,*APT] #d 
,RELATIVE ,SURPLUS ,VALUE 

#ahgiahgi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O 

,TEXT 3 

,LABOR P[]1 PRODUC+ A GREAT] VALUE ?AN H[ MU* SOME?+ IS WOR?1 ?AT IS A 0SURPLUS10 HAS CREAT$ CAPITAL2 5L>G+ !N ?IS SURPLUS VALUE ) PROLONGATION ( ! WORKDAY1 HAS GIV5 SUFFICI5T N\RI%M5T TO ! CAPITAL = ITS 9FANCY4 ,! CAPITAL GR[S1 & ! SURPLUS VALUE MU/ 9CREASE TO SATISFY ! GR[N NE$4 ,9CREASE ( SURPLUS VALUE1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT MEAN1 LIKE WE SAW BE=E1 ! EXT5SION ( ! WORKDAY1 :I* EV5TUALLY ALSO HAS ITS NECESS>Y LIMITS1 AL?\< IT IS A V]Y ELA/IC L5G?4 ,= :AT LITTLE TIME !RE IS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ LEAVES TO ! WORK] = ! SATISFACTION ( HIS MO/ BASIC NE$S1 ! WORKDAY WILL ALWAYS BE LESS ?AN #bd H\RS4 ,! WORKDAY MEETS !N A NATURAL LIMIT1 & ! SURPLUS VALUE1 CONSEQU5TLY1 AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE4 ,LET'S REPRES5T ! WORKDAY ) ! L9E ,A-,B4 

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,! LETT] ,A H]E REPRES5TS ! BEG9N+ & ,B ! 5D1 ?AT NATURAL LIMIT1 ?AT IS1 PA/ :I* IT ISN'T POSSIBLE TO GO4 ,A-,C IS ! P>T ( ! DAY 9 :I* ! WORK] PRODUCES ! VALUE ( ! SAL>Y RECEIV$ & ,C-,B ! P>T ( ! DAY 9 :I* ! WORK] PRODUCES SURPLUS VALUE4 ,WE SEE ?AT \R COTTON SP9N]1 9 FACT1 RECEIV+ #c LIRE 9 SAL>Y1 WAS REPRODUC+ ! VALUE ( HIS SAL>Y ) HALF ( HIS DAY1 & WAS PRODUC+ #c LIRE ( SURPLUS VALUE ) ! O!R4 ,! WORK DONE FROM ,A-,C1 ) :I* ! SAL>Y'S VALUE IS PRODUC$1 IS NECESS>Y LABOR1 :ILE ! WORK DONE FROM ,C-,B1 :I* PRODUCES SURPLUS VALUE1 IS CALL$ EXPLOITATION4 

,! CAPITALI/ IS ?IR/Y = EXPLOITATION1 BECAUSE IT IS ?IS ?AT CREATES SURPLUS VALUE4 ,PROLONG$ EXPLOITATION PROLONGS ! WORKDAY1 :I* F9I%ES AT ITS NATURAL LIMIT ,B1 :I* REPRES5TS AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE TO EXPLOITATION & SURPLUS VALUE4 ,:AT TO DO N[8 ,! CAPITALI/ SOON F9DS ! SOLUTION4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT EXPLOITATION HAS TWO LIMITS1 ONE ,B1 ! 5D ( ! WORKDAY1 ! O!R ,C1 ! 5D ( ! NECESS>Y WORK2 IF ! LIMIT ,B IS FIX$1 IT WON'T BE SO = LIMIT ,C4 ,BE+ ABLE TO MOVE ! PO9T ,C ALL ! WAY TO PO9T ,D1 ONE W\LD GR[ ! EXPLOITATION FROM ,C-,B ! L5G? ( ,D-,C1 EXACTLY H[ MU* ! NECESS>Y WORK FROM ,A-,C W\LD DECREASE4 ,SURPLUS VALUE W\LD ?US F9D A WAY TO CONT9UE GR[+1 NOT 9 ! ABSOLUTE WAY LIKE AT FIR/1 :I* IS BY ALWAYS PROLONG+ ! WORKDAY1 BUT 9 RELATION TO ! GR[? ( EXPLOITATION ) ! CORRESPOND+ DECREASE 9 NECESS>Y WORK4 ,! FIR/ WAS ABSOLUTE SURPLUS VALUE1 ?IS IS RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE IS F\ND$ UPON ! DECREAS+ ( NECESS>Y WORK2 ! DECREAS+ ( NECESS>Y WORK IS F\ND$ UPON ! DECREAS+ ( WAGES2 ! DECREAS+ ( WAGES IS F\ND$ UPON A DECREASE 9 PRICES ( ?+S ?AT >E NECESS>Y = ! WORK]2 !RE=E RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE IS F\ND$ ON ! DEPRECIATION ( ! COMMODITIES ?AT ! WORK] USES4 

,& !RE W\LD BE AN EV5 QUICK] WAY ( PRODUC+ RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE1 SOMEONE WILL SAY1 & ?AT W\LD BE TO PAY ! WORK] A SAL>Y LESS ?AN ?AT :I* HE IS DUE1 ?AT IS NOT TO PAY HIM ! PROP] PRICE ( HIS COMMODITY1 LABOR P[]4 ,WE CANNOT CONSID] ?IS EXP$I5T1 US$ (T5 9 FACT1 M9IMALLY1 BECAUSE WE >5'T ADMITT+ ?AT IT'S ! MO/ P]FECT OBS]VANCE ( ! LAW ( EX*ANGE1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ALL COMMODITIES1 & CONSEQU5TLY LABOR P[] AS WELL1 MU/ BE SOLD & B\<T AT !IR PROP] VALUE4 

,\R CAPITALI/1 LIKE WE ALREADY SAW1 IS AN ABSOLUTELY HONE/ B\RGEOIS2 HE WILL NEV] USE1 TO 5L>GE HIS CAPITAL1 A ME?OD ?AT IS NOT 5TIRELY WOR?Y ( HIM4 

,LET'S SUPPOSE ?AT1 9 A WORKDAY1 A WORK] PRODUCES #f ITEMS ( A COMMODITY1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SELLS = ! PRICE ( ,L4#g1#e1 BECAUSE 9 ! VALUE ( ?IS COMMODITY ! RAW MAT]IALS & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION COME TO ,L4#a1#e & #ab H\RS ( LABOR P[] COME TO #f LIRE3 ALL ?REE COMPON5TS1 !RE=E1 COME TO ,L4#g1#e4 ,! CAPITALI/ F9DS A SURPLUS VALUE ( #c LIRE ON ! VALUE ( ,L4#g1#e1 ! CO/ ( HIS COMMODITY1 & ON TOP ( EV]Y COMPON5T A SURPLUS VALUE ( ,L41#e1 BECAUSE HE SP5DS ,L41#g#e & EXTRACTS ,L4#a1#b#e FROM EA* ( !SE4 ,LET'S SUPPOSE ?AT ) A NEW SY/EM ( WORK1 OR JU/ ) P]FECTION ( ! OLD WAY1 PRODUCTION D\BLES1 & ?AT1 9/EAD ( #f ITEMS A DAY1 ! CAPITALI/ IS ABLE TO ATTA9 #a#b4 ,IF 9 #f ITEMS ! RAW MAT]IALS & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION COME TO ,L4#a1#e1 9 #ab HE WILL COME TO #c LIRE1 ?AT IS EV]Y ITEM COMES TO ,L41#b#e4 ,?OSE #c LIRE COMB9$ ) ! #f LIRE PRODUC$ BY LABOR P[] 9 #ab H\RS1 MAKE #i LIRE1 ?AT IS H[ MU* ! #ab ITEMS CO/1 EA* ONE ( :I* !RE=E COMES TO ! PRICE ( ,L41#g#e4 

,N[ ! CAPITALI/ NE$S TO MAKE HIMSELF A L>G] PLACE 9 ! M>KET TO SELL A D\BLE QUANTITY ( HIS COMMODITY2 & Y\ CAN DO ?IS BY SOME:AT RE/RICT+ ! PRICE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! CAPITALI/ NE$S TO MAKE A REASON >ISE = :I* HE IS ABLE TO SELL !IR ITEMS ON ! M>KET 9 TWICE ! NUMB] AS BE=E2 & ! REASON IS F\ND EXACTLY 9 PRICE R$UCTION4 ,HE WILL SELL1 !RE=E1 HIS ITEMS AT A PRICE SOME:AT L[] ?AN ,L4#a1#b#e1 :I* WAS HIS PRICE BE=E1 BUT GREAT] ?AN ,L41#g#e 7H[ MU* EA* ONE ( !SE IS TRULY WOR?74 ,HE ) SELL !M AT A LIRA EA*1 & SO HE WILL HAVE SECUR$ D\BL$ SALES ( HIS ITEMS1 FROM :I* HE N[ GA9S #f LIRE2 #c LIRE ( SURPLUS VALUE & #c LIRE ( DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !IR VALUE & ! PRICE AT :I* !Y >E SOLD4 

,AS Y\ CAN SEE1 ! CAPITALI/ GA9S A GREAT PR(IT FROM ?IS GR[? ( PRODUCTION4 ,ALL CAPITALI/S >E !RE=E HI<LY 9T]E/$ 9 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTS ( !IR 9DU/RIES1 & IT IS ) ?IS ?AT !Y >E ABLE TO MAKE ?IS HAPP5 EV]Y DAY 9 ANY K9D ( PRODUCTION4 ,!IR EXTRAORD9>Y GA91 H[EV]1 ?AT :I* REPRES5TS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY & ! PRICE AT :I* IT IS SOLD1 DOESN'T LA/ LONG1 BECAUSE RI<T AWAY ! NEW OR P]FECT$ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION BECOMES ADOPT$ BY ALL \T ( NECESSITY4 ,SO N[ AS A RESULT ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY LESS5S BY HALF4 ,AT FIR/ EV]Y ITEM WAS WOR? ,L4#a1#b#e2 N[ 9/EAD IT'S WOR? #fb  #a_/#b  C5TS4 ,! CAPITALI/ H[EV] ALWAYS ATTA9S A PR(IT1 HAV+ D\BL$ PRODUCTION4 ,AT FIR/ #c LIRE ( SURPLUS VALUE = #f ITEMS & N[ #c LIRE ( SURPLUS VALUE = #ab ITEMS2 BUT GIV5 ?AT ! #ab ITEMS >E PRODUC$ 9 ! SAME TIME ! #f ITEMS W]E MADE1 ?AT IS 9 #ab H\RS ( WORK1 HE ALWAYS HAS AS A F9AL RESULT #c LIRE ( SURPLUS VALUE = ONE #a#b-H\R WORKDAY1 BUT D\BLE ! PRODUCTION4 

,:5 ?IS 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION IS REG>D+ GOODS NECESS>Y TO ! WORK]1 IT CONSEQU5TLY C>RIES ! L[]+ ( ! PRICE ( LABOR P[]1 & !RE=E ! LESS5+ ( NECESS>Y WORK & ! 9CREASE ( EXPLOITATION1 :I* MAKES UP RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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,NOVEMB] #c1 #ah< 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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