U\S COMMITM5T TO FAI?1 = ! RITE ( SACRIFICE IS SOMEH[ ?\<T TO BE EFFECTIVE AS LONG AS ! RITUAL RULES >E FOLL[$4 ,C>OL9E ,HUMPHREY 7#b#a3 #d#a#f-#a#g7 MAKES A SIMIL> OBS]VATION :5 %E WRITES1 0,TO TAKE P>T 9 %AMANI/ RITUALS DOES NOT REQUIRE A P]SONAL COMMITM5T ( BELIEF4444 ,%AMANISM DEM&S NO?+ 444 :I* MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ! RE/ ( LIFE AS A P]SONAL COMMITM5T40 7,WILL]SLEV #b#a#c3 #a#d#d7 

,SIMIL> ?+S HAVE BE5 REPORT$ FROM ,MADAGASC>1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ITS MO/ EGALIT>IAN POPULATIONS3 AN?ROPOLOGI/S 7MYSELF 9CLUD$7 HAVE (T5 F\ND IT A REAL *ALL5GE TO C>RY \T A CLASSIC 0COSMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS0 BECAUSE !Y SOON DISCOV] !RE IS NO FIX$ PAN!ON1 ?AT M$IUMS1 CUR]S1 OR (FICIANTS AT SACRIFICES WILL (T5 BEG9 IMPROVIS+ LI/S ( SPIRITS OR COSMIC =CES MORE OR LESS AT :IM1 & ?AT DIFF]5T MY?S WILL REPRES5T ! UNIV]SE 5TIRELY DIFF]5TLY4 ,WE >E DEAL+ LESS ) ANY?+ ?AT C\LD BE CALL$ 0RELIGION0 ?AN ) A K9D ( COSMIC PLAY4 ,& ?IS IS CONSID]$ P]FECTLY APPROPRIATE SO LONG AS ! PURPOSE ( ! RITUAL IS ATTA9$3 :E!R ?AT BE HEAL?1 F]TILITY1 PROSP]ITY1 OR ANY?+ ELSE4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! UNIV]SE COMES 9TO BE+ >\ND ! VALUE4 

,:Y IS IT !N1 ?AT SOME COSMOLOGIES CAN HAVE ?IS PLAYFUL 0AS-IF0 QUALITY1 & O!RS MAKE SU* P[]FUL TRU?-CLAIMS8 ,IT DOESN'T SEEM TO BE SIMPLY A FUNCTION ( %AMANISM 7,MALAGASY RITUALS >E NOT %AMANI/IC74 ,I SUSPECT1 RA!R1 ! ANSW] LIES 9 ! L>G] SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,SU* SOCIETIES T5D TO BE BROADLY EGALIT>IAN1 & ALSO1 T5D TO OCCUR 9 SOCIAL CONTEXTS :]E !RE W\LD APPE> TO BE A M9IMAL NUMB] ( COMPET+ >5AS = ! REALIZATION ( VALUE4 ,! MORE COMPET+ >5AS !RE >E1 9 CONTRA/1 ! MORE LIKELY ?AT AT LEA/ SOME ( !M WILL BEG9 MAK+ MU* MORE AMBITI\S CLAIMS1 TO P]SONAL COMMITM5T 7FAI?7 OR TO ACTUALLY REPRES5T+ ! ULTIMATE TRU? OR MEAN+ ( EXI/5CE4 

,:AT ,I AM SUGGE/+ !N IS ?AT ONTOLOGICAL CLAIMS >E NOT ESS5TIAL TO COSMOLOGIES1 BUT !MSELVES1 A K9D ( POLITICAL MOVE--ONE POSSIBLE POLITICAL MOVE--?AT WILL T5D TO BE MADE 9 ! CONTEXT ( COMPET+ CLAIMS ( VALUE4 ,IT'S ONLY !N1 :5 UNIV]SES COLLIDE1 ?AT IT OCCURS TO ANYONE TO CEM5T ONE UNIV]SE'S /ATUS BY 9SI/+ ?AT IT IS SOMEH[ MORE REAL ?AN ANY ( ! O!RS1 OR ?AT IT HAS SOME SPECIAL PUR*ASE ON ! NATURE ( REALITY1 AS 9 ! CASE ( SCI5CE OR REVEAL$ RELIGION4 

,WE MI<T REF] TO ?IS AS 0! ONTOLOGICAL GAMBIT40.<#a#a.> 

,IF SO1 !N ! FASC9ATION ) ALT]ITY1 9CLUD+ ! VALUE ( =EIGN EXOTICA1 ON ! P[] & VALUE ( ANY?+ ?AT SEEMS TO COME FROM \TSIDE ! SY/EM 5TIRELY1 SO MAGNIFIC5TLY DOCUM5T$ BY ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S 7P>T TWO ( ?IS ISSUE71 MI<T BE CONSID]$ A K9D ( V>IANT ( ?IS SAME MOVE4 ,AFT] ALL1 0REALITY10 IF IT IS TO MEAN ANY?+1 MU/ ALWAYS BE ?AT :I* LIES BEYOND \R IMAG9ATIVE CON/RUCTIONS1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 :I* ALWAYS CONTA9S SOME PROP]TIES ?AT EXT5D BEYOND ANY?+ WE CAN ?9K OR SAY AB\T IT4 ,?AT IS BO? UND5IABLE1 YET ULTIMATELY 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,AS SU* !Y ALL[ A SIMIL> ,>*IM$IAN PO9T1 & ID5TIFY+ ONESELF ) SU* ULTIMATE REALITIES1 A WAY ( CLAIM+ ! AU?ORITY TO M$IATE BETWE5 VALUE SPH]ES4 ,IT MAY EV5 BE ?AT1 JU/ AS SCI5TIFIC TRU?-CLAIMS >OSE AS 7& TO SOME DEGREE /ILL MA9TA9 !MSELVES AS7 A K9D ( C\NT]DISC\RSE TO ?OSE ( REVEAL$ RELIGION1 REVEAL$ RELIGIONS !MSELVES >OSE AS A WAY ( PLAY+ ?IS SAME GAME4 

,YET EV5 9 SU* COMPLEX CIRCUM/ANCES1 ?IS IS JU/ ONE MOVE AMONG MANY4 ,9 MO/ >5AS1 SU* TRU? CLAIMS1 IF !Y >E MADE AT ALL1 RETA9 ?AT IMAG9ATIVE1 AS-IF QUALITY4 

#e7 ,METAVALUES & 9FRAVALUES4 ,IF VALUE SY/EMS CREATE A POT5TIALLY 5DLESS S]IES ( LITTLE WORLDS--0A ?\S& TOTALITIES0--& IF ! ULTIMATE /AKES ( POLITICS >E NEGOTIAT+ H[ !SE COME 9TO RELATION ) ONE ANO!R1 !N ! OBVI\S QUE/ION IS H[8 ,DOES ?IS NOT REQUIRE SOME SORT ( SY/EM ( METAVALUES1 CRIT]IA BY :I* TO PREF] SOME /RUCTURES ( VALUE OV] O!RS8 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE AN EXPLICIT SY/EM ( METAVALUES IS NECESS>Y4 ,SU* >GUM5TS CAN BE CONDUCT$ EXPLICITLY AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! CASE ( ! C5TURIES-LONG CONFLICT BETWE5 ,ECCLESIA/ICAL & ,TEMPORAL AU?ORITY DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 OR !Y CAN BE C>RI$ \T TACITLY & PRAGMATICALLY1 9 MU* ! SAME WAY AS ANY ( US BALANCE COMMITM5TS TO WORK1 FAMILY1 POLITICS1 RELIGION1 & SO ON )\T HAV+ AN EXPLICIT CODE OR CRIT]IA4 ,/ILL1 MY PROPOSAL ?AT RELIGI\S1 METAPHYSICAL1 OR SCI5TIFIC TRU? CLAIMS >E !MSELVES AN 0ONTOLOGICAL GAMBIT10 ONE WAY ?AT ?OSE :O ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) A P>TICUL> VALUE >5A MI<T /AKE A CLAIM = PRIORITY1 SUGGE/S ONE WAY EXPLICIT CRIT]IA CAN BE 9TRODUC$4 ,?IS IS NOT EV5 BY TAK+ ONE VALUE & DECL>+ ITS PRIORITY1 ?AT1 9 GOOD ,DUMONTIAN FA%ION1 5COMPASSES ! RE/ BUT RA!R1 BY TAK+ ! TACIT1 9T]IOR VALUES ?AT 9=M H[ ONES GOES AB\T PURSU+ VALUE )9 C]TA9 FIELDS 79 ! CASE ( TRU? CLAIMS1 LOGICAL CONSI/5CY1 V]IFIABILITY1 ETC47 & REASSEMBL+ !M AS AN EXPLICIT VALUE 9 !MSELVES4 ,WE CAN REF] TO SU* TACIT 9T]IOR VALUES AS 9FRAVALUES4 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ SE5 AS 5DS 9 !MSELVES1 !Y >E ?\<T ( AS NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITES =1 OR MEANS TO1 BE+ ABLE TO PURSUE ?OSE =MS ( VALUE ?AT >E SOCIALLY REALIZ$ 9 ! K9DS ( >5AS ,I HAVE BE5 DESCRIB+4 ,IT'S EASY 5\< TO MULTIPLY EXAMPLES4 ,IT'S DIFFICULT TO PURSUE TRU? OR BEAUTY IF ONE DOES NOT HAVE RELIABLE ACCESS TO FOOD4 ,FOOD SECURITY1 LIKE BASIC HEAL? OR PHYSICAL SAFETY1 MI<T WELL BE CONSID]$ TO FALL 9TO ?IS CATEGORY2 BUT SO W\LD SOCIALITY1 COOP]ATION1 TE*NICAL EFFICI5CY1 & SO =?4 ,SOME ( !SE MI<T BE REW>D+ 9 !MSELVES 7!RE >E FEW ?+S MORE PLEASANT ?AN DO+ A JOB EXTREMELY WELL71 BUT !Y >E 9FRAVALUES 9S(> AS !Y >E NOT SE5 AS 5DS 9 !MSELVES4 ,SOMETIMES !Y MI<T BECOME SO4 ,BUT 7& ?IS IS ! MA9 REASON TO DRAW ATT5TION TO ! PH5OM5ON AT ALL7 IT'S EV5 MORE COMMON = 9FRAVALUES !MSELVES TO BECOME METAVALUES4 

,SOME EXCELL5T WORK ON ?IS PH5OM5ON CAN BE F\ND 9 ! ESSAYS COLLECT$ H]E4 ,HORACIO ,ORTIZ 7#b#a#c71 = 9/ANCE1 WRITES COMPELL+LY AB\T H[ ?IS HAPP5S AMONG SECURITIES ANALY/S DEAL+ 9 JU/ ! SORT ( F9ANCIAL D]IVATIVES ?AT CAUS$ ! F9ANCIAL MELTD[N ( #b#h4 ,:ILE !Y ?\<T ( :AT !Y DID PRIM>ILY AS A WORK ( PRODUC+ VALUE 9 ! F9ANCIAL S5SE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT !IR ULTIMATE OP]ATIVE VALUE WAS A NOTION ( M>KET EFFICI5CY D]IV$ FROM ECONOMIC !ORY1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 A C]TA9 NEOLIB]AL OR?ODOXY--SO MU* SO ?AT ,ORTIZ >GUES ?AT :ILE TRAD]S & ANALY/S 9SI/$ 0TRAD+ IS JU/ TE*NICAL0 & ?US BEYOND MORALITY & POLITICS1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! CONCEPT ( VALUE BE+ EMPLOY$ WAS1 PRECISELY1 ECONOMIC1 MORAL1 & POLITICAL ALL AT ! SAME TIME4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS EFFECTIVELY MAK+ CLAIMS TO ULTIMATE VALUE ON A PLANET>Y SCALE 7,ORTIZ #b#a#c3 #g#e74 ,?IS NOTION ( 0EFFICI5CY0 IS A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( AN 9FRAVALUE TRANSLAT$ 9TO A METAVALUE4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 EFFICI5CY IS NEV] AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 BUT1 BY DEF9ITION1 A MEANS ( A*IEV+ SOME?+ ELSE2 & FREE-M>KET !ORI/S 9SI/ ?AT !Y MAKE NO JUDGM5TS ON :AT SORT ( VALUES CONSUM]S ULTIMATELY WI% TO PURSUE4 ,YET 9 PRACTICE1 & 9 IDEOLOGY1 ?R\< ! NOTION ( EFFICI5T M>KETS & ! 5ORM\S APP>ATUS ( REGULATION ?AT OP]ATE 9 !IR NAME1 IT IS RAIS$ TO ! /ATUS ( A GLOBAL CRIT]IA = H[ RES\RCES >E DI/RIBUT$1 & H5CE1 9 EFFECT1 :AT SORTS ( VALUE IT IS POSSIBLE TO PURSUE4 

,?IS SWIT* ( MEANS 9TO CRIT]IA BETWE5 5DS IS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( NEOLIB]ALISM4 ,BUT ONE C\LD >GUE SOME?+ ALONG !SE L9ES OCCURS 9 ALMO/ ANY POLITICAL IDEOLOGY4 ,TO TAKE ONE OBVI\S EXAMPLE1 MO/ TW5TIE?-C5TURY /ATESOCIALI/ REGIMES MADE AN ALMO/ ID5TICAL MOVE :5 !Y >GU$ ?AT ! NE$ TO GU>ANTEE UNIV]SAL ACCESS TO BASIC LIFE NE$S 7FOOD1 %ELT]1 HEAL? C>E1 ETC47 JU/IFI$ ! SUPPRESSION ( FRE$OM ( RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 & CULTURAL EXPRESSION-- OR AT LEA/1 ?AT %>PLY REGULAT$ :I* =MS W]E P]MISSIBLE4 ,MO/ ( US WI% TO SECURE ACCESS TO BASIC LIFE NECESSITIES PRECISELY 9 ORD] TO PURSUE SOME?+ ELSE4.<#a#b.> 

,! POLITICAL MANEUV]+ ?AT FOLL[$ 9 ! WAKE ( ! ECONOMIC CRA% ( #bh MI<T S]VE AS A P]FECT CASE /UDY 9 ! POLITICS ( VALUE4 ,C]TA9LY1 MU* ( IT MAKES NO S5SE 9 ANY O!R T]MS4 ,9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ! FIR/ POLITICAL BATTLE CAME 9 ! =M ( A BROAD PROGRAM TO 0RE=M0 ! SY/EM ( HI<] $UCATION1 :I* WAS TO BE RE=M$ ON M>KET L9ES--9 O!R WORDS1 TO MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLE ! LOGIC & /RUCTURES ( VALUE TYPICAL ( ! F9ANCI]S ,ORTIZ DESCRIB$4 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE NO?+ C\LD MAKE LESS S5SE4 ,! F9ANCIAL SY/EM1 AFT] ALL1 HAD JU/ UND]GONE AN EPIC FAILURE4 ,! SY/EM ( HI<] $UCATION1 = ALL ITS ECC5TRICITIES1 HAD BE5 TRUNDL+ ALONG )\T A HIT*4 ,IF POLITICIANS W]E REALLY 9T]E/$ 9 0:AT WORKS10 ! OBVI\S ?+ W\LD HAVE BE5 TO REMAKE ! F9ANCIAL SY/EM TO BE MORE LIKE ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM1 RA!R ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,BUT ?IS OPTION WAS NOT EV5 CONSID]$4 ,9/EAD1 ALL PUBLIC DISCUSSION HAD TO BEG9 ) ! PREMISE ?AT $UCATION WAS AN ECONOMIC GOOD1 ?AT /UD5TS PURSUE IT ONLY TO 9CREASE !IR FUTURE LIFE 9COME1 & ?AT ! ONLY PUBLIC 9T]E/ 9 MA9TA9+ A SY/EM ( HI<] $UCATION IS TO 5SURE AN EXP&+ TOTAL \TPUT ( GOODS & S]VICES = CONSUM]S4 ,AS A RESULT1 :5 A /UD5T MOVEM5T EM]G$1 ) DOZ5S ( OCCUPATIONS ACROSS ! C\NTRY1 ! V]Y FIR/ DEM& 9 EV]Y CASE WAS A RECOGNITION ?AT $UCATION WAS NOT AN ECONOMIC GOOD BUT A VALUE 9 ITSELF3 ?AT WEAL? %\LD BE DEPLOY$ TO FUR!R HUMAN KN[L$GE & UND]/&+1 RA!R ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND4 

,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE BE+ DEVELOP$ H]E1 ALL ?IS MAKES P]FECT S5SE4 ,OV] ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 ECONOMI/S1 9VE/M5T BANK]S1 D]IVATIVE TRAD]S1 & !IR ALLIES HAD A*IEV$ UNPREC$5T$ GLOBAL P[] & ALMO/ UNIMAG9ABLE WEAL?1 MA9LY BY CONV9C+ ! WORLD ?AT !Y HAD DEVELOP$ A SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ( ! CREATION ( VALUE4 ,!N1 9 #b#h1 ! V]Y SAME PEOPLE :O HAD PRES5T$ !MSELVES AS ALMO/ GODLIKE 9 !IR P[]S CRA%$ ! WORLD ECONOMY1 CAUS+ UNTOLD HUMAN MIS]Y [+ TO !IR COLLECTIVE 9ABILITY TO ASSESS ! VALUE EV5 ( !IR [N F9ANCIAL 9/RUM5TS4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! !ORETICAL JU/IFICATIONS = ! CURR5T POLITICAL CULTURE 7! IDEA ?AT M>KETS W]E SELF-REGULAT+1 ?AT F9ANCIAL ANALY/S W]E WILL+ OR ABLE TO MAKE ACCURATE PR$ICTIONS1 & SO ON7 LAY 9 RU9S4 ,CLE>LY1 ! ONLY DEF5SE 9 ?IS CASE WAS A GOOD (F5SE1 & ?OSE POLITICAL =CES MO/ CLOSELY ALIGN$ ) ! F9ANCIAL SY/EM BEGAN AN IMM$IATE CAMPAIGN TO SUBSUME ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM )9 !IR [N /RUCTURES ( VALUE PRECISELY BECAUSE UNIV]SITIES W]E ! ONLY LIKELY PLACE LEFT 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY FROM :I* ALT]NATIVE CONCEPTIONS ( VALUE MI<T BE DEVELOP$ & PUT =?4 

,! C>BON-TRAD+ S*EMES DISCUSS$ BY ,/EFF5 ,DALSGA>D 7#b#a#c1 9 P>T ONE ( ?IS SPECIAL ISSUE7 CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD 9 ! SAME FRAMEWORK4 ,:AT P]SON 9 !IR RI<T M9D W\LD1 AFT] WAT*+ ! AVAT>S ( ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR1 ?R\< A COMB9ATION ( FRAUD & WILLFUL BL9DNESS1 S9K !IR [N ECONOMIC SY/EM1 REQUIR+ MASSIVE BAIL\TS FROM ! PUBLIC TILL1 DECIDE ?AT IT W\LD BE APPROPRIATE TO N[ PUT ! FATE ( HUMAN CIVILIZATION1 P]HAPS ( HUMANITY ITSELF1 DIRECTLY 9 !IR H&S8 ,?IS MAY WELL BE REMEMB]$ AS ! V]Y WOR/ IDEA 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 70,NATURE10 AS ONE ACTIVI/ SLOGAN W5T1 0DOES NOT DO BAIL\TS407 ,AGA91 IT CAN ONLY MAKE S5SE AS A REASS]TION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ?AT SY/EM TO DEF9E VALUE1 9 ?IS CASE1 ON A V]ITABLY COSMOLOGICAL LEVEL4 

,! ATTACK ON ! UNIV]SITIES SUGGE/S \R WORK--\R WORK ON VALUE !ORY 9 P>TICUL>1 ACTUALLY--HAS GREAT] POT5TIAL POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE ?AN WE >E ACCU/OM$ TO ?9K4 ,OR1 IF NO?+ ELSE1 ?AT SOME V]Y P[]FUL PEOPLE SEEM TO ?9K IT DOES4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ?\<1 ?IS POT5TIAL WILL NEV] BE REALIZ$ UNLESS WE DEVELOP A LANGUAGE 9 :I* IT IS POSSIBLE1 :5 CONFRONT$ ) :AT IS QUITE POSSIBLY ! WOR/ IDEA 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 TO ACTUALLY BE ABLE TO SAY SO4 ,IT'S NOT CLE> ?AT ! ,A,N,T-9SPIR$ APPROA*ES ?AT HAVE L>GELY BE5 DEPLOY$ SO F>1 OR = ?AT MATT] ! !ORETICAL APP>ATUS ASSEMBL$ BY ,DALSGA>D HIMSELF1 REALLY MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO DO SO4 

,! PROBLEM1 TO ADOPT ! T]MS ( ANALYSIS DEVELOP$ ABOVE1 IS ?AT WE HAVE REA*$ A PO9T :]E ! SUCCESSFUL REALIZATION ( VALUE )9 ! ACADEMIC >5A ITSELF T5DS TO UND]CUT ANY POSSIBILITY ( ?AT VALUE BE+ CONSID]$ POLITICALLY RELEVANT \TSIDE4 ,:ATEV] ELSE ONE MI<T SAY AB\T ,WEB] & ,B\RDIEU1 BO? GAVE CONSID]ABLE ?\<T TO ?IS DILEMMA4 ,9CREAS+LY1 WE >E SETT+ UP !ORETICAL T]MS ?AT MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO ?9K AB\T IT AT ALL2 9/EAD1 ! AS-IF QUALITY ( ! ACADEMIC >5A IS ALL[+ IT TO DRIFT (F FROM EV5 BE+ ABLE TO IMAG9E IT MI<T BE RELEVANT TO ANY?+ \TSIDE ITSELF4 

,LET ME 5D1 !N1 ) A WORD AB\T ! ,DUMONTIAN REVIVAL1 :I* SEEMS TO REPRES5T A /RONG !ORETICAL CURR5T 9 ?IS COLLECTION4 ,ITS MO/ P[]FUL /ATEM5T COMES 9 ! >TICLE BY ,JOEL ,ROBB9S 7#b#a#c71 5TITL$ 0,MONISM1 PLURALISM1 & ! /RUCTURE ( VALUE RELATIONS3 ,A ,DUMONTIAN CONTRIBUTION TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y /UDY ( VALUE40 ,ONE MU/ GIVE CR$IT :]E CR$IT IS DUE2 AS A S]IES ( GAMBITS )9 ! ACADEMIC FIELD1 ,ROBB9S' 9T]V5TIONS HAVE BE5 F> MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN MY [N RA!R HAM-FI/$ EF=TS4 ,YET ,I FE> ADOPT+ IT W\LD MAKE IT ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO DISCUSS ! ROLE ( AN?ROPOLOGY1 OR SOCIAL !ORY 9 G5]AL1 9 !SE L>G] POLITICS ( VALUE !MSELVES4 

,MU* ( ! VALUE !ORY ( ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS SET \T DIRECTLY FROM ,DUMONT 7E4G41 ,TURN] #a#i#h#dB71 BUT IT ALSO BUILT ON IT1 PO9T+ \T SOME ( ! OBVI\S !ORETICAL FLAWS 9 HIS ORIG9AL =MULATION--AS ,I HAVE DONE MYSELF 9 NOT+ ! SLIPP]9ESS ( ,DUMONT'S NOTION ( HI]>*ICAL 09CLUSION0 7,GRAEB] #a#i#i#g3 #g#d-#e71 OR HIS ODD 9SI/5CE ?AT ALL B9>Y OPPOSITIONS >E ALWAYS1 NECESS>ILY BAS$ ON A LOGIC ( M>K$ & UNM>K$ T]MS 7,GRAEB] #b#a3 #a#f-#b74 ,AT ! TIME WE ?\<T WE W]E BUILD+ SOME?+4 ,ROBB9S APP>5TLY F9DS NONE ( ?IS WORK USEFUL 9 ANY WAY1 BEG9N+ HIS PIECE ) A DEFT DISMISSAL ( ! 5TIRE LIT]ATURE3 S9CE ,DUMONT1 HE WRITES1 NO PROM95T AN?ROPOLOGI/ HAS DIRECT$ 0SIGNIFICANT ATT5TION TO VALUES0 AT ALL4 ,LE/ ?IS /ATEM5T COME AS A SURPRISE = ANYONE FAMILI> ) ! WORK ( ,TURN] & ,MUNN--OR EV51 = ?AT MATT]1 ,ANNETTE ,WE9] 7#a#i#h#e1 #a#i#i#b71 ,>JUN ,APPADURAI 7#a#i#h#f71 OR ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN 7#a#i#h#h7--,ROBB9S DOES PROVIDE A FOOTNOTE EXPLA9+ ?AT 09 MAK+ ?IS /ATEM5T1 ,I AM REF]R+ TO ! /UDY ( 'VALUES' 9 ! PLURAL--R\<LY1 ?OSE ?+S DEF9$ AS GOOD )9 A SOCIETY OR SOCIAL GR\P4 ,! /UDY ( 'VALUE' 9 ! S+UL>1 A NOTION (T5 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R TI$ TO ,M>XI/ OR AT LEA/ PRODUCTION-ORI5T$ PO9TS ( VIEW1 RECEIV$ SOME ATT5TION EV5 DUR+ ! P]IOD DUR+ :I* ! TOPIC ( VALUES 9 ! PLURAL WAS ALMO/ :OLLY NEGLECT$0 7#b#a#c3 #a1 N#a74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE IS RE9TRODUC+1 9 RADICALIZ$ =M1 ! V]Y OPPOSITION ?AT ?IS LIT]ATURE WAS ATTEMPT+ TO *ALL5GE4 

,I MU/ CONFESS TO A SOME:AT WI/FUL FEEL+ WAT*+ AN 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION ?AT PLAY$ A ROLE 9 MY [N =MATION BRU%$ ASIDE QUITE SO CASUALLY1 BUT EV5 NOT)/&+1 IT IS WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT ,DUMONT HIMSELF DID NOT REALLY ACCEPT A FUNDAM5TAL DIVISION BETWE5 VALUE & VALUES EI!R1 EXCEPT1 9 A V]Y BROAD S5SE1 AS A DI/9CTION BETWE5 MOD]N1 9DIVIDUALI/IC SOCIETIES :]E ECONOMIC VALUE REIGNS SUPREME1 & TRADITIONAL1 HI]>*ICAL1 0NORMAL0 ONES4 ,9 DISCUSS+ ,MELANESIAN CURR5CIES 9 HIS ESSAY 0,ON VALUE0 7& NOT1 ,I NOTE1 0,ON VALUES071 HE OBS]VES3 

,?OSE 0PRIMITIVE0 MONEYS HAVE TO DO ) ABSOLUTE VALUE4 ,!RE=E !IR RELATION TO MONEY 9 ! MOD]N1 RE/RICT$ S5SE ( ! T]M IS SOMEH[ HOMOLOG\S TO ! RELATION1 AMONG US1 BETWE5 VALUE 9 ! G5]AL1 MORAL OR METAPHYSICAL S5SE & VALUE 9 ! RE/RICT$ ECONOMIC S5SE4 ,9 ! BACKGR\ND ( BO? LIES ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 CULTURAL =MS ?AT >E ESS5TIALLY GLOBAL & ?OSE 9 :I* ! FIELD IS SEP>AT$ \T OR DECOMPOS$ 9TO P>TICUL> DOMA9S OR PLANES1 ?AT IS1 R\<LY SPEAK+1 BETWE5 NON-MOD]N & MOD]N =MS4 7,DUMONT #a#i#h#f3 #b#e#h7 

,?IS IS A /ATEM5T ?AT ACTUALLY S\NDS NOT V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ,I'VE BE5 TRY+ TO DEVELOP H]E4 

,! ONLY REAL DIFF]5CE IS PRECISELY ?AT ,DUMONT ?9KS !RE'S A FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 :AT HE CONSID]S TO BE 7A7 HOLI/IC SOCIAL SY/EMS--:I* CAN EXI/ ON ! SCALE ( A ,MELANESIAN ISL& OR ! 5TIRE ,S\? ,ASIAN SUBCONT95T-- :]E VALUES LIKE WEAL?1 P[]1 & RITUAL PURITY1 & ! DOMA9S ( LIFE ?AT >E ORGANIZ$ >\ND !M1 >E !MSELVES RANK$ 9TO A S+LE COSMOLOGICAL ORD]1 SE5 AS CONT9U\S ) NATURE1 & 7B7 \R [N MOD]N1 9DIVIDUALI/IC SOCIETY 9 :I* ! OV]ALL /RUCTURE HAS FRAGM5T$ & ! V>I\S DOMA9S LIE CASUALLY SCATT]$ AB\T4 ,IT'S ONLY SOCIETIES LIKE ! FIR/1 HOLI/IC V>IETY ?AT HE HIMSELF FELT C\LD BE SY/EMATICALLY COMP>$4 

,ROBB9S HIMSELF IS LESS 9T]E/$ 9 ?9K+ AB\T ?AT DI/9CTION ?AN ) US+ HIS WORK TO EXPLORE 0! V>I\S WAYS MONISM & PLURALISM CAN RELATE TO EA* O!R 9 ANY GIV5 SOCIETY0 7#b#a#c3 #a#e74 ,?IS SEEMS FAIR 5\<1 BUT ( C\RSE EV]Y?+ RIDES ON H[ A 0GIV5 SOCIETY0 IS TO BE DEF9$4 ,HIS [N EXAMPLES 9CLUDE 7#a7 ,HASIDIC ,JEWS 9 ,BROOKLYN1 7#b7 0,PRIE/LESS ,OLD ,BELIEV]S 9 ,SEPY*1 A T[N ( F\RTE5 HUNDR$ PEOPLE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,URALS10 & 7#c7 ! ,AVATIP & 7#d7 ,URAPM9 ( ! ,SEPIK ,RIV] REGION ( ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA4 ,HE (F]S A S]IES ( SKILLFUL & 9TRIGU+ ANALYZES ( ! DIFF]5T SORTS ( VALUE ?AT PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES 9 EA*1 ! DIFF]5T DOMA9S ( LIFE SE5 AS ORGANIZ$ >\ND !M1 & CONSID]S 9 EA* CASE ! DEGREE TO :I* ! RESULT CAN OR CANNOT BE CONSID]$ A UNIFI$1 HOLI/IC SY/EM4 ,I DO NOT WI% TO TAKE ISSUE ) ANY ( ! SPECIFICS ( HIS ANALYSIS4 ,!Y ALL SEEM QUITE S\ND4 ,:AT ,I WANT TO PROBLEMATIZE IS HIS USE ( ! T]M 0SOCIETY40 ,:AT DOES IT MEAN TO TREAT MEMB]S ( A RELIGI\S M9ORITY GR\P LIV+ 9 A L>GE CITY 9 ,AM]ICA AS ! EQUIVAL5T1 = ANALYTIC PURPOSES1 TO AN E?NOL+UI/IC GR\P 9 ,MELANESIA8 ,OBVI\SLY1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S DO ?IS ALL ! TIME1 9 A WAY WE HAVE TO IF WE'RE GO+ TO 5GAGE 9 COMP>ISON ( ANY K9D2 NONE!LESS1 :5 SPEAK+ ( VALUE >5AS1 ! RESULTS1 ,I ?9K1 CAN BE G5U9ELY PROBLEMATIC4 

,DO+ SO ALL[S ,ROBB9S TO EXAM9E H[ ! USE ( ?REE DIFF]5T LANGUAGES 7,LO%N-KOYDE%1 RES]V$ = SCRIPTURE2 ,YIDDI%1 EMPLOY$ AT HOME2 & ,5GLI%1 ! LANGUAGE ( PRACTICAL AFFAIRS7 ALL[S = A HI]>*Y ( VALUE DOMA9S1 ALL ORGANIZ$ >\ND FREE+ M5 = /UDY ( ! ,TORAH1 TO FUR!R ! ULTIMATE VALUE ( 0! R$EMPTION ( ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE40 ,:ILE ! ANALYSIS WORKS WELL 9 ITS [N T]MS1 SU* A VALUE CAN ONLY BE CONSID]$ P>AM\NT IF ! COMMUNITY 9 QUE/ION IS CONSID]$ AS A B\ND$ 5TITY1 RA!R ?AN AS A GR\P ( PEOPLE :O >E EQUALLY1 FROM SOME P]SPECTIVES & 9 SOME CONTEXTS1 ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5S1 MEMB]S ( ! L>G] ,JEWI% DIASPORA1 & BUS9ESSM5 OP]AT+ 9 LOCAL1 NATIONAL1 & WORLD M>KETS4 ,A ,HASIDIC ,JEW 9 AN AIRPORT1 A POLICE HOLD+ CELL1 OR TALK+ TO :OLESALE CAM]A DEAL]1 IS NOT SIMPLY 5GAG$ 9 0PRACTICAL AFFAIRS0 BUT 9 EA* CASE OP]AT+ 9 A L>G] >5A HE OR %E HAS PLAY$ LITTLE ROLE 9 DET]M9+4 ,9 ANY ( !SE CONTEXTS1 ! TOTALITY HAS TO BE CONCEIV$ QUITE DIFF]5TLY1 & AS A RESULT1 SO DOES ! OV]ALL RELATION ( VALUE SPH]ES4 ,BUT IF ?IS IS TRUE--& IT OBVI\SLY IS--IT BECOMES CLE> ?AT CREAT+ AN IMAG9>Y TOTALITY ?AT CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS IF IT W]E A S+LE B\ND$ >RANGEM5T ( VALUE DOMA9S1 & 9 :I* ,TORAH /UDY IS ! P9NACLE1 IS ITSELF A POLITICAL PROJECT1 & ! ANALYSIS H]E TAKES AS ITS />T+ PO9T ! CIRCLE RA!R ?AN ! ACT ( DRAW+ IT4 

,IS !RE A SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 CONSCI\S PROJECTS ( RELIGI\S SELF-CREATION1 LIKE ! ,HASIDIM OR ,OLD ,BELIEV]S1 & GR\PS LIKE ! ,AVATIP & ,URAPM98 ,IT'S ACTUALLY POSSIBLE ?AT !RE >E4 ,P]HAPS ,H]D] WAS MORE RI<T ?AN WE ?9K4 ,P]HAPS MO/ ( ! SMALL-SCALE SOCIETIES ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S US$ TO /UDY AS B\ND$ 5TITIES >E BETT] SE5 AS !MSELVES TO SOME DEGREE POLITICAL PROJECTS1 >5AS = ! REALIZATION ( C]TA9 CONCEPTIONS ( VALUE ?AT CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( A MU* L>G] HI/ORY 9 SPACE & TIME 7SEE E4G41 ,GRAEB] =?COM+74 ,SU* A P]SPECTIVE MI<T ALL[ V]Y DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVES AS WELL ON QUE/IONS NORMALLY DISCUSS$ UND] RUBRICS LIKE 0E?NOG5ESIS0 & 0RESI/ANCE40 ,BUT IT /RIKES ME ?AT 9 ORD] TO EV5 BEG9 TO ASK SU* QUE/IONS1 ,I ?9K WE HAVE TO PLACE \RSELVES BACK 9 ?AT ORIG9AL TRADITION3 ONE ?AT UND]/&S HUMAN BE+S AS PROJECTS ( MUTUAL CREATION1 VALUE AS ! WAY SU* PROJECTS BECOME MEAN+FUL TO ! ACTORS1 & ! WORLDS WE 9HABIT AS EM]G+ FROM ?OSE PROJECTS RA!R ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND4 

,>JUN ,APPADURAI4 #a#i#h#f4 0,9TRODUCTION3 ,COMMODITIES & ! POLITICS ( VALUE40 ,9 ,! SOCIAL LIFE ( ?+S3 ,COMMODITIES 9 CULTURAL P]SPECTIVE1 $IT$ BY ,APPADURAI ,>JUN1 #c-#f#c4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,MIKHAIL ,BAKHT94 #a#i#h#a4 ,! DIALOGIC IMAG9ATION3 ,F\R ESSAYS BY ,M4 ,M4 ,BAKHT94 ,AU/93 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TEXAS ,PRESS4 

,MAURICE ,BLO*4 #a#i#g#a4 ,PLAC+ ! DEAD3 ,TOMBS1 ANCE/RAL VILLAGES1 & K9%IP ORGANIZATION 9 ,MADAGASC>4 ,LONDON3 ,SEM9> ,PRESS4 

,MAURICE ,BLO*4 #b#h4 0,:Y RELIGION IS NO?+ SPECIAL BUT IS C5TRAL40 ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,TRANSACTIONS ( ! ,ROYAL ,SOCIETY ,B #c#f#c3 #b#e#e-#f#a4 

,MAURICE ,BLO*4 #b#a#b4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ! COGNITIVE *ALL5GE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU4 #a#i#g#f4 0,LE *AMP SCI5TIFIQUE40 ,ACTES DE LA RE*]*E 5 SCI5CES SOCIALES #b-#c3 #h#h-#a#d4 

,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU4 #a#i#h#c4 0,! FIELD ( CULTURAL PRODUCTION1 OR3 ,! ECONOMIC WORLD REV]S$40 ,POETICS #a#b3 #c#a#a-#e#f4 

,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU4 #a#i#h#e4 0,! G5ESIS ( ! CONCEPTS ( HABITUS & ( FIELD40 ,SOCIOCRITICISM #b 7#b73 #a#a-#b#d4 

,ROG] ,CALLOIS4 #b#a4 ,MAN1 PLAY & GAMES4 ,URBANA3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS4 

,MI*AEL ,C>RI!RS1 ,MATEI ,C&EA1 ,K>5 ,SYKES1 ,M>T9 ,HOLBRAAD1 ,S\MHYA ,V5KATS54 #b#a4 0,ONTOLOGY IS JU/ ANO!R WORD = CULTURE3 ,MOTION TABL$ AT ! #bh MEET+ ( ! ,GR\P = ,DEBATES 9 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MAN*E/]40 ,CRITIQUE ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY #c 7#b73 #a#e#b-#b4 

,MI*AEL ,CEPEK4 #b#h4 0,BOLD JAGU>S & UNSUSPECT+ MONKEYS3 ,! VALUE ( FE>LESSNESS 9 ,C(AN POLITICS40 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE 7,N4,S47 #a3 #c#c#d-#e#b4 

,/EFF5 ,DALSGA>D4 #b#a#c4 0,! COMM5SURABILITY ( C>BON3 ,MAK+ VALUE & MONEY ( CLIMATE *ANGE40 ,H,A,U3 ,J\RNAL ( ,E?NOGRAPHIC ,!ORY #c 7#a73 #h-#i#h4 

,MASSIMO ,DE ,ANGELIS4 #b#g4 ,! BEG9N+ ( HI/ORY3 ,VALUE /RUGGLES & GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,L\IS ,DUMONT4 #a#i#g4 ,HOMO HI]>*ICUS4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,L\IS ,DUMONT4 #a#i#h#f4 ,ESSAYS ON 9DIVIDUALISM3 ,MOD]N IDEOLOGY 9 AN?ROPOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,PAUL ,EISS4 #b#b4 0,HUNT+ = ! VIRG93 ,MEAT1 MONEY & MEMORY 9 ,TETIZ1 ,YUCATAN40 ,CULTURAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY #ag 7#c73 #b#i#a-#c#c4 

,PAUL ,EISS1 ,DAVID ,P$]S54 #b#b4 0,9TRODUCTION3 ,VALUES ( VALUE40 ,CULTURAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY #ag 7#c73 #b#h#c-#i4 

,DIANE ,ELSON4 #a#i#g#i4 ,VALUE3 ,! REPRES5TATION ( LABOR 9 CAPITALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,C,S,E ,BOOKS4 

,JANE ,FAJANS4 #a#i#i#c4 0,EX*ANG+ PRODUCTS3 ,PRODUC+ EX*ANGE40 ,9 ,EX*ANG+ ,PRODUCTS3 ,PRODUC+ EX*ANGE1 $IT$ BY ,FAJANS ,JANE1 #a-#a#d4 ,SYDNEY3 ,OCEANIA ,MONOGRAPHS1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,SYDNEY4 

,JANE ,FAJANS4 #a#i#i#g4 ,!Y MAKE !MSELVES3 ,WORK & PLAY AMONG ! ,BA9+ ( ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,CLIF=D ,GE]TZ4 #a#i#g#c4 0,RELIGION ,AS A ,CULTURAL ,SY/EM40 ,9 ,! 9T]PRETATION ( CULTURES1 #h#g-#a#b#e4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,BASIC ,BOOKS4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #a#i#i#g4 0,MANN]S1 DEF]5CE & PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 E>LY MOD]N ,EUROPE40 ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDIES 9 ,SOCIETY & ,HI/ORY #ci 7#d73 #f#i#d-#g#b#h4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#a4 ,T[>D AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY ( VALUE3 ,! FALSE CO9 ( \R [N DREAMS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PALGRAVE-,MACMILLAN4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#eA4 0,9TRODUCTION3 ,! POLITICAL METAPHYSICS ( /UPIDITY40 ,! ,COMMON]1 ,SPR+ #b#e4 WWW4!COMMON]4ORG4UK4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#eB4 0,FETI%ISM AS SOCIAL CREATIVITY1 OR FETI%ES >E GODS 9 PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION40 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY #e 7#d73 #d#g-#c#h4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#eC4 0,VALUE3 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORIES ( VALUE40 ,9 ,H&BOOK ( ECONOMIC AN?ROPOLOGY1 $IT$ BY ,C>RI] ,JAMES1 #d#c#i-#e#d4 ,ALD]%OT1 ,U,K3 ,$W>D ,ELG>4 ,C>RI] ,JAMES1 #d#c#i-#e#d4 ,ALD]%OT1 ,U,K3 ,$W>D ,ELG>4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB] #b#f4 0,TURN+ MODES ( PRODUCTION 9SIDE \T3 ,OR1 :Y CAPITALISM IS A TRANS=MATION ( SLAV]Y 7%ORT V]SION740 ,CRITIQUE ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY #bf 7#a73 #f#a-#h#a4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#gA4 0,AN >MY ( ALTRUI/S3 ,ON ! ALI5AT$ RI<T TO DO GOOD40 ,H>P]'S ,MAGAZ9E1 ,JANU>Y #b#g1 #c#a-#c#h4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#gB4 ,LO/ PEOPLE3 ,MAGIC & ! LEGACY ( SLAV]Y 9 ,MADAGASC>4 ,BLOOM+TON3 ,9DIANA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#a#a4 0,VALUE1 POLITICS1 & DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,CURR5T ,SOCIOLOGY #ei 7#b73 #a#h#f-#a#i#i4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB] =?COM+4 0,CULTURE AS CREATIVE REFUSAL40 ,CAMBRIDGE ,AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,MI*AEL ,H>DT1 ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI4 #b4 ,EMPIRE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,GEORG ,WILHELM ,FRI$RI* ,HEGEL4 #a#i#g#g4 ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( SPIRIT4 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,V4 ,MILL] ,>NOLD4 ,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS4 

,JOHAN ,GOTTFRI$ VON ,H]D]4 7#a#g#g#b7 #b#b4 0,TREATISE ON ! ORIG9S ( LANGUAGE40 ,9 ,H]D]3 ,PHILOSOPHICAL WRIT+S1 $IT$ BY ,N4 ,=/] ,MI*AEL1 #f#e-#a#f#f4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,JOHAN ,GOTTFRI$ VON ,H]D]4 7#a#g#g#d7 #b#d4 0,ANO!R PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY = ! $UCATION ( MANK9D40 ,9 ,ANO!R PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY & SELECT$ POLITICAL WRIT+S1 $IT$ BY ,D4 ,EVRIG5IS ,IOANNIS1 ,PELL]9 ,DANIEL1 #c-#i#h4 ,9DIANAPOLIS1 ,93 ,HACKETT ,PUBLI%+4 

,DAVID ,HOLMB]G4 #b4 0,D]ISION1 EXORCISM1 & ! RITUAL PRODUCTION ( P[]40,AM]ICAN ,E?NOLOGI/ #bg 7#d73 #i#b#g-#d#i4 

,JOHAN ,HUIZ+A4 #a#i#e#e4 ,HOMO LUD5S3 ,! PLAY ELEM5T 9 CULTURE4 ,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS4 

,C>OL9E ,HUMPHREY4 #b#a4 ,M>X W5T AWAY BUT ,K>L /AY$ BEH9D4 ,ANN ,>BOR3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS4 

,$MUND ,RONALD ,LEA*4 #a#i#e#d4 ,POLITICAL SY/EMS ( HI<L& ,BURMA3 ,A /UDY ( ,KA*9 SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,$MUND ,RONALD ,LEA*4 #a#i#h#b4 ,SOCIAL AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,K>L ,M>X4 7#a#h#e#h7 #a#i#f#d4 ,PRE-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC =MATIONS1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,JACK ,COH54 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S4 

,K>L ,M>X4 7#a#h#f#g7 #a#i#g#g4 ,CAPITAL3 ,VOLUME ,I1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,F[KES ,B54 ,LONDON3 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS4 

,L\IS ,M9K4 #a#i#g#h4 0,N>RATIVE =M AS A COGNITIVE 9/RUM5T40 ,9 ,! WRIT+ ( HI/ORY3 ,LIT]>Y =M & HI/ORICAL UND]/&+1 $IT$ BY ,CAN>Y ,ROB]T1 ,KOZICKI ,H5RY1 #a#b#i-#d#i4 ,MADISON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WISCONS9 ,PRESS4 

,NANCY ,D4 ,MUNN #a#i#g#g4 0,! SPATIOTEMPORAL TRANS=MATIONS ( GAWAN CANOES40 ,J\RNAL DE LA ,SOCIETE DES ,OCEANI/ES4 ,TOME #cc 7M>S-JU971 #e#d-#e#e3 #c#i-#e#c4 

,NANCY ,D4 ,MUNN #a#i#h#c4 0,GAWAN KULA3 ,SPATIOTEMPORAL CONTROL & ! SYMBOLISM ( 9FLU5CE40 ,9 ,! KULA3 ,NEW P]SPECTIVES ON ,MASSIM EX*ANGE1 $IT$ BY ,W4 ,LEA* ,J]RY1 ,R4 ,LEA* ,$MUND1 #b#g#g-#c#h4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,NANCY ,D4 ,MUNN #a#i#h#f4 ,! FAME ( ,GAWA3 ,A SYMBOLIC /UDY ( VALUE TRANS=MATION 9 A ,MASSIM 7,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA7 SOCIETY4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,F]D ,MY]S4 #a#i#h#f4 ,P9TUPI C\NTRY1 ,P9TUPI SELF3 ,S5TIM5T1 PLACE1 & POLITICS AMONG ,WE/]N ,DES]T ,ABORIG9ES4 ,WA%+TON3 ,SMI?SONIAN ,9/ITUTION ,PRESS4 

,F]D ,MY]S4 #a#i#i#c4 0,PLACE1 ID5TITY1 & EX*ANGE 9 A TOTEMIC SY/EM3 ,NURTURANCE & ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION 9 ,P9TUPI SOCIETY40 ,9 ,EX*ANG+ PRODUCTS3 ,PRODUC+ EX*ANGE1 $IT$ BY ,FAJANS ,JANE1 #c#c-#e#h4 ,SYDNEY3 ,OCEANIA ,MONOGRAPHS1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,SYDNEY4 

,F]D ,MY]S4 #b#a4 ,! EMPIRE ( ?+S3 ,REGIMES ( VALUE & MAT]IAL CULTURE4 ,SANTA ,FE1 ,N,M3 ,S*OOL ( ,AM]ICAN ,RESE>*4 

,HORACIO ,ORTIZ4 #b#a#c4 0,F9ANCIAL VALUE3 ,ECONOMIC1 MORAL1 POLITICAL1 GLOBAL40 ,H,A,U3 ,J\RNAL ( ,E?NOGRAPHIC ,!ORY #c 7#a73 #f#d-#g#i4 

,DAVID ,P$]S54 #b#h4 0,9TRODUCTION3 ,T[>D A VALUE !ORY ( AN?ROPOLOGY40 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY #h 7#a73 #e-#h4 

,VLADIMIR ,PROPP4 #a#i#f#h4 ,MORPHOLOGY ( ! FOLKTALE4 ,BALTIMORE1 ,M,D3 ,PORT ,CITY ,PRESS4 

,PAUL ,RICOEUR4 #a#i#h#d4 ,TIME & N>RATIVE4 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,KA?LE5 ,MC,LAU<L9 & ,DAVID ,PELLAU]4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,JOEL ,ROBB9S4 #a#i#i#d4 0,EQUALITY AS A VALUE3 ,IDEOLOGY 9 ,DUMONT1 ,MELANESIA1 & ! ,WE/40 ,SOCIAL ,ANALYSIS #c#f3 #b#a-#g4 

,JOEL ,ROBB9S4 #b#a#c4 0,MONISM1 PLURALISM1 & ! /RUCTURE ( VALUE RELATIONS3 ,A ,DUMONTIAN CONTRIBUTION TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y /UDY ( VALUE40 ,H,A,U3 ,J\RNAL ( ,E?NOGRAPHIC ,!ORY #c 7#a73 #i#i-#a#a#e4 

,P4 ,/EV5 ,SANGR54 #a#i#h#gA4 0,OR?ODOXY1 HET]ODOXY1 & ! /RUCTURE ( VALUE 9 ,*9ESE RITUALS40 ,MOD]N ,*9A #ac 7#a73 #f#c-#h#i4 

,P4 ,/EV5 ,SANGR54 #a#i#h#gB4 ,HI/ORY & MAGICAL P[] 9 A ,*9ESE COMMUNITY4 ,/AN=D1 ,C,A3 ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,P4 ,/EV5 ,SANGR54 #b4 ,*9ESE SOCIOLOGICS3 ,AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL APPROA* TO ! /UDY ( ALI5ATION 9 SOCIAL REPRODUCTION4 ,LONDON3 ,A?LONE ,PRESS4 

,RAYMOND ,T4 ,SMI? #a#i#i#e4 ,! MATRIFOCAL FAMILY3 ,P[]1 PLURALISM1 & POLITICS4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,CLAUDIA ,/RAUSS4 #b#f4 0,! IMAG9>Y40 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY #f 7#c73 #c#b#b-#d#d4 

,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN4 #a#i#h#h4 ,! G5D] ( ! GIFT3 ,PROBLEMS ) WOM5 & PROBLEMS ) SOCIETY 9 ,MELANESIA4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #a#i#g#iA4 0,AN?ROPOLOGY & ! POLITICS ( ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES' /RUGGLES40 ,CAMBRIDGE ,AN?ROPOLOGY #e3 #a-#d#c4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #a#i#g#iB4 0,! ,GE & ,BORORO SOCIETIES AS DIALECTICAL SY/EMS3 ,A G5]AL MODEL40 ,9 ,DIALECTICAL SOCIETIES3 ,! ,GE & ,BORORO ( C5TRAL ,BRAZIL1 $IT$ BY ,MAYBURY-,LEWIS ,DAVID1 #a#d#g-#g#h4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #a#i#h#dA4 0,VALUE1 PRODUCTION & EXPLOITATION 9 SIMPLE NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES40 ,UNPUBLI%$ MANUSCRIPT4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #a#i#h#dB4 0,DUAL OPPOSITION1 HI]>*Y & VALUE3 ,MOIETY /RUCTURE & SYMBOLIC POL>ITY 9 C5TRAL ,BRAZIL & ELSE:]E40 ,9 ,DIFF]5CES1 VALEURS1 HI]>*IES3 ,TEXTES (F]TES A ,L\IS ,DUMONT ET REUNIS P> ,JEAN-,CLAUDE ,GALEY1 $IT$ ,GALEY ,JEAN-,CLAUDE1 #c#c#e-#g4 ,P>IS3 ,$ITIONS DE L',ECOLE DES ,HAUTES ,ETUDES 5 ,SCI5CES ,SOCIALES4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #a#i#h#g4 ,! ,KAYAPO ( ,S\!A/]N ,P>A4 ,UNPUBLI%$ MONOGRAPH PREP>$ = ,C,$,I1 ,POVOS ,9DIG5AS DO ,BRAZIL1 ,VOL4 ,V,I,I,I1 ,SUL DO ,P>A1 ,P>T ,I,I4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #a#i#h#h4 0,A CRITIQUE ( '9T]PRETATION1' ) SPECIAL REF]5CE TO ,GE]TZ'S CONCEPTION ( CULTURE AS TEXT40 ,UNPUBLI%$ MANUSCRIPT1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #a#i#i#e4 0,SOCIAL BODY & EMBODI$ SUBJECT3 ,! PRODUCTION ( BODIES1 ACTORS & SOCIETY AMONG ! ,KAYAPO40 ,CULTURAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY #a 7#b73 #a#d#c-#g4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #a#i#i#g4 0,! POETICS ( PLAY3 ,RITUAL CL[N+1 MASK+ & P]=MATIVE MIMESIS AMONG ! ,KAYAPO40 ,9 ,! GAMES ( GODS & M51 $IT$ BY ,P4 ,KOPP+ ,KLAUS1 #a#g#c-#i4 ,HAMBURG3 ,L,I,T4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #b4 0,! SACR$ AS ALI5AT$ SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS3 ,RITUAL & COSMOLOGY AMONG ! ,KAYAPO40 ,9 ,NATIVE RELIGIONS & CULTURES ( ,C5TRAL & ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 $IT$ BY ,SULLIVAN ,L41 #b#g#h-#i#h4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CONT9UUM4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #b#cA4 0,! BEAUTIFUL & ! COMMON3 ,G5D] & SOCIAL HI]>*Y AMONG ! ,KAYAPO40 ,TIPITI3 ,! ,J\RNAL ( ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,AN?ROPOLOGY ( ,L[L& ,S\? ,AM]ICA #a 7#a73 #a#a-#b#f4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #b#cB4 0,CLASS PROJECTS1 SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 & ! CONTRADICTIONS ( 'GLOBALIZATION4'0 ,9 ,VIOL5CE1 ! /ATE & GLOBALIZATION1 $IT$ BY ,FRI$MAN ,JONA?AN #c#e-#f#f4 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,ALTAMIRA4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #b#f4 0,KAYAPO VALUES3 ,AN APPLICATION ( ,M>XIAN VALUE !ORY TO A NON-COMMODITY BAS$ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION40 ,UNPUBLI%$ MANUSCRIPT4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]4 #b#h4 0,M>XIAN VALUE !ORY3 ,AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE40 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY #h 7#a73 #d#c-#e#f4 

,T]5CE ,TURN]1 ,JANE ,FAJANS4 #a#i#h#h4 0,:]E ! ACTION IS3 ,AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE ON 'ACTIVITY !ORY1' ) E?NOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS40 ,UNPUBLI%$ MANUSCRIPT1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO4 

,FR$]IC ,V&5BUR<E4 #a#i#i#i4 0',! REAL IS RELATIONAL'3 ,AN EPI/EMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ( ,B\RDIEU'S G5]ATIVE /RUCTURALISM40 ,SOCIOLOGICAL ,!ORY #ag 7#a73#c#b-#f#g4 

,MAX ,WEB]4 #a#i#g#h4 ,ECONOMY & SOCIETY3 ,AN \TL9E ( 9T]PRETIVE SOCIOLOGY4 #b VOLUMES4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,ANNETTE ,WE9]4 #a#i#h#e4 0,9ALI5ABLE ,WEAL?40 ,AM]ICAN ,E?NOLOGI/ #ab 7#b73 #b#a-#b#e4 

,ANNETTE ,WE9]4 #a#i#i#b4 ,9ALI5ABLE POSSESSIONS3 ,! P>ADOX ( KEEP+-:ILE-GIV+4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,HYLTON ,:ITE4 #b#a4 0,\TSIDE ! DWELL+ ( CULTURE3 ,E/RANGEM5T & DIFF]5CE 9 PO/COLONIAL ,ZULUL&40 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,QU>T]LY #hc 7#c73 #d#i#g-#e#a#h4 

,HYLTON ,:ITE4 #b#a#a4 0,BEA/LY :IT5ESS3 ,ANIMAL K9DS & ! SOCIAL IMAG9ATION 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA40 ,AN?ROPOLOGY ,S\!RN ,AFRICA #cd 7#c @& #d73 #a#d-#a#c4 

,RANE ,WILL]SLEV4 #b#a#c4 0,GOD ON TRIAL3 ,HUMAN SACRIFICE1 TRICK]Y1 & FAI?40 ,H,A,U3 ,J\RNAL ( ,E?NOGRAPHIC ,!ORY #c 7#a73 #a#d-#e#d4 

,DANIEL ,WOLK4 N4D4 0,! MAK+ ( SOCIAL CLASS & /ATUS AMONG ASSYRIAN IMMIGRANTS 9 ,*ICAGO40 ,UNPUBLI%$ MANUSCRIPT4 

,PHILIP ,G4 ,ZIMB>DO #b#h4 ,! ,LUCIF] EFFECT3 ,H[ GOOD PEOPLE TURN EVIL4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R&OM ,H\SE4 

.<#a.> ,L\IS ,DUMONT IS A NOTABLE EXCEPTION ON ! ,FR5* SIDE1 BUT HIS [N WORK WAS 9 MANY WAYS A SELF-CONSCI\S ATTEMPT TO SYN!SIZE ! ,FR5* & ,G]MAN TRADITIONS4 

.<#b.> ,H5CE ,MI*AEL ,H>DT & ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI'S 7#b3 #c#e#d-#f#a7 FAM\S >GUM5T ?AT ! 0LAW ( VALUE0 0CAN NO LONG] BE F\ND0 9 CURR5T1 PO/MOD]N CAPITALISM IS BAS$ ON ! ODD ASSUMPTION ?AT ,M>X WAS EV] PROPOS+ A 0LAW ( VALUE0 TO BEG9 )--IT'S QUITE CLE> HE WAS NOT4 ,= ! DEF9ITIVE DEMOLITION ( ! PREMISE1 & RELAT$ 0TRANS=MATION PROBLEM10 SEE ,MASSIMO ,DE ,ANGELIS 7#b#g3 #a#e#h-#e#i74 ,MY READ+ H]E DRAWS L>GELY ON ,TURN] 7#a#i#h#dA1 #b#h7 :O IS 9 TURN 9SPIR$ 9 P>T BY ,DIANE ,ELSON'S 7#a#i#g#i7 0VALUE !ORY ( LABOR40 

.<#c.> ,H5CE AS ,LAMBEK 7P>T TWO ( ?IS SPECIAL ISSUE7 NOTES1 SU* DECISIONS >E NORMALLY FRAM$ 9 AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T CATEGORY AS CALCULATION3 AS 0JUDGM5TS40 ,MORE ON ?IS BEL[4 

.<#d.> ,9 FACT1 AS ! PREFACE 9DICATES1 ,M>X SAW ! QUE/ION HE WAS TRY+ TO ANSW] 9 WRIT+ ! BOOK AS SIMIL>LY A QUE/ION ( SYMBOLIC REPRES5TATION3 :Y1 HE ASKS1 9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 IS ! VALUE ( LABOR REPRES5T$ 9 ! =M ( A WAGE8 

.<#e.> ,I AM RELY+ H]E HEAVILY ON ! UNPUBLI%$ RE9T]PRETATIONS & RETRANSLATIONS ( ,WEB]'S WORK BY ,DAN ,WOLK1 ANO!R ( ! UNPUBLI%$ PAP]S ?AT CIRCULAT$ 9 ,*ICAGO 9 ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS4 ,AS F> AS ,I KN[ IT HAS ONLY SE5 PR9T AS CIT$ 9 ! WORKS ( ,RAYMOND ,T4 ,SMI? 7#a#i#i#e3 #a#g#d-#g#e1 #a#i#g74 

.<#f.> ,WOLK MAKES ! CONNECTION ) ,B\RDIEU AS WELL1 NOT+1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 9 ! ORIG9AL ,G]MAN DISCUSSIONS ( :AT IS USUALLY TRANSLAT$ ! 0/YLE ( LIFE0 ( DIFF]5T /ATUS GR\PS1 ,WEB] (T5 USES ! WORD 0HABITUS40 ,:5 ,I %[$ ,WOLK'S PAP] TO ,TURN] AT ! TIME1 HE F\ND IT IMPRESSIVE1 & 9CORPORAT$ SOME ( ,WEB]'S IDEAS ( /ATUS 9 HIS [N VALUE ANALYZES ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,U,S POLITICS 9 ! LATE #a#i#iS2 PAP]S ?AT1 ( C\RSE1 LIKEWISE REMA9 UNPUBLI%$ 7! ONE EXCEPTION1 ,TURN] #b#cB3 #d74 

.<#g.> ,I W\LD ADD ?AT :ILE MANY ( ! SMALL-SCALE SOCIETIES LIKE ! ,KAYAPO ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE TRADITIONALLY /UDI$ MI<T ?US SEEM TO LACK A POLITICS 9 ?IS S5SE1 IF ONE EXAM9ES !IR HI/ORY1 ONE USUALLY DISCOV]S ?AT !IR V]Y EXI/5CE CAN BE SE5 A K9D ( POLITICAL PROJECT1 ! CREATION ( A FIELD = ! REALIZATION ( C]TA9 =MS ( VALUE4 

.<#h.> ,9 MU* ! SAME WAY AS 0IMAG9>Y10 9T]E/+LY 5\<3 SEE ,/RAUSS #b#f4 

.<#i.> ,9 A SIMIL> VE91 IT IS G5]ALLY CONSID]$ EQUALLY OBNOXI\S TO ASK ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 A/ROLOGY H[ !Y ?9K CELE/IAL BODIES AFFECT HUMAN BE+S' FATES & P]SONALITIES4 ,IF ONE IS CONFID5T ! SY/EM WORKS1 ?AT IS 5\<2 ASK+ = AN EXPLANATION ( ! ME*ANISMS IS USUALLY SE5 AS A WAY ( SUGGE/+ IT REALLY DOESN'T4 

.<#a.> ,9DE$1 IF ONE DEF9ES BELIEF PRAGMATICALLY1 IT MAY WELL BE ?AT MANY >E CONV9C$ !Y DON'T BELIEVE 9 IT1 EV5 ?\<1 9 FACT1 !Y DO4 

.<#a#a.> ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT 9 ! FACT_/VALUES SPLIT1 IT IS ACTUALLY VALUES ?AT REALLY COME FIR/4 ,WE >E US$ TO ! >GUM5T ?AT ONE CANNOT D]IVE VALUES FROM FACTS1 BUT HI/ORICALLY1 ! PROCESS WAS LIKELY ! REV]SE3 ! PURSUIT ( FACTS1 AS SU*1 CAN ONLY BE A CONSEQU5CE ( C]TA9 =MS ( VALUE4 

,9CID5TALLY ?IS >GUM5T MI<T SEEM A /RANGE ?+ TO SAY AB\T SCI5CE1 OR O!R 9TELLECTUAL FIELDS :]E TRU? ITSELF IS ! HI<E/ VALUE1 BUT SCI5CE IS A RELATIVE LATECOM] 9 ! POLITICS ( VALUE1 & MI<T BE SAID TO HAVE =M$ AS A FIELD1 ANYWAY1 9 RELATION TO RELIGIONS ?AT HAD BEGUN TO MAKE RADICAL TRU?-CLAIMS !MSELVES4 

.<#a#b.> ,! CURR5T ,*9ESE GOV]NM5T /ILL DOES4 ,& ( C\RSE ,RI<T-W+ REGIMES (T5 MAKE PRECISELY ! SAME MOVE ) ! NE$ = PHYSICAL SECURITY 70LAW & ORD]074 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,IT IS VALUE ?AT BR+S UNIV]SES 9TO BE+ -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,IT IS VALUE ?AT BR+S UNIV]SES 9TO BE+ -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/