,KROPOTK9'S ,AN>*I/ ,CRITIQUE ( ,CAPITALISM 

#aiia 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JON ,BEKK5 

,TEXT 3 

,PET] ,KROPOTK9 DEVOT$ A MAJOR P>T ( HIS PROLIFIC AN>*I/ WRIT+S TO TWO RELAT$ !MES3 EXAM9+ ! ACTUAL WORK+S ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES & DEVELOP+ ! BROAD \TL9ES ( AN AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,KROPOTK9 WAS NOT SATISFI$ TO M]ELY ASS]T ?AT' A FREE SOCIETY WAS POSSIBLE1 HE S\<T TO %[ H[ SU* A SOCIETY C\LD BE CON/RUCT$ FROM ! MAT]IALS AT H&-REALIZ+ ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?AT FAIL$ TO CONSID] ! PROBLEMS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION W\LD QUICKLY COLLAPSE4 ,?IS 9/ALLM5T \TL9ES ,KROPOTK9'S CRITIQUE ( CAPITALI/ POLITICAL ECONOMY2 NEXT ISSUE WILL TURN TO HIS POSITIVE ECONOMIC PROGRAM4 ,?IS DI/9CTION1 H[EV]1 IS SOME:AT >BITR>Y1 AS ,KROPOTK9 ALWAYS PREF]R$ TO ILLU/RATE :AT MI<T BE BY PO9T+ TO :AT ALREADY WAS4 

,ECONOMIC ,DOCTR9E 

,= ,KROPOTK91 ! PURPOSE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY WAS TO /UDY SOCIETY'S NE$S & ! MEANS AVAILABLE 7EI!R CURR5TLY 9 USE1 OR :I* C\LD BE DEVELOP$ ) PRES5T KN[L$GE7 TO MEET !M4 

,IT %\LD TRY TO ANALYZE H[ F> ! PRES5T MEANS >E EXP$I5T & SATISFACTORY 444 .<&.> %\LD CONC]N ITSELF ) ! DISCOV]Y ( MEANS = ! SATISFACTION ( !SE NE$S ) ! SMALLE/ POSSIBLE WA/E ( LABOR & ) ! GREATE/ B5EFIT TO MANK9D 9 G5]AL4 .<#a.> 

,IT WAS ?IS TASK ?AT ,KROPOTK9 TOOK ON4 

,RA!R ?AN 5GAGE 9 ! AB/RACT !ORIZ+ ?AT DOM9AT$1 !N AS N[1 ! FIELD1 HE C>RI$ \T DETAIL$ /UDIES ( ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUES PRACTICAL 9 HIS DAY 7:E!R !Y W]E 9 G5]AL USE OR NOT7 & !IR CAPACITY TO MEET HUMAN NE$S4 

,UNLIKE MO/ ECONOMI/S1 ,KROPOTK9 9SI/$ ON SUBJECT+ ECONOMIC !ORIES TO ! SAME RIGOR\S 9QUIRY HE W\LD APPLY TO ANY 0SCI5TIFIC0 !ORY3 

,:5 C]TA9 ECONOMI/S TELL US ?AT 09 A P]FECTLY FREE M>KET ! PRICE ( COMMODITIES IS MEASUR$ BY ! AM\NT ( LABOR SOCIALLY NECESS>Y = !IR PRODUCTION10 WE DO NOT TAKE ?IS ASS]TION ON FAI? 4444 ,WE NOT ONLY F9D MO/ ( !SE SO-CALL$ LAWS GROSSLY ]RONE\S1 BUT MA9TA9 ALSO ?AT ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 !M WILL !MSELVES BECOME CONV9C$ ( !IR ]ROR AS SOON AS !Y COME TO SEE ! NECESSITY ( V]IFY+ !.<M.> 444 BY QUANTITATIVE 9VE/IGATION4 

,:ILE !RE C]TA9LY WAS A RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! PRICE ( COMMODITIES & ! AM\NT ( LABOR NECESS>Y = !IR PRODUCTION1 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$1 !Y W]E BY NO MEANS PROPORTIONAL TO ONE ANO!R 7AS ! ,LABOR ,!ORY ( ,VALUE W\LD IMPLY74 ,NOR HAD SOCIALI/ ECONOMI/S TR\BL$ !MSELVES TO 9VE/IGATE :E!R OR NOT ! !ORY WAS TRUE BY ACTUALLY GA!R+ DATA TO TE/ ! ALLEG$ RELATION%IP4 ,ANYONE :O TOOK ! TR\BLE TO 5GAGE 9 SU* AN 9VE/IGATION W\LD QUICKLY LE>N ?AT ! !ORY WAS FALSE4 ,WE NE$ ONLY CONSID] ! PRICE ( OIL OR GOLD TO REALIZE ?AT !SE PRICES >E SET NOT BY ! AM\NT ( LABOR P[] REQUIR$ TO EXTRACT & PROCESS !M1 BUT RA!R BY EXT]NAL M>KET & SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,MO/ SO-CALL$ ECONOMIC LAWS1 ,KROPOTK9 CONCLUD$1 W]E M]E SUPPOSITIONS4 ,& AL?\< SOCIALI/ ECONOMI/S 0CRITICIZE SOME ( !SE D$UCTIONS 444 IT HAS NOT YET BE5 ORIG9AL 5\< TO F9D A PA? ( ITS [N40 .<#b.> 

,?US1 :5 ,M>X >GU$ AGA9/ ,PR\DHON ?AT ALL PRODUCTS EX*ANG$ AT 7OR1 AT LEA/1 FLUCTUAT$ >\ND7 !IR LABOR VALUE1 HE WAS IMPLICITLY >GU+ = :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ ! ,IRON ,LAW ( ,WAGES 7?\< ,M>X LAT] REFUT$ HIMSELF BY CONC$+ ?AT UNION ACTIVITY C\LD DECREASE ! LEVEL ( EXPLOITATION74 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & SIMIL> T5D5CIES >E :OLLY CORRECT :5 !Y MA9TA9 ?AT A ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS 1REQUIRES ?AT ALL COMMODITIES- 9CLUD+ LABOR P[]->E VALU$ UND] CAPITALISM AT ! CO/ ( !IR REPRODUCTION1 :I* 9 TUM IS DET]M9$ BY ! MO/-PRODUCTIVE AVAILABLE ME?ODS4 7,?US A %IRT ?AT TAKE #f M9UTES TO MAKE BY H& OR FIVE M9UTES TO MAKE BY MA*9E SELLS = ! SAME PRICE ON ! WORLD M>KET47 

,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 AN ELEM5T ( TRU? TO ?IS-:I* IS :Y ! !ORY WAS WIDELY ACCEPT$ BY ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,BUT1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 IT MI/AKES AN ASSOCIATION = A CAUSAL RELATION%IP4 ,! COMMODITY !ORY ( LABOR W\LD 9DICATE ?AT ONLY BY 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY CAN WORK]S MAKE POSSIBLE AN IMPROV$ /&>D ( LIV+1 & ONLY ?R\< SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION CAN ?OSE POSSIBLE IMPROVEM5TS BE ACTUALLY REALIZ$4 7,O!RWISE1 ! B5EFITS M]ELY ACCRUE TO ! CAPITALI/S & !IR UND]L+S47 

,?IS DOCTR9E LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT WAGE /RUGGLES >E ESS5TIALLY A WA/E ( TIME & 5]GY 7?\< WORK]S1 ?R\< HUNDR$S ( YE>S ( /RUGGLE1 HAVE PROV$ ! OPPOSITE71 & ?AT ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO COMPET+ AGA9/ EA* O!R 9TO EV]-GREAT] IMMIS]ATION IS A /ATE-MANAG$1 PLANN$ ECONOMY :I* CAN DET]M9E LABOR VALUES & 5SURE !IR EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION4 ,BUT ?IS DOCTR9E IS :OLLY FALSE4 ,I TUM1 BEL[1 TO ,KROPOTK9'S PRO( ?AT WAGE LEVELS HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! CO/ ( REPRODUCTION4 ,BUT ! ESS5TIAL PO9T IS ?AT WAGE LEVELS1 LIKE ! PRICE ( ALL COMMODITIES1 >E SET NOT BY !IR CO/ ( PRODUCTION OR ! AM\NT ( LABOR !Y REQUIRE1 BUT BY ! RELATIVE ECONOMIC1 MILIT>Y & SOCIAL P[] HELD BY ! RESPECTIVE P>TIES4 ,MONOPOLIES1 C>TELS1 POLICE CLUBS1 PRISONS1 LABOR ORGANIZATION1 COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS-!SE & O!R P[] RELATION%IPS SKEW ! RELATIVE 0VALUE0 ( COMMODITIES1 OR AT LEA/ ( ! PRICE ?AT CAN BE GOTT5 = !M4 7,& IT REALLY MATT]S V]Y LITTLE :E!R A CANTELOPE HAS A !ORETICAL1 LABOR-D]IV$ VALUE ( #be C5TS IF ALL ! /ORES *>GE A DOLL>47 

,CAPITALISM ,NOT ,PRODUCTIVE 

,LIKE MO/ SOCIALI/S1 ,KROPOTK9 9ITIALLY ASSUM$ ?AT AN ABUNDANCE ( GOODS WAS BE+ PRODUC$-& ?US ?AT ! PRIM>Y PROBLEM FAC+ SOCIALI/S WAS >RANG+ !IR DI/RIBUTION4 ,BUT :5 ,MALATE/A SUGGE/$ ?AT ?IS C\LD NOT BE TRUE1 ,KROPOTK9 9VE/IGAT$ ! MATT]1 & F\ND ?AT 7QUOT+ ,MALATE/A73 

?IS ACCUMULATION ( PRODUCTS C\LD NOT POSSIBLY EXI/1 BECAUSE ! BOSSES NORMALLY ONLY ALL[ = ! PRODUCTION ( :AT !Y CAN SELL AT A PR(IT 444 ,SOME C\NTRIES W]E CONT9UALLY ?REAT5$ BY %ORTAGES4 

,9 FACT1 !RE WAS ONLY 5\< FOOD ON H& 9 MO/ MAJOR CITIES TO SU/A9 ! POPULATION = A FEW DAYS4 ,YET UPON FUR!R 9VE/IGATION1 ,KROPOTK9 E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! %ORTAGES1 ECONOMIC CRISES & G5]AL DI/RESS 5DEMIC TO HIS AGE 7& :I* CONT9UE TO ?IS DAY7 DID NOT RESULT1 AS WAS WIDELY BELIEV$1 FROM OV]POPULATION1 POOR SOIL1 OR O!R SU* MAT]IAL CAUSES4 ,RA!R1 !Y RESULT$ FROM A FAILURE TO UTILIZE ! MEANS ALREADY AT H& TO MEET SOCIETY'S NE$S4.<#c.> 

,KROPOTK9 PRES5T$ HIS F9D+S 9 ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS--AN AN>*I/ CLASSIC ?AT PROV$ ?AT PEOPLE US+ !N-EXI/+ TE*NOLOGIES C\LD MEET ALL !IR NE$S ) JU/ A FEW MON?S ( LABOR P] YE>4 ,SPACE PRECLUDES ANY?+ MORE ?AN ! BRIEFE/ SUMM>Y ( A VOLUME ) :I* EV]Y AN>*I/ %\LD HAVE LONG S9CE MADE !MSELVES FAMILI>4 

,HE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! TE*NICAL MEANS !N EXI/$ TO PRODUCE ABUNDANT & HEAL?FUL FOOD ) RELATIVELY LITTLE EF=T OR EXP5SE 7A VISION QUITE DI/9CT FROM TODAY'S FACTORY F>MS--! PRECURSORS ( :I* ALREADY EXI/$1 BUT :I*1 HE NOT$1 DE/ROY$ ! SOIL = G5]ATIONS TO COME1 AS WELL AS DISPLAC+ PEOPLE :O MI<T O!RWISE D]IVE A COM=TABLE LIV+ FROM ! L&74 ,CONTR>Y TO MANY ECONOMI/S1 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ = DEC5TRALIZ+ AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 NOT+ ?AT HUGE 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5TS W]E BO? LESS COMMON ?AN G5]ALLY BELIEV$1 & E/ABLI%$ LESS TO REALIZE L>GELY DUBI\S ECONOMIES ( SCALE ?AN TO FACILITATE MANAG]IAL CONTROL4 ,! DOCTR9E ( NATIONAL SPECIALIZATION OR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE"4-!N COM+ 9TO PROM95CE1 & :I* HAS S9CE BE5 US$ AS AN EXCUSE TO RAVI% 0?IRD WORLD0 ECONOMIES--WAS DEMON/RABLY H>MFUL TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! POPULATION4 7,AS IS WELL KN[N TO PEASANTS COMPELL$ TO GR[ C(FEE BEANS & SUG> CANE ON L& ?AT C\LD O!RWISE FE$ !IR FAMILIES47 ,IF ! DEBILITAT+ 9FLU5CES ( CAPITALI/ CONTROL & IGNORANCE C\LD BE 5D$1 ABUNDANCE = ALL WAS WELL )9 REA*4 

,ALL ?IS HAS BE5 PROV$ 444 DESPITE ! 9NUM]ABLE OB/ACLES ALWAYS ?R[N 9 ! WAY ( EV]Y 9NOVATIVE M9D 4444 ,= ?\S&S ( YE>S 444 TO GR[ ONE'S [N FOOD WAS ! BURD51 ALMO/ ! CURSE1 OR MANK9D4 ,BUT IT NE$ BE SO NO LONG] 444 ,TO GR[ ! YE>LY FOOD ( A FAMILY1 UND] RATIONAL CONDITIONS ( CULTURE1 REQUIRES SO LITTLE LABOR ?AT IT MI<T ALMO/ BE DONE AS A M]E *ANGE FROM O!R PURSUITS 444 ,& AGA91 Y\ WILL BE /RUCK TO SEE ) :AT FACILITY & 9 H[ %ORT A TIME Y\R NE$S ( DRESS & ( ?\S&S ( >TICLES ( LUXURY CAN BE SATISFI$1 :5 PRODUCTION IS C>RI$ ON = SATISFY+ REAL NE$S RA!R ?AN = SATISFY+ %>EHOLD]S 444 .<#d.> 

,& YET1 EV]Y:]E WORK]S LIV$ 9 MIS]Y4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! TEA*+S ( EV]Y ECONOMIC S*OOL1 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT OV]PRODUCTION WAS F> FROM A PROBLEM3 

,F> FROM PRODUC+ MORE ?AN IS NE$$ TO ASSURE MAT]IAL RI*ES1 WE DO NOT PRODUCE 5\< 4444 ,IF C]TA9 ECONOMI/S DELI<T 9 WRIT+ TREATISES ON OV]-PRODUCTION4 & 9 EXPLA9+ EA* 9DU/RIAL CRISIS BY ?IS CAUSE1 !Y W\LD BE MU* AT A LOSS IF CALL$ UPON TO NAME A S+LE >TICLE PRODUC$ BY ,FRANCE 9 GREAT] QUANTITIES ?AN >E NECESS>Y TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ! :OLE POPULATION 4444 ,:AT ECONOMI/S CALL OV]-PRODUCTION IS BUT A PRODUCTION ?AT IS ABOVE ! PUR*AS+ P[] ( ! WORK]1 :O IS R$UC$ TO POV]TY BY CAPITAL & ,/ATE 444 .<#e.> 

,ONLY EXPLOIT]S1 HE CONCLUD$1 W]E 9 ABUNDANT SUPPLY4 ,TODAY1 #id YE>S LAT]1 !RE MAY WELL BE OV]PRODUCTION ( SOME GOODS 7NUCLE> WEAPONS1 TOXIC *EMICALS1 & PRODUCTS ?AT MU/ ALMO/ IMM$IATELY BE REPLAC$7-BUT IT IS JU/ AS OBSC5E TODAY TO TALK (1 = EXAMPLE1 AN OV]PRODUCTION CRISIS 9 AGRICULTURE :5 MILLIONS FACE IMM$IATE />VATION4 

,?US1 RA!R ?AN CELEBRAT+ CAPITALISM'S DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY'S PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY1 AS ,M>XI/S DO1 ,KROPOTK9 DEMON/RAT$ ?AT CAPITALISM RESULT$ 9 *RONIC UND]PRODUCTION & DEPRIVATION4 ,CAPITALI/S NOT ONLY DO NOT EQUITABLY DI/RIBUTE ! FRUITS ( \R PRODUCTION1 ! 5TIRE DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY IS DI/ORT$ BY !IR %ORT-T]M PR(IT CALCULATIONS4 ,EMPLOY]S FAC$ ) ! POSSIBILITY ( NEW LABOR-SAV+ TE*NOLOGIES1 = EXAMPLE1 (T5 MOVE TO DRIVE D[N LABOR CO/S RA!R ?AN 9VE/ 9 DEVELOP+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7!IR HI/ORIC ROLE1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X74 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 !N1 W\LD NOT M]ELY EXPROPRIATE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION DEVELOP$ BY ! CAPITALI/S-IT W\LD BE =C$ TO RAPIDLY DEVELOP ?OSE MEANS 9 ORD] TO MEET EV5 ! MO/ BASIC SOCIAL NE$S4 

,=TUNATELY1 ! MEANS = DO+ SO HAVE LONG BE5 9 PLACE1 & WORK]S >E MORE ?AN CAPABLE ( MEET+ ! *ALL5GE4 

,WAGE ,SLAV]Y 

,LIKE ALL SOCIALI/S1 ,KROPOTK9 RECOGNIZ$ ! SELF-EVID5T TRU? ?AT WORK]S WORK = ! EMPLOY+ CLASS BECAUSE !Y >E =C$ TO--)\T !IR WEEKLY WAGES !Y & !IR FAMILIES MU/ />VE4 

,:5CE COME ! =TUNES ( ! RI*.<8.> ,A LITTLE ?\<T W\LD SUFFICE TO %[ ?AT !SE =TUNES HAVE !IR BEG9N+S 9 ! POV]TY ( ! POOR4 ,:5 !RE >E NO LONG] ANY DE/ITUTE !RE WILL NO LONG] BE ANY RI* TO EXPLOIT !M 444 .<#g.> 

,IF PEOPLE HAD ! MEANS TO SUPPORT !MSELVES--IF !Y W]E CAPABLE ( MEET+ !IR DAILY NE$S )\T HIR+ \T !IR LABOR--NO ONE W\LD CONS5T TO WORK = WAGES ?AT MU/ 9EVITABLY BE 7IF ! CAPITALI/ IS TO D]IVE ANY PR(IT7 A M]E FRACTION ( ! VALUE ( ! GOODS !Y PRODUCE4 ,EV5 AN 9DEP5D5T >TISAN1 ! LABOR >I/OCRACY ( ,KROPOTK9'S DAY1 C\LD NOT HOPE TO DO BETT] ?AN TO SUPPORT HIS FAMILY & PUT TOGE!R AN 7ALMO/ C]TA9LY 9ADEQUATE7 PITTANCE = HIS OLD AGE1 %\LD HE RELY ON HIS [N EF=T & DILIG5CE3 

,ASSUR$LY ?IS IS NOT H[ GREAT =TUNES >E MADE4 ,BUT SUPPOSE \R %OEMAK] 444 TAKES AN APPR5TICE1 ! *ILD ( SOME POOR WRET* :O WILL ?9K HIMSELF LUCKY IF 9 FIVE YE>S TIME HIS SON HAS LE>N$ ! TRADE & IS ABLE TO E>N HIS LIV+4 444 

,MEAN:ILE \R %OEMAK] DOES NOT LOSE BY HIM2 & IF TRADE IS BRISK HE SOON TAKES A SECOND1 & !N A ?IRD 444 ,IF HE IS KE5 5\< & MEAN 5\<1 HIS J\RNEYM5 & APPR5TICES WILL BR+ HIM 9 NE>LY A P\ND A DAY OV] & ABOVE ! PRODUCT ( HIS [N TOIL 444 ,HE WILL GRADUALLY BECOME RI* 444 ,?AT IS :AT PEOPLE CALL 0BE+ ECONOMICAL & HAV+ FRUGAL TEMP]ATE HABITS40 

,AT BOTTOM IT IS NO?+ MORE NOR LESS ?AN GR9D+ ! FACE ( ! POOR4.<#h.> 

,TODAY1 TO BE SURE1 WORK]S HAVE AFT] A HUNDR$ YE>S SUCCE$$ 9 IMPROV+ !IR CONDITION-& ! APPR5TICE SY/EM1 ALREADY DECL9+ 9 ,KROPOTK9'S TIME1 HAS ALL BUT DISAPPE>$4 ,BUT SAV+ ONE'S E>N+S IS NO MORE ! R\TE TO REAL WEAL? ?AN IT EV] WAS-AT BE/ WORK]S CAN HOPE TO BUY A H\SE1 AF=D SOME TIME (F FROM ! HAT$ JOB1 & PUT A LITTLE MONEY ASIDE = RETIREM5T OR H>D TIMES4 ,TO BECOME WEAL?Y1 9 ECONOMIC T]M1 REQUIRES EXPLOITATION--EI!R DIRECTLY1 FROM WORK]S' LABOR1 OR 9DIRECTLY1 BY EXPLOIT+ WORK]S' NE$ = ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 

,UND] CAPITALISM1 0! H>D] A MAN WORKS ! LESS HE IS PAID40 ,BUT ! SOLUTION TO ?IS MANIFE/ 9JU/ICE C\LD NOT BE F\ND 9 REV]S+ ?IS EQUATION-9 PAYM5T ACCORD+ TO ! S]VICE EA* R5D]S TO SOCIETY4 ,= :O IS TO DET]M9E ! VALUE ( ANO!R'S S]VICE8 

,WE KN[ :AT REPLY WE %ALL GET 444 ,! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S-& ,M>X TOO-WILL BE QUOT$ 444 TO PROVE ?AT ! SCALE ( WAGES HAS ITS RAISON D'ETRE1 S9CE ! 0LABOR P[]0 ( ! 5G9E] WILL HAVE CO/ SOCIETY MORE ?AN ! 0LABOR P[]0 ( ! LABOR] 444 

.<,BUT.> ! EMPLOY] :O PAYS ! 5G9E] TW5TY TIMES MORE ?AN ! LABOR] MAKES ! FOLL[+ SIMPLE RECKON+3 IF ! 5G9E] CAN SAVE HIM A HUNDR$ ?\S& FRANCS A YE> ON HIS PRODUCTION CO/S1 HE WILL PAY !4 5G9E] TW5TY ?\S&4 ,& :5 HE SEES A =EMAN1 ABLE TO DRIVE ! WORK]S & SAVE T5 ?\S& FRANCS 9 WAGES1 HE LOSES NO TIME 9 (F]+ HIM TWO OR ?REE ?\S& 44 ,HE P>TS ) A ?\S& FRANCS :]E HE C\NTS ON GA9+ T5 ?\S&1 & ?IS 9 ESS5CE IS ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,SO LET NO ONE COME UP ) ?IS TALK AB\T PRODUCTION CO/S ( ! LABOR =CE1 & TELL US ?AT A /UD5T :O HAS *E]FULLY SP5T HIS Y\? AT A UNIV]SITY HAS A 0RI<T0 TO A SAL>Y T5 TIMES ?AT ( A M9]'S SON :O HAS BE5 WA/+ AWAY D[N A M9E FROM ! AGE ( ELEV54 .<#i.> 

,WAGE DIFF]5TIALS1 :E!R UND] CAPITALISM OR 9 SOME FUTURE 0SOCIALI/0 SOCIETY1 MU/ BE CONDEMN$ AS UNJU/4 ,NOR IS IT POSSIBLE TO DET]M9E A 0JU/ WAGE0 BAS$ ON AN 9DIVIDUAL'S CONTRIBUTION 7EV5 IF SU* A SY/EM C\LD BE TOL]AT$ ON E?ICAL GR\NDS1 :I* IT CANNOT74.<#a.> 

,PRODUCTION IS ,SOCIAL 

,PRODUCTION IS NOT C>RI$ \T BY ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS :OSE ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION CAN BE ISOLAT$ FROM ?AT ( EA* O!R WORK] SO ?AT ITS VALUE CAN BE DET]M9$4 ,TO ILLU/RATE ?IS1 ,KROPOTK9 TURN$ TO COAL M9+4 7,AT ?AT TIME1 M9]S WORK$ EI!R 9DIVIDUALLY OR 9 GANGS AT ! COAL FACE1 & W]E PAID PIECE RATE4 ,9 TODAY'S COAL M9ES1 ( C\RSE1 ! ISSUE ( 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTION W\LD NEV] >ISE47 

,ONE MAN CONTROLS ! LIFT1 CONT9UALLY RU%+ ! CAGE FROM LEVEL TO LEVEL SO ?AT M5 & COAL MAY BE MOV$ AB\T4 ,IF HE RELAXES HIS CONC5TRATION = AN 9/ANT ! APP>ATUS WILL BE DE/ROY$1 MANY M5 KILL$1 & WORK BR\<T TO A /&/ILL4 ,IF HE LOSES AS LITTLE AS ?REE SECONDS AT EA* MOVEM5T ( ! LEV]1 PRODUCTION WILL BE R$UC$ BY #b TONS A DAY OR MORE4 

,WELL1 IS IT HE :O R5D]S ! GREATE/ S]VICE 9 ! M9E8 ,OR IS IT P]HAPS ?AT BOY :O FROM BEL[ SIGNALS TO HIM :5 IT IS TIME TO RAISE ! CAGE TO ! SURFACE8 ,IS IT 9/EAD ! M9] :O IS RISK+ HIS LIFE AT EV]Y MOM5T ( ! DAY 444 ,OR AGA9 IS IT ! 5G9E] :O W\LD MISS ! COAL SEAM & HAVE ! M9]S DIG 9TO /ONE IF HE MADE ! SMALLE/ ]ROR 9 HIS CALCULATIONS8 444 

,ALL ! WORK]S 5GAG$ 9 ! M9E CONTRIBUTE )9 ! LIMITS ( !IR P[]S1 !IR KN[L$GE 444 & !IR SKILL TO M9E COAL4 ,& ALL WE CAN SAY IS ?AT EV]YBODY HAS ! RI<T TO LIVE1 TO SATISFY !IR NE$S1 & EV5 !IR FANTASIES1 ONCE ! MO/ PRESS+ NE$S ( ALL HAVE BE5 SATISFI$4 ,BUT H[ CAN ONE E/IMATE !IR LABORS8.<LL.> 

,OBVI\SLY Y\ CAN'T-NO ONE BUT A ,M>XI/ W\LD ATTEMPT SU* AN ABSURDITY4 ,& YET WE /ILL HAVE NOT ID5TIFI$ EV]YONE :O CONTRIBUTES TO ! PRODUCTION ( ?AT COAL4 

,:AT ( ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S :O BUILT ! RAILWAYS TO ! PIT HEAD1 )\T :I* ! COAL W\LD SIT USELESS4 ,:AT ( ! F>M]S1 :O RAISE ! FOOD ! COAL M9]S EAT8 ,:AT ( ?OSE :O BUILD ! MA*9ES ?AT WILL BUM ! COAL-)\T :I* COAL IS M]ELY A RA!R USELESS DIRT4 

,!RE WAS A TIME1 ,KROPOTK9 CONC$ES1 :5 A FAMILY C\LD SUPPORT ITSELF BY AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS1 SUPPLEM5T$ ) A FEW DOME/IC TRADES1 & CONSID] ! COM !Y RAIS$ & ! CLO? !Y WEAV$ AS PRODUCTS ( !IR [N1 & NO ONE ELSE'S1 LABOR4 

,EV5 !N SU* A VIEW WAS NOT QUITE CORRECT3 

!RE W]E =E/S CLE>$ & ROADS BUILT BY COMMON EF=TS 444 ,BUT N[1 9 ! EXTREMELY 9T]WOV5 /ATE ( 9DU/RY ( :I* EA* BRAN* SUPPORTS ALL O!RS1 SU* AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC VIEW CAN BE HELD NO MORE4 

,IF ! IRON TRADE & ! COTTON 9DU/RY ( ?IS C\NTRY HAVE REA*$ SO HI< A DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T1 !Y HAVE DONE SO [+ TO ! P>ALLEL GR[? ( ?\S&S ( O!R 9DU/RIES1 GREAT & SMALL2 TO ! EXT5SION ( ! RAILWAY SY/EM2 TO AN 9CREASE ( KN[L$GE 444 &1 ABOVE ALL1 TO ! WORLD TRADE :I* HAS ITSELF GR[N UP 444 

,! ,ITALIANS :O DI$ FROM *OL]A 9 DIGG+ ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL 444 HAVE CONTRIBUT$ AS MU* T[>DS ! 5RI*M5T ( ?IS C\NTRY AS ! ,BRITI% GIRL :O IS PREMATURELY GR[+ OLD 9 S]V+ A MA*9E AT ,MAN*E/]444 ,H[ CAN WE PRET5D TO E/IMATE ! EXACT P>T ( EA* ( !M 9 ! RI*ES ACCUMULAT$ >\ND US8.<#a#b.> 

,& IF !RE IS NO 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTION1 !N H[ CAN PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PROP]TY BE JU/IFI$8 ,JU/ AS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT ANYONE P]SON CREAT$ A LUMP ( COAL OR A BOLT ( CLO?1 SO IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO JU/IFY PRIVATE [N]%IP ( BUILD+S OR L&4 ,HOMES1 AFT] ALL1 >E NOT BUILT BY !IR [N]S4 ,!IR CON/RUCTION IS A COOP]ATIVE 5DEAVOR 9VOLV+ 9NUM]ABLE WORK]S 9 =E/RY1 TIMB] Y>DS1 BRICKY>DS1 ETC4 

,MOREOV]--& IT IS H]E ?AT ! 5ORMITY ( ! :OLE PROCE$+ BECOMES MO/ GL>+--! H\SE [ES ITS ACTUAL VALUE TO ! PR(IT :I* ! [N] CAN MAKE \T ( IT4 

,N[1 ?IS PR(IT RESULTS FROM ! FACT ?AT HIS H\SE IS BUILT 9 A T[N 444 :I* ! WORK ( TW5TY OR ?IRTY G5]ATIONS HAS GONE TO R5D] HABITABLE1 HEAL?Y1 & BEAUTIFUL4 .<#a#c.> 

,LIKE ! GR\ND !Y /& UPON1 BUILD+S >E A COMMON H]ITAGE4 

,= 9/ANCE1 TAKE ! T[N ( ,P>IS--A CREATION ( SO MANY C5TURIES1 A PRODUCT ( ! G5IUS ( A :OLE NATION 444 ,H[ C\LD ONE MA9TA9 TO AN 9HABITANT ( ?AT T[N :O WORKS EV]Y DAY TO EMBELLI% IT1 TO PURIFY IT1 TO N\RI% IT1 TO MAKE IT A C5T] ( ?\<T & >T--H[ C\LD ONE ASS]T BE=E ONE :O PRODUCES ?IS WEAL? ?AT ! PALACES ADORN+ ! /REETS ( ,P>IS BELONG 9 ALL JU/ICE TO ?OSE :O >E ! LEGAL PROPRIETORS TODAY 4444 ,IT IS BY SPOLIATION ?AT !Y HOLD !SE RI*ES6 .<#a#d.> 

,?AT ?IS REMA9S SO CAN READILY BE SE5 BY EXAM9+ ! VALUE ( TODAY'S (FICE BUILD+S & %OPP+ COMPLEXES4 ,)\T EV5 ! SLI<TE/ IMPROVEM5TS !IR VALUE RISE SO LONG AS ! LOCAL ECONOMY PROSP]S4 ,BUT NO SUM ( MONEY 9VE/$ 9 MA9T5ANCE OR BEAUTIFICATION IS SUFFICI5T TO MA9TA9 !IR VALUE :5 ! LOCAL ECONOMY FAILS4 ,= !IR VALUE IS NOT D]IV$ FROM ! MONEY 9VE/$1 OR FROM ! BRICKS & MORT> 7& PLA/IC1 /EEL & CEM5T7 ( :I* !Y >E CON/RUCT$4 ,NOT EV5 ! LABOR ( ! WORK]S :O BUILD & MA9TA9 !SE MODEM TEMPLES TO CAPITAL DET]M9ES !IR VALUE4 ,!IR VALUE1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 DEP5DS ALMO/ 5TIRELY UPON ! WEAL? & PROSP]ITY ( ! GREAT] SOCIETY4 ,! MO/ LUXURI\S HOTEL BUILT 9 A DY+ CITY WILL SOON FADE ) ITS SURR\ND+S1 :ILE ! MEANE/ HOVEL 9CREASES 9 VALUE AS SURR\ND+ PROP]TIES >E DEVELOP$4 

,WE 5RI* EA* O!R-NOT ONLY SPIRITUALLY1 BUT MAT]IALLY AS WELL--AS WE WORK1 CONTEMPLATE & PLAY TOGE!R2 & )\T ! EF=TS ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 NO ONE PROSP]S4 

,PRIVATE ,[N]%IP ,ABSURD 

,PRIVATE [N]%IP1 !N1 IS NOT M]ELY UNJU/"4-IT IS ABSURD4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#h#g#c1 :5 HE WAS ONLY BEG9N+ TO BECOME ACTIVE 9 REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES1 ,KROPOTK9 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT TRUE EQUALITY WAS IMPOSSIBLE UND] CAPITALISM4 

,IT IS DESIRABLE ?AT A P]SON BEG9N+ TO WORK NOT 5?RALL$ HIMSELF1 NOT YIELD P>T ( HIS LABOR1 HIS /R5G?1 HIS 9DEP5D5CE 444 TO PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS :OSE >BITR>9ESS ALWAYS WILL DET]M9E H[ GREAT ?AT P>T %\LD BE1 !N IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT PRIVATE P]SONS CONTROL NEI!R ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR 444 NOR ! 444 E>? 444 NOR ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE DUR+ WORK 444 ,?US WE >RIVE AT ! ELIM9ATION1 9 ?AT FUTURE SOCIETY :OSE REALIZATION WE DESIRE1 ( ANY P]SONAL PROP]TY 444 .<#a#f.> 

,ALL PROP]TY1 NO MATT] H[ IT WAS CREAT$1 MU/ BECOME ! PROP]TY ( ALL1 AVAILABLE TO ALL :O CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIETY ?R\< !IR LABOR4 ,?IS WAS1 & REMA9S1 NECESS>Y NOT ONLY ON GR\NDS ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 BUT BECAUSE ALL PRODUCTION IS NECESS>ILY SOCIAL4 

,PRODUCTION = ,NE$S 

,KROPOTK9 REFUS$ TO SEP>ATE HIS ANALYSIS ( :AT WAS FROM :AT C\LD BE4 ,HE 9SI/$ ON ASK+ NOT M]ELY IF ! PRES5T ECONOMIC ORD] WORK$ ON ITS [N T]MS BUT :E!R3 

! MEANS N[ 9 USE = SATISFY+ HUMAN NE$S1 UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM ( 444 PRODUCTION = PR(ITS1 .<WAS.> REALLY ECONOMICAL8 

,DO !Y REALLY LEAD TO ECONOMY 9 ! EXP5DITURE ( HUMAN =CES4 ,OR >E !Y NOT M]E WA/EFUL SURVIVALS FROM A PA/ ?AT WAS PLUNG$ 9TO D>KNESS1 IGNORANCE & OPPRESSION1 & NEV] TOOK 9TO CONSID]ATION ! ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL VALUE ( ! HUMAN BE+8 .<#a#f.> 

,! 0ECONOMICAL 4& SOCIAL VALUE ( ! HUMAN BE+10 = ,KROPOTK91 WAS ! KEY TO AN>*I/ ECONOMICS-TO ! BUILD+ ( A FREE SOCIETY4 ,I WILL TURN TO ?AT QUE/ION 9 ! NEXT ISSUE4 

.<#a.> 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM10 P4 #a#h4 ,93 ,R4 ,BALDW9 7$471 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS 7,DOV]4 #a#i#g74 

.<#b.> 0,MODEM ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM10 PP4 #a#g#g-#g#i4 

.<#c.> ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 0,PET] ,KROPOTK9--,RECOLLECTIONS & ,CRITICISMS40 ,93 ,V4 ,RI*>DS 7$471 ,MALATE/A3 ,LIFE @& ,IDEAS4 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#g1 P4 #b#f#f4 ,MALATE/A W5T ON TO >GUE ?AT ,KROPOTK9'S REVIS$ VIEW WAS ALSO WILDLY OPTIMI/IC 9 ITS ASSESSM5T ( :AT C\LD BE REALIZ$4 ,HI/ORY1 H[EV] HAS CONFIRM$ ?AT AGRICULTURE CAN 9DE$ PRODUCE MU* GREAT] YIELDS ?AN WAS G5]ALLY BELIEV$ AT ! TIME-YIELDS ?AT 9 FACT EXCE$ ?OSE ,KROPOTK9 DISCUSS$4 

.<#d.> ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS ,TOMORR[ $IT$ BY ,COL9 ,W>D4 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e1 PP #a#i#d-#i#g4 7,?IS IS AN ABRIDG$ & ANNOTAT$ V]SION ( ,KROPOTK9'S SECOND $ITION1 ELIM9AT+ :OLE *APT]S ( /ATI/ICAL DATA ECLIPS$ 9 ! #ia YE>S S9CE ?IS WORK FIR/ SAW PR9T47 

.<#e.> 0,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & ,IDEAL10 PP4 #a#b#f-#b#g4 ,93 ,BALDW94 

.<#g.> 0,EXPROPRIATION10 P4 #a#f#b4 ,93 ,M4 ,MILL] 7$1 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ON ,AN>*ISM & ,REVOLUTION4 7,M,I,T ,PRESS1 #a#i#g7 

.<#h.> IBID4 P4 #a#f#f4 

.<#i.> 0,! ,WAGE ,SY/EM10 PP4 #a#a1 #i#i4 ,93 ,V4 ,RI*>DS 7$471 ,:Y ,WORK8 ,>GUM5TS = ! ,LEISURE ,SOCIETY4 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c7 

.<#a.> ,MANY ,M>XI/S1 & EV5 SOME :O CONSID] !MSELVES AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 CONT9UE TO >GUE = MA9TA9+ ! WAGE SY/EM 9 SU* A GUISE4 ,!IR >GUM5TS WILL BE PRES5T$1 & REFUT$1 9 ! NEXT 9/ALLM5T4 ' 

.<#a#b.> 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM3 ',ITS ,BASIS & ,PR9CIPLES10 P4 #e#g4 ,93 ,BALDW94 

.<#a#c.> 0,EXPROPRIATION10 P4 #a#i#g4 ,93 ,MILL]4 

.<#a#d.> 0,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & ,IDEAL10 P4 #a#b#e4 

.<#a#f.> ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS1 P4 #a#i#c4 

.<#a#f.> ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS1 P4 #a#i#c4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aii 3 ,KROPOTK9'S ,AN>*I/ ,CRITIQUE ( ,CAPITALISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#b1 #bb 3 ,KROPOTK9'S ,AN>*I/ ,CRITIQUE ( ,CAPITALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,KROPOTK9'S ,AN>*I/ ,CRITIQUE ( ,CAPITALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/