,*APT] #f 
,DIVISION ( ,LABOR & ,MANUFACTUR+ 

#ahgiahgi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O 

,TEXT 3 

,:5 ! ,CAPITALI/ GA!RS ! WORK]S TO P]=M ! V>I\S TASKS1 :I* MAKE UP ALL ( ! LABOR = A COMMODITY1 9 HIS WORK%OP1 HE GIVES AN 5TIRELY SPECIAL NATURE TO SIMPLE COOP]ATION2 HE E/ABLI%ES ! DIVISION ( LABOR & MANUFACTUR+2 :I* IS NONE O!R ?AN 0A PRODUCTIVE ME*ANISM :OSE P>TS >E HUMAN BE+S0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #a74 

,AL?\< MANUFACTUR+ IS ALWAYS BAS$ ON ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 IT ALSO HAS A D\BLE ORIG94 ,9 FACT 9 SOME CASES MANUFACTUR+ HAS BR\<T TOGE!R ! DIFF]5T PROCESS+ NE$S = ! COMPLETION ( A COMMODITY 9 ! SAME WORK%OP1 :I* FIR/1 LIKE SO MANY SPECIAL TRADES1 US$ TO BE DI/9CT & DIVID$ UP2 9 O!R CASES IT HAS DIVID$1 :ILE KEEP+ !M 9 ! SAME WORK%OP1 ! DIFF]5T WORK OP]ATIONS1 ?AT BE=E US$ TO MAKE UP A :OLE ( ! COMPLETION ( A COMMODITY4 

0,A C>RIAGE1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS =M]LY ! PRODUCT ( ! LABOR ( A GREAT NUMB] ( 9DEP5D5T >TIFIC]S1 SU* AS :EELWRI<TS1 H>NESS-MAK]S1 TAILORS1 LOCKSMI?S1 UPHOL/]]S1 TURN]S1 FR+E-MAK]S1 GLAZI]S1 PA9T]S1 POLI%]S1 GILD]S1 @&C4 ,9 ! MANUFACTURE ( C>RIAGES1 H[EV]1 ALL !SE DIFF]5T >TIFIC]S >E ASSEMBL$ 9 ONE BUILD+ :]E !Y WORK 9TO ONE ANO!R'S H&S4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT A C>RIAGE CANNOT BE GILT BE=E IT HAS BE5 MADE4 ,BUT IF A NUMB] ( C>RIAGES >E BE+ MADE SIMULTANE\SLY1 SOME MAY BE 9 ! H&S ( ! GILD]S :ILE O!RS >E GO+ ?R\< AN E>LI] PROCESS0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #a74 

,! PRODUCTION ( A P9 WAS DIVID$ 9TO MORE ?AN TW5TY P>TIAL PROCESSES1 :I* =M ! P>TS ( ! COMPLETE MANUFACTURE ( A P94 ,MANUFACTUR+1 !RE=E1 SOMETIMES BR+S MANY TRADES TOGE!R 9TO ONLY ONE1 & SOMETIMES DIVIDES A TRADE 9TO MANY MORE4 

,MANUFACTUR+ MULTIPLIES ! =CES & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 BUT R5D]S !M PR$OM9ANTLY TE*NICAL & SIMPLE1 CON/ANTLY APPLY+ !M TO ONE SOLE & UNIQUE BASIC OP]ATION4 

,GREAT >E ! ADVANTAGES ?AT CAPITAL REALIZES 9 MANUFACTUR+1 ALLOCAT+ DIFF]5T LABOR =CES TO ! SAME BASIC OP]ATIONS CON/ANTLY4 ,LABOR P[] GA9S V]Y MU* 9 9T5SITY & PRECISION4 ,ALL ( ?OSE LITTLE 9T]VALS1 :I* ONE F9DS LIKE PORES BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T PHASES ( PRODUCTION ( A GOOD CREAT$ BY ONLY ONE 9DIVIDUAL1 DISAPPE> :5 ?IS 9DIVIDUAL ALWAYS EXECUTES ! SAME OP]ATION4 ,! WORK] NE$S NO MORE ?AN AN H\R TO LE>N ALL AB\T A TRADE ALBEIT A SIMPLE ONE1 A UNIQUE OP]ATION ( ! TRADE ITSELF1 :I* HE LE>NS 9 MU* LESS TIME & ) LESS EXP5SE ?AN H[ MU* WAS NE$$ TO LE>N A TRADE 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 ,?IS DIM9I%+ ( EXP5SE & TIME IS A DIM9I%+ ( ?+S NE$$ = ! WORK]1 I4E4 A DIM9I%+ ( NECESS>Y LABOR1 & A CORRESPOND+ GR[? ( OV]WORK & SURPLUS VALUE4 ,! CAPITALI/1 REALLY A P>ASITE1 ALWAYS GR[S FATT] AT ! EXP5SE ( LABOR1 & ! WORK] SUFF]S GREATLY4 

0,:ILE SIMPLE COOP]ATION LEAVES ! MODE ( WORK+ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL = ! MO/ P>T UN*ANG$1 MANUFACTURE ?OR\<LY REVOLUTIONIZES IT1 & SEIZES LABOR-P[] BY ITS V]Y ROOTS4 ,IT CONV]TS ! LABOR] 9TO A CRIPPL$ MON/ROSITY1 BY =C+ HIS DETAIL DEXT]ITY AT ! EXP5SE ( A WORLD ( PRODUCTIVE CAPABILITIES & 9/9CTS2 JU/ AS 9 ! ,/ATES ( ,LA ,PLATA !Y BUT*] A :OLE BEA/ = ! SAKE ( HIS HIDE OR HIS TALL[4 ,NOT ONLY IS ! DETAIL WORK DI/RIBUT$ TO ! DIFF]5T 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL HIMSELF IS MADE ! AUTOMATIC MOTOR ( A FRACTIONAL OP]ATION1 & ! ABSURD FABLE ( ,M55IUS ,AGRIPPA1 :I* MAKES MAN A M]E FRAGM5T ( HIS [N BODY1 BECOMES REALIZ$0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

0,DUGALD ,/EW>T CALLS MANUFACTUR+ LABOR]S 'LIV+ AUTOMATONS 444 EMPLOY$ 9 ! DETAILS ( ! WORK'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 FN4 #d74 

0,IF1 AT FIR/1 ! WORKMAN SELLS HIS LABOR-P[] TO CAPITAL1 BECAUSE ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUC+ A COMMODITY FAIL HIM1 N[ HIS V]Y LABOR-P[] REFUSES ITS S]VICES UNLESS IT HAS BE5 SOLD TO CAPITAL4 ,ITS FUNCTIONS CAN BE EX]CIS$ ONLY 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT EXI/S 9 ! WORK%OP ( ! CAPITALI/ AFT] ! SALE4 ,BY NATURE UNFITT$ TO MAKE ANY?+ 9DEP5D5TLY1 ! MANUFACTUR+ LABOR] DEVELOPS PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY AS A M]E APP5DAGE ( ! CAPITALI/'S WORK%OP4 ,AS ! *OS5 PEOPLE BORE 9 !IR FEATURES ! SIGN MANUAL ( ,JEHOVAH1 SO DIVISION ( LABOR BR&S ! MANUFACTUR+ WORKMAN AS ! PROP]TY ( CAPITAL0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

,HE9RI* VON ,/OR* SAYS3 0,! WORK] :O IS ! MA/] ( A :OLE CRAFT CAN WORK & F9D ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ANY:]E2 ! O!R 7! MANUFACTUR+ LABOR]7 IS ONLY AN APP5DAGE :O1 :5 HE IS SEP>AT$ FROM HIS FELL[S1 POSSESSES NEI!R CAPABILITY NOR 9DEP5D5CE1 & F9DS HIMSELF =C$ TO ACCEPT ANY LAW IT IS ?\<T FIT TO IMPOSE0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 FN4 #d#b74 

0,9TELLIG5CE 9 PRODUCTION EXP&S 9 ONE DIRECTION1 BECAUSE IT VANI%ES 9 MANY O!RS4 ,:AT IS LO/ BY ! DETAIL LABOR]S1 IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! CAPITAL ?AT EMPLOYS !M4 ,IT IS A RESULT ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 MANUFACTURES1 ?AT ! LABOR] IS BR\<T FACE TO FACE ) ! 9TELLECTUAL POT5CIES ( ! MAT]IAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 AS ! PROP]TY ( ANO!R1 & AS A RUL+ P[]4 ,?IS SEP>ATION BEG9S 9 SIMPLE COOP]ATION1 :]E ! CAPITALI/ REPRES5TS TO ! S+LE WORKMAN1 ! ON5ESS & ! WILL ( ! ASSOCIAT$ LABOR4 ,IT IS DEVELOP$ 9 MANUFACTURE :I* CUTS D[N ! LABOR] 9TO A DETAIL LABOR]4 ,IT IS COMPLET$ 9 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 :I* MAKES SCI5CE A PRODUCTIVE =CE DI/9CT FROM LABOR & PRESSES IT 9TO ! S]VICE ( CAPITAL0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

0,9 MANUFACTURE1 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! COLLECTIVE LABOR]1 & ?R\< HIM CAPITAL1 RI* 9 SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE P[]1 EA* LABOR] MU/ BE MADE POOR 9 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTIVE P[]S4 

0',IGNORANCE IS ! MO!R ( 9DU/RY AS WELL AS ( SUP]/ITION4 ,REFLECTION & FANCY >E SUBJECT TO ]R2 BUT A HABIT ( MOV+ ! H& OR ! FOOT IS 9DEP5D5T ( EI!R4 ,MANUFACTURES1 ACCORD+LY1 PROSP] MO/ :]E ! M9D IS LEA/ CONSULT$1 & :]E ! WORK%OP MAY 444 BE CONSID]$ AS AN 5G9E1 ! P>TS ( :I* >E M5' 7,ADAM ,F]GUSON74 

0,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 SOME FEW MANUFACTUR]S 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h? C5TURY PREF]R$1 = C]TA9 OP]ATIONS ?AT W]E TRADE SECRETS1 TO EMPLOY HALF-IDIOTIC P]SONS4 

0',! UND]/&+S ( ! GREAT] P>T ( M510 SAYS ,ADAM ,SMI?1 0>E NECESS>ILY =M$ BY !IR ORD9>Y EMPLOYM5TS4 ,! MAN :OSE :OLE LIFE IS SP5T 9 P]=M+ A FEW SIMPLE OP]ATIONS 444 HAS NO OCCASION TO EX]T HIS UND]/&+444 ,HE G5]ALLY BECOMES AS /UPID & IGNORANT AS IT IS POSSIBLE = A HUMAN CREATURE TO BECOME4' 

0,AFT] DESCRIB+ ! /UPIDITY ( ! DETAIL LABOR] HE GOES ON3 

0',! UNI=MITY ( HIS /ATION>Y LIFE NATURALLY CORRUPTS ! C\RAGE ( HIS M9D444 ,IT CORRUPTS EV5 ! ACTIVITY ( HIS BODY & R5D]S HIM 9CAPABLE ( EX]T+ HIS /R5G? ) VIGOR & P]SEV]ANCE 9 ANY O!R EMPLOYM5TS ?AN ?AT TO :I* HE HAS BE5 BR$4 ,HIS DEXT]ITY AT HIS [N P>TICUL> TRADE SEEMS 9 ?IS MANN] TO BE ACQUIR$ AT ! EXP5SE ( HIS 9TELLECTUAL1 SOCIAL1 & M>TIAL VIRTUES4 ,BUT 9 EV]Y IMPROV$ & CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY1 ?IS IS ! /ATE 9TO :I* ! LABOR+ POOR1 ?AT IS1 ! GREAT BODY ( ! PEOPLE1 MU/ NECESS>ILY FALL4' 

0,= PREV5T+ ! COMPLETE DET]IORATION ( ! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE BY DIVISION ( LABOR1 ,A4 ,SMI? RECOMM5DS $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE BY ! ,/ATE1 BUT PRUD5TLY1 & 9 HOMEOPA?IC DOSES4 ,G4 ,G>NI]1 HIS ,FR5* TRANSLATOR & COMM5TATOR1 :O1 UND] ! FIR/ ,FR5* ,EMPIRE1 QUITE NATURALLY DEVELOP$ 9TO A S5ATOR1 QUITE AS NATURALLY OPPOSES HIM ON ?IS PO9T4 ,$UCATION ( ! MASSES1 HE URGES1 VIOLATES ! FIR/ LAW ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ) IT '\R :OLE SOCIAL SY/EM W\LD BE PROSCRIB$4' ',LIKE ALL O!R DIVISIONS ( LABOR1' HE SAYS1 '?AT BETWE5 H& LABOR & HEAD LABOR IS MORE PRON\NC$ & DECID$ 9 PROPORTION AS SOCIETY 7HE RI<TLY USES ?IS WORD1 = CAPITAL1 L&$ PROP]TY & !IR ,/ATE7 BECOMES RI*]4 ,?IS DIVISION ( LABOR1 LIKE EV]Y O!R1 IS AN EFFECT ( PA/1 & A CAUSE ( FUTURE PROGRESS444 \<T ! GOV]NM5T !N TO WORK 9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS DIVISION ( LABOR1 & TO H9D] ITS NATURAL C\RSE8 ,\<T IT TO EXP5D A P>T ( ! PUBLIC MONEY 9 ! ATTEMPT TO CONF\ND & BL5D TOGE!R TWO CLASSES ( LABOR1 :I* >E /RIV+ AFT] DIVISION & SEP>ATION8'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

,F]GUSON SAYS3 0,& ?9K+ ITSELF1 9 ?IS AGE ( SEP>ATIONS1 MAY BECOME A PECULI> CRAFT0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 FN4 #d#h74 

0,SOME CRIPPL+ ( BODY & M9D IS 9SEP>ABLE EV5 FROM DIVISION ( LABOR 9 SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,S9CE1 H[EV]1 MANUFACTURE C>RIES ?IS SOCIAL SEP>ATION ( BRAN*ES ( LABOR MU* FUR!R1 & ALSO1 BY ITS PECULI> DIVISION1 ATTACKS ! 9DIVIDUAL AT ! V]Y ROOTS ( HIS LIFE1 IT IS ! FIR/ TO AF=D ! MAT]IALS =1 & TO GIVE A />T TO1 9DU/RIAL PA?OLOGY0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

0,RAMAZZ9I1 PR(ESSOR ( PRACTICAL M$IC9E AT ,PADUA1 PUBLI%$ 9 #agac HIS WORK ',DE MORBIS >TIFICUM1' :I* WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,FR5* #a#g#h#a1 REPR9T$ #ahda 9 ! ',5CYCLOP$IE DES ,SCI5CES ,M$ICALES4 #gME ,DIS4 ,AUTEURS ,CLASSIQUES4' ,! P]IOD ( ,MOD]N ,ME*ANICAL ,9DU/RY HAS1 ( C\RSE1 V]Y MU* 5L>G$ HIS CATALOG ( LABOR'S DISEASES4 ,SEE ',HYGI5E PHYSIQUE ET MORALE DE L'\VRI] DANS LES GR&ES VILLES 5 G5]AL ET DANS LA VILLE DE ,LYON 5 P>TICULI]4 ,P> LE ,DR4 ,A4 ,L4 ,FONT]ET1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#e#h1' & ',DIE ,KRANKHEIT51 WEL*E V]S*I$N5 ,/&51 ,ALT]N UND ,GES*LE*T]N EIG5?UMLI* S9D4 #f ,VOLS4 ,ULM1 #a#h#f1' & O!RS4 ,9 #ah$ ! ,SOCIETY ( ,>TS APPO9T$ A ,COMMISSION ( ,9QUIRY 9TO 9DU/RIAL PA?OLOGY4 ,! LI/ ( DOCUM5TS COLLECT$ BY ?IS COMMISSION IS TO BE SE5 9 ! CATALOG ( ! ',TWICK5HAM ,ECONOMIC ,MUSEUM4' ,V]Y IMPORTANT >E ! (FICIAL ',REPORTS ON ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?4' ,SEE ALSO ,$U>D ,REI*1 ,M4 ,D4 ',UEB] DIE ,5T>TUNG DES ,M5S*51' ,]LANG51 #a#h#f#h0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 FN #e74 

,DAVID ,URQUH>T SAYS3 0,TO SUBDIVIDE A MAN IS TO EXECUTE HIM1 IF HE DES]VES ! S5T5CE1 TO ASSASS9ATE HIM IF HE DOES NOT444 ,! SUBDIVISION ( LABOR IS ! ASSASS9ATION ( A PEOPLE40 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

0,HEGEL HELD V]Y H]ETICAL VIEWS ON DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,9 HIS ',RE*TSPHILOSOPHIE' HE SAYS3 ',BY WELL $UCAT$ M5 WE UND]/& 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 ?OSE :O CAN DO EV]Y?+ ?AT O!RS DO'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 FN4 #e#a74 

0,9 ITS SPECIFIC CAPITALI/ =M - & UND] ! GIV5 CONDITIONS1 IT C\LD TAKE NO O!R =M ?AN A CAPITALI/IC ONE - MANUFACTURE IS BUT A P>TICUL> ME?OD ( BEGETT+ RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE1 OR ( AUGM5T+ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! LABOR] ! SELF-EXPANSION ( CAPITAL - USUALLY CALL$ SOCIAL WEAL?1 ',WEAL? ( ,NATIONS1' @&C4 ,IT 9CREASES ! SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE P[] ( LABOR1 NOT ONLY = ! B5EFIT ( ! CAPITALI/ 9/EAD ( = ?AT ( ! LABOR]1 BUT IT DOES ?IS BY CRIPPL+ ! 9DIVIDUAL LABOR]S4 ,IT CREATES NEW CONDITIONS = ! LORD%IP ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 ON ! ONE H&1 IT PRES5TS ITSELF HI/ORICALLY AS A PROGRESS & AS A NECESS>Y PHASE 9 ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS A REF9$ & CIVILIZ$ ME?OD ( EXPLOITATION0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

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