,K>L ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL 

#ahgi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,TRANSLATOR'S ,NOTE 

      #ebc ,WORDS2 #c1#c#h#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,ORIG9AL ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,ITALIAN ,ONL9E ,PUBLICATION 

      #bce ,WORDS2 #a1#e#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,PREFACE 

      #gdb ,WORDS2 #d1#d#d#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,COMMODITIES1 ,CURR5CY1 ,WEAL? & ,CAPITAL 

      #a1#b#d#d ,WORDS2 #g1#c#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,H[ ,CAPITAL IS ,BORN 

      #b1#c#c ,WORDS2 #a#a1#h#f#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,WORKDAY 

      #b1#d#h ,WORDS2 #a#b1#b#i#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,RELATIVE ,SURPLUS ,VALUE 

      #a1#a#f#d ,WORDS2 #g1#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,COOP]ATION 

      #hab ,WORDS2 #d1#g#f#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,DIVISION ( ,LABOR & ,MANUFACTUR+ 

      #a1#i#b#f ,WORDS2 #a#b1#d#f#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,MA*9]Y & ,MOD]N ,9DU/RY 

      #e1#g#c#c ,WORDS2 #c#e1#c#i#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,SAL>Y 

      #a1#i#i#a ,WORDS2 #a#b1#a#f#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL 

      #h1#a#d#e ,WORDS2 #e1#g#i#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,PRIMITIVE ,ACCUMULATION 

      #e1#g#e#b ,WORDS2 #c#d1#h#c#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,CONCLUSION 

      #a1#g#b ,WORDS2 #f1#d#h#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,APP5DIX 3 ,! ,CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ,CAFI]O & ,M>X 

      #cic ,WORDS2 #b1#e#f#c ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,TRANSLATOR'S ,NOTE 
,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE 

,IT'S ) GREAT PRIDE & ANTICIPATION ?AT ,I PRES5T ?IS FIR/ COMPLETE ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,C>LO ,CAFI]O'S SUMM>Y ( ,K>L ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL4 ,MY ULTIMATE HOPE IS ?AT ?IS WORK WILL FUR!R ,CAFI]O'S ORIG9AL GOAL 9 WRIT+ ?IS BOOK3 TO DEVELOP CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & ! KN[L$GE ( BASIC ,M>XIAN ECONOMICS AMONG WORK]S1 ACTIVI/S1 & /UD5TS4 ,GIV5 ! L5G? ( ,CAPITAL1 ,VOLUME #a1 ?OSE )\T ! ADEQUATE TIME OR SKILL SET MAY BE PUT (F 9 READ+ IT 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS SUMM>Y1 :ILE NOT A SUB/ITUTE1 IS UND\BT$LY AN ADEQUATE PRIM]4 ,NOT ONLY IS IT AN EASILY DIGE/IBLE L5G?1 BUT IT FULLY 5CAPSULATES ! MAJOR PO9TS ( ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( PRODUCTION1 ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 & ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR4 ,CAFI]O'S DYNAMIC & IMPASSION$ PROSE IS SURE TO 9SPIRE A SIMIL> FEEL+ 9 ! HE>TS ( READ]S1 & HIS 9CLUSION ( L>GE PORTIONS ( ,M>X'S ORIG9AL VOLUME CAN ALSO BETT] ACQUA9T MOD]N READ]S ) ! MA/]FUL WRIT+ & RESE>* SKILLS EMBODI$ 9 ,M>X4 

,= ! TRANSLATION ( ?IS WORK1 ,I TRI$ AS BE/ AS POSSIBLE TO R5D] ,CAFI]O'S WRIT+ AS EASY TO COMPREH5D 9 ,5GLI% :ILE /ILL MA9TA9+ ! 9T5TIONS & /RUCTURE FROM ! ORIG9AL ,ITALIAN PUBLICATION4 ,:5 IT CAME TO ! CITATIONS ,CAFI]O 9CLUD$ FROM ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL1 9/EAD ( TRANSLAT+ 9TO ,5GLI% HIS ,ITALIAN TRANSLATIONS ( ! ,FR5* TRANSLATIONS ( ! ORIG9AL ,G]MAN TEXT1 :I* ,I FIGUR$ W\LD BE F> TOO CONTRIV$1 ,I OPT$ TO CITE ! #ahhg ,5GLI% TRANSLATION1 DIRECTLY FROM ! ,G]MAN1 BY ,SAMUEL ,MOORE & ,$W>D ,AV]L+ 7& NOTABLY $IT$ BY ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS74.<#a.> ,?IS WAY1 ,I 5SUR$ ?AT ,M>X'S ORIG9AL WORDS W\LD BE AS ACCURATE AS POSSIBLE4 ,! SYN!SIS ( ! WORK DONE BY BO? M5 IS1 ,I F9D1 A COMPREH5SIVE IMAGE ( ! 5TIRE BREAD? ( ! ORIG9AL FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL4 

,CAFI]O1 N[ ALL BUT =GOTT5 9 ,5GLI% LEFTI/ CIRCLES1 IS WOR?Y ( FUR!R /UDY BY ?OSE ( US 9 ! MOD]N AGE4 ,BORN TO A B\RGEOIS FAMILY 9 S\!RN ,ITALY 9 #a#h#d#f1 HE WAS A DEVOT$ REVOLUTION>Y :O FUR!R$ ! CAUSE ( AN>*O-COMMUNISM 9 ,ITALY DUR+ HIS %ORT LIFE4 ,AFT] BE+ >RE/$ = HELP+ TO 9SPIRE A FAIL$ 9SURRECTION 9 ,B5EV5TO 9 #a#h#g#g1 ,CAFI]O DRAFT$ HIS SUMM>Y ( ,CAPITAL 9 PRISON4 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#g#i1 ?IS WORK WAS HI<LY PRAIS$1 EV5 BY ,M>X1 :OSE OP9ION ( ! WORK CAN BE READ 9 ! ,APP5DIX AT ! 5D ( ?IS TRANSLATION4 ,SADLY1 ,CAFI]O'S LIFE FOLL[+ ?IS PUBLICATION TOOK A TURN = ! WORSE2 9T]MITT5T P]IODS ( EXILE & RETURN TO ,ITALY CO9CID$ ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( A S]I\S M5TAL ILLNESS ?AT CAUS$ ,CAFI]O TO ATTEMPT SUICIDE ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS4 ,HE DI$ ( TUB]CULOSIS 9 A M5TAL HOSPITAL 9 ,ITALY 9 #ahib AT ONLY #d#e4 

,I !RE=E D$ICATE ?IS FIR/ ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,C>LO ,CAFI]O'S SUMM>Y ( ,CAPITAL TO ,CAFI]O HIMSELF4 ,9 ?IS DAY & AGE1 #b YE>S S9CE ! BIR? ( ,M>X & #ae YE>S S9CE ! PUBLICATION ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 !SE IDEAS1 & ! UND]/&+ ( !M1 >E MORE NECESS>Y ?AN EV]4 

,PAUL ,M4 ,P]RONE 

#bah 

O ,ORIG9AL ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,ITALIAN ,ONL9E ,PUBLICATION 

,M>XI/S ,9T]NET ,>*IVE1 #bh 

,C>LO ,CAFI]O ACCOMPLI%$ AN IMPORTANT WORK 9 DRAFT+ ?IS SUMM>Y ( ,CAPITAL1 APPROV$ & LOOK$ OV] BY EXP]TS & EV5 BY ,M>X HIMSELF1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT IS ABLE TO SYN!SIZE ! ?9K+ ( ! 0MA/]0 9 A FEW PAGES1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT IS ABLE TO CONVEY ,CAPITAL'S MESSAGE 9 AN IMPASSION$1 YET CONCISE1 MANN]1 9 A T5ACI\S & COMPLETE1 AS WELL AS ILLUM9AT+1 WRIT+4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT ?IS WRIT+ IS SUFFICI5T TO ASC]TA9 ALL ( ! CONT5TS ( ?AT IMM5SE WORK & MILE/ONE ?AT IS ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL1 BUT IT C]TA9LY HAS ! VALUE & CAPACITY TO BETT] ACQUA9T ! READ] ) ! UNIV]SE ( ,M>XI/ WORKS1 ,CAPITAL 9CLUD$2 ?IS IS NO SMALL TASK 9 AN AGE LIKE \RS1 9 :I* ,M>XISM UN=TUNATELY 5JOYS A LACK ( FAME1 DUE TO ! RULE ( B\RGEOIS CAPITAL & TO SO MANY PRECONCEPTIONS & FALSE MY?S SURR\ND+ COMMUNISM4 

,ONE CANNOT BLAME COMMUNI/ GR\PS & P>TIES = ?IS CRISIS1 BUT ABOVE ALL ONE CAN BLAME ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL DO+S ?AT HAVE *>ACT]IZ$ ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S1 ) ! EXPLOSION ( TE*NOLOGY1 ?AT HAS FAVOR$ GLOBALIZATION & !RE=E A FUR!R RE9=CEM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* CONTROLS POLITICS & M$IA4 ,IT IS EXACTLY 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT1 >\ND TWO C5TURIES LAT]1 ! WORK ?AT WE HAVE 9 FRONT ( US GA9S TREM5D\S TRU?1 MORE ?AN MANY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIOLOGICAL WRIT+S4 

O ,PREFACE 
,PREFACE 

,ITALY1 ,M>* #ah< 

,A PR(\ND FEEL+ ( SADNESS /RUCK ME1 /UDY+ ,CAPITAL1 :5 ,I ?\<T ?AT ?IS WORK WAS1 & :O KN[S H[ MU* LONG] IT W\LD REMA91 5TIRELY UNKN[N 9 ,ITALY4 

,BUT IF ?AT IS1 ,I !N SAID TO MYSELF1 ,I WANT TO SAY ?AT MY DUTY IS TO WORK = ALL PEOPLE1 SO ?AT ?IS W\LD NO LONG] BE4 ,& :AT TO DO8 ,A TRANSLATION8 ,PHEW6 ,?AT W\LDN'T HELP AT ALL4 ,! PEOPLE :O CAN UND]/& ! WORK ( ,M>X1 SU* ?AT HE HAS WRITT51 C]TA9LY KN[ ,FR5*1 & CAN MAKE USE ( ,J4 ,ROY'S BEAUTIFUL TRANSLATION1 FULLY REVIEW$ BY ! AU?OR1 :O SAYS IT EV5 DES]VES TO BE CONSULT$ BY ?OSE :O SPEAK ! ,G]MAN LANGUAGE4 ,IT'S A V]Y DIFF]5T GR\P ( PEOPLE = :OM ,I MU/ WORK4 ,IT'S DIVID$ 9TO ?REE CATEGORIES3 ! FIR/ IS COMPOS$ ( WORK]S GIFT$ ) 9TELLIG5CE & ( A C]TA9 $UCATION2 ! SECOND1 COMPOS$ ( Y\NG PEOPLE :O CAME \T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & HAVE EMBRAC$ ! CAUSE ( LABOR1 BUT :O = N[ DON'T HAVE ! SET ( /UDIES OR ! SUFFICI5T 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T TO UND]/& ,CAPITAL 9 ITS ORIG9AL TEXT2 ! ?IRD1 F9ALLY1 COMPOS$ ( ! Y\NGE/ 9 S*OOLS1 /ILL ( PURE HE>T1 :O ,I CAN COMP>E TO A BEAUTIFUL NURS]Y ( /ILL T5D] PLANTS1 BUT :O WILL BE> ! BE/ FRUITS1 IF TRANSPLANT$ 9TO F]TILE SOIL4 ,MY WORK MU/ !RE=E BE AN EASY & BRIEF SUMM>Y ( ,M>X'S BOOK4 

,?IS BOOK REPRES5TS ! NEW TRUE1 :I* COMPLETELY DEMOLI%ES1 CRU%ES1 & DISP]SES TO ! W9DS A SECUL> $IFICE ( MI/AKES & LIES4 ,IT IS ALL A W>4 ,A GLORI\S W>1 & BY ! P[] ( ! 5EMY1 & BY ! EV5 GREAT] P[] ( ! CAPTA91 :O UND]TOOK IT ) GREAT QUANTITIES ( ! NEWE/ WEAPONS1 TOOLS & MA*9]Y ( EV]Y SORT1 :I* HIS G5IUS HAD KN[N H[ TO PORTRAY FROM ALL ! MOD]N SCI5CES4 

,MY WORK IS A GREAT L5G? %ORT] & MORE MODE/4 ,I MU/ ONLY GUIDE A CR[D ( WILL+ FOLL[]S ALONG ! %ORTE/ & SIMPLE/ PA? TO ! TEMPLE ( CAPITAL2 & TO TE> D[N ?AT GOD !RE1 SO ?AT ALL CAN SEE ) !IR [N EYES & T\* ) !IR [N H&S ! ELEM5TS ( :I* IT IS COMPOS$2 & TO RIP (F ! VE/M5TS FROM ! PRIE/S1 SO ?AT ALL CAN SEE ! HIDD5 /A9S ( HUMAN BLOOD1 & ! CRUELE/ WEAPONS1 ) :I* !Y GO AB\T1 EV]Y DAY1 SACRIFIC+ AN EV]-GR[+ NUMB] ( VICTIMS4 

,& ) !SE 9T5TIONS ,I PREP>E TO WORK4 ,MEAN:ILE ,M>X CAN FULFILL HIS PROMISE1 GIV+ US ! SECOND VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 :I* WILL DEAL ) ,! ,PROCESS ( ,CIRCULATION ( ,CAPITAL 7BOOK ,I,I71 & ) ,! ,PROCESS ( ,CAPITALI/ ,PRODUCTION AS A ,:OLE 7BOOK ,I,I,I71 & ! F\R? & F9AL VOLUME :I* WILL EXPLA9 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,ECONOMIC ,!ORIES4 

,?IS FIR/ BOOK ( ,CAPITAL1 ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 9 ,G]MAN & AFT]W>DS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN & 9TO ,FR5*1 IS N[ BRIEFLY SUMM>IZ$ 9 ,ITALIAN 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! CAUSE ( LABOR4 ,MAY ! WORK]S READ IT & ?9K AB\T IT C>EFULLY BECAUSE 9 IT IS CONTA9$ NOT ONLY ! /ORY ( ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,CAPITALI/ ,PRODUCTION1 BUT ALSO ,! ,M>TYRDOM ( ! ,WORK]4 

,& F9ALLY1 ,I WILL ALSO APPEAL TO A CLASS HI<LY 9T]E/$ 9 ! FACT ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 I4E4 TO ! CLASS ( SMALL PROP]TY HOLD]S4 ,H[ IS IT ?AT ?IS CLASS1 ONCE SO WIDESPREAD 9 ,ITALY1 %R9KS MORE & MORE EV]Y DAY8 ,! REASON IS V]Y SIMPLE4 ,BECAUSE S9CE #ahf ,ITALY HAS SET C\RSE ) MORE ALACRITY D[N ! PA?1 :I* ALL MOD]N NATIONS MU/ NECESS>ILY TRAVEL2 ! PA? ?AT LEADS TO CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 :I* HAS REA*$ ?AT CLASSIC =M 9 ,5GL&1 :I* ,ITALY WI%ES TO REA* ALONG ) ALL O!R MOD]N NATIONS4 ,MAY ! SMALL PROP]TY HOLD]S M$ITAT+ ON !SE PAGES AB\T ! HI/ORY ( ,5GL& REPORT$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 M$ITAT+ ON CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 9CREAS$ 9 ,ITALY BY ! USURPATIONS ( BIG PROP]TY HOLD]S & BY ! LIQUIDATION ( ECCLESIA/ICAL & /ATE PROP]TY1 %AKE (F ! TORPOR ?AT OPPRESSES !IR M9DS & HE>TS1 & ONCE & = ALL P]SUADE !MSELVES ?AT !IR CAUSE IS ! CAUSE ( ! WORK]S1 BECAUSE !Y WILL ALL 9EVITABLY BE R$UC$1 BY MOD]N CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 TO ?IS SAD CONDITION3 EI!R SELL !MSELVES TO ! GOV]NM5T = A LOAF ( BREAD1 OR DISAPPE> =EV] )9 ! D5SE R[S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,COMMODITIES1 ,CURR5CY1 ,WEAL? & ,CAPITAL 

,A COMMODITY IS AN OBJECT ?AT HAS TWO VALUES2 A USE VALUE & AN EX*ANGE VALUE1 OR AN APPROPRIATELY DET]M9$ VALUE4 ,IF ,I HAVE1 = EXAMPLE1 #b KILOS ( C(FEE1 ,I CAN EI!R CONSUME IT = MY [N USE1 OR EX*ANGE IT = #b MET]S ( CANVAS1 OR = A SUIT1 OR = #be GRAMS ( SILV]1 IF1 9/EAD ( C(FEE1 ,I NE$ ONE ( !SE ?REE COMMODITIES4 

,! USE VALUE ( A COMMODITY IS BAS$ ON ! ACTUAL QUALITIES ( ! COMMODITY ITSELF1 IS MEANT TO EQUAL SU* QUALITIES BAS$ ON ITS QUALITIES1 & NOT ANY O!R NE$S4 ,! USE VALUE ( #b KILOS ( C(FEE IS BAS$ ON ! QUALITIES ( ! C(FEE2 !SE QUALITIES BE+ SU* ?AT !Y MAKE IT CLE> TO ALL ?AT IT IS APT = US TO DR9K1 BUT !Y DON'T 5ABLE US TO CLO! \RSELVES1 OR GIVE US MAT]IAL = A %IRT4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT WE >E ABLE TO GA9 FROM ! USE VALUE ( #b KILOS ( C(FEE1 ONLY IF WE FEEL ! DESIRE TO DR9K C(FEE2 BUT IF 9/EAD WE NE$ A %IRT1 OR TO WE> A SUIT ?AT CO/S ! USE VALUE ( #b KILOS ( C(FEE1 WE DON'T KN[ :AT TO DO2 OR1 TO SAY IT BETT]1 WE W\LDN'T KN[ :AT TO DO1 IF ALONGSIDE ! USE VALUE1 !RE WASN'T1 9 ! COMMODITY1 ! EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,WE 9 FACT F9D ANO!R :O HAS A SUIT1 BUT :O DOESN'T NE$ IT1 & NE$S C(FEE 9/EAD4 ,N[ ONE MAKES A TRADE RI<T AWAY4 ,WE GIVE HIM ! #b KILOS ( C(FEE & HE GIVES US ! SUIT4 

,BUT DOES IT FOLL[ ?AT ! COMMODITIES1 :ILE !Y DIFF] COMPLETELY BETWE5 !MSELVES BECAUSE ( !IR DIFF]5T QUALITIES1 ?AT IS = !IR USE VALUES1 CAN BE EX*ANG$ ONE = ! O!R8 ,WE HAVE ALREADY %[N ?IS4 

,BECAUSE1 ALONGSIDE ! USE VALUE1 !RE IS ALSO F\ND AN EX*ANGE VALUE 9 ! COMMODITY4 ,N[1 ! F\NDATION ( ! EX*ANGE VALUE1 OR ! APPROPRIATELY DET]M9$ VALUE1 IS ! HUMAN LABOR NE$$ = ITS PRODUCTION4 ,! COMMODITY IS MADE BY ! WORK]2 HUMAN LABOR IS ! LIFE-=CE ?AT GIVES IT EXI/5CE4 ,ALL COMMODITIES !RE=E1 AL?\< !Y'RE DIFF]5T 9 QUALITY1 >E SUB/ANTIALLY ! SAME1 BECAUSE DAU<T]S ( ! SAME FA!R ALL HAVE ! SAME BLOOD 9 !IR VE9S4 ,IF #b KILOS ( C(FEE >E EX*ANG$ = A SUIT1 OR = #b MET]S ( CANVAS1 IT IS 9DE$ BECAUSE ! SAME AM\NT ( HUMAN LABOR IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE #b KILOS ( C(FEE AS IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE A SUIT1 OR #b MET]S ( CANVAS4 ,!RE=E1 ! VALUE'S SUB/ANCE IS HUMAN LABOR1 & ! SIZE ( ! VALUE IS DET]M9$ FROM ! AM\NT ( HUMAN LABOR ITSELF4 ,! VALUE'S SUB/ANCE IS ! SAME 9 ALL COMMODITIES2 !RE=E IT DOES NOT /& ?AT !Y MU/ BE EQUAL 9 SIZE1 BECAUSE ! COMMODITIES >E1 LIKE EXPRESSIONS ( VALUE1 ALL EQUAL TO ONE ANO!R1 I4E41 ALL ABLE TO BE EX*ANG$ ONE = ! O!R4 

,! SIZE ( ! VALUE DEP5DS ON ! AM\NT ( WORK2 9 #ab H\RS ( WORK ONE PRODUCES A VALUE D\BLE ?AT :I* IS PRODUC$ 9 ONLY SIX H\RS ( WORK4 ,!RE=E1 SOMEONE W\LD SAY1 ! MORE ONE WORKS & ! LONG] ONE WORKS1 SAVE = DISABILITY OR = LAZ9ESS1 ! MORE VALUE IS PRODUC$4 ,NO?+ IS FALS]4 ,LABOR1 :I* =MS ! SUB/ANCE ( VALUE1 ISN'T ! WORK ( A SUP]HUMAN1 BUT AV]AGE LABOR1 :I* IS ALWAYS ! SAME1 & ?AT IS RI<TLY CALL$ SOCIAL LABOR4 ,?IS IS ?AT WORK1 :I*1 9 A GIV5 C5T] ( PRODUCTION1 CAN BE AV]AG$ BY A WORK]1 :O WORKS ) AN AV]AGE ABILITY & AN AV]AGE 9T5SITY4 

,! DUAL NATURE ( COMMODITIES KN[N1 BE+1 ?AT IS1 USE VALUE & EX*ANGE VALUE1 ONE WILL SEE ?AT COMMODITIES CAN BE BORN ONLY BY ! WORK ( LABOR1 & BY LABOR ?AT IS USEFUL TO ALL4 ,AIR = EXAMPLE1 GRASSL&S1 VIRG9 SOIL1 ETC4 >E USEFUL TO PEOPLE1 BUT DON'T CON/ITUTE ANY VALUE TO !M1 BECAUSE !Y >5'T ! PRODUCTS ( WORK &1 CONSEQU5TIALLY1 >5'T COMMODITIES4 ,WE CAN MAKE \RSELVES OBJECTS = \R [N P]SONAL USES1 BUT :I* CAN'T BE USEFUL = O!RS2 9 SU* A CASE WE DON'T PRODUCE COMMODITIES2 EV5 LESS WE PRODUCE COMMODITIES :5 WE WORK ON OBJECTS1 :I* DO NOT HAVE ANY USEFULNESS EI!R = US OR = O!RS4 

,COMMODITIES1 !RE=E1 >E EX*ANG$ = EA* O!R2 ! ONE1 ?AT IS1 ?AT PRES5TS ITSELF AS ! O!R'S EQUIVAL5T4 ,= ! GREAT] COM=T ( EX*ANGES ONE BEG9S TO USE ALWAYS ONE GIV5 COMMODITY AS ! EQUIVAL5T2 ?AT :I* SO /EPS \T FROM ! RANK ( ALL ! O!RS1 TO /& 9 FRONT ( !M AS A G5]AL EQUIVAL5T2 ?AT IS CURR5CY4 ,CURR5CY !RE=E IS ?AT COMMODITY :I*1 BY CU/OM & BY LEGAL SANCTION1 HAS MONOPOLIZ$ ! POSITION ( ! G5]AL EQUIVAL5T4 ,?US HAS HAPP5$ = US ) SILV]4 ,:ILE BE=E #b KILOS ( C(FEE1 A SUIT1 #b MET]S ( CANVAS & #be GRAMS ( SILV] W]E F\R COMMODITIES1 :I* W]E EX*ANG$ 9DI/9CTLY = ONE ANO!R1 TODAY 9/EAD Y\ HAVE ?AT #b KILOS ( C(FEE1 #b MET]S ( CANVAS & A SUIT >E ?REE COMMODITIES1 :I* >E WOR? #be GRAMS ( SILV]1 I4E4 #e LIRE4 

,H[EV]1 :E!R ! EX*ANGE IS DONE IMM$IATELY FROM COMMODITY TO COMMODITY1 OR ! EX*ANGE IS DONE BY MEANS ( CURR5CY1 ! LAW ( EX*ANGE ALWAYS REMA9S ! SAME4 ,A COMMODITY CAN NEV] BE EX*ANG$ ) ANO!R1 IF ! LABOR ?AT IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE ONE IS NOT EQUAL TO ! LABOR ?AT IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE ! O!R4 ,?IS LAW MU/ BE KEPT WELL 9 M9D1 BECAUSE ABOVE IT IS F\ND$ EV]Y?+ ?AT WE WILL AFT]W>DS4 

,) ! >RIVAL ( CURR5CY1 IMM$IATE OR DIRECT EX*ANGES1 COMMODITY = COMMODITY1 5D4 ,EX*ANGES MU/ ALL BE DONE1 FROM N[ ON1 ?R\< CURR5CY2 SO ?AT A COMMODITY ?AT WI%ES TO TRANS=M 9TO ANO!R1 MU/1 FIR/1 FROM A COMMODITY TRANS=M 9TO CURR5CY1 !N FROM CURR5CY TRANS=M ITSELF AGA9 9TO A COMMODITY4 ,! =MULA ( EX*ANGES1 !RE=E1 WILL NOT BE A *A9 ( COMMODITIES ANYMORE1 BUT A *A9 ( COMMODITIES & CURR5CY4 ,SEE H]E3 

,COMMODITY-,CURR5CY-,COMMODITY-,CURR5CY-,COMMODITY-,CURR5CY4 

,N[1 IF 9 ?IS =MULA WE F9D 9DICAT$ ! TURNS ?AT MAKE ! GOODS1 9 !IR SUCCESSIVE TRANS=MATIONS1 WE F9D EQUALLY M>K$ ! TURNS ( CURR5CY4 ,IT IS FROM ?IS SAME =MULA !RE=E ?AT WE WILL D]IVE ! =MULA ( CAPITAL4 

,:5 WE F9D \RSELVES 9 POSSESSION ( A C]TA9 ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES1 OR ( CURR5CY1 :I* IS ! SAME ?+1 WE >E [N]S ( A C]TA9 WEAL?4 ,IF WE >E ABLE TO GIVE A BODY TO ?IS WEAL?1 ?AT IS AN ORGANISM ABLE TO DEVELOP ITSELF1 WE WILL HAVE CAPITAL4 ,GIV+ IT A BODY1 OR AN ORGANISM ABLE TO DEVELOP ITSELF1 MEANS TO BE BORN & TO GR[2 & 9 FACT ! ESS5CE ( CAPITAL IS PLAC$ PRECISELY 9 ! POSSIBLY PROLIFIC NATURE ( CURR5CY4 

,! RESOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM 7TO F9D ! WAY TO GIVE BIR? TO CAPITAL7 IS CONTA9$ 9 ! RESOLUTION ( ANO!R PROBLEM3 TO F9D A WAY TO MAKE MONEY GR[ PROGRESSIVELY4 

,9 ! =MULA1 :I* M>KS ! TURNS ( COMMODITIES & ( CURR5CY1 WE ADD1 TO ! T]M CURR5CY1 A M>K ( PROGRESSIVE GR[? 9DICAT+ IT1 = EXAMPLE1 ) A NUMB] & WE WILL HAVE3 

,CURR5CY-,COMMODITIES-,CURR5CY#a-,COMMODITIES-,CURR5CY#b-,COMMODITIES-,CURR5CY#c4 

,?IS IS ! =MULA ( CAPITAL4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,H[ ,CAPITAL IS ,BORN 

,C>EFULLY EXAM9+ ! =MULA ( CAPITAL1 IT CAN BE NOT$ 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS ?AT ! MATT] ( ! ACCRUAL ( CAPITAL IS RESOLV$ 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 F9D+ A COMMODITY ?AT PR(ITS MORE ?AN :AT IT CO/S2 F9D+ A COMMODITY ?AT1 9 \R H&S1 CAN GIVE RISE TO VALUE1 SO ?AT1 BY SELL+ IT1 WE COME TO AMASS MORE MONEY ?AN WE SP5T TO BUY IT4 ,9 %ORT1 IT MU/ BE AN ELA/IC COMMODITY ?AT1 /RET*$ H[EV] MU* 9 \R H&S1 CAN GR[ 9 VALUE4 ,?IS V]Y S+UL> COMMODITY 9DE$ EXI/S & IT IS CALL$ LABOR P[]1 OR LABOR =CE4 

,= EXAMPLE1 H]E IS A MONEY-[N]1 :O POSSESSES A L>GE AM\NT ( WEAL?1 & WANTS TO USE HIS WEAL? TO GIVE RISE TO CAPITAL4 ,HE COMES 9TO ! M>KETPLACE SOLELY 9 SE>* ( LABOR P[]4 ,LET'S FOLL[ HIS PROCESS4 ,HE WALKS >\ND ! M>KETPLACE1 & MEET A PROLET>IAN1 :O CAME SOLELY TO SELL !IR ONLY COMMODITY3 LABOR P[]4 ,! WORK]1 H[EV]1 IS NOT SELL+ HIS LABOR P[] 9 :OLE1 NOT COMPLETELY1 BUT ONLY P>TLY1 = A GIV5 TIME1 IE = A DAY1 = A WEEK1 = A MON?1 ETC4 ,IF HE SOLD IT ALTOGE!R1 ( C\RSE1 HE W\LD BECOME A COMMODITY HIMSELF2 HE W\LD NO LONG] BE A WAGE-WORK]1 BUT ! SLAVE ( HIS [N]4 

,! PRICE ( LABOR P[] IS CALCULAT$ 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY4 ,ONE TAKES ! CO/ ( FOOD1 DAILY LIFE1 R5T1 & H[EV] MANY O!R ?+S >E NE$$ EV]Y YE> BY A WORK] TO MA9TA9 !IR LABOR P[]1 ALWAYS 9 !IR NORMAL /ATE2 ONE ADDS1 TO ?IS FIR/ AM\NT1 ! AM\NT NE$$ EV]Y YE> BY A WORK] TO PROCREATE1 RAISE1 & $UCATE1 ACCORD+ TO !IR CONDITION1 !IR *ILDR52 ONE DIVIDES ! TOTAL BY #c#f#e1 ! NUMB] ( DAYS 9 A YE>1 & ONE WILL HAVE H[ MU*1 EV]Y DAY1 IS REQUIR$ TO MA9TA9 LABOR P[]1 ONE'S DAILY PRICE1 ?AT IS ! DAILY WAGES ( ! WORK]4 

,A P>T ( ?IS CALCULATION IS ALSO ?AT :I* IS NE$$ = ! WORK] TO PROCREATE1 RAISE1 & $UCATE HIS *ILDR5 BECAUSE !SE >E ! FUTURE S\RCES ( LABOR P[]4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAN SOLD ALL ( HIS LABOR P[]1 9/EAD ( JU/ A P>T1 ( C\RSE1 HE W\LD BECOME A COMMODITY HIMSELF1 I4E4 A SLAVE ( HIS [N]1 & HIS *ILDR5 W\LD ALSO BE A COMMODITY1 I4E4 SLAVES1 JU/ LIKE !IR P>5T1 ( !IR [N]2 BUT1 BY TAK+ ONLY A P>T ( ! LABOR P[] ( ! PROLET>IAN AWAY1 HE HAS ! RI<T TO KEEP ! RE/1 :I* IS F\ND P>TIALLY 9 HIMSELF & P>TIALLY 9 HIS *ILDR54 

,) ?IS CALCULATION WE OBTA9 ! EXACT PRICE ( LABOR P[]4 ,! LAW ( EX*ANGE1 EXPLA9$ 9 ! PREVI\S *APT]1 SAYS ?AT A COMMODITY CANNOT BE EX*ANG$ ) ANO!R IF ! LABOR ?AT IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE ! =M] IS NOT EQUAL TO ! LABOR ?AT IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE ! LATT]4 ,N[1 ! LABOR ?AT IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE LABOR P[] IS EQUAL TO ! LABOR NE$$ TO PRODUCE ! ?+S NE$$ BY ! WORK]1 & AS A CONSEQU5CE ! VALUE ( ?OSE ?+S NECESS>Y TO ! WORK] IS EQUAL TO ! VALUE ( !IR LABOR P[]4 ,!RE=E IF ! WORK] NE$S #c LIRE EV]Y DAY = ALL ( !IR NECESSITIES1 IT'S CLE> ?AT #c LIRE WILL BE ! PRICE ( !IR LABOR P[] EV]Y DAY4 

,N[ LET'S SUPPOSE -- A SUPPOSITION NEV] HURT ANYONE -- ?AT ! DAILY WAGES ( A WORK]1 F\ND 9 ! ABOVE MANN]1 AM\NT TO #c LIRE4 ,LET'S ALSO SUPPOSE ?AT1 9 #f H\RS ( WORK1 ONE CAN PRODUCE #ae GRAMS ( SILV]1 :I* IS EQUIVAL5T TO #c LIRE4 ,! MONEY-[N] HAS MEAN:ILE =M$ A CONTRACT ) ! PROLET>IAN1 PAY+ HIM = HIS LABOR P[] AT ! CORRECT PRICE ( #c LIRE A DAY4 ,HE'S A P]FECTLY HONE/ & RELIGI\S MEMB] ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 = :OM IT MAY LOOK GOOD TO DEFRAUD ! WORK]'S WAGES4 ,HE WILL BE ABLE TO MAKE ! PO9T ?AT ! SAL>Y IS PAID TO ! WORK] AT ! 5D ( ! DAY OR ! 5D ( ! WEEK1 ?AT IS AFT] HE HAS ALREADY COMPLET$ HIS LABOR2 BECAUSE ?IS IS ALSO H[ IT'S DONE ) O!R COMMODITIES1 :OSE VALUE IS REALIZ$ 9 USE1 LIKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! R5T = A H\SE1 OR A SMALL F>M1 :OSE PRICE ONE IS ABLE TO PAY AT ! EXPIR+ ( T]MS4 

,!RE >E ?REE ELEM5TS ( ! LABOR PROCESS3 FIR/LY1 LABOR P[]2 SECONDLY1 RAW MAT]IALS2 & ?IRDLY1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,\R MONEY-[N]1 AFT] ! LABOR P[]1 ALSO B\<T RAW MAT]IALS AT ! M>KET1 NAMELY COTTON WOOL2 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 NAMELY ! WORK%OP ) ALL ( ITS TOOLS1 IS GOOD & READY2 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 HE HAS NO?+ LEFT TO DO ?AN TO MAKE ! WAY CLE> BETWE5 HIS LEGS = ! WORK TO BEG94 

0.<,W.>E ?9K WE CAN P]CEIVE A *ANGE 9 ! PHYSIOGNOMY ( \R DRAMATIS P]SONAE4 ,HE1 :O BE=E WAS ! MONEY-[N]1 N[ /RIDES 9 FRONT AS CAPITALI/2 ! POSSESSOR ( LABOR-P[] FOLL[S AS HIS LABOR]4 ,! ONE ) AN AIR ( IMPORTANCE1 SMIRK+1 9T5T ON BUS9ESS2 ! O!R1 TIMID & HOLD+ BACK1 LIKE ONE :O IS BR++ HIS [N HIDE TO M>KET & HAS NO?+ TO EXPECT BUT -- A HID+0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #f74 

,\R *>ACT]S >RIVE AT ! WORK%OP1 :]E ! BOSS HURRIES TO PUT HIS WORK] TO TASK1 GIV+ HIM #a KILOS ( COTTON WOOL1 S9CE HE IS A COTTON SP9N]4 

,LABOR IS MADE UP ( ! UTILIZATION ( ! ELEM5TS ?AT COMPOSE IT2 ! UTILIZATION ( LABOR P[]1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! UTILIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS CALCULAT$ 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY4 ,FROM ! SUM ( ! VALUE ( ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! BUILD+1 RADIATORS1 COAL1 ETC1 ONE SUBTRACTS ! SUM ( ! VALUE ( ALL ( ! RAW MAT]IALS ?AT WILL REMA9 ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION PUT \T BY ! CONSUMPTION ( USE2 ONE DIVIDES ! RESULT ( ?IS SUBTRACTION BY ! NUMB] ( DAYS ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CAN LA/1 & ONE WILL HAVE ! DAILY CONSUMPTION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,\R WORK] WORKS A #a#b-H\R DAY4 ,:5 IT'S OV]1 HE HAS TRANS=M$ ! #a KILOS ( COTTON WOOL 9TO #a KILOS ( ?READ1 :I* HE H&S OV] TO HIS BOSS1 & HE LEAVES ! WORK%OP TO %R9K AT HOME4 ,ALONG ! WAY1 H[EV]1 = ?AT UGLY VICE ?AT WORK]S HAVE1 TO ALWAYS WANT TO RECKON BEH9D ! BACKS ( !IR BOSS1 HE TRIES TO F9D \T 9 HIS M9D H[ MU* HIS BOSS WILL BE ABLE TO E>N (F ( ?OSE #a KILOS ( ?READ4 

0,I DON'T RI<TLY KN[ H[ MU* ! ?READ CO/S10 HE SAYS TO HIMSELF1 BUT ! AM\NT IS SOON FIGUR$ \T4 0,I SAW COTTON WOOL :5 HE B\<T IT AT ! M>KET AT #c LIRE P] KILO4 ,ALL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CO/ #d LIRE P] DAY4 ,!RE=E3 

0#a KILOS ( COTTON WOOL3 ,L4#c 

0,UTILIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION3 ,L4#d 

0,DAILY SAL>Y3 ,L4#c 

0,TOTAL3 ,L4#c#g 

0,! #a KILOS ( ?READ >E WOR? #cg LIRE4 ,N[ ON ! COTTON WOOL HE C]TA9LY DIDN'T GA9 ANY?+1 BECAUSE HE PAID = IT AT ! PROP] PRICE1 NEI!R A C5T TOO MU* NOR A C5T TOO LITTLE2 AS = ME1 HE PAYS = MY LABOR P[] #c LIRE A DAY1 ! PRICE ?AT SUITS HIM2 !RE=E IT MU/ BE ! CASE ?AT HE PR(ITS BY SELL+ HIS ?READ = MORE ?AN IT'S WOR?4 ,IT ABSOLUTELY MU/ BE ?IS WAY2 O!RWISE HE W\LD BE SP5D+ #cg LIRE JU/ TO E>N #cg LIRE1 NOT C\NT+ ! TIME ?AT HE LO/ & ! 9CONV5I5CE ?AT IT TOOK4 

0,N[ LOOK H[ ! BOSSES DO ?+S6 ,!Y HAVE A GOOD WI% TO MAKE \T LIKE HONE/ PEOPLE ) ! WORK] FROM :OM !Y BUY LABOR P[]1 ) ! M]*ANT FROM :OM !Y BUY RAW MAT]IALS1 BUT !Y HAVE AN ET]NAL FLAW1 & ! RE/ ( US WORK]S1 :O KN[ H[ ! 9DU/RY WORKS1 %ALL GO ON /RIKE4 ,BUT TO SELL A COMMODITY = MORE ?AN IT IS WOR? IS LIKE SELL+ ) FALSE WEI<TS1 :I* IS ILLEGAL4 ,!RE=E1 IF ! WORK]S W]E TO EXPOSE !IR BOSSES' TRICKS1 !Y W\LD BE =C$ TO CLOSE !IR FACTORIES2 & TO PRODUCE GOODS BAS$ ON NE$1 MAYBE !Y W\LD OP5 L>GE GOV]NM5T FACILITIES2 ?AT W\LD BE MU* BETT]40 

,SO ! DAYDREAM+ WORK] >RIV$ AT HOME2 & !RE1 D9$1 W5T TO B$1 & SLEPT DEEPLY1 DREAM+ ( ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( BOSSES & ! CREATION ( GOV]NM5T WORK%OPS4 

,SLEEP1 POOR FRI5D1 SLEEP 9 PEACE1 :ILE HOPE /ILL RE/S )9 Y\4 ,SLEEP 9 PEACE1 = ! DISAPPO9T+ DAY WILL SOON COME4 ,SOON Y\ WILL LE>N H[ Y\R BOSS CAN SELL !IR GOODS = PR(IT1 )\T DEFRAUD+ ANYONE4 ,HE WILL MAKE Y\ SEE H[ ONE BECOMES A CAPITALI/1 & A L>GE CAPITALI/1 :ILE REMA9+ P]FECTLY HONE/4 

,N[ Y\R DREAMS WILL NEV] AGA9 BE SO PEACEFUL4 ,Y\ WILL SEE CAPITAL 9 Y\R NI<TS1 LIKE A NI<TM>E1 ?AT PRESSES Y\ & ?REAT5S TO CRU% Y\4 ,) T]RIFI$ EYES Y\ WILL SEE IT GET FATT]1 LIKE A MON/] ) ONE HUNDR$ PROBOSCISES ?AT FEV]I%LY SE>* ! PORES ( Y\R BODY TO SUCK Y\R BLOOD4 ,& F9ALLY Y\ WILL LE>N TO ASSUME ITS B\NDLESS & GIGANTIC PROPORTIONS1 ITS APPE>ANCE D>K & T]RIBLE1 ) EYES & M\? ( FIRE1 MORPH+ ITS SUCK]S 9TO 5ORM\S HOPEFUL TRUMPETS1 )9 :I* Y\'LL SEE ?\S&S ( HUMAN BE+S DISAPPE>3 M51 WOM51 *ILDR54 ,D[N Y\R FACE WILL TRICKLE ! SWEAT ( DEA?1 BECAUSE Y\R TIME1 & ?AT ( Y\R WIFE & Y\R *ILDR5 WILL SOON >RIVE4 ,& Y\R F9AL MOAN WILL BE DR[N$ \T BY ! HAPPY SNE]+ ( ! MON/]1 GLAD ) Y\R /ATE1 SO MU* RI*]1 SO MU* MORE 9HUMANE4 

,LET'S RETURN TO \R MONEY-[N]4 ,?IS B\RGEOIS1 A MODEL ( ACCURACY & ( ORD]1 HAS ADJU/$ ALL ( HIS DAILY C\NTS2 & H]E IS H[ HE HAS FIGUR$ ! PRICE ( HIS #a KILOS ( ?READ3 

,= #a KILOS ( COTTON WOOL AT #c LIRE P] KILO - ,L4#c 

,= ! UTILIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION - ,L4#d 

,BUT >\ND ! ?IRD ELEM5T1 FITT+ 9TO ! PRODUCTION ( HIS COMMODITY1 HE HAS NOT NOT$ ! SAL>Y PAID TO ! WORK]4 ,HE KN[S V]Y WELL ?AT A L>GE DIFF]5CE OCCURS BETWE5 ! PRICE ( LABOR & ! PRODUCT ( LABOR P[]4 ,A DAILY SAL>Y REPRES5TS H[ MU* IS NE$$ TO SU/A9 ! WORK] = #bd H\RS1 BUT IT DOESN'T BY ANY MEANS REPRES5T :AT ! WORK] PRODUCES 9 ONE DAY ( WORK4 

,\R MONEY-[N] KN[S V]Y WELL ?AT ! #c LIRE ( SAL>Y HE PAID PAID REPRES5T ! UPKEEP = #bd H\RS = HIS WORK]1 BUT NOT ?AT :I* HE PRODUC$ 9 ! #ab H\RS ?AT HE WORK$ 9 HIS FACTORY4 ,HE KN[S ALL ( ?IS1 PRECISELY AS A F>M] KN[S ! DIFF]5CE ?AT OCCURS BETWE5 :AT IT CO/S TO MA9TA9 A C[ 9 A /ABLE1 TO FE$ IT1 ETC1 & :AT IS PRODUC$ 9 MILK1 *EESE1 BUTT]1 ETC4 ,LABOR P[] HAS ! S+UL> QUALITY TO GIVE SOME?+ MORE WOR? ?AN IT CO/ & IT IS = ?IS EXACTLY ?IS FACT ?AT ! MONEY-[N] W5T TO PUR*ASE IT 9 ! M>KETPLACE4 

,! WORK] HAS NO?+ TO SMILE AB\T4 ,HE TOOK ! FAIR PRICE = HIS GOOD2 ! LAW ( EX*ANGES WAS OBS]V$ P]FECTLY2 & HE DOESN'T HAVE ! RI<T TO TELL ! BUY] :AT TO DO ) ! COMMODITY1 LIKE H[ A GROC] CAN'T TELL !IR PATRON H[ TO USE ! SUG> & PEPP] B\<T 9 !IR %OP4 

,WE HAVE SUPPOS$ ABOVE ?AT1 9 #f H\RS ( WORK1 #ae GRAMS ( SILV] >E PRODUC$1 EQUIVAL5T TO #c LIRE4 ,!RE=E1 IF 9 #f H\RS ! LABOR P[] PRODUCES A VALUE ( #c LIRE1 9 #ab H\RS IT WILL PRODUCE A VALUE ( #f LIRE4 ,H]E !RE=E IS ! CALCULATION1 :I* /ATES ! VALUE ( #a KILOS ( ?READ3 

#a KILOS ( COTTON WOOL AT #c LIRE P] KILO3 ,L4#c 

,USE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION3 ,L4#d 

#ab H\RS ( LABOR P[]3 ,L4#f 

,TOTAL3 ,L4#d 

,! MONEY-[N] HAS !RE=E SP5T #cg LIRE & HAS OBTA9$ A COMMODITY ?AT IS WOR? #d LIRE2 SO HE GA9$ #c LIRE2 HIS MONEY HAS 9CREAS$4 

,! PROBLEM IS UNRAVEL$4 ,CAPITAL IS BORN4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,WORKDAY 

,CAPITAL1 JU/ BORN1 FEELS QUICKLY ! NE$ = N\RI%M5T TO DEVELOP ITSELF2 & ! CAPITALI/1 :O LIVES N[ BUT = ! LIFE ( ! CAPITAL1 ATT5TIVELY WORRIES AB\T ! NE$S ( ?IS BE+1 :I* HAS BECOME HIS HE>T & S\L1 & HE F9DS A WAY TO SATISFY HIMSELF4 

,! FIR/ ME?OD1 EMPLOY$ BY ! CAPITALI/ 9 FAVOR ( HIS CAPITAL1 IS ! EXT5SION ( ! WORKDAY4 ,IT'S C]TA9 ?AT ! WORKDAY HAS ITS LIMITS4 ,=EMO/1 A DAY ONLY CONSI/S ( #bd H\RS2 IT IS !N NECESS>Y FROM !SE #bd H\RS TO CUT A C]TA9 NUMB]1 BECAUSE ! WORK] MU/ SATISFY ALL HIS PHYSICAL & MORAL NE$S3 TO SLEEP1 FE$ HIMSELF1 RE/ HIS /R5G?1 ETC4 

0,BUT BO? !SE LIMIT+ CONDITIONS >E ( A V]Y ELA/IC NATURE1 & ALL[ ! GREATE/ LATITUDE4 ,SO WE F9D WORK+-DAYS ( #h1 #a1 #a#b1 #a#d1 #a#f1 #ah H\RS1 I4E41 ( ! MO/ DIFF]5T L5G?S4 

0,! CAPITALI/ HAS B\<T ! LABOR-P[] AT ITS DAY-RATE4 ,TO HIM ITS USE-VALUE BELONGS DUR+ ONE WORK+-DAY4 ,HE HAS ?US ACQUIR$ ! RI<T TO MAKE ! LABOR] WORK = HIM DUR+ ONE DAY4 ,BUT1 :AT IS A WORK+-DAY8 

0,AT ALL EV5TS1 LESS ?AN A NATURAL DAY4 ,BY H[ MU*8 ,! CAPITALI/ HAS HIS [N VIEWS ( ?IS ULTIMA ,?ULE .<! \T]MO/ LIMIT.>1 ! NECESS>Y LIMIT ( ! WORK+-DAY4 ,AS CAPITALI/1 HE IS ONLY CAPITAL P]SONIFI$4 ,HIS S\L IS ! S\L ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT CAPITAL HAS ONE S+LE LIFE IMPULSE1 ! T5D5CY TO CREATE VALUE & SURPLUS-VALUE1 TO MAKE ITS CON/ANT FACTOR1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ABSORB ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( SURPLUS-LABOR4 

0,CAPITAL IS DEAD LABOR1 ?AT1 VAMPIRE-LIKE1 ONLY LIVES BY SUCK+ LIV+ LABOR1 & LIVES ! MORE1 ! MORE LABOR IT SUCKS4 ,! TIME DUR+ :I* ! LABOR] WORKS1 IS ! TIME DUR+ :I* ! CAPITALI/ CONSUMES ! LABOR-P[] HE HAS PUR*AS$ ( HIM4 

0,IF ! LABOR] CONSUMES HIS DISPOSABLE TIME = HIMSELF1 HE ROBS ! CAPITALI/4 

0,! CAPITALI/ !N TAKES HIS /& ON ! LAW ( ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4 ,HE1 LIKE ALL O!R BUY]S1 SEEKS TO GET ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE B5EFIT \T ( ! USE-VALUE ( HIS COMMODITY4 ,SUDD5LY ! VOICE ( ! LABOR]1 :I* HAD BE5 /IFL$ 9 ! /ORM & /RESS ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 RISES3 

0',! COMMODITY ?AT ,I HAVE SOLD TO Y\ DIFF]S FROM ! CR[D ( O!R COMMODITIES1 9 ?AT ITS USE CREATES VALUE1 & A VALUE GREAT] ?AN ITS [N4 ,?AT IS :Y Y\ B\<T IT4 ,?AT :I* ON Y\R SIDE APPE>S A SPONTANE\S EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 IS ON M9E EXTRA EXP5DITURE ( LABOR-P[]4 ,Y\ & ,I KN[ ON ! M>KET ONLY ONE LAW1 ?AT ( ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4 ,& ! CONSUMPTION ( ! COMMODITY BELONGS NOT TO ! SELL] :O P>TS ) IT1 BUT TO ! BUY]1 :O ACQUIRES IT4 ,TO Y\1 !RE=E1 BELONGS ! USE ( MY DAILY LABOR-P[]4 ,BUT BY MEANS ( ! PRICE ?AT Y\ PAY = IT EA* DAY1 ,I MU/ BE ABLE TO REPRODUCE IT DAILY1 & TO SELL IT AGA94 ,AP>T FROM NATURAL EXHAU/ION ?R\< AGE1 @&C41 ,I MU/ BE ABLE ON ! MORR[ TO WORK ) ! SAME NORMAL AM\NT ( =CE1 HEAL? & FRE%NESS AS TO-DAY4 ,Y\ PREA* TO ME CON/ANTLY ! GOSPEL ( 0SAV+0 & 0AB/95CE40 ,GOOD6 ,I WILL1 LIKE A S5SIBLE SAV+ [N]1 HUSB& MY SOLE WEAL?1 LABOR-P[]1 & AB/A9 FROM ALL FOOLI% WA/E ( IT4 ,I WILL EA* DAY SP5D1 SET 9 MOTION1 PUT 9TO ACTION ONLY AS MU* ( IT AS IS COMPATIBLE ) ITS NORMAL DURATION1 & HEAL?Y DEVELOPM5T4 ,BY AN UNLIMIT$ EXT5SION ( ! WORK+-DAY1 Y\ MAY 9 ONE DAY USE UP A QUANTITY ( LABOR-P[] GREAT] ?AN ,I CAN RE/ORE 9 ?REE4 ,:AT Y\ GA9 9 LABOR ,I LOSE 9 SUB/ANCE4 ,! USE ( MY LABOR-P[] & ! SPOLIATION ( IT >E QUITE DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,IF ! AV]AGE TIME ?AT 7DO+ A REASONABLE AM\NT ( WORK7 AN AV]AGE LABOR] CAN LIVE1 IS #c YE>S1 ! VALUE ( MY LABOR-P[]1 :I* Y\ PAY ME FROM DAY TO DAY IS #a_/7#c#f#eX#c7 OR #a_/#a#i#e ( ITS TOTAL VALUE4 ,BUT IF Y\ CONSUME IT 9 #a YE>S1 Y\ PAY ME DAILY #a_/#a#i#e 9/EAD ( #a_/#c#f#e ( ITS TOTAL VALUE1 I4E41 ONLY #a_/#c ( ITS DAILY VALUE1 & Y\ ROB ME1 !RE=E1 EV]Y DAY ( #b_/#c ( ! VALUE ( MY COMMODITY4 ,Y\ PAY ME = ONE DAY'S LABOR-P[]1 :IL/ Y\ USE ?AT ( #c DAYS4 ,?AT IS AGA9/ \R CONTRACT & ! LAW ( EX*ANGES4 ,I DEM&1 !RE=E1 A WORK+-DAY ( NORMAL L5G?1 & ,I DEM& IT )\T ANY APPEAL TO Y\R HE>T1 = 9 MONEY MATT]S S5TIM5T IS \T ( PLACE4 ,Y\ MAY BE A MODEL CITIZ51 P]HAPS A MEMB] ( ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,PREV5TION ( ,CRUELTY TO ,ANIMALS1 & 9 ! ODOR ( SANCTITY TO BOOT2 BUT ! ?+ ?AT Y\ REPRES5T FACE TO FACE ) ME HAS NO HE>T 9 ITS BREA/4 ,?AT :I* SEEMS TO ?ROB !RE IS MY [N HE>T-BEAT+4 ,I DEM& ! NORMAL WORK+-DAY BECAUSE ,I1 LIKE EV]Y O!R SELL]1 DEM& ! VALUE ( MY COMMODITY4' 

0,WE SEE !N1 ?AT1 AP>T FROM EXTREMELY ELA/IC B\NDS1 ! NATURE ( ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES ITSELF IMPOSES NO LIMIT TO ! WORK+-DAY1 NO LIMIT TO SURPLUS-LABOR4 ,! CAPITALI/ MA9TA9S HIS RI<TS AS A PUR*AS] :5 HE TRIES TO MAKE ! WORK+-DAY AS LONG AS POSSIBLE1 & TO MAKE1 :5EV] POSSIBLE1 TWO WORK+-DAYS \T ( ONE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! PECULI> NATURE ( ! COMMODITY SOLD IMPLIES A LIMIT TO ITS CONSUMPTION BY ! PUR*AS]1 & ! LABOR] MA9TA9S HIS RI<T AS SELL] :5 HE WI%ES TO R$UCE ! WORK+-DAY TO ONE ( DEF9ITE NORMAL DURATION4 ,!RE IS H]E1 !RE=E1 AN ANT9OMY1 RI<T AGA9/ RI<T1 BO? EQUALLY BE>+ ! SEAL ( ! LAW ( EX*ANGES4 ,BETWE5 EQUAL RI<TS =CE DECIDES0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a1 SEC4 #a74 

,WE WILL N[ SEE EXPOS$ H[ =CE ACTS1 AS TOLD BY ! FACTS1 :5 ALL IS MADE BY & = CAPITAL4 ,! FACTS CIT$ 9 ?IS BOOK >E ALL TAK5 FROM ,5GL&3 PRIM>ILY1 BECAUSE ?IS IS ! C\NTRY :]E CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS REA*$ ! GREATE/ DEVELOPM5T1 T[>DS :I* ! RE/ ( ALL CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES T5D2 &1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 BECAUSE ONLY 9 ,5GL& IS !RE A SUITABLE AM\NT ( DOCUM5TS1 REG>D+ ! CONDITIONS ( WORK1 COLLECT$ BY REGUL> GOV]NM5T COMMISSIONS4 ,! MODE/ LIMITS ( ?IS SUMM>Y1 H[EV]1 ONLY ALL[ = A REPRODUCTION ( A SMALL P>T ( ! RI* MAT]IALS COLLECT$ 9 ! WORK ( ,M>X4 

0,WILLIAM ,WOOD1 #i YE>S OLD1 WAS #g YE>S & #a MON?S :5 HE BEGAN TO WORK4 ,HE 'RAN MOLDS' 7C>RI$ READY-MOLD$ >TICLES 9TO ! DRY+-ROOM1 AFT]W>DS BR++ BACK ! EMPTY MOLD7 FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,HE CAME TO WORK EV]Y DAY 9 ! WEEK AT #f A4M41 & LEFT (F AB\T #i P4M4 0' WORK TILL #i O'CLOCK AT NI<T SIX DAYS 9 ! WEEK4 ,I HAVE DONE SO SEV5 OR EI<T WEEKS4' 

0,FIFTE5 H\RS ( LABOR = A *ILD #g YE>S OLD6 ,J4 ,MURRAY1 #ab YE>S ( AGE1 SAYS3 ',I TURN JIGG]1 & RUN MOLDS4 ,I COME AT #f4 ,SOMETIMES ,I COME AT #d4 ,I WORK$ ALL NI<T LA/ NI<T1 TILL #f O'CLOCK ?IS MORN+4 ,I HAVE NOT BE5 9 B$ S9CE ! NI<T BE=E LA/4 ,!RE W]E EI<T OR N9E O!R BOYS WORK+ LA/ NI<T4 ,ALL BUT ONE HAVE COME ?IS MORN+4 ,I GET #c %ILL+S & SIXP5CE4 ,I DO NOT GET ANY MORE = WORK+ AT NI<T4 ,I WORK$ TWO NI<TS LA/ WEEK444' 

0,MR4 ,*>LES ,P>SONS1 LATE H\SE SURGEON ( ! SAME 9/ITUTION1 WRITES 9 A LETT] TO ,COMMISSION] ,LONGE1 AMONG O!R ?+S3 

0',I CAN ONLY SPEAK FROM P]SONAL OBS]VATION & NOT FROM /ATI/ICAL DATA1 BUT ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO ASS]T ?AT MY 9DIGNATION HAS BE5 >\S$ AGA9 & AGA9 AT ! SI<T ( POOR *ILDR5 :OSE HEAL? HAS BE5 SACRIFIC$ TO GRATIFY ! AV>ICE ( EI!R P>5TS OR EMPLOY]S4' ,HE 5UM]ATES ! CAUSES ( ! DISEASES ( ! POTT]S1 & SUMS !M UP 9 ! PHRASE1 'LONG H\RS444' 

0,HALF ! WORK]S .<9 MAT*/ICK FACTORIES.> >E *ILDR5 UND] ?IRTE51 & Y\NG P]SONS UND] EI<TE54 ,! MANUFACTURE IS ON ACC\NT ( ITS UNHEAL?9ESS & UNPLEASANTNESS 9 SU* BAD ODOR ?AT ONLY ! MO/ MIS]ABLE P>T ( ! LABOR+ CLASS1 HALF-/>V$ WID[S & SO =?1 DELIV] UP !IR *ILDR5 TO IT1 '! RAGG$1 HALF-/>V$1 UNTAU<T *ILDR54' 

0,( ! WITNESSES ?AT ,COMMISSION] ,:ITE EXAM9$ 7#a#h#f#c71 #bg W]E UND] #a#h1 #e UND] #a1 #a ONLY #h1 & #e ONLY #f YE>S OLD4 ,A RANGE ( ! WORK+-DAY FROM #ab TO #ad OR #ae H\RS1 NI<T-LABOR1 IRREGUL> MEAL-TIMES1 MEALS = ! MO/ P>T TAK5 9 ! V]Y WORKROOMS ?AT >E PE/IL5T ) PHOSPHORUS4 ,DANTE W\LD HAVE F\ND ! WOR/ HORRORS ( HIS ,9F]NO SURPASS$ 9 ?IS MANUFACTURE444 

0,9 ! MANUFACTURE ( PAP]-HANG+S ! CO>S] SORTS >E PR9T$ BY MA*9E2 ! F9] BY H& 7BLOCK-PR9T+74 ,! MO/ ACTIVE BUS9ESS MON?S >E FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ,OCTOB] TO ! 5D ( ,APRIL4 ,DUR+ ?IS TIME ! WORK GOES ON FA/ & FURI\S )\T 9T]MISSION FROM #f A4M4 TO #a P4M4 OR FUR!R 9TO ! NI<T4 

0,J4 ,LEA* DEPOSES3 

0',LA/ W9T] SIX \T ( N9ETE5 GIRLS W]E AWAY FROM ILL-HEAL? AT ONE TIME FROM OV]-WORK4 ,I HAVE TO BAWL AT !M TO KEEP !M AWAKE4' ,W4 ,DUFFY3 ',I HAVE SE5 :5 ! *ILDR5 C\LD NONE ( !M KEEP !IR EYES OP5 = ! WORK2 9DE$1 NONE ( US C\LD4' ,J4 ,LI<TB\RNE3 ',AM #ac 444 ,WE WORK$ LA/ W9T] TILL #i 7EV5+71 & ! W9T] BE=E TILL #a4 ,I US$ TO CRY ) SORE FEET EV]Y NI<T LA/ W9T]4' ,G4 ,APSD53 ',?AT BOY ( M9E :5 HE WAS #g YE>S OLD ,I US$ TO C>RY HIM ON MY BACK TO & FRO ?R\< ! SN[1 & HE US$ TO HAVE #af H\RS A DAY 444 ,I HAVE (T5 KNELT D[N TO FE$ HIM AS HE /OOD BY ! MA*9E1 = HE C\LD NOT LEAVE IT OR /OP444' 

0,9 ! LA/ WEEK ( ,JUNE1 #a#h#f#c1 ALL ! ,LONDON DAILY PAP]S PUBLI%$ A P>AGRAPH ) ! 'S5SATIONAL' HEAD+1 ',DEA? FROM SIMPLE OV]-WORK4' ,IT DEALT ) ! DEA? ( ! MILL9]1 ,M>Y ,ANNE ,WALKLEY1 #b YE>S ( AGE1 EMPLOY$ 9 A HI<LY-RESPECTABLE DRESSMAK+ E/ABLI%M5T1 EXPLOIT$ BY A LADY ) ! PLEASANT NAME ( ,ELISE4 ,! OLD1 (T5-TOLD /ORY1 WAS ONCE MORE REC\NT$4 ,?IS GIRL WORK$1 ON AN AV]AGE1 #af #a_/#b  H\RS1 DUR+ ! SEASON (T5 #c H\RS1 )\T A BREAK1 :IL/ H] FAIL+ LABOR-P[] WAS REVIV$ BY OCCASIONAL SUPPLIES ( %]RY1 PORT1 OR C(FEE4 ,IT WAS JU/ N[ ! HEI<T ( ! SEASON4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO CONJURE UP 9 ! TW9KL+ ( AN EYE ! GORGE\S DRESSES = ! NOBLE LADIES BIDD5 TO ! BALL 9 HONOR ( ! NEWLY-IMPORT$ ,PR9CESS ( ,WALES4 ,M>Y ,ANNE ,WALKLEY HAD WORK$ )\T 9T]MISSION = #bf #a_/#b  H\RS1 ) #f O!R GIRLS1 #c 9 ONE ROOM1 ?AT ONLY AF=D$ #a_/#c ( ! CUBIC FEET ( AIR REQUIR$ = !M4 ,AT NI<T1 !Y SLEPT 9 PAIRS 9 ONE ( ! /IFL+ HOLES 9TO :I* ! B$ROOM WAS DIVID$ BY P>TITIONS ( BO>D4 ,& ?IS WAS ONE ( ! BE/ MILL9]Y E/ABLI%M5TS 9 ,LONDON4 ,M>Y ,ANNE ,WALKLEY FELL ILL ON ! ,FRIDAY1 DI$ ON ,SUNDAY1 )\T1 TO ! A/ONI%M5T ( ,MADAME ,ELISE1 HAV+ PREVI\SLY COMPLET$ ! WORK 9 H&4 ,! DOCTOR1 ,MR4 ,KEYS1 CALL$ TOO LATE TO ! DEA?-B$1 DULY BORE WITNESS BE=E ! CORON]'S JURY ?AT 

0',M>Y ,ANNE ,WALKLEY HAD DI$ FROM LONG H\RS ( WORK 9 AN OV]-CR[D$ WORK-ROOM1 & A TOO SMALL & BADLY V5TILAT$ B$ROOM444' 

0,9 ,M>YLEBONE1 BLACKSMI?S DIE AT ! RATE ( #ca P] ?\S& P] ANNUM1 OR #aa ABOVE ! MEAN ( ! MALE ADULTS ( ! C\NTRY 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 ,! OCCUPATION1 9/9CTIVE ALMO/ AS A PORTION ( HUMAN >T1 UNOBJECTIONABLE AS A BRAN* ( HUMAN 9DU/RY1 IS MADE BY M]E EXCESS ( WORK1 ! DE/ROY] ( ! MAN0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a1 SEC4 #c74 

,?IS IS H[ CAPITAL :IPS LABOR1 :I*1 AFT] MU* SUFF]+1 SE>*ES UNTIL ! 5D TO RESI/ IT4 ,! WORK]S UNITE & DEM&1 TO ! P[]S ?AT BE1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NORMAL WORKDAY4 ,ONE MAY EASILY COMPREH5D H[ MU* ( ?IS !Y >E ABLE TO OBTA91 CONSID]+ ?AT ! LAW MU/ BE MADE & UPHELD BY ! CAPITALI/S !MSELVES1 AGA9/ :OM ! WORK]S W\LD LIKE TO CONT5D4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,RELATIVE ,SURPLUS ,VALUE 

,LABOR P[]1 PRODUC+ A GREAT] VALUE ?AN H[ MU* SOME?+ IS WOR?1 ?AT IS A 0SURPLUS10 HAS CREAT$ CAPITAL2 5L>G+ !N ?IS SURPLUS VALUE ) PROLONGATION ( ! WORKDAY1 HAS GIV5 SUFFICI5T N\RI%M5T TO ! CAPITAL = ITS 9FANCY4 ,! CAPITAL GR[S1 & ! SURPLUS VALUE MU/ 9CREASE TO SATISFY ! GR[N NE$4 ,9CREASE ( SURPLUS VALUE1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT MEAN1 LIKE WE SAW BE=E1 ! EXT5SION ( ! WORKDAY1 :I* EV5TUALLY ALSO HAS ITS NECESS>Y LIMITS1 AL?\< IT IS A V]Y ELA/IC L5G?4 ,= :AT LITTLE TIME !RE IS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ LEAVES TO ! WORK] = ! SATISFACTION ( HIS MO/ BASIC NE$S1 ! WORKDAY WILL ALWAYS BE LESS ?AN #bd H\RS4 ,! WORKDAY MEETS !N A NATURAL LIMIT1 & ! SURPLUS VALUE1 CONSEQU5TLY1 AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE4 ,LET'S REPRES5T ! WORKDAY ) ! L9E ,A-,B4 

,A-------,D-------,C----------------,B 

,! LETT] ,A H]E REPRES5TS ! BEG9N+ & ,B ! 5D1 ?AT NATURAL LIMIT1 ?AT IS1 PA/ :I* IT ISN'T POSSIBLE TO GO4 ,A-,C IS ! P>T ( ! DAY 9 :I* ! WORK] PRODUCES ! VALUE ( ! SAL>Y RECEIV$ & ,C-,B ! P>T ( ! DAY 9 :I* ! WORK] PRODUCES SURPLUS VALUE4 ,WE SEE ?AT \R COTTON SP9N]1 9 FACT1 RECEIV+ #c LIRE 9 SAL>Y1 WAS REPRODUC+ ! VALUE ( HIS SAL>Y ) HALF ( HIS DAY1 & WAS PRODUC+ #c LIRE ( SURPLUS VALUE ) ! O!R4 ,! WORK DONE FROM ,A-,C1 ) :I* ! SAL>Y'S VALUE IS PRODUC$1 IS NECESS>Y LABOR1 :ILE ! WORK DONE FROM ,C-,B1 :I* PRODUCES SURPLUS VALUE1 IS CALL$ EXPLOITATION4 

,! CAPITALI/ IS ?IR/Y = EXPLOITATION1 BECAUSE IT IS ?IS ?AT CREATES SURPLUS VALUE4 ,PROLONG$ EXPLOITATION PROLONGS ! WORKDAY1 :I* F9I%ES AT ITS NATURAL LIMIT ,B1 :I* REPRES5TS AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE TO EXPLOITATION & SURPLUS VALUE4 ,:AT TO DO N[8 ,! CAPITALI/ SOON F9DS ! SOLUTION4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT EXPLOITATION HAS TWO LIMITS1 ONE ,B1 ! 5D ( ! WORKDAY1 ! O!R ,C1 ! 5D ( ! NECESS>Y WORK2 IF ! LIMIT ,B IS FIX$1 IT WON'T BE SO = LIMIT ,C4 ,BE+ ABLE TO MOVE ! PO9T ,C ALL ! WAY TO PO9T ,D1 ONE W\LD GR[ ! EXPLOITATION FROM ,C-,B ! L5G? ( ,D-,C1 EXACTLY H[ MU* ! NECESS>Y WORK FROM ,A-,C W\LD DECREASE4 ,SURPLUS VALUE W\LD ?US F9D A WAY TO CONT9UE GR[+1 NOT 9 ! ABSOLUTE WAY LIKE AT FIR/1 :I* IS BY ALWAYS PROLONG+ ! WORKDAY1 BUT 9 RELATION TO ! GR[? ( EXPLOITATION ) ! CORRESPOND+ DECREASE 9 NECESS>Y WORK4 ,! FIR/ WAS ABSOLUTE SURPLUS VALUE1 ?IS IS RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE IS F\ND$ UPON ! DECREAS+ ( NECESS>Y WORK2 ! DECREAS+ ( NECESS>Y WORK IS F\ND$ UPON ! DECREAS+ ( WAGES2 ! DECREAS+ ( WAGES IS F\ND$ UPON A DECREASE 9 PRICES ( ?+S ?AT >E NECESS>Y = ! WORK]2 !RE=E RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE IS F\ND$ ON ! DEPRECIATION ( ! COMMODITIES ?AT ! WORK] USES4 

,& !RE W\LD BE AN EV5 QUICK] WAY ( PRODUC+ RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE1 SOMEONE WILL SAY1 & ?AT W\LD BE TO PAY ! WORK] A SAL>Y LESS ?AN ?AT :I* HE IS DUE1 ?AT IS NOT TO PAY HIM ! PROP] PRICE ( HIS COMMODITY1 LABOR P[]4 ,WE CANNOT CONSID] ?IS EXP$I5T1 US$ (T5 9 FACT1 M9IMALLY1 BECAUSE WE >5'T ADMITT+ ?AT IT'S ! MO/ P]FECT OBS]VANCE ( ! LAW ( EX*ANGE1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ALL COMMODITIES1 & CONSEQU5TLY LABOR P[] AS WELL1 MU/ BE SOLD & B\<T AT !IR PROP] VALUE4 

,\R CAPITALI/1 LIKE WE ALREADY SAW1 IS AN ABSOLUTELY HONE/ B\RGEOIS2 HE WILL NEV] USE1 TO 5L>GE HIS CAPITAL1 A ME?OD ?AT IS NOT 5TIRELY WOR?Y ( HIM4 

,LET'S SUPPOSE ?AT1 9 A WORKDAY1 A WORK] PRODUCES #f ITEMS ( A COMMODITY1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SELLS = ! PRICE ( ,L4#g1#e1 BECAUSE 9 ! VALUE ( ?IS COMMODITY ! RAW MAT]IALS & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION COME TO ,L4#a1#e & #ab H\RS ( LABOR P[] COME TO #f LIRE3 ALL ?REE COMPON5TS1 !RE=E1 COME TO ,L4#g1#e4 ,! CAPITALI/ F9DS A SURPLUS VALUE ( #c LIRE ON ! VALUE ( ,L4#g1#e1 ! CO/ ( HIS COMMODITY1 & ON TOP ( EV]Y COMPON5T A SURPLUS VALUE ( ,L41#e1 BECAUSE HE SP5DS ,L41#g#e & EXTRACTS ,L4#a1#b#e FROM EA* ( !SE4 ,LET'S SUPPOSE ?AT ) A NEW SY/EM ( WORK1 OR JU/ ) P]FECTION ( ! OLD WAY1 PRODUCTION D\BLES1 & ?AT1 9/EAD ( #f ITEMS A DAY1 ! CAPITALI/ IS ABLE TO ATTA9 #a#b4 ,IF 9 #f ITEMS ! RAW MAT]IALS & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION COME TO ,L4#a1#e1 9 #ab HE WILL COME TO #c LIRE1 ?AT IS EV]Y ITEM COMES TO ,L41#b#e4 ,?OSE #c LIRE COMB9$ ) ! #f LIRE PRODUC$ BY LABOR P[] 9 #ab H\RS1 MAKE #i LIRE1 ?AT IS H[ MU* ! #ab ITEMS CO/1 EA* ONE ( :I* !RE=E COMES TO ! PRICE ( ,L41#g#e4 

,N[ ! CAPITALI/ NE$S TO MAKE HIMSELF A L>G] PLACE 9 ! M>KET TO SELL A D\BLE QUANTITY ( HIS COMMODITY2 & Y\ CAN DO ?IS BY SOME:AT RE/RICT+ ! PRICE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! CAPITALI/ NE$S TO MAKE A REASON >ISE = :I* HE IS ABLE TO SELL !IR ITEMS ON ! M>KET 9 TWICE ! NUMB] AS BE=E2 & ! REASON IS F\ND EXACTLY 9 PRICE R$UCTION4 ,HE WILL SELL1 !RE=E1 HIS ITEMS AT A PRICE SOME:AT L[] ?AN ,L4#a1#b#e1 :I* WAS HIS PRICE BE=E1 BUT GREAT] ?AN ,L41#g#e 7H[ MU* EA* ONE ( !SE IS TRULY WOR?74 ,HE ) SELL !M AT A LIRA EA*1 & SO HE WILL HAVE SECUR$ D\BL$ SALES ( HIS ITEMS1 FROM :I* HE N[ GA9S #f LIRE2 #c LIRE ( SURPLUS VALUE & #c LIRE ( DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !IR VALUE & ! PRICE AT :I* !Y >E SOLD4 

,AS Y\ CAN SEE1 ! CAPITALI/ GA9S A GREAT PR(IT FROM ?IS GR[? ( PRODUCTION4 ,ALL CAPITALI/S >E !RE=E HI<LY 9T]E/$ 9 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTS ( !IR 9DU/RIES1 & IT IS ) ?IS ?AT !Y >E ABLE TO MAKE ?IS HAPP5 EV]Y DAY 9 ANY K9D ( PRODUCTION4 ,!IR EXTRAORD9>Y GA91 H[EV]1 ?AT :I* REPRES5TS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY & ! PRICE AT :I* IT IS SOLD1 DOESN'T LA/ LONG1 BECAUSE RI<T AWAY ! NEW OR P]FECT$ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION BECOMES ADOPT$ BY ALL \T ( NECESSITY4 ,SO N[ AS A RESULT ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY LESS5S BY HALF4 ,AT FIR/ EV]Y ITEM WAS WOR? ,L4#a1#b#e2 N[ 9/EAD IT'S WOR? #fb  #a_/#b  C5TS4 ,! CAPITALI/ H[EV] ALWAYS ATTA9S A PR(IT1 HAV+ D\BL$ PRODUCTION4 ,AT FIR/ #c LIRE ( SURPLUS VALUE = #f ITEMS & N[ #c LIRE ( SURPLUS VALUE = #ab ITEMS2 BUT GIV5 ?AT ! #ab ITEMS >E PRODUC$ 9 ! SAME TIME ! #f ITEMS W]E MADE1 ?AT IS 9 #ab H\RS ( WORK1 HE ALWAYS HAS AS A F9AL RESULT #c LIRE ( SURPLUS VALUE = ONE #a#b-H\R WORKDAY1 BUT D\BLE ! PRODUCTION4 

,:5 ?IS 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION IS REG>D+ GOODS NECESS>Y TO ! WORK]1 IT CONSEQU5TLY C>RIES ! L[]+ ( ! PRICE ( LABOR P[]1 & !RE=E ! LESS5+ ( NECESS>Y WORK & ! 9CREASE ( EXPLOITATION1 :I* MAKES UP RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,COOP]ATION 

,IT'S BE5 A BIT S9CE WE HAV5'T DEALT ) ! FACTS ( \R CAPITALI/1 :O MU/ HAVE C]TA9LY PROSP]$ 9 ! MEANTIME4 ,LET'S GO BACK TO HIS WORK%OP1 :]E WE MAY HAVE ! PLEASURE ( SEE+ \R FRI5D1 ! SP9N]1 AGA94 ,H]E WE >E4 ,LET'S 5T]4 

,OH1 SURPRISE6 ,!RE'S NO LONG] ONE WORK]1 BUT N[ A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S F9D !MSELVES AT WORK4 ,ALL QUIET & 9 ORD] AS IF !Y W]E MANY SOLDI]S4 ,! LACK ( GU>DS & 9SPECTORS IS SE5 AS SUP]VISORS :O WALK AMONG ! RANKS1 ALL OBS]V+1 GIV+ ORD]S1 OR OV]SEE+ ! ! EXECUTION IS BY ! BOOKS4 ,( ! CAPITALI/ NO?+ IS SE51 NOT EV5 A %AD[4 ,A GLASS DOOR OP5S 9SIDE1 MAYBE IT WILL BE HIM2 LET'S SEE4 ,IT'S A SOLEMN P]SON1 BUT IT'S NOT \R CAPITALI/4 ,! SUP]VISORS C>EFULLY /& >\ND HIM1 & !Y RECEIVE HIS ORD]S ) ! UTMO/ ATT5TION4 ,! S\ND ( AN ELECTRIC DOORBELL IS HE>D2 ONE ( ! SUP]VISORS RUNS TO PUT HIS E> TO ! M\? ( A METAL TUBE1 :I* DESC5DS FROM ! DOORWAY ALONG ! WALL2 & & HE SOON COMES TO ANN\NCE TO ! DIRECTOR ?AT ! BOSS DEM&S A CONF]5CE ) HIM4 

,LET'S LOOK 9 ! CR[D ( WORK]S = \R OLD ACQUA9TANCE ! SP9N]2 & F9ALLY WE COME TO F9D HIM 9 A CORN]1 COMPLETELY DEVOT$ TO WORK4 ,HE'S BECOME GAUNT & PALE 9 ! FACE3 ON HIS FACE ONE READS A PR(\ND ?\<T ( SADNESS4 ,ONE DAY WE SAW HIM AT ! M>KET NEGOTIAT+ HIS LABOR P[] PE] TO PE] ) ! MONEY-[N]2 BUT H[ GREAT ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 !M HAS GR[N TODAY6 ,TODAY HE IS A WORK] LO/ 9 ! CR[D ( ! MANY ?AT POPULATE ! WORK%OP1 & OPPRESS$ BY AN EXTRAORD9>ILY LONG WORKDAY2 :ILE ! MONEY-[N]1 :O'S ALREADY BECOME A BIG CAPITALI/1 /&S LIKE A GOD ATOP ,M\NT ,OLYMPUS1 FROM :]E HE S5DS ORD]S TO HIS PEOPLE ?R\< A GR\P ( 9T]M$I>IES4 ,:ATSOEV] HAS HAPP5$8 ,IT'S A PIECE ( CAKE4 ,! CAPITALI/ HAS PROSP]$4 ,CAPITAL HAS GR[N BY A LOT1 &1 9 ORD] TO SATISFY HIS NEW NE$S1 ! CAPITALI/ HAS E/ABLI%$ COOP]ATIVE LABOR1 ?AT IS LABOR DONE ) A JO9+ ( =CES4 ,9 ?IS WORK%OP1 :]E AT ANO!R TIME ONLY ONE LABOR =CE US$ TO WORK1 TODAY !RE WORKS A :OLE COOP]ATION ( LABOR =CES4 ,CAPITAL HAS GONE \T ( ITS 9FANCY1 & PRES5TS ITSELF = ! FIR/ TIME ) ITS TRUE APPE>ANCE4 ,! ADVANTAGES ?AT CAPITAL F9DS 9 COOP]ATION CAN BE R$UC$ TO F\R4 ,FIR/LY IT'S 9 COOP]ATION ?AT CAPITAL REALIZES TRUE SOCIAL LABOR P[]4 ,SOCIAL LABOR P[] BE+1 AS WE ALREADY SAID1 ! AV]AGE TAK5 9 A GIV5 C5T] ( PRODUCTION AMONG A NUMB] ( WORK]S :O LABOR ) AN AV]AGE DEGREE ( ABILITY & 9T5SITY1 IT'S CLE> ?AT EV]Y S+LE LABOR =CE WILL MOVE ITSELF MORE OR LESS FROM AV]AGE OR SOCIAL =CE1 :I* IT !RE=E CAN ONLY OBTA9 BY GA!R+ A GREAT NUMB] ( LABOR =CES 9 ! SAME WORK%OP2 I4E4 9 COOP]ATION4 

,! SECOND ADVANTAGE IS ! ECONOMICS ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! SAME WORK%OP1 ! SAME HEAT]S1 ETC41 ?AT US$ TO S]VE ONLY ONE1 N[ S]VE MANY WORK]S4 

,! ?IRD ADVANTAGE ( COOP]ATION IS ! GR[? ( LABOR P[]4 

0,JU/ AS ! (F5SIVE P[] ( A SQUADRON ( CAVALRY1 OR ! DEF5SIVE P[] ( A REGIM5T ( 9FANTRY IS ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! SUM ( ! (F5SIVE OR DEF5SIVE P[]S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAVALRY OR 9FANTRY SOLDI]S TAK5 SEP>ATELY1 SO ! SUM TOTAL ( ! ME*ANICAL =CES EX]T$ BY ISOLAT$ WORKM5 DIFF]S FROM ! SOCIAL =CE ?AT IS DEVELOP$1 :5 MANY H&S TAKE P>T SIMULTANE\SLY 9 ONE & ! SAME UNDIVID$ OP]ATION1 SU* AS RAIS+ A HEAVY WEI<T1 TURN+ A W9*1 OR REMOV+ AN OB/ACLE0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#c74 

,! F\R? ADVANTAGE IS ! POSSIBILITY TO COMB9E =CES ?AT >E ABLE TO EXECUTE TASKS 9 A WAY ?AT EI!R W\LDN'T BE ABLE TO BE ACCOMPLI%$ ) ISOLAT$ EF=TS1 OR W\LD BE ABLE TO BE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 A V]Y FLAW$ FA%ION4 ,:O HASN'T SE5 H[ #e WORK]S CAN MOVE 5ORM\S LOADS 9 ONE H\R1 :ILE ONE LABOR =CE W\LDN'T BE ABLE TO MOVE !M1 9 #e H\RS ALTOGE!R1 EV5 ONE 9*8 ,:O HASN'T SE5 H[ #ab WORK]S1 PLAC$ ALONG ! SCAFFOLD+ ( A H\SE UND] CON/RUCTION1 GO ?R\< A QUANTITY ( MAT]IALS 9 ONE H\R IMM5SELY GREAT] ?AN ?AT :I* ONE WORK] W\LD GO ?R\< 9 #ab H\RS8 ,:O DOESN'T UND]/& H[ #b BRICKLAY]S CAN DO MU* MORE WORK 9 ONE DAY ?AN ONLY ONE CAN DO 9 #b DAYS8 

0,COOP]ATION EV] CON/ITUTES ! FUNDAM5TAL =M ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#c74 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,DIVISION ( ,LABOR & ,MANUFACTUR+ 

,:5 ! ,CAPITALI/ GA!RS ! WORK]S TO P]=M ! V>I\S TASKS1 :I* MAKE UP ALL ( ! LABOR = A COMMODITY1 9 HIS WORK%OP1 HE GIVES AN 5TIRELY SPECIAL NATURE TO SIMPLE COOP]ATION2 HE E/ABLI%ES ! DIVISION ( LABOR & MANUFACTUR+2 :I* IS NONE O!R ?AN 0A PRODUCTIVE ME*ANISM :OSE P>TS >E HUMAN BE+S0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #a74 

,AL?\< MANUFACTUR+ IS ALWAYS BAS$ ON ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 IT ALSO HAS A D\BLE ORIG94 ,9 FACT 9 SOME CASES MANUFACTUR+ HAS BR\<T TOGE!R ! DIFF]5T PROCESS+ NE$S = ! COMPLETION ( A COMMODITY 9 ! SAME WORK%OP1 :I* FIR/1 LIKE SO MANY SPECIAL TRADES1 US$ TO BE DI/9CT & DIVID$ UP2 9 O!R CASES IT HAS DIVID$1 :ILE KEEP+ !M 9 ! SAME WORK%OP1 ! DIFF]5T WORK OP]ATIONS1 ?AT BE=E US$ TO MAKE UP A :OLE ( ! COMPLETION ( A COMMODITY4 

0,A C>RIAGE1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS =M]LY ! PRODUCT ( ! LABOR ( A GREAT NUMB] ( 9DEP5D5T >TIFIC]S1 SU* AS :EELWRI<TS1 H>NESS-MAK]S1 TAILORS1 LOCKSMI?S1 UPHOL/]]S1 TURN]S1 FR+E-MAK]S1 GLAZI]S1 PA9T]S1 POLI%]S1 GILD]S1 @&C4 ,9 ! MANUFACTURE ( C>RIAGES1 H[EV]1 ALL !SE DIFF]5T >TIFIC]S >E ASSEMBL$ 9 ONE BUILD+ :]E !Y WORK 9TO ONE ANO!R'S H&S4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT A C>RIAGE CANNOT BE GILT BE=E IT HAS BE5 MADE4 ,BUT IF A NUMB] ( C>RIAGES >E BE+ MADE SIMULTANE\SLY1 SOME MAY BE 9 ! H&S ( ! GILD]S :ILE O!RS >E GO+ ?R\< AN E>LI] PROCESS0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #a74 

,! PRODUCTION ( A P9 WAS DIVID$ 9TO MORE ?AN TW5TY P>TIAL PROCESSES1 :I* =M ! P>TS ( ! COMPLETE MANUFACTURE ( A P94 ,MANUFACTUR+1 !RE=E1 SOMETIMES BR+S MANY TRADES TOGE!R 9TO ONLY ONE1 & SOMETIMES DIVIDES A TRADE 9TO MANY MORE4 

,MANUFACTUR+ MULTIPLIES ! =CES & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 BUT R5D]S !M PR$OM9ANTLY TE*NICAL & SIMPLE1 CON/ANTLY APPLY+ !M TO ONE SOLE & UNIQUE BASIC OP]ATION4 

,GREAT >E ! ADVANTAGES ?AT CAPITAL REALIZES 9 MANUFACTUR+1 ALLOCAT+ DIFF]5T LABOR =CES TO ! SAME BASIC OP]ATIONS CON/ANTLY4 ,LABOR P[] GA9S V]Y MU* 9 9T5SITY & PRECISION4 ,ALL ( ?OSE LITTLE 9T]VALS1 :I* ONE F9DS LIKE PORES BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T PHASES ( PRODUCTION ( A GOOD CREAT$ BY ONLY ONE 9DIVIDUAL1 DISAPPE> :5 ?IS 9DIVIDUAL ALWAYS EXECUTES ! SAME OP]ATION4 ,! WORK] NE$S NO MORE ?AN AN H\R TO LE>N ALL AB\T A TRADE ALBEIT A SIMPLE ONE1 A UNIQUE OP]ATION ( ! TRADE ITSELF1 :I* HE LE>NS 9 MU* LESS TIME & ) LESS EXP5SE ?AN H[ MU* WAS NE$$ TO LE>N A TRADE 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 ,?IS DIM9I%+ ( EXP5SE & TIME IS A DIM9I%+ ( ?+S NE$$ = ! WORK]1 I4E4 A DIM9I%+ ( NECESS>Y LABOR1 & A CORRESPOND+ GR[? ( OV]WORK & SURPLUS VALUE4 ,! CAPITALI/1 REALLY A P>ASITE1 ALWAYS GR[S FATT] AT ! EXP5SE ( LABOR1 & ! WORK] SUFF]S GREATLY4 

0,:ILE SIMPLE COOP]ATION LEAVES ! MODE ( WORK+ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL = ! MO/ P>T UN*ANG$1 MANUFACTURE ?OR\<LY REVOLUTIONIZES IT1 & SEIZES LABOR-P[] BY ITS V]Y ROOTS4 ,IT CONV]TS ! LABOR] 9TO A CRIPPL$ MON/ROSITY1 BY =C+ HIS DETAIL DEXT]ITY AT ! EXP5SE ( A WORLD ( PRODUCTIVE CAPABILITIES & 9/9CTS2 JU/ AS 9 ! ,/ATES ( ,LA ,PLATA !Y BUT*] A :OLE BEA/ = ! SAKE ( HIS HIDE OR HIS TALL[4 ,NOT ONLY IS ! DETAIL WORK DI/RIBUT$ TO ! DIFF]5T 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL HIMSELF IS MADE ! AUTOMATIC MOTOR ( A FRACTIONAL OP]ATION1 & ! ABSURD FABLE ( ,M55IUS ,AGRIPPA1 :I* MAKES MAN A M]E FRAGM5T ( HIS [N BODY1 BECOMES REALIZ$0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

0,DUGALD ,/EW>T CALLS MANUFACTUR+ LABOR]S 'LIV+ AUTOMATONS 444 EMPLOY$ 9 ! DETAILS ( ! WORK'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 FN4 #d74 

0,IF1 AT FIR/1 ! WORKMAN SELLS HIS LABOR-P[] TO CAPITAL1 BECAUSE ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUC+ A COMMODITY FAIL HIM1 N[ HIS V]Y LABOR-P[] REFUSES ITS S]VICES UNLESS IT HAS BE5 SOLD TO CAPITAL4 ,ITS FUNCTIONS CAN BE EX]CIS$ ONLY 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT EXI/S 9 ! WORK%OP ( ! CAPITALI/ AFT] ! SALE4 ,BY NATURE UNFITT$ TO MAKE ANY?+ 9DEP5D5TLY1 ! MANUFACTUR+ LABOR] DEVELOPS PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY AS A M]E APP5DAGE ( ! CAPITALI/'S WORK%OP4 ,AS ! *OS5 PEOPLE BORE 9 !IR FEATURES ! SIGN MANUAL ( ,JEHOVAH1 SO DIVISION ( LABOR BR&S ! MANUFACTUR+ WORKMAN AS ! PROP]TY ( CAPITAL0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

,HE9RI* VON ,/OR* SAYS3 0,! WORK] :O IS ! MA/] ( A :OLE CRAFT CAN WORK & F9D ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ANY:]E2 ! O!R 7! MANUFACTUR+ LABOR]7 IS ONLY AN APP5DAGE :O1 :5 HE IS SEP>AT$ FROM HIS FELL[S1 POSSESSES NEI!R CAPABILITY NOR 9DEP5D5CE1 & F9DS HIMSELF =C$ TO ACCEPT ANY LAW IT IS ?\<T FIT TO IMPOSE0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 FN4 #d#b74 

0,9TELLIG5CE 9 PRODUCTION EXP&S 9 ONE DIRECTION1 BECAUSE IT VANI%ES 9 MANY O!RS4 ,:AT IS LO/ BY ! DETAIL LABOR]S1 IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! CAPITAL ?AT EMPLOYS !M4 ,IT IS A RESULT ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 MANUFACTURES1 ?AT ! LABOR] IS BR\<T FACE TO FACE ) ! 9TELLECTUAL POT5CIES ( ! MAT]IAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 AS ! PROP]TY ( ANO!R1 & AS A RUL+ P[]4 ,?IS SEP>ATION BEG9S 9 SIMPLE COOP]ATION1 :]E ! CAPITALI/ REPRES5TS TO ! S+LE WORKMAN1 ! ON5ESS & ! WILL ( ! ASSOCIAT$ LABOR4 ,IT IS DEVELOP$ 9 MANUFACTURE :I* CUTS D[N ! LABOR] 9TO A DETAIL LABOR]4 ,IT IS COMPLET$ 9 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 :I* MAKES SCI5CE A PRODUCTIVE =CE DI/9CT FROM LABOR & PRESSES IT 9TO ! S]VICE ( CAPITAL0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

0,9 MANUFACTURE1 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! COLLECTIVE LABOR]1 & ?R\< HIM CAPITAL1 RI* 9 SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE P[]1 EA* LABOR] MU/ BE MADE POOR 9 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTIVE P[]S4 

0',IGNORANCE IS ! MO!R ( 9DU/RY AS WELL AS ( SUP]/ITION4 ,REFLECTION & FANCY >E SUBJECT TO ]R2 BUT A HABIT ( MOV+ ! H& OR ! FOOT IS 9DEP5D5T ( EI!R4 ,MANUFACTURES1 ACCORD+LY1 PROSP] MO/ :]E ! M9D IS LEA/ CONSULT$1 & :]E ! WORK%OP MAY 444 BE CONSID]$ AS AN 5G9E1 ! P>TS ( :I* >E M5' 7,ADAM ,F]GUSON74 

0,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 SOME FEW MANUFACTUR]S 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h? C5TURY PREF]R$1 = C]TA9 OP]ATIONS ?AT W]E TRADE SECRETS1 TO EMPLOY HALF-IDIOTIC P]SONS4 

0',! UND]/&+S ( ! GREAT] P>T ( M510 SAYS ,ADAM ,SMI?1 0>E NECESS>ILY =M$ BY !IR ORD9>Y EMPLOYM5TS4 ,! MAN :OSE :OLE LIFE IS SP5T 9 P]=M+ A FEW SIMPLE OP]ATIONS 444 HAS NO OCCASION TO EX]T HIS UND]/&+444 ,HE G5]ALLY BECOMES AS /UPID & IGNORANT AS IT IS POSSIBLE = A HUMAN CREATURE TO BECOME4' 

0,AFT] DESCRIB+ ! /UPIDITY ( ! DETAIL LABOR] HE GOES ON3 

0',! UNI=MITY ( HIS /ATION>Y LIFE NATURALLY CORRUPTS ! C\RAGE ( HIS M9D444 ,IT CORRUPTS EV5 ! ACTIVITY ( HIS BODY & R5D]S HIM 9CAPABLE ( EX]T+ HIS /R5G? ) VIGOR & P]SEV]ANCE 9 ANY O!R EMPLOYM5TS ?AN ?AT TO :I* HE HAS BE5 BR$4 ,HIS DEXT]ITY AT HIS [N P>TICUL> TRADE SEEMS 9 ?IS MANN] TO BE ACQUIR$ AT ! EXP5SE ( HIS 9TELLECTUAL1 SOCIAL1 & M>TIAL VIRTUES4 ,BUT 9 EV]Y IMPROV$ & CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY1 ?IS IS ! /ATE 9TO :I* ! LABOR+ POOR1 ?AT IS1 ! GREAT BODY ( ! PEOPLE1 MU/ NECESS>ILY FALL4' 

0,= PREV5T+ ! COMPLETE DET]IORATION ( ! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE BY DIVISION ( LABOR1 ,A4 ,SMI? RECOMM5DS $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE BY ! ,/ATE1 BUT PRUD5TLY1 & 9 HOMEOPA?IC DOSES4 ,G4 ,G>NI]1 HIS ,FR5* TRANSLATOR & COMM5TATOR1 :O1 UND] ! FIR/ ,FR5* ,EMPIRE1 QUITE NATURALLY DEVELOP$ 9TO A S5ATOR1 QUITE AS NATURALLY OPPOSES HIM ON ?IS PO9T4 ,$UCATION ( ! MASSES1 HE URGES1 VIOLATES ! FIR/ LAW ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ) IT '\R :OLE SOCIAL SY/EM W\LD BE PROSCRIB$4' ',LIKE ALL O!R DIVISIONS ( LABOR1' HE SAYS1 '?AT BETWE5 H& LABOR & HEAD LABOR IS MORE PRON\NC$ & DECID$ 9 PROPORTION AS SOCIETY 7HE RI<TLY USES ?IS WORD1 = CAPITAL1 L&$ PROP]TY & !IR ,/ATE7 BECOMES RI*]4 ,?IS DIVISION ( LABOR1 LIKE EV]Y O!R1 IS AN EFFECT ( PA/1 & A CAUSE ( FUTURE PROGRESS444 \<T ! GOV]NM5T !N TO WORK 9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS DIVISION ( LABOR1 & TO H9D] ITS NATURAL C\RSE8 ,\<T IT TO EXP5D A P>T ( ! PUBLIC MONEY 9 ! ATTEMPT TO CONF\ND & BL5D TOGE!R TWO CLASSES ( LABOR1 :I* >E /RIV+ AFT] DIVISION & SEP>ATION8'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

,F]GUSON SAYS3 0,& ?9K+ ITSELF1 9 ?IS AGE ( SEP>ATIONS1 MAY BECOME A PECULI> CRAFT0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 FN4 #d#h74 

0,SOME CRIPPL+ ( BODY & M9D IS 9SEP>ABLE EV5 FROM DIVISION ( LABOR 9 SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,S9CE1 H[EV]1 MANUFACTURE C>RIES ?IS SOCIAL SEP>ATION ( BRAN*ES ( LABOR MU* FUR!R1 & ALSO1 BY ITS PECULI> DIVISION1 ATTACKS ! 9DIVIDUAL AT ! V]Y ROOTS ( HIS LIFE1 IT IS ! FIR/ TO AF=D ! MAT]IALS =1 & TO GIVE A />T TO1 9DU/RIAL PA?OLOGY0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

0,RAMAZZ9I1 PR(ESSOR ( PRACTICAL M$IC9E AT ,PADUA1 PUBLI%$ 9 #agac HIS WORK ',DE MORBIS >TIFICUM1' :I* WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,FR5* #a#g#h#a1 REPR9T$ #ahda 9 ! ',5CYCLOP$IE DES ,SCI5CES ,M$ICALES4 #gME ,DIS4 ,AUTEURS ,CLASSIQUES4' ,! P]IOD ( ,MOD]N ,ME*ANICAL ,9DU/RY HAS1 ( C\RSE1 V]Y MU* 5L>G$ HIS CATALOG ( LABOR'S DISEASES4 ,SEE ',HYGI5E PHYSIQUE ET MORALE DE L'\VRI] DANS LES GR&ES VILLES 5 G5]AL ET DANS LA VILLE DE ,LYON 5 P>TICULI]4 ,P> LE ,DR4 ,A4 ,L4 ,FONT]ET1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#e#h1' & ',DIE ,KRANKHEIT51 WEL*E V]S*I$N5 ,/&51 ,ALT]N UND ,GES*LE*T]N EIG5?UMLI* S9D4 #f ,VOLS4 ,ULM1 #a#h#f1' & O!RS4 ,9 #ah$ ! ,SOCIETY ( ,>TS APPO9T$ A ,COMMISSION ( ,9QUIRY 9TO 9DU/RIAL PA?OLOGY4 ,! LI/ ( DOCUM5TS COLLECT$ BY ?IS COMMISSION IS TO BE SE5 9 ! CATALOG ( ! ',TWICK5HAM ,ECONOMIC ,MUSEUM4' ,V]Y IMPORTANT >E ! (FICIAL ',REPORTS ON ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?4' ,SEE ALSO ,$U>D ,REI*1 ,M4 ,D4 ',UEB] DIE ,5T>TUNG DES ,M5S*51' ,]LANG51 #a#h#f#h0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 FN #e74 

,DAVID ,URQUH>T SAYS3 0,TO SUBDIVIDE A MAN IS TO EXECUTE HIM1 IF HE DES]VES ! S5T5CE1 TO ASSASS9ATE HIM IF HE DOES NOT444 ,! SUBDIVISION ( LABOR IS ! ASSASS9ATION ( A PEOPLE40 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

0,HEGEL HELD V]Y H]ETICAL VIEWS ON DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,9 HIS ',RE*TSPHILOSOPHIE' HE SAYS3 ',BY WELL $UCAT$ M5 WE UND]/& 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 ?OSE :O CAN DO EV]Y?+ ?AT O!RS DO'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 FN4 #e#a74 

0,9 ITS SPECIFIC CAPITALI/ =M - & UND] ! GIV5 CONDITIONS1 IT C\LD TAKE NO O!R =M ?AN A CAPITALI/IC ONE - MANUFACTURE IS BUT A P>TICUL> ME?OD ( BEGETT+ RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE1 OR ( AUGM5T+ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! LABOR] ! SELF-EXPANSION ( CAPITAL - USUALLY CALL$ SOCIAL WEAL?1 ',WEAL? ( ,NATIONS1' @&C4 ,IT 9CREASES ! SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE P[] ( LABOR1 NOT ONLY = ! B5EFIT ( ! CAPITALI/ 9/EAD ( = ?AT ( ! LABOR]1 BUT IT DOES ?IS BY CRIPPL+ ! 9DIVIDUAL LABOR]S4 ,IT CREATES NEW CONDITIONS = ! LORD%IP ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 ON ! ONE H&1 IT PRES5TS ITSELF HI/ORICALLY AS A PROGRESS & AS A NECESS>Y PHASE 9 ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS A REF9$ & CIVILIZ$ ME?OD ( EXPLOITATION0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#d1 SEC4 #e74 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,MA*9]Y & ,MOD]N ,9DU/RY 

,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL1 9 HIS ,PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 SAYS3 0,HI!RTO .<#a#h#d#h.> IT IS QUE/IONABLE IF ALL ! ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS YET MADE HAVE LI<T5$ ! DAY'S TOIL ( ANY HUMAN BE+0 7,MILL1 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 *4 #f74.<#b.> ,?IS WAS NOT !IR PURPOSE4 ,LIKE EV]Y O!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CE ( LABOR1 CAPITALI/ USE ( MA*9]Y DOES NOT T5D TO L[] ! PRICE ( COMMODITIES1 TO %ORT5 ! P>T ( ! DAY1 9 :I* ! WORK] LABORS = HIMSELF1 9 RELATION TO L5G!N+ ! O!R1 9 :I* HE WORKS ONLY = ! CAPITALI/4 ,IT IS A P>TICUL> ME?OD = MAK+ RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE4 

,BUT :O IS IT ?AT EV] ?9KS ( ! WORK]8 ,IF ! CAPITALI/ LOOKS AFT] HIM1 IT IS ONLY TO /UDY A BETT] WAY ( EXPLOIT+ HIM4 ,! WORK] SELLS HIS LABOR P[]1 & ! CAPITALI/ BUYS IT1 AS ! ONLY COMMODITY ?AT1 ) ITS SURPLUS VALUE1 CAN 5ABLE HIM TO GIVE BIR? TO & GR[ CAPITAL4 ,! CAPITALI/1 !RE=E1 IS ONLY CONC]N$ ) MAK+ MORE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,AFT] HAV+ EXHAU/$ ! RES\RCES ( ABSOLUTE SURPLUS VALUE1 HE F\ND RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,HE N[ SEES ?AT ) MA*9]Y ONE CAN OBTA9 9 ! SAME TIME A PRODUCT TWO TIMES1 F\R TIMES1 T5 TIMES1 ETC4 BIGG] ?AN BE=E2 & HE BEG9S TO USE MA*9]Y4 ,COOP]ATION1 MANUFACTUR+1 ?US TRANS=M 9TO MOD]N 9DU/RY & HIS WORK%OP 9TO A FACTORY4 ,?AT CAPITALI/1 AFT] HAV+ MUTILAT$ & CRIPPL$ ! WORK] ) ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 AFT] HAV+ LIMIT$ HIM TO ONLY ONE P>TIAL TASK1 MAKES US WAT* A SADD] %[ YET4 ,HE RIPS FROM ! H&S ( ! WORK] ?AT SPECIAL TOOL1 :I* /ILL REM9DS HIM ( HIS >T1 HIS OLD /ATUS ( A :OLE MAN1 & 5TRU/S HIM TO ! MA*9E4 ,FROM N[ ON ! CAPITALI/ HAS NO MORE NE$ = ! WORK]1 AS HE DOES A S]VANT ( HIS MA*9]Y4 ,) ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9]Y1 ! CAPITALI/ REALIZES AN 5ORM\S PR(IT AT FIR/1 ONE EASILY UND]/&S H[1 REMEMB]+ H[ MU* WE SAID AB\T RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,H[EV] ) ! PROPAGATION ( ! ME*ANICAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION1 ! EXTRAORD9>Y PR(IT CEASES1 & ONLY ! GR[? ( PRODUCTION REMA9S ?AT1 MADE G5]AL BY ! G5]ALIZATION ( MA*9]Y1 BEG9S TO L[] ! VALUE ( ! ?+S NECESS>Y TO ! WORK]1 ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME1 & SAL>IES1 & TO 9CREASE OV]WORK & SURPLUS VALUE4 

,CAPITAL IS DIVID$ 9TO CON/ANT & V>IABLE4 ,CON/ANT CAPITAL IS ?AT :I* IS REPRES5T$ BY RAW MAT]IALS & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! BUILD+1 ! HEAT]S1 ! TOOLS1 ! AUXILI>Y MAT]IALS1 LIKE TALL[1 COAL1 OIL1 ETC41 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 LIKE IRON1 COTTON1 SILK1 SILV]1 WOOD1 ETC41 >E ALL ?+S ?AT MAKE UP P>TS ( CON/ANT CAPITAL4 

,V>IABLE CAPITAL IS ?AT :I* IS REPRES5T$ BY SAL>Y1 BY ! PRICE ?AT IS ( LABOR P[]4 ,! FIR/ IS CALL$ CON/ANT1 BECAUSE ITS VALUE REMA9S CON/ANT 9 ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY1 ( :I* IT IS A PORTION2 :ILE ! SECOND IS CALL$ V>IABLE1 EXACTLY BECAUSE ITS VALUE GR[S COM+ 9 TO MAKE A PORTION ( ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY4 ,IT IS ONLY V>IABLE CAPITAL ?AT CREATES SURPLUS VALUE2 & ! MA*9E ONLY MAKES UP A PORTION ( CON/ANT CAPITAL4 

,! CAPITALI/ AIMS1 9 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 TO PR(IT FROM AN 5ORM\S MASS ( PA/ LABOR1 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT HE W\LD PR(IT FROM A MASS ( NATURAL =CES1 IE = FREE4 ,TO BE ABLE TO REA* HIS GOAL1 H[EV]1 HE NE$S TO HAVE A COMPLETE ME*ANISM1 :I* WILL BE COMPOS$ ( MORE OR LESS EXP5SIVE MAT]IALS1 & WILL ALWAYS ABSORB A C]TA9 AM\NT ( WORK4 ,HE C]TA9LY DOES NOT HAVE TO BUY /EAM P[]1 OR ! DRIV+ PROP]TY ( WAT] OR ( AIR2 HE C]TA9LY DOES NOT HAVE TO BUY ME*ANICAL BREAK?R\<S & APPLICATIONS2 NOR ! 9V5TIONS & IMPROVEM5TS ( ! TOOLS ( A TRADE4 ,HE CAN AVAIL HIMSELF ( ALL ( ?IS1 ALWAYS AS HE WI%ES1 )\T EXP5SE2 BUT HE JU/ NE$S TO PROCURE ALL ( A ME*ANISM ADAPT$ TO ?IS4 ,! MA*9E 5T]S !RE=E1 AS A MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 MAK+ UP A PORTION ( CON/ANT CAPITAL2 & ! PROPORTION1 9 :I* IT COMES 9 TO COMPOSE ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY1 IS 9 DIRECT PROPORTION ) ITS CONSUMPTION & ) ITS AUXILI>Y MAT]IALS1 COAL1 TALL[1 ETC41 & 9 9V]SE PROPORTION ) ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY4 ,?AT IS TO SAY ?AT ! MORE ONE WE>S \T A MA*9E ) ITS AUXILI>Y MAT]IALS 9 PRODUC+ A COMMODITY1 ! MORE IT TELLS !M ( ITS VALUE2 :ILE ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY IS L>G]1 = :I* ! MA*9E WORKS1 ! PORTION ( VALUE ?AT COMES FROM ! CONSUMPTION ( ! MA*9E IS SMALL]4 

0,S9CE .<! /EAM-HAMM]'S.> DAILY WE> & TE>1 ITS COAL-CONSUMPTION1 @&C41 >E SPREAD OV] ! /UP5D\S MASSES ( IRON HAMM]$ BY IT 9 A DAY1 ONLY A SMALL VALUE IS ADD$ TO A HUNDR$ WEI<T ( IRON2 BUT ?AT VALUE W\LD BE V]Y GREAT1 IF ! CYCLOPEAN 9/RUM5T W]E EMPLOY$ 9 DRIV+ 9 NAILS0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#e1 SEC4 #b74 

,:51 = ! G5]ALIZATION ( ! SY/EM ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 ! MA*9E CEASES TO BE A DIRECT S\RCE ( EXTRAORD9>Y WEAL? = ! CAPITALI/1 HE SUCCE$S 9 F9D+ MANY O!R WAYS1 ) :I* HE CAN CONT9UE TO GET V]Y L>GE AM\NTS ( RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE FROM ?IS NEW WAY ( PRODUCTION4 

0,9 SO F> AS MA*9]Y DISP5SES ) MUSCUL> P[]1 IT BECOMES A MEANS ( EMPLOY+ LABOR]S ( SLI<T MUSCUL> /R5G?1 & ?OSE :OSE BODILY DEVELOPM5T IS 9COMPLETE1 BUT :OSE LIMBS >E ALL ! MORE SUPPLE4 ,! LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 WAS1 !RE=E1 ! FIR/ ?+ S\<T = BY CAPITALI/S :O US$ MA*9]Y4 ,?AT MI<TY SUB/ITUTE = LABOR & LABOR]S WAS =?) *ANG$ 9TO A MEANS = 9CREAS+ ! NUMB] ( WAGE-LABOR]S BY 5ROLL+1 UND] ! DIRECT SWAY ( CAPITAL1 EV]Y MEMB] ( ! WORKMAN'S FAMILY1 )\T DI/9CTION ( AGE OR SEX4 ,COMPULSORY WORK = ! CAPITALI/ USURP$ ! PLACE1 NOT ONLY ( ! *ILDR5'S PLAY1 BUT ALSO ( FREE LABOR AT HOME )9 MOD]ATE LIMITS = ! SUPPORT ( ! FAMILY4 

0,! VALUE ( LABOR-P[] WAS DET]M9$1 NOT ONLY BY ! LABOR-TIME NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 ! 9DIVIDUAL ADULT LABOR]1 BUT ALSO BY ?AT NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 HIS FAMILY4 ,MA*9]Y1 BY ?R[+ EV]Y MEMB] ( ?AT FAMILY ON TO ! LABOR-M>KET1 SPREADS ! VALUE ( ! MAN'S LABOR-P[] OV] HIS :OLE FAMILY4 ,IT ?US DEPRECIATES HIS LABOR-P[]4 ,TO PUR*ASE ! LABOR-P[] ( A FAMILY ( F\R WORK]S MAY1 P]HAPS1 CO/ MORE ?AN IT =M]LY DID TO PUR*ASE ! LABOR-P[] ( ! HEAD ( ! FAMILY1 BUT1 9 RETURN1 F\R DAYS' LABOR TAKES ! PLACE ( ONE1 & !IR PRICE FALLS 9 PROPORTION TO ! EXCESS ( ! SURPLUS-LABOR ( F\R OV] ! SURPLUS-LABOR ( ONE4 ,9 ORD] ?AT ! FAMILY MAY LIVE1 F\R PEOPLE MU/ N[1 NOT ONLY LABOR1 BUT EXP5D SURPLUS-LABOR = ! CAPITALI/4 ,?US WE SEE1 ?AT MA*9]Y1 :ILE AUGM5T+ ! HUMAN MAT]IAL ?AT =MS ! PR9CIPAL OBJECT ( CAPITAL'S EXPLOIT+ P[]1 AT ! SAME TIME RAISES ! DEGREE ( EXPLOITATION4 

0,MA*9]Y ALSO REVOLUTIONIZES \T & \T ! CONTRACT BETWE5 ! LABOR] & ! CAPITALI/1 :I* =MALLY FIXES !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS4 ,TAK+ ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES AS \R BASIS1 \R FIR/ ASSUMPTION WAS ?AT CAPITALI/ & LABOR] MET AS FREE P]SONS1 AS 9DEP5D5T [N]S ( COMMODITIES2 ! ONE POSSESS+ MONEY & MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! O!R LABOR-P[]4 ,BUT N[ ! CAPITALI/ BUYS *ILDR5 & Y\NG P]SONS UND] AGE4 ,PREVI\SLY1 ! WORKMAN SOLD HIS [N LABOR-P[]1 :I* HE DISPOS$ ( NOM9ALLY AS A FREE AG5T4 ,N[ HE SELLS WIFE & *ILD4 ,HE HAS BECOME A SLAVE-DEAL]0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#e1 SEC4 #c,A74 

0,IF MA*9]Y BE ! MO/ P[]FUL MEANS = 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR -- I4E41 = %ORT5+ ! WORK+-TIME REQUIR$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( A COMMODITY1 IT BECOMES 9 ! H&S ( CAPITAL ! MO/ P[]FUL MEANS1 9 ?OSE 9DU/RIES FIR/ 9VAD$ BY IT1 = L5G!N+ ! WORK+-DAY BEYOND ALL B\NDS SET BY HUMAN NATURE 444 

0,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 9 ! =M ( MA*9]Y1 ! IMPLEM5TS ( LABOR BECOME AUTOMATIC1 ?+S MOV+ & WORK+ 9DEP5D5T ( ! WORKMAN4 ,! AUTOMATON1 AS CAPITAL1 & BECAUSE IT IS CAPITAL1 IS 5D[$1 9 ! P]SON ( ! CAPITALI/1 ) 9TELLIG5CE & WILL2 IT IS !RE=E ANIMAT$ BY ! LONG+ TO R$UCE TO A M9IMUM ! RESI/ANCE (F]$ BY ?AT REPELL5T YET ELA/IC NATURAL B>RI]1 MAN4 ,?IS RESI/ANCE IS MOREOV] LESS5$ BY ! APP>5T LI<TNESS ( MA*9E WORK1 & BY ! MORE PLIANT & DOCILE *>ACT] ( ! WOM5 & *ILDR5 EMPLOY$ ON IT 444 

0,! MAT]IAL WE> & TE> ( A MA*9E IS ( TWO K9DS4 ,! ONE >ISES FROM USE1 AS CO9S WE> AWAY BY CIRCULAT+1 ! O!R FROM NONUSE1 AS A SWORD RU/S :5 LEFT 9 ITS SCABB>D4 ,! LATT] K9D IS DUE TO ! ELEM5TS4 ,! =M] IS MORE OR LESS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL1 ! LATT] TO A C]TA9 EXT5T 9V]SELY PROPORTIONAL1 TO ! USE ( ! MA*9E4 

0,BUT 9 ADDITION TO ! MAT]IAL WE> & TE>1 A MA*9E ALSO UND]GOES1 :AT WE MAY CALL A MORAL DEPRECIATION4 ,IT LOSES EX*ANGE-VALUE1 EI!R BY MA*9ES ( ! SAME SORT BE+ PRODUC$ *EAP] ?AN IT1 OR BY BETT] MA*9ES 5T]+ 9TO COMPETITION ) IT0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#e1 SEC4 #c,B74 

,TO REPAIR ?IS DAMAGE1 ! CAPITALI/ FEELS ! NE$ TO MAKE ! MA*9E WORK AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY BEG9S TO PROLONG DAILY LABOR1 9TRODUC+ NI<T %IFTS & ! RELAYS SY/EM4 ,AS ! WORD ITSELF 9DICATES1 US$ TO 9DICATE ! *ANG+ ( PO/AL HORSES1 ! RELAYS SY/EM CONSI/S ( MAK+ TWO TEAMS ( WORK]S C>RY \T LABOR1 ?AT SWIT* (F EV]Y TWELVE H\RS1 OR ?REE ?AT SWIT* (F EV]Y EI<T H\RS2 9 A WAY ?AT LABOR ALWAYS PROCE$S )\T ! SLI<TE/ 9T]RUPTION = ALL #bd H\RS4 ,?IS SY/EM1 SO ADVANTAGE\S = CAPITAL1 IS ALSO BEGUN TO BE US$ 9 ! FIR/ MOM5T ( ! APPE>ANCE ( MA*9]Y1 :5 ! CAPITALI/ IS 9 A GREAT RU% TO BE ABLE TO AMASS ! GREATE/ QUANTITY POSSIBLE ( EXTRAORD9>Y PR(IT1 ?AT SOON MU/ /OP = ! G5]ALIZATION ( ! MA*9]Y ITSELF4 ,! CAPITALI/1 !RE=E1 BREAKS D[N ALL OB/ACLES ( TIME ) ! MA*9]Y1 ALL ( ! LIMITS ( ! DAY ?AT W]E IMPOS$ ON LABOR 9 MANUFACTUR+4 ,& :5 HE IS JO9$ ) ! NATURAL LIMIT ( ! DAY1 TO ABSORB ?AT IS ALL ( ! #bd H\RS ( ! DAY1 HE F9DS ! WAY TO MAKE ( ONLY ONE DAY TWO1 ?REE1 F\R OR MORE DAYS1 9T5SIFY+ LABOR TWO1 ?REE1 F\R OR MORE TIMES4 ,9 FACT1 IF 9 ONE WORKDAY ONE F9DS A WAY ( MAK+ A WORK] C>RY \T TWO TIMES1 ?REE TIMES1 F\R TIMES1 ETC4 MORE LABOR ?AN BE=E1 IT'S CLE> ?AT ! OLD WORKDAY WILL CORRESPOND TO TWO1 ?REE1 F\R OR MORE WORKDAYS4 ,& ! CAPITALI/ F9DS ! WAY TO DO ?IS1 R5D]+1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 LABOR MORE 9T5SE1 SQUEEZ+1 9 O!R WORDS1 9TO ONLY ONE DAY ! LABOR ( TWO1 ?REE1 F\R OR MORE DAYS4 ,IT IS ) MA*9]Y ?AT HE IS ABLE TO A*IEVE ?IS GOAL4 

0,! IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! /EAM-5G9E HAVE 9CREAS$ ! PI/ON SPE$1 & AT ! SAME TIME HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE1 BY MEANS ( A GREAT] ECONOMY ( P[]1 TO DRIVE ) ! SAME OR EV5 A SMALL] CONSUMPTION ( COAL MORE MA*9]Y ) ! SAME 5G9E4 ,! IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! TRANSMITT+ ME*ANISM HAVE LESS5$ FRICTION1 &1 :AT SO /RIK+LY DI/+UI%ES MOD]N FROM ! OLD] MA*9]Y1 HAVE R$UC$ ! DIAMET] & WEI<T ( ! %AFT+ TO A CON/ANTLY DECREAS+ M9IMUM4 ,F9ALLY1 ! IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! OP]ATIVE MA*9ES HAVE1 :ILE R$UC+ !IR SIZE1 9CREAS$ !IR SPE$ & EFFICI5CY1 AS 9 ! MOD]N P[]-LOOM2 OR1 :ILE 9CREAS+ ! SIZE ( !IR FRAMEWORK1 HAVE ALSO 9CREAS$ ! EXT5T & NUMB] ( !IR WORK+ P>TS1 AS 9 SP9N+-MULES1 OR HAVE ADD$ TO ! SPE$ ( !SE WORK+ P>TS BY IMP]CEPTIBLE ALT]ATIONS ( DETAIL1 SU* AS ?OSE :I* T5 YE>S AGO 9CREAS$ ! SPE$ ( ! SP9DLES 9 SELF-ACT+ MULES BY ONE-FIF?4 

0,! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+-DAY TO #ab H\RS DATES 9 ,5GL& FROM #a#h#c#b4 ,9 #ahcf A MANUFACTUR] /AT$3 ',! LABOR N[ UND]GONE 9 ! FACTORIES IS MU* GREAT] ?AN IT US$ TO BE 444 COMP>$ ) ?IRTY OR =TY YE>S AGO 444 [+ TO ! GREAT] ATT5TION & ACTIVITY REQUIR$ BY ! GREATLY 9CREAS$ SPE$ :I* IS GIV5 TO ! MA*9]Y4' 

0,9 ! YE> #a#h#d#d1 ,LORD ,A%LEY1 N[ ,LORD ,%AFTESBURY1 MADE 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5TS1 SUPPORT$ BY DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE3 ',! LABOR P]=M$ BY ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 ! PROCESSES ( MANUFACTURE1 IS ?REE TIMES AS GREAT AS 9 ! BEG9N+ ( SU* OP]ATIONS4 ,MA*9]Y HAS EXECUT$1 NO D\BT1 ! WORK ?AT W\LD DEM& ! S9EWS ( MILLIONS ( M52 BUT IT HAS ALSO PRODIGI\SLY MULTIPLI$ ! LABOR ( ?OSE :O >E GOV]N$ BY ITS FE>FUL MOVEM5TS'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#e1 SEC4 #c,C74 

0,SO F> AS DIVISION ( LABOR RE-APPE>S 9 ! FACTORY1 IT IS PRIM>ILY A DI/RIBUTION ( ! WORKM5 AMONG ! SPECIALIZ$ MA*9ES2 & ( MASSES ( WORKM51 NOT H[EV] ORGANIZ$ 9TO GR\PS1 AMONG ! V>I\S DEP>TM5TS ( ! FACTORY1 9 EA* ( :I* !Y WORK AT A NUMB] ( SIMIL> MA*9ES PLAC$ TOGE!R2 !IR COOP]ATION1 !RE=E1 IS ONLY SIMPLE4 ,! ORGANIZ$ GR\P1 PECULI> TO MANUFACTURE1 IS REPLAC$ BY ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! HEAD WORKMAN & HIS FEW ASSI/ANTS4 ,! ESS5TIAL DIVISION IS1 9TO WORKM5 :O >E ACTUALLY EMPLOY$ ON ! MA*9ES 7AMONG :OM >E 9CLUD$ A FEW :O LOOK AFT] ! 5G9E71 & 9TO M]E ATT5DANTS 7ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY *ILDR57 ( !SE WORKM54 ,AMONG ! ATT5DANTS >E RECKON$ MORE OR LESS ALL ',FE$]S' :O SUPPLY ! MA*9ES ) ! MAT]IAL TO BE WORK$4 ,9 ADDITION TO !SE TWO PR9CIPAL CLASSES1 !RE IS A NUM]ICALLY UNIMPORTANT CLASS ( P]SONS1 :OSE OCCUPATION IT IS TO LOOK AFT] ! :OLE ( ! MA*9]Y & REPAIR IT FROM TIME TO TIME2 SU* AS 5G9E]S1 ME*ANICS1 JO9]S1 @&C4 ,?IS IS A SUP]IOR CLASS ( WORKM51 SOME ( !M SCI5TIFICALLY $UCAT$1 O!RS BR\<T UP TO A TRADE2 IT IS DI/9CT FROM ! FACTORY OP]ATIVE CLASS1 & M]ELY AGGREGAT$ TO IT4 ,?IS DIVISION ( LABOR IS PURELY TE*NICAL4 

0,TO WORK AT A MA*9E1 ! WORKMAN %\LD BE TAU<T FROM *ILDHOOD1 9 ORD] ?AT HE MAY LE>N TO ADAPT HIS [N MOVEM5TS TO ! UNI=M & UNCEAS+ MOTION ( AN AUTOMATON4 ,:5 ! MA*9]Y1 AS A :OLE1 =MS A SY/EM ( MANIFOLD MA*9ES1 WORK+ SIMULTANE\SLY & 9 CONC]T1 ! COOP]ATION BAS$ UPON IT1 REQUIRES ! DI/RIBUTION ( V>I\S GR\PS ( WORKM5 AMONG ! DIFF]5T K9DS ( MA*9ES4 ,BUT ! EMPLOYM5T ( MA*9]Y DOES AWAY ) ! NECESSITY ( CRY/ALLIZ+ ?IS DI/RIBUTION AFT] ! MANN] ( ,MANUFACTURE1 BY ! CON/ANT ANNEXATION ( A P>TICUL> MAN TO A P>TICUL> FUNCTION4 ,S9CE ! MOTION ( ! :OLE SY/EM DOES NOT PROCE$ FROM ! WORKMAN1 BUT FROM ! MA*9]Y1 A *ANGE ( P]SONS CAN TAKE PLACE AT ANY TIME )\T AN 9T]RUPTION ( ! WORK4 ,! MO/ /RIK+ PRO( ( ?IS IS AF=D$ BY ! RELAYS SY/EM1 PUT 9TO OP]ATION BY ! MANUFACTUR]S DUR+ !IR REVOLT FROM #a#h#d#h-#a#h#e4 ,LA/LY1 ! QUICKNESS ) :I* MA*9E WORK IS LE>N$ BY Y\NG PEOPLE1 DOES AWAY ) ! NECESSITY ( BR++ UP = EXCLUSIVE EMPLOYM5T BY MA*9]Y1 A SPECIAL CLASS ( OP]ATIVES4 ,) REG>D TO ! WORK ( ! M]E ATT5DANTS1 IT CAN1 TO SOME EXT5T1 BE REPLAC$ 9 ! MILL BY MA*9ES1 & [+ TO ITS EXTREME SIMPLICITY1 IT ALL[S ( A RAPID & CON/ANT *ANGE ( ! 9DIVIDUALS BURD5$ ) ?IS DRUDG]Y4 

0,AL?\< !N1 TE*NICALLY SPEAK+1 ! OLD SY/EM ( DIVISION ( LABOR IS ?R[N OV]BO>D BY MA*9]Y1 IT HANGS ON 9 ! FACTORY1 AS A TRADITIONAL HABIT H&$ D[N FROM ,MANUFACTURE1 & IS AFT]W>DS SY/EMATICALLY RE-MOLD$ & E/ABLI%$ 9 A MORE HIDE\S =M BY CAPITAL1 AS A MEANS ( EXPLOIT+ LABOR-P[]4 ,! LIFE-LONG SPECIALTY ( H&L+ ONE & ! SAME TOOL1 N[ BECOMES ! LIFE-LONG SPECIALTY ( S]V+ ONE & ! SAME MA*9E4 ,MA*9]Y IS PUT TO A WRONG USE1 ) ! OBJECT ( TRANS=M+ ! WORKMAN1 FROM HIS V]Y *ILDHOOD1 9TO A P>T ( A DETAIL-MA*9E4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 NOT ONLY >E ! EXP5SES ( HIS REPRODUCTION CONSID]ABLY LESS5$1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME HIS HELPLESS DEP5D5CE UPON ! FACTORY AS A :OLE1 & !RE=E UPON ! CAPITALI/1 IS R5D]$ COMPLETE4 ,H]E AS EV]Y:]E ELSE1 WE MU/ DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIV5ESS DUE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 & ?AT DUE TO ! CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION ( ?AT PROCESS4 ,9 H&ICRAFTS & MANUFACTURE1 ! WORKMAN MAKES USE ( A TOOL1 9 ! FACTORY1 ! MA*9E MAKES USE ( HIM4 ,!RE ! MOVEM5TS ( ! 9/RUM5T ( LABOR PROCE$ FROM HIM1 H]E IT IS ! MOVEM5TS ( ! MA*9E ?AT HE MU/ FOLL[4 ,9 MANUFACTURE ! WORKM5 >E P>TS ( A LIV+ ME*ANISM4 ,9 ! FACTORY WE HAVE A LIFELESS ME*ANISM 9DEP5D5T ( ! WORKMAN1 :O BECOMES ITS M]E LIV+ APP5DAGE4 

0',! MIS]ABLE R\T9E ( 5DLESS DRUDG]Y & TOIL 9 :I* ! SAME ME*ANICAL PROCESS IS GONE ?R\< OV] & OV] AGA91 IS LIKE ! LABOR ( ,SISYPHUS4 ,! BURD5 ( LABOR1 LIKE ! ROCK1 KEEPS EV] FALL+ BACK ON ! WORN-\T LABOR]' 7,FRI$RI* ,5GELS74 

0,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT FACTORY WORK EXHAU/S ! N]V\S SY/EM TO ! UTT]MO/1 IT DOES AWAY ) ! MANY-SID$ PLAY ( ! MUSCLES1 & CONFISCATES EV]Y ATOM ( FRE$OM1 BO? 9 BODILY & 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY4 ,! LI<T5+ ( ! LABOR1 EV51 BECOMES A SORT ( TORTURE1 S9CE ! MA*9E DOES NOT FREE ! LABOR] FROM WORK1 BUT DEPRIVES ! WORK ( ALL 9T]E/4 ,EV]Y K9D ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 9 SO F> AS IT IS NOT ONLY A LABOR-PROCESS1 BUT ALSO A PROCESS ( CREAT+ SURPLUS-VALUE1 HAS ?IS 9 COMMON1 ?AT IT IS NOT ! WORKMAN ?AT EMPLOYS ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 BUT ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR ?AT EMPLOY ! WORKMAN4 ,BUT IT IS ONLY 9 ! FACTORY SY/EM ?AT ?IS 9V]SION = ! FIR/ TIME ACQUIRES TE*NICAL & PALPABLE REALITY4 ,BY MEANS ( ITS CONV]SION 9TO AN AUTOMATON1 ! 9/RUM5T ( LABOR CONFRONTS ! LABOR]1 DUR+ ! LABOR-PROCESS1 9 ! %APE ( CAPITAL1 ( DEAD LABOR1 ?AT DOM9ATES1 & PUMPS DRY1 LIV+ LABOR-P[]4 ,! SEP>ATION ( ! 9TELLECTUAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION FROM ! MANUAL LABOR1 & ! CONV]SION ( ?OSE P[]S 9TO ! MI<T ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR1 IS1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY %[N1 F9ALLY COMPLET$ BY MOD]N 9DU/RY ]ECT$ ON ! F\NDATION ( MA*9]Y4 ,! SPECIAL SKILL ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9SIGNIFICANT FACTORY OP]ATIVE VANI%ES AS AN 9F9ITESIMAL QUANTITY BE=E ! SCI5CE1 ! GIGANTIC PHYSICAL =CES1 & ! MASS ( LABOR ?AT >E EMBODI$ 9 ! FACTORY ME*ANISM &1 TOGE!R ) ?AT ME*ANISM1 CON/ITUTE ! P[] ( ! 'MA/]4' ,?IS 'MA/]1' !RE=E1 9 :OSE BRA9 ! MA*9]Y & HIS MONOPOLY ( IT >E 9SEP>ABLY UNIT$1 :5EV] HE FALLS \T ) HIS 'H&S1' CONTEMPTU\SLY TELLS !M3 

0',! FACTORY OP]ATIVES %\LD KEEP 9 :OLESOME REMEMBRANCE ! FACT ?AT !IRS IS REALLY A L[ SPECIES ( SKILL$ LABOR2 & ?AT !RE IS NONE :I* IS MORE EASILY ACQUIR$1 OR ( ITS QUALITY MORE AMPLY REMUN]AT$1 OR :I* BY A %ORT TRA9+ ( ! LEA/ EXP]T CAN BE MORE QUICKLY1 AS WELL AS ABUNDANTLY1 ACQUIR$4444 ,! MA/]'S MA*9]Y REALLY PLAYS A F> MORE IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! BUS9ESS ( PRODUCTION ?AN ! LABOR & ! SKILL ( ! OP]ATIVE1 :I* SIX MON?S' $UCATION CAN TEA*1 & A COMMON LABOR] CAN LE>N' 7',! ,MA/] ,SP9N]S' & ,MANUFACTUR]S' ,DEF5SE ,FUND4 ,REPORT ( ! ,COMMITTEE'1 #a#h#e#d74 

0,! TE*NICAL SUBORD9ATION ( ! WORKMAN TO ! UNI=M MOTION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 & ! PECULI> COMPOSITION ( ! BODY ( WORKPEOPLE1 CONSI/+ AS IT DOES ( 9DIVIDUALS ( BO? SEXES & ( ALL AGES1 GIVE RISE TO A B>RACK DISCIPL9E1 :I* IS ELABORAT$ 9TO A COMPLETE SY/EM 9 ! FACTORY1 & :I* FULLY DEVELOPS ! BE=E M5TION$ LABOR ( OV]LOOK+1 !REBY DIVID+ ! WORKPEOPLE 9TO OP]ATIVES & OV]LOOK]S1 9TO PRIVATE SOLDI]S & S]GEANTS ( AN 9DU/RIAL >MY4 ',! MA9 DIFFICULTY .<9 ! AUTOMATIC FACTORY.> 444 LAY 444 ABOVE ALL 9 TRA9+ HUMAN BE+S TO R5\NCE !IR DESULTORY HABITS ( WORK1 & TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! UNV>Y+ REGUL>ITY ( ! COMPLEX AUTOMATON4 ,TO DEVISE & ADM9I/] A SUCCESSFUL CODE ( FACTORY DISCIPL9E1 SUIT$ TO ! NECESSITIES ( FACTORY DILIG5CE1 WAS ! ,H]CULEAN 5T]PRISE1 ! NOBLE A*IEVEM5T ( ,>KWRI<T6 ,EV5 AT ! PRES5T DAY1 :5 ! SY/EM IS P]FECTLY ORGANIZ$ & ITS LABOR LI<T5$ TO ! UTMO/1 IT IS F\ND NE>LY IMPOSSIBLE TO CONV]T P]SONS PA/ ! AGE ( PUB]TY1 9TO USEFUL FACTORY H&S' 7,&REW ,URE74 ,! FACTORY CODE 9 :I* CAPITAL =MULATES1 LIKE A PRIVATE LEGISLATOR1 & AT HIS [N GOOD WILL1 HIS AUTOCRACY OV] HIS WORKPEOPLE1 UNACCOMPANI$ BY ?AT DIVISION ( RESPONSIBILITY1 9 O!R MATT]S SO MU* APPROV$ ( BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 & UNACCOMPANI$ BY ! /ILL MORE APPROV$ REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 ?IS CODE IS BUT ! CAPITALI/IC C>ICATURE ( ?AT SOCIAL REGULATION ( ! LABOR-PROCESS :I* BECOMES REQUISITE 9 COOP]ATION ON A GREAT SCALE1 & 9 ! EMPLOYM5T 9 COMMON1 ( 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR & ESPECIALLY ( MA*9]Y4 ,! PLACE ( ! SLAVE-DRIV]'S LA% IS TAK5 BY ! OV]LOOK]'S BOOK ( P5ALTIES4 ,ALL PUNI%M5TS NATURALLY RESOLVE !MSELVES 9TO F9ES & D$UCTIONS FROM WAGES1 & ! LAW-GIV+ TAL5T ( ! FACTORY ,LYCURGUS SO >RANGES MATT]S1 ?AT A VIOLATION ( HIS LAWS IS1 IF POSSIBLE1 MORE PR(ITABLE TO HIM ?AN ! KEEP+ ( !M0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#e1 SEC4 #d74 

0',! SLAV]Y 9 :I* ! B\RGEOISIE HAS B\ND ! PROLET>IAT1 COMES NO:]E MORE PLA9LY 9TO DAYLI<T ?AN 9 ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,9 IT ALL FRE$OM COMES TO AN 5D BO? AT LAW & 9 FACT4 ,! WORKMAN MU/ BE 9 ! FACTORY AT HALF PA/ FIVE4 ,IF HE COME A FEW M9UTES LATE1 HE IS PUNI%$2 IF HE COME #a M9UTES LATE1 HE IS NOT ALL[$ TO 5T] UNTIL AFT] BREAKFA/1 & ?US LOSES A QU>T] ( A DAY'S WAGE4 ,HE MU/ EAT1 DR9K & SLEEP AT WORD ( COMM&4444 ,! DESPOTIC BELL CALLS HIM FROM HIS B$1 CALLS HIM FROM BREAKFA/ & D9N]4 ,& H[ DOES HE F>E 9 ! MILL8 ,!RE ! MA/] IS ! ABSOLUTE LAW-GIV]4 ,HE MAKES :AT REGULATIONS HE PLEASES2 HE ALT]S & MAKES ADDITIONS TO HIS CODE AT PLEASURE2 & IF HE 9S]T ! V]IE/ NONS5SE1 ! C\RTS SAY TO ! WORKMAN3 ,S9CE Y\ HAVE 5T]$ 9TO ?IS CONTRACT VOLUNT>ILY1 Y\ MU/ N[ C>RY IT \T 4444 ,!SE WORKM5 >E CONDEMN$ TO LIVE1 FROM !IR N9? YE> TILL !IR DEA?1 UND] ?IS M5TAL & BODILY TORTURE' 7,FRI$RI* ,5GELS74 ,:AT1 '! C\RTS SAY1' ,I WILL ILLU/RATE BY TWO EXAMPLES4 ,ONE OCCURS AT ,%EFFIELD AT ! 5D ( #a#h#f#f4 ,9 ?AT T[N A WORKMAN HAD 5GAG$ HIMSELF = #b YE>S 9 A /EELWORKS4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( A QU>REL ) HIS EMPLOY] HE LEFT ! WORKS1 & DECL>$ ?AT UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES W\LD HE WORK = ?AT MA/] ANY MORE4 ,HE WAS PROSECUT$ = BREA* ( CONTRACT1 & CONDEMN$ TO TWO MON?S' IMPRISONM5T4 7,IF ! MA/] BREAK ! CONTRACT1 HE CAN BE PROCE$$ AGA9/ ONLY 9 A CIVIL ACTION1 & RISKS NO?+ BUT MONEY DAMAGES47 ,AFT] ! WORKMAN HAS S]V$ HIS TWO MON?S1 ! MA/] 9VITES HIM TO RETURN TO ! WORKS1 PURSUANT TO ! CONTRACT4 ,WORKMAN SAYS3 ,NO1 HE HAS ALREADY BE5 PUNI%$ = ! BREA*4 ,! MA/] PROSECUTES AGA91 ! C\RT CONDEMNS AGA91 AL?\< ONE ( ! JUDGES1 ,MR4 ,%EE1 PUBLICLY D5\NCES ?IS AS A LEGAL MON/ROSITY1 BY :I* A MAN CAN P]IODICALLY1 AS LONG AS HE LIVES1 BE PUNI%$ OV] & OV] AGA9 = ! SAME (F5SE OR CRIME4 ,?IS JUDGM5T WAS GIV5 NOT BY ! ',GREAT ,UNPAID1' ! PROV9CIAL ,DOGB]RIES1 BUT BY ONE ( ! HI<E/ C\RTS ( JU/ICE 9 ,LONDON4 -- .<,ADD$ 9 ! #d? ,G]MAN $ITION4 -- ,?IS HAS N[ BE5 DONE AWAY )4 ,) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 E4G41 :5 PUBLIC GAS-WORKS >E 9VOLV$1 ! WORK] 9 ,5GL& IS N[ PUT ON AN EQUAL FOOT+ ) ! EMPLOY] 9 CASE ( BREA* ( CONTRACT & CAN BE SU$ ONLY CIVILLY4 -- ,F4 ,E4.> ,! SECOND CASE OCCURS 9 ,WILT%IRE AT ! 5D ( ,NOVEMB] #a#h#f#c4 ,AB\T #c P[]-LOOM WEAV]S1 9 ! EMPLOYM5T ( ONE ,H>RUP1 A CLO? MANUFACTUR] AT ,LE[]'S ,MILL1 ,WE/BURY ,LEI<1 /RUCK WORK BECAUSE MA/] ,H>RUP 9DULG$ 9 ! AGREEABLE HABIT ( MAK+ D$UCTIONS FROM !IR WAGES = BE+ LATE 9 ! MORN+2 #fD4 = #b M9UTES2 #aS4 = #c M9UTES1 & #aS4 #fD4 = T5 M9UTES4 ,?IS IS AT ! RATE ( #iS4 P] H\R1 & ,G,B,P#d #aS4 D4 P] DIEM2 :ILE ! WAGES ( ! WEAV]S ON ! AV]AGE ( A YE>1 NEV] EXCE$$ #aS4 TO #a#bS4 WEEKLY4 ,H>RUP ALSO APPO9T$ A BOY TO ANN\NCE ! />T+ TIME BY A :I/LE1 :I* HE (T5 DID BE=E SIX O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+3 & IF ! H&S W]E NOT ALL !RE AT ! MOM5T ! :I/LE CEAS$1 ! DOORS W]E CLOS$1 & ?OSE H&S :O W]E \TSIDE W]E F9$3 & AS !RE WAS NO CLOCK ON ! PREMISES1 ! UN=TUNATE H&S W]E AT ! M]CY ( ! Y\NG ,H>RUP-9SPIR$ TIME-KEEP]4 ,! H&S ON /RIKE1 MO!RS ( FAMILIES AS WELL AS GIRLS1 (F]$ TO RESUME WORK IF ! TIMEKEEP] W]E REPLAC$ BY A CLOCK1 & A MORE REASONABLE SCALE ( F9ES W]E 9TRODUC$4 ,H>RUP SUMMON$ ,I#i WOM5 & GIRLS BE=E ! MAGI/RATES = BREA* ( CONTRACT4 ,TO ! UTT] 9DIGNATION ( ALL PRES5T1 !Y W]E EA* MULCT$ 9 A F9E ( #fD4 & #bS4 #fD4 = CO/S4 ,H>RUP WAS FOLL[$ FROM ! C\RT BY A CR[D ( PEOPLE :O HISS$ HIM0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#e1 FN4 #a#h74 

0,! CONTE/ BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ & ! WAGE-LABOR] DATES BACK TO ! V]Y ORIG9 ( CAPITAL4 ,IT RAG$ ON ?R\<\T ! :OLE MANUFACTUR+ P]IOD4 ,BUT ONLY S9CE ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9]Y HAS ! WORKMAN F\<T AGA9/ ! 9/RUM5T ( LABOR ITSELF1 ! MAT]IAL EMBODIM5T ( CAPITAL4 ,HE REVOLTS AGA9/ ?IS P>TICUL> =M ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 AS BE+ ! MAT]IAL BASIS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 

0,9 ! #a#g? C5TURY NE>LY ALL ,EUROPE EXP]I5C$ REVOLTS ( ! WORKPEOPLE AGA9/ ! RIBBON-LOOM1 A MA*9E = WEAV+ RIBBONS & TRIMM+S1 CALL$ 9 ,G]MANY ,B&MUHLE1 ,S*NURMUHLE1 & ,MUHL5/UHL4 ,!SE MA*9ES W]E 9V5T$ 9 ,G]MANY4 ,ABBE ,LANCELLOTTI1 9 A WORK ?AT APPE>$ 9 ,V5ICE 9 #a#f#c#f1 BUT :I* WAS WRITT5 9 #a#e#g#i1 SAYS AS FOLL[S3 

0',AN?ONY ,MULL] ( ,DANZIG SAW AB\T #e YE>S AGO 9 ?AT T[N1 A V]Y +5I\S MA*9E1 :I* WEAVES #d TO #f PIECES AT ONCE4 ,BUT ! ,MAYOR BE+ APPREH5SIVE ?AT ?IS 9V5TION MI<T ?R[ A L>GE NUMB] ( WORKM5 ON ! /REETS1 CAUS$ ! 9V5TOR TO BE SECRETLY /RANGL$ OR DR[N$4' 

0,9 ,LEYD51 ?IS MA*9E WAS NOT US$ TILL #a#f#b#i2 !RE ! RIOTS ( ! RIBBON-WEAV]S AT L5G? COMPELL$ ! ,T[N ,C\NCIL TO PROHIBIT IT4 

0',9 ?IS T[N10 SAYS ,BOXHORN 7,9/4 ,POL41 #a#f#f#c71 REF]R+ TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( ?IS MA*9E 9TO ,LEYD51 0AB\T TW5TY YE>S AGO C]TA9 PEOPLE 9V5T$ AN 9/RUM5T = WEAV+1 ) :I* A S+LE P]SON C\LD WEAVE MORE CLO?1 & MORE EASILY1 ?AN MANY O!RS 9 ! SAME L5G? ( TIME4 ,AS A RESULT !RE >OSE DI/URBANCES & COMPLA9TS FROM ! WEAV]S1 UNTIL ! ,T[N ,C\NCIL F9ALLY PROHIBIT$ ! USE ( ?IS 9/RUM5T4' 

0,AFT] MAK+ V>I\S DECREES MORE OR LESS PROHIBITIVE AGA9/ ?IS LOOM 9 #a#f#c#b1 #a#f#c#i1 @&C41 ! ,/ATES ,G5]AL ( ,HOLL& AT L5G? P]MITT$ IT TO BE US$1 UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS1 BY ! DECREE ( ! #a#e? ,DECEMB]1 #a#f#f#a4 ,IT WAS ALSO PROHIBIT$ 9 ,COLOGNE 9 #a#f#g#f1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ITS 9TRODUCTION 9TO ,5GL& WAS CAUS+ DI/URBANCES AMONG ! WORKPEOPLE4 ,BY AN IMP]IAL ,$ICT ( #a#i? ,FEB41 #a#f#h#e1 ITS USE WAS =BIDD5 ?R\<\T ALL ,G]MANY4 ,9 ,HAMBURG IT WAS BURNT 9 PUBLIC BY ORD] ( ! ,S5ATE4 ,! ,EMP]OR ,*>LES ,V,I41 ON #i? ,FEB41 #a#g#a#i1 R5EW$ ! $ICT ( #a#f#h#e1 & NOT TILL #agfe WAS ITS USE OP5LY ALL[$ 9 ! ,ELECTORATE ( ,SAXONY4 ,?IS MA*9E1 :I* %OOK ,EUROPE TO ITS F\NDATIONS1 WAS 9 FACT ! PRECURSOR ( ! MULE & ! P[]-LOOM1 & ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION ( ! #a#h? C5TURY4 ,IT 5ABL$ A TOTALLY 9EXP]I5C$ BOY1 TO SET ! :OLE LOOM ) ALL ITS %UTTLES 9 MOTION1 BY SIMPLY MOV+ A ROD BACKW>DS & =W>DS1 & 9 ITS IMPROV$ =M PRODUC$ FROM #d TO #e PIECES AT ONCE4 

0,AB\T #a#f#c1 A W9D-SAWMILL1 ]ECT$ NE> ,LONDON BY A ,DUT*MAN1 SUCCUMB$ TO ! EXCESSES ( ! POPULACE4 ,EV5 AS LATE AS ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 SAWMILLS DRIV5 BY WAT] OV]CAME ! OPPOSITION ( ! PEOPLE1 SUPPORT$ AS IT WAS BY ,P>LIAM5T1 ONLY ) GREAT DIFFICULTY4 ,NO SOON] HAD ,EV]ET 9 #ageh ]ECT$ ! FIR/ WOOL-%E>+ MA*9E ?AT WAS DRIV5 BY WAT]-P[]1 ?AN IT WAS SET ON FIRE BY #a1 PEOPLE :O HAD BE5 ?R[N \T ( WORK4 ,FIFTY ?\S& WORKPEOPLE1 :O HAD PREVI\SLY LIV$ BY C>D+ WOOL1 PETITION$ ,P>LIAM5T AGA9/ ,>KWRI<T'S SCRIBBL+ MILLS & C>D+ 5G9ES4 ,! 5ORM\S DE/RUCTION ( MA*9]Y ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ! ,5GLI% MANUFACTUR+ DI/RICTS DUR+ ! FIR/ #ae YE>S ( ?IS C5TURY1 *IEFLY CAUS$ BY ! EMPLOYM5T ( ! P[]-LOOM1 & KN[N AS ! ,LUDDITE MOVEM5T1 GAVE ! ANTI-,JACOB9 GOV]NM5TS ( A ,SIDM\?1 A ,CA/L]EA<1 & ! LIKE1 A PRETEXT = ! MO/ REACTION>Y & =CIBLE MEASURES4 ,IT TOOK BO? TIME & EXP]I5CE BE=E ! WORKPEOPLE LE>N$ TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 MA*9]Y & ITS EMPLOYM5T BY CAPITAL1 & TO DIRECT !IR ATTACKS1 NOT AGA9/ ! MAT]IAL 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT AGA9/ ! MODE 9 :I* !Y >E US$0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a1 SEC4 #e74 

,H]E1 !RE=E1 >E ! RESULTS ( MA*9]Y & MOD]N 9DU/RY = ! WORK]S4 ,!SE >E1 =EMO/1 DRIV5 9 L>GE P>T BY FACTORIES1 9 :I* ! MA*9E HAS TAK5 ITS PLACE4 ,! FEW PEOPLE :O REMA9 MU/ SUFF] ! HUMILIATION ( SEE+ ! LA/ 9/RUM5T ( LABOR SNAT*$ FROM !IR H& & BE+ R$UC$ TO ! CONDITION ( S]VANTS ( MA*9]Y2 !Y MU/ BE> ! BURD5 ( AN EXTRAORD9>ILY GR[N WORKDAY2 ! MU/ R5\NCE !IR WIVES & *ILDR51 HAV+ BECOME ! SLAVES ( CAPITAL2 & !Y MU/ SUFF]1 F9ALLY1 ! 9DESCRIBABLE SPASMS1 PRODUCTS ( ! TORTURE ( LABOR PROGRESSIVELY 9T5SIFI$ BY ! MAD LU/1 BY :I* ! CAPITALI/ IS TAK5 9 ! P]IOD ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 = SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BUT ! !OLOGIANS ( ! GOD ( CAPITAL >5'T LACK+1 :O EXPLA9 ALL1 & JU/IFY ALL ) !IR ET]NAL LAWS4 ,TO ! DESP]ATE CRY ( ! WORK]S HUNG]$ BY MA*9]Y1 !Y RESPOND ) ! ANN\NCEM5T ( A F>FET*$ LAW ( COMP5SATION4 

0,JAMES ,MILL1 ,MAC,CULLO*1 ,TORR5S1 ,S5IOR1 ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL1 & A :OLE S]IES BESIDES1 ( B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMI/S1 9SI/ ?AT ALL MA*9]Y ?AT DISPLACES WORKM51 SIMULTANE\SLY & NECESS>ILY SETS FREE AN AM\NT ( CAPITAL ADEQUATE TO EMPLOY ! SAME ID5TICAL WORKM54 

0,SUPPOSE A CAPITALI/ TO EMPLOY #a WORKM51 AT ,G,B,P#c A YE> EA*1 9 A C>PET FACTORY4 ,! V>IABLE CAPITAL ANNUALLY LAID \T AM\NTS1 !RE=E1 TO ,G,B,P#c14 ,SUPPOSE1 ALSO1 ?AT HE DIS*>GES #e ( HIS WORKM51 & EMPLOYS ! REMA9+ #e ) MA*9]Y ?AT CO/S HIM ,G,B,P#a1#e4 ,TO SIMPLIFY MATT]S1 WE TAKE NO ACC\NT ( BUILD+S1 COAL1 @&C4 ,FUR!R SUPPOSE ?AT ! RAW MAT]IAL ANNUALLY CONSUM$ CO/S ,G,B,P#c11 BO? BE=E & AFT] ! *ANGE4 ,IS ANY CAPITAL SET FREE BY ?IS METAMORPHOSIS8 ,BE=E ! *ANGE1 ! TOTAL SUM ( ,G,B,P#f1 CONSI/$ HALF ( CON/ANT1 & HALF ( V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,AFT] ! *ANGE IT CONSI/S ( ,G,B,P#d1#e CON/ANT 7 ,G,B,P#c1 RAW MAT]IAL & ,G,B,P#a1#e MA*9]Y71 & ,G,B,P#a1#e V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 9/EAD ( BE+ ONE HALF1 IS ONLY ONE QU>T]1 ( ! TOTAL CAPITAL4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ SET FREE1 A P>T ( ! CAPITAL IS H]E LOCK$ UP 9 SU* A WAY AS TO CEASE TO BE EX*ANG$ AGA9/ LABOR-P[]3 V>IABLE HAS BE5 *ANG$ 9TO CON/ANT CAPITAL4 ,O!R ?+S REMA9+ UN*ANG$1 ! CAPITAL ( ,G,B,P#f11 CAN1 9 FUTURE1 EMPLOY NO MORE ?AN #e M54 ,) EA* IMPROVEM5T 9 ! MA*9]Y1 IT WILL EMPLOY FEW]4 ,IF ! NEWLY 9TRODUC$ MA*9]Y HAD CO/ LESS ?AN DID ! LABOR-P[] & IMPLEM5TS DISPLAC$ BY IT1 IF1 = 9/ANCE1 9/EAD ( CO/+ ,G,B,P#a1#e1 IT HAD CO/ ONLY ,G,B,P#a11 A V>IABLE CAPITAL ( ,G,B,P#a1 W\LD HAVE BE5 CONV]T$ 9TO CON/ANT CAPITAL1 & LOCK$ UP2 & A CAPITAL ( ,G,B,P#e W\LD HAVE BE5 SET FREE4 ,! LATT] SUM1 SUPPOS+ WAGES UN*ANG$1 W\LD =M A FUND SUFFICI5T TO EMPLOY AB\T #af \T ( ! #e M5 DIS*>G$2 NAY1 LESS ?AN #a#f1 =1 9 ORD] TO BE EMPLOY$ AS CAPITAL1 A P>T ( ?IS ,G,B,P#e MU/ N[ BECOME CON/ANT CAPITAL1 ?US LEAV+ ONLY ! REMA9D] TO BE LAID \T 9 LABOR-P[]4 

0,BUT1 SUPPOSE1 BESIDES1 ?AT ! MAK+ ( ! NEW MA*9]Y AF=DS EMPLOYM5T TO A GREAT] NUMB] ( ME*ANICS1 CAN ?AT BE CALL$ COMP5SATION TO ! C>PET-MAK]S1 ?R[N ON ! /REETS8 ,AT ! BE/1 ITS CON/RUCTION EMPLOYS FEW] M5 ?AN ITS EMPLOYM5T DISPLACES4 ,! SUM ( ,G,B,P#a1#e ?AT =M]LY REPRES5T$ ! WAGES ( ! DIS*>G$ C>PET-MAK]S1 N[ REPRES5TS 9 ! %APE ( MA*9]Y3 7#a7 ! VALUE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION US$ 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ?AT MA*9]Y1 7#b7 ! WAGES ( ! ME*ANICS EMPLOY$ 9 ITS CON/RUCTION1 & 7#c7 ! SURPLUS-VALUE FALL+ TO ! %>E ( !IR 0MA/]40 ,FUR!R1 ! MA*9]Y NE$ NOT BE R5EW$ TILL IT IS WORN \T4 ,H5CE1 9 ORD] TO KEEP ! 9CREAS$ NUMB] ( ME*ANICS 9 CON/ANT EMPLOYM5T1 ONE C>PET MANUFACTUR] AFT] ANO!R MU/ DISPLACE WORKM5 BY MA*9ES4 

0,AS A MATT] ( FACT ! APOLOGI/S DO NOT MEAN ?IS SORT ( SETT+ FREE4 

0,!Y HAVE 9 !IR M9DS ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ( ! LIB]AT$ WORK-PEOPLE4 ,IT CANNOT BE D5I$1 9 ! ABOVE 9/ANCE1 ?AT ! MA*9]Y NOT ONLY LIB]ATES #e M51 ?US PLAC+ !M AT O!RS' DISPOSAL1 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 IT )DRAWS FROM !IR CONSUMPTION1 & SETS FREE1 MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE TO ! VALUE ( ,G,B,P#a1#e4 ,! SIMPLE FACT1 BY NO MEANS A NEW ONE1 ?AT MA*9]Y CUTS (F ! WORKM5 FROM !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE IS1 !RE=E1 9 ECONOMIC P>LANCE TANTAM\NT TO ?IS1 ?AT MA*9]Y LIB]ATES MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORKMAN1 OR CONV]TS ?OSE MEANS 9TO CAPITAL = HIS EMPLOYM5T4 ,! MODE ( EXPRESSION1 Y\ SEE1 IS EV]Y?+4 ,NOM9IBUS MOLLIRE LICET MALA 7,IT'S LAWFUL TO HIDE EVIL ) WORDS70 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #a#e1 SEC4 #f74 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,SAL>Y 

,! SUPPORT]S ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION PRET5D ?AT SAL>Y IS PAYM5T = LABOR1 & SURPLUS VALUE ! PRODUCT ( CAPITAL4 

,BUT :AT IS LABOR VALUE8 ,LABOR1 EI!R /ILL 9 ! WORK]1 OR ALREADY \T2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 LABOR1 EI!R ! =CE1 ! P[] TO DO SOME?+1 OR ! ?+ ITSELF ALREADY DONE3 9 %ORT1 LABOR1 EI!R LABOR P[]1 OR ! COMMODITY4 ,! WORK] CANNOT SELL LABOR ?AT'S ALREADY LEFT HIM1 IE ! ?+ HE PRODUCES1 ! COMMODITY1 BECAUSE ?IS BELONGS TO ! CAPITALI/1 & NOT TO HIM4 ,BECAUSE ! WORK] C\LD SELL LABOR ?AT'S ALREADY LEFT HIM1 IE ! COMMODITY HE PRODUC$1 HE W\LD NE$ TO POSSESS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & RAW MAT]IALS1 & SO HE W\LD BE ! M]*ANT ( ! COMMODITIES HE PRODUC$4 ,BUT HE DOESN'T POSSESS ANY?+1 HE IS A PROLET>IAN1 :O1 TO LIVE1 MU/ SELL TO O!RS ! ONLY GOOD ?AT RE/S 9 HIM1 ?AT IS HIS P[] OR =CE TO WORK1 LABOR P[]4 ,! CAPITALI/ !RE=E CAN BUY NO?+ BESIDES LABOR P[]2 :I*1 LIKE ALL O!R COMMODITIES1 HAS A USE VALUE & AN EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,! CAPITALI/ PAYS ! APPROPRIATELY DET]M9$ VALUE1 I4E4 ! EX*ANGE VALUE1 TO ! WORK] = ! COMMODITY1 :I* HE SELLS4 ,BUT LABOR P[] ALSO HAS A USE VALUE1 :I* BELONGS TO ! CAPITALI/ :O B\<T IT4 ,N[1 ! USE VALUE ( ?IS S+UL> COMMODITY HAS A D\BLE QUALITY4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT :I* IT HAS 9 COMMON ) ! USE VALUE ( ALL O!R COMMODITIES1 ?AT IS1 ( SATISFY+ A NE$2 ! SECOND IS ?AT1 COMPLETELY SPECIAL TO IT1 ( CREAT+ VALUE1 :I* DI/+UI%ES ?IS COMMODITY FROM ALL ! O!RS4 

,!RE=E1 SAL>Y CANNOT REPRES5T ! PRICE ( LABOR P[]4 ,& SURPLUS VALUE CANNOT BE PRODUC$ BY CAPITAL1 BECAUSE CAPITAL IS 9]T MATT]1 :I* IS ALWAYS F\ND TO HAVE ! SAME AM\NT ( VALUE AS IT DID :5 IT WAS US$ 9 ! COMMODITY2 IT IS MATT] ?AT HASN'T ANY LIFE1 & ?AT1 REMA9+ BY ITSELF1 )\T LABOR P[]1 W\LD NEV] BE ABLE TO HAVE IT4 ,IT IS ONLY LABOR P[] ?AT IS ABLE TO PRODUCE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT GIVES ! FIR/ SE$ ( LIFE TO CAPITAL4 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT SUPPORTS ! :OLE LIFE ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS1 MORE ?AN ANY?+1 FIR/ SUCKS1 !N ABSORBS ) ALL ( ITS PORES1 & F9ALLY VIGOR\SLY PUMPS SURPLUS VALUE FROM LABOR4 

,! TWO MA9 =MS ( SAL>Y >E3 TIME-WAGES & PIECE-WAGES4 

,TIME-WAGES >E ?OSE PAID = A GIV5 TIME2 LIKE = A DAY1 = A WEEK1 = A MON?1 ETC1 ( LABOR4 ,IT IS SIMPLY A TRANS=MATION ( ! PRICE ( LABOR P[]4 ,9/EAD ( SAY+ ?AT ! WORK] HAS SOLD HIS LABOR P[] ( ONE DAY = #c LIRE1 ONE SAYS ?AT ! WORK] GOES TO WORK = A SAL>Y ( #c LIRE A DAY4 

,! SAL>Y ( #c LIRE P] DAY IS !RE=E ! PRICE ( LABOR P[] = A DAY4 ,BUT ?IS DAY CAN BE MORE OR LESS LONG4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 A DAY ( #a H\RS ( LABOR P[] IS PAID #c C5TS P] H\R1 !N1 IF IT'S #ab H\RS1 LABOR P[] IS PAID #be C5TS P] H\R4 ,!RE=E1 ! CAPITALI/1 EXT5D+ ! WORKDAY1 PAYS ! WORK] A SMALL] PRICE = HIS LABOR P[]4 ,! CAPITALI/ CAN ALSO 9CREASE SAL>Y1 :ILE CONT9U+ TO PAY ! WORK]1 = HIS LABOR P[]1 ! SAME PRICE AS BE=E1 & EV5 LESS4 ,IF A CAPITALI/ 9CREASES HIS WORK]'S SAL>Y FROM #c LIRE TO ,L4#c1#f A DAY1 & AT ! SAME TIME HE PROLONGS ! WORKDAY FROM ! #a H\RS ?AT IT WAS BE=E TO #ab H\RS1 HE1 BY 9CREAS+ DAILY WAGES BY ,L41#f1 WILL ALWAYS COME \T PAY+ ! WORK] ,L41#c AN H\R = HIS LABOR P[]4 ,IF !N ! CAPITALI/ 9CREASES ! SAL>Y FROM ,L4#c TO ,L4#c1#f1 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 PROLONGS ! DAY FROM #a TO #ae H\RS1 HE1 BY 9CREAS+ ! DAILY WAGES1 WILL BE ABLE TO PAY ! WORK] LESS ?AN BE=E = HIS LABOR P[]1 IE #bd C5TS 9/EAD ( #c C5TS AN H\R4 ,! CAPITALI/ OBTA9S ! SAME EFFECT1 IF1 9/EAD ( 9CREAS+ ! L5G? ( LABOR1 HE 9CREASES IT 9 VOLUME2 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 HE WAS ABLE TO DO ) MA*9]Y4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 ! CAPITALI/1 9CREAS+ LABOR1 IS ABLE TO *EAT ! WORK] HONE/LY2 & HE CAN DO IT :ILE GA9+ FAME = HIS G5]OSITY1 ) ! 9CREASE ( HIS DAILY WAGES4 

,:5 ! CAPITALI/ PAYS ! WORK] BY ! H\R1 HE /ILL F9DS MEANS ( DAMAG+ HIM1 9CREAS+ OR DECREAS+ LABOR1 BUT ALWAYS HONE/LY PAY+ ! SAME PRICE = EV]Y H\R ( LABOR4 ,9DE$1 ! SAL>Y IS #be C5TS = AN H\R ( LABOR4 ,IF ! CAPITALI/ MAKES ! WORK] LABOR = #h H\RS1 9/EAD ( #a#b1 HE WILL PAY HIM ,L4#b1 9/EAD ( ,L4#c2 HE WILL BE LOS+1 ?AT IS1 ONE LIRA1 ) :I* ! WORK] MU/ SATISFY ! ?IRD P>T ( HIS DAILY NE$S4 ,9V]SELY1 IF ! CAPITALI/ MAKES ! WORK] LABOR = #ad OR #af H\RS1 9/EAD ( #a#b1 :ILE PAY+ HIM ,L4#c1#e OR ,L4#d 9/EAD ( ,L4#c1 HE 5DS UP TAK+ #b OR #d H\RS ( LABOR FROM ! WORK] AT A SMALL] PRICE ?AN IT'S WOR?4 ,AFT] #ab H\RS ( LABOR ! WORK]'S P[]S HAVE ALREADY SUFF]$ CONSUMPTION2 & ! O!R #b OR #d H\RS ( LABOR1 OV]TIME1 CO/ MORE ?AN ! FIR/ #ab H\RS4 ,?IS RATIONALE1 PRES5T$ BY ! WORK]S1 9 FACT SEEMS TO BE ACCEPT$ BY DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES1 :]E !Y PAY A GREAT] PRICE = OV]TIME DONE AFT] ! E/ABLI%$ H\RS ( ! WORKDAY4 

,! SMALL] ! PRICE ( LABOR P[]1 REPRES5T$ BY TIME-WAGES1 ! LONG] ! LABOR TIME4 ,& ?AT IS CLE>4 ,IF ! SAL>Y IS ,L41#b#e P] H\R1 9/EAD ( ,L41#c1 ! WORK] MU/ WORK A #a#b-H\R DAY1 9/EAD ( WORK+ A #a-H\R DAY1 TO PROCURE ! ,L4#c REQUIR$ = !IR DAILY NE$S4 ,IF ! SAL>Y IS ,L4#b A DAY1 ! WORK] MU/ WORK ?REE DAYS1 9/EAD ( TWO1 TO PROCURE H[ MU* HE NE$S = ONLY TWO DAYS4 ,H]E ! LESS5+ ( SAL>Y 9CREASES LABOR2 BUT IT ALSO HAPP5S ?AT ! 9CREASE ( LABOR MAKES SAL>Y L[]4 ,) ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9]Y1 = EXAMPLE1 A WORK] COMES TO PRODUCE D\BLE ?AN BE=E2 SO ! CAPITALI/ LESS5S ! NUMB] ( WORK]S2 AS A CONSEQU5CE ! REQUE/ = WORK GR[S1 & SAL>IES FALL4 

,PIECE-WAGES >E NO?+ BUT A TRANS=MATION ( TIME-WAGES2 AS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT !SE TWO =MS ( SAL>Y >E US$ 9DIFF]5TLY1 NOT ONLY 9 DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES1 BUT AT TIMES EV5 9 ! SAME 9DU/RY4 

,A WORK] LABORS #ab H\RS A DAY = A SAL>Y ( ,L4#c & PRODUCES A VALUE ( ,L4#f4 ,H]E IT IS IRRELEVANT TO SAY ?AT ! WORK] PRODUCES1 9 ! FIR/ #f H\RS ( HIS LABOR1 ! ,L4#c ( HIS SAL>Y1 &1 9 ! O!R #f H\RS1 ! ,L4#c ( SURPLUS VALUE2 IT'S EQUIVAL5T TO SAY+ ?AT ! WORK] PRODUCES1 9 EV]Y FIR/ HALF-H\R1 ,L41#b#e1 A TWELF? ( HIS SAL>Y1 &1 9 EV]Y SECOND HALF-H\R1 ,L41#b#e1 A TWELF? ( ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 IF ! WORK] PRODUCES1 9 #ab H\RS ( WORK1 #bd ITEMS1 & RECEIVES #a#b1#e C5TS P] ITEM1 9 TOTAL ,L4#c1 IT'S EXACTLY LIKE SAY+ ?AT ! WORK] PRODUCES #ab ITEMS TO REPRODUCE ! ,L4#c GIV5 TO HIM 9 PAYM5T1 & #ab ITEMS TO PRODUCE ,L4#c ( SURPLUS VALUE2 OR ?AT ! WORK] PRODUCES1 9 EV]Y H\R ( WORK1 & ITEM = HIS PAYM5T1 & AN ITEM = HIS BOSS'S GA94 

,9 PIECE-WAGES3 

0,! QUALITY ( ! LABOR IS H]E CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK ITSELF1 :I* MU/ BE ( AV]AGE P]FECTION IF ! PIECE-PRICE IS TO BE PAID 9 FULL4 ,PIECE WAGES BECOME1 FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! MO/ FRUITFUL S\RCE ( R$UCTIONS ( WAGES & CAPITALI/IC *EAT+4 

0,!Y FURNI% TO ! CAPITALI/ AN EXACT MEASURE = ! 9T5SITY ( LABOR4 ,ONLY ! WORK+-TIME :I* IS EMBODI$ 9 A QUANTUM ( COMMODITIES DET]M9$ BE=EH&1 & EXP]IM5TALLY FIX$1 C\NTS AS SOCIALLY NECESS>Y WORK+-TIME1 & IS PAID AS SU*4 ,9 ! L>G] WORK%OPS ( ! ,LONDON TAILORS1 !RE=E1 A C]TA9 PIECE ( WORK1 A WAI/COAT1 E4G41 IS CALL$ AN H\R1 OR HALF AN H\R1 ! H\R AT #fD4 ,BY PRACTICE IT IS KN[N H[ MU* IS ! AV]AGE PRODUCT ( ONE H\R4 ,) NEW FA%IONS1 REPAIRS1 @&C41 A CONTE/ >ISES BETWE5 MA/] & LABOR] AS TO :E!R A P>TICUL> PIECE ( WORK IS ONE H\R1 & SO ON1 UNTIL H]E ALSO EXP]I5CE DECIDES4 ,SIMIL>LY 9 ! ,LONDON FURNITURE WORK%OPS1 @&C4 ,IF ! LABOR] DOES NOT POSSESS ! AV]AGE CAPACITY1 IF HE CANNOT 9 CONSEQU5CE SUPPLY A C]TA9 M9IMUM ( WORK P] DAY1 HE IS DISMISS$4 

0,S9CE ! QUALITY & 9T5SITY ( ! WORK >E H]E CONTROLL$ BY ! =M ( WAGE ITSELF1 SUP]9T5D5CE ( LABOR BECOMES 9 GREAT P>T SUP]FLU\S4 ,PIECE WAGES !RE=E LAY ! F\NDATION ( ! MOD]N 0DOME/IC LABOR10 DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 AS WELL AS ( A HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION4 ,! LATT] HAS TWO FUNDAM5TAL =MS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 PIECE WAGES FACILITATE ! 9T]POSITION ( P>ASITES BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ & ! WAGE-LABOR]1 ! 0SUB-LETT+ ( LABOR40 ,! GA9 ( !SE MIDDLEM5 COMES 5TIRELY FROM ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! LABOR-PRICE :I* ! CAPITALI/ PAYS1 & ! P>T ( ?AT PRICE :I* !Y ACTUALLY ALL[ TO REA* ! LABOR]4 ,9 ,5GL& ?IS SY/EM IS *>ACT]I/ICALLY CALL$ ! 0SWEAT+ SY/EM40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 PIECE-WAGE ALL[S ! CAPITALI/ TO MAKE A CONTRACT = SO MU* P] PIECE ) ! HEAD LABOR] -- 9 MANUFACTURES ) ! *IEF ( SOME GR\P1 9 M9ES ) ! EXTRACTOR ( ! COAL1 9 ! FACTORY ) ! ACTUAL MA*9E-WORK] -- AT A PRICE = :I* ! HEAD LABOR] HIMSELF UND]TAKES ! 5LI/+ & PAYM5T ( HIS ASSI/ANT WORK PEOPLE4 ,! EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR] BY CAPITAL IS H]E EFFECT$ ?R\< ! EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR] BY ! LABOR]4 

0,GIV5 PIECE-WAGE1 IT IS NATURALLY ! P]SONAL 9T]E/ ( ! LABOR] TO /RA9 HIS LABOR-P[] AS 9T5SELY AS POSSIBLE2 ?IS 5ABLES ! CAPITALI/ TO RAISE MORE EASILY ! NORMAL DEGREE ( 9T5SITY ( LABOR4 ,IT IS MOREOV] N[ ! P]SONAL 9T]E/ ( ! LABOR] TO L5G!N ! WORK+-DAY1 S9CE ) IT HIS DAILY OR WEEKLY WAGES RISE4 ,?IS GRADUALLY BR+S ON A REACTION LIKE ?AT ALREADY DESCRIB$ 9 TIME-WAGES1 )\T RECKON+ ?AT ! PROLONGATION ( ! WORK+-DAY1 EV5 IF ! PIECE WAGE REMA9S CON/ANT1 9CLUDES ( NECESSITY A FALL 9 ! PRICE ( ! LABOR0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#a74 

,PIECE-WAGES >E ONE ( TWO PR9CIPLE SUPPORTS ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ SY/EM1 ?AT IS ( PAY+ ! WORK] BY ! H\R1 )\T ! BOSS'S COMMITM5T TO OCCUPY ! WORK] REGUL>LY DUR+ ! DAY OR ! WEEK4 

0,9 ! WORK%OPS UND] ! ,FACTORY ,ACTS1 PIECE WAGES BECOME ! G5]AL RULE1 BECAUSE CAPITAL CAN !RE ONLY 9CREASE ! EFFICACY ( ! WORK+-DAY BY 9T5SIFY+ LABOR0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4#a1 *4 #b#a74 

,! 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION IS FOLL[$ BY ! PROPORTIONAL DECREASE 9 SAL>Y4 ,:5 ! WORK] WAS PRODUC+ #ab ITEMS 9 #ab H\RS1 ! CAPITALI/ US$ TO PAY HIM1 = EXAMPLE1 A SAL>Y ( ,L41#b#e P] ITEM4 ,) ! PRODUCTION D\BL$1 ! WORK] PRODUCES #bd ITEMS1 9/EAD ( #a#b1 & ! CAPITALI/ L[]S WAGES BY HALF1 I4E41 TO #a#b1#e C5TS P] ITEM4 

0,?IS *ANGE 9 PIECE-WAGE1 SO F> PURELY NOM9AL1 LEADS TO CON/ANT BATTLES BETWE5 CAPITALI/ & LABOR4 ,EI!R BECAUSE ! CAPITALI/ USES IT AS A PRETEXT = ACTUALLY L[]+ ! PRICE ( LABOR1 OR BECAUSE 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVE P[] ( LABOR IS ACCOMPANI$ BY AN 9CREAS$ 9T5SITY ( ! SAME4 ,OR BECAUSE ! LABOR] TAKES S]I\SLY ! APPE>ANCE ( PIECE WAGES 7VIZ41 ?AT HIS PRODUCT IS PAID =1 & NOT HIS LABOR-P[]7 & !RE=E REVOLTS AGA9/ A L[]+ ( WAGES1 UNACCOMPANI$ BY A L[]+ 9 ! SELL+ PRICE ( ! COMMODITY 444 

0,! CAPITALI/ RI<TLY KNOCKS ON ! HEAD SU* PRET5SIONS AS GROSS ]RORS AS TO ! NATURE ( WAGE-LABOR4 ,HE CRIES \T AGA9/ ?IS USURP+ ATTEMPT TO LAY TAXES ON ! ADVANCE ( 9DU/RY1 & DECL>ES R\NDLY ?AT ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR DOES NOT CONC]N ! LABOR] AT ALL0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#a74 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL 

,IF WE OBS]VE ! =MULA ( CAPITAL1 WE EASILY COMPREH5D ?AT ITS CONS]VATION IS PLAC$ COMPLETELY 9 ITS SUCCESSIVE & CONT9U\S REPRODUCTION4 

,9 FACT1 CAPITAL IS DIVID$1 AS WE ALREADY KN[1 9 TWO3 9TO CON/ANT1 ?AT IS1 & V>IABLE4 ,CON/ANT CAPITAL1 REPRES5T$ BY ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & RAW MAT]IALS1 IS WORN AWAY CONT9U\SLY DUR+ ! PROCESS ( LABOR4 ,TOOLS >E US$1 MA*9]Y US$1 C>BON1 TALL[1 ETC41 ?AT IS NE$$ BY ! MA*9]Y1 & F9ALLY ! BUILD+ IS US$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! LABOR IS ABLE 9 SU* A WAY TO WE> AWAY CON/ANT CAPITAL1 IT IS ALSO REPRODUC$ 9 ! SAME PROPORTIONS 9 :I* IT USES IT4 ,CON/ANT CAPITAL F9DS ITSELF REPRODUC$ 9 ! COMMODITY 9 ! PROPORTIONS 9 :I* IT WAS US$ DUR+ ITS PRODUCTION4 ,! VALUE US$ ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! RAW MAT]IALS IS ALWAYS REPRODUC$ EXACTLY 9 ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ELSE:]E4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 CON/ANT CAPITAL COMES TO BE P>TIALLY REPRODUC$ 9 EV]Y COMMODITY1 IT'S CLE> ?AT1 9 ! VALUE ( A C]TA9 NUMB] ( MANUFACTUR$ COMMODITIES1 ONE WILL F9D ALL ( ! CON/ANT CAPITAL1 US$ 9 !IR PRODUCTION4 

,AS IT IS ) CON/ANT CAPITAL1 SO TOO ) V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,V>IABLE CAPITAL1 ?AT REPRES5T$ BY ! VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 I4E4 BY SAL>Y1 IS ALSO REPRODUC$ EXACTLY 9 ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 IT4 ,! WORK]1 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( HIS LABOR1 PRODUCES HIS SAL>Y1 & 9 ! SECOND ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,AS ! WORK] IS NOT PAID SAL>Y = ?AT F9I%$ WORK1 SO IT >ISES ?AT HE COLLECTS HIS SAL>Y AFT] HAV+ ALREADY REPRODUC$ ! EQUIVAL5T 9 ! COMMODITY ( ! CAPITALI/4 

,! ASSEMBLY ( SAL>IES PAID TO WORK]S IS !RE=E FROM !SE 5DLESSLY REPRODUC$4 ,?IS 5DLESS REPRODUCTION BEH9D SAL>IES P]PETUATES ! SUBJECTION ( ! WORK] TO ! CAPITALI/4 ,:5 ! PROLET>IAN COMES TO ! M>KET TO SELL HIS LABOR P[]1 HE COMES TO TAKE ! POSITION ASSIGN$ TO HIM BY ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 & TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION ?R\< HIS %>E ( ! LABOR1 )DRAW+1 = HIS MA9T5ANCE1 ?AT P>T BEH9D SAL>IES1 ?AT HE WILL HAVE TO1 FIR/1 REPRODUCE ) HIS LABOR4 

,IT IS ALWAYS ! ET]NAL BOND ( HUMAN SUBJECTION1 EI!R UND] ! =M ( SLAV]Y1 S]FDOM1 OR WAGE-WORK]4 

,! SUP]FICIAL OBS]V] BELIEVES ?AT ! SLAVE LABORS = NO?+4 ,& HE DOESN'T ?9K ?AT ! SLAVE MU/ ABOVE ALL MAKE UP TO HIS [N] H[ MU* WAS SP5T = HIS MA9T5ANCE3 & HE OBS]VES ?AT ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! SLAVE IS AT TIMES A GREAT DEAL BETT] ?AN ?AT ( ! WAGE-WORK]1 HIS [N] BE+ HI<LY 9T]E/$ 9 HIS CONS]VATION1 LIKE ! CONS]VATION ( A P>T ( HIS [N CAPITAL4 ,! S]F1 :O BELONGS TO HIS LORD1 TOGE!R ) ! L&1 TO :I* HE IS B\ND1 IS1 = ! SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]1 A BE+ :O HAS MADE PROGRESS COMP>$ TO ! SLAVE1 BECAUSE HE SEES CLE>LY ?AT ! S]F GIVES ONLY ONE P>T ( HIS LABOR TO HIS LORD1 :ILE HE EMPLOYS ! O!R P>T ON ! LITTLE L& ASSIGN$ TO HIM1 TO LIVE LIFE4 ,& BE+ A WAGE-WORK]1 9 TURN1 APPE>S TO ! SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]1 A /ATE MU* FUR!R PROGRESS$ COMP>$ TO SLAV]Y1 BECAUSE ! WORK] SEEMS P]FECTLY FREE 9 IT1 COLLECT+ ! VALUE ( HIS [N LABOR4 

,:AT A /RANGE ILLUSION6 ,IF ! WORK] C\LD REALIZE = HIMSELF ! VALUE ( HIS [N LABOR1 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO EXI/ ANY LONG]4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 IT4 ,! WORK] IS ONLY ABLE TO OBTA9 ! VALUE ( HIS LABOR P[]1 :I* IS ! ONLY ?+ ?AT HE CAN SELL1 BECAUSE IT IS ! ONLY GOOD ?AT HE POSSESSES 9 ! WORLD4 ,! PRODUCT ( LABOR BELONGS TO ! CAPITALI/1 :O PAYS SAL>Y TO ! PROLET>IAN1 I4E4 HIS MA9T5ANCE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! PIECE ( L& LEFT BY ! LORD TO HIS S]F1 AS WELL AS ! TIME & TOOLS NECESS>Y TO WORK IT1 >E ! SUM ( ! MEANS ?AT HE HAS TO LIVE1 :ILE HE MU/ LABOR = HIS LORD ! RE/ ( ! TIME4 

,! SLAVE1 S]F & WORK] ALL LABOR 9 P>T TO PRODUCE !IR MA9T5ANCE1 & 9 P>T COMPLETELY = ! B5EFIT ( !IR PATRONS4 ,!SE REPRES5T ?REE DIFF]5T =MS ( ! V]Y SAME BOND ( HUMAN SUBJECTION & EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS ALWAYS ! SUBJECTION ( ! MAN )\T ANY PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION 7?AT IS ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* >E ! MEANS ( LIFE7 TO ! ! MAN :O POSSESSES A PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! S\RCES ( LIFE4 ,CONS]VATION1 I4E4 ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL1 IS JU/1 9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! CONS]VATION ( ?IS BOND ( HUMAN SUBJECTION & EXPLOITATION4 

,LABOR DOES NOT ONLY REPRODUCE CAPITAL1 IT ALSO PRODUCES SURPLUS VALUE1 :I* =MS ?AT :I* IS CALL$ 0REV5UE ( CAPITAL04 ,IF ! CAPITALI/ BL5DS EV]Y YE> ALL OR P>T ( HIS REV5UE ) CAPITAL1 WE WILL HAVE AN ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 :I* WILL GR[ PROGRESSIVELY4 ,) SIMPLE REPRODUCTION LABOR CONS]VES CAPITAL2 ) ACCUMULATION ( SURPLUS VALUE LABOR 9CREASES CAPITAL4 

,:5 ONE RE-9CORPORATES ! REV5UE ) CAPITAL1 ONE COMES TO USE ?IS REV5UE1 P>TIALLY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 P>TIALLY 9 RAW MAT]IALS & P>TIALLY 9 LABOR P[]4 ,N[ Y\ HAVE ?AT ! PA/ OV]WORK1 PA/ UNPAID LABOR1 9CREASES ! :OLE CAPITAL4 ,ONE P>T ( LA/ YE>'S UNPAID LABOR PAYS ?IS YE>'S NECESS>Y WORK4 ,H]E IS :AT ! CAPITALI/ IS ABLE TO DO1 ?ANKS TO ! +5I\S ME*ANISM ( MOD]N PRODUCTION4 

,ONCE ! SY/EM ( MOD]N PRODUCTION IS ADMITT$1 ALL BAS$ UPON PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! WAGE-WORK]1 NO?+ CAN BE SAID AB\T ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT D]IVE FROM IT1 ONE ( :I* IS CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,IS IT IMPORTANT TO ! WORK] ,ANTONIO IF ! #c LIRE ?AT >E PAID TO HIM AS SAL>Y REPRES5T ! WORK] ,PET]'S UNPAID LABOR8 ,:AT HE HAS A RI<T TO KN[ IS IF ! #c LIRE >E ! RI<T PRICE ( HIS LABOR P[]1 I4E4 IF !Y >E ! EXACT EQUIVAL5T ( ! ?+S NECESS>Y TO HIM 9 A DAY1 IF ! LAW ( EX*ANGE1 9 A WORD1 WAS OBS]V$ RIGOR\SLY4 

,:5 ! CAPITALI/ BEG9S TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL UPON CAPITAL1 A NEW VIRTUE1 ALL RI<TLY HIS1 DEVELOPS 9 HIM2 ! SO-CALL$ 0VIRTUE ( AB/95CE01 :I* CONSI/S ( LIMIT+ ALL ( HIS [N EXP5SES1 TO USE ! GREAT] P>T ( HIS REV5UE ON ACCUMULATION4 0,SO F>1 !RE=E1 AS HIS ACTIONS >E A M]E FUNCTION ( CAPITAL -- 5D[$ AS CAPITAL IS1 9 HIS P]SON1 ) CONSCI\SNESS & A WILL -- HIS [N PRIVATE CONSUMPTION IS A ROBB]Y P]PETRAT$ ON ACCUMULATION1 JU/ AS 9 BOOK-KEEP+ BY D\BLE 5TRY1 ! PRIVATE EXP5DITURE ( ! CAPITALI/ IS PLAC$ ON ! DEBTOR SIDE ( HIS ACC\NT AGA9/ HIS CAPITAL4 ,TO ACCUMULATE1 IS TO CONQU] ! WORLD ( SOCIAL WEAL?1 TO 9CREASE ! MASS ( HUMAN BE+S EXPLOIT$ BY HIM1 & ?US TO EXT5D BO? ! DIRECT & ! 9DIRECT SWAY ( ! CAPITALI/0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#d1 SEC4 #c74 

0,TAK+ ! USUR]1 ?AT OLD-FA%ION$ BUT EV] R5EW$ SPECIM5 ( ! CAPITALI/ = HIS TEXT1 ,LU!R %[S V]Y APTLY ?AT ! LOVE ( P[] IS AN ELEM5T 9 ! DESIRE TO GET RI*4 ',! HEA!N W]E ABLE1 BY ! LI<T ( REASON1 TO CONCLUDE ?AT A USUR] IS A D\BLE-DY$ ?IEF & MURD]]4 ,WE ,*RI/IANS1 H[EV]1 HOLD !M 9 SU* HONOR1 ?AT WE FAIRLY WOR%IP !M = ! SAKE ( !IR MONEY4444 ,:OEV] EATS UP1 ROBS1 & /EALS ! N\RI%M5T ( ANO!R1 ?AT MAN COMMITS AS GREAT A MURD] 7SO F> AS 9 HIM LIES7 AS HE :O />VES A MAN OR UTT]LY UNDOES HIM4 ,SU* DOES A USUR]1 & SITS ! :ILE SAFE ON HIS /OOL1 :5 HE \<T RA!R TO BE HANG+ ON ! GALL[S1 & BE EAT5 BY AS MANY RAV5S AS HE HAS /OL5 GUILD]S1 IF ONLY !RE W]E SO MU* FLE% ON HIM1 ?AT SO MANY RAV5S C\LD /ICK !IR BEAKS 9 & %>E IT4 ,MEAN:ILE1 WE HANG ! SMALL ?IEVES4444 ,LITTLE ?IEVES >E PUT 9 ! /OCKS1 GREAT ?IEVES GO FLAUNT+ 9 GOLD & SILK4444 ,!RE=E IS !RE1 ON ?IS E>?1 NO GREAT] 5EMY ( MAN 7AFT] ! DEVIL7 ?AN A GRIPE-MONEY1 & USUR]1 = HE WANTS TO BE ,GOD OV] ALL M54 ,TURKS1 SOLDI]S1 & TYRANTS >E ALSO BAD M51 YET MU/ !Y LET ! PEOPLE LIVE1 & ,CONFESS ?AT !Y >E BAD1 & 5EMIES1 & DO1 NAY1 MU/1 N[ & !N %[ PITY TO SOME4 ,BUT A USUR] & MONEY-GLUTTON1 SU* A ONE W\LD HAVE ! :OLE WORLD P]I% ( HUNG] & ?IR/1 MIS]Y & WANT1 SO F> AS 9 HIM LIES1 SO ?AT HE MAY HAVE ALL TO HIMSELF1 & EV]Y ONE MAY RECEIVE FROM HIM AS FROM A ,GOD1 & BE HIS S]F = EV]4 ,TO WE> F9E CLOAKS1 GOLD5 *A9S1 R+S1 TO WIPE HIS M\?1 TO BE DEEM$ & TAK5 = A WOR?Y1 PI\S MAN 4444 ,USURY IS A GREAT HUGE MON/]1 LIKE A W]EWOLF1 :O LAYS WA/E ALL1 MORE ?AN ANY ,CACUS1 ,G]ION OR ,ANTUS444 ,& S9CE WE BREAK ON ! :EEL1 & BEHEAD HI<WAYM51 MURD]]S & H\SEBREAK]S1 H[ MU* MORE \<T WE TO BREAK ON ! :EEL & KILL4444 HUNT D[N1 CURSE & BEHEAD ALL USUR]S'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#d1 FN4 #b74 

,CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION REQUIRES AN 9CREASE ( H&S4 ,! NUMB] ( WORK]S MU/ BE 9CREAS$1 IF ONE WI%ES TO CONV]T A P>T ( ! REV5UE 9TO V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,! SAME ORGANISM ( CAPITALI/ REPRODUCTION P]=MS 9 A WAY ?AT ! WORK] IS ABLE TO CONS]VE HIS LABOR P[] 9 ! NEW G5]ATION1 FROM :I* CAPITAL TAKES LABOR P[] 9 ORD] TO CONT9UE ITS 5DLESS PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION4 ,BUT ! LABOR ?AT IS REQUIR$ TODAY BY CAPITAL IS HI<] ?AT ?AT :I* WAS REQUIR$ YE/]DAY2 & CONSEQU5TLY ITS PRICE W\LD NATURALLY HAVE TO 9CREASE4 ,& 9 FACT WAGES W\LD HAVE TO 9CREASE1 IF 9 ! SAME ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL !RE W]E NOT A REASON TO MAKE !M DECREASE 9/EAD4 

,IT'S TRUE ?AT REV5UE W\LD HAVE TO BE CONV]T$1 P>TIALLY 9TO CON/ANT CAPITAL1 & P>TIALLY 9TO V>IABLE CAPITAL2 P>TIALLY1 ?AT IS1 9TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & RAW MAT]IALS1 & P>TIALLY 9TO LABOR P[]1 BUT IT MU/ BE CONSID]$ ?AT ) ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL COME P]FECTIONS ( ! OLD SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION1 NEW SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION & MA*9]Y2 ALL ?+S ?AT MAKE PRODUCTION GR[1 & LESS5 ! PRICE ( LABOR P[]1 LIKE WE ALREADY KN[4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL GR[S1 ITS V>IABLE P>T %R9KS1 :ILE ITS CON/ANT P>T 9CREASES4 ,?AT IS1 ! BUILD+S1 ! MA*9]Y ) ITS AUXILI>Y MAT]IALS 9CREASE1 ! RAW MAT]IALS 9CREASE1 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME & 9 PROPORTION TO ?IS 9CREASE1 ) ! ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL ! NE$ = LABOR P[] DECREASES1 ! NE$ ( H&S4 ,DECREAS+ ! NE$ ( LABOR P[] DIM9I%ES ! DEM& = IT & F9ALLY IT ALSO L[]S ITS PRICE4 ,ONE HAS1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! MORE ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL PROGRESSES1 ! MORE ! WAGES GO D[N4 

,! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL TAKES VA/ AM\NTS ( COMPETITION & CR$IT4 ,CR$IT SPONTANE\SLY BR+S MORE CAPITAL TO M]GE TOGE!R1 OR TO M]GE TOGE!R ) ONE /RONG] ?AN ANY ( ! O!RS4 ,COMPETITION1 9/EAD1 IS ! W> ?AT ALL ( ! CAPITALI/S WAGE BETWE5 !MSELVES2 IT IS !RE /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 FROM :I* EM]GE ?OSE :O1 TO W91 HAD TO ALREADY BE ! /RONG] ONES BE=E1 R5D]$ EV5 /RONG]4 

,! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 !RE=E1 MAKES A GREAT NUMB] ( H&S USELESS2 IT CREATES1 ?AT IS1 A SURPLUS LABOR+ POPULATION4 0,BUT IF A SURPLUS LABOR+ POPULATION IS A NECESS>Y PRODUCT ( ACCUMULATION OR ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( WEAL? ON A CAPITALI/ BASIS1 ?IS SURPLUS POPULATION BECOMES1 CONV]SELY1 ! LEV] ( CAPITALI/IC ACCUMULATION1 NAY1 A CONDITION ( EXI/5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT =MS A DISPOSABLE 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 ?AT BELONGS TO CAPITAL QUITE AS ABSOLUTELY AS IF ! LATT] HAD BR$ IT AT ITS [N CO/4 ,9DEP5D5TLY ( ! LIMITS ( ! ACTUAL 9CREASE ( POPULATION1 IT CREATES1 = ! *ANG+ NE$S ( ! SELF-EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 A MASS ( HUMAN MAT]IAL ALWAYS READY = EXPLOITATION4 ,) ACCUMULATION1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR ?AT ACCOMPANIES IT1 ! P[] ( SUDD5 EXPANSION ( CAPITAL GR[S ALSO0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #c74 

,?IS 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 ?IS SURPLUS LABOR+ POPULATION IS DIVID$ 9TO DIFF]5T CATEGORIES4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE IS BETT]-PAID1 & IS LESS %ORT ( WORK ?AN ! O!RS1 :ILE DO+ A LESS PA9FUL JOB4 ,! LA/ CATEGORY 9/EAD IS COMPOS$ ( WORK]S1 :O F9D !MSELVES OCCUPI$ MORE R>ELY ?AN ALL ! O!RS1 & ALWAYS BY A MORE TIRESOME & VILE JOB1 :I* PAYS !M AT ! L[E/ PRICE ?AT ONE CAN EV] PAY HUMAN LABOR4 ,?IS LA/ CATEGORY IS ! MO/ NUM]\S1 NOT ONLY = ! GREAT CONT+5T ?AT 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS CONSIGNS YE> BY YE>1 BUT ABOVE ALL BECAUSE IT IS COMPOS$ ( ! MO/ PROLIFIC AM\NT ( PEOPLE1 AS ! SAME FACT DEMON/RATES4 0',POV]TY SEEMS FAVORABLE TO G5]ATION4' 7,A4 ,SMI?47 ,?IS IS EV5 A SPECIALLY WISE >RANGEM5T ( ,GOD1 ACCORD+ TO ! GALLANT & WITTY ,ABBE ,GALIANI ',IDDIO AF *E GLI UOM9I *E ES]CITANO ME/I]I DI PRIMA UTILITA NASCONO ABBONDANTEM5TE4' 7,GALIANI1 L4 C41 P4 #g#h47 .<,GOD ORDA9S ?AT M5 :O C>RY ON TRADES ( PRIM>Y UTILITY >E BORN 9 ABUNDANCE.> ',MIS]Y UP TO ! EXTREME PO9T ( FAM9E & PE/IL5CE1 9/EAD ( *ECK+1 T5DS TO 9CREASE POPULATION' 7,S4 ,LA+1 0,NATIONAL ,DI/RESS10 #a#h#d#d1 P4 #f#i470 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 FN4 #b#d74 

,AFT] !SE CATEGORIES NONE REMA9S BESIDES 0! L[E/ S$IM5T ( ! RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION F9ALLY DWELLS 9 ! SPH]E ( PAUP]ISM4 

0,EXCLUSIVE ( VAGABONDS1 CRIM9ALS1 PRO/ITUTES1 9 A WORD1 ! 'DANG]\S' CLASSES1 ?IS LAY] ( SOCIETY CONSI/S ( ?REE CATEGORIES4 ,FIR/1 ?OSE ABLE TO WORK4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY GLANCE SUP]FICIALLY AT ! /ATI/ICS ( ,5GLI% PAUP]ISM TO F9D ?AT ! QUANTITY ( PAUP]S 9CREASES ) EV]Y CRISIS1 & DIM9I%ES ) EV]Y REVIVAL ( TRADE4 ,SECOND1 ORPHANS & PAUP] *ILDR54 ,!SE >E C&IDATES = ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 & >E1 9 TIMES ( GREAT PROSP]ITY1 AS #a#h#f1 E4G41 SPE$ILY & 9 L>GE NUMB]S 5ROLL$ 9 ! ACTIVE >MY ( LABOR]S4 ,?IRD1 ! DEMORALIZ$ & RAGG$1 & ?OSE UNABLE TO WORK1 *IEFLY PEOPLE :O SUCCUMB TO !IR 9CAPACITY = ADAPTATION1 DUE TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR2 PEOPLE :O HAVE PASS$ ! NORMAL AGE ( ! LABOR]2 ! VICTIMS ( 9DU/RY1 :OSE NUMB] 9CREASES ) ! 9CREASE ( DANG]\S MA*9]Y1 ( M9ES1 *EMICAL WORKS1 @&C41 ! MUTILAT$1 ! SICKLY1 ! WID[S1 @&C4 ,PAUP]ISM IS ! HOSPITAL ( ! ACTIVE LABOR->MY & ! DEAD WEI<T ( ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,ITS PRODUCTION IS 9CLUD$ 9 ?AT ( ! RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION1 ITS NECESSITY 9 !IRS2 ALONG ) ! SURPLUS POPULATION1 PAUP]ISM =MS A CONDITION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 & ( ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( WEAL?4 ,IT 5T]S 9TO ! FAUX FRAIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION2 BUT CAPITAL KN[S H[ TO ?R[ !SE1 = ! MO/ P>T1 FROM ITS [N %\LD]S ON TO ?OSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! L[] MIDDLE CLASS4 

0,! GREAT] ! SOCIAL WEAL?1 ! FUNCTION+ CAPITAL1 ! EXT5T & 5]GY ( ITS GR[?1 &1 !RE=E1 ALSO ! ABSOLUTE MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( ITS LABOR1 ! GREAT] IS ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,! SAME CAUSES :I* DEVELOP ! EXPANSIVE P[] ( CAPITAL1 DEVELOP ALSO ! LABOR P[] AT ITS DISPOSAL4 ,! RELATIVE MASS ( ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY 9CREASES !RE=E ) ! POT5TIAL 5]GY ( WEAL?4 ,BUT ! GREAT] ?IS RES]VE >MY 9 PROPORTION TO ! ACTIVE LABOR >MY1 ! GREAT] IS ! MASS ( A CONSOLIDAT$ SURPLUS POPULATION1 :OSE MIS]Y IS 9 9V]SE RATIO TO ITS TORM5T ( LABOR4 ,! MORE EXT5SIVE1 F9ALLY1 ! LAZ>US LAY]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 ! GREAT] IS (FICIAL PAUP]ISM4 ,?IS IS ! ABSOLUTE G5]AL LAW ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,LIKE ALL O!R LAWS IT IS MODIFI$ 9 ITS WORK+ BY MANY CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ANALYSIS ( :I* DOES NOT CONC]N US H]E4 

0,! FOLLY IS N[ PAT5T ( ! ECONOMIC WISDOM ?AT PREA*ES TO ! LABOR]S ! ACCOMMODATION ( !IR NUMB] TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITAL4 ,! ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ACCUMULATION CON/ANTLY EFFECTS ?IS ADJU/M5T4 ,! FIR/ WORD ( ?IS ADAPTATION IS ! CREATION ( A RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION1 OR 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,ITS LA/ WORD IS ! MIS]Y ( CON/ANTLY EXT5D+ /RATA ( ! ACTIVE >MY ( LABOR1 & ! DEAD WEI<T ( PAUP]ISM4 

0,! LAW BY :I* A CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ QUANTITY ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ?ANKS TO ! ADVANCE 9 ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( SOCIAL LABOR1 MAY BE SET 9 MOVEM5T BY A PROGRESSIVELY DIM9I%+ EXP5DITURE ( HUMAN P[]1 ?IS LAW1 9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY -- :]E ! LABOR] DOES NOT EMPLOY ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION EMPLOY ! LABOR] -- UND]GOES A COMPLETE 9V]SION & IS EXPRESS$ ?US3 ! HI<] ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR1 ! GREAT] IS ! PRESSURE ( ! LABOR]S ON ! MEANS ( EMPLOYM5T1 ! MORE PREC>I\S1 !RE=E1 BECOMES !IR CONDITION ( EXI/5CE1 VIZ41 ! SALE ( !IR [N LABOR P[] = ! 9CREAS+ ( ANO!R'S WEAL?1 OR = ! SELF-EXPANSION ( CAPITAL4 ,! FACT ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR1 9CREASE MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ! PRODUCTIVE POPULATION1 EXPRESSES ITSELF1 !RE=E1 CAPITALI/ICALLY 9 ! 9V]SE =M ?AT ! LABOR+ POPULATION ALWAYS 9CREASES MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* CAPITAL CAN EMPLOY ?IS 9CREASE = ITS [N SELF-EXPANSION4 

0,WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,V41 :5 ANALYZ+ ! PRODUCTION ( RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE3 )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ALL ME?ODS = RAIS+ ! SOCIAL PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR >E BR\<T AB\T AT ! CO/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL LABOR]2 ALL MEANS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO MEANS ( DOM9ATION OV]1 & EXPLOITATION (1 ! PRODUC]S2 !Y MUTILATE ! LABOR] 9TO A FRAGM5T ( A MAN1 DEGRADE HIM TO ! LEVEL ( AN APP5DAGE ( A MA*9E1 DE/ROY EV]Y REMNANT ( *>M 9 HIS WORK & TURN IT 9TO A HAT$ TOIL2 !Y E/RANGE FROM HIM ! 9TELLECTUAL POT5TIALITIES ( ! LABOR PROCESS 9 ! SAME PROPORTION AS SCI5CE IS 9CORPORAT$ 9 IT AS AN 9DEP5D5T P[]2 !Y DI/ORT ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* HE WORKS1 SUBJECT HIM DUR+ ! LABOR PROCESS TO A DESPOTISM ! MORE HATEFUL = ITS MEANNESS2 !Y TRANS=M HIS LIFE-TIME 9TO WORK+-TIME1 & DRAG HIS WIFE & *ILD B5EA? ! :EELS ( ! ,JUGG]NAUT ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT ALL ME?ODS = ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS-VALUE >E AT ! SAME TIME ME?ODS ( ACCUMULATION2 & EV]Y EXT5SION ( ACCUMULATION BECOMES AGA9 A MEANS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?OSE ME?ODS4 ,IT FOLL[S !RE=E ?AT 9 PROPORTION AS CAPITAL ACCUMULATES1 ! LOT ( ! LABOR]1 BE HIS PAYM5T HI< OR L[1 MU/ GR[ WORSE4 ,! LAW1 F9ALLY1 ?AT ALWAYS EQUILIBRATES ! RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION1 OR 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 TO ! EXT5T & 5]GY ( ACCUMULATION1 ?IS LAW RIVETS ! LABOR] TO CAPITAL MORE FIRMLY ?AN ! W$GES ( ,VULCAN DID ,PROME!US TO ! ROCK4 ,IT E/ABLI%ES AN ACCUMULATION ( MIS]Y1 CORRESPOND+ ) ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? AT ONE POLE IS1 !RE=E1 AT ! SAME TIME ACCUMULATION ( MIS]Y1 AGONY ( TOIL SLAV]Y1 IGNORANCE1 BRUTALITY1 M5TAL DEGRADATION1 AT ! OPPOSITE POLE1 I4E41 ON ! SIDE ( ! CLASS ?AT PRODUCES ITS [N PRODUCT 9 ! =M ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS ANTAGONI/IC *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/IC ACCUMULATION IS 5UNCIAT$ 9 V>I\S =MS BY POLITICAL ECONOMI/S1 AL?\< BY !M IT IS CONF\ND$ ) PH5OM5A1 C]TA9LY TO SOME EXT5T ANALOG\S1 BUT NEV]!LESS ESS5TIALLY DI/9CT1 & BELONG+ TO PRE-CAPITALI/IC MODES ( PRODUCTION4 

0,! ,V5ETIAN MONK ,ORTES1 ONE ( ! GREAT ECONOMIC WRIT]S ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 REG>DS ! ANTAGONISM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION AS A G5]AL NATURAL LAW ( SOCIAL WEAL?4 

0',9 ! ECONOMY ( A NATION1 ADVANTAGES & EVILS ALWAYS BALANCE ONE ANO!R 7IL B5E $ IL MALE ECONOMICO 9 UNA NAZIONE SEMP] ALL1 I/ESSA MISURA73 ! ABUNDANCE ( WEAL? ) SOME PEOPLE1 IS ALWAYS EQUAL TO ! WANT ( IT ) O!RS 7LA COPIA DEI B5I 9 ALCUNI SEMP] EGUALE ALIA MANCANZA DI ESSI 9 ALTRI73 ! GREAT RI*ES ( A SMALL NUMB] >E ALWAYS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! ABSOLUTE PRIVATION ( ! FIR/ NECESS>IES ( LIFE = MANY O!RS4 ,! WEAL? ( A NATION CORRESPONDS ) ITS POPULATION1 & ITS MIS]Y CORRESPONDS ) ITS WEAL?4 ,DILIG5CE 9 SOME COMPELS IDL5ESS 9 O!RS4 ,! POOR & IDLE >E A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! RI* & ACTIVE1' @&C4,9 A ?OR\<LY BRUTAL WAY AB\T #a YE>S AFT] ,ORTES1 ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL& P>SON1 ,T[NS5D1 GLORIFI$ MIS]Y AS A NECESS>Y CONDITION ( WEAL?4 

0',LEGAL CON/RA9T 7TO LABOR7 IS ATT5D$ ) TOO MU* TR\BLE1 VIOL5CE1 & NOISE1 :]EAS HUNG] IS NOT ONLY A PEACEABLE1 SIL5T1 UNREMITT$ PRESSURE1 BUT AS ! MO/ NATURAL MOTIVE TO 9DU/RY & LABOR1 IT CALLS =? ! MO/ P[]FUL EX]TIONS4' 

0,EV]Y?+ !RE=E DEP5DS UPON MAK+ HUNG] P]MAN5T AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS1 & = ?IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,T[NS5D1 ! PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION1 ESPECIALLY ACTIVE AMONG ! POOR1 PROVIDES4 

0',IT SEEMS TO BE A LAW ( ,NATURE ?AT ! POOR %\LD BE TO A C]TA9 DEGREE IMPROVID5T' .<I4E41 SO IMPROVID5T AS TO BE BORN )\T A SILV] SPOON 9 ! M\?.>1 '?AT !RE MAY ALWAYS BE SOME TO FULFILL ! MO/ S]VILE1 ! MO/ SORDID1 & ! MO/ IGNOBLE (FICES 9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,! /OCK ( HUMAN HAPP9ESS IS !REBY MU* 9CREAS$1 :IL/ ! MORE DELICATE >E NOT ONLY RELIEV$ FROM DRUDG]Y 444 BUT >E LEFT AT LIB]TY )\T 9T]RUPTION TO PURSUE ?OSE CALL+S :I* >E SUIT$ TO !IR V>I\S DISPOSITIONS 444 IT' .<! ,POOR ,LAW.> 'T5DS TO DE/ROY ! H>MONY & BEAUTY1 ! SYMMETRY & ORD] ( ?AT SY/EM :I* ,GOD & ,NATURE HAVE E/ABLI%$ 9 ! WORLD4' ,IF ! ,V5ETIAN MONK F\ND 9 ! FATAL DE/9Y ?AT MAKES MIS]Y ET]NAL1 ! RAISON D'ETRE ( ,*RI/IAN *>ITY1 CELIBACY1 MONA/]IES & HOLY H\SES1 ! ,PROTE/ANT PREB5D>Y F9DS 9 IT A PRETEXT = CONDEMN+ ! LAWS 9 VIRTUE ( :I* ! POOR POSSESS$ A RI<T TO A MIS]ABLE PUBLIC RELIEF4 

0',! PROGRESS ( SOCIAL WEAL?1' SAYS ,/OR*1 'BEGETS ?IS USEFUL CLASS ( SOCIETY 444 :I* P]=MS ! MO/ WE>ISOME1 ! VILE/1 ! MO/ DISGU/+ FUNCTIONS1 :I* TAKES1 9 A WORD1 ON ITS %\LD]S ALL ?AT IS DISAGREEABLE & S]VILE 9 LIFE1 & PROCURES ?US = O!R CLASSES LEISURE1 S]5ITY ( M9D & CONV5TIONAL' .<C'E/ BON6.> 'DIGNITY ( *>ACT]4' 

0,/OR* ASKS HIMSELF 9 :AT !N REALLY CONSI/S ! PROGRESS ( ?IS CAPITALI/IC CIVILIZATION ) ITS MIS]Y & ITS DEGRADATION ( ! MASSES1 AS COMP>$ ) B>B>ISM4 ,HE F9DS BUT ONE ANSW]3 SECURITY6 

0',?ANKS TO ! ADVANCE ( 9DU/RY & SCI5CE1' SAYS ,SISMONDI1 'EV]Y LABOR] CAN PRODUCE EV]Y DAY MU* MORE ?AN HIS CONSUMPTION REQUIRES4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 :IL/ HIS LABOR PRODUCES WEAL?1 ?AT WEAL? W\LD1 W]E HE CALL$ ON TO CONSUME IT HIMSELF1 MAKE HIM LESS FIT = LABOR4' ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 'M5' .<I4E41 NON-WORK]S.> 'W\LD PROBABLY PREF] TO DO )\T ALL >TI/IC P]FECTION1 & ALL ! 5JOYM5TS ?AT MANUFACTUR]S PROCURE = US1 IF IT W]E NECESS>Y ?AT ALL %\LD BUY !M BY CON/ANT TOIL LIKE ?AT ( ! LABOR]4444 ,EX]TION TODAY IS SEP>AT$ FROM ITS RECOMP5SE2 IT IS NOT ! SAME MAN ?AT FIR/ WORKS1 & !N REPOSES2 BUT IT IS BECAUSE ! ONE WORKS ?AT ! O!R RE/S4444 ,! 9DEF9ITE MULTIPLICATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( LABOR CAN !N ONLY HAVE = RESULT ! 9CREASE ( LUXURY & 5JOYM5T ( ! IDLE RI*4' 

0,F9ALLY ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY1 ! FI%-BLOOD$ B\RGEOIS DOCTR9AIRE1 BLURTS \T BRUTALLY3 

0',9 POOR NATIONS ! PEOPLE >E COM=TABLE1 9 RI* NATIONS !Y >E G5]ALLY POOR'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #d74 

,WE N[ COME TO SEE1 9 ! FACTS1 :AT ! EFFECT ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL >E4 ,H]E1 AS ELSE:]E1 \R EXAMPLES >E ALL TAK5 FROM ,5GL&1 ! PREEM95T C\NTRY ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 T[>DS :I* 7LET'S REPEAT IT1 & NEV] =GET IT7 ALL MOD]N NATIONS T5D4 ,I REGRET ?AT ,I'M ONLY ABLE TO REPRODUCE ONLY A SMALL P>T ( ! RI* MAT]IAL GA!R$ BY ,M>X4 

0,9 ! YE> #a#h#f#c1 ! ,PRIVY ,C\NCIL ORD]$ AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! /ATE ( DI/RESS ( ! WOR/-N\RI%$ P>T ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,DR4 ,SIMON1 M$ICAL (FIC] TO ! ,PRIVY ,C\NCIL1 *OSE = ?IS WORK ! ABOVE-M5TION$ ,DR4 ,SMI?4 ,HIS 9QUIRY RANGES ON ! ONE H& OV] ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 ON ! O!R1 OV] SILK-WEAV]S1 NE$LEWOM51 KID-GLOV]S1 /OCK+-WEAV]S1 GLOVE-WEAV]S1 & %OEMAK]S4 ,! LATT] CATEGORIES >E1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! /OCK+-WEAV]S1 EXCLUSIVELY T[N-DWELL]S4 ,IT WAS MADE A RULE 9 ! 9QUIRY TO SELECT 9 EA* CATEGORY ! MO/ HEAL?Y FAMILIES1 & ?OSE COMP>ATIVELY 9 ! BE/ CIRCUM/ANCES4 

0,AS A G5]AL RESULT IT WAS F\ND ?AT 

0'9 ONLY ONE ( ! EXAM9$ CLASSES ( 9-DOOR OP]ATIVES DID ! AV]AGE NITROG5 SUPPLY JU/ EXCE$1 :ILE 9 ANO!R IT NE>LY REA*$1 ! E/IMAT$ /&>D ( B>E SUFFICI5CY .<I4E41 SUFFICI5T TO AV]T />VATION DISEASES.>1 & ?AT 9 TWO CLASSES !RE WAS DEFECT -- 9 ONE1 A V]Y L>GE DEFECT -- ( BO? NITROG5 & C>BON4 ,MOREOV]1 AS REG>DS ! EXAM9$ FAMILIES ( ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION1 IT APPE>$ ?AT MORE ?AN A FIF? W]E ) LESS ?AN ! E/IMAT$ SUFFICI5CY ( C>BONACE\S FOOD1 ?AT MORE ?AN ONE-?IRD W]E ) LESS ?AN ! E/IMAT$ SUFFICI5CY ( NITROG5\S FOOD1 & ?AT 9 ?REE C\NTIES 7,B]K%IRE1 ,OX=D%IRE1 & ,SOM]SET%IRE71 9SUFFICI5CY ( NITROG5\S FOOD WAS ! AV]AGE LOCAL DIET4' 

0,AMONG ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 ?OSE ( ,5GL&1 ! WEAL?IE/ P>T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 W]E ! WOR/ F$4 ,! 9SUFFICI5CY ( FOOD AMONG ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 FELL1 AS A RULE1 *IEFLY ON ! WOM5 & *ILDR51 = '! MAN MU/ EAT TO DO HIS WORK4' ,/ILL GREAT] P5URY RAVAG$ ! T[N-WORK]S EXAM9$4 

0',!Y >E SO ILL F$ ?AT ASSUR$LY AMONG !M !RE MU/ BE MANY CASES ( SEV]E & 9JURI\S PRIVATION4' 

07',PRIVATION' ( ! CAPITALI/ ALL ?IS6 I4E41 'AB/95CE' FROM PAY+ = ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! M]E VEGETATION ( HIS 'H&S'7 444 

0,DR4 ,SIMON 9 HIS ,G5]AL ,HEAL? ,REPORT SAYS3 

0',?AT CASES >E 9NUM]ABLE 9 :I* DEFECTIVE DIET IS ! CAUSE OR ! AGGRAVATOR ( DISEASE1 CAN BE AFFIRM$ BY ANY ONE :O IS CONV]SANT ) POOR LAW M$ICAL PRACTICE1 OR ) ! W>DS & \T-PATI5T ROOMS ( HOSPITALS4444 ,YET 9 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 !RE IS1 9 MY OP9ION1 A V]Y IMPORTANT SANIT>Y CONTEXT TO BE ADD$4 ,IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT PRIVATION ( FOOD IS V]Y RELUCTANTLY BORNE1 & ?AT AS A RULE GREAT POORNESS ( DIET WILL ONLY COME :5 O!R PRIVATIONS HAVE PREC$$ IT4 ,LONG BE=E 9SUFFICI5CY ( DIET IS A MATT] ( HYGI5IC CONC]N1 LONG BE=E ! PHYSIOLOGI/ W\LD ?9K ( C\NT+ ! GRA9S ( NITROG5 & C>BON :I* 9T]V5E BETWE5 LIFE & />VATION1 ! H\SEHOLD WILL HAVE BE5 UTT]LY DE/ITUTE ( MAT]IAL COM=T2 CLO?+ & FUEL WILL HAVE BE5 EV5 SCANTI] ?AN FOOD -- AGA9/ 9CLEM5CIES ( WEA!R !RE WILL HAVE BE5 NO ADEQUATE PROTECTION -- DWELL+ SPACE WILL HAVE BE5 /9T$ TO ! DEGREE 9 :I* OV]CR[D+ PRODUCES OR 9CREASES DISEASE2 ( H\SEHOLD UT5SILS & FURNITURE !RE WILL HAVE BE5 SC>CELY ANY -- EV5 CLEANL9ESS WILL HAVE BE5 F\ND CO/LY OR DIFFICULT1 & IF !RE /ILL BE SELF-RESPECTFUL 5DEAVORS TO MA9TA9 IT1 EV]Y SU* 5DEAVOR WILL REPRES5T ADDITIONAL PANGS ( HUNG]4 ,! HOME1 TOO1 WILL BE :]E %ELT] CAN BE *EAPE/ B\<T2 9 QU>T]S :]E COMMONLY !RE IS LEA/ FRUIT ( SANIT>Y SUP]VISION1 LEA/ DRA9AGE1 LEA/ SCAV5G+1 LEA/ SUPPRESSION ( PUBLIC NUISANCES1 LEA/ OR WOR/ WAT] SUPPLY1 &1 IF 9 T[N1 LEA/ LI<T & AIR4 ,SU* >E ! SANIT>Y DANG]S TO :I* POV]TY IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY EXPOS$1 :5 IT IS POV]TY 5\< TO IMPLY SCANT9ESS ( FOOD4 ,& :ILE ! SUM ( !M IS ( T]RIBLE MAGNITUDE AGA9/ LIFE1 ! M]E SCANT9ESS ( FOOD IS 9 ITSELF ( V]Y S]I\S MOM5T4444 ,!SE >E PA9FUL REFLECTIONS1 ESPECIALLY :5 IT IS REMEMB]$ ?AT ! POV]TY TO :I* !Y ADV]T IS NOT ! DES]V$ POV]TY ( IDL5ESS4 ,9 ALL CASES IT IS ! POV]TY ( WORK+ POPULATIONS4 ,9DE$1 AS REG>DS ! 9-DOOR OP]ATIVES1 ! WORK :I* OBTA9S ! SCANTY PITTANCE ( FOOD1 IS = ! MO/ P>T EXCESSIVELY PROLONG$4 ,YET EVID5TLY IT IS ONLY 9 A QUALIFI$ S5SE ?AT ! WORK CAN BE DEEM$ SELF-SUPPORT+4444 ,& ON A V]Y L>GE SCALE ! NOM9AL SELF-SUPPORT CAN BE ONLY A CIRCUIT1 LONG] OR %ORT]1 TO PAUP]ISM 4440 

0,EV]Y UNPREJUDIC$ OBS]V] SEES ?AT ! GREAT] ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! GREAT] IS ! CORRESPOND+ HEAP+ TOGE!R ( ! LABOR]S1 )9 A GIV5 SPACE2 ?AT !RE=E ! SWIFT] CAPITALI/IC ACCUMULATION1 ! MORE MIS]ABLE >E ! DWELL+S ( ! WORK+-PEOPLE4 ',IMPROVEM5TS' ( T[NS1 ACCOMPANY+ ! 9CREASE ( WEAL?1 BY ! DEMOLITION ( BADLY BUILT QU>T]S1 ! ]ECTION ( PALACES = BANKS1 W>EH\SES1 @&C41 ! WID5+ ( /REETS = BUS9ESS TRAFFIC1 = ! C>RIAGES ( LUXURY1 & = ! 9TRODUCTION ( TRAMWAYS1 @&C41 DRIVE AWAY ! POOR 9TO EV5 WORSE & MORE CR[D$ HID+ PLACES4 

0,I QUOTE1 AS PRELIM9>Y1 A G5]AL REM>K ( ,DR4 ,SIMON4 

0',AL?\< MY (FICIAL PO9T ( VIEW1' HE SAYS1 'IS ONE EXCLUSIVELY PHYSICAL1 COMMON HUMANITY REQUIRES ?AT ! O!R ASPECT ( ?IS EVIL %\LD NOT BE IGNOR$ 4444 ,9 ITS HI<] DEGREES IT .<I4E41 OV]-CR[D+.> ALMO/ NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES SU* NEGATION ( ALL DELICACY1 SU* UNCLEAN CONFUSION ( BODIES & BODILY FUNCTIONS1 SU* EXPOSURE ( ANIMAL & SEXUAL NAK$NESS1 AS IS RA!R BE/IAL ?AN HUMAN4 ,TO BE SUBJECT TO !SE 9FLU5CES IS A DEGRADATION :I* MU/ BECOME DEEP] & DEEP] = ?OSE ON :OM IT CONT9UES TO WORK4 ,TO *ILDR5 :O >E BORN UND] ITS CURSE1 IT MU/ (T5 BE A V]Y BAPTISM 9TO 9FAMY4 ,& BEYOND ALL MEASURE HOPELESS IS ! WI% ?AT P]SONS ?US CIRCUM/ANC$ %\LD EV] 9 O!R RESPECTS ASPIRE TO ?AT ATMOSPH]E ( CIVILIZATION :I* HAS ITS ESS5CE 9 PHYSICAL & MORAL CLEANL9ESS'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,B74 

0,WE TURN N[ TO A CLASS ( PEOPLE :OSE ORIG9 IS AGRICULTURAL1 BUT :OSE OCCUPATION IS 9 GREAT P>T 9DU/RIAL4 ,!Y >E ! LI<T 9FANTRY ( CAPITAL1 ?R[N BY IT1 ACCORD+ TO ITS NE$S1 N[ TO ?IS PO9T1 N[ TO ?AT4 ,:5 !Y >E NOT ON ! M>*1 !Y 0CAMP40 ,NOMAD LABOR IS US$ = V>I\S OP]ATIONS ( BUILD+ & DRA9+1 BRICK-MAK+1 LIME-BURN+1 RAILWAY-MAK+1 @&C4 ,A FLY+ COLUMN ( PE/IL5CE1 IT C>RIES 9TO ! PLACES 9 :OSE NEI<BORHOOD IT PIT*ES ITS CAMP1 SMALL-POX1 TYPHUS1 *OL]A1 SC>LET FEV]1 @&C4 ,9 UND]TAK+S ?AT 9VOLVE MU* CAPITAL \TLAY1 SU* AS RAILWAYS1 @&C41 ! CONTRACTOR HIMSELF G5]ALLY PROVIDES HIS >MY ) WOOD5 HUTS & ! LIKE1 ?US IMPROVIS+ VILLAGES )\T ANY SANIT>Y PROVISIONS1 \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ! LOCAL BO>DS1 V]Y PR(ITABLE TO ! CONTRACTOR1 :O EXPLOITS ! LABOR]S 9 TWO-FOLD FA%ION -- AS SOLDI]S ( 9DU/RY & AS T5ANTS4 ,ACCORD+ AS ! WOOD5 HUT CONTA9S #a1 #b1 OR #c HOLES1 ITS 9HABITANT1 NAVVY1 OR :ATEV] HE MAY BE1 HAS TO PAY #a1 #c1 OR #d %ILL+S WEEKLY4 ,ONE EXAMPLE WILL SUFFICE4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#f#d1 ,DR4 ,SIMON REPORTS ?AT ! ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,NUISANCES ,REMOVAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! P>I% ( ,SEV5OAKS S5T ! FOLL[+ D5UNCIATION TO ,SIR ,GEORGE ,GRAY1 ,HOME ,SECRET>Y3 -- 

0',SMALL-POX CASES W]E R>ELY HE>D ( 9 ?IS P>I% UNTIL AB\T TWELVE MON?S AGO4 ,%ORTLY BE=E ?AT TIME1 ! WORKS = A RAILWAY FROM ,LEWI%AM TO ,TUNBRIDGE W]E COMM5C$ H]E1 &1 9 ADDITION TO ! PR9CIPAL WORKS BE+ 9 ! IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOOD ( ?IS T[N1 H]E WAS ALSO E/ABLI%$ ! DEPOT = ! :OLE ( ! WORKS1 SO ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( P]SONS WAS ( NECESSITY EMPLOY$ H]E4 ,AS COTTAGE ACCOMMODATION C\LD NOT BE OBTA9$ = !M ALL1 HUTS W]E BUILT 9 SEV]AL PLACES ALONG ! L9E ( ! WORKS BY ! CONTRACTOR1 ,MR4 ,JAY1 = !IR ESPECIAL OCCUPATION4 ,!SE HUTS POSSESS$ NO V5TILATION NOR DRA9AGE1 &1 BESIDES1 W]E NECESS>ILY OV]-CR[D$1 BECAUSE EA* OCCUPANT HAD TO ACCOMMODATE LODG]S1 :ATEV] ! NUMB] 9 HIS [N FAMILY MI<T BE1 AL?\< !RE W]E ONLY TWO ROOMS TO EA* T5EM5T4 ,! CONSEQU5CES W]E1 ACCORD+ TO ! M$ICAL REPORT WE RECEIV$1 ?AT 9 ! NI<TTIME !SE POOR PEOPLE W]E COMPELL$ TO 5DURE ALL ! HORROR ( SUFFOCATION TO AVOID ! PE/IF]\S SMELLS >IS+ FROM ! FIL?Y1 /AGNANT WAT]1 & ! PRIVIES CLOSE UND] !IR W9D[S4 ,COMPLA9TS W]E AT L5G? MADE TO ! ,NUISANCES ,REMOVAL ,COMMITTEE BY A M$ICAL G5TLEMAN :O HAD OCCASION TO VISIT !SE HUTS1 & HE SPOKE ( !IR CONDITION AS DWELL+S 9 ! MO/ SEV]E T]MS1 & HE EXPRESS$ HIS FE>S ?AT SOME V]Y S]I\S CONSEQU5CES MI<T 5SUE1 UNLESS SOME SANIT>Y MEASURES W]E ADOPT$4 ,AB\T A YE> AGO1 ,MR4 ,JAY PROMIS$ TO APPROPRIATE A HUT1 TO :I* P]SONS 9 HIS EMPLOY1 :O W]E SUFF]+ FROM CONTAGI\S DISEASES1 MI<T AT ONCE BE REMOV$4 ,HE REPEAT$ ?AT PROMISE ON ! #b#cRD ,JULY LA/1 BUT AL?\< S9CE ! DATE ( ! LA/ ,PROMISE !RE HAVE BE5 SEV]AL CASES ( SMALL-POX 9 HIS HUTS1 & TWO DEA?S FROM ! SAME DISEASE1 YET HE HAS TAK5 NO /EPS :ATEV] TO C>RY \T HIS PROMISE4 ,ON ! #i? ,SEPTEMB] 9/ANT1 ,MR4 ,KELSON1 SURGEON1 REPORT$ TO ME FUR!R CASES ( SMALL-POX 9 ! SAME HUTS1 & HE DESCRIB$ !IR CONDITION AS MO/ DISGRACEFUL4 ,I %\LD ADD1 = Y\R 7! ,HOME ,SECRET>Y'S7 9=MATION ?AT AN ISOLAT$ H\SE1 CALL$ ! ,PE/-H\SE1 :I* IS SET AP>T = P>I%ION]S :O MI<T BE SUFF]+ FROM 9FECTI\S DISEASES1 HAS BE5 CONT9UALLY OCCUPI$ BY SU* PATI5TS = MANY MON?S PA/1 & IS ALSO N[ OCCUPI$2 ?AT 9 ONE FAMILY FIVE *ILDR5 DI$ FROM SMALL-POX & FEV]2 ?AT FROM ! #a/ ,APRIL TO ! #a/ ,SEPTEMB] ?IS YE>1 A P]IOD ( FIVE MON?S1 !RE HAVE BE5 NO FEW] ?AN T5 DEA?S FROM SMALL-POX 9 ! P>I%1 F\R ( !M BE+ 9 ! HUTS ALREADY REF]R$ TO2 ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ASC]TA9 ! EXACT NUMB] ( P]SONS :O HAVE SUFF]$ FROM ?AT DISEASE AL?\< !Y >E KN[N TO BE MANY1 FROM ! FACT ( ! FAMILIES KEEP+ IT AS PRIVATE AS POSSIBLE'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,C74 

,LET'S N[ SEE ! EFFECTS ( ! CRISES ON ! BETT]-PAID P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,H]E MU* IS TOLD BY A CORRESPOND5T ( A NEWSPAP]1 ! ,MORN+ ,/>1 :O1 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#f#g1 ON ! OCCASION ( AN 9DU/RIAL CRISIS1 VISIT$ ! MA9 LOCALITIES 9 DI/RESS4 

0',9 ! ,EA/ ,5D DI/RICTS ( ,POPL>1 ,MILLWALL1 ,GRE5WI*1 ,DEPT=D1 ,LIMEH\SE & ,CANN+ ,T[N1 AT LEA/ #a#e1 WORKM5 & !IR FAMILIES W]E 9 A /ATE ( UTT] DE/ITUTION1 & #c1 SKILL$ ME*ANICS W]E BREAK+ /ONES 9 ! WORKH\SE Y>D 7AFT] DI/RESS ( OV] HALF A YE>'S DURATION74444 ,I HAD GREAT DIFFICULTY 9 REA*+ ! WORKH\SE DOOR1 = A HUNGRY CR[D BESIEG$ IT4444 ,!Y W]E WAIT+ = !IR TICKETS1 BUT ! TIME HAD NOT YET >RIV$ = ! DI/RIBUTION4 ,! Y>D WAS A GREAT SQU>E PLACE ) AN OP5 %$ RUNN+ ALL R\ND IT1 & SEV]AL L>GE HEAPS ( SN[ COV]$ ! PAV+-/ONES 9 ! MIDDLE4 ,9 ! MIDDLE1 ALSO1 W]E LITTLE WICK]-F5C$ SPACES1 LIKE %EEP P5S1 :]E 9 F9] WEA!R ! M5 WORK$2 BUT ON ! DAY ( MY VISIT ! P5S W]E SO SN[$ UP ?AT NOBODY C\LD SIT 9 !M4 ,M5 W]E BUSY1 H[EV]1 9 ! OP5 %$ BREAK+ PAV+-/ONES 9TO MACADAM4 ,EA* MAN HAD A BIG PAV+-/ONE = A SEAT1 & HE *IPP$ AWAY AT ! RIME-COV]$ GRANITE ) A BIG HAMM] UNTIL HE HAD BROK5 UP1 & ?9K6 FIVE BU%ELS ( IT1 & !N HE HAD DONE HIS DAY'S WORK1 & GOT HIS DAY'S PAY -- ?REEP5CE & AN ALL[ANCE ( FOOD4 ,9 ANO!R P>T ( ! Y>D WAS A RICKETY LITTLE WOOD5 H\SE1 & :5 WE OP5$ ! DOOR ( IT1 WE F\ND IT FILL$ ) M5 :O W]E HUDDL$ TOGE!R %\LD] TO %\LD] = ! W>M? ( ONE ANO!R'S BODIES & BREA?4 ,!Y W]E PICK+ OAKUM & DISPUT+ ! :ILE AS TO :I* C\LD WORK ! LONGE/ ON A GIV5 QUANTITY ( FOOD -- = 5DURANCE WAS ! PO9T ( HONOR4 ,SEV5 ?\S& 444 9 ?IS ONE WORKH\SE 444 W]E RECIPI5TS ( RELIEF 444 MANY HUNDR$S ( !M 444 IT APPE>$1 W]E1 SIX OR EI<T MON?S AGO1 E>N+ ! HI<E/ WAGES PAID TO >TISANS4444 ,!IR NUMB] W\LD BE MORE ?AN D\BL$ BY ! C\NT ( ?OSE :O1 HAV+ EXHAU/$ ALL !IR SAV+S1 /ILL REFUSE TO APPLY TO ! P>I%1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE A LITTLE LEFT TO PAWN4 ,LEAV+ ! WORKH\SE1 ,I TOOK A WALK ?R\< ! /REETS1 MO/LY ( LITTLE ONE-/ORY H\SES1 ?AT AB\ND 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,POPL>4 ,MY GUIDE WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,UNEMPLOY$4444 ,MY FIR/ CALL WAS ON AN IRONWORK] :O HAD BE5 SEV5 & TW5TY WEEKS \T ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,I F\ND ! MAN ) HIS FAMILY SITT+ 9 A LITTLE BACK ROOM4 ,! ROOM WAS NOT B>E ( FURNITURE1 & !RE WAS A FIRE 9 IT4 ,?IS WAS NECESS>Y TO KEEP ! NAK$ FEET ( ! Y\NG *ILDR5 FROM GETT+ FRO/ BITT51 = IT WAS A BITT]LY COLD DAY4 ,ON A TRAY 9 FRONT ( ! FIRE LAY A QUANTITY ( OAKUM1 :I* ! WIFE & *ILDR5 W]E PICK+ 9 RETURN = !IR ALL[ANCE FROM ! P>I%4 ,! MAN WORK$ 9 ! /ONE Y>D ( ! WORKH\SE = A C]TA9 RATION ( FOOD1 & ?REEP5CE P] DAY4 ,HE HAD N[ COME HOME TO D9N] QUITE HUNGRY1 AS HE TOLD US ) A MELAN*OLY SMILE1 & HIS D9N] CONSI/$ ( A C\PLE ( SLICES ( BREAD & DRIPP+1 & A CUP ( MILKLESS TEA4444 ,! NEXT DOOR AT :I* WE KNOCK$ WAS OP5$ BY A MIDDLE-AG$ WOMAN1 :O1 )\T SAY+ A WORD1 L$ US 9TO A LITTLE BACK P>LOR1 9 :I* SAT ALL H] FAMILY1 SIL5T & FIX$LY />+ AT A RAPIDLY DY+ FIRE4 ,SU* DESOLATION1 SU* HOPELESSNESS WAS AB\T !SE PEOPLE & !IR LITTLE ROOM1 AS ,I %\LD NOT C>E TO WITNESS AGA94 0,NO?+ HAVE !Y DONE1 SIR10 SAID ! WOMAN1 PO9T+ TO H] BOYS1 0= SIX & TW5TY WEEKS2 & ALL \R MONEY GONE -- ALL ! TW5TY P\NDS ?AT ME & FA!R SAV$ :5 TIMES W]E BETT]1 ?9K+ IT W\LD YIELD A LITTLE TO KEEP US :5 WE GOT PA/ WORK4 ,LOOK AT IT10 %E SAID1 ALMO/ FI]CELY1 BR++ \T A BANK-BOOK ) ALL ITS WELL KEPT 5TRIES ( MONEY PAID 91 & MONEY TAK5 \T1 SO ?AT WE C\LD SEE H[ ! LITTLE =TUNE HAD BEGUN ) ! FIR/ FIVE %ILL+ DEPOSIT1 & HAD GR[N BY LITTLE & LITTLE TO BE TW5TY P\NDS1 & H[ IT HAD MELT$ D[N AGA9 TILL ! SUM 9 H& GOT FROM P\NDS TO %ILL+S1 & ! LA/ 5TRY MADE ! BOOK AS WOR?LESS AS A BLANK %EET4 ,?IS FAMILY RECEIV$ RELIEF FROM ! WORKH\SE1 & IT FURNI%$ !M ) JU/ ONE SCANTY MEAL P] DAY4444 ,\R NEXT VISIT WAS TO AN IRON LABOR]'S WIFE1 :OSE HUSB& HAD WORK$ 9 ! Y>DS4 ,WE F\ND H] ILL FROM WANT ( FOOD1 LY+ ON A MATTRESS 9 H] CLO!S1 & JU/ COV]$ ) A /RIP ( C>PET1 = ALL ! B$D+ HAD BE5 PAWN$4 ,TWO WRET*$ *ILDR5 W]E T5D+ H]1 !MSELVES LOOK+ AS MU* 9 NE$ ( NURS+ AS !IR MO!R4 ,N9ETE5 WEEKS ( 5=C$ IDL5ESS HAD BR\<T !M TO ?IS PASS1 & :ILE ! MO!R TOLD ! HI/ORY ( ?AT BITT] PA/1 %E MOAN$ AS IF ALL H] FAI? 9 A FUTURE ?AT %\LD ATONE = IT W]E DEAD4444 ,ON GETT+ \TSIDE A Y\NG FELL[ CAME RUNN+ AFT] US1 & ASK$ US TO /EP 9SIDE HIS H\SE & SEE IF ANY?+ C\LD BE DONE = HIM4 ,A Y\NG WIFE1 TWO PRETTY *ILDR51 A CLU/] ( PAWN-TICKETS1 & A B>E ROOM W]E ALL HE HAD TO %[' 444 

0,AS IT IS ! FA%ION AMONG ,5GLI% CAPITALI/S TO QUOTE ,BELGIUM AS ! ,P>ADISE ( ! LABOR] BECAUSE 'FRE$OM ( LABOR1' OR :AT IS ! SAME ?+1 'FRE$OM ( CAPITAL1' IS !RE LIMIT$ NEI!R BY ! DESPOTISM ( ,TRADES' ,UNIONS1 NOR BY ,FACTORY ,ACTS1 A WORD OR TWO ON ! 'HAPP9ESS' ( ! ,BELGIAN LABOR]4 ,ASSUR$LY NO ONE WAS MORE ?OR\<LY 9ITIAT$ 9 ! MY/]IES ( ?IS HAPP9ESS ?AN ! LATE ,M4 ,DUCPETIAUX1 9SPECTOR-G5]AL ( ,BELGIAN PRISONS & *>ITABLE 9/ITUTIONS1 & MEMB] ( ! C5TRAL COMMISSION ( ,BELGIAN /ATI/ICS4 ,LET US TAKE HIS WORK3 ',BUDGETS ECONOMIQUES DES CLASSES \VRI]ES DE LA ,BELGIQUE1' ,BRUXELLES1 #a#h#e#e4 ,H]E WE F9D AMONG O!R MATT]S1 A NORMAL ,BELGIAN LABOR]'S FAMILY1 :OSE YE>LY 9COME & EXP5DITURE HE CALCULATES ON V]Y EXACT DATA1 & :OSE CONDITIONS ( N\RI%M5T >E !N COMP>$ ) ?OSE ( ! SOLDI]1 SAILOR1 & PRISON] 444 

0',CALCULAT$ AT ?IS RATE1 ! RES\RCES ( ! FAMILY W\LD AM\NT1 AT ! MAXIMUM1 TO #a1#f#h FRANCS A-YE> 444' 

0,ACCORD+ TO ?IS ! BUDGET ( ! FAMILY IS3 

        
    
    
 ,TOTAL  
    
    
 FR4 #a1#f#h 
    
   
 ,! FA!R  
    
    
 #c WORK+-DAYS AT FR4 #a4#e#f  
    
    
 FR4 #dfh 
    
   
 MO!R  
    
    
 #c WORK+-DAYS AT FR4 4#h#i  
    
    
 FR4 #bfg 
    
   
 BOY  
    
    
 #c WORK+-DAYS AT FR4 4#e#f  
    
    
 FR4 #afh 
    
   
 GIRL  
    
    
 #c WORK+-DAYS AT FR4 4#e#e  
    
    
 FR4 #afe 
    
   

0,! ANNUAL EXP5DITURE ( ! FAMILY W\LD CAUSE A DEFICIT UPON ! HYPO!SIS ?AT ! LABOR] HAS ! FOOD (3 

 ,! MAN-(-W>'S MAN  
    
    
     FR4 #a1#h#b#h  
    
    
 ,DEFICIT FR4 #gf 
    
   
 ,! SOLDI]  
    
    
 FR4 #a1#d#g#c  
    
    
 ,DEFICIT FR4 #de 
    
   
 ,! PRISON]  
    
    
 FR4 #a1#a#a#b  
    
    
 ,DEFICIT FR4 #dd 
    
   

0',FROM AN ELABORATE COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! DIET ( CONVICTS 9 ! CONVICT PRISONS 9 ,5GL&1 & ?AT ( PAUP]S 9 WORKH\SES & ( FREE LABOR]S 9 ! SAME C\NTRY 444 IT C]TA9LY APPE>S ?AT ! =M] >E MU* BETT] F$ ?AN EI!R ( ! TWO O!R CLASSES1' :IL/ '! AM\NT ( LABOR REQUIR$ FROM AN ORD9>Y CONVICT UND] P5AL S]VITUDE IS AB\T ONE HALF ( :AT W\LD BE DONE BY AN ORD9>Y DAY-LABOR]'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,E74 

,A REPORT ON ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?1 FROM #a#h#f#e1 SPEAKS ( A VISIT MADE 9 A TIME ( EPIDEMIC TO H\SES ( F>M]S1 CIT+ AMONG O!RS ! FOLL[+ 3 

0',A Y\NG WOMAN HAV+ FEV]1 LAY AT NI<T 9 A ROOM OCCUPI$ BY H] FA!R & MO!R1 H] BA/>D *ILD1 TWO Y\NG M5 7H] BRO!RS71 & H] TWO SI/]S1 EA* ) A BA/>D *ILD -- #a P]SONS 9 ALL4 ,A FEW WEEKS AGO #ac P]SONS SLEPT 9 IT'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,E74 

,! MODE/ SIZE ( ?IS SUMM>Y DOES NOT P]MIT ME TO REPORT H]E1 FROM ! TEXT1 ! M9UTE ASPECTS ( ! HORRIBLE /ATE 9 :I* ! F>M]S ( ,5GL& LIE4 

,LET'S CLOSE1 !RE=E1 ?IS *APT]1 SPEAK+ ( A COMPLETELY SPECIAL PLI<T1 PRODUC$ 9 ,5GL&1 AMONG AGRICULTURAL WORK]S1 BY ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 

,! SURPLUS AGRICULTURAL POPULATION PRODUCES ! EFFECT ( MAK+ WAGES S9K1 :ILE NOT EV5 SATISFY+ ALL ( ! NE$S ( CAPITAL 9 EXCEPTIONAL & URG5T MOM5TS ( LABOR1 :I* >E REQUIR$ 9 A GIV5 P]IOD ( ! YE> FROM AGRICULTURE4 ,IT FOLL[S1 !RE=E1 ?AT A GREAT NUMB] ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 COME TO BE EMPLOY$ = ! MOM5T>Y NE$ ( CAPITAL1 PA/ :I*1 !SE PEOPLE GO ON TO 9CREASE ! C\NTIES' OV]POPULATION ( WORK]S4 ,?IS FACT HAS PRODUC$ ! SY/EM ( ORGANIZ$ GANGS 9 ! C\NTIES ( ,5GL&4 

0,! GANG CONSI/S ( #a TO #d OR #e P]SONS1 WOM51 Y\NG P]SONS ( BO? SEXES 7#a#c-#a#h YE>S ( AGE1 AL?\< ! BOYS >E = ! MO/ P>T ELIM9AT$ AT ! AGE ( #a#c71 & *ILDR5 ( BO? SEXES 7#f-#a#c YE>S ( AGE74 ,AT ! HEAD IS ! GANG-MA/]1 ALWAYS AN ORD9>Y AGRICULTURAL LABOR]1 G5]ALLY :AT IS CALL$ A BAD LOT1 A SCAPEGRACE1 UN/EADY1 DRUNK51 BUT ) A DA% ( 5T]PRISE & SAVOIR-FAIRE4 ,HE IS ! RECRUIT+-S]GEANT = ! GANG1 :I* WORKS UND] HIM1 NOT UND] ! F>M]4 ,HE G5]ALLY >RANGES ) ! LATT] = PIECE-WORK1 & HIS 9COME1 :I* ON ! AV]AGE IS NOT V]Y MU* ABOVE ?AT ( AN ORD9>Y AGRICULTURAL LABOR]1 DEP5DS ALMO/ 5TIRELY UPON ! DEXT]ITY ) :I* HE MANAGES TO EXTRACT )9 ! %ORTE/ TIME ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( LABOR FROM HIS GANG4 ,! F>M]S HAVE DISCOV]$ ?AT WOM5 WORK /EADILY ONLY UND] ! DIRECTION ( M51 BUT ?AT WOM5 & *ILDR51 ONCE SET GO+1 IMPETU\SLY SP5D !IR LIFE-=CE -- AS ,F\RI] KNEW -- :ILE ! ADULT MALE LABOR] IS %REWD 5\< TO ECONOMIZE HIS AS MU* AS HE CAN4 ,! GANG-MA/] GOES FROM ONE F>M TO ANO!R1 & ?US EMPLOYS HIS GANG FROM #f TO #h MON?S 9 ! YE>4 ,EMPLOYM5T BY HIM IS1 !RE=E1 MU* MORE LUCRATIVE & MORE C]TA9 = ! LABOR+ FAMILIES1 ?AN EMPLOYM5T BY ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M]1 :O ONLY EMPLOYS *ILDR5 OCCASIONALLY4 ,?IS CIRCUM/ANCE SO COMPLETELY RIVETS HIS 9FLU5CE 9 ! OP5 VILLAGES ?AT *ILDR5 >E G5]ALLY ONLY TO BE HIR$ ?R\< HIS 9/RUM5TALITY444 

0,! 0DRAWBACKS0 ( ! SY/EM >E ! OV]WORK ( ! *ILDR5 & Y\NG P]SONS1 ! 5ORM\S M>*ES ?AT !Y MAKE DAILY TO & FROM ! F>MS1 #e1 #f1 & SOMETIMES #g MILES DI/ANT1 F9ALLY1 ! DEMORALIZATION ( ! GANG4 ,AL?\< ! GANG-MA/]1 :O1 9 SOME DI/RICTS IS CALL$ 0! DRIV]10 IS >M$ ) A LONG /ICK1 HE USES IT BUT SELDOM1 & COMPLA9TS ( BRUTAL TREATM5T >E EXCEPTIONAL4 ,HE IS A DEMOCRATIC EMP]OR1 OR A K9D ( ,PI$ ,PIP] ( ,HAMEL94 ,HE MU/ !RE=E BE POPUL> ) HIS SUBJECTS1 & HE B9DS !M TO HIMSELF BY ! *>MS ( ! GYPSY LIFE UND] HIS DIRECTION4 ,CO>SE FRE$OM1 A NOISY JOLLITY1 & OBSC5E/ IMPUD5CE GIVE ATTRACTIONS TO ! GANG4 ,G5]ALLY ! GANGMA/] PAYS UP 9 A PUBLIC H\SE2 !N HE RETURNS HOME AT ! HEAD ( ! PROCESSION REEL+ DRUNK1 PROPP$ UP RI<T & LEFT BY A /ALW>T VIRAGO1 :ILE *ILDR5 & Y\NG P]SONS BR+ UP ! RE>1 BOI/]\S1 & S++ *AFF+ & BAWDY SONGS4 ,ON ! RETURN J\RNEY :AT ,F\RI] CALLS 0PHAN]OGAMIE10 IS ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 ,! GETT+ ) *ILD ( GIRLS ( #ac & #ad BY !IR MALE COMPANIONS ( ! SAME AGE1 IS COMMON4 ,! OP5 VILLAGES :I* SUPPLY ! CONT+5T ( ! GANG1 BECOME ,SODOMS & ,GOMORRAHS1 & HAVE TWICE AS HI< A RATE ( ILLEGITIMATE BIR?S AS ! RE/ ( ! K+DOM444 

0,! GANG 9 ITS CLASSICAL =M JU/ DESCRIB$1 IS CALL$ ! PUBLIC1 COMMON1 OR TRAMP+ GANG4 ,= !RE >E ALSO PRIVATE GANGS4 ,!SE >E MADE UP 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! COMMON GANG1 BUT C\NT FEW] MEMB]S1 & WORK1 NOT UND] A GANG-MA/]1 BUT UND] SOME OLD F>M S]VANT1 :OM ! F>M] DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO EMPLOY 9 ANY BETT] WAY4 ,! GYPSY FUN HAS VANI%$ H]E1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ALL WITNESSES1 ! PAYM5T & TREATM5T ( ! *ILDR5 IS WORSE4 

0,! GANG-SY/EM1 :I* DUR+ ! LA/ YE>S HAS /EADILY 9CREAS$1 CLE>LY DOES NOT EXI/ = ! SAKE ( ! GANG-MA/]4 ,IT EXI/S = ! 5RI*M5T ( ! L>GE F>M]S1 & 9DIRECTLY ( ! L&LORDS0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,E74 

0',SMALL F>M]S NEV] EMPLOY GANGS4' ',IT IS NOT ON POOR L&1 BUT ON L& :I* AF=DS R5T ( FROM #d TO #e %ILL+S1 ?AT WOM5 & *ILDR5 >E EMPLOY$ 9 ! GREATE/ NUMB]S'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 FN4 #a#a#d74 

0,TO ONE ( !SE G5TLEM5 ! TA/E ( HIS R5T WAS SO GRATEFUL ?AT HE 9DIGNANTLY DECL>$ TO ! ,COMMISSION ( ,9QUIRY ?AT ! HOLE HUBBUB WAS ONLY DUE TO ! NAME ( ! SY/EM4 ,IF 9/EAD ( 'GANG' IT W]E CALL$ '! ,AGRICULTURAL ,JUV5ILE ,9DU/RIAL ,SELF-SUPPORT+ ,ASSOCIATION1' EV]Y?+ W\LD BE ALL RI<T0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 FN4 #a#a#e74 

0',GANG WORK IS *EAP] ?AN O!R WORK2 ?AT IS :Y !Y >E EMPLOY$1' SAYS A =M] GANG-MA/]4 ',! GANG-SY/EM IS DECID$LY ! *EAPE/ = ! F>M]1 & DECID$LY ! WOR/ = ! *ILDR51' SAYS A F>M]0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 FN4 #a#a#f74 

0,= ! F>M] !RE IS NO MORE +5I\S ME?OD ( KEEP+ HIS LABOR]S WELL BEL[ ! NORMAL LEVEL1 & YET ( ALWAYS HAV+ AN EXTRA H& READY = EXTRA WORK1 ( EXTRACT+ ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( LABOR ) ! LEA/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( MONEY & ( MAK+ ADULT MALE LABOR 'R$UNDANT4' ,FROM ! EXPOSITION ALREADY MADE1 IT WILL BE UND]/OOD :Y1 ON ! ONE H&1 A GREAT] OR LESS LACK ( EMPLOYM5T = ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR] IS ADMITT$1 :ILE ON ! O!R1 ! GANG-SY/EM IS AT ! SAME TIME DECL>$ 'NECESS>Y' ON ACC\NT ( ! WANT ( ADULT MALE LABOR & ITS MIGRATION TO ! T[NS0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,E74 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,PRIMITIVE ,ACCUMULATION 

,H]E WE >E AT ! 5D ( \R DRAMA4 

,WE MET A WORK] AT ! M>KET ONE DAY1 COME TO SELL HIS LABOR P[]1 & WE SAW HIM NEGOTIATE AS EQUALS ) ! MONEY-[N]4 ,HIS /ILL DIDN'T KN[ H[ H>D ! ,CALV>Y ROAD W\LD BE ?AT HE HAD TO CLIMB1 NOT YET HAD ! MO/ BITT] CUP APPROA*$ HIS LIPS1 ALL ( :I* HAD TO BE GULP$ D[N TO ! LA/ DREGS4 ,! MONEY-[N]1 NOT YET BECOME A CAPITALI/1 WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN A MODE/ [N] ( A LITTLE WEAL?1 TIMID & UNC]TA9 ( ! SUCCESS ( HIS NEW 5T]PRISE1 9 :I* HE WAS 9VE/+ HIS =TUNE4 

,WE ! SAW H[ ! SC5E CAME TO *ANGE4 

,! WORK]1 AFT] HAV+ G5]AT$1 ) HIS FIR/ OV]WORK1 CAPITAL1 WAS OPPRESS$ BY ! EXCESSIVE LABOR ( AN EXTRAORD9>ILY PROLONG$ DAY4 ,) RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE ! LABOR TIME NECESS>Y = HIS MA9T5ANCE WAS RE/RICT$ & ?AT ( OV]WORK PROLONG$1 DE/9$ TO ALWAYS N\RI% CAPITAL MORE RI*LY4 ,9 SIMPLE COOP]ATION WE SAW ! WORK] 9 A /ATION>Y DISCIPL9E1 &1 DRAGG$ BY A CURR5T MADE ( A L9K+ ( LABOR P[]S1 EXHAU/$ EV]MORE1 BY GIV+ GREAT] NUTRITION TO EV]-GR[+ CAPITAL4 ,WE SAW ! WORK] MUTILAT$1 CRE/FALL51 & DEPRESS$ TO ! GREATE/ DEGREE BY ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 9 MANUFACTUR+4 ,WE SAW HIM SUFF]+ UNSPEAKABLE MAT]IAL & MORAL PA9S1 CREAT$ = HIM BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9]Y1 9 MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,EXPROPRIAT$ ( ! LA/ BIT ( >TISAN VIRTUE1 WE SAW HIM R$UC$ TO A M]E S]VANT ( ! MA*9E1 TRANS=M$1 FROM A MEMB] ( A LIV+ ORGANISM1 9TO ! MO/ VULG> APP5DAGE ( A ME*ANISM1 TORTUR$ BY LABOR DRAMATICALLY 9CREAS$ BY ! MA*9E1 :I* AT EV]Y /RET* ?REAT5S TO TE> (F A %R$ ( HIS FLE%1 OR TO GR9D HIM COMPLETELY BETWE5 ITS T]RIBLE GE>S2 & :AT'S MORE WE SAW HIS WIFE & T5D] *ILDR5 BECOME SLAVES ( CAPITAL4 ,& 9 ! MEANTIME ! CAPITALI/1 IMM5SELY 5RI*$1 PAYS HIM A SAL>Y1 :I* HE IS ABLE TO LESS5 AT HIS PLEASURE1 EV5 MAK+ A %[ ( KEEP+ IT AT ! SAME LEVEL AS BE=E1 & EV5 ( 9CREAS+ IT4 ,F9ALLY WE SAW ! WORK]1 MADE TEMPOR>ILY USELESS BY ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 PASS+ FROM ! ACTIVE 9DU/RIAL >MY 9TO ! RES]VES1 FROM !N ON1 FROM ?IS1 FALL+ =EV] 9TO ! HELL ( PAUP]ISM4 ,ALL ! SACRIFICE IS CONSUMMAT$6 

,BUT H[EV] WAS ALL ( ?IS ABLE TO HAPP58 

,9 A V]Y SIMPLE WAY4 ,! WORK] WAS1 IT'S TRUE1 ! [N] ( HIS LABOR P[]1 ) :I* HE W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PRODUCE MU* MORE ?AN HE NE$$ = HIMSELF & HIS FAMILY EV]Y DAY1 BUT HE WAS LACK+ H[EV] ! O!R 9DISP5SABLE ELEM5TS ( LABOR1 ?AT IS1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & RAW MAT]IALS4 ,DEVOID !RE=E ( ANY WEAL?1 ! WORK] WAS =C$1 9 ORD] TO LIVE HIS LIFE1 TO SELL HIS ONLY GOOD1 HIS LABOR P[] TO ! MONEY-[N]1 :O MADE IT HIS PROP]TY4 ,PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! WAGE-WORK]1 F\NDATIONS ( ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 W]E ! =EMO/ CAUSE ( SO MU* PA94 

,BUT ?AT IS UNFAIR6 ,IT'S WICK$6 ,& :OSOEV] GRANT$ MAN ! RI<T ( PRIVATE PROP]TY8 ,& H[EV] DID ! MONEY-[N] F9D HIMSELF 9 POSSESSION ( A PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 ORIG9 ( MANY 9FAMIES8 

,A T]RIBLE VOICE COMES =? FROM ! TEMPLE ( ! ,GOD ( ,CAPITAL1 & %\TS3 0,ALL IS RI<T1 BECAUSE ALL IS WRITT5 9 ! BOOK ( ET]NAL LAWS4 ,ALREADY A V]Y DI/ANT TIME >OSE1 9 :I* ALL HUMANS /ILL ROAM$ FREE & EQUAL ?R\<\T ! ,E>?4 ,FEW ( !SE W]E LABORI\S1 SOB] & ECONOMICAL2 ALL ( ! O!RS IDL]S1 REVEL]S & SQU&]]S4 ,VIRTUE MADE ! FIR/ RI*1 & VICE IMPOV]I%$ ! SECOND4 ,! FEW HAD ! RI<T TO 5JOY 7!SE & !IR DESC5DANTS7 ( ! VIRTU\SLY ACCUMULAT$ WEAL?2 :ILE ! MANY PU%$ BY !IR MIS]Y TO SELL !MSELVES TO ! RI*1 W]E CONDEMN$ TO S]VE ?OSE & !IR DESC5DANTS ET]NALLY40 

,H]E IS H[ C]TA9 FRI5DS ( ! B\RGEOIS ORD] EXPLA9 ! MATT]4 0,SU* 9SIPID *ILDI%NESS IS EV]Y DAY PREA*$ TO US 9 ! DEF5SE ( PROP]TY4 ,M4 ,?I]S1 E4G41 HAD ! ASSURANCE TO REPEAT IT ) ALL ! SOLEMNITY ( A /ATESMAN TO ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 ONCE SO SPIRITUEL0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#f74 

,IF SU* W]E ! ORIG9 ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 ! !ORY1 :I* D]IVES FROM IT1 ?AT ( ORIG9AL S9 & ( PR$E/9ATION1 W\LD BE SO JU/4 ,! FA!R WAS AN IDL] & A REVEL]1 ! SON WILL SUFF] ! MIS]Y4 ,SU* IS ! SON ( A RI* MAN1 HE IS PR$E/9$ TO BE HAPPY1 P[]FUL1 LE>N$1 CIVIL1 /RONG1 ETC42 SU* IS ! O!R SON ( A POOR MAN1 HE IS PR$E/9$ TO BE UNHAPPY1 WEAK1 IGNORANT1 BRUTI%1 IMMORAL1 ETC4 ,A SOCIETY1 F\ND$ UPON SU* A LAW1 W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE TO 5D1 AS SO MANY O!R SOCIETIES ALREADY 5D$1 LESS B>B>\S & LESS HYPOCRITICAL1 SO MANY RELIGIONS & GODS1 />T+ FROM ,*RI/IANITY1 9 :OSE LAWS ONE F9DS SIMIL> EXAMPLES ( JU/ICE4 

,& H]E WE C\LD PUT AN 5D TO \R SAY1 IF WE W]E ALL[$ TO 5D IT ) ?IS B\RGEOIS FOOLI%NESS4 ,BUT \R DRAMA HAS A CATA/ROPHE WOR?Y ( IT1 AS WE WILL SOON SEE1 WITNESS+ ITS F9AL ACT4 

,WE BEG9 ! /ORY1 ?AT HI/ORY WRITT5 BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 & = ! USE & CONSUMPTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE2 WE SE>* 9 IT = ! ORIG9 ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 & IT'S H]E ?AT WE F9D IT4 

,9 ! MO/ ANCI5T AGE1 FLOCKS ( NOMADIC PEOPLE CAME TO E/ABLI% !MSELVES 9 ?OSE PLACES BETT] DISPOS$ & MORE FAVOR$ BY NATURE4 ,!Y F\ND$ CITIES1 !Y DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO CULTIVAT+ ! L&1 & TO DO+ SO MANY O!R NECESS>Y ?+S = !IR [N WELLBE+4 ,BUT IS H]E ?AT !Y 5C\NT] & COLLIDE ) EA* O!R 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T1 & W> FOLL[S1 DEA?S1 FIRES1 ROBB]IES & MASSACRES4 ,ALL ?AT BELONGS TO VANQUI%$ BECOMES PROP]TY ( ! VICTORS1 9CLUD+ ! P]SONS :O SURVIV$1 :O >E ALL MADE SLAVES4 

,H]E IS ! ORIG9 ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION 9 ANTIQUITY4 ,LET'S COME N[ TO ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

,9 ?IS SECOND AGE ( HI/ORY1 WE F9D NO?+ O!R ?AN 9VASIONS ( PEOPLE 9TO C\NTRIES ( O!R PEOPLE1 RI*] & MORE FAVOR$ BY NATURE1 & ALWAYS ! SAME REFRA9 ( MASSACRES1 ROBB]IES1 FIRES1 ETC4 ,ALL ?AT BELONGS TO ! VANQUI%$ BECOMES PROP]TY ( ! VICTORS1 ) ! SOLE DIFF]5CE BE+ ?AT ! SURVIVORS NO LONG] BECOME SLAVES1 LIKE 9 ! ANCI5T AGE1 BUT S]FS1 & !Y PASS ) ! L&1 TO :I* !Y >E JO9$1 9TO ! P[] ( !IR LORDS4 ,!RE=E NOT EV5 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES DO WE F9D ! SLI<TE/ TRACE ( ! IDYLLIC LABORI\SNESS1 SOBRIETY & P>SIMONI\SNESS PRAIS$ BY A C]TA9 B\RGEOIS DOCTR9E AS ! ORIG9 ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION4 ,& NOTICE ?AT ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES IS ! AGE TO :I* \R MO/ ILLU/RI\S [N]S ( WEAL? >E ABLE TO BRAG AB\T TRAC+ !IR ORIG9S4 ,BUT LET'S COME F9ALLY TO ! MOD]N AGE4 

,! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION HAS DE/ROY$ FEUDALISM1 & HAS TRANSMUT$ S]VITUDE 9TO WAGE-WORK4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 IT HAS TAK5 AWAY FROM ! WORK] ! FEW MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 :I* ! /ATE ( S]VITUDE US$ TO 5SURE = !M4 ,! S]F1 AL?\< HE HAD TO LABOR = ! GREAT] P>T ( HIS TIME = HIS LORD1 ALSO HAD A PIECE ( L& ) ! MEANS & ! TIME TO CULTIVATE IT_/TO LIVE HIS LIFE4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAS DE/ROY$ ALL ( ?AT1 & FROM ! S]F HAS MADE A FREE 787 WORK]1 :O HAS NO O!R *OICE1 EI!R BE EXPLOIT$ 9 ! WAY ?AT WE ALREADY SAW1 BY ! FIR/ CAPITALI/ :O HAPP5S UPON HIM1 OR DIE ( HUNG]4 

,LET'S N[ GET D[N TO ! P>TICUL>S4 ,LET'S BEG9 ! /ORY ( A POPULACE1 & LET'S SEE H[ ! EXPROPRIATION ( AGRICULTURAL POPULATIONS CAME TO BE1 & ! =MATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 DE/9$ TO PROVIDE !IR LABOR P[] TO MOD]N 9DU/RIES4 ,WE WILL TAKE1 AS USUAL1 ! /ORY ( ,5GL&1 BECAUSE IF ,5GL& IS ! C\NTRY1 :]E ! DISEASE ?AT WE >E /UDY+ IS MORE DEVELOP$ ?AN ELSE:]E1 IT IS GIV5 ?AT IT WILL ALWAYS BE ABLE TO (F] US ! MO/ SUITABLE SCOPE = \R PRACTICAL OBS]VATIONS4 

0,9 ,5GL&1 S]FDOM HAD PRACTICALLY DISAPPE>$ 9 ! LA/ P>T ( ! #a#d? C5TURY4 ,! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION CONSI/$ !N1 & TO A /ILL L>G] EXT5T1 9 ! #a#e? C5TURY1 ( FREE PEASANT PROPRIETORS1 :ATEV] WAS ! FEUDAL TITLE UND] :I* !IR RI<T ( PROP]TY WAS HIDD54 ,9 ! L>G] SEIGNORIAL DOMA9S1 ! OLD BAILIFF1 HIMSELF A S]F1 WAS DISPLAC$ BY ! FREE F>M]4 ,! WAGE LABOR]S ( AGRICULTURE CONSI/$ P>TLY ( PEASANTS1 :O UTILIZ$ !IR LEISURE TIME BY WORK+ ON ! L>GE E/ATES1 P>TLY ( AN 9DEP5D5T SPECIAL CLASS ( WAGE LABOR]S1 RELATIVELY & ABSOLUTELY FEW 9 NUMB]S4 ,! LATT] ALSO W]E PRACTICALLY AT ! SAME TIME PEASANT F>M]S1 S9CE1 BESIDES !IR WAGES1 !Y HAD ALLOTT$ TO !M >ABLE L& TO ! EXT5T ( #d OR MORE ACRES1 TOGE!R ) !IR COTTAGES4 ,BESIDES !Y1 ) ! RE/ ( ! PEASANTS1 5JOY$ ! USUFRUCT ( ! COMMON L&1 :I* GAVE PA/URE TO !IR CATTLE1 FURNI%$ !M ) TIMB]1 FIRE-WOOD1 TURF1 @&C4 444 

0,! PRELUDE ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT LAID ! F\NDATION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 WAS PLAY$ 9 ! LA/ ?IRD ( ! #a#e?1 & ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! #a#f? C5TURY4 ,A MASS ( FREE PROLET>IANS WAS HURL$ ON ! LABOR M>KET BY ! BREAK+-UP ( ! B&S ( FEUDAL RETA9]S1 :O1 AS ,SIR ,JAMES ,/EU>T WELL SAYS1 'EV]Y:]E USELESSLY FILL$ H\SE & CA/LE4' ,AL?\< ! ROYAL P[]1 ITSELF A PRODUCT ( B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T1 9 ITS /RIFE AFT] ABSOLUTE SOV]EIGNTY =CIBLY HA/5$ ON ! DISSOLUTION ( !SE B&S ( RETA9]S1 IT WAS BY NO MEANS ! SOLE CAUSE ( IT4 ,9 9SOL5T CONFLICT ) K+ & P>LIAM5T1 ! GREAT FEUDAL LORDS CREAT$ AN 9COMP>ABLY L>G] PROLET>IAT BY ! =CIBLE DRIV+ ( ! PEASANTRY FROM ! L&1 TO :I* ! LATT] HAD ! SAME FEUDAL RI<T AS ! LORD HIMSELF1 & BY ! USURPATION ( ! COMMON L&S4 ,! RAPID RISE ( ! ,FLEMI% WOOL MANUFACTURES1 & ! CORRESPOND+ RISE 9 ! PRICE ( WOOL 9 ,5GL&1 GAVE ! DIRECT IMPULSE TO !SE EVICTIONS4 ,! OLD NOBILITY HAD BE5 DEV\R$ BY ! GREAT FEUDAL W>S4 ,! NEW NOBILITY WAS ! *ILD ( ITS TIME1 = :I* MONEY WAS ! P[] ( ALL P[]S4 ,TRANS=MATION ( >ABLE L& 9TO %EEP-WALKS WAS1 !RE=E1 ITS CRY4 ,H>RISON1 9 HIS ',DESCRIPTION ( ,5GL&1 PREFIX$ TO ,HOL9%$'S ,*RONICLES1' DESCRIBES H[ ! EXPROPRIATION ( SMALL PEASANTS IS RU9+ ! C\NTRY4 ',:AT C>E \R GREAT 5CROA*]S8' ,! DWELL+S ( ! PEASANTS & ! COTTAGES ( ! LABOR]S W]E RAZ$ TO ! GR\ND OR DOOM$ TO DECAY4 ',IF1' SAYS ,H>RISON1 '! OLD RECORDS ( EU]IE MAN\R BE S\<T444 IT WILL SOON APPE> ?AT 9 SOME MAN\R SEV5TE5E1 EI<TE5E1 OR TW5TIE H\SES >E %RUNK444 ?AT ,5GL& WAS NEU] LESS FURNI%$ ) PEOPLE ?AN AT ! PRES5T444 ,( CITIES & T[NES EI!R UTT]LY DECAI$ OR MORE ?AN A QU>T] OR HALF DIM9I%$1 ?\< SOME ONE BE A LITTLE 9CREAS$ H]E OR !RE2 ( T[NES PULL$ D[NE = %EEPE-WALKS1 & NO MORE BUT ! LORD%IPS N[ /&+ 9 !M444 ,I C\LD SAIE SOME:AT 444' 

0,! PROCESS ( =CIBLE EXPROPRIATION ( ! PEOPLE RECEIV$ 9 ! #a#f? C5TURY A NEW & FRI<TFUL IMPULSE FROM ! ,RE=MATION1 & FROM ! CONSEQU5T COLOSSAL SPOLIATION ( ! *UR* PROP]TY4 ,! ,CA?OLIC *UR* WAS1 AT ! TIME ( ! ,RE=MATION1 FEUDAL PROPRIETOR ( A GREAT P>T ( ! ,5GLI% L&4 ,! SUPPRESSION ( ! MONA/]IES1 @&C41 HURL$ !IR 9MATES 9TO ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! E/ATES ( ! *UR* W]E TO A L>GE EXT5T GIV5 AWAY TO RAPACI\S ROYAL FAVORITES1 OR SOLD AT A NOM9AL PRICE TO SPECULAT+ F>M]S & CITIZ5S1 :O DROVE \T1 5 MASSE1 ! H]$IT>Y SUB-T5ANTS & ?REW !IR HOLD+S 9TO ONE4 ,! LEGALLY GU>ANTE$ PROP]TY ( ! POOR] FOLK 9 A P>T ( ! *UR*'S TI!S WAS TACITLY CONFISCAT$4 ',PAUP] UBIQUE JACET1' CRI$ ,QUE5 ,ELIZABE?1 AFT] A J\RNEY ?R\< ,5GL&4 ,9 ! #d#cRD YE> ( H] REIGN ! NATION WAS OBLIG$ TO RECOGNIZE PAUP]ISM (FICIALLY BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( A POOR-RATE4 ',! AU?ORS ( ?IS LAW SEEM TO HAVE BE5 A%AM$ TO /ATE ! GR\NDS ( IT1 = .<CONTR>Y TO TRADITIONAL USAGE.> IT HAS NO PREAMBLE :ATEV]4' ,BY ! #a#f? ( ,*>LES ,I41 *4 #d1 IT WAS DECL>$ P]PETUAL1 & 9 FACT ONLY 9 #ahcd DID IT TAKE A NEW & H>%] =M0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#g74 

0,9 ! S\? ( ,5GL& C]TA9 L&$ PROPRIETORS & WELL-TO-DO F>M]S PUT !IR HEADS TOGE!R & PROP\ND$ T5 QUE/IONS AS TO ! RI<T 9T]PRETATION ( ! POOR-LAW ( ,ELIZABE?4 ,!SE !Y LAID BE=E A CELEBRAT$ JURI/ ( ?AT TIME1 ,S]GEANT ,SNIGGE 7LAT] A JUDGE UND] ,JAMES ,I47 = HIS OP9ION4 ',QUE/ION #i -- ,SOME ( ! MORE WEAL?Y F>M]S 9 ! P>I% HAVE DEVIS$ A SKILLFUL MODE BY :I* ALL ! TR\BLE ( EXECUT+ ?IS ,ACT 7! #d#cRD ( ,ELIZABE?7 MI<T BE AVOID$4 ,!Y HAVE PROPOS$ ?AT WE %ALL ]ECT A PRISON 9 ! P>I%1 & !N GIVE NOTICE TO ! NEI<BORHOOD1 ?AT IF ANY P]SONS >E DISPOS$ TO F>M ! POOR ( ?IS P>I%1 !Y DO GIVE 9 SEAL$ PROPOSALS1 ON A C]TA9 DAY1 ( ! L[E/ PRICE AT :I* !Y WILL TAKE !M (F \R H&S2 & ?AT !Y WILL BE AU?ORIZ$ TO REFUSE TO ANY ONE UNLESS HE BE %UT UP 9 ! A=ESAID PRISON4 ,! PROPOS]S ( ?IS PLAN CONCEIVE ?AT !RE WILL BE F\ND 9 ! ADJO9+ C\NTIES1 P]SONS1 :O1 BE+ UNWILL+ TO LABOR & NOT POSSESS+ SUB/ANCE OR CR$IT TO TAKE A F>M OR %IP1 SO AS TO LIVE )\T LABOR1 MAY BE 9DUC$ TO MAKE A V]Y ADVANTAGE\S (F] TO ! P>I%4 ,IF ANY ( ! POOR P]I% UND] ! CONTRACTOR'S C>E1 ! S9 WILL LIE AT HIS DOOR1 AS ! P>I% WILL HAVE DONE ITS DUTY BY !M4 ,WE >E1 H[EV]1 APPREH5SIVE ?AT ! PRES5T ,ACT 7#d#cRD ( ,ELIZABE?7 WILL NOT W>RANT A PRUD5TIAL MEASURE ( ?IS K9D2 BUT Y\ >E TO LE>N ?AT ! RE/ ( ! FREEHOLD]S ( ! C\NTY1 & ( ! ADJO9+ C\NTY ( ,B1 WILL V]Y READILY JO9 9 9/RUCT+ !IR MEMB]S TO PROPOSE AN ,ACT TO 5ABLE ! P>I% TO CONTRACT ) A P]SON TO LOCK UP & WORK ! POOR2 & TO DECL>E ?AT IF ANY P]SON %ALL REFUSE TO BE SO LOCK$ UP & WORK$1 HE %ALL BE 5TITL$ TO NO RELIEF4 ,?IS1 IT IS HOP$1 WILL PREV5T P]SONS 9 DI/RESS FROM WANT+ RELIEF1 & BE ! MEANS ( KEEP+ D[N P>I%ES'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4#a1 *4 #b#g1 FN4 #i74 

0,! ADVANCE MADE BY ! #a#h? C5TURY %[S ITSELF 9 ?IS1 ?AT ! LAW ITSELF BECOMES N[ ! 9/RUM5T ( ! !FT ( ! PEOPLE'S L&1 AL?\< ! L>GE F>M]S MAKE USE ( !IR LITTLE 9DEP5D5T ME?ODS AS WELL4 ,! P>LIAM5T>Y =M ( ! ROBB]Y IS ?AT ( ,ACTS = 5CLOSURES ( ,COMMONS1 9 O!R WORDS1 DECREES BY :I* ! L&LORDS GRANT !MSELVES ! PEOPLE'S L& AS PRIVATE PROP]TY1 DECREES ( EXPROPRIATION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,SIR ,F4 ,M4 ,$5 REFUTES HIS [N CRAFTY SPECIAL PLEAD+1 9 :I* HE TRIES TO REPRES5T COMMUNAL PROP]TY AS ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! GREAT L&LORDS :O HAVE TAK5 ! PLACE ( ! FEUDAL LORDS1 :5 HE1 HIMSELF1 DEM&S A 'G5]AL ,ACT ( ,P>LIAM5T = ! 5CLOSURE ( ,COMMONS' 7ADMITT+ !REBY ?AT A P>LIAM5T>Y C\P D'ETAT IS NECESS>Y = ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO PRIVATE PROP]TY71 & MOREOV] CALLS ON ! LEGISLATURE = ! 9DEMNIFICATION = ! EXPROPRIAT$ POOR444 

0',9 ,NOR?AMPTON%IRE & ,LEICE/]%IRE1' .<SAYS ,ADD+TON1.> '! 5CLOSURE ( COMMON L&S HAS TAK5 PLACE ON A V]Y L>GE SCALE1 & MO/ ( ! NEW LORD%IPS1 RESULT+ FROM ! 5CLOSURE1 HAVE BE5 TURN$ 9TO PA/URAGE1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( :I* MANY LORD%IPS HAVE NOT N[ #e ACRES PL[$ YE>LY1 9 :I* #a1#e W]E PL[$ =M]LY4 ,! RU9S ( =M] DWELL+-H\SES1 B>NS1 /ABLES1 @&C41' >E ! SOLE TRACES ( ! =M] 9HABITANTS4 ',AN HUNDR$ H\SES & FAMILIES HAVE 9 SOME OP5-FIELD VILLAGES DW9DL$ TO EI<T OR T54444 ,! L&HOLD]S 9 MO/ P>I%ES ?AT HAVE BE5 5CLOS$ ONLY #ae OR #b YE>S1 >E V]Y FEW 9 COMP>ISON ( ! NUMB]S :O OCCUPI$ !M 9 !IR OP5-FIELD /ATE4 ,IT IS NO UNCOMMON ?+ = #d OR #e WEAL?Y GRAZI]S TO 5GROSS A L>GE 5CLOS$ LORD%IP :I* WAS BE=E 9 ! H&S ( #b OR #c F>M]S1 & AS MANY SMALL] T5ANTS & PROPRIETORS4 ,ALL !SE >E H]EBY ?R[N \T ( !IR LIV+S ) !IR FAMILIES & MANY O!R FAMILIES :O W]E *IEFLY EMPLOY$ & SUPPORT$ BY !M4' ,IT WAS NOT ONLY ! L& ?AT LAY WA/E1 BUT (T5 L& CULTIVAT$ EI!R 9 COMMON OR HELD UND] A DEF9ITE R5T PAID TO ! COMMUNITY1 ?AT WAS ANNEX$ BY ! NEI<BOR+ L&LORDS UND] PRETEXT ( 5CLOSURE444' 

0',:51' SAYS ,DR4 ,PRICE1 '?IS L& GETS 9TO ! H&S ( A FEW GREAT F>M]S1 ! CONSEQU5CE MU/ BE ?AT ! LITTLE F>M]S0 7E>LI] DESIGNAT$ BY HIM 'A MULTITUDE ( LITTLE PROPRIETORS & T5ANTS1 :O MA9TA9 !MSELVES & FAMILIES BY ! PRODUCE ( ! GR\ND !Y OCCUPY BY %EEP KEPT ON A COMMON1 BY P\LTRY1 HOGS1 @&C41 & :O !RE=E HAVE LITTLE OCCASION TO PUR*ASE ANY ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE'7 'WILL BE CONV]T$ 9TO A BODY ( M5 :O E>N !IR SUBSI/5CE BY WORK+ = O!RS1 & :O WILL BE UND] A NECESSITY ( GO+ TO M>KET = ALL !Y WANT4444 ,!RE WILL1 P]HAPS1 BE MORE LABOR1 BECAUSE !RE WILL BE MORE COMPULSION TO IT4444 ,T[NS & MANUFACTURES WILL 9CREASE1 BECAUSE MORE WILL BE DRIV5 TO !M 9 QUE/ ( PLACES & EMPLOYM5T4 ,?IS IS ! WAY 9 :I* ! 5GROSS+ ( F>MS NATURALLY OP]ATES4 ,& ?IS IS ! WAY 9 :I*1 = MANY YE>S1 IT HAS BE5 ACTUALLY OP]AT+ 9 ?IS K+DOM4' ,HE SUMS UP ! EFFECT ( ! 5CLOSURES ?US3 ',UPON ! :OLE1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! L[] RANKS ( M5 >E ALT]$ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y RESPECT = ! WORSE4 ,FROM LITTLE OCCUPI]S ( L&1 !Y >E R$UC$ TO ! /ATE ( DAY-LABOR]S & HIREL+S2 &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 !IR SUBSI/5CE 9 ?AT /ATE HAS BECOME MORE DIFFICULT4' ,9 FACT1 USURPATION ( ! COMMON L&S & ! REVOLUTION 9 AGRICULTURE ACCOMPANY+ ?IS1 TOLD SO ACUTELY ON ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S ?AT1 EV5 ACCORD+ TO ,$51 BETWE5 #agfe & #a#g#h1 !IR WAGES BEGAN TO FALL BEL[ ! M9IMUM1 & TO BE SUPPLEM5T$ BY (FICIAL POOR-LAW RELIEF4 ,!IR WAGES1 HE SAYS1 'W]E NOT MORE ?AN 5\< = ! ABSOLUTE NECESS>IES ( LIFE444' 

0,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ! V]Y MEMORY ( ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR] & ! COMMUNAL PROP]TY HAD1 ( C\RSE1 VANI%$4 ,TO SAY NO?+ ( MORE REC5T TIMES1 HAVE ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION RECEIV$ A F>?+ ( COMP5SATION = ! #c1#e#a#a1#g#g ACRES ( COMMON L& :I* BETWE5 #aha & #ahca W]E /OL5 FROM !M & BY P>LIAM5T>Y DEVICES PRES5T$ TO ! L&LORDS BY ! L&LORDS80 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 *4 #b#g74 

,= ! LA/ EXP$I5TS ( GREAT HI/ORIC IMPORTANCE1 = EXPROPRIAT+ RURAL WORK]S1 ONE MU/ RI<TLY LOOK TO ! ,HI<L&S ( ,SCOTL&1 :]E !Y HAD ! MO/ SAVAGE APPLICATION4 ,GEORGE ,5SOR1 9 A BOOK PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#a#h1 SAYS3 

0,! ,SCOT* GR&EES DISPOSSESS$ FAMILIES AS !Y W\LD GRUB UP COPPICE-WOOD1 & !Y TREAT$ VILLAGES & !IR PEOPLE AS ,9DIANS H>ASS$ ) WILD BEA/S DO1 9 !IR V5GEANCE1 A JUNGLE ) TIG]S4444 ,MAN IS B>T]$ = A FLEECE OR A C>CASS ( MUTTON1 NAY1 HELD *EAP]4444 ,:Y1 H[ MU* WORSE IS IT ?AN ! 9T5TION ( ! ,MOGULS1 :O1 :5 !Y HAD BROK5 9TO ! NOR!RN PROV9CES ( ,*9A1 PROPOS$ 9 C\NCIL TO EXT]M9ATE ! 9HABITANTS1 & CONV]T ! L& 9TO PA/URE4 ,?IS PROPOSAL MANY ,HI<L& PROPRIETORS HAVE EFFECT$ 9 !IR [N C\NTRY AGA9/ !IR [N C\NTRYM50 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#g1 FN4 #b#i74 

0,AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! ME?OD OBTA9+ 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ! 0CLE>+0 MADE BY ! ,DU*ESS ( ,SU!RL& WILL SUFFICE H]E4 ,?IS P]SON1 WELL 9/RUCT$ 9 ECONOMY1 RESOLV$1 ON 5T]+ UPON H] GOV]NM5T1 TO EFFECT A RADICAL CURE1 & TO TURN ! :OLE C\NTRY1 :OSE POPULATION HAD ALREADY BE51 BY E>LI] PROCESSES ( ! LIKE K9D1 R$UC$ TO #a#e11 9TO A %EEP-WALK4 ,FROM #ahad TO #ahb !SE #a#e1 9HABITANTS1 AB\T #c1 FAMILIES1 W]E SY/EMATICALLY HUNT$ & ROOT$ \T4 ,ALL !IR VILLAGES W]E DE/ROY$ & BURNT1 ALL !IR FIELDS TURN$ 9TO PA/URAGE4 ,BRITI% SOLDI]S 5=C$ ?IS EVICTION1 & CAME TO BL[S ) ! 9HABITANTS4 ,ONE OLD WOMAN WAS BURNT TO DEA? 9 ! FLAMES ( ! HUT1 :I* %E REFUS$ TO LEAVE4 ,?US ?IS F9E LADY APPROPRIAT$ #g#i#d1 ACRES ( L& ?AT HAD FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL BELONG$ TO ! CLAN4 ,%E ASSIGN$ TO ! EXPELL$ 9HABITANTS AB\T #f1 ACRES ON ! SEA-%ORE -- #b ACRES P] FAMILY4 ,! #f1 ACRES HAD UNTIL ?IS TIME LA9 WA/E1 & BR\<T 9 NO 9COME TO !IR [N]S4 ,! ,DU*ESS1 9 ! NOBILITY ( H] HE>T1 ACTUALLY W5T SO F> AS TO LET !SE AT AN AV]AGE R5T ( #bS4 #fD4 P] ACRE TO ! CLANSM51 :O = C5TURIES HAD %$ !IR BLOOD = H] FAMILY4 ,! :OLE ( ! /OL5 CLANL& %E DIVID$ 9TO #bi GREAT %EEP F>MS1 EA* 9HABIT$ BY A S+LE FAMILY1 = ! MO/ P>T IMPORT$ ,5GLI% F>M-S]VANTS4 ,9 ! YE> #ahce ! #a#e1 ,GAELS W]E ALREADY REPLAC$ BY #a#c#a1 %EEP4 ,! REMNANT ( ! ABORIG9ES FLUNG ON ! SEA-%ORE TRI$ TO LIVE BY CAT*+ FI%4 ,!Y BECAME AMPHIBI\S & LIV$1 AS AN ,5GLI% AU?OR SAYS1 HALF ON L& & HALF ON WAT]1 & )AL ONLY HALF ON BO?4 

0,BUT ! BRAVE ,GAELS MU/ EXPIATE YET MORE BITT]LY !IR IDOLATRY1 ROMANTIC & ( ! M\NTA9S1 = ! 0GREAT M50 ( ! CLAN4 ,! SMELL ( !IR FI% ROSE TO ! NOSES ( ! GREAT M54 ,!Y SC5T$ SOME PR(IT 9 IT1 & LET ! SEA-%ORE TO ! GREAT FI%MONG]S ( ,LONDON4 ,= ! SECOND TIME ! ,GAELS W]E HUNT$ \T4 

0,BUT1 F9ALLY1 P>T ( ! %EEP-WALKS >E TURN$ 9TO DE] PRES]VES0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 *4 #b#g74 

0,9 ,APRIL #a#h#f#f1 #ah YE>S AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ! WORK ( ,ROB]T ,SOM]S QUOT$ ABOVE1 ,PR(ESSOR ,LEONE ,LEVI GAVE A LECTURE BE=E ! ,SOCIETY ( ,>TS ON ! TRANS=MATION ( %EEP-WALKS 9TO DE]-=E/1 9 :I* HE DEPICTS ! ADVANCE 9 ! DEVA/ATION ( ! ,SCOTTI% ,HI<L&S4 ,HE SAYS1 ) O!R ?+S3 ',DEPOPULATION & TRANS=MATION 9TO %EEP-WALKS W]E ! MO/ CONV5I5T MEANS = GETT+ AN 9COME )\T EXP5DITURE444 ,A DE]-=E/ 9 PLACE ( A %EEP-WALK WAS A COMMON *ANGE 9 ! ,HI<L&S4 ,! L&[N]S TURN$ \T ! %EEP AS !Y ONCE TURN$ \T ! M5 444 ,IMM5SE TRACTS ( L&1 MU* ( :I* IS DESCRIB$ 9 ! /ATI/ICAL ACC\NT ( ,SCOTL& AS HAV+ A PA/URAGE 9 RI*NESS & EXT5T ( V]Y SUP]IOR DESCRIPTION1 >E ?US %UT \T FROM ALL CULTIVATION & IMPROVEM5T1 & >E SOLELY DEVOT$ TO ! SPORT ( A FEW P]SONS = A V]Y BRIEF P]IOD ( ! YE>4' ,! ,LONDON ,ECONOMI/ ( ,JUNE #b1 #a#h#f#f1 SAYS1 ',AMONG ! ITEMS ( NEWS 9 A ,SCOT* PAP] ( LA/ WEEK1 WE READ444 0,ONE ( ! F9E/ %EEP F>MS 9 ,SU!RL&%IRE1 = :I* A R5T ( ,G,B,P#a1#b A YE> WAS REC5TLY (F]$1 ON ! EXPIRY ( ! EXI/+ LEASE ?IS YE>1 IS TO BE CONV]T$ 9TO A DE]-=E/40'07,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#g1 ,NOTE TO ! SECOND $ITION74 

,O!R NEWSPAP]S1 FROM ! SAME ]A1 SPEAK FUR!R ( !SE FEUDAL 9/9CTS1 :I* >E MORE DEVELOP$ 9 ,5GL&2 BUT !N SOME ( !SE CONCLUDE1 PROV+ ) FIGURES1 ?AT SU* A FACT HAS NOT LESS5$ ! NATIONAL WEAL? AT ALL4 

0,! PROLET>IAT CREAT$ BY ! BREAK+ UP ( ! B&S ( FEUDAL RETA9]S & BY ! =CIBLE EXPROPRIATION ( ! PEOPLE FROM ! SOIL1 ?IS 'FREE' PROLET>IAT C\LD NOT POSSIBLY BE ABSORB$ BY ! NASC5T MANUFACTURES AS FA/ AS IT WAS ?R[N UPON ! WORLD4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !SE M51 SUDD5LY DRAGG$ FROM !IR WONT$ MODE ( LIFE1 C\LD NOT AS SUDD5LY ADAPT !MSELVES TO ! DISCIPL9E ( !IR NEW CONDITION4 ,!Y W]E TURN$ 5 MASSE 9TO BEGG>S1 ROBB]S1 VAGABONDS1 P>TLY FROM 9CL9ATION1 9 MO/ CASES FROM /RESS ( CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,H5CE AT ! 5D ( ! #a#e? & DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! #a#f? C5TURY1 ?R\<\T ,WE/]N ,EUROPE A BLOODY LEGISLATION AGA9/ VAGABONDAGE4 ,! FA!RS ( ! PRES5T WORK+ CLASS W]E *A/IS$ = !IR 5=C$ TRANS=MATION 9TO VAGABONDS & PAUP]S4 ,LEGISLATION TREAT$ !M AS 'VOLUNT>Y' CRIM9ALS1 & ASSUM$ ?AT IT DEP5D$ ON !IR [N GOOD WILL TO GO ON WORK+ UND] ! OLD CONDITIONS ?AT NO LONG] EXI/$4 

0,9 ,5GL& ?IS LEGISLATION BEGAN UND] ,H5RY ,V,I,I4 

0,H5RY ,V,I,I,I4 #a#e#c3 ,BEGG>S OLD & UNABLE TO WORK RECEIVE A BEGG>'S LIC5SE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :IPP+ & IMPRISONM5T = /URDY VAGABONDS4 ,!Y >E TO BE TI$ TO ! C>T-TAIL & :IPP$ UNTIL ! BLOOD /REAMS FROM !IR BODIES1 !N TO SWE> AN OA? TO GO BACK TO !IR BIR?PLACE OR TO :]E !Y HAVE LIV$ ! LA/ ?REE YE>S & TO 'PUT !MSELVES TO LABOR4' ,:AT GRIM IRONY6 ,9 #bg ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I4 ! =M] /ATUTE IS REPEAT$1 BUT /R5G!N$ ) NEW CLAUSES4 ,= ! SECOND >RE/ = VAGABONDAGE ! :IPP+ IS TO BE REPEAT$ & HALF ! E> SLIC$ (F2 BUT = ! ?IRD RELAPSE ! (F5D] IS TO BE EXECUT$ AS A H>D5$ CRIM9AL & 5EMY ( ! COMMON WEAL0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#h74 

0,?OMAS ,MORE SAYS 9 HIS ',UTOPIA'3 ',!R=E ?AT ON COVET\S & UNSATIABLE CORM>AUNTE & V]Y PLAGE ( HIS NATIVE CONTREY MAYE COMPASSE AB\TE & 5CLOSE MANY ?\S& AK]S ( GR\NDE TOGE!R )9 ONE PALE OR H$GE1 ! HUSB&MAN BE ?RU/ [TE ( !IR [NE1 OR ELS EI!R BY CONEYNE & FRAUDE1 OR BY VIOL5T OPPRESSION !Y BE PUT BESYDES IT1 OR BY WRONGS & 9IURIES !I BE SO W]I$ ?AT !Y BE COMPELL$ TO SELL ALL3 BY ONE MEANES1 !R=E1 OR BY O!R1 EI!R BY HOOKE OR CROOKE !Y MU/E NE$ES DEP>TE AWAYE1 POORE1 SELYE1 WRET*$ S\LES1 M51 WOM51 HUSB&S1 WIUES1 FA!RLESSE *ILDR51 WID[ES1 W(ULL MO!RS ) !IR YONGE BABES1 & !IR :OLE H\SEHOLD SMAL 9 SUB/ANCE1 & MU*E 9 NUMBRE1 AS HUSB&RYE REQUIRE? MANY H&ES4 ,AWAYE !I TRUDGE1 ,I SAY1 [TE ( !IR KN[5 ACCU/OM$ H\SES1 FYNDYNGE NO PLACE TO RE/E 94 ,ALL !IR H\%OLDE /UFFE1 :I* IS V]Y LITTLE WOOR!1 ?\<E IT MI<T WELL ABIDE ! SALE3 YET BEEYNGE SODA9ELY ?RU/E [TE1 !Y BE CON/RAYN$ TO SELL IT = A ?+ ( NAU<T4 ,& :5 !Y HAUE W&]$ ABRODE TYLL ?AT BE SP5T1 :AT CANT !Y !N ELS DOE BUT /EALE1 & !N IU/LY P>DY BE HANG$1 OR ELS GO AB\T BEGGYNG4 ,& YET !N ALSO !Y BE CA/E 9 PRISON AS VAGAB\NDES1 BECAUSE !Y GO AB\TE & WORKE NOT3 :OM NO MAN WYL SET A WORKE ?\< !I NEU] SO WILLYNGLY PR(] !MSELUES !RTO4' ,( !SE POOR FUGITIVES ( :OM ,?OMAS ,MORE SAYS ?AT !Y W]E =C$ TO ?IEVE1 '#g1#b GREAT & PETTY ?IEVES W]E PUT TO DEA?1' 9 ! REIGN ( ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I1 .<AS ,HOLL9%$ SAYS 9 HIS ',DESCRIPTION ( ,5GL&'.>0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#h1 FN4 #b74 

0,$W>D ,V,I43 ,A /ATUTE ( ! FIR/ YE> ( HIS REIGN1 #a#e#d#g1 ORDA9S ?AT IF ANYONE REFUSES TO WORK1 HE %ALL BE CONDEMN$ AS A SLAVE TO ! P]SON :O HAS D5\NC$ HIM AS AN IDL]4 ,! MA/] %ALL FE$ HIS SLAVE ON BREAD & WAT]1 WEAK BRO? & SU* REFUSE MEAT AS HE ?9KS FIT4 ,HE HAS ! RI<T TO =CE HIM TO DO ANY WORK1 NO MATT] H[ DISGU/+1 ) :IP & *A9S4 ,IF ! SLAVE IS ABS5T A =TNI<T1 HE IS CONDEMN$ TO SLAV]Y = LIFE & IS TO BE BR&$ ON =EHEAD OR BACK ) ! LETT] ,S2 IF HE RUNS AWAY ?RICE1 HE IS TO BE EXECUT$ AS A FELON4 ,! MA/] CAN SELL HIM1 BEQUEA? HIM1 LET HIM \T ON HIRE AS A SLAVE1 JU/ AS ANY O!R P]SONAL *ATTEL OR CATTLE4 ,IF ! SLAVES ATTEMPT ANY?+ AGA9/ ! MA/]S1 !Y >E ALSO TO BE EXECUT$4 ,JU/ICES ( ! PEACE1 ON 9=MATION1 >E TO HUNT ! RASCALS D[N4 ,IF IT HAPP5S ?AT A VAGABOND HAS BE5 IDL+ AB\T = ?REE DAYS1 HE IS TO BE TAK5 TO HIS BIR?PLACE1 BR&$ ) A R$-HOT IRON ) ! LETT] ,V ON ! BREA/ & BE SET TO WORK1 9 *A9S1 9 ! /REETS OR AT SOME O!R LABOR4 ,IF ! VAGABOND GIVES A FALSE BIR?PLACE1 HE IS !N TO BECOME ! SLAVE = LIFE ( ?IS PLACE1 ( ITS 9HABITANTS1 OR ITS CORPORATION1 & TO BE BR&$ ) AN ,S4 ,ALL P]SONS HAVE ! RI<T TO TAKE AWAY ! *ILDR5 ( ! VAGABONDS & TO KEEP !M AS APPR5TICES1 ! Y\NG M5 UNTIL ! #b#d? YE>1 ! GIRLS UNTIL ! #b?4 ,IF !Y RUN AWAY1 !Y >E TO BECOME UP TO ?IS AGE ! SLAVES ( !IR MA/]S1 :O CAN PUT !M 9 IRONS1 :IP !M1 @&C41 IF !Y LIKE4 ,EV]Y MA/] MAY PUT AN IRON R+ R\ND ! NECK1 >MS OR LEGS ( HIS SLAVE1 BY :I* TO KN[ HIM MORE EASILY & TO BE MORE C]TA9 ( HIM4 ,! LA/ P>T ( ?IS /ATUTE PROVIDES1 ?AT C]TA9 POOR PEOPLE MAY BE EMPLOY$ BY A PLACE OR BY P]SONS1 :O >E WILL+ TO GIVE !M FOOD & DR9K & TO F9D !M WORK4 ,?IS K9D ( P>I% SLAVES WAS KEPT UP 9 ,5GL& UNTIL F> 9TO ! #a#i? C5TURY UND] ! NAME ( 'R\NDSM5'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#h74 

0,! AU?OR ( ! ',ESSAY ON ,TRADE1 ETC41' #a#g#g1 SAYS1 ',9 ! REIGN ( ,$W>D ,V,I4 9DE$ ! ,5GLI% SEEM TO HAVE SET1 9 GOOD E>NE/1 AB\T 5C\RAG+ MANUFACTURES & EMPLOY+ ! POOR4 ,?IS WE LE>N FROM A REM>KABLE /ATUTE :I* RUNS ?US3 0,?AT ALL VAGRANTS %ALL BE BR&$1 @&C0'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#h1 FN4 #a74 

0,ELIZABE?1 #a#e#g#b3 ,UNLIC5S$ BEGG>S ABOVE #ad YE>S ( AGE >E TO BE SEV]ELY FLOGG$ & BR&$ ON ! LEFT E> UNLESS SOME ONE WILL TAKE !M 9TO S]VICE = TWO YE>S2 9 CASE ( A REPETITION ( ! (F5SE1 IF !Y >E OV] #a#h1 !Y >E TO BE EXECUT$1 UNLESS SOME ONE WILL TAKE !M 9TO S]VICE = TWO YE>S2 BUT = ! ?IRD (F5SE !Y >E TO BE EXECUT$ )\T M]CY AS FELONS0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#h74 

0,9 ,ELIZABE?'S TIME1 'ROGUES W]E TRUSS$ UP APACE1 & ?AT !RE WAS NOT ONE YE> COMMONLY :]E9 ?REE OR F\R HUNDR$ W]E NOT DEV\R$ & EAT5 UP BY ! GALL[ES4' 7,/RYPE'S ',ANNALS ( ! ,RE=MATION & ,E/ABLI%M5T ( ,RELIGION & O!R ,V>I\S ,OCCURR5CES 9 ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL& DUR+ ,QUE5 ,ELIZABE?'S ,HAPPY ,REIGN4' ,SECOND $41 #a#g#b#e1 ,VOL4 #b47 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS SAME ,/RYPE1 9 ,SOM]SET%IRE1 9 ONE YE>1 #d P]SONS W]E EXECUT$1 #ce ROBB]S BURNT 9 ! H&1 #cg :IPP$1 & #ahc DIS*>G$ AS '9CORRIGIBLE VAGABONDS4' ,NEV]!LESS1 HE IS ( OP9ION ?AT ?IS L>GE NUMB] ( PRISON]S DOES NOT COMPRISE EV5 A FIF? ( ! ACTUAL CRIM9ALS1 ?ANKS TO ! NEGLIG5CE ( ! JU/ICES & ! FOOLI% COMPASSION ( ! PEOPLE2 & ! O!R C\NTIES ( ,5GL& W]E NOT BETT] (F 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AN ,SOM]SET%IRE1 :ILE SOME W]E EV5 WORSE0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#h1 FN4 #b74 

0,JAMES #a3 ,ANY ONE W&]+ AB\T & BEGG+ IS DECL>$ A ROGUE & A VAGABOND4 ,JU/ICES ( ! PEACE 9 PETTY SESSIONS >E AU?ORIZ$ TO HAVE !M PUBLICLY :IPP$ & = ! FIR/ (F5SE TO IMPRISON !M = #f MON?S1 = ! SECOND = #b YE>S4 ,:IL/ 9 PRISON !Y >E TO BE :IPP$ AS MU* & AS (T5 AS ! JU/ICES ( ! PEACE ?9K FIT444 ,9CORRIGIBLE & DANG]\S ROGUES >E TO BE BR&$ ) AN ,R ON ! LEFT %\LD] & SET TO H>D LABOR1 & IF !Y >E CAU<T BEGG+ AGA91 TO BE EXECUT$ )\T M]CY4 ,!SE /ATUTES1 LEGALLY B9D+ UNTIL ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 W]E ONLY REPEAL$ .<9 #a#g#a#d.>0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#h74 

,& H]E BY MEANS ( SU* HORRORS1 BY MEANS ( SO MU* BLOOD ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION IS COMPLET$1 & ! =MATION ( ?AT WORK+ CLASS1 DE/9$ TO FE$ MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,LESS ?AN IDYLLIC6 ,IT WAS SWORD & FIRE ?AT W]E ! ONLY ORIG9 ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION2 IT WAS SWORD & FIRE ?AT PREP>$ ! NECESS>Y 5VIRONM5T = CAPITAL TO DEVELOP1 ! MASS ( HUMAN =CE DE/9$ TO N\RI% IT2 & IF TODAY SWORD & FIRE >E NO LONG] ! ORD9>Y MEANS ( ! EV]-GR[+ ACCUMULATION1 IT IS BECAUSE IT HAS ANO!R ME?OD1 9 ITS /EAD1 MU* MORE 9EXORABLE & T]RIBLE1 ONE ( ! GLORI\S MOD]N A*IEVEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 A ME?OD ?AT =MS A NECESS>Y P>T ( ! ME*ANISM ITSELF ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 A ME?OD ?AT ACTS BY ITSELF1 )\T MAK+ MU* NOISE1 )\T PRODUC+ SC&AL1 9 %ORT A P]FECTLY CIVIL ME?OD3 HUNG]4 ,& = HIM ?AT REBELS AGA9/ HUNG]1 ALWAYS & =EV] SWORD & FIRE4 

,! MODE/ SIZE ( ?IS SUMM>Y DOES NOT P]MIT ME TO TELL ALSO ( ! GLORIES ( CAPITAL 9 ! COLONIES4 ,I REF] ! READ] TO ! HI/ORY ( DISCOV]IES1 />T+ FROM ?AT ( ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS1 & ( ALL ! COLONIZATIONS1 LIMIT+ MYSELF ONLY TO CITE 9 ?IS REG>D ! WORDS ( 

0,W4 ,H[ITT1 A MAN :O MAKES A SPECIALTY ( ,*RI/IANITY1 .<:O.> SAYS3 ',! B>B>ITIES & DESP]ATE \TRAGES ( ! SO-CALL$ ,*RI/IAN RACE1 ?R\<\T EV]Y REGION ( ! WORLD1 & UPON EV]Y PEOPLE !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SUBDUE1 >E NOT TO BE P>ALLEL$ BY ?OSE ( ANY O!R RACE1 H[EV] FI]CE1 H[EV] UNTAU<T1 & H[EV] RECKLESS ( M]CY & ( %AME1 9 ANY AGE ( ! E>?4' 

0,IF MONEY1 ACCORD+ TO ,AUGI]1 'COMES 9TO ! WORLD ) A CONG5ITAL BLOOD-/A9 ON ONE *EEK1' CAPITAL COMES DRIPP+ FROM HEAD TO FOOT1 FROM EV]Y PORE1 ) BLOOD & DIRT40 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #c#a74 

,& ?IS IS PURE1 OR B\RGEOIS1 HI/ORY1 A SAD HI/ORY ( BLOOD1 :I* W\LD DES]VE TO BE WELL READ & M$ITAT$ ON BY Y\1 :O KN[ 9 Y\R VIRTUE H[ TO CONCEIVE A HOLY HORROR = ! LU/ ( ! BLOOD ( MOD]N REVOLUTION>IES2 BY Y\1 :O DECL>E NOT BE+ ABLE TO ALL[ ! WORK]S ! SOLE USE ( ! MORAL MEANS4 

O ,CONCLUSION 

,! DISEASE IS SWEEP+4 ,IT'S BE5 A LONG TIME ?AT ! WORK]S ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD HAVE KN[N IT2 C]TA9LY NOT ALL1 BUT A GREAT NUMB]1 & !SE >E ALREADY PREP>+ ! MEANS ( ACTION TO DE/ROY IT4 

,!Y HAVE CONSID]$ !SE3 

,?AT ! FIR/ S\RCE ( EV]Y HUMAN OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION IS PRIVATE PROP]TY2 

,?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( WORK]S 7HUMAN EMANCIPATION7 WILL NOT BE F\ND$ UPON A NEW CLASS RULE1 BUT UPON ! 5D ( ALL CLASS PRIVILEGES & MONOPOLIES & UPON ! EQUALITY ( RI<TS & DUTIES2 

,?AT ! CAUSE ( LABOR1 ! CAUSE ( HUMANITY1 DOES NOT HAVE BORD]S2 

,?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( WORK]S MU/ BE DONE AT ! H&S ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,& SO A MI<TY VOICE HAS %\T$3 0,WORK]S ( ! WORLD1 UNITE6 ,NO MORE RI<TS )\T DUTIES1 NO MORE DUTIES )\T RI<TS6 ,REVOLUTION60 

,BUT ! REVOLUTION DEM&$ BY ! WORK]S IS NOT A REVOLUTION ( PRETEXT1 IT IS NOT ! PRACTICAL ME?OD ( A MOM5T TO REA* A GIV5 AIM4 ,EV5 ! B\RGEOISIE1 LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 DEM&$ ! REVOLUTION ONE DAY2 BUT ONLY TO SUPPLANT ! NOBILITY1 & TO SUB/ITUTE = ! FEUDAL SY/EM ( S]FDOM ?AT MORE REF9$ & CRUEL SY/EM ( WAGE-WORK4 ,& !Y CALL ?IS PROGRESS & CIVILITY6 ,9 FACT EV]Y DAY WE HELP ! RIDICUL\S %[ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :O GO BABBL+ ! WORD REVOLUTION1 ) ! SOLE AIM ( BE+ ABLE TO JUMP UP ONTO ! MAYPOLE TREE1 & TO GRAB P[]4 ,! WORK]S' REVOLUTION IS ! REVOLUTION = ! REVOLUTION4 

,! WORD 0,REVOLUTION01 TAK5 9 ITS L>GE/ & TRUE/ S5SE1 MEANS TURN+1 TRANS=MATION1 *ANGE4 ,AS SU*1 REVOLUTION IS ! S\L ( ALL 9F9ITE MASS4 ,9 FACT1 ALL 9 NATURE *ANGES1 BUT NO?+ IS CREAT$ & NO?+ IS DE/ROY$1 AS *EMI/RY %[S US4 ,MASS1 REMA9+ ALWAYS 9 ! SAME QUANTITY1 CAN *ANGE =M 9 9F9ITE WAYS4 ,:5 MASS LOSES ITS OLD =M & ACQUIRES A NEW ONE1 IT PASSES FROM ! OLD LIFE1 9 :I* IT DIES1 TO ! NEW LIFE1 9 :I* IT IS BORN4 ,:5 \R SP9N]1 US+ A FAMILI> EXAMPLE = US1 TRANS=M$ ! #a KILOS ( COTTON 9TO #a KILOS ( ?READ1 :AT ELSE CAME AB\T IF NOT ! DEA? ( #a KILOS ( MASS 9 ! =M ( COTTON1 & AT !IR BIR? 9 ! =M ( ?READ8 ,& :5 ! WEAV] TRANS=MS ! ?READ 9TO CLO?1 :AT ELSE WILL COME AB\T IF NOT ! MATT] PASS+ FROM A LIFE ( /R+ UNTO A LIFE ( CLO?1 AS IT HAS PASS$ ALREADY BE=E FROM A LIFE ( COTTON UNTO A LIFE ( ?READ8 ,MASS1 !RE=E1 PASS+ FROM ONE TURN ( LIFE TO ANO!R1 LIVES EV]-*ANG+1 TRANS=M+1 REVOLUTIONIZ+4 

,N[1 IF REVOLUTION IS ! LAW ( NATURE1 :I* IS ALL1 IT MU/ NECESS>ILY ALSO BE ! LAW ( HUMANITY1 :I* IS A P>T ( NATURE4 ,BUT Y\ HAVE A FEW M5 UPON ! ,E>? :O DO NOT ?9K ?IS IS SO1 OR1 RA!R1 :O CLOSE !IR EYES SO AS NOT TO SEE & !IR E>S SO AS NOT TO HE>4 

0,YES1 IT IS TRUE10 ,I HE> %\T+ FROM A B\RGEOIS1 0! NATURAL LAW1 ! REVOLUTION ?AT Y\ CLAIM1 IS ! ABSOLUTE REGULATOR ( HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,! FAULT ( ALL ! OPPRESSIONS1 ( ALL ! EXPLOITATIONS1 ( ALL ! TE>S & ALL ( ! MASSACRES !Y >E CAUS$ BY1 ONE MU/ JU/LY ATTRIBUTE TO ?IS 9EXORABLE LAW ?AT IMPOSES REVOLUTION UPON US1 ?AT IS1 CONT9U\S TRANS=MATION1 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 ! ABSORPTION ( ! WEAK] MADE /RONG]1 ! SACRIFICE ( ! LESS P]FECT TYPES = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MORE P]FECT TYPES4 ,IF HUNDR$S ( WORK]S >E BURN$ UP = ! WELLBE+ ( ONLY ONE B\RGEOIS1 ?AT HAPP5S )\T ! SLI<TE/ FAULT ( ?IS1 ?AT IS 9DE$ SAD & DRE>Y1 BUT ONLY BY ! DECREE ( NATURAL LAW1 ( REVOLUTION40 

,IF ONE SPEAKS 9 SU* A WAY1 ! WORK]S ASK NO?+ BETT]1 :O WI% = TRANS=MATION1 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 REVOLUTION1 UND] ! SAME NATURAL LAW1 ! ONES 9DE$ PREP>+ !MSELVES TO BE /RONG]1 TO SACRIFICE ALL MON/R\S & P>ASITIC PLANTS = ! COMPLETE & FL\RI%+ DEVELOPM5T ( ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL HUMAN TREE1 :OLE & P]FECT1 :I* IT MU/ BE1 9 ALL ( ! :OL5ESS ( ITS HUMAN *>ACT]4 

,BUT ! B\RGEOISIE >E TOO FE>FUL & PI\S TO BE ABLE TO APPEAL TO ! NATURAL LAW ( REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO 9VOKE IT 9 A MOM5T ( DRUNK5NESS2 BUT1 AFT]W>DS BACK TO !IR NORMAL SELVES1 !IR ACC\NTS DONE1 & HAV+ F\ND ?AT !IR DO+S W]E NICE & PLEAS+1 !Y GAVE !MSELVES TO %\T+ UNTIL !Y C\LDN'T ANYMORE3 0,ORD]1 RELIGION1 FAMILY1 PROP]TY1 CONS]VATION60 ,IT IS SO ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ >RIV$ AT CONQU]+1 ) MASSACRE1 FIRE & ROBB]Y1 ! ROLE ( ! DOM9ATORS & EXPLOIT]S ( ! HUMAN RACE1 !Y BELIEVE ?AT !Y CAN /OP ! C\RSE ( REVOLUTION2 )\T REALIZ+1 9 !IR /UPIDITY1 ?AT !Y CAN DO NO?+ ELSE1 ) !IR EF=TS1 ?AN TO MAKE HORRIBLE TR\BLES = HUMANITY1 & AS A CONSEQU5CE = !MSELVES1 ) ! SUDD5 EXPLOSIONS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CE !Y MADLY REPRESS4 

,! REVOLUTION1 ! MAT]IAL OB/ACLES ?AT OPPOSE IT %OT D[N1 & LEFT FREE 9 ITS PA?1 WILL BY ITSELF BE 5\< TO CREATE ! MO/ P]FECT BALANCE1 ORD]1 PEACE1 & ! MO/ COMPLETE HAPP9ESS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 BECAUSE PEOPLE1 9 !IR FREE DEVELOPM5T1 WILL NOT PROCE$ 9 ! MANN] ( WILD ANIMALS BUT 9 ! MANN] ( HUMAN BE+S1 EM95TLY REASONABLE & CIVIL1 :O UND]/& ?AT NO P]SON CAN BE TRULY FREE & HAPPY IF !Y >E NOT )9 ! COMMON LIB]TY & HAPP9ESS ( ALL ( HUMANITY4 ,NO MORE RI<TS )\T DUTIES1 NO MORE DUTIES )\T RI<T4 ,!RE=E NO MORE /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE BETWE5 PEOPLE1 BUT /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE ( ALL PEOPLE ) NATURE1 BY APPROPRIAT+ FROM ! GREAT SUM ( NATURAL =CES = ! B5EFIT ( ALL ( HUMANITY4 

,! DISEASE KN[N1 IT IS EASY TO KN[ ! REM$Y3 REVOLUTION = ! REVOLUTION4 

,BUT H[ WILL ! WORK]S BE ABLE TO RE/ORE ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION8 

,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE = A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 ALREADY ELABORAT$ & PUBLI%$ LONG AGO ELSE:]E 9 O!R BOOKS2 ,I CONF9E MYSELF TO CONCLUDE1 REPLY+ ) ! WORDS TAK5 FROM ! LIPS ( A WORK] & PLAC$ 9 EPIGRAPH TO ?IS VOLUME3 0,! WORK] HAS MADE EV]Y?+2 & ! WORK] CAN DE/ROY EV]Y?+1 BECAUSE HE CAN REBUILD EV]Y?+40 

O ,APP5DIX 3 ,! ,CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ,CAFI]O & ,M>X 
,CAFI]O TO ,M>X 

,LES ,MOLI]ES1 #bg ,JULY #ahgi 

,MO/ ,E/EEM$ ,SIR1 

,I'M S5D+ ) ! SAME C\RI] TWO COPIES ( Y\R WORK ,CAPITAL1 SUMM>IZ$ BRIEFLY BY ME4 ,I WANT$ TO DELIV] !M TO Y\ SOON]1 BUT ONLY N[ WAS ,I ABLE TO OBTA9 SOME COPIES BY ! B5EVOL5CE ( A FRI5D1 :O ) HIS 9T]V5TION WAS ABLE TO AFFECT ! PUBLICATION ( ! BOOK4 

,9 FACT1 IF ! PUBLICATION C\LD HAVE BE5 DONE AT MY EXP5SE1 ,I W\LD HAVE DESIR$ TO SUBMIT ! MANUSCRIPT TO Y\R EXAM9ATION BE=EH&4 ,BUT 9 FE> ( SEE+ A FAVORABLE OP9ION ESCAPE ME1 ,I HURRI$ TO ALL[ ! PUBLICATION PROPOS$ TO ME4 ,& IT IS ONLY N[ ?AT ,I WAS ABLE TO ADDRESS Y\ 9 ! HOPES ?AT Y\ MAY SAY IF ,I WAS ABLE TO COMPREH5D & EXPRESS Y\R EXACT CONCEPT4 

,I PRAY1 SIR1 ?AT Y\ APPRECIATE ! EXPRESSIONS ( MY DEEPE/ RESPECT & ?AT Y\ PUT Y\R TRU/ 9 ME4 

,MO/ DEVOT$LY1 

,C>LO ,CAFI]O 

,M>X TO ,CAFI]O 

,DE> ,CITIZ51 

,! S9C]E/ ( ?ANKS = ! TWO COPIES ( Y\R WORK6 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,I RECEIV$ TWO SIMIL> WORKS1 ONE WRITT5 9 ,S]BIAN1 ! O!R 9 ,5GLI% 7PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES71 BUT !Y BO? >E FAULTY1 WANT+ TO GIVE A SUCC9CT & POPUL> SUMM>Y ( ,CAPITAL & CL++1 AT ! SAME TIME1 TOO P$ANTICALLY TO ! SCI5TIFIC =M ( DISCUSSION4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 !Y SEEM TO ME TO MISS MORE OR LESS !IR PR9CIPLE PURPOSE3 ?AT ( MOV+ ! PUBLIC = :OM ! SUMM>IES >E 9T5D$4 

,& H]E IS ! GREAT SUP]IORITY ( Y\R WORK4 

,AS F> AS ! CONCEPTION ( ?+S1 ,I BELIEVE ,I'M NOT DECEIV+ MYSELF 9 ATTRIBUT+ A GAP TO ! CONSID]ATIONS ESP\S$ 9 Y\R PREFACE1 & ?AT IS ! PRO( ?AT ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y TO ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT >E G5]AT$ SPONTANE\SLY BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,AFT] ALL1 ,I AGREE ) Y\ 7IF ,I 9T]PRET$ Y\R PREFACE WELL7 ?AT IT ISN'T NECESS>Y TO OV]LOAD ?OSE :O Y\ WI% TO $UCATE4 ,NO?+ WILL PREV5T Y\ FROM RETURN+1 AT ! OPPORTUNE TIME1 TO ! *>GE ( BR++ \T ?IS MAT]IALI/ BASIS ( ,CAPITAL4 

,R5EW+ MY ?ANKS1 ,I AM MO/ DEVOT$ TO Y\1 

,K>L ,M>X 

.<#a.> ,SEE ,K>L ,M>X3 ,CAPITAL4 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,VOLUME ,I4 

.<#b.> ,SEE ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL1 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ah< 3 ,K>L ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,M>* #b#h1 #bba 3 ,K>L ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,K>L ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/