,*APT] #a 
,APPRAISEM5T3 ,! ,MAN 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,OTTO ,RUHLE 

,TEXT 3 

,APPRAISEM5T 

,! ,MAN 

,IF ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY BE1 9 V]Y TRU?1 ! BE/ 9T]PRETATION ( ! PROCESSES ( HI/ORY1 IT MU/ HOLD GOOD1 NOT ONLY ) REG>D TO ! MASSES :O >E ! EXECUTORS ( !SE PROCESSES1 BUT ALSO ) REG>D TO ! 9DIVIDUALS :O EMBODY ?IS EXECUTION4 

,! APPLICATION ( ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY TO ! MASSES1 AS ! EXECUTORS ( HI/ORICAL PROCESSES1 IS ! TASK ( SOCIOLOGY4 

,ITS APPLICATION TO 9DIVIDUALS IS ! CONC]N ( PSY*OLOGY4 

,! SUB/ANCE ( ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION OR 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY IS AS FOLL[S4 ,SOCIETY 7OR1 )9 A CLASS SOCIETY1 ! DOM9ANT CLASS7 =MS ! SOCIAL ORD] \T ( ! NATURAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & ! EXTANT RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! /RUCTURE ( ?IS MAT]IAL F\NDATION IS REFLECT$ 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL SUP]/RUCTURE4 ,! F\NDATION & ! SUP]/RUCTURE HAVE A DIALECTICAL RECIPROCAL 9T]ACTION4 ,DECISIVE = ! *>ACT] ( ! SOCIAL ORD] IS ! NE$ = SAFEGU>D+ SOCIETY1 OR = SAFEGU>D+ ITS DOM9ANT /RATUM4 

,IF WE TRANSLATE 9TO PSY*OLOGICAL T]MS !SE PR9CIPLES ( ! ME?OD ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 WE GET ! FOLL[+4 ,MAN =MS HIS *>ACT] \T ( HIS ORGANIC CON/ITUTION & HIS SOCIAL & FAMILY POSITION4 ,! BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL 9T]E/S ?AT PROMOTE HIS SAFEGU>D+ F9D EXPRESSION 7UNCONSCI\SLY7 9 AIMS4 ,! MA9 TR5DS ( HIS BEHAVIOR >ISE ) REF]5CE TO !SE AIMS4 ,OP9IONS1 CONCEPTIONS1 IDEAS1 MANIFE/ !MSELVES AS =MS ( EXPRESSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S AIM TO SAFEGU>D HIS [N EXI/5CE4 ,DECISIVE = EA* ONE ( US 9 ! =MATION ( *>ACT] & 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TR5DS ( BEHAVIOR IS1 9 ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC EPO*1 ! URGE TO SELF-EXPRESSION AS AN 9DIVIDUALITY1 AN URGE DICTAT$ BY ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( LIFE4 ,:51 9 ! LI<T ( !SE GUID+ PR9CIPLES1 WE CONTEMPLATE ! MAN ,M>X--CONTEMPLATE HIM SOLELY AS A MAN1 AP>T FROM HIS WORK--\R ATT5TION IS RIVET$ BY ?REE *>ACT]I/ICS3 

,FIR/1 HIS P]SI/5T ILL-HEAL?1 FROM :I* WE 9F] ?AT !RE WAS CON/ITUTIONAL WEAKNESS OR ORGANIC DEFECT4 

,SECONDLY1 HIS ,JEWI% ORIG91 :I* HE FELT AS A SOCIAL /IGMA4 

,?IRDLY1 HIS POSITION AS A FIR/-BORN *ILD4 

,EA* ( !SE TRAITS1 A BIOLOGICAL1 A SOCIAL1 & A FAMILY TRAIT1 SEEMS1 AT ! FIR/ GLANCE1 ISOLAT$ FROM ! O!RS4 ,!RE IS NO?+ OBVI\S TO %[ ?AT !Y >E 9T]CONNECT$4 ,/ILL LESS DO WE SEE ANY OBVI\S REASON = SUPPOS+ ?AT1 AS CON/ITU5TS ( A :OLE1 !Y CAN BE R$UC$ TO A COMMON D5OM9ATOR4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! ME?OD ( ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY CON/RA9S US TO CONNECT !M & UNIFY !M4 

,IF WE SET \T FROM ! VIEW ?AT EV]Y ORGANISM IS1 9 A G5]AL S5SE1 UNIFI$ ?R\< ITS ADAPTATION TO ! NATURAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE1 WE %ALL P]CEIVE ?AT ALL ITS CON/ITU5TS DEVELOP1 COALESCE1 & MUTUALLY FUR!R ONE ANO!R1 AS IF !Y W]E ANIMAT$ BY A UNIT>Y PURPOSE1 & CONTROLL$ BY ?AT PURPOSE4 ,FROM ! PURELY BIOLOGICAL /&PO9T1 WE CAN SAY ?AT ?IS FUNDAM5TAL AIM 9 ! CASE ( A LIV+ ORGANISM IS SELF-PRES]VATION1 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ITS LIFE4 

,! HUMAN ORGANISM IS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! ORGANISM ( O!R LIV+ CREATURES BY ?IS1 ?AT 9 MAN ! BIOLOGICAL AIMS >E COMPLICAT$ BY SOCIAL AIMS1 :I* DO NOT NECESS>ILY CO9CIDE ) ! BIOLOGICAL AIMS--= HUMAN SOCIOLOGY1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ?AT ( ! ANIMAL K+DOM1 HAS A TRADITION1 HAS A HI/ORY4 ,EA* G5]ATION ( HUMAN BE+S TAKES OV] ! SOCIAL CONT5T H&$ D[N FROM PREVI\S G5]ATIONS1 & HAS TO ELABORATE ?IS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ITS [N MA9T5ANCE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 SOCIAL EVOLUTION RUNS A SPE$I] C\RSE ?AN BIOLOGICAL1 & (T5 RUNS A DIFF]5T C\RSE4 

,! ORGANISM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+ IS 9 A /ILL MORE DIFFICULT POSITION4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS ?REAT5$1 NOT ONLY BY ! DANG]S ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T & BY ! DANG]S ( SOCIETY1 BUT ALSO BY DANG]S PROCE$+ FROM O!R 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! AIM ( SELF-PRES]VATION IS NOT ALWAYS 9 CON=MITY ) ! AIM ( SPECIES-PRES]VATION1 OR ( SOCIETY-PRES]VATION4 ,CONFLICTS 5SUE4 

,! G5]AL AIM ( LIFE IS TO PASS FROM 9SECURITY TO SECURITY4 ,PHRAS+ ?IS CONCRETELY1 WE GET1 9 ! BIOLOGICAL DOMA91 ! AIM TO LIVE LONG & REMA9 HEAL?Y4 ,9 ! SOCIOLOGICAL DOMA91 WE GET 9 ADDITION ! AIM TO W9 A PLACE 9 SOCIETY1 & ?US TO BE 5ABL$ TO FULFILL ! TASKS ( OCCUPATION1 M>RIAGE1 & COMRADE%IP4 

,TRUE1 SOCIETY IS NOT A UNITY1 = IT CONSI/S ( /RATIFI$ CLASSES1 ( AN UPP] /RATUM & A L[]4 ,ITS SOCIOLOGICAL /RUCTURE DET]M9ES A PSY*OLOGICAL VALUATION4 ,! P]SONAL AIM 9 LIFE ?US BECOMES AN AIM1 AN 9DIVIDUAL URGE1 TO AVOID BE+ \TRUN BY O!RS 9 ! RACE ( LIFE1 AN URGE TO A*IEVE VALIDITY 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,SUBJECTIVELY1 ?IS URGE F9DS EXPRESSION 9 ! S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 

,! L[] ! SELF-E/EEM1 & ! /RONG] !RE=E ! FEEL+ ( 9SECURITY1 ! /RONG] IS ! URGE TO 9T5SIFY ! S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 & ! /RONG] !RE) IS ! URGE TO SECURE COMP5SATION = ! P]ILS ( ! DANG]\S SITUATION ( 9F]IORITY4 ,APPRAIS$ FROM ! SOCIAL /&PO9T1 A COMP>ATIVE 9ADEQUACY = LIFE1 :ATEV] ITS K9D1 IS ALWAYS FELT AS 9F]IORITY4 ,?IS S5SE ( 9F]IORITY G5]ATES AN IMPULSE T[>DS EXAGG]ATION ( ! S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,! PROCESS PRES5TS ITSELF AS A COMP5SATORY 5DEAVOR TO REE/ABLI% ! LO/ M5TAL BALANCE2 & IT F9DS ITS C\NT]P>T 9 ! PHYSICAL SPH]E1 :]E ORGANIC DEFECT IS COMP5SAT$ BY 9CREAS$ ORGANIC ACTIVITY4 

,IT IS A PSY*OLOGICAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ! CAPITALI/ EPO* ?AT1 BY PROLET>IANIZATION & 9DIVIDUALIZATION1 IT HAS ROBB$ ! GREAT MASSES ( ! POPULATION ( !IR TRADITIONAL SECURITIES1 & HAS MADE A S5SE ( 9SECURITY A G5]ALIZ$ PSY*OLOGICAL TRAIT4 ,9ASMU* AS ! S5SE ( 9SECURITY IS FELT ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9 COMP>ISON ) A NEI<BOR :OSE POSITION IS SECURE OR IS BELIEV$ TO BE SECURE1 ! S5SE ( 9F]IORITY HAS BECOME A UNIV]SAL PSY*ICAL FEATURE ( CONTEMPOR>Y MAN4 

,?IS G5]AL S5SE ( 9F]IORITY MAY1 UND] SPECIAL CONDITIONS1 BE EXCESSIVELY /IMULAT$1 & MAY !N BE SO 9T5SIFI$ AS TO DOM9ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL'S M9D1 & TO 5LI/ ALL ! M5TAL FACULTIES 9 ITS S]VICE4 ,?AT IS ESPECIALLY APT TO HAPP5 9 ! CASE ( ?OSE :O SUFF] FROM A WEAK CON/ITUTION1 FROM ORGANIC DEFECTS1 FROM GRAVE SOCIAL DISADVANTAGES1 AN UNFAVORABLE FAMILY POSITION1 & A BAD PREP>ATION = LIFE [+ TO A DEFECTIVE $UCATION4 ,IT IS ! TYPICAL \TCOME ( A BAD />T 9 LIFE1 OR ( AN 9ADEQUATE EQUIPM5T = LIFE'S /RUGGLE4 

,%\LD A /RONG S5SE ( 9F]IORITY BE 9T5SIFI$ BY ! FAILURE ( ATTEMPTS AT COMP5SATION1 OR %\LD FRE% FACTORS ( 9SECURITY COME 9TO PLAY1 ! ATTEMPTS T[>DS COMP5SATION WILL BE EXCESSIVE1 & COMP5SATION WILL TAKE ! =M ( OV]COMP5SATION4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL'S AIM WILL NO LONG] M]ELY BE SECURITY1 VALIDITY2 ! AIM WILL BE TO PROVE ONESELF WOR? MORE ?AN O!RS1 SUP]IOR TO O!RS1 SUP]HUMAN1 GODLIKE4 

,!NCE=W>D ! 9DIVIDUAL'S M5TAL LIFE WILL RANGE FROM ! 9T5SIFI$ S5SE ( 9F]IORITY AS />T+-PO9T1 T[>DS ! 9T5SIFI$ IDEAL ( 9DIVIDUALITY AS AIM4 ,CONSCI\SLY 9 P>T1 UNCONSCI\SLY = ! MO/ P>T1 BUT ALWAYS 9 A UNIFI$ FA%ION1 ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! P]SONALITY RANGE BETWE5 !SE TWO POLES4 ,FROM ! TIME :5 HE BECOMES AW>E ( HIS [N EGO1 D[N TO ! DAY ( HIS DEA?1 ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL'S DO+S1 ALL HIS WI%ES1 ALL HIS ?\<TS & FEEL+S1 ALL HIS JUDGM5TS--H[EV] CONTRADICTORY & 5IGMATIC !Y MAY SEEM--MOVE ALONG ?IS L9E FROM BEL[ UPW>DS4 ,EV]Y?+ IS CO]C$ 9TO ! S]VICE ( ! IDEAL ( 9DIVIDUALITY3 ! BODY1 SEX LIFE1 ! 9TELLIG5CE1 LOGIC1 MEMORY1 EXP]I5CE4 ,PURPOSIVELY & 9 UNIT>Y FA%ION1 ?\<T & FEEL+ & ACTION EXPRESS ?IS /RUGGLE AWAY FROM ! S5SE ( 9F]IORITY & T[>DS AN 9T5SIFI$ S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,WE DISC]N NUM]\S MANIFE/ATIONS ( BEHAVIOR :OSE SIGNIFICANCE CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD ) REF]5CE TO ?IS AIM4 ,! SUM ( !SE ME?ODS ( BEHAVIOR IS :AT WE SPEAK ( AS *>ACT]4 ,9 HIS *>ACT] TRAITS1 ! MAN IS BUILD+ PA?S :I*1 AS HE BELIEVES1 WILL LEAD HIM MO/ SWIFTLY & SAFELY TO ! HEI<TS T[>DS :I* HE ASPIRES4 ,) UNCONSCI\S PURPOSIV5ESS1 HE 0MAKES0 EXP]I5CES1 /ORES UP T5D5TI\S MEMORIES1 =MULATES JUDGM5TS4 ,9 EA* NEW P]IOD ( LIFE HE F9DS CONFIRMATION ( HIS PREVI\S OP9IONS CONC]N+ HIMSELF1 ( HIS PREVI\S \TLOOKS ON ! WORLD & ON LIFE4 ,HE IS P]PETUALLY REPEAT+ ! SAME R\ND ( LUCK & ILL-LUCK2 IS HAV+ AGA9 & AGA9 LIKE EXP]I5CES ) WOM51 COLLEAGUES1 & FRI5DS2 IS ALWAYS REIT]AT+ ! SAME IMPRESSIONS & JUDGM5TS4 ,:AT SEEMS TO BE A *ANGE IS1 AS A RULE1 ONLY A *ANGE ( =M1 ! NEW MAN BE+ M]ELY ! OLD ONE UND] NEW CONDITIONS4 ,?OSE1 !RE=E1 :O >E NOT DECEIV$ BY ! O/5SIBLE CONTRADICTIONS ( ! SURFACE1 CAN DISC]N 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUALITY A UNIFI$ & CIRCUMSCRIB$ IMAGE1 9 :I* ALL ! MOVEM5TS ( ! M9D >E DICTAT$ BY A C5TRAL AIM1 >E CONTROLL$ BY A UNIFI$ T5D5CY2 & 9 :I* EA* FUNCTION PLAYS ITS APPROPRIATE P>T4 ,BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL AIMS BECOME BUILD+ MAT]IAL 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! 9DIVIDUAL PSY*OLOGICAL AIMS4 ,! :OLE MAN /&S BE=E US AS A CIRCUMSCRIB$ UNITY4 

,UNIFI$ & UNAMBIGU\S1 TOO1 IS ! USE :I* ! MAN MAKES ( ! MEANS HE F9DS TO HIS H& 9 HIS BODILY CON/ITUTION1 HIS SOCIAL POSITION1 HIS SITUATION )9 ! FAMILY4 ,PLAC$ BY BIR? 9 SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES :I* >E NOT ( HIS [N *OOS+ & :I* IT IS NOT )9 HIS P[] TO ALT]1 HE MU/ ACCOMMODATE HIMSELF TO ! EXTANT4 ,HE DOES ACCOMMODATE HIMSELF1 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS LIFE PLAN4 ,HE TURNS A CON/ITUTIONAL WEAKNESS1 AN ORGANIC DEFECT1 TO HIS [N USES2 HE LE>NS H[ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( HIS SOCIAL POSITION2 HE IS ABLE TO AVAIL HIMSELF ( HIS FAMILY SITUATION4 ,EV]Y %ORTCOM+1 EV]Y DISADVANTAGE1 BECOMES1 UND] HIS 7UNCONSCI\S7 MANIPULATION1 A MEANS = PROMOT+ HIS ADVANCE T[>DS HIS AIM4 ,?IS AIM IS ALWAYS ! A*IEVEM5T ( SUP]IORITY4 ,IF HE IS UNABLE TO REA* ! DESIR$ HEI<T BY ! APPLICATION ( ! MEANS AT HIS DISPOSAL1 HE USES !M AS EXT5UAT+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO EXON]ATE HIMSELF & TO FREE HIMSELF FROM RESPONSIBILITY4 

,IF1 9 ! LI<T ( !SE CONSID]ATIONS1 WE TURN TO EXAM9E ! P]SONALITY ( ,M>X1 WE SEE ! BE=E-M5TION$ BIOLOGICAL1 SOCIAL1 & FAMILY TRAITS 9 A NEW & 9/RUCTIVE LI<T4 ,BUT ! TRAITS 9 QUE/ION >E ONLY ! ELEM5TS1 ! FIR/ CRUDE CON/ITU5TS1 ( A PSY*OLOGICAL ANALYSIS--) :I* WE HAVE TO CONT5T \RSELVES1 S9CE WE LACK MORE DETAIL$ MAT]IALS AS REG>DS ! LIFE ( ,M>X4 ,OBVI\SLY1 !Y DO NOT SUFFICE = AN EXHAU/IVE ANALYSIS4 ,MANY ( ! GAPS 9 \R OBS]VATION WILL HAVE TO BE FILL$ 9 >TIFICIALLY2 A S*EMATIC CON/RUCTION WILL HAVE TO SUPPLEM5T ! DEFECTS ( OBS]VATION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE CAN GET A GREAT DEAL F>!R ?AN WAS POSSIBLE BY E>LI] PSY*OLOGICAL ME?ODS4 ,EV5 IF WE DO NOT A*IEVE DEF9ITIVE KN[L$GE1 9 ?IS RESPECT PSY*OLOGICAL ANALYSIS IS NO MORE 9ADEQUATE ?AN ! O!R SCI5CES1 = SCI5CE HAS TO LEAVE MANY ULTIMATE PROBLEMS OP54 

,:ILE QUITE Y\NG1 ,M>X BEGAN TO SUFF] FROM LIV] TR\BLE1 :I* WAS CONSID]$ A FAMILY DISEASE1 & :I* ,M>X BELIEV$ HIMSELF TO HAVE 9H]IT$4 ,?R\<\T LIFE1 HE SUFF]$ FROM A SECRET FE> ( CANC] ( ! LIV]1 :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! DOOM ( MEMB]S ( HIS FAMILY4 ,PROBABLY HIS LIV] TR\BLE WAS CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) A G5]AL WEAKNESS ( ! DIGE/IVE APP>ATUS1 A DISORD] ( ! :OLE GA/RO-9TE/9AL TRACT2 =1 9 ADDITION TO ! ORD9>Y SYMPTOMS ( LIV] TR\BLE1 HE SUFF]$ ALSO FROM V>I\S MORBID CONDITIONS1 SU* AS LOSS ( APPETITE1 CON/IPATION1 GA/RIC & 9TE/9AL CAT>RH1 HEMORRHOIDS1 FURUNCULOSIS1 ETC41 :I* >E TO BE REG>D$ AS MANIFE/ATIONS & ACCOMPANIM5TS ( GRAVE DI/URBANCES ( METABOLISM4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 HE SUFF]$ FROM METABOLIC DISORD]S4 

,?IS BIOLOGICAL CONDITION IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE4 ,OBVI\SLY1 SO GRAVE A DI/URBANCE ( SO VITAL A FUNCTION C\LD NOT FAIL TO TAKE EFFECT ON ,M>X'S PSY*E 9 ! =M ( A /RONG S5SE ( 9SECURITY & 9ADEQUACY4 ,BEYOND QUE/ION1 ?IS WAS ! *IEF CAUSE ( HIS S5SE ( 9F]IORITY4 

,TO ?IS WAS SUP]ADD$ A SOCIAL FACTOR1 HIS ,JEWI% DESC5T4 ,9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! PRES5T BOOK ,I %[$ H[ GREAT W]E ! SOCIAL1 LEGAL1 & POLITICAL DISADVANTAGES FROM :I* ! ,JEWS SUFF]$ 9 ,G]MANY BE=E ! TIME ( ! ,M>* REVOLUTION1 & H[ ! ,JEWS ( ,RH9EL& 9 ESPECIAL W]E DESPIS$ & P]SECUT$4 ,M>X FELT ?AT AS A ,JEW HE HAD BE5 GIV5 A BAD />T 9 LIFE1 ONE :I* W\LD S]I\SLY H&ICAP HIS PROSPECTS ( ADVANCEM5T4 ,NO D\BT ! CONV]SION ( ! FAMILY TO ,PROTE/ANTISM HAD DONE SOME?+ TO MAKE UP = ?IS1 BUT HIS RACIAL ORIG9 C\LD NOT BE WA%$ AWAY BY ! WAT]S ( BAPTISM4 ,NO ONE C\LD EV] =GET ?AT ,M>X HAD BE5 BORN A ,JEW1 = NOT ONLY WAS HIS FACIAL TYPE M>K$LY ,HEBRAIC1 BUT HIS :OLE ASPECT %\T$ A ,SEMITIC ORIG94 ,BAPTIZ$ OR UNBAPTIZ$1 ,M>X REMA9$ A ,JEW1 RECOGNIZABLE AS SU* AT ! FIR/ GLANCE1 & BURD5$ !RE=E ) ALL ! ODIUM ATTA*+ TO HIS RACE4 ,ONE MAY PRESUME ?AT FROM E>LY *ILDHOOD HE HAD BE5 ON ! DEF5SIVE1 E>NE/LY 5DEAVOR+1 BY MEANS ( 9TELLIG5CE & 9DU/RY1 TO COMP5SATE = ! DISADVANTAGES ( BIR?4 ,EV5 IF HIS ,JEWI% ORIG9 PROV$ NO DRAWBACK TO ,M>X1 OR ONLY 5TAIL$ OB/ACLES :I* IT WAS EASY = HIM TO OV]COME1 HE MAY NONE ! LESS HAVE FELT HIS DESC5T TO 5TAIL UPON HIM A SOCIAL /IGMA1 :I* MU/ HAVE >\S$ 9 HIM A S5SE ( 9F]IORITY4 ,= ACTUAL 9F]IORITY IS NOT NE$$ TO >\SE ! S5SE ( IT2 M]E SUSPICIONS1 ASSUMPTIONS1 IMAG9ATIONS1 & EXAGG]ATIONS SUFFICE TO 9DUCE ?IS M5TAL /ATE4 ,V]Y /RIK+ IS ! UNUSUAL AC]BITY ) :I*1 :5 HE IS DISCUSS+ ! ,JEWI% PROBLEM1 ,M>X ATTACKS 0! EMPIRICAL ESS5CE ( ,JUDAISM40 ,HE WRITES3 0,:AT IS ! MUNDANE BASIS ( ,JUDAISM8 ,PRACTICAL NE$S2 SELF-9T]E/4 ,:AT IS ! MUNDANE CULT ( ! ,JEWS8 ,HUCK/]+4 ,:AT IS ! ,JEWS' MUNDANE GOD8 ,MONEY40 ,M>X D5\NCES ! ,JEWS AS PROTOTYPES ( ! COMM]CIAL SPIRIT & ( A MONET>Y ECONOMY2 HE MAKES ,JUDAISM ! SYMBOL ( BLOODSUCK+ CAPITALISM4 ,! READ] CANNOT ESCAPE ! FEEL+ ?AT HE IS O/5TATI\SLY %[+ HIS OPPOSITION TO ,JUDAISM1 IS DEMON/RATIVELY SEV]+ HIMSELF FROM HIS [N RACE1 & BY EMPHASIZ+ HIS ANTI-CAPITALI/ T5D5CIES IS DECL>+ HIMSELF BE=E ALL ! WORLD NOT TO BE A ,JEW4 ,BUT ONE :O TAKES SO MU* TR\BLE TO DECL>E ?AT HE IS NOT A ,JEW MU/ HAVE REASON = BE+ AFRAID ( BE+ REG>D$ AS A ,JEW4 ,I ?9K !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ?IS SOCIAL FACTOR ( ,M>X'S ,JEWI% ORIG9 9T5SIFI$ HIS S5SE ( 9F]IORITY1 & MU/ HAVE 9CREAS$ HIS URGE T[>DS COMP5SATORY A*IEVEM5TS4 

,F9ALLY1 IT IS PROBABLE ?AT HIS FAMILY POSITION RE9=C$ ! SAME TR5D4 ,M>X WAS A FIR/BORN *ILD1 AN ONLY SON1 & ! HOPE ( ! FAMILY4 ,S9CE 9TELLECTUAL A*IEVEM5TS W]E P>T ( ! FAMILY TRADITION1 GREAT HOPES W]E 5T]TA9$ ( HIS TAL5TS 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 ESPECIALLY SEE+ ?AT HE WAS A PRECOCI\S & REM>KABLY CLEV] BOY4 ,C]TA9LY AT S*OOL HIS SUCCESS JU/IFI$ HI< EXPECTATIONS4 ,HE WAS REG>D$ AS A WOND]-*ILD4 ,AT SEV5TE5 HE WAS RIPE = A UNIV]SITY C>E]4 

,BUT HI< GIFTS 5TAIL HI< OBLIGATIONS4 ,ABOVE ALL IS ?IS ! CASE :5 !Y >E ASSOCIAT$ ) RESPONSIBILITY = ! REVIVAL ( A LO/ PRE/IGE4 ,/ILL MORE EXACT+ >E ! DEM&S MADE ( ONE :O HAS %[N PRECOCI\S TAL5T4 ,:5 !RE HAS BE5 AN UNUSUALLY RAPID ADVANCE UP TO ! AGE ( SEV5TE51 EV]YONE EXPECTS ?IS ADVANCE TO BE SU/A9$ AT ! SAME SPE$4 ,!SE FEBRILE ANTICIPATIONS >E 5T]TA9$ BY ! P]SON MO/ CONC]N$1 & ACT UPON HIM ) ! PA9FUL /IMULATION ( A :IP4 ,BESIDES1 ,K>L ,M>X'S FA!R E>NE/LY HOP$ ?AT HIS SON W\LD 5T] ONE ( ! LE>N$ PR(ESSIONS1 & ! FA!R'S AU?ORITY SEEMS TO HAVE HAD A GREAT 9FLU5CE UPON ! SON'S $UCATION4 

,ALL ! GREAT] WAS ! DISAPPO9TM5T :51 AFT] ! BRILLIANT />T1 Y\NG ,M>X SEEM$ AT A /&/ILL4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ YE> ( HIS LIFE AT ! UNIV]SITY1 !RE APPE>$ TO BE A RELAXATION 9 HIS =CES1 & A LULL 9 HIS AMBITION4 ,S]I\S DISPUTES 5SU$ BETWE5 HIM & HIS FA!R1 SO ?AT AT ONE TIME !RE WAS A RISK ?AT HIS UNIV]SITY C>E] W\LD BE BROK5 (F4 ,?AT DISA/] WAS AVOID$1 BUT ,M>X'S APP>5T FAILURE AT A TIME :5 HIS FAMILY WAS LOOK+ TO HIM = SUCCESS HAD %AK5 HIS SELF-CONFID5CE4 ,A CONDITION ( ANXIETY1 D\BT1 & CONFUSION SUP]V5$4 ,HE BEGAN TO BE AFRAID ?AT HE W\LD NEV] FULFILL !SE GREAT EXPECTATIONS4 ,HE %IRK$ HIS LECTURES1 AVOID$ EXAM9ATIONS1 PROCRA/9AT$ ! *OICE ( A PR(ESSION--!SE BE+ TYPICAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( PR(\ND DISC\RAGEM5T4 ,HIS AMBITION 9T5SIFI$ HIS S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY SO MU* ?AT HE WAS ALMO/ 9CAPABLE ( REGUL> WORK4 

,TO SUMM>IZE1 WE MAY SAY ?AT ! ?REE *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( ,M>X'S 9DIVIDUALITY--POOR HEAL?1 ,JEWI% ORIG91 & ! FACT ?AT HE WAS FIR/BORN--9T]ACT1 & COMB9E TO PRODUCE AN 9T5SIFI$ S5SE ( 9F]IORITY4 

,! RESULT+ COMP5SATION BEG9S ) ! =MULATION ( AN AIM4 ,! L[] ! SELF-E/EEM1 ! HI<] ! AIM4 ,! POSITION ( A *ILD1 ) ! DIFFICULTIES & NE$S ATT5DANT ON ?AT POSITION1 IS RETA9$ AS F\NDATION4 ,?R\<\T LIFE1 ,M>X REMA9S ! Y\NG /UD5T1 :O IS AFRAID ( DISAPPO9T+ O!RS ?R\< ! 9ADEQUACY ( HIS A*IEVEM5T1 & !RE=E SETS HIMSELF AIM BEYOND AIM1 PILES TASK UPON TASK4 ,HE CANNOT ESCAPE ! VOICES CALL+ AFT] HIM3 0,Y\ MU/ %[ :AT Y\ CAN DO6 ,MU/ CLIMB6 ,MU/ HAVE A BRILLIANT C>E]6 ,MU/ DO SOME?+ EXTRAORD9>Y6 ,MU/ BE ! FIR/60 ,?IS WILL-TO-CONQUE/ & ?IS URGE-TO-SUP]IORITY DOM9ATE ALL ! PHASES ( HIS EXI/5CE AS WORK] & FI<T]4 ,9DEFATIGABLY HE TRA9S HIS UND]/&+1 S*OOLS HIS MEMORY1 %>P5S HIS WITS4 ,HE IS DILIG5T TO EXCESS4 ,LIKE ,SA9T-,SIMON1 :O MADE HIS VALET EXHORT HIM EV]Y MORN+1 SO ,M>X EXHORTS HIMSELF1 DAY AFT] DAY1 9 ! TONES ( AN AMBITION ?AT MASQU]ADES AS A S5SE ( DUTY3 0,GET UP6 ,Y\ HAVE GREAT ?+S TO P]=M6 ,Y\ HAVE A WORLD TO W960 ,?US IS ! AIM =MULAT$4 ,HE MU/ DO SOME?+ EXTRAORD9>Y1 UNIQUE2 HE MU/ BE ! ONLY ONE ( HIS K9D2 HE MU/ ASSUME ! HI<E/ RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,! URGE TO BE GODLIKE =MS HIS PLANS 9 LIFE1 & GUIDES ALL HIS ACTIVITIES4 

,BUT :ATEV] AIMS A MAN MAY SET HIMSELF1 9 HIS 5DEAVORS TO ATTA9 !M HE IS RE/RICT$ TO ! USE ( ! MEANS ) :I* HE IS 5D[$4 ,HE MU/ WORK ) ! TOOLS AT HIS DISPOSAL4 ,:AT W]E !SE1 9 ,M>X'S CASE8 ,A SICKLY FRAME1 ,JEWI% DESC5T1 & ! POSITION ( FIR/BORN4 ,IF HE WI%ES TO ATTA9 GREATNESS1 IT MU/ BE BY ! USE ( !SE 9/RUM5TS4 ,HE MU/ PRESS !M 9TO ! S]VICE ( HIS COMP5SATORY 5DEAVORS4 

,P]SONS ) DIGE/IVE DISORD]S1 ) TR\BLES ( ! /OMA*1 ! B[ELS & ! LIV]1 >E WELL-KN[N TO BE PRONE TO DISORD] ( ! AFFECTIVE LIFE4 ,!Y >E DEPRESS$1 CAPRICI\S1 SPITEFUL1 DISCONT5T$ CREATURES2 !Y LACK A PROP] CONTACT ) ! 5VIRON+ WORLD2 !Y >E FULL ( SUSPICIONS2 !Y >E UNABLE TO 5T] 9TO SYMPA!TIC RELATIONS ) O!RS2 !Y >E ISOLAT$1 EMBITT]$1 ALWAYS ON $GE1 EV] READY TO SCRAT*4 ,IT SEEMS AS IF ! BODILY DIFFICULTIES1 9HIBITIONS1 & CONVULSIONS1 HAD BE5 TRANSF]R$ 9TO ! M5TAL SPH]E4 ,9 V]Y TRU?1 ! ORGANIC MAT]IAL SUB/RATUM SECURES EXPRESSION 9 ! PSY*ICAL SUP]/RUCTURE4 ,9 ! LATT]1 AS 9 ! =M]1 !RE >E ! SAME DI/URBANCES1 ! SAME IRREGUL>ITIES1 ! SAME ANOMALIES ( FUNCTION4 ,! ORD]LY SUCCESSION ( 9COME & \TPUT HAS BE5 DIS>RANG$4 ,EI!R ! \TPUT ( ?\<T SUB/ANCE IS *ECK$1 ?IS LEAD+ TO A SORT ( SPIRITUAL CON/IPATION2 OR ELSE !RE IS A LACK ( SPIRITUAL 9COME1 & !N ! M9D IS />V$4 ,ON ! O!R H& !RE MAY BE AN IMMOD]ATE ABSORPTION ( SPIRITUAL SU/5ANCE1 LEAD+ TO A K9D ( M5TAL DI/5SION2 OR !RE MAY BE AN EXTRAVAGANT EXP5DITURE1 FOLL[$ BY M5TAL EXHAU/ION4 ,ALWAYS !RE IS A LACK ( DUE MEASURE2 ALWAYS !RE IS :AT MAY BE CALL$ A DISORD] ( M5TAL METABOLISM4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ! *ILD RECURS H]E1 ! *ILD ?AT EATS TOO LITTLE OR TOO MU*1 ?AT IS OV]-DA9TY OR GLUTTON\S4 ,9 LAT] LIFE !SE BECOME P]SONS :O NEV] ACQUIRE A S\ND RELATION T[>DS ! IMPORTANT VITAL FUNCTION ( NUTRITION2 !Y BECOME MIS]S OR SP5D?RIFTS1 >E /+Y OR EXTRAVAGANT1 >E P$ANTS1 CROESUSES1 ETC4 

,M>X SUFF]$ TYPICALLY FROM ?IS SORT ( DISORD] ( SPIRITUAL METABOLISM4 ,ALWAYS CAPRICI\S1 DEPRESS$1 SPITEFUL1 HE BEHAV$ LIKE ONE AFFECT$ ) 9DIGE/ION1 TORTUR$ BY FLATUL5CE1 OR RACK$ BY BILI>Y COLIC4 ,HE WAS A HYPO*ONDRIAC1 &1 LIKE ALL HYPO*ONDRIACS1 MADE TOO MU* ( HIS BODILY TR\BLES4 ,JU/ AS HE HAD A POOR RELATION TO HIS FOOD1 ATE LITTLE1 IRREGUL>LY1 & ) LITTLE APPETITE1 /IMULAT+ HIS DESIRE ) MIX$ PICKLES1 SPICES1 V9EG>1 CAVI>1 & ! LIKE2 SO HE HAD A BAD RELATION TO HIS WORK & TO HIS FELL[ M54 ,BAD EAT]S >E BAD WORK]S & BAD COMRADES4 ,!Y EI!R DO NOT EAT AT ALL OR !Y OV]FILL !IR /OMA*S2 !Y EI!R IDLE OR OV]WORK2 !Y EI!R %UN !IR FELL[ M5 OR MAKE FRI5DS ) ,TOM1 ,DICK1 & ,H>RY4 ,!Y >E ALWAYS 9 EXTREMES4 ,NEI!R !IR /OMA*1 NOR !IR BRA91 NOR !IR SPIRIT1 CAN 5DURE SU* SUDD5 ANTI!SES4 ,JU/ AS 9 Y\? ,M>X DID NOT 5GAGE UPON ! REGUL> /UDY ( SOME?+ :I* MI<T HAVE PROV$ A MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD1 SO LAT] HE WAS 9CAPABLE ( REGUL> 9TELLECTUAL WORK :I* W\LD HAVE N\RI%$ ! :OLE MAN4 ,HE HAD NO PR(ESSION1 NO (FICE1 NO REGUL> OCCUPATION1 NO DEP5DABLE MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS IMPROVIS$1 CAPRICI\S1 ! SPORT ( *ANCE4 ,9/EAD ( ATT5D+ LECTURES 9 HIS /UD5T DAYS1 & ?US PREP>+ HIMSELF = A PR(ESSIONAL C>E]1 HE FILL$ HIS M5TAL /OMA* ) PHILOSOPHICAL & LIT]>Y MIX$ PICKLES4 ,HE LACK$ DISCIPL9E1 A S5SE ( ORD]1 A FEEL+ = A PROP] RELATION BETWE5 9COME & EXP5DITURE4 ,N[1 = MON?S AT A TIME1 HE W\LD NOT WRITE A L9E2 !N HE W\LD HURL HIMSELF AT HIS WORK LIKE A TITAN4 ,BY DAY & BY NI<T HE DEV\R$ :OLE LIBR>IES1 HEAP$ UP M\NTA9S ( EXTRACTS1 FILL$ ?ICK MANUSCRIPT BOOKS1 LEFT BEH9D HIM PILES ( HALF F9I%$ WRIT+S4 ,YET 9 ALL ?IS WORK HE HAD AS LITTLE PLEASURE AS HE HAD AT HIS MEALS2 HE GROAN$1 CURS$1 DEPLOR$ HIS FATE1 DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS A SLAVE ( ! 9TELLIG5CE1 M>TYRIZ$ HIS FAMILY4 ,(T51 :5 HIS H\SEHOLD WAS URG5TLY 9 NE$ ( ! FEES HE MI<T HAVE E>N$1 HE LEFT IT TO ,5GELS TO WRITE ! NECESS>Y NEWSPAP] >TICLES1 :ILE HIMSELF LUXURIAT+ 9 ! ANCI5T CLASSICS1 POR+ OV] ! MO/ PRECI\S TREASURES ( ! LIBR>IES1 DEV\R+ CO/LY LIT]ATURE LIKE CAVI>1 OR GIV+ HIMSELF UP ) DELI<T TO ! 5TIRELY UNREMUN]ATIVE /UDY ( ! HI<] MA!MATICS4 ,HE C\LD NEV] GET 5\< ( !SE 9TELLECTUAL DA9TIES1 JU/ AS HE C\LD NEV] EAT 5\< CAVI> & MIX$ PICKLES TO SATISFY HIM4 ,BUT REGUL> WORK BOR$ HIM1 CONV5TIONAL OCCUPATION PUT HIM \T ( HUMOR4 ,)\T A P5NY 9 HIS POCKET1 & ) HIS %IRT PAWN$1 HE SURVEY$ ! WORLD ) A LORDLY AIR4 ,HE DETE/$ SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE UPON EQUAL T]MS4 ,HE ONLY C>$ TO CL9K GLASSES ) P]SONS :O PRAIS$ & ADMIR$ HIM4 ,HE TOOK REFUGE 9 CYNICISM FROM ANY PR(\ND] MANIFE/ATION ( FEEL+4 ,HE WAS ONE :O KNEW NO?+ ( ! JOYS ( CONVIVIAL 9T]C\RSE2 WAS A SOLIT>Y1 AN ]EMITE4 ,PRON5ESS TO SOLITUDE & TO SEV]ANCE FROM ! COMMUNITY IS APT TO BE 9T5SIFI$ 9 P]SONS SUFF]+ FROM DISORD]S ( METABOLISM1 = !Y >E 9CL9$ TO REG>D !IR TR\BLES 7S9CE !SE CONC]N ! DIGE/IVE & EXCRETORY ORGANS7 AS UNCLEAN & DISGU/+4 ,!Y >E APT TO REACT ) A MANIA = CLEANL9ESS1 A FANATICISM = TID9ESS1 P$ANTRY4 ,!IR P]SONAL IDEAL IS3 TO BE ! CLEANE/1 ! MO/ IMMACULATE1 ! NOBLE/ & MO/ SUBLIME P]SON 9 ! WORLD4 ,FROM SU* !RE=E IS RECRUIT$ ! >MY ( MORALI/S1 ( ! APO/LES ( GOOD BEHAVIOR1 ( ! H]OES ( VIRTUE1 ( ! REVEAL]S ( A NEW E?IC OR ( AN IDEAL MODE ( LIFE4 ,! ASPIRATION T[>DS AN ESPECIAL PURITY ( *>ACT]1 T[>DS ABSOLUTE IMMACULACY1 T[>DS P]FECT PURITY ( MOTIVES1 T[>DS SUBLIMITY ( PHILOSOPHY1 HAS 9 MO/ CASES SU* AN ORIG94 ,P>ADOXICAL AS IT MAY SEEM1 MORAL & ES!TIC RIGORISM SPR+S \T ( ! B[EL4 

,M>X WAS ONE ( ?OSE P]SONS :O >E OV]P[]$ BY A P]PETUAL URGE T[>DS ! HI<E/1 ! PURE/1 ! MO/ IDEAL4 ,IT WAS NOT M]ELY HIS AMBITION TO BE ! MO/ FAM\S AMONG ?OSE :O HAVE /UDI$ SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE1 & ! MO/ LE>N$ ( ALL ! CRITICS ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE2 HE ALSO WANT$ TO BE ! MO/ EFFICI5T REVOLUTIONI/1 & PREEM95T AMONG ! ADVOCATES ( REVOLUTION4 ,HE WANT$ TO EXP\ND ! PURE/ !ORY1 TO E/ABLI% ! MO/ COMPLETE SY/EM ( COMMUNISM4 ,AS A PRELIM9>Y TO ! DEMON/RATION ( ?IS SUP]IORITY1 HE MU/ PROVE ?AT ! SOCIALI/ !ORIES ( ALL HIS PR$ECESSORS W]E WOR?LESS1 FALSE1 CONTEMPTIBLE1 OR LUDICR\S4 ,HE HAD TO %[ ?AT ! SOCIALISM ( ! UTOPI/S WAS A CRAZY-QUILT ( \TWORN & QUE/IONABLE IDEAS4 ,?AT ,PR\DHON WAS A SUSPECT 9TRUD] 9TO ! REALM ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T4 ,?AT ,LASSALLE1 ,BAKUN91 & ,S*WEITZ] W]E TA9T$ ) B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 & HAD PROBABLY SOLD !MSELVES TO ! 5EMY4 ,HE1 ,M>X ALONE1 WAS 9 POSSESSION ( ! TRUE DOCTR9E4 ,HIS WAS ! CRY/AL-CLE> KN[L$GE2 HIS WAS ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE2 HIS ! IMMACULATE CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM2 HIS ! DIV9E TRU?4 ,) CONTEMPTU\S WRA?1 ) BITT] MOCK]Y & PR(\ND HO/ILITY1 HE REJECT$ ALL O!R OP9IONS1 F\<T AGA9/ ALL O!R CONVICTIONS1 ?AN HIS [N1 P]SECUT$ ALL IDEAS ?AT HAD NOT ORIG9AT$ 9 HIS [N BRA94 ,= HIM1 !RE WAS NO WISDOM EXCEPT HIS [N1 NO SOCIALISM O!R ?AN ! SOCIALISM HE PROCLAIM$1 NO TRUE GOSPEL \TSIDE ! LIMITS ( HIS [N DOCTR9E4 ,HIS WORK WAS ! ESS5CE ( 9TELLECTUAL PURITY & SCI5TIFIC 9TEGRITY4 ,HIS SY/EM WAS ,ALLAH1 & HE WAS ITS PROPHET4 

,9 M>K$ CONTRA/ ) ! L(TY P$E/AL ON :I* ,M>X ?US PLAC$ HIMSELF 9 ! WORLD ( !ORY1 WAS ! POSITION HE OCCUPI$ AS SOON AS IT CEAS$ TO BE A QUE/ION ( GREAT IDEAS & AB/RACT PROBLEMS1 & BECAME A QUE/ION ( PETTY REALITIES & ! CONCRETE TASKS ( LIFE4 ,9 ?AT WORLD ( CONCRETE REALITY1 ,M>X FAIL$ NO LESS UTT]LY ?AN HE TRIUMPH$ 9 ! REALM ( AB/RACT 9TELLIG5CE4 ,HIS FAILURE WAS AS PITIFUL 9 ! ONE AS HIS SUCCESS WAS MAGNIFIC5T 9 ! O!R4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 H[EV]1 !RE IS NO OPPOSITION BETWE5 !SE TWO PH5OM5A4 

,P]SONS AFFECT$ ) METABOLIC DISORD]S1 ?OSE :O CANNOT REGULATE !IR DIGE/IVE FUNCTIONS PROP]LY1 ALMO/ ALWAYS %[ !MSELVES TO BE P]SONS :O >E LIKEWISE UNABLE TO CONTROL ! FUNCTION+ ( !IR ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,9 ?AT FIELD1 TOO1 !Y >E UNABLE TO A*IEVE A DUE BALANCE BETWE5 9COME & EXP5DITURE4 ,!Y DO NOT KN[ H[ TO PUT TWO & TWO TOGE!R1 EV5 :51 LIKE ,M>X1 !Y >E ADEPTS 9 ! HI<] MA!MATICS4 ,!Y CANNOT KEEP PETTY ACC\NTS4 ,!Y >E ?OR\<LY BAD H\SEKEEP]S4 ,!Y >E P5NY WISE & P\ND FOOLI%4 ,!Y E>N BADLY & SP5D BADLY4 ,!IR ECONOMIC S5SE IS EI!R NON-EXI/5T1 OR ELSE IT IS HYP]TROPHI$4 ,!Y SUFF] FROM A DISORD] ( ECONOMIC METABOLISM4 

,9 ! PRES5T VOLUME1 C\NTLESS 9/ANCES HAVE BE5 GIV5 TO %[ H[ HOPELESSLY 9EFFECTUAL ,M>X WAS 9 ! DOMA9 ( DOME/IC ECONOMY4 ,?R\<\T LIFE1 HE WAS H>D UP4 ,HE WAS RIDICUL\SLY 9EFFECTUAL 9 HIS 5DEAVORS TO COPE ) ! ECONOMIC NE$S ( HIS H\SEHOLD & HIS FAMILY2 & HIS 9CAPACITY 9 MONET>Y MATT]S 9VOLV$ HIM 9 AN 5DLESS S]IES ( /RUGGLES & CATA/ROPHES4 ,HE WAS ALWAYS 9 DEBT2 WAS 9CESSANTLY BE+ DUNN$ BY CR$ITORS1 P]SECUT$ BY USUR]S1 DRA9$ BY BLOODSUCK]S4 ,HALF HIS H\SEHOLD GOODS W]E ALWAYS AT ! PAWN%OP4 ,HIS BUDGET DEFI$ ALL ATTEMPTS TO SET IT 9 ORD]4 ,HIS BANKRUPTCY WAS *RONIC4 ,! ?\S&S UPON ?\S&S :I* ,5GELS H&$ OV] TO HIM1 MELT$ AWAY 9 HIS F+]S LIKE SN[4 

,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS WAS NOT ! \TCOME ( ANY MORAL LAPSES1 NOR YET ( A TRAGICAL DE/9Y4 ,IT WAS SIMPLY ! CONSEQU5CE ( A GRAVE DI/URBANCE ( FUNCTION1 ( A DISORD] ( METABOLISM1 :I* AFFECT$ ! MAN'S :OLE SY/EM1 WORK+ ITSELF \T 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD AS WELL AS 9 ! BODILY & M5TAL FIELDS4 ,F9ANCIAL CRISES VISIT$ ,M>X'S H\SEHOLD ) ! SAME 9EVITABLE FREQU5CY AS ?AT ) :I* BOILS TR\BL$ HIS BODY2 & DISPUTES ) FRI5DS & FOES W]E AS COMMON AMONG HIS EXP]I5CES AS W]E F9ANCIAL DI/RESSES4 ,:5 WE LOOK CLOSELY 9TO ! MATT]1 WE SEE ?AT ALL ALIKE W]E SYMPTOMS ( ONE & ! SAME TR\BLE1 MANIFE/+ ITSELF 9 ?REE SEP>ATE DEP>TM5TS ( LIFE--EQUALLY PA9FUL1 EQUALLY BURD5SOME1 EQUALLY TORM5T+ 9 !M ALL4 ,BUT EV5 A :IMSICAL & MALICI\S DISORD] ( METABOLISM HAS A POSITIVE SIDE AS WELL AS A NEGATIVE ONE1 ?IS CONFIRM+ ! OLD EXP]I5CE ?AT A MAN'S GREATE/ WEAKNESS IS AT ! SAME TIME HIS GREATE/ /R5G?4 

,9F]IORITY SEEKS COMP5SATION4 ,! S5SE ( 9F]IORITY1 /IMULAT$ EV] & AGA9 BY RECURR5T ILL-SUCCESS1 FAILURE1 & DEFEAT1 GIVES NO RE/ UNTIL ! M9US HAS BE5 COMP5SAT$ BY A PLUS4 ,IF ! M9US BE AN 9H]IT$ DEFECT1 ! PLUS BECOMES A MATT] ( P]SONAL A*IEVEM5T4 ,?US ONLY WAS IT ?AT ,DEMOS!NES ! /AMM]] C\LD BECOME ! GREATE/ ORATOR ( ANTIQUITY1 ?AT ! DEAF ,BEE?OV5 PROV$ ! MO/ FAM\S ( ALL MUSICIANS1 ?AT ! HIDE\S ,MI*ELANGELO WAS ABLE TO H& D[N TO PO/]ITY ! MO/ M>VEL\S ( ALL DEPICTIONS ( HUMAN BEAUTY4 

,9 LIKE MANN] ! SUFF]] FROM GA/RIC TR\BLE1 ! SUFF]] FROM METABOLIC DISORD]1 FEELS A P]PETUAL URGE TO COMP5SATE ! NEGATIVE ( HIS PHYSICAL CONDITION BY SOME POSITIVE A*IEVEM5T4 ,MAK+ A VIRTUE ( NECESSITY1 HE W9S VICTORY \T ( DEFEAT4 ,IT DEP5DS ONLY ON HIS C\RAGE H[ F> HE CAN SECURE COMP5SATION4 ,9 ! 5DEAVOR TO COMP5SATE = GA/RO-9TE/9AL 9F]IORITY1 ONE WILL BECOME A FAM\S CAT]] OR *EF2 ANO!R WILL BECOME A SPECIALI/ 9 DISEASES ( ! DIGE/IVE SY/EM2 A ?IRD WILL DISCOV] SOME NUTRITIVE SALT1 WILL 9V5T SOME SPECIAL ME?OD ( DIETETICS2 A F\R? WILL BE A VEGET>IAN PROPAG&I/1 WILL ADVOCATE ! USE ( UNFIR$ FOOD1 & SO ON4 ,ALWAYS ! COMP5SATORY AIM >ISES \T ( ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! ACTUAL 9F]IORITY4 ,ALREADY 9 *ILDHOOD WE CAN NOTE H[ ! IDEAS & WI%ES AS TO A FUTURE OCCUPATION >E DET]M9$ BY UNCONSCI\S FEEL+S ( 9F]IORITY4 ,ALWAYS ! HIDD5 AIM IS TO MAKE GOOD = AN 9H]IT$ DEFECT BY A SURPLUS ( A*IEVEM5T4 ,:E!R ! A*IEVEM5T TAKES ! =M ( SOME?+ :I* C\NTS 9 ! CONCRETE WORLD1 OR ONLY TAKES ! =M ( A NEUROTIC EXP$I5T1 IS A QUE/ION ( 9DIVIDUAL C\RAGE4 

,M>X S\<T = SPIRITUAL COMP5SATION 9 ! REALM ( IDEAS4 ,HIS COMP5SATORY 5DEAVOR MADE HIM ! F\ND] ( AN ECONOMIC !ORY1 ! CREATOR ( A NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,HIS AIM WAS ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE4 ,HE BECAME ! SAVIOR ( HUMANITY AT L>GE1 & BUILT = ET]NITY4 

,! MAN :O HAD A POOR APPETITE & A DIFFICULT DIGE/ION PROP\ND$ A PLAN = ! REORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY :OSE RESULT WAS TO BE ?AT EV]Y ONE WAS TO HAVE PL5TY TO EAT & AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY ( ALL ! CONV5I5CES ( LIFE4 ,! MAN :O HAD ALWAYS BE5 %ORT ( MONEY1 P]PETUALLY 9 DEBT1 ANN\NC$ & F\<T = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A WORLD ORD] 9 :I* EV]YONE WAS TO HAVE A SUFFICI5T %>E 9 ! WORLD'S GOODS4 ,! MAN :O WAS A MA/] ( UNSOCIABILITY1 & WAS 9CAPABLE ( TRUE FRI5D%IP1 ISSU$ AS A WAT*WORD ?AT ALL M5 W]E TO BE BRO!RS4 ,! MAN :O DID NOT KN[ H[ TO SP5D A %ILL+ WISELY1 ELABORAT$ 9 HIS [N M9D ! MO/ PR(\ND ( ALL ! !ORIES ( MONEY2 & CREAT$ IMAG9ATIVELY ! SPL5DID ?\<T $IFICE ( A REVOLUTIONIZ$ ECONOMIC SY/EM1 E/ABLI%$ UPON NEW & COMMUNAL F\NDATIONS4 

,AS COMP5SATION = HIS S5SE ( 9F]IORITY1 HE MADE IT HIS LIFE WORK TO BE ! SCI5TIFIC F\ND] ( AN ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* ALL W]E TO BE ABLE TO DO :AT HE C\LD NOT DO1 & ALL W]E TO HAVE :AT HE LACK$4 

,9 PO9T ( *>ACT]1 ,M>X DIFF]S 9 NO ESS5TIAL RESPECTS FROM ! M5 ( HIS DAY & \R [N4 ,!Y >E ALL NEUROTIC2 !Y ALL SUFF] FROM A S5SE ( 9F]IORITY1 /RIVE T[>DS SUP]IORITY1 %[ !MSELVES VA91 AMBITI\S2 EAG] = SUCCESS1 GRE$Y ( P[]4 

,BUT ,M>X1 ?\< HE DOES NOT DIFF] FROM O!RS 9 ESS5TIALS1 DIFF]S 9 ! MATT] ( DEGREE4 ,HE DIFF]S ALIKE 9 RESPECT ( ! UNUSUAL 9T5SITY ( HIS S5SE ( 9F]IORITY1 & 9 RESPECT ( ! UNUSUALLY HI< QUALITY ( HIS MEANS ( COMP5SATION4 ,?US HE PRES5TS US ) A CLASSICAL EXAMPLE ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! UTMO/ SUBJECTIVE NE$ RELEASES 9 A MAN ! MO/ TREM5D\S 5]GIES1 DEVELOPS !M ON A TITANIC SCALE1 EQUIPS !M ) SPL5DID CREATIVE FACULTIES1 SETS !M TO WORK 9 ! WOMB ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS1 :]E !Y RIP5 TO HI/ORIC DE$S1 & :5CE !Y >E BORN 9TO ! LI<T ( DAY4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+ EVOKES ! 5]GIES & A*IEVES ! WORK4 ,HE BECOMES ! FULFILL] ( A FUNCTION UND] /RESS ( SUBJECTIVE NECESSITY1 AS AN \TCOME ( ! CO]CION ( HIS P]SONAL NE$S & DEM&S4 

,:5 ! WORK ?US P]=M$ IS ONE ( SUPREME WOR? TO SOCIETY1 ONE :I* SOCIETY RECOGNIZES AS ( SUPREME IMPORTANCE TO ITS [N SAFEGU>D+1 SOCIETY QUALIFIES IT AS A WORK ( G5IUS4 

,HIS ,WORK 

,IF A MAN DOES NOT SUCCE$ 9 COMP5SAT+ HIS S5SE ( 9F]IORITY BY ACTUAL A*IEVEM5TS1 HE CONT5TS HIMSELF1 9 ! 5D1 ) ! SEMBLANCE ( A*IEVEM5T4 

,S9CE1 H[EV]1 HIS 9CREAS$ IMPULSE TO SELF-ASS]TION MAKES HIM FEEL ! ADMISSION ( 9CAPACITY OR ILL-SUCCESS TO BE A DEFEAT & A DISGRACE1 HE SEEKS = SOME EXP$I5T :]EBY HE CAN EVADE RESPONSIBILITY = FAILURE4 ,HIS FAVORITE ME?OD1 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 WILL BE TO HAVE REC\RSE TO AN ILLNESS :I* WILL RELIEVE HIM ( HIS BURD54 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT ILLNESS WILL MAKE O!RS K9DLY & CONSID]ATE T[>DS HIM4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 ! G5]AL VIEW1 ILLNESS IS ! WORK ( AN OBJECTIVE & MY/]I\S P[] TO :I* MAN SUCCUMBS ?R\< ! DECREES ( FATE4 ,9 ESPECIAL1 SU* A VIEW IS AN \TCOME ( ! DOCTR9E 7NO LONG] SCI5TIFICALLY T5ABLE1 BUT /ILL WIDELY HELD71 ACCORD+ TO :I* ILLNESSES & ANOMALIES >E H&$ D[N AUTOMATICALLY FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION1 SO ?AT ! P]SONS :O SUFF] FROM !M >E ! SUBJECTS ( AN 9EVITABLE DOOM4 ,?IS \TLOOK IS AN AID TO ONE :O WI%ES TO REG>D HIS ILLNESS AS AN EXCUSE = FAILURE 9 LIFE4 

,ONE :O ADOPTS SU* AN EXP$I5T WILL HAVE LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 DISCOV]+ SOME:]E 9 HIS ORGANISM A WEAKNESS1 H[EV] 9SIGNIFICANT1 A DEFECT1 H[EV] TRIFL+1 :I* HE CAN PRESS 9TO ! S]VICE4 ,BY A PROCESS ( TRA9+1 DELIB]ATELY ?\< P]HAPS UNCONSCI\SLY PURSU$1 HE IS ABLE 9 C\RSE ( TIME TO DEVELOP ?IS CONV5I5T LACK OR DEFECT 9TO ! ILLNESS :I* WILL S]VE HIS TURN4 ,) 9CREAS+ ADROITNESS1 HE F9DS IT POSSIBLE TO >RANGE ?AT ! MORBID MANIFE/ATIONS %ALL ALWAYS OCCUR :5 !Y SUIT HIS PURPOSE4 ,! PURPOSE IS1 ( C\RSE1 TO EXPLA9 FAILURE AS ! \TCOME ( ! OV]:ELM+ P[] ( ! ILLNESS4 ,) LONG PRACTICE & SPECIAL SKILL1 SU* A P]SON IS ABLE TO MAKE ( HIS ILLNESS A *>T] :I* WILL EXCUSE HIM FROM ALL FUR!R EF=T4 ,N[ HE HAS GA9$ HIS 5D4 ,HE WILL NO LONG] BE EXPECT$ TO PROVE HIS METTLE1 & WILL !RE=E BE SAFEGU>D$ AGA9/ ANY FUR!R DEFEAT4 ,HIS ILLNESS HAS BECOME A H>BOR ( REFUGE4 

,= ?IS ADVANTAGE1 ! PATI5T IS WILL+ TO PAY ! PRICE 9 ! =M ( PA9S1 R5\NCEM5TS1 MAT]IAL EXP5DITURE1 TR\BLESOME ME?ODS ( TREATM5T4 ,TO BE FRE$ FROM DAILY DEM&S UPON HIS EFFICI5CY1 & FROM ! CONSEQU5T DAILY PROSPECT ( DI%ONORABLE DEFEAT1 IS WOR? MORE TO HIM ?AN :AT HE HAS TO PAY 9 ! =M ( ! 9CONV5I5CES ( HIS MALADY4 ,BESIDES1 N[ ?AT HE IS AN 9VALID1 HE HAS GA9$ ADVANTAGES ?AT W]E UNKN[N TO HIM :5 HE WAS 9 GOOD HEAL?2 HE HAS BECOME ! C5T] ( A CIRCLE ( DEVOT$ ATT5DANTS1 & IS RI*] = 9T]E/+ EXP]I5CES4 ,HE IS A P]SON ( WOR?1 N[ ?AT HE IS AMONG ! SUFF]]S :O >E SYMPA?IZ$ )1 PROTECT$1 & C>$ =4 ,ABOVE ALL1 HE HAS RIS5 9 HIS [N E/EEM1 = ! P]5NIAL EXCUSE1 0,IF ,I W]E NOT ILL 4440 5ABLES HIM TO FANCY HIMSELF 0O!RWISE0 CAPABLE ( B\NDLESS A*IEVEM5TS1 DE/9$ = UNRIVAL$ SUCCESSES4 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 HE WILL HAVE 5\< SELF-CONCEIT TO REG>D HIS MO/ TRIFL+ A*IEVEM5TS AS H]OIC DE$S4 

,PHYSICIANS & PSY*OLOGI/S GIVE ! NAME ( 0NEUROTICS0 TO P]SONS ( ?IS K9D1 P]SONS :O BY SU* EXP$I5TS ESCAPE ! TASKS ( LIFE1 & >E ABLE TO CONT5T !MSELVES ) ! SEMBLANCE ( A*IEVEM5T4 ,BEHAVIOR :I* AIMS AT AN ESCAPE FROM ! DUTIES1 ! TASKS1 ! FUNCTIONS ( LIFE1 )\T R5\NC+ ! CLAIMS MADE ON LIFE1 & UNACCOMPANI$ BY ANY RECOGNITION ?AT SU* BEHAVIOR IS ANTI-SOCIAL & ANTI-EVOLUTION>Y1 IS KN[N AS 0NEUROSIS40 ,!RE >E TODAY V]Y FEW P]SONS :OLLY FREE FROM NEUROTIC TRAITS4 ,NEUROSIS IS A UNIV]SAL CONTEMPOR>Y *>ACT]I/IC4 

,UNQUE/IONABLY ,M>X WAS A NEUROTIC4 ,= EV]Y ONE FAMILI> ) NEUROTIC SYMPTOMS1 ! NEUROTIC TRAITS 9 HIS CL9ICAL HI/ORY >E UNMI/AKABLE4 ,HIS SUPPOS$ AFFLICTION ) A CONG5ITAL DISORD] ( ! LIV] OBVI\SLY S]V$ HIM AS A SORT ( LI<TN+-CONDUCTOR1 AS A PRETEXT = ESCAP+ FROM DIFFICULT SITUATIONS4 ,EXP]I5CE HAS ABUNDANTLY %[N ?AT AUTOSUGGE/ION IS COMPET5T TO 9DUCE SEV]E C>DIAC SPASMS1 BILI\S ATTACKS1 A/HMATIC OR EPILEPTIC P>OXYSMS1 HEMORRHAGES1 SIMULAT$ BURNS1 P>ALYZES1 ETC4 ,IT IS EASY 5\<1 !RE=E1 ESPECIALLY :5 WE MAY SUPPOSE A PREEXI/5T G5U9E ORGANIC WEAKNESS OR DISORD] ( FUNCTION1 TO DEVELOP A FIR/-CLASS LIV] TR\BLE OR METABOLIC DISORD] :5EV] IT IS WANT$4 ,I AM NOT TALK+ ( DECEPTION1 ( DELIB]ATE FRAUD4 ,MOD]N PSY*IATRY HAS %[N ?AT PSY*OLOGICAL FACTORS >E AT WORK 9 MANY ILLNESSES2 & ! DAY MAY WELL COME :5 A NUMB] ( MY/]I\S & 9CURABLE MALADIES N[ REG>D$ AS H]$IT>Y WILL BE REVEAL$ AS UNCONSCI\S >TIFACTS1 ! MASKS = DISC\RAGEM5T4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,M>X'S ILLNESS1 ! *>ACT]I/ICS >E SO OBVI\SLY ?OSE ( A CLEV]LY OP]AT$ UNCONSCI\S ME*ANISM1 ?AT !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ( ITS NEUROTIC *>ACT]4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT HE WAS P]PETUALLY DOGG$ BY DISA/]1 WAS CONT9UALLY AFFLICT$ ) 9EFFICI5T COLLABORATORS1 WAS PREV5T$ FROM P]=M+ HIS DUTIES AS BREADW9N]1 WAS DISAPPO9T$ AGA9 & AGA9 BY UNTRU/WOR?Y FRI5DS1 & WAS P]PETUALLY BE+ 5TANGL$ 9 CONFLICTS & QU>RELS4 ,9 HIS [N VIEW1 ( C\RSE1 HIS AILM5TS W]E ! BASIC CAUSE ( HIS TR\BLES4 

,YET H[EV] MU* ,M>X HAD REC\RSE TO NEUROTIC TRICKS & EXP$I5TS1 :5 9 SE>* ( EXT5UAT+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 HE NEV]1 M5TALLY SPEAK+1 SURR5D]$ :OLLY & P]MAN5TLY TO NEUROSIS--& ?IS IS ! DECISIVE MATT]4 

,EV5 ?\< ,M>X FAIL$ TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( E>N+ A LIVELIHOOD1 HE WAS NEV] A MAN TO %R9K FROM H>D WORK4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HIS 9DU/RY & HIS P[]S ( WORK >\SE \R AMAZEM5T4 

,AL?\< HE MADE A POOR %[+ AS BREADW9N]1 HE WAS O!RWISE A HAPPY & SUCCESSFUL HUSB&1 A T5D] FA!R1 WAS ABLE ON 9TO OLD AGE TO DELI<T HIS *>M+ & CLEV] WIFE1 & TO RETA9 H] AFFECTION4 

,?\< HE WAS AT FEUD ) ALL ! WORLD1 HE NEV] =FEIT$ ! FRI5D%IP ( ,5GELS1 :O WAS WOR? HUNDR$S ( O!R FRI5DS1 & WAS NOT A MAN TO GIVE HIS FRI5D%IP TO ! FIR/ COM]4 

,A S5SE ( 9F]IORITY LIKE ?AT ( ,M>X1 9T5SIFI$ BY V>I\S FACTORS1 MAY C]TA9LY 9DUCE NEUROTIC BEHAVIOR1 MAY LEAD 9 ! 5D TO NEUROTIC FLI<T FROM ! WORLD1 BUT IT DOES NOT COMPEL ONE :O SUFF]S FROM IT TO SACRIFICE HIMSELF :OLLY TO NEUROSIS4 ,:E!R & H[ F> A MAN GIVES WAY TO ! T5D5CY TO RUN AWAY FROM LIFE1 YIELDS TO ! 9N] URGE TO ESCAPE 9TO A MASK$ PASSIVITY--DEP5DS UPON ! AM\NT ( COMMUNITY FEEL+ ) :I* HE IS 5D[$1 ! AM\NT ( COMMUNITY FEEL+ HE IS ABLE TO TRANS=M 9TO A C\RAGE\S FAC+ ( REALITIES1 9TO POSITIVE ACTIVITIES4 

,M>X HAD REC\RSE TO ! NEUROTIC PROTECTIVE ME*ANISMS :5EV] HE /OOD ALONE1 :5EV] HE WAS DELIV]$ OV] TO HIS [N WEAKNESSES )\T ! SUPPORT ( A COMMUNITY3 AS BREADW9N]1 AS ! WRIT] ( >TICLES = P]IODICALS1 AS CONTROV]SIALI/1 AS ! DEF5D] ( P]SONAL IDEAS & !SES4 ,FROM DREAD LE/ HE %\LD BE PUT TO ! TE/1 HE WAS UNABLE TO %[ ANY COMMUNITY FEEL+ 9 !SE PRIVATE MATT]S4 ,BUT AS SOON AS HE WAS 5GAG$ 91 A WID] FIELD1 HE WAS AS IF TRANS=M$4 ,!N COMMUNITY FEEL+ SURG$ UP 9 HIM FROM ! DEP?S4 ,JU/ AS ,ANTAEUS DEVELOP$ A GIANT'S /R5G? AS SOON AS HE T\*$ ! E>?1 SO ,M>X1 AS SOON AS HE FELT ! GR\ND ( ! COMMUNITY UND] HIS FEET1 WAS 5D[$ ) ! P[] ( C\RAGE\SLY IGNOR+ ALL ! UNC]TA9TIES1 D\BTS1 PUSILLANIMITIES1 & C[>DICES1 :I* W\LD O!RWISE HAVE H9D]$ HIS ADVANCE4 ,H]E :AT SEEM$ MORE WAS REALLY LESS1 = ! IMAG9>Y GREAT COMMUNITY DEM&$ FROM HIM LESS C\RAGE ?AN DID ! ACTUAL SMALL COMMUNITY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ON ! GR\ND ( ?AT GREAT] COMMUNITY1 HIS P[]S RIP5$1 HIS C\RAGE GREW1 HIS WORK ?ROVE TO BECOME A HI/ORIC DE$4 ,HIS MONUM5TAL GREATNESS WAS ! \TCOME ( ! OV]:ELM+ P[]S ( A SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY-S5SE4 

,:5 ,M>X 5T]$ ! POLITICAL >5A1 ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE WAS /RIV+ TO SECURE SOCIAL RECOGNITION1 & TO GET POSSESSION ( ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT NE$$ SUP]ABUNDANT 5]GIES TO COPE ) ! SITUATION 9TO :I* ITS DEVELOPM5T HAD BR\<T IT4 ,9 ORD] TO MOBILIZE ALL AVAILABLE =CES & TO ?R[ !SE 9TO ! FI<T+ FRONT1 IT REPRES5T$ ITS /RUGGLE = P[] AS A /RUGGLE = P[] ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE 9 G5]AL1 & REPRES5T$ ITS IDEAL AS A UNIV]SALLY VALID HUMAN IDEAL4 ,! CONSEQU5CE WAS ?AT EV]Y ONE CAPABLE ( 5?USIASM = ! IDEALS ( PROGRESS & LIB]TY1 BECAME AN 5?USIA/ = ! IDEALS ( B\RGEOIS PROGRESS & B\RGEOIS LIB]TY4 ,! AMALGAMATION ( ALL 9DIVIDUAL WILLS 9TO ONE GREAT COMMUNAL WILL GA9$ ! VICTORY4 

,BUT )9 ! WOMB ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! PROLET>IAT HAD BE5 5G5D]$4 ,AS LONG AS IT WAS /ILL ATTA*$ BY ! NAVEL /R+ ( ITS PETTY-B\RGEOIS & PEASANT ORIG91 IT ID5TIFI$ ITS 9T]E/S ) ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,= ?AT REASON1 IT ACCEPT$ ! W> AIMS ( B\RGEOIS EMANCIPATION & B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 F\<T = ! B\RGEOISIE ON ! B>RICADES1 & TOOK ! B\RGEOIS PROCLAMATIONS ( HUMANI/ IDEALS AT !IR FACE VALUE4 ,BUT DIRECTLY ! VICTORY HAD BE5 WON1 A GULF OP5$ BETWE5 ! RI<TS & LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! RI<TS & LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 HAV+ SAFELY REA*$ PORT1 DROPP$ ITS HUMANIT>IAN AIMS1 & TURN$ TO ATTACK ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ?IS TOOK PLACE W]E ! MO/ UNFAVORABLE = ! PROLET>IAT ?AT CAN BE IMAG9$4 ,IT HAD JU/ BE5 SACRIFIC+ BLOOD & LIFE & /R5G? = ! PURPOSES ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WAS /ILL BLE$+ FROM A ?\S& W\NDS2 IT WAS WEAK5$ & EXHAU/$2 IT WAS /AGG]+ ALONG CONFUS$LY 9 A SITUATION :I* IT DID NOT YET FULLY UND]/&4 ,?IS WAS ! MOM5T AT :I* ITS SOMETIME FRI5DS TREA*]\SLY ATTACK$ IT4 ,PANIC-/RICK5 & DESPAIR+1 ! PROLET>IANS FLUNG !MSELVES ON ! GR\ND1 SUBMITT+ TO !IR EVIL FATE4 ,= A DECADE1 !Y %[$ NO UND]/&+ ( HI/ORY1 DISPLAY$ NO SIGN ( A POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BUT ! DECADE PASS$4 ,OV]COM+ !IR DESPAIR1 %AK+ (F !IR LASSITUDE1 ! MASSES ROSE TO !IR FEET1 LOOK$ ?IS WAY & ?AT1 REVIV$ ! DEM& = LIB]TY & HUMANIT>IAN AIMS :I* HAD BE5 AB&ON$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 & HOI/$ ! FLAG = R5EW$ /RUGGLES4 ,BUT ! B\RGEOISIE ( ! SIXTIES WAS NOT ! B\RGEOISIE ( ! =TIES4 ,! T5 YE>S AFT] #ahdh HAD BE5 TURN$ TO GOOD ACC\NT = ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /R5G!N+ ( ! B\RGEOIS POSITION4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAD BECOME GREAT1 RI*1 & P[]FUL2 WAS 9 POSSESSION ( EXCELL5T MEANS = DEF5D+ ITS POSITION2 & WAS DET]M9$ TO CRU% UNM]CIFULLY ANY ATTEMPT AT ADVANCE MADE BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! PRESSURE EX]CIS$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE ON ! PROLET>IAT WAS OV]:ELM+4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 P[]LESS ECONOMICALLY & SOCIALLY1 ) NO CULTURE ( ITS [N1 DEPRESS$ BY ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION & ! EXP]I5CE ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 DELIV]$ OV] TO ! ONSLAU<TS ( AN ADV]S>Y POSSESS$ ( 5ORM\SLY SUP]IOR =CE1 WAS PR(\NDLY DISC\RAG$4 

,H]E1 UPON ! PLANE ( CLASS LIFE1 WAS A NEUROTIC SITUATION ANALOG\S TO ?AT DESCRIB$ ABOVE ON ! PLANE ( 9DIVIDUAL LIFE4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION1 ! PROLET>IAT F\ND ITSELF FAC$ ) A GREAT TASK1 ITS V]Y EXI/5CE DEP5D+ UPON ! PROP] P]=MANCE ( ?AT TASK4 ,IT SUFF]$ FROM ANXIETY1 IT DID NOT FEEL EQUAL TO ! DEM&S ( ! TIME4 ,IT ATTEMPT$ TO EVADE !SE DEM&S1 TO TAKE REFUGE 9 POLITICAL 9DIFF]5TISM1 9 ! SEMBLANCE ( A*IEVEM5T1 9 NEUROTIC BEHAVIOR4 ,AT ! HI/ORIC MOM5T1 ITS FAILURE SEEM$ IMM95T4 

,NO?+ BUT AN ACT :I* W\LD BR+ 5C\RAGEM5T W\LD SAVE ! IMP]IL$ CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,A TREATM5T ?AT W\LD OV]COME ! S5SE ( 9F]IORITY1 A ME?OD ( $UCATION ?AT W\LD REE/ABLI% SELF-CONFID5CE & REVIVE SELF-E/EEM1 WAS ESS5TIAL4 ,! PROLET>IAT NE$$ AN ELIXIR ?AT W\LD RE/ORE HOPE1 NE$$ A MIRACUL\S 5]GY ?AT C\LD ONLY BE 9SPIR$ BY A GREAT CONVICTION1 NE$$ A QUASI-FANATICAL OBSESSION4 ,!N CAME ,M>X1 & SUPPLI$ ?IS MAGIC POTION4 ,HIS COMMUNITY S5SE HAD L$ HIM1 ) 9/9CTIVE LOGIC1 TO ESP\SE ! CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,HE SAW ?AT ! CONDITIONS ( PROLET>IAN IMPOT5CE W]E ! \TCOME ( ! /RUCTURE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & HE DREW ! 9F]5CE ?AT ! CAUSES ( ?IS IMPOT5CE C\LD ONLY BE REMOV$ BY *ANG+ ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY4 ,) ?IS 5D 9 VIEW1 HE ANNULL$ ! 9DIVIDUALI/ CONCEPT ( P]SONALITY1 REPLAC+ IT BY ! COLLECTIVE CONCEPT ( CLASS--A CONCEPT :I* HE ORIG9AT$4 ,HE DEPRIV$ 9DIVIDUAL /RUGGLES = 9DIVIDUAL P[] ( MEAN+ & JU/IFICATION1 PUTT+ 9 !IR PLACE ! NOTION ( ! COMMUNITY & ! /RUGGLE ON BEHALF ( ! COLLECTIVE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,HE MADE ! CLASS /RUGGLE A LAW ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION1 & DEPICT$ SOCIALISM AS ! NECESS>Y & LOGICAL \TCOME ( ?AT /RUGGLE4 

,BY EXP\ND+ 9 A SCI5TIFIC SY/EM HIS VIEWS ON ! F\NDATIONS & CONNECTIONS1 ! LAWS & ! CONSEQU5CES1 ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 & BY 9CORPORAT+ ?AT SY/EM 9TO HIS WRIT+S1 HE SECUR$ COMP5SATION = ! TORM5TS ( HIS SUBJECTIVE S5SE ( 9F]IORITY4 ,BY PLAC+ HIS WRIT+S & HIS DOCTR9E AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! PROLET>IAT1 HE PROVID$ ?IS CLASS ) ! MEANS = COMP5SAT+ ITS SOCIAL S5SE ( 9F]IORITY ?R\< ! PRACTICAL APPLICATION ( ! KN[L$GE ?US GA9$--ONCE MORE1 !N1 BY A*IEVEM5T4 

,AT A P>TICUL> PO9T 9 HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION AT :I* A CLASS1 [+ TO PSY*ICAL 9HIBITIONS & TO ! /AGNATION ( ITS 5]GIES1 IS PREV5T$ FROM FULFILL+ ! MISSION ALLOTT$ TO IT BY HI/ORY & URG5TLY NE$+ FULFILLM5T1 IT BECOMES A LIFE-OR-DEA? QUE/ION = SOCIETY TO OV]COME ! OB/ACLES ?AT >E H9D]+ ! C\RSE ( EVOLUTION4 ,= ?IS AN 5]GY1 A /R5G?1 IS NE$$ F> EXCE$+ ! CU/OM>Y4 ,!RE IS REQUISITE A SUP]HUMAN A*IEVEM5T1 A H]OIC DE$4 ,ONLY ONE :O IS SUBJECTIVELY AW>E ( SO PR(\ND AN 9F]IORITY ?AT NO?+ BUT A TITANIC A*IEVEM5T1 A H]OIC DE$1 WILL RE/ORE HIS SPIRITUAL EQUIPOISE--ONLY SU* A ONE IS COMPET5T = SU* A TASK4 ,BUT SU* A ONE IS COMPET5T :5 ! COMPREH5SIV5ESS & ! QUALITY ( ! MEANS AT HIS DISPOSAL >E RI<TLY ACCORDANT TO ! /R5G? ( HIS URGE4 

,?US A VITALLY IMPORTANT S]VICE IS DONE TO SOCIETY OR TO ONE ( ITS SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,!REBY1 SOCIETY1 OR ! CLASS1 IS SAV$ FROM DE/RUCTION4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! P]SON :O P]=MS SU* A TASK RECEIVES ! HI<E/ HONOR1 9ASMU* AS HE BECOMES KN[N AS A G5IUS4 

,G5IUS IS SOME?+ MORE ?AN QUALITY1 =M1 A*IEVEM5T1 WORK4 ,ABOVE ALL1 G5IUS IS A SOCIAL CATEGORY4 ,IT EXPRESSES A DEF9ITE RELATION BETWE5 SOCIETY & AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?AT RELATION EXI/S :5 AN 9DIVIDUAL SUPREME A*IEVEM5T IS EFFECT$ 9 A PHASE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T :]E9 ?IS P>TICUL> A*IEVEM5T IS SUPREMELY IMPORTANT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIAL SAFEGU>D+4 ,9 ! G5IUS1 ! L9E ( ! COMP5SATORY A*IEVEM5T ( AN 9DIVIDUAL 9T]SECTS ) ! L9E ( ! COMP5SATORY NE$ ( SOCIETY OR ( A CLASS4 

,APPRAIS$ FROM ! \TLOOK ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ,M>X WAS A G5IUS4 ,:AT WAS HIS A*IEVEM5T1 AS REG>DS ! VITAL NE$S ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS8 ,BY HIS TEA*+1 :5 ! PROLET>IAT WAS 9 A PHASE ( EXTREME DISC\RAGEM5T1 HE 9SPIR$ IT ) ! UTT]MO/ C\RAGE4 0,HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION IS ON Y\R SIDE10 HE %\T$ TO ! PROLET>IAT4 0,CAPITALISM1 BR\<T 9TO BE+ BY ! LAWS ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION1 WILL BE DE/ROY$ BY ! 9EXORABLE WORK+ ( !SE SAME LAWS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 ! BUS9ESS MANAG] ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 APPE>$ ON ! /AGE ( HI/ORY ) ?AT SY/EM1 & MU/ MAKE ITS EXIT :5 ?AT SY/EM WALKS (F ! /AGE4 ,Y\1 PROLET>IANS1 KEEP CAPITALISM GO+ BY Y\R LABOR1 & MA9TA9 ! :OLE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BY ! FRUITS ( Y\R 9DU/RY4 ,BUT SOCIALISM WILL BE A NECESS>Y ORGANIC \TCOME ( CAPITALISM1 ! ESS5CE ( ! LATT] BE+ IMPLI$ 9 ! ESS5CE ( ! =M]4 ,) ! 5D ( CAPITALISM1 COMES ! BEG9N+ ( SOCIALISM AS A LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE4 ,Y\ PROLET>IANS1 AS A CLASS1 BE+ ! 9CORPORATORS ( ! =CES & T5D5CIES :I* WILL DO AWAY ) CAPITALISM1 MU/ NECESS>ILY MAKE AN 5D ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,Y\ M]ELY NE$1 AS A CLASS1 TO FULFILL ! EVOLUTION :I* Y\R MISSION CALLS ON Y\ TO FULFILL4 ,ALL Y\ NE$ IS TO WILL6 ,HI/ORY MAKES ?IS AS EASY AS POSSIBLE = Y\4 ,Y\ NE$ NOT HAT* \T ANY NEW IDEAS1 MAKE ANY PLANS1 DISCOV] A FUTURE ,/ATE4 ,Y\ NE$ NOT 'DOGMATICALLY ANTICIPATE ! WORLD4' ,Y\ NE$ M]ELY PUT Y\R H&S TO ! TASK :I* IS AWAIT+ Y\4 ,! MEANS BY :I* Y\ WILL DO IT >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! UNCEAS+1 PURPOSIVE1 CONSI/5T FI<T+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :OSE CR[N WILL BE ! VICTORY ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 

0,EVOLUTION IS ON Y\R SIDE60 ,) ?IS WORD ( P[]1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS AWAK5$ FROM ITS LE?>GY1 WAS DELIV]$ FROM ITS S5SE ( 9F]IORITY4 

0,Y\ NE$ ONLY WILL60 ,) ?IS MAGIC POTION1 IT WAS RAIS$ TO ITS FEET & SET A-GO+4 ,ITS P>ALYZ+ ANXIETY HAD BE5 OV]COME1 ITS UNC]TA9TIES HAD BE5 %AK5 (F1 ITS LACK ( FAI? HAD BE5 CONQU]$ BY SELF-CONFID5CE4 

,SOCIALISM1 TILL !N AN AIM ( RELIGI\S >DOR1 A WOND]L& ( FANCIFUL HOPES1 AN >TIFACT ( ! IMAG9ATION1 HAD N[ BE5 SCI5TIFICALLY DEMON/RAT$ AS ! RIPE FRUIT ( EVOLUTION1 :I* W\LD FALL 9TO ! LAPS ( ?OSE :O %OOK ! TREE4 ,M>X'S TEA*+ CAME 9 BLACK & :ITE TO GIVE ! PROLET>IAT ! C]TA9TY ?AT SOCIALISM W\LD BE REALIZ$4 

,?IS GOSPEL1 NOT ! \TCOME ( BL9D FAI?1 BUT BAS$ UPON A KE5 USE ( ! 9TELLIG5CE1 & UPON ! MO/ RATIONAL LOGIC1 C\LD NOT FAIL TO PROVIDE ! PROLET>IAT ) AN UNPREC$5T$ DYNAMIC IMPETUS4 ,IT ANIMAT$ ! WORK]S TO ?R[ (F !IR *A9S1 FILL$ !M ) A HOPE 5ABL+ !M TO UNLOCK ALL ! DOORS BETWE5 !M & ! FUTURE4 

,IF WE CONSID] ,M>X & HIS WORK FROM SU* A /&PO9T1 WE P]CEIVE ?AT ! HI/ORICAL GREATNESS ( ! PH5OM5ON :I* N[ PASSES BY ! NAME ( ,M>XISM DEP5DS NEI!R ON ! MAN NOR ON HIS WORK4 ,IT DEP5DS1 RA!R1 ON ! FACT ?AT ,M>X1 AT ! CRITICAL MOM5T ( HI/ORY1 BE/[$ HIS TEA*+ ON ! PROLET>IAT AS ! VEHICLE ( AN UPW>D MOVEM5T :I* HAD BECOME HI/ORICALLY 9DISP5SABLE4 

,?US 5VISAG$ & ?US APPRAIS$1 IT DOES NOT MATT] :E!R WE REG>D ,M>XISM AS AN ET]NAL TRU?1 OR AS A TEMPOR>ILY VALID GUID+ FICTION3 :E!R ! SY/EM IS CONSEQU5TIAL & COH]5T 9 ALL ITS DETAILS2 OR :E!R IT CONTA9S GAPS1 CONTRADICTIONS1 & UNT5ABLE !SES3 :E!R ! !ORY ( ! IMM95T COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM COMPLIES ) ! DEM&S ( SCI5TIFIC ME?OD1 OR HAS M]ELY ! RE/RICT$ VALUE ( A FASC9AT+ APO!OSIS4 ,:AT ,M>XISM HAD TO EFFECT 7! %AK+ ( ! PROLET>IAT \T ( ITS HI/ORICAL NAMELESSNESS1 ! COMPACT+ ( IT 9TO A POLITICAL P[]1 ! MAK+ ( IT 9TO A CONSCI\S FACTOR ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION1 ! PLAC+ ( IT ON ! /AGE ( HI/ORY AS ! AU?OR ( & ! ACTOR 9 ITS [N DRAMA71 ALL !SE ?+S ,M>XISM HAS A*IEV$4 ,IF1 OV] & ABOVE ?IS1 AS ! FACTS %[1 ,M>XISM WAS & IS LOGICALLY S\ND1 !N ,M>XISM HAS DONE EV5 MORE ?AN HI/ORY C\LD HAVE DEM&$ ( IT4 

,ONLY ?OSE :O >E CONT5T TO LOOK AT ! SURFACE ( ?+S CAN BELIEVE 7?\< ! VIEW IS WIDELY 5T]TA9$ TODAY7 ?AT ! LOGICALNESS & VALIDITY ( ,M>XISM HAVE BE5 UND]M9$ BY ! MO/ REC5T HAPP5+S ( HI/ORY4 

,M>XISM1 BE+ PRIM>ILY CALL$ UPON TO /IR UP ! PROLET>IAN MASSES1 TO MAKE !M COLLECT !IR =CES1 & TO LEAD !M ON TO ! BATTLEFIELD1 MU/ NECESS>ILY DISPLAY ITSELF AT ! \TSET 9 A GUISE :I* W\LD 5C\RAGE OPTIMISM2 9 A GUISE :I*1 BY REPRES5T+ HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION AS ! GU>ANTEE ( ! LIB]ATION ( MANK9D1 W\LD MAKE ! WORK]S BELIEVE 9 !IR [N MISSION4 ,TO GA9 HEADWAY1 IT MU/ REL5TLESSLY CLE> \T ( ! PA? ALL RATIONALI/IC & UTOPIAN SY/EMS ( SOCIALISM1 & MU/ 9EXORABLY PROCE$ ON ITS [N C\RSE4 ,TODAY1 :5 ITS FIR/ WORK IS F9I%$1 ,M>XISM BEG9S TO ASSUME A NEW ASPECT4 ,9 \R [N TIME1 NOT M]ELY CAN ,M>XISM OCCASIONALLY RECUR TO ! SY/EMS ( ! UTOPI/S & ! RATIONALI/S2 IT IS DIRECTLY =C$ 9 ?IS DIRECTION BY ! PRACTICAL DEM&S ( ! DAY1 BY ! GR[+ CLAIMS = POSITIVE A*IEVEM5TS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,VULG> ,M>XISM1 ! ,M>XISM ( ! CR[D1 ! ,M>XISM ( ?OSE :O REG>D ! ME*ANISM ( ?+S AS ! ESS5TIAL FACTOR ( EVOLUTION1 MU/ YIELD PLACE TO A TRANS=M$ ,M>XISM1 TO A PR(\ND] ,M>XISM1 TO ! ,M>XISM ( ?OSE :O LOOK UPON ! ACTIVITIES ( HUMAN BE+S AS ! MA9 FACTORS ( EVOLUTION4 

,!RE) \R APPRAISEM5T ( ,M>X'S P]SONALITY HAS LIKEWISE BE5 PR(\NDLY MODIFI$4 ,:]EAS P]SONS ( ! LA/ G5]ATION1 9 VIEW ( ! OPPOS+ NATURE ( !IR 9T]E/S1 REFLECT$ 9 !IR IDEOLOGY1 LOOK$ UPON ,M>X EI!R AS A CRIM9AL DI/URB] ( ! PEACE & A DEVIL1 OR ELSE AS A SA9T & AS AN 9FALLIBLE POPE--?OSE ( \R [N G5]ATION CAN ADMIT HIM TO HAVE BE5 A MAN EQUIPP$ BO? ) HUMAN WEAKNESSES & ) HUMAN /R5G?S1 BO? ) HUMAN VICES & ) HUMAN VIRTUES4 ,WE >E1 9DE$1 COMPELL$ TO REG>D HIM ?US1 UNLESS WE W\LD REFUSE TO APPLY ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY TO 9DIVIDUALS AS WELL AS TO G5]AL PROCESSES4 ,MOD]N PSY*OLOGY1 AS US$ 9 ! PRES5T WORK TO ?R[ LI<T UPON ! *>ACT] & ! BEHAVIOR ( A HUMAN BE+1 IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! APPLICATION ( ! ME?OD ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM TO ! /UDY ( ! HUMAN M9D4 

,M>X HAD TO BE AN OB/9ATE1 PIG-HEAD$1 9TOL]ANT ?9K] & 9VE/IGATOR2 HAD TO REG>D O!R PEOPLE'S OP9IONS ) SUSPICION2 HAD TO BE HO/ILE T[>DS EV]Y ALI5 TR5D2 HAD TO BE CANTANK]\S1 DICTATORIAL1 FANATICALLY OBSESS$ ) ! RI<TNESS ( HIS [N CONVICTIONS1 FI]CELY OPPOS$ TO ANY DEVIATIONS FROM1 ANY FALSIFICATIONS (1 HIS IDEAS4 ,HE HAD TO CONC5TRATE HIS G5IUS1 HIS UND]/&+1 HIS CREATIVE 5]GY1 = DECADE AFT] DECADE1 UPON ?IS ONE PO9T1 UPON ?IS ONE SCI5TIFIC TASK2 HAD TO NEGLECT HIS CALL+1 HIS FAMILY1 HIS LIVELIHOOD1 HIS FRI5DS4 ,HE HAD TO BE :IPP$ ON BY OV]WE5+ AMBITION1 BL9D$ BY 9TOL]ABLE SELFI%NESS1 GOAD$ DAY & NI<T BY A TORTUR+ S5SE ( 9F]IORITY--?AT HE MI<T BE EQUIPP$ = HIS =MIDABLE A*IEVEM5TS4 ,! MA9 ?+ WAS ! WORK :I* HAD TO BE DONE2 ! QUALITIES ( ! DO] MATT]$ LITTLE4 ,OR1 RA!R1 ! DO] ( ! WORK :I* HAD TO BE DONE1 HAD TO BE SPURR$ TO HIS TASK BY AN IMPETUS SU* AS C\LD ONLY BE FURNI%$ BY ! NEUROSIS FROM :I* ,M>X SUFF]$6 ,TODAY WE HAVE DIFF]5T PROBLEMS TO SOLVE1 & !Y MU/ BE SOLV$ BY HI<LY QUALIFI$ P]SONS :O HAVE FRE$ !MSELVES FROM NEUROSIS2 MU/ BE SOLV$ BY *AMPIONS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE :O APPROA* ! UND]TAK+ ) A KE5 S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 AN AWAK5$ CONSCI\SNESS1 & A /RONGLY DEVELOP$ COMMUNITY FEEL+4 

,TO EA* AGE ITS [N PROBLEMS6 ,HAD ,M>X1 AS A NEUROTIC1 BE5 CONT5T ) ! SEMBLANCE ( A*IEVEM5T1 HIS WORK W\LD HAVE CREPITAT$ 9 ! VOID1 & HE HIMSELF W\LD HAVE BE5 A FIGURE TRAGICAL 9 ITS FUTILITY4 ,AS ?+S W]E1 H[EV]1 HE P]=M$ A SUPREME TASK 9 ! HI/ORY ( HIS [N TIME & ( SUBSEQU5T TIMES4 ,?AT IS :Y ! CLASS :I* HE ?US HELP$ TO BECOME CONSCI\S ( ITS [N LIFE & ( ! FUTURE :I* HI/ORY HOLDS 9 /ORE = IT1 HONORS HIM AS ITS GREATE/ G5IUS4 

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