,ITS CORE IS ! NEGATION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ALEJ&RO ,DE ,ACO/A ,TEXT 3 #a ,I HAVE ALWAYS CONSID]$ MY 9CL9ATION TO AN>*Y TO BE IRR$UCIBLE TO A POLITICS4 ,AN>*I/ COMMITM5TS RUN DEEP]4 ,!Y >E MORE 9TIMATE1 CONC]N+ SUPPOS$LY P]SONAL OR PRIVATE MATT]S2 BUT !Y ALSO OV]FL[ ! 9/RUM5TAL REALM ( GETT+ ?+S DONE4 ,OV] TIME1 ,I HAVE %IFT$ FROM ?9K+ ?AT AN>*I/ COMMITM5TS >E MORE ?AN A POLITICS TO ?9K+ ?AT !Y >E SOME?+ O!R ?AN A POLITICS4 ,I CONT9UE TO RETURN TO ?IS LATT] =MULATION4 ,IT REQUIRES ?9K+ ?+S ?R\<1 NOT JU/ PICK+ A TEAM2 IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO >TICULATE & IT IS MORE TR\BL+ TO \R 9H]IT$ COMMON S5SE4.<#a.> ,I DO NOT ?9K ,I AM ALONE 9 ?IS4 ,IT HAS OCCURR$ TO SOME ( US TO REGI/] ?IS FEEL+ ( O!RNESS BY CALL+ \R AN>*I/ COMMITM5TS AN E?ICS4 ,IT HAS ALSO OCCURR$ TO SOME ( US TO CALL !SE COMMITM5TS ANTI-POLITICAL4 ,I ?9K !SE =MULATIONS >E1 = MANY ( US1 IMPLICITLY 9T]L9K$1 ?\< H>DLY 9T]*ANGEABLE4 ,:AT CONC]NS ME H]E 9 ! MA9 IS ! *ALL5GE ( :AT IT C\LD MEAN TO LIVE \T \R COMMITM5TS AS AN E?ICS--?\< ,I ?9K ! RELEVANCE ( ?IS ?9K+ TO ANTI-POLITICS WILL BE CL>IFI$ AS WELL4 ,I 9T5TIONALLY WRITE E?ICS1 & NOT MORALITY3 AS ,I SEE IT1 E?ICS CONC]NS ! FL\RI%+ ( LIFE1 ! REF9EM5T ( DESIRABLE WAYS ( LIFE1 HAPPY LIVES4 ,TIQQUN PUT IT WELL3 ,:5 WE USE ! T]M 0E?ICAL0 WE'RE NEV] REF]R+ TO A SET ( PRECEPTS CAPABLE ( =MULATION1 ( RULES TO OBS]VE1 ( CODES TO E/ABLI%4 ,COM+ FROM US1 ! WORD 0E?ICAL0 DESIGNATES EV]Y?+ HAV+ TO DO ) =MS-(-LIFE4 444 ,NO =MAL E?ICS IS POSSIBLE4 ,!RE IS ONLY ! 9T]PLAY ( =MS-(-LIFE AMONG !MSELVES1 & ! PROTOCOLS ( EXP]IM5TATION ?AT GUIDE !M LOCALLY4.<#b.> ,MANY ( US HAVE BE5 ABLE TO REJECT MORALITY AS A =M ( SOCIAL CONTROL1 AS ! /ULTIFY+ PRESSURE ( ! ,MASS ON US1 AS IMPOS$ OR SELF-IMPOS$ LIMITATION ON :AT WE DO & :AT WE >E CAPABLE ( DO+4 ,MU* ! SAME C\LD BE SAID = ANY E?ICAL UNIV]SALISM :I*1 ?\< EMPHASIZ+ WAYS ( LIFE & NOT MORAL CODES OR 9JUNCTIONS1 T5DS TO HOMOG5IZE WAYS ( LIFE 9 ! NAME ( A %>$ GOOD2 IT DOES SO BY SURREPTITI\SLY PRESUPPOS+ ?AT GOOD & TREAT+ IT AS A NATURAL FACT OR SELF-EVID5T TRANSCULTURAL REALITY4 ,9 %ORT1 IT REJECTS TRANSC5D5T MORALITY ONLY TO RE-9TRODUCE IT IMMAN5TLY4 ,\R REJECTION ( ?IS S+LE ,GOOD W5T (T5 5\< 9 ! DIRECTION ( PLURALISM3 ! /ORY W5T ?AT !RE W]E MANY ,GOODS1 MANY VALID OR DESIRABLE =MS ( LIFE4 ,?IS SEEM$ OBVI\S 5\<1 EV5 9TUITIVE1 TO MANY ( US4 ,! /ORY W5T WELL ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ( DEC5TRALIZATION & VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 & RESONAT$ ) MANY 9 ! YE>S :5 ANTI-GLOBALIZATION RHETORIC EMPHASIZ$ ,MULTICULTURALISM AS A PRACTICE ( RESI/ANCE & ,! ,LOCAL AS ! SITE ( ITS PRACTICE4 ,IT ALSO MADE S5SE1 OR AT LEA/ WAS USEFUL1 9S(> AS IT WAS AN EFFICI5T WAY TO COMMUNICATE AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE TO NON-AN>*I/S1 ESPECIALLY TO POT5TIAL AN>*I/S4 ,SO H]E WE HAVE TWO DIFF]5T APPROA*ES TO E?ICS4 ,ONE TRIES TO SECURE ACCESS & ORI5TATION TO A S+LE FL\RI%+ =M1 ! CRIT]ION BE+ ?AT IT BE UND]/&ABLE BY ALL3 ! ,GOOD UNIFIES4 ,! O!R APPROA* CLAIMS ?AT !RE >E MANY SU* =MS1 & ?IS PLURALITY ITSELF IS ! CRIT]ION3 ! ,GOOD DI/RIBUTES ITSELF 9TO ,GOODS4 ,ALWAYS SUSPICI\S ( UNIV]SALIZ+ CLAIMS1 = MANY YE>S ,I SID$ 7MORE OR LESS COM=TABLY7 ) ! LATT]1 P>TICIPAT+ 9 A GAME ( ADD+ -S TO ! 5D ( WORDS LIKE PEOPLE1 CULTURE1 G5D]1 & SO ON4 ,?\< ,I WAS NEV] TOO CONC]N$ TO RECRUIT1 SO ?AT ! B5EFITS ( COMMUNICABILITY W]E IRRELEVANT TO ME1 ?IS GAME NEV]!LESS SEEM$ L9K$ TO AN AFFIRMATIVE GE/URE1 AFFIRMATIVE SPECIFICALLY ( DIFF]5CE & PLURALITY 9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E4 ,!RE WAS ALWAYS ! QUE/ION ( RECUP]ATION1 I4E4 ?AT GOV]NM5TAL & O!R 9/ITUTIONS SO EASILY 9CORPORAT$ SU* PLURALISM 9TO !IR FUNCTION+ AS ITS LIB]AL POLE 7! CONS]VATIVE POLE1 :I* WAS ALWAYS PRES5T IMPLICITLY AT LEA/1 HAD TO DO ) NORMS ( GOV]NANCE OR RULE-FOLL[+ G5]ALLY74 ,= EXAMPLE1 !SE DAYS UNIV]SITY ADM9I/RATIONS TRUMPET ,MULTICULTURALISM L\D] ?AN ANYONE ELSE1 & ,LOCALLY ,S\RC$ IS A HOT M>KET+ T]M4 ,?IS TR\BL$ ?OSE ( US :O TOOK ?IS SIDE1 BUT WE C\NT]$ BY EMPHASIZ+ :AT C\LD BE CALL$ RAW PLURALITY AS OPPOS$ TO ! MA/ICAT$1 DIGE/$1 & REGURGITAT$ V]SION WE GOT FROM ADM9I/RATORS & M\?PIECES ( ALL SORTS4 ,*OOS+ PLURALISM1 EAG]LY OR GRUDG+LY1 WE MID TO EXP& ! FRONTI]S ( LIB]ALISM & DEMOCRACY1 !RE :]E ! WORD RADICAL F9DS ITS MO/ DOCILE P>TN]S444.<#c.> ,I HAVE COME TO REALIZE1 AFT] :AT ,I N[ RECOGNIZE TO BE GOOD DEAL ( CONFUSION1 IF NOT UNCONSCI\S H$G+1 ?AT EV5 AS ,I LABOR$ ON ! LIMITS ( PLURALISM1 MY ?9K+ WAS 9CONGRU\S ) ?AT POSITION4 ,MY WRIT+ & CONV]SATIONS REPEAT$LY GE/UR$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ANO!R POSITION1 IRR$UCIBLE TO UNIV]SALISM & EV] MORE DESP]ATE ATTEMPTS AT PLURALISM4 ,IT IS A NIHILISM ?AT D5IES ! VALIDITY ( ! S+UL> ,GOOD AT ! HE>T ( UNIV]SALISM1 AS WELL AS ! DI/9CT S5SES ( ! ,GOOD AT ! HE>T ( PLURALISM4 ,= NIHILI/S1 ! ONLY E?ICAL GE/URE IS NEGATIVE3 A REJECTION ( ! CLAIMS TO AU?ORITY ( UNIV]SALISM & PLURALISM4 ,= US1 ALL SU* CLAIMS >E EMPTY1 GR\NDLESS1 ULTIMATELY MEAN+LESS4 ,& ?IS IS :AT WAS REALLY AT /AKE 9 DI/+UI%+ E?ICS & MORALITY4 ,MY IDEA ( A HAPPY LIFE IS NOT SOME?+ ,I REASON MY WAY TO1 OR *OOSE1 BUT RA!R SOME?+ ?AT MANIFE/S S5SELESSLY444 BUT ,I CAN USE MY REASON+ 7MY JUDGM5T1 EV567 TO HELP 9 PU%+ BACK1 R$UC+1 DE/ROY+ EV]Y?+ ?AT BLOCKS MY WAY ( LIFE4 ,?IS REPORT ON :AT MU/ BE NOT ONLY MY [N TRAJECTORY1 BUT ALSO P>T ( ! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S 7MORE OR LESS = SOME O!RS7 IS DUE 9 P>T TO SOME CRUCIAL PAGES 9 ,DUANE ,R\SSELLE'S ,AFT] ,PO/-,AN>*ISM ?AT CONSOLIDAT$ ?IS ?\GUES ?AT ! NIHILI/ POSITION ,I HAVE JU/ DESCRIB$ HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! E?ICAL CORE ( AN>*ISM1 & ?AT WE >E N[ 9 A MOM5T :]E ?IS MAY F9ALLY BE RECOGNIZ$4 #b ,I WANT TO RESPOND TO ,AFT] ,PO/-,AN>*ISM BECAUSE IT CONTA9S ?AT SIGNIFICANT PROVOCATION4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 = MO/ ( ITS READ]S1 ?IS BOOK CANNOT BUT BE AN EXOTIC OBJECT4 ,TO :ATEV] DEGREE IT DISCUSSES FAMILI> IDEAS OR EV5 LIV$ SITUATIONS1 IT DOES SO ?R\< >CANE R\TES4 ,YES1 IT IS DIFFICULT READ+2 BUT IT IS NOT BY 5GAG+ ) :AT IS MO/ DIFFICULT 9 IT ?AT READ]S WILL HAPP5 UPON ! FEW REM>KABLE 9SITICULAT$ 9 !ORETICAL OR AB/RACT T]MS CAN ALSO BE PHRAS$ 9 ORD9>Y1 SO-CALL$ ACCESSIBLE LANGUAGE1 ,I SUSPECT ?AT MU* ( :AT ,I F9D VALUABLE 9 ,AFT] ,PO/-,AN>*ISM CAN 9DE$ BE RE/AT$ O!RWISE4 ,I 9T5D TO DO SO H]E4 ,AS ,I NOT$1 ?IS ASPECT ( ,AFT] ,PO/-,AN>*ISM /RUCK ME AS AN UNUSUALLY CLE> =MULATION ( ?\S 7AMONG O!R PLACES1 9 ! PAGES ( ?IS MAGAZ9E74 ,SO1 9/EAD ( A BROAD] CRITIQUE ( PO/-AN>*ISM 7:I* ,R\SSELLE HAS A KNACK = FOLD+ BACK 9TO A PLEA = ITS RELEVANCE7 ,I WILL LIMIT MYSELF TO SOME BRIEF REM>KS AB\T HIS MISPRISION ( ! RESPECTIVE ROLES ( !ORY & PRACTICE4.<#d.> ,PO/-AN>*ISM RECEIVES NUM]\S =MULATIONS 9 ?IS BOOK1 BUT REALLY ONLY TWO DEF9ITIONS4 ,! FIR/ IS SIMPLY ?AT IT IS A 0DISCURSIVE /RATEGY0 7#c#a73 NOT SO MU* A !ORY AS ! \TCOME ( ONGO+ DISCUSSIONS & DEBATES 9 A !ORETICAL SPACE :]E AN>*ISM1 PO/-/RUCTURALISM1 & NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 7AS !ORIZ$ BY !IR P>TICIPANTS & \TSID]S7 9T]SECT4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,I C\LD MAKE MANY OBJECTIONS OR CL>IFICATIONS1 BUT ,I WILL SIMPLY NOTE ?AT = SU* 9VE/IGATIONS TO PROCE$ AS ,R\SSELLE 9T5DS1 AN>*ISM 7AS 0CLASSICAL AN>*ISM10 #d & PASSIM7 MU/ BE 9T]PRET$ AS 0AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY10 SOMETIMES 0TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY0 7#c#i & PASSIM74.<#e.> ,! SECOND DEF9ITION1 :I* FOLL[S FROM ! FIR/ BUT IS MORE PROVOCATIVE1 IS ?AT PO/-AN>*ISM 0IS SIMPLY AN>*ISM FOLD$ BACK ONTO ITSELF0 7#a#c#f74 ,= ,R\SSELLE ?IS MEANS AN AN>*IC QUE/ION+ ( ! E?ICAL BASIS ( AN>*ISM1 A SE>* = ! AN>*Y 9 AN>*ISM2 HE LAT] SPECIFIES HIS [N V]SION ( ?IS FOLD+ 9 T]MS ( ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 MANIFE/ & LAT5T CONT5TS ( /ATEM5TS4 ,H]E ,I CAN UND]L9E BO? ! WEAKNESS & ! PROMISE ( ,R\SSELLE'S APPROA*4 ,:ATEV] ! SILL9ESS ( ! T]M PO/-AN>*ISM1 ,I ?9K ! SECOND DEF9ITION'S PROJECT ( QUE/ION+1 ( FOLD+ BACK REFLEXIVELY1 IS ( 9T]E/ TO ANY AN>*I/ :O DOES NOT TAKE !IR POSITION ON QUE/IONS ( MORALITY & E?ICS 7OR ANY?+ ELSE1 = ?AT MATT]7 = GRANT$4 ,:5 HE IS PURSU+ ?IS SORT ( QUE/ION+1 ,R\SSELLE IS AT HIS /RONGE/4 ,:5 HE IS TREAT+ ! AN>*I/ TRADITION 9T]*ANGEABLY AS A S]IES ( HI/ORICAL FIGURES1 EV5TS1 PRACTICES1 ETC4 & AS ! DISCURSIVE OR CONCEPTUAL FRAM+ ?AT CAN BE AB/RACT$ FROM !M 70AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY071 HE IS AT HIS WEAKE/4 ,HE REPEAT$LY FALLS 9TO ! 9TELLECTUALI/ TRAP ( DESCRIB+ ACTIONS AS ! RESULT ( PREEXI/+ !ORETICAL ATTITUDES4 0,CAN WE AT LEA/ PROVISIONALLY ADMIT10 HE ASKS RHETORICALLY1 0?AT AN>*ISM IS NOT A TRADITION ( CANONICAL ?9K]S BUT ONE ( CANONICAL PRACTICES BAS$ ON A CANONICAL SELECTION ( E?ICAL PREMISES80 7#a#b#i74 ,FREE+ HIMSELF FROM ! IDEA ( AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T SET 9TO MOTION BY A BE>D$ MAN'S 9TELLECT1 HE REMA9S ON ! SIDE ( ! 9TELLECT BY PRESUPPOS+ ( A PREEXI/+ SET ( PREMISES ON :I* PRACTICES >E 0BAS$0 & FROM :I* !Y D]IVE !IR /ATUS AS 0CANONICAL40 ,ONE MORE CRITICAL REM>K AB\T ! WEAKNESS 9 ?IS APPROA*4 ,R\SSELLE DESCRIBES PO/-AN>*ISM 9 A ?IRD WAY1 & ?IS ONE IS NOT SO MU* A DEF9ITION AS AN ILLU/RATION4 ,HE WRITES ?AT PO/-AN>*ISM IS ! 0NEW P>ADIGM0 7#a#b#f7 ( AN>*I/ ?\ADIGM %IFT444 ?AT MADE ITS WAY 9TO ! AN>*I/ DISC\RSE1 AS 'PO/-AN>*ISM1' ALL[$ = ! REALIZATION & ELUCIDATION ( ! E?ICAL COMPON5T ( TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY0 7#a#b#i74 ,HE IS SO ZEAL\S 9 HIS PROMOTION ( ?IS T]M ?AT SEV]AL TIMES 9 HIS BOOK HE ANNEXES AU?ORS :O EXPLICITLY REJECT ! T]M1 SU* AS ,URI ,GORDON & ,GABRIEL ,KUHN1 TO ! CAUSE4 ,?IS ALL SEEMS TO ME TO BE 9 BAD TA/E4 ,!RE IS ALSO A MORE PR(\ND PROBLEM AT /AKE3 P>ADIGM %IFTS DO NOT HAPP5 BECAUSE ONE SAYS !Y DO4 ,! DECL>ATIVE1 P]=MATIVE WI%ES EVID5C$ :5EV] ,R\SSELLE USES ! LANGUAGE ( ADVANCEM5T OR PROGRESS1 AS ?\< :AT WAS AT /AKE H]E WAS A SCI5CE1 TELL US MU* AB\T HIS 9T5TIONS1 BUT ALWAYS FALL FLAT 9 T]MS ( CONV9C+NESS4 ,EV5 IF !RE IS A P>ADIGM %IFT AT WORK 9 AN>*I/ !ORY 7OR PRACTICE671 !RE IS NO REASON TO CONSID] ! %IFT AS AN IMPROVEM5T4 ,WE >E PROBABLY JU/ CAT*+ UP TO AN 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX1 *AOTIC1 & UNCONTROLLABLE WORLD4 ,SO ,I FAULT HIM = MISUND]/&+ :AT A P>ADIGM %IFT IS1 = WILDLY EXAGG]AT+ ! OV]ALL IMPORTANCE ( PO/-AN>*ISM1 & = FRAM+ AN>*ISM TOO AB/RACTLY AS AN 9*OATE PHILOSOPHY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 RETURN+ TO MY PR9CIPAL REASONS = WRIT+ ?IS ESSAY1 ,I WILL N[ PRAISE ,R\SSELLE1 = SOME ( :AT HE WRITES AB\T E?ICS4 #c ,E>LY 9 ,AFT] ,PO/-,AN>*ISM ,R\SSELLE /ATES ?AT1 ANSW]+ :AT HE CALLS 0! QUE/ION ( PLACE0 7R\E ?REE TYPES ( RESPONSES4 ,!RE >E UNIV]SALI/ !ORIES1 :I* /ATE ?AT 0!RE IS A %>$ OBJECTIVE ESS5CE ?AT GR\NDS ALL NORMATIVE PR9CIPLES IRRESPECTIVE ( ! /AT$ VALUES ( 9DEP5D5TLY SITUAT$ SUBJECTS OR SOCIAL GR\PS0 7#d#a74 ,?IS W\LD 9CLUDE MO/ RELIGI\SLY GR\ND$ MORALITIES1 AS WELL AS APPEALS TO HUMAN NATURE4 ,MO/ SU* !ORIES >E ABSOLUTI/1 BUT !Y NE$ NOT ALL BE SO2 UTILIT>IANISM IS AN EXAMPLE ( A 0NORMATIVE !ORY ?AT PROPOSES ?AT ! CORRECT SOLUTION IS ! ONE ?AT PROVIDES ! GREATE/ GOOD TO ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION40 ,! SECOND SET ( !ORIES1 :I* CORRESPONDS TO :AT ,I CALL$ PLURALISM 9 ! OP5+ SECTION1 IS :AT ,R\SSELLE REF]S TO AS E?ICAL RELATIVISM4 0,RELATIVI/S BELIEVE ?AT SOCIAL GR\PS DO 9DE$ DIFF] 9 !IR RESPECTIVE E?ICAL VALUE SY/EMS & ?AT EA* RESPECTIVE SY/EM CON/ITUTES A PLACE ( E?ICAL DISC\RSE07#d#c74 ,?AT IS1 !RE >E DIFF]5T SY/EMS 7( BELIEF1 CULTURE1 CU/OM1 ETC47 ?AT MAY GR\ND MORALS4 ,AGA91 !RE IS AN 9T]E/+ SUBSET1 A LIMIT-CASE3 0,AT ! LIMIT ( RELATIVI/ E?ICS IS ! BELIEF ?AT ! UNIQUE SUBJECT IS ! PLACE FROM :I* E?ICAL PR9CIPLES >E ?\ISE07#d#c74 ,?IS CORRESPONDS TO MO/ TYPES ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,! PROVOCATION ,I AM UND]L9+ 9 ,R\SSELLE'S BOOK IS ?AT1 RA!R ?AN TRY ONCE MORE TO SAVE PLURALISM BY PU%+ IT F>!R 9TO A P>ODIC RELATIVISM1 HE PURSUES :AT HE CALLS E?ICAL NIHILISM4 ,HIS FIR/ /AB AT A DEF9ITION RUNS3 0E?ICAL NIHILISM IS ! BELIEF ?AT E?ICAL TRU?S1 IF !Y CAN BE SAID TO EXI/ AT ALL1 D]IVE FROM ! P>ADOXICAL NON-PLACE )9 ! HE>T ( ANY PLACE0 7#d#c74 ,?AT IS1 NIHILISM D5IES ! GR\ND1 OR AT LEA/ ! GR\ND+ OR CLAIM TO GR\ND+1 9 E?ICAL UNIV]SALISM & PLURALISM4 0,NIHILI/S SEEK TO DISCR$IT &_/OR 9T]RUPT ALL UNIV]SALI/ & RELATIVI/ RESPONSES TO ! QUE/ION ( PLACE .<444.> NIHILI/S >E CRITICS ( ALL ?AT CURR5TLY EXI/S & !Y RAISE ?IS CRITIQUE AGA9/ ALL SU* ONE-SID$ F\NDATIONS & SY/EMS0 7#d#d-#d#e74 ,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS COMPLETES ! TRIPLICITY ) :I* ,I BEGAN ?IS ESSAY4 ,IT IS FROM ?IS TRIPLICITY ?AT ,R\SSELLE DEVELOPS HIS ANALYSIS ( E?ICS 9 RELATION TO AN>*ISM4 ,RA!R ?AN >GUE AB\T EXI/+ MORAL CODES OR E?ICAL PA?S1 ,R\SSELLE SUGGE/S ?AT ANO!R POSITION HAS SO F> REMA9$ L>GELY UNDISCUSS$3 ! NIHILI/ ONE ?AT REJECTS ! AU?ORITY OR NORMATIVITY ( SU* >GUM5TATION4 ,HE /ATES ?AT PO/-AN>*I/S1 SO F>1 HAVE APPROA*$ 0CLASSICAL AN>*ISM0 AS A UNIV]SALISM 7G5]ALLY BAS$ ON HUMAN NATURE7 & S\*ISM2 & ?AT CORE1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 IS ULTIMATELY NIHILI/4 0,ONE MU/ !RE=E SEEK TO REMA9 CONSI/5T ) ! LAT5T =CE RA!R ?AN ! MANIFE/ /RUCTURE ( AN>*I/ E?ICS1 = !RE IS A NEGATIVITY ?AT IS AT ! V]Y CORE ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION0 7#i#h-#i#i74 ,C5T]+ HIS DISCUSSION ON ,KROPOTK91 ,R\SSELLE CLAIMS ?AT :ILE ,KROPOTK9'S MANIFE/ E?ICS WAS CLE>LY UNIV]SALI/ 7GR\ND$ ON AN APPEAL TO HUMAN NATURE71 HIS LAT5T E?ICS WAS NIHILI/4 0,IF IT CAN BE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ,KROPOTK9'S SY/EM ( 'MUTUAL AID' ALSO CALL$ = ! RE/RICTION ( ! FREE MOVEM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL !N IT CAN ALSO BE >GU$ ?AT HIS WORK1 LIKE MU* ( TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY1 WAS ALWAYS AT W> ) ITSELF0 7#a#d#f74.<#f.> ,! E?ICAL NIHILISM IS REVEAL$ BY *IPP+ AWAY AT ! MANIFE/ CONT5T ( ! OLD SAWS1 S]IALLY REVEAL+ ! CONFLICTS !Y CONCEAL1 ! LAT5T CONT5T ?AT WAS ALWAYS IMPLI$ 9 !M3 ,AN>*I/S >E AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & ,*UR* IMPLIES444 ,AN>*I/S >E AGA9/ ! /RUCTURES ( REPRES5TATION & P[] AT WORK 9 ! ,/ATE & ,*UR* IMPLIES444 ,AN>*I/S >E AGA9/ ANY O!R /RUCTURES ( REPRES5TATION & P[] ANALOG\S TO ?OSE AT WORK 9 ! ,/ATE & ,*UR* IMPLIES444 ,AN>*I/S >E AGA9/ ANY /RUCTURE ( REPRES5TATION & P[] IMPLIES444 ,AN>*I/S >E AGA9/ ALL AU?ORITY1 ALL REPRES5TATION IMPLIES444 ,AN>*I/S >E AGA9/ 444.<#g.> ,N[1 MO/ AN>*I/S WILL DROP (F AT SOME PO9T 9 ! *A9 ( IMPLICATION1 JUDG+ IT TO HAVE GONE TOO F> PA/ :AT !Y REG>D AS COMMON S5SE4 7,\R 5EMIES MI47 ,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN8 ,R\*ISM HAS SUFFICI5T TIME TO DEVELOP 7?AT IT WILL BE REPRESS$ & D5I$ BY ITS ADH]5TS AS WELL AS 5EMIES IS NOT EVID5CE AGA9/ ?IS72 & PSY*OLOGICALLY OR SUBJECTIVELY1 S9CE ?IS OV]ALL T5D5CY IS ALSO AN 9TIMATE MATT] 9 ! LIFE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 P>T ( ! UNCONSCI\S ( ITS FIR/ & PRES5T PROPON5TS 7& SO ANALOG\S CLAIMS AB\T REPRESSION BY ADH]5TS & 5EMIES MO/ C]TA9LY APPLY74.<#h.> ,R\SSELLE SUGGE/S ?AT1 AL?\< MO/ PO/-AN>*I/S ?\*ISM OR DEVELOP+ ITS 9TUITIONS1 !Y W]E 9 FACT R5D]+ IT MORE DOCILE1 BECAUSE MORE AK9 TO LIB]AL IDEALS2 HE1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAS REVEAL$ ITS NIHILI/ CORE1 ITS TRUE & ORIG9AL 9CL9ATION TO AN>*Y4 ,! PROBLEM N[ BECOMES3 :5 AN>*I/S DISAV[ ?IS NIHILI/ CORE1 OPT+ = SOME V]SION ( RELATIVISM 7OR UNIV]SALISM671 H[ DO WE ANSW] !M8 ,= ! SAME REASONS ?AT ,I DO NOT TAKE ,KROPOTK9'S OR ,BAKUN9'S MANIFE/ IDEAS AS MY GUIDES1 ,I DO NOT TAKE :AT ANALYSIS MIGUM5TATION COMPELL+1 :Y W\LD ,I USE IT ON ANO!R8 ,?IS IS :]E ,R\SSELLE'S 9TELLECTUALI/ ASSUMPTIONS UND]CUT ! =CE ( HIS CLAIMS4 ,I DO ?9K1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! E?ICAL NIHILI/ POSITION IS AT ! CORE ( MO/ AN>*I/ DISC\RSE & PRACTICE1 AS ITS LAT5T CONT5T4 ,?AT IS1 ,I ?9K HE IS BASICALLY RI*ISM1 BUT1 PROXIMATELY & = ! MO/ P>T1 AB\T AN>*I/S4 ,R\SSELLE'S PSY*OANALYTICALLY 9SPIR$ ME?OD ( READ+ TEXTS %\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A RHETORIC1 OR RA!R A C\NT]-RHETORIC1 ?AT CAN 9T]V5E 9 ! PRES5T MORE DIRECTLY4 ,:AT HE DOES ) OLD TEXTS1 O!RS MIY TEXTS4 ,BUT H[ & :5 TO USE ?IS C\NT]-RHETORIC8 ,! LEA/ ,I CAN SAY IS ?AT ,I AM NOT 9 ! BUS9ESS ( CONV9C+ ANYONE AB\T :AT !Y REALLY ?9K4 ,I MAY WELL KEEP MY ANALYSIS TO MYSELF1 OR /ATE IT 9 RESIGNATION ( BE+ MISUND]/OOD2 OR ,I MAY USE IT TO ATTACK4 ,:ATEV] ! CASE1 ! NIHILI/ POSITION WILL BE KN[N 9 ?AT IT EXPOSES ! DIFF]5D BETWE5 ITSELF & ! O!RS1 & BETWE5 ! O!RS & !MSELVES4 ,?IS IS CONSI/5T ) ! BASIC =MULATION ( NIHILISM AS A NEGATIVE E?ICS4 ,ACTIONS TAK5 9 ITS NAME >E ALWAYS PROVISIONAL3 TO REIT]ATE FROM ,!ORY ( ,BLOOM1 ALL WE HAVE & ALL WE KN[ IS 0! 9T]PLAY ( =MS-(-LIFE0 & 0! PROTOCOLS ( EXP]IM5TATION ?AT GUIDE !M40 ,NO ONE KN[S :AT ! WORLD W\LD BE LIKE IF IT W]E POPULAT$ ) NIHILI/S ALONE6 ,FOLL[+ ! PREVI\SLY CIT$ S5T5CE ON ! NEGATIVITY AT ! CORE ( ! TRADITION1 ,R\SSELLE CITES ONE ( HIS S\RCES1 ! MORAL PHILOSOPH] ,J4,L4 ,MACKIE3 .<,W.>HAT ,I HAVE CALL$ MORAL SKEPTICISM IS A NEGATIVE DOCTR9E1 NOT A POSITIVE ONE3 IT SAYS :AT !RE ISN'T1 NOT :AT !RE IS4 ,IT SAYS ?AT !RE DO NOT EXI/ 5TITIES OR RELATIONS ( A C]TA9 K9D1 OBJECTIVE VALUES OR REQUIREM5TS1 :I* MANY PEOPLE HAVE BELIEV$ TO EXI/4 ,IF . POSITION IS TO BE AT ALL PLAUSIBLE1 . MU/ GIVE SOME ACC\NT ( H[ O!R PEOPLE HAVE FALL5 9TO :AT . REG>DS AS AN ]ROR1 & ?IS ACC\NT WILL HAVE TO 9CLUDE SOME POSITIVE SUGGE/IONS AB\T H[ VALUES FAIL TO BE OBJECTIVE1 AB\T :AT HAS BE5 MI/AK5 =1 OR HAS L$ TO FALSE BELIEFS AB\T1 OBJECTIVE VALUES4 ,BUT ?IS WILL BE A DEVELOPM5T ( . !ORY1 NOT ITS CORE3 ITS CORE IS ! NEGATION4 7#i#i7 ,9 MY LANGUAGE1 ! NEGATION CORRESPONDS TO E?ICS AS A WAY ( LIFE2 ! ACC\NT ( ]ROR1 TO :AT ,I CALL A C\NT]-RHETORIC4 ,I PRAISE ,R\SSELLE1 !N1 BECAUSE HE CONTRIBUT$ TO A DEF5SE ( :AT IS NEGATIVE 9 AN>*ISM1 :ILE ALSO H9T+ AT A DEF5SE ( NEGATIVITY AS SU*4 ,HE MAKES SPACE = US TO READ PASSAGES SU* AS ! ONE BY ,MACKIE1 ABOVE1 CREATIVELY1 (F]+ !M TO US AS LESSONS--LOGICAL LESSONS AB\T :AT AN>*Y MEANS4 ,ITS CORE IS ! NEGATION4 #d ,SU* LOGICAL LESSONS >E USEFUL1 >GUABLY NECESS>Y1 IF WE WANT TO DISC>D HOPE AT ?IS JUNCTURE & ?9K ) MORE SOBRIETY4 ,MO/ ( ! ?9K+ FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE REMA9S TO BE DONE4 ,IT CONC]NS ! CONJUNCTIONS & DISJUNCTIONS BETWE5 SEV]AL S5SES ( NIHILISM4 ,FIR/1 !RE >E ?OSE MO/ FAMILI> 9 ! MILIEU AS POSITIONS3 NIHILI/ AN>*Y & NIHILI/ COMMUNISM4 ,SECOND1 !RE IS NIHILISM AS A !ORETICAL CONC]N 9 O!R WRIT]S1 FROM ,JACOBI TO ,BAUDRILL>D4 ,LA/LY1 !RE IS ! DIAGNO/IC S5SE ( NIHILISM 9H]IT$ FROM ,NIETZS*E4 ,>TICULAT+ !SE ) ! E?ICAL NIHILISM ,R\SSELLE DISCOV]S_/9V5TS AT ! CORE ( AN>*ISM WILL BE A COMPLICAT$ TASK1 SO ,I WILL LIMIT MYSELF H]E TO AN 5UM]ATION ( PROVISIONAL CONSEQU5CES /EMM+ FROM :AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 SO F>4 ,I (F] !SE CONSEQU5CES AS A RELAY FROM ,AFT] ,PO/-,AN>*ISM'S PROVOCATIONS TO ! ?9K+ ?AT REMA9S TO BE DONE3 TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE1 TO PREP>E IT AS BE/ ,I KN[ H[4 ,! FIR/ TWO CONSEQU5CES SUGGE/ H[ WE MIY AN>*I/ APPROA*ES4 ,! LATT] TWO CONC]N ! BROAD] RELEVANCE & CONTEXT = E?ICAL NIHILISM1 SETT+ \T FROM ! AN>*I/ CONTEXT4 ,! FIR/ CONSEQU5CE IS ?AT IT IS N[ CLE> ?AT MANY CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S CONFUS$LY COMB9E E?ICAL UNIV]SALISM ) E?ICAL PLURALISM2 & E?ICAL UNIV]SALISM ) E?ICAL NIHILISM4 ,9 A SOCIETY LIKE \RS1 ONE :OSE IDEAL IS SUPPOS$LY LIB]AL DEMOCRACY1 WE %\LD EXPECT PLURALI/ LANGUAGE TO BE ! MO/ LIKELY ONE 9 :I* RADICALS WILL (F] !IR ANALYSIS & PROPOSALS4 ,COMMUNITY ORGANIZ+1 CONSCI\SNESS-RAIS+1 & SO ON1 HAVE OBVI\S L9KS TO LIB]ALISM & >E AT BE/ ITS RADICAL =MS4 ,AS A RESULT1 MORALI/IC TYPES -- ?OSE :O PUBLICALLY ADVOCATE A R5EWAL ( SOCIETY1 AN IMPROVEM5T ( GOV]NM5T & MANAGEM5T 7AS SELF-GOV]NM5T1 SELF-MANAGEM5T71 SUGGE/+ PLURALI/ APPROA*ES -- >E LIKELY TO REFUSE TO DISCUSS OR MAKE EXPLICIT ! UNIV]SALI/ CORE ( !IR ?\E LE>N+ AS WE GO1 & SO ON47 ,?IS (F]S A NEW P]SPECTIVE ON ! EM]G5CE & SIGNIFICANCE ( SECOND-WAVE AN>*Y.<#i.> G5]ALLY1 9CLUD+ PO/-,LEFT AN>*Y1 GRE5_/ANTI-CIVILIZATION AN>*Y1 &1 ,I SUPPOSE1 PO/-AN>*ISM AS WELL1 ALL ( :I* MI*I/ DISC\RSE WAS ALWAYS AT W> ) ITSELF4 ,! SECOND CONSEQU5CE COMPLEM5TS ! FIR/3 ANO!R SET ( AN>*I/S CONFUSES E?ICAL PLURALISM ) E?ICAL NIHILISM4 ,H]E M]ELY /AT+ ! E?ICAL NIHILI/ POSITION COH]5TLY HAS EFFECTS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,I ?9K ( ?OSE :O MITICUL> GOAL BEYOND DE/RUCTION ( ! EXI/5T4 ,I %\LD ADD H]E ?AT IT W\LD BE HA/Y TO COLLAPSE ! E?ICAL NIHILI/ POSITION 9TO ANY ONE PRACTICE OR SET ( PRACTICES4 ,DE/RUCTIVE PRACTICES1 P>TIAL OR ABSOLUTE1 DO NOT FOLL[ ME*ANICALLY FROM NEGATION4 ,DE/RUCTION IS NOT ! PRACTICAL APPLICATION ( A NEGATIVE !ORY4 ,I AM C]TA9LY NOT SAY+ ?AT DE/RUCTION IS NOT WOR?:ILE AS A PRACTICE OR SET ( PRACTICES2 BUT ,I AM SAY+ ?AT NIHILI/S BY DEF9ITION REJECT ! OV]ID5TIFICATION ( ANY PRACTICE ) !IR NEGATION ( EXI/+ MORALITIES & NORMATIVE APPROA*ES TO E?ICS4 ,IT IS MY S5SE ?AT1 ONCE ! NIHILI/ POSITION EXI/S AS SOME?+ O!R ?AN A C>ICATURE1 ! O!R POSITIONS WILL BE 9CREAS+LY UND]M9$ FROM )9 & )\T4 ,! ?IRD CONSEQU5CE IS ?AT E?ICAL NIHILISM IS MORE ?AN A !ORY4 ,IT IS A WAY ( LIV+ & ?9K+1 A =M-(-LIFE 9 :I* ! TWO >E NOT SEP>ATE4 ,?AT ,R\SSELLE DISCUSSES IT ONLY AS A !ORY LEAVES IT TO ! RE/ ( US TO ELABORATE :AT ELSE IT IS1 :AT IT LOOKS LIKE1 AS SOME SAY1 OR H[ IT IS PRACTIC$4 ,IT IS MY S5SE ?AT HE WAS ABLE TO WRITE ?IS BOOK BECAUSE ( EV5TS & SITUATIONS 9 HIS LIFE1 9 ! MILIEU1 9 O!R PLACES4 ,SO :5 ,I 9VOKE ! PRACTICAL ASPECT ( NIHILISM1 HAV+ ALREADY SAID ?AT IT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO ANY PRACTICE OR SET ( PRACTICES1 ,I MEAN TWO ?+S4 ,FIR/1 ?AT ,I MEAN TO UND]L9E ! UNUSUAL TONE ( ALL ! PRACTICES ( ?OSE ?AT ACCEPT SOME V]SION ( ! P]SPECTIVE ?AT !RE IS NO ,\TSIDE 7TO CAPITALISM1 CIVILIZATION1 OR ! EXI/5T71 OR ?AT >E PR(\NDLY SKEPTICAL AB\T ANY PROPOS$ MEASURES TO GET ,\TSIDE4 ,SECOND1 ?AT TO SPEAK ( PRACTICES RELAT$ TO E?ICAL NIHILISM CONT9UES TO MAKE IT SEEM LIKE A !ORY ?AT 5DORSES OR SUGGE/S A C\RSE ( ACTION1 :ILE ITS 9T]E/ IS PRECISELY ?AT IT MAY NOT DO SO4 ,MONSIEUR ,DUPONT'S PHRASE ,DO ,NO?+ IS RELEVANT H]E3 0,DO ,NO?+444 WAS & REMA9S A PROVOCATION4 .<444.> ,DO ,NO?+ IS AN IMM$IATE REFLECTION ( ,DO ,SOME?+ & ITS MORAL APP>ATUS40.<#a.> ,FROM WEIRD PRACTICES TO DO+ NO?+3 ?IS IS PRECISELY ! 5IGMATIC SPACE :]E ANTI-POLITICS CONV]GES ) E?ICS4 ,YES1 !RE IS A GAP1 P]HAPS A COLOSSAL GAP1 BETWE5 ! IMPLOSION-MOM5T ( SOCIETIES LIKE \RS & ! ET]NAL MEAN+LESSNESS ( VALUE CLAIMS & MORAL CODES4 ,ANTI-POLITICS MIE LIV+ ) NIHILISM4 ,! =CE ( E?ICAL NIHILISM IS NOT SO MU* 9 BE+ A POSITION ONE ADVOCATES AS 9 ITS UND]M9+ ( O!RS' CLAIMS TO C]TA9TY4 ,IF WE >E ABLE TO DO ?IS SOMETIMES IT IS BECAUSE !RE >E MANY O!RS :O1 9 A RAPIDLY DECOMPOS+ SOCIETY1 MORE OR LESS CONSCI\SLY GRASP ! HOLL[NESS 9 EV]Y CODE ( ACTION4 ,TAKE ?IS PASSAGE FROM ,HEIDEGG] AS AN ILLU/RATION3 ,! REALM = ! ESS5CE & EV5T ( NIHILISM IS METAPHYSICS ITSELF1 ALWAYS ASSUM+ ?AT BY 0METAPHYSICS0 WE >E NOT ?9K+ ( A DOCTR9E OR ONLY ( A SPECIALIZ$ DISCIPL9E ( PHILOSOPHY BUT ( ! FUNDAM5TAL /RUCTURE ( BE+S 9 !IR 5TIRETY 444 ,METAPHYSICS IS ! SPACE ( HI/ORY 9 :I* IT BECOMES DE/9Y = ! SUP]S5SORY WORLD1 IDEAS1 ,GOD1 MORAL LAW1 ! AU?ORITY ( REASON1 PROGRESS1 ! HAPP9ESS ( ! GREATE/ NUMB]1 CULTURE1 & CIVILIZATION TO =FEIT !IR CON/RUCTIVE P[] & TO BECOME VOID4.<#a#a.> ,D>E ,I ADD H]E ?AT SOME?+ ( ?IS CONDITION WAS ALSO GE/UR$ T[>D 9 A FEW PRECI\S TEXTS ON PO/MOD]NISM1 TEXTS :I* RAIS$ TREM5D\S QUE/IONS AB\T !IR PRES5T1 & BY EXT5SION \RS1 ONLY TO BE BURI$ 9 AN AVALAN*E ( 9CREAS+LY UNIMAG9ATIVE DISCUSSIONS1 AS IF TO SY/EMATICALLY %UT D[N ! POSSIBILITY ( SU* QUE/ION+8 ,:AT !SE F\R CONSEQU5CES ADD UP TO IS P]HAPS SOME?+ ON ! ORD] ( A P>ADIGM %IFT ?AT SOME ( US >E P]HAPS DIMLY BEG9N+ TO P]CEIVE4 ,OR P]HAPS IT IS MU* BIGG] & MORE T]RIFY+ ?AN A P>ADIGM %IFT C\LD EV] BE4 ,R\SSELLE OV]E/IMATES ! IMPORTANCE & C5TRALITY ( PO/-AN>*ISM TO AN>*I/ !ORY 7&1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 V>I\S MILIEUS71 & HIS CLAIM ?AT HIS !ORIZ+ AFT] PO/-AN>*ISM CONSOLIDATES ! %IFT FROM PLURALI/_/RELATIVI/ PO/-AN>*ISM1 ) ITS RE=MI/ & RADICAL LIB]AL T5D5CIES1 & A FULLY NIHILI/ !ORY EXPRESS+ ! LAT5T DE/RUCTIVE CONT5T ( AN>*ISM1 IS MISPLAC$4 ,BUT 9CREAS+ EMPHASIS ON NIHILI/ IDEAS1 & ! 9CREAS+ PREVAL5CE ( :AT C\LD BE CALL$ NIHILI/ MEASURES1 IS A CONDITION ?AT 9VOLVES US ALL TO SOME DEGREE4 ,& WE HAVE TRI$ TO ?9K IT ?R\< & RESPOND4 ,! CALL = AN 5D TO GOV]NM5T 9/EAD ( A BETT]1 MORE DEMOCRATIC1 MORE EGALIT>IAN =M ( GOV]NM5T IS ANCI5T4 ,! CALL = ! ABOLITION ( WORK 9/EAD ( JU/1 FAIR1 OR DIGNIFI$ WORK IS DECADES OLD1 AT LEA/4 ,H[ MANY ( US NO LONG] CRITICIZE COMPETITION SO AS TO CONTRA/ IT ) COOP]ATION1 BUT BECAUSE ! VICTORY IT (F]S IS LAU & DEM&S 9 MOM5TS ( CONFRONTATION & OCCUPATION8 ,I 9TUIT TWO ?+S H]E3 ?AT PLURALISM SEEMS TO CONT9UALLY REVEAL ITS RELATIVI/ CORE MORE & MORE (T51 & ?AT ! REVELATION ( ! RELATIVI/ CORE WILL MAKE IT 9CREAS+LY EASI] = ! NIHILI/ POSITION TO BE /AT$1 ) ALL ( ITS DISRUPTIVE EFFECTS4 ,CONV]SELY1 AS ,I HAVE SUGGE/$1 M]ELY /AT+ ! NIHILI/ POSITION COH]5TLY HAS EFFECTS4 ,I PROPOSE ?AT ?OSE 9T]E/$ MAKE IT !IR BUS9ESS TO DEPLOY ! TRIPLICITY4 ,TO :I* ,I WILL IMM$IATELY ADD3 !RE WILL BE /UPID & P>ODIC V]SIONS ( ?IS MOM5T4 ,= SOME ( US ?IS MOM5T WILL BE LIV$ 5TIRELY AS P>ODY & /UPIDITY4 ,BUT !RE WILL ALSO BE1 = SOME1 AN OPPORTUNITY TO REF9E :AT \R AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS MEANT1 NOT AS ! DIRECTION HI/ORY OR SOCIETY IS GO+ 91 NOT AS ! TRU? ( A TRADITION1 OR AS AN IDEAL ( ANY SORT1 BUT AS ?AT :I* BREAKS FROM SU* ORI5TATIONS 9 ! MO/ ABSOLUTE S5SE3 ! NEGAT+ PREFIXES A-1 AN-1 ANTI-444 ANTI-POLITICS AS A PROVISIONAL ORI5TATION1 BRAN*+ \T 9TO C\NTLESS REFUSALS4.<#a#c.> ,\R E?ICS EM]GES & GIVES ITSELF TO ?\ A SUFFICI5T SPACE4 ,WE KN[ ALMO/ NO?+ AB\T SU* SPACES1 SO \R E?ICS MIY SKEPTICISM ?AT *>ACT]IZES \R ?9K+'S MOTION4 .<#a.> 0,IL S5SO PIU COMUNE NON E IL PIU V]O10 WROTE ! H]ETIC ,GIORDANO ,BRUNO3 0,! MO/ COMMON S5SE IS NOT ! TRUE/40 ,! TYPE ( ?9K+ ,I 9VOKE H]E TAKES ITS DI/ANCE FROM :AT ! ,MASS REG>DS AS COMMON S5SE4 .<#b.> ,!ORY ( ,BLOOM1 ,L,B,C ,BOOKS V]SION1 #a#d#d4 ,!SE PHRASES COND5SE AN 5TIRE TRAJECTORY ( WRIT+ ON E?ICS ?AT 5COMPASSES ,DELEUZE1 ,AGAMB51 & ,BADI\1 BEG9N+1 NATURALLY1 ) ,SP9OZA & ,NIETZS*E4 .<#c.> ,IT IS ALSO FAIR TO SAY ?AT1 S9CE PLURALISM IS SU* A KEY ASPECT ( LIB]ALISM1 MANY AN>*I/S SIMPLY CL+ TO A K9D ( RADICALIZ$ LIB]ALISM AS !IR E?ICS1 & !IR POLITICS1 NOT BECAUSE ( ANY GAPS 9 !IR ?9K+1 BUT BECAUSE !Y ACTUALLY >E RADICAL LIB]ALS4 ,! PROBLEM1 ( C\RSE1 IS EI!R ?AT !Y DO NOT RECOGNIZE IT1 OR ?AT !Y WILL NOT ADMIT IT4 ,AT LEA/ ,*OMSKY1 9 ! #aig LECTURE 0,GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,FUTURE10 ADMITT$ AS MU*1 ADVOCAT+ A CONFLU5CE ( RADICAL ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM AS 0! PROP] & NATURAL EXT5SION ( CLASSICAL LIB]ALISM 9TO ! ]A ( ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY40 .<#d.> ,I DO NOT 9T5D TO ATTACK :AT IS ALL TOO EASY TO CRITICIZE 9 A BOOK FRAM$ AS AN 9T]V5TION 9TO PO/-AN>*ISM1 A TOPIC ?AT ,I AM NOT CONC]N$ )1 & :I* ,I AM SURE IS LESS ?AN POPUL> ) ! READ]%IP ( ,A,J,O,D,A4 ,I HAPPILY LEAVE ! TASK ( SETTL+ ! ACC\NTS ( ?IS BOOK ) ! PROPON5TS & OPPON5TS ( PO/-AN>*ISM TO ?OSE :O F9D IT WOR?:ILE4 ,I SIMIL>LY LEAVE TO ONE SIDE ! DISCUSSION ( ! RELATION ( ,GEORGES ,BATAILLE'S IDEAS TO E?ICAL NIHILISM 9 ! BOOK'S F9AL *APT]4 .<#e.> ,R\SSELLE ONLY MAKES OCCASIONAL REF]5CES TO 0CLASSICAL0 AN>*I/S O!R ?AN ,KROPOTK91 :O IS HIS MAJOR CASE /UDY4 ,I TAKE IT ?IS IS BECAUSE ,KROPOTK9 IS ?\*I/S1 & ALSO BECAUSE HE HAS BE5 ! OBJECT ( SU/A9$ ATT5TION AMONG PO/-AN>*I/S4 .<#f.> ,R\SSELLE FRAMES ?IS CLAIM AS A CLAIM AB\T !ORY1 & ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* !ORIES >E =MULAT$4 ,HE DOES NOT FRAME ?IS AS A HI/ORICAL >GUM5T1 AL?\< ! IDEA ( CONDITIONS OBVI\SLY IMPLIES !ORY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE REF]5CES 9 PASS+ ! %>$ APPROA* ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,NIHILI/S & ,KROPOTK9 9 A DISCUSSION ( AN >TICLE BY ,JOHN ,SLATT]3 0,SLATT] TOOK ,KROPOTK9 AT HIS WORD :5 HE >GU$ ?AT '.*I/S MU/.> B5D ! KNEE TO NO AU?ORITY :ATSOEV]1 H[EV] RESPECT$ .<444.> ACCEPT NO PR9CIPLE SO LONG AS IT IS UNE/ABLI%$ BY REASON' 7,KROPOTK9 AS QUOT$ 9 ,SLATT]1 #b#f#a74 ,H]E1 H[EV]1 ,KROPOTK9'S RATIONALISM WAS MA9TA9$ BUT ONLY TO REVEAL A USEFUL P>ALLEL3 ',! APPEAL TO REASON RA!R ?AN TO TRADITION OR CU/OM 9 MORAL MATT]S IS ONE MADE E>LI] 9 ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY BY ! SO-CALL$ 'NIHILI/S'' 7IBID474 ,LIKE ,KROPOTK91 ! ,RUSSIAN 'NIHILI/S' 7OR ',! ,NEW ,PEOPLE'1 AS !Y W]E CALL$7 ADOPT$ A RATIONALI/_/POSITIVI/ DISC\RSE AS A WAY TO A*IEVE A DI/ANCE FROM ! AU?ORITY ( ! *UR* & CONSEQU5TLY FROM METAPHYSICAL PHILOSOPHIES4 ,! META-E?ICS ( ,KROPOTK9'S WORK 444 ?US REVEALS1 NOT 'MUTUAL AID1' BUT A TIRELESS NEGATIVITY AK9 TO ! SPIRIT ( ! ,RUSSIAN NIHILI/S3 '.*I/ MU/.> FID TO ! DAY :5 IT W\LD BE NO MORE' 7,KROPOTK9 AS CIT$ BY ,SLATT]1 IBID70 7#a#d#f-#a#d#g74 .<#g.> ,?IS IS MY WAY ( REWRIT+ ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 MANIFE/ & LAT5T CONT5T ?AT ,R\SSELLE D]IVES FROM ,FREUD4 ,R\SSELLE'S WAY ( EXPLICAT+ ?IS HAS BUT TWO /ATEM5TS1 ONE %[+ ! LAT5T CONT5T ( ! O!R ?R\< ELIM9ATION4 ,M9E HAS MORE TO DO ) PU%+ A ?\ ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY :]E ONE %\LD REIT]ATE ! >GUM5T MADE BY ,%AWN ,WILBUR & ,JESSE ,COHN AGA9/ ! FIR/ WAVE ( PO/-AN>*I/S3 !Y HAD BUILT !IR COLLECTIVE CASE ON A C>ICATURESQUE R$UCTION ( HI/ORICAL AN>*I/S 9 !IR RECON/RUCTION ( 0CLASSICAL AN>*ISM40 ,MANY EGOI/S1 = EXAMPLE1 EXPLICITLY /AT$ :AT ,R\SSELLE CLAIMS CAN ONLY BE GRASP$ AS A LAT5T CONT5T 7I4E4 :AT APPE>S ONLY :5 EXPLICIT /ATEM5TS >E ANALYZ$74 ,! BE/ ONE CAN SAY AB\T ,R\SSELLE'S ANALYSIS 9 ?IS REG>D IS ?AT IT DE/ABILIZES :AT MANY CONSID] TO BE ! C5T] & ! M>G9S ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 OR CANON4 ,BUT IT DOES LEAVE ONE WOND]+ :Y HE DISCUSSES ,KROPOTK9 AT SU* L5G? 9/EAD ( ,/IRN] OR ,NOVATORE1 = EXAMPLE1 :O >E REF]5C$ ONLY 9 PASS+4 ,IS !RE SOME?+ AT /AKE = HIM 9 EMPHASIZ+ E?ICAL NIHILISM AS A LAT5T CONT5T AS OPPOS$ TO A MANIFE/ ONE8 .<#i.> ,= ?OSE NOT FAMILI> ) IT1 ?IS T]M WAS 9TRODUC$ BY ,JOHN ,MOORE TO REF] TO AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE AFT] ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT MI*I/ BOOK BY ,TODD ,MAY4 ,! REVIEW WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 BUT ,I KN[ IT FROM A Z9E CALL$ ,SECOND ,WAVE ,AN>*Y4 .<#a.> ,NIHILI/ ,COMMUNISM1 #a#i#h4 .<#a#a.> 0,NIETZS*E'S WORD3 ,GOD IS ,DEAD10 9 ,(F ! ,BEAT5 ,TRACK1 #a#f#e4 .<#a#b.> ,A USEFUL T]M ,I BORR[ FROM ,!ORIE ,COMMUNI/E4 ,AS !Y DEF9E IT3 0A !ORY & PRACTICE ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT F9DS1 9 ITS DRIVE T[>D LIB]ATION1 ! FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5TS ( A FUTURE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* BECOME ! PROGRAM TO BE REALIZ$4 ,?IS REVOLUTION IS ?US ! AFFIRMATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :E!R AS A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WORK]S' C\NCILS1 ! LIB]ATION ( WORK1 A P]IOD ( TRANSITION1 ! WI!R+ ( ! /ATE1 G5]ALIZ$ SELF-MANAGEM5T1 OR A 'SOCIETY ( ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S'40 0,MU* ,ADO ,AB\T ,NO?+10 9 ,5DNOTES #a1 #a#e#e4 .<#a#c.> ,SPEAK+ = MYSELF1 ,I UND]E/IMAT$ ! NEGATIVE 9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 ! P[] ( NEGATIVITY 7! ATTITUDE T[>DS WORLD1 SOCIETY1 SPECTACLE1 :ATEV] SETS ITSELF UP AS ! ,ALL74 ,MY TEMP]AM5T L$ ME TO EMPHASIZE E?ICAL QUE/IONS AB\T H[ TO LIVE A LIFE ( JOY1 AB\T ! PLACES ( AFFIRMATION 79DIVIDUALISM_/EGOISM1 ! ES!TIC S5SIBILITY ?AT NEV] LIES74 ,I DO ?9K ONE CAN AFFIRM ONE'S [N LIFE1 AFFIRM ! NO?+ 9 IT1 SO TO SPEAK1 AS ONE RESI/S4 ,UNTIL ,I REALIZ$ ?IS1 ,I DRIFT$ NE> ?IS SPACE1 BUT NEV] REALLY KNEW IT4 ,I REMA9$ CONFUS$ AB\T ! NEGATIVE1 AB\T ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! PREFIXES A-1 AN-1 ANTI- 444 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b#e1 #bba 3 ,ITS CORE IS ! NEGATION -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,ITS CORE IS ! NEGATION -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/